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Nike Men's Son of Force Low Top Sneaker Reviews
Rated 4.6 out of 5 by 135reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Rbvmjg Great shoe Bought for my son and he loves them the fit is great and the color and style is to his liking June 27, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by LORDKNOWS Perfect for young teens! My boys absolutely love Nike and I picked these out online without them knowing and they were so happy! They look really good and are really good quality. I have a total of 3 pair! July 21, 2016
Rated 4 out of 5 by mabb1234 very good shoe i love it July 19, 2016
Rated 4 out of 5 by Bluekicks Really dope and great bang for your buck They look really really dope. It's impossible to find better looking kicks at this price. July 16, 2016


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2012 Naturalization Ceremony
Neeli Bendapudi, dean of the KU school of business talks about her parents' quest to becoming U.S. citzens and shares inspiring words for those gathered for the oath of citizenship.
tomatogrower 3 years, 10 months ago
Welcome, new citizens.
Lawrence Morgan 3 years, 10 months ago
I wish to second what tomatogrower's has said. You are very welcome here!
And the video is great, though not long enough.
Why couldn't we have the names of each of the new citizens, as well, in the article?
Commenting has been disabled for this item.
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Titan International, Inc. (TWI) Tops Q2 EPS by 10c
- Top 10 News for 7/18 - 7/22: Netflix Sub Gains Evasive; Microsoft Shares Rip on Results; Tesla Debuts Second Master Plan
- Exclusive: Tesla, SolarCity close to merger agreement
- Wall St. rises, racks up fourth straight week of gains
- Verizon (VZ), Yahoo! (YHOO) Deal May Come on Monday - Bloomberg
- Shots Fired, More than a Dozen May Be Dead at Munich Shopping Center
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Price: $6.62 -2.07%
Revenue Growth %: -12.0%
Financial Fact:
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Revenue Growth %: -12.0%
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Titan International, Inc. (NYSE: TWI) reported Q2 EPS of $0.49, $0.10 better than the analyst estimate of $0.39. Revenue for the quarter came in at $404.4 million versus the consensus estimate of $332.4 million.
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High honours: The top ten skyscrapers of the year named... and stunning New York block tops the lot
It would be a tall order to beat this lot.
The top ten skyscrapers of the year were named yesterday with a stunning New York residential block taking top spot.
Eight Spruce Street, in Manhattan, picked up the Emporis Skyscraper Award where judges chose the best buildings which were completed in 2011.
Sky's the limit: Eight Spruce Street, in Manhattan, picked up the Emporis Skyscraper Award for the word's best skycraper
The 76-storey tower, designed by Frank Gehry, is the 12th largest tallest residential block stretching 265-metres into the sky.
Its stunning design consist of cladding made up of 10,500 stainless steel panels, almost all of them different shapes.
This means that as you move around, its shape constantly changes - with judges saying the building 'stands out even in Manhattan's already remarkable skyline'.
High flyers: The 412 metre Al Hamra Tower in Kuwait City (left) took second place while Etihad Towers in Abu Dhabi, which stand at 217.5 and 305.3 metres (left) took third
Impressive: KK100 in Shenzhen, China stands 441.8 metres tall and Victoria Tower, Stockholm reaches 117.6 metres
VIDEO: Inside the Etihad Towers, Abu Dhabi:
Spruce Street beat a field of 220 in the annual 'Oscars of Architecture' with the 412-metre high Al Hamra Tower in Kuwait taking second place.
The tower was praised for the way it was engineered to take account of the blistering heat with the south facade, with limestone elements cladding a concrete wall, protects the building from the searing desert sun.
Judges were also impressed with both the building's architectural and functional points of view.
The Great American Tower(left) stands over 202 metres tall while the F&F Tower in Panama City (right) hits 242 metres
With lifts operating at the speed of an Olympic sprinter, the Al Hamra was praised for its deep sculpted, angled windows in the south wall which give views across the city and peninsula to the desert.
Third place went to the Etihad Towers in Abu Dhabi, with the huge complex made up of three residential towers, one office tower and one hotel tower which houses the Jumeirah at Etihad Towers hotel.
And the KK100 in Shenzhen, China took top spot with the 441-metre high tower the tallest building ever realised by a British firm,
The Northeast Asia Trade Tower (left) and the Tianjin Global Financial Center (right) was tallest at 336.9 metres
KK100, designed by Terry Farrell & Partners, has a curved shape which is intended to 'evoke a spring or fountain' and therefore symbolise the area's wealth and prosperity.
The Chinese skyscraper shared fourth spot with the Victoria Tower in Stockholm and Great American Tower in Cincinnati.
Reflections at Keppel Bay, Singapore reaches 178 metres
Costing $322 million, the 202-metre Great American Tower was inspired by a photograph of a tiara worn by Diana, Princess of Wales.
Emporis, which is a German database of information on building and construction projects, has been holding the awards since 2000.
Last year the Hotel Porta Fira in Barcelona picked up the prestigious award.
- 8 Spruce Street, New York City, 265.1 metres, 76 stories
- Al Hamra Tower, Kuwait City, 412 metres, 80 stories
- Etihad Towers, Abu Dhabi, 217.5 - 305.3 metres, 56 -79 stories
- KK100, Shenzhen, 441.8 metres, 100 stories
- Victoria Tower, Stockholm is 117.6 metres, 34 stories
- Great American Tower, Cincinnati, 202.69-metres, 41 stories
- F&F Tower, Panama City, 242.9 metres, 52 stories
- Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Incheon, 308 metres, 68 stories
- Reflections at Keppel Bay, Singapore, 120 - 178 metres, 21-41 stories
- Tianjin Global Financial Centre, Tianjin, 336.9 metres, 72 stories
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Bayfield Mud Company Case Study
Discussion Questions:
1). What is your analysis of the bag-weight problem?
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Native Plants
Q. Who is Mr. Smarty Plants?
A: There are those who suspect Wildflower Center volunteers are the culpable and capable culprits. Yet, others think staff members play some, albeit small, role. You can torture us with your plant questions, but we will never reveal the Green Guru's secret identity.
Did you know you can access the Native Plant Information Network with your web-enabled smartphone?
Ask Mr. Smarty Plants is a free service provided by the staff and volunteers at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
rate this answer
Wednesday - August 19, 2009
From: Austin, TX
Region: Southwest
Topic: Non-Natives
Title: Aphids in non-native crape myrtles in Austin
Answered by: Barbara Medford
QUESTION:What is the least toxic way of getting rid of aphids? They are on a crapemyrtle and I do not think it will hold up to really forceful water spray. Due to the drought in Central Texas, our St. Augustine grass is dying. Is the grass dying from lack of water different from the way grass dies in the winter? Someone told me that it is different because in the winter the grass becomes dormant instead of really dying.
While Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle) is not native to North America and therefore out of our range of expertise, aphids do not discriminate. The aphids are a nuisance, and you don't want to park a car or even stand very long under a crape myrtle infested with them, but they really don't do any damage to the tree. You're right, a hard spray of water would probably knock off more blossoms than aphids. Depending on how much it is bothering you and how big the tree is, you could try spraying it with a weak solution of Safer insecticide, or even soapy water.
Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass) is also non-native to North America and although widely used, is not really suitable for Austin, especially in a time of extreme heat and drought. It needs water and shade. It is fairly drought-tolerant when it has become well-established. If your watering is restricted and you get some brown areas in the lawn, they will still probably come back when (and if) we get some rain. Even if the grass in a particular area does not green up next Spring, the stolons around it will spread back into the area.
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July 04, 2008 - I have had my plumeria for the past five years. The first three years it bloomed but has not the past two. The plant is healthy and continues to grow but will not flower. It seems to be very health...
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January 31, 2010 - I live in Austin, and my butterfly iris (Dietes bicolor) that I've had for the last 6 years are all turning brown after the most recent freeze. Should I cut them back, with the thought being they wo...
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Mominoki House
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Design Festa has been a leader in Tokyo's DIY art scene for over a decade. The madhouse building itself is worth a visit; it's always...
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This progressive and often provocative museum was built in 1990 to a design by Swiss architect Mario Botta. Exhibits range from...
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Tokyo's most oshare (stylish) coffee stand is a minimalist cube set up inside a half-century-old traditional house. Be prepared to...
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2-18-5 Jingūmae · interesting places nearby
Mominoki House information
Boho Tokyoites have been coming here for tasty macrobiotic fare since 1976. The casual, cosy dining room has seen some famous visitors too, such as Paul McCartney. Chef Yamada's menu is heavily vegetarian, but also includes free-range chicken and Ezo shika (Hokkaidō venison, ¥4800).


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Staff was friendly and responsive. They only had one other room beside the one that smelled we were in and she tried to accommodate us, so we looked at a smoking room, but that was even worse. She tried which we appreciated.
The maintenance of our room was very poor (our room had a very foul smell and walls near baseboards were falling apart). The website was misleading when I selected criteria of workout facility and there was not one at this location.
The room was clean and comfortable
My room didn't come with no dishes or silverware and when I called front desk to ask for just TWO forks it took them at least 30 min to bring it to my room
Rooms can be made dark in the middle of the day. Beds are comfortable and the staff was friendly. I didn't notice any noise from my neighbors or the highway.
It is not very close to bus lines. Breakfast was kind of weak and the building is a little bit hokey.
Comfy bed
Dirty floor
The view was nice
The towels were dirty and looked like they had blood on them. There were no shampoos in the bathroom and the conditioner bottles were empty. Looks like they didn't do a room service. The walls are not soundproof and you could hear the next door guest talking on her phone at 5 AM. Very noisy place.
Room was clean and seemed updated. Full size fridge in room. Nice bar, lunge and restaurant. Pool/spa is usable. There is an outdoor area with artificial grass with lots of seating. Thats a great place to relax outdoors. Pool table and ping-pong table are a nice touch too. Staff was friendly and were quite accommodating with early checkin / late checkout.
Location and folks in and around the waterfront park look a little dicey. Fortunately, with all the options at the hotel you dont really need to step out.
Rooms for animals
It was dirty the air conditioner was broke the bathroom was not clean
The staff behind the front desk were very professional. The gentleman who was on the front desk was very observant of activities in parking lot ensuring that people who didn't have any business there moved on.
There were no place to eat in the near area. The area had some questionable people in the area.
Microwave refrigerator TV internet
Rude and prejudice owner and found used condoms and maxi pads in room that was supposedly cleaned
We wanted a non-smoking room, instead our whole hallway and room smelled like smoke. Room 115 the thermostat was broken, duct tape on the floor to hold down the carpet to the bathroom. Closet glass door broken at the bottom, toilet seat broken, night stand handle ready to fall off. We got back late to the room, I went to complain to get moved to another room. Waited 20mins at the front desk nobody around. The hotel needs a major update. I normally stay in 3 star or better hotels. This was nowhere close to any 3 star I've been to. These deplorable facilities should be condemned.
Easy access to freeway. Short notice availability.
First impression walking into where our actual room was located, you've got to be kidding me!!!! You're hit by a nauseating odor of stale cigarette smoke mixed with moth balls and mildew. Bad enough? Yes. But no we are not done. The room smelled fine. But our comforters were gross and had crud of them. The toilet was oddly placed in the bathroom which made it awkward to use. Overall I would not reccommend this place unless a last resort.
Large spacious room.
The ladies at the check-in desk, were outstanding ambassadors for Hilton Hotels. Gracious, helpful, professional, they dealt with a small issue (not their fault) and made me look forward to booking with the Hilton on my next stay.
I found no issues with this hotel.
I booked a king room and was given a room with 2 double beds. I passed on another hotel that was $10 cheaper because it only offered 2 double beds. Explained to the clerk, he said he did not have any other rooms.
friendly staff, resturaunt and bar was just what we needed after a long day of travel. We wanted 2 rooms but the hotel was sold out so the front desk Rep. accomidated us with a larger room & pullout bed already made for us and it was very comfortable
The shower
The bed was horrible, very old television, one way out and in had to wait 20 mins for people to move so we could get out of the parking lot. Pillows are horrible the carpet had holes and so did the blanket on the bed.
breakfast, GOOD AC
Checked in about 10:30pm and checked out at 5am.
Had to have a major credit card or $100 cash deposit. I had to go back after 9am to collect the deposit. AND THE ROOM WAS SMALL.
The room I was give 2 beds instead of one
They wouldn't let me book another room
Norhing this hotel is horrible i wouldnt go there Again
The manger is rude n tried keeping myv money after telling me i had yo go she wantted to keep my money for two nights i didnt stay thete needs new manager
Clean, comfortable, safe, private and attractive.
Marriott might try something else for breakfast
Rooms had sufficient dishes in the kitchen
Staff was EXTREMELY inflexible with us and would not let us keep the same room after paying upfront for 3 weeks staying there. Made us move all of our stuff. Rude and discourteous staff. Ruined me towards marriotts altogether. DO NOT recommend the hotel.
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text:
This profile was last updated on . .
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Fire Chief
Baytown TX
Southeast Region Director
Executive Board Member
Texas Fire Chiefs Association
Executive Board
www.texasfirechiefs.org [cached]
Press Releases | The City of Baytown
health.baytown.org [cached]
The Friday Report
tfca.officialbuyersguide.net [cached]
Firework Safety this Independence Day | The City of Baytown
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Fireworks Tips for a Safe Fourth of July | The City of Baytown
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Blake adds that you should make sure you have the landowner's permission before any celebrating begins.
Tina Blake
Point Loma High School
David Blake
Allen & York Ltd
Jim Blake
Concerned Christians Canada Inc
Marcia Blake
Cartwright King


text:
http://coachwithsteve.com/real-binary-youtube-strategy-471-options real binary options strategy youtube
Safety – safety should be the number one responsibility of ANY individual that goes into the backcountry. We takes safety very seriously. Inherent risk is increased in any type of advanced flying. Mountain flying and off airport operations certainly fall under this category. We strive to mitigate this risk by proactively teaching and stressing safety.
Understanding – understand the land you use. It is very important to know your rights and understand the rights of the land you are using. We have reached out to land owners (both government and private) to promote our efforts and recommend all backcountry pilots do the same.
Responsibility – Be a responsible user of the backcountry. Small things like packing out what you pack in are ways the keep the backcountry beautiful. The best source for information on responsible recreation is treatlightly.org.
Educate – Educate others on proper backcountry usage so that all have the opportunity to enjoy it.


text:
In Sept/Oct timeframe... Starting in Mexico city interested in an itinerary with outdoors & culture. Thought about Mexico city to Puebla, Oaxaca City, Pueblos Mancomunados, to Puerto escondido... too much? too little? safe? Better off renting a car? Buses OK? Like hiking, biking, swimming, soccer, some history, culture... gracias!
Recent ActivityView all Mexico & Central America activity »
- 1 Planning a trip to Costa Rica in September?
- 2 Overshadowed Exciting Puebla
- 3 Ideas for a trip to CR
- 4 girls getaway
- 5 Tulum and Akumal Tours
- 6 Our incredible week in the Osa
- 7 Guanajuato
- 8 Starting an activity based company in Punta De Mita (Puerto Vallarta)
- 9 First time CR intinerary help
- 10 Costa Rica family vacation - December
- 11 Second trip to CR - advice on Pacific coast
- 12 Yucatan/Quintana Roo Itinerary
- 13 Cancun All inclusive
- 14 Costa Rica 4 areas help
- 15 Cancun and cuba
- 16 Antigua & Guate; Primera Vez en Centroamérica
- 17 Riviera Maya weather next week
- 18 Travelling the coast of Mexico
- 19 Belize vs. Costa Rica
- 20 Hotels in Playa del Carmen?
- 21 vacation rentals in Antigua Guatemala?
- 22 Archaeological tours
- 23 Puebla toTapachula: Chiapas Road Blocks
- 24 ISO nice Merida colonial hotel for anniv.
- 25 Casa Corcovado / Osa Peninsula
2 weeks in Mexico - help
Report Abuse
I'm no expert specifically on that area, but sounds OK to me, 4 places in 2 weeks. Personally I'd use busses not rent a car because driving/car rental in Mexico can be tricky. Do you speak Spanish, that helps? Yes it's safe for a tourist in those places.
Report Abuse
Thanks much for the feedback, I do speak reasonable Spanish, hopefully that helps.
Report Abuse
I was thinking specifically for the car rental part. That for navigating, gas stations, etc. would be easier if you had some Spanish. As a tourist bussing around, language fluency would be nice, but not necessary imo.
Hopefully others with real experience on this route will chime in!
Sign in to comment.


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A much earlier version of this article was presented at the Annual Meeting of the European Public Choice Society, Paris. Participation in this research by the first author was partly funded by a United States Institute of Peace grant (to John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary) and a Rockefeller residential fellowship to O'Leary. The participation in this research by the second author was partially funded by grant SBR 97-30578 (to Bernard Grofman and Anthony Marley), Program in Methodology, Measurement and Statistics, National Science Foundation. We are indebted to Clover Behrend-Gethard, Shelley Deane, and Simone Lewis for research assistance, and to Paul Mitchell, John McGarry, and Rikke Berg, as well as to three anonymous reviewers, for comments.
Divisor Methods for Sequential Portfolio Allocation in Multi-Party Executive Bodies: Evidence from Northern Ireland and Denmark
Version of Record online: 3 DEC 2004
DOI: 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00118.x
American Journal of Political Science
Volume 49, Issue 1, pages 198–211, January 2005
Additional Information
How to Cite
O'Leary, B., Grofman, B. and Elklit, J. (2005), Divisor Methods for Sequential Portfolio Allocation in Multi-Party Executive Bodies: Evidence from Northern Ireland and Denmark. American Journal of Political Science, 49: 198–211. doi: 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00118.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 3 DEC 2004
- Version of Record online: 3 DEC 2004
- Abstract
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- Cited By
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text:
Ratings based on 51 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.3 Room cleanliness
4.2 Service & staff
4.2 Room comfort
4.0 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveler
Very good HotelPosted Jul 17, 2016
The stay was good and the staff are very helpful. Good breakfast and rooms are comfortable.
by Mark
Posted Feb 18, 2016 on Hotels
by A verified traveler
Very pleasedPosted Feb 18, 2016
Pros: The hotel was quiet, and we were put in a room across the hall from people we were travelling with. Breakfast was awesome.
Cons: Everything was good , needs no improvement.
We were greeted with kindness, as soon as we walked in the door. Our room was easy to find. The room was very clean and pleasant.
by A verified traveler
It is a nice hotel close to my work sitePosted Nov 24, 2015
I have been to this hotel before and this time my family accompanied me. We had a great stay there. Hotel staff was very friendly and cooperative. Room was clean and fresh
by A verified traveler
Posted Nov 4, 2015
Bonnyville in November(first snow day of the year) ....what can I say. I was there for a course, so not much sightseeing or anything else. I was however amazed at the value and comfort of this hotel. Not a lot of choices in town, so I was hoping for a nice clean quiet room, not much more. However, I was pleasantly surprized... full kitchen/living room/bedroom combo, comfy king sized bed. Coffee/tea etc always available in the breakfast area and the urn of ice water/ lemon and mint was a great touch.
by Travis from LLB
Team TripPosted Nov 2, 2015 on Hotels
Brought a team for a tournament! So things were good and staff was great towards them. You need to go further for food and other things though so a bit bad for that but otherwise it was a good stay!
by Jared
Posted Oct 26, 2015 on Hotels
by A verified traveler from edmonton alberts
The place was practically emptyPosted Oct 7, 2015
Not sure if I would stay again the price was expensive I ask for room with a jacuzzi and got one with a kitchenette the place was practically empty so couldn't understand why we weren't accommodated wouldn't stay again and you should learn a thing or two from holiday inn express their breakfast is amazing
by A verified traveler
Posted Oct 5, 2015 on Hotels
by Pamela from calgary
Comfy room for business tripPosted Sep 28, 2015 on Hotels
Room was as expected, clean, roomy and had a fridge, and mini kitchen. Only issue was it was located by the back entrance and you could easily hear people chattering outside the door.


text:
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Opening Nebraskas skies: Congress restores funds to North Platte airport
Davis at the Legislature: Paying tribute to the cowboy culture
More opinion
South Dakota Supreme Court: Cattle died from drowning in blizzard
Town Hall set to discuss mega-chicken plant near Fremont
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GOTHENBURG-The North Platte St. Pat's boys' basketball team won the subdistrict championship on Thursday by beating Sutherland 62-32.
Whether St. Pat's defeats the Bobcats in the D1-6 final, the Irish are almost assured of making the state tournament for the fourth straight year as they are ranked second in the NSAA's power point standings for Class D1 and only Howells-Dodge is in front of the Irish.
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Upcoming Open Houses
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- Details on the ITC, EC and Kindergarten Open Houses
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- Can't make it to Open House? Call 216.320.8767 today to schedule your personal tour.
- Hathaway Brown offers a wide range of events that are open to public. Learn more here.
HB is located at 19600 North Park Boulevard in Shaker Heights, Ohio (map).


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What is a warm relationship with your child? What does it look like? How can you tell if you have one? read more
Charisma Magazine
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Are We Teaching Our Kids Reality?
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It's an age-old idea, but it's a proven one. Find out what you can do to build that desired strong bond with your wife and children. read more
3 Reasons Why an Authentic Man Is Not a Misogynist
There are certain rules for an authentic man when it comes to how they should treat women. Here are a few of them. read more
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What matters more—muscle mass, money or self-confidence? The answer—and these four steps to giving women what they're really looking for—may surprise you. read more
Authentic Manhood: 3 Myths About Mentoring
While being a mentor and having a mentor are worthwhile endeavors, here are some common misconceptions about the idea. read more
3 Reasons Why Every Christian Man Should Take Sermon Notes
Writing or journaling is a good idea for everyone. However, find out why it would be especially beneficial for men to do this during church service. read more
5 Things You Should Never Listen To
I have learned over the years that there are certain conversations I must shut out.
Prophetic Warning: Confederacy of Dark Forces Planning Olympic Terror Attack
The Lord also showed me He is calling undercover intercessors to press into new realms of prayer to ...
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It made our Disney trip cheaper and more enjoyable! I literally tell everyone that goes to Disney to use Gardern Grocers, it just makes things easier. You can come back to the room make a sandwich or have a snack, without paying a crazy amount.
Excellent service and selection. So convenient when we did not have a car at our Disney Resort.
We saved so much money on snacks at Disney by using Garden Grocer. It was extremely helpful!


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Mahadhammarakkhita is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Mahadhammarakkhita books and related discussion.
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Claire Carter on Frederick Sommer
The co-curator of the "At the Crossroads of American Photography: Callahan, Siskind, Sommer" exhibit discusses the career of Frederick Sommer. (Pictured: Sommer's Coyotes, 1945.)
Thu., Feb. 19, 6:30 p.m., 2009
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St.Emlyn's - Meducation in Virchester #FOAMed
It's 3am in resus and you are trying to save the life of a young man. He has been brought to the ED after collapsing in a nightclub and he is sick, BIG sick. Hyperthermic, tachycardic, hypotensive, muscular rigidity, acidotic...
Read more
The post Sci-Hub. The pirate future of medical publishing? St.Emlyn's. appeared first on St.Emlyn's.


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Skydiving.com has been networking individuals who are trying to skydive with premier sky diving service providers all throughout the nation for many years! We are thrilled to serve Turney, along with the whole entire state of Missouri. Assuming that you are trying to skydive in the near future, call us directly at 1-800-617-7948 so one of our staff members are able to book your dive for you. Trying to skydive beyond Clinton County? No problem! Just like we stated, we feature network affiliated venues throughout the whole state of Missouri, in addition to the whole nation. Just grab the phone and contact us!
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List all words that contain erewhile
2 words found.
List all words containing erewhile, sorted by length
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Interpreters Software
Hot topics in Interpreters Softwareapache2triad apache2 cgi-bin asp bank management .exe crypter fud college management system apache controle de estoque com baixa php appserv-win64
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Embedded Dictionary Project is a collection of programs, dictionaries and utilities for PDA, PalmOS, PocketPC, SmartPhone and all Java Enabled Embedded devices. Programs are multiplatform and provide standard format in dictionary files.
ETS will be a system where you will make your computer talk to you. By entering specific sequences of characters from different source files, you will be able to give your computer a sense of the world and discuss about the world with your computer.


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Daisy Jane By Lipstik Brown Purple Slouch Slit Sleeve Dress Girls 7-16Daisy Jane by Lipstik brings us this trendy slouch dress for your little girl!
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text:
Mathematical Modelling of Fractional Solidification
- Prof. Yves Bréchet
Published Online: 19 DEC 2005
DOI: 10.1002/3527606157.ch63
Copyright © 2000 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim
Book Title
Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Processes - Computer Simulation and Modelling, Volume 3
Additional Information
How to Cite
Spim, J. A., Ierardi, M. C. F. and Garcia, A. (2000) Mathematical Modelling of Fractional Solidification, in Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Processes - Computer Simulation and Modelling, Volume 3 (ed Y. Bréchet), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, FRG. doi: 10.1002/3527606157.ch63
Editor Information
Institut Nat. Polytechnique de Grenoble, L.T.P.-C.M. ENSEEG, BP75, Domaine Universitaires, 38402 Saint Martin D'Hères Cedex, France; Tel.: 0033–76–82 6610; Fax: 0033–76–82 6644
Publication History
- Published Online: 19 DEC 2005
- Published Print: 20 APR 2000
Book Series:
ISBN Information
Print ISBN: 9783527301225
Online ISBN: 9783527606153
- Summary
- Chapter
- microstructures;
- computer simulation;
- modelling of processes;
- fractional solidification;
- mathematical modeling
Fractional solidification is a technique which has found widespread application either to eliminate segregation, producing a uniform or level distribution of solute, or to enhance it to provide a high degree of separation of solute and solvent. In the later case, the aim of the process is to achieve ultra-purification by a slowly unidirectional moving of a liquid zone through a solid sample. By increasing the number of passes of the molten zone, the impurities go to both ends of the sample, providing an intermediate region of high purity. The operating parameters which can be altered to improve the refining efficiency, include the effective distribution coefficient, the molten zone travel rate and the zone length. In the present work, a model capable of predicting the solute distribution at any stage of a multi-pass fractional solidification is proposed. The model is based on a numerical technique and deals with the mass transfer in both solidification and melting interfaces along the process. Furthermore, experimental work was also carried out by using different metals as the starting materials. Axial impurities profiles have been experimentally determined after a number of zones passes. These profiles have been compared with theoretical results in order to check predictions furnished by the proposed model. The model has proved to be versatile and easy of manipulation, permitting the simulation of solute distribution along the zone passes during purification by fractional solidification.


text:
US Navy buys Linux to guide drone fleet
The US Navy has signed off on a $27,883,883 contract from military contractor Raytheon to install Linux ground control software for its fleet of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) drones.
The contract covers the Naval Air Station at Patuxent River in Maryland, which has already spent $5,175,075 beginning to install Linux systems. The no-bid contract was awarded to finish the work and get the Navy's drone fleet fully operational using a Linux backbone.
The Navy's only listed VTOL drone is the Northrup-Grumman MQ8B Fire Scout, which is designed to be carried by frigates and to provide electro-optical and infrared reconnaissance over a range of 110 miles, while allowing five hours on station.
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Linux used for war... not
Linux used for war... not cool.
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Puppy Linux Cousin Toutou Linux 6.3.2 "SlaXen" Alpha Released for Public Testing
Toutou, one of the fastest and most comprehensive minimalist GNU/Linux distributions, is again in development, it looks like we're now able to test drive the 6.3.2 Alpha release of the upcoming Toutou Linux SlaXen series.
Linux 4.6.5
I'm announcing the release of the 4.6.5 kernel. All users of the 4.6 kernel series must upgrade. The updated 4.6.y git tree can be found at: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git linux-4.6.y and can be browsed at the normal kernel.org git web browser: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-st... thanks, greg k-h Also: Linux 4.4.16 Linux 3.14.74
today's leftovers
Leftovers: Software


text:
Donald Trump's campaign is a grand gamble that he can turn enough angry white men, who have not voted in a while, into voters in 2016. He is ignoring the rules of the game and trying to find new supporters just like the ones he already has.
Sanders has started a social welfare advocacy organization to support progressive groups seeking to coach and vet those who want to run for office.
Jordan Flaherty is a journalist and supervising producer of The Laura Flanders Show on GRITtv and TeleSUR English. You can see more of his work at jordanflaherty.org. He is the author of Floodlines: Community and Resistance From Katrina to the Jena Six.


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Begin New Search
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Sherrell Hofbauer
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I am 57 yrs and live in Clayton, Mi. I have been doing family research for 30 yrs. Some of my surnames are Smith, Lint, McQuiston, Palmater, Quick, Hall, Tyrell. I have been Researching this cemetery for three years now. It is in drastic need of repair. If we don't get help soon no one will know of the 118 souls buried there. This is our ancestors that first settled this area. Please help even if it is one grave at a time.
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Rachel H
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Barb LaJoie
RE: Mary Smith Hicks
You will have to send more info.
I have over 8,000 graves and I can't place this one
Barb LaJoie
but I am not related
Added by
Barb LaJoie
on Jul 03, 2013 7:18 AM
Al Wopshall
RE: Edna Vick
Hi Sherrell,
I don't specifically recall what I asked for but Vicks and Roes are in my family so I was probably trying to learn something about how she fits into my family or possibly something about someone else in her family.
RE: Edna Vick
I am sorry, I do not remember why you are looking for Edna Vick. This is my grandmother. Could you please get back with me.
Thank You
Sherrell Edna Smith Hofbauer.
Added by
Al Wopshall
on Jul 03, 2013 5:31 AM
Al Wopshall
Edna Vick
Hi Sherrell,
Thanks for trying to locate her gravestone.
Added by
Al Wopshall
on May 19, 2012 9:08 AM
Rachel H
I have taken pictures of all the McQuistions and McQuistons I could find at Eureka Cemetery. Hope they helped!
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July 10, 2009
An aircraft containing one student pilot from Columbus Air Force Base crashed in Webster County near Mantee, west of West Point, Thursday evening, but the pilot parachuted safely, officials said.
The aircraft, a T-6 Texan II primary trainer, a single-engine two-seater used across the Air Force and Navy, crashed at about 5:50 p.m., during initial flight training. It landed in what was described as "a sparsely populated area" in a CAFB news release.
The identity of the pilot was unavailable at press time. He had a scratch on his cheek and was taken to a local hospital "just to check him out to make sure that he didn''t have any concussion," said Darla Murphree, a dispatcher with the Webster County Sheriff''s Office. He was released the same night, said Sonic Johnson, director of CAFB public affairs.
"He''s in great shape," Johnson added.
According to the news release, the base will establish a board to investigate the incident.
The T-6 Texan II entered service in 2000, replacing T-34 and T-37 training aircraft. The aircraft, valued at $5 million, is built by Raytheon.
The last crash of CAFB aircraft came April 23, 2008, when instructor pilot Maj. David Faulkner and student pilot 2nd Lt. Matthew Emmons were killed when their T-38C Talon trainer aircraft crashed on the base''s runway.
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1. Hollywood comes to Columbus COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
2. Prescott to face trial for DUI STARKVILLE & OKTIBBEHA COUNTY
3. CMSD commits Lee property for redevelopment COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
4. Area schools face teacher shortages AREA
5. The Sherman Business Report: Magnolia Market under new management BUSINESS


text:
Good shoes boot out `knee disease`
Melbourne: Australian researchers have claimed that good shoes can boot out knee disease.
A team at University of Melbourne has shown that a good shoe, particularly a specially designed one, can reduce knee load in people with knee osteoarthritis -- the footwear can
reduce knee load during walking as compared to traditionally-designed athletic shoes.
This was seen in healthy people, in overweight people who are more at risk of developing osteoarthritis and in people with established painful knee osteoarthritis.
Reducing knee pressure is important as higher knee loads are associated with a greater likelihood of developing osteoarthritis as well as faster progression of the disease in
people who already have osteoarthritis.
Knee osteoarthritis is the most common chronic musculoskeletal health condition currently affecting adults.
The condition causes pain, physical disability, alterations to the way people move and psychological distress.
However, even though there is no cure for the disease, things can improve with the right management.
The University of Melbourne researchers are currently seeking volunteers for a range of research projects designed to improve outcomes for people with hip or knee osteoarthritis.
These projects include investigations of footwear, pain coping skills training, exercise, physiotherapy as well as MRI scans to see how brain function changes with arthritis and
certain treatments.
Professor Kim Bennell, who led the team, said people shouldn`t suffer in silence. "Aids such as modified shoes, can reduce the `load` on the inside of the knee and may slow
progression of osteoarthritis. Research is happening right now that can help us find better treatments," she said.
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text:
Articles: Convincing Skeptics to Try MeditationBy Jill Suttie | July 28, 2016
Two new books aim to bring mindfulness to two resistant groups: children and lawyers.
These are the most recent things on the site for the tag: Parenting. You can view more tags here.
Two new books aim to bring mindfulness to two resistant groups: children and lawyers.
Amie Gordon offers five tips to maintain (or reignite) the spark in your relationship.
A new book argues that parents need to focus more on themselves and less on their children.
What biological forces could help explain why some fathers are more involved with children than others?
New research is revealing how to protect teens' mental health during a challenging part of life.
According to new research, children who experience mindful parenting are less likely to use drugs or get depression or anxiety.
According to a new book, we tend to blame kids who struggle rather than blaming their environment.
In a Q&A, neuroscientist Ron Dahl explains how parents can help younger teens avoid depression and anxiety as they become more independent.
A Q&A with Kendall Bronk about instilling purpose in teens—and the emerging research showing why it's so important.
Diana Divecha describes how your mind, body, and life will change with the arrival of a baby.
Christine Carter gets to the heart of the resentment she feels on Mother's Day.
For baby massage, swimming, yoga, and signing, the scientific jury is still out.
According to a new study, mindfulness may lead to a happier, healthier parenting experience.
The new Disney film raises tough questions about prejudice for parents and teachers to explore with children.
Conflict between parents is inevitable—but it doesn't have to hurt kids. Here's how to turn a disagreement into a positive lesson.
Are we born to sing? New research suggests that music is critical to emotional and social development.
Greater Good's editors pick the most thought-provoking, important, or useful nonfiction books published this year on the science of a meaningful life.
Robert Putnam's recent book issues a wake-up call for what a nation can and should do for its families.
After a tragedy like the Paris attacks, kids will have questions. How do we respond?
Here's what Shuka Kalantari learned from researching the science of gratitude while raising a toddler.
The new science of bias suggests that we all carry prejudices within ourselves—and we all have the tools to keep them in check.
Amie Gordon offers five tips to maintain (or reignite) the spark in your relationship.
According to a new study, mindfulness may be the key to motivation.
A free online course exploring the roots of a happy, meaningful life. Co-taught by the GGSC's Dacher Keltner and Emiliana Simon-Thomas. Up to 16 CE credit hours available.
How compassionate are you? How generous, grateful, or forgiving? Find out!» TAKE A QUIZ
Talks by inspiring speakers like Jon Kabat-Zinn, Dacher Keltner, and Barbara Fredrickson.Watch
Finds that feeling gratitude produces kind and helpful behavior, even when that behavior is costly to the individual actor.
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Icon design for app DailyCost, a simple and elegant expanse tracking app.
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Star Wars: X-Wing Collector Series
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The missions are designed to be difficult enough to make you try multiple times, yet I never felt the need to throw the computer out the window because I just couldn't beat that one superhard level.
For Star Wars fans, many familiar characters appear in the game such as Mon Mothma and Darth Vader (when you are a good enough pilot, you are Vader's wing man for a mission).
One of those games I play and replay. Easy to get wrapped up in and really feel like you are there. There is a reason why many critics consider this one of the best PC games ever. I think I'll get off the net and play it right now!
The third game is worthless, and I haven't even tried that, so I'm not gonna say anything else about that. It's merely a bonus game, which you can toy with a while. It's not an actual game with story or anything.
Oh, and by the way, these both (XW+TF) DO work in Vista or XP, just use the compatibility mode from the properties, if you have problems.
I had given that copy of the game to a fella in Australia, and eight years later, I've bought another copy to play on the machine I currently have. This is a period of time spanning 15 years (and four operating systems)! That's a testimony to the enjoyability of the game.
Other games have gotten technically more intricate, but oftentimes the current tech is exploited just for the sake of mere "eye candy." The fellows at Lucasarts really came up with a simple but effective combination of action and story to create a long-lasting winner with this one. It captures the essence of the original Star Wars trilogy very well.
3D hardware enabling is a little tricky with modern OSs, but happily, you can find fixes for this on some of the X-wing-related forums online. But even failing that, the software rendering is decent (made up for by the gameplay), and the majority of today's machines can well handle it.
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you need to specify the computer parameters to be able to play on this video game on their computer so buy people buy it they know that will work in their PCPublished 18 months ago by dale flannery
If you don't think a game where you fly Star Wars star fighters is awesome then you're worse than six bags of Hitlers.Published on December 27, 2011 by Buttface
I purchased this game for my son, who asked for this game specifically. After opening all of his gifts, he rated this game as his number 1 favorite gift! Read morePublished on January 8, 2008 by Constance Hardy
I don't think there have been any other games that come close to the depth and richness of these games for simulating the "Star Wars" flight experience that we saw in the movies. Read morePublished on April 25, 2007 by Jindo Fox
I own all the titles within here, Collector Editions of X-Wing and Tie Fighter, and have X-Wing VS Tie Fighter, but I heard in this package the two previous games carried X-Wing VS... Read morePublished on January 4, 2007 by Amazon Customer
X-Wing was a truly fun and challenging game when it first came out, and now its even better. Upgraded graphics make the game more realistic and the movie soundtracks are a great... Read morePublished on June 28, 2005 by A reader
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Star Wars: X-Wing vs. Tie Fighter (Jewel Case) - PC Windows 98 / Me / 95LucasArts Entertainment$30.89


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Norbert G Ginsel
Joined on May 24, 2012
|Total: 1, showing: 1 – 1
On article The One-Light Studio (94 comments in total)
In reply to:
Bonedr: If I were to use off camera flash, do I have to get a radio trigger? Or can I trigger it with my pop up flash?
Maybe not. If you use Nikons, they make accessory SG-3IR, which snaps onto your camera and triggers light-activated off camera flash units (InfraRed, line of sight only, cheap). Also, a long PC cord works in some cases. If your flash has a PC connection, PC cord light triggers are available that can be taped to your light stand in any position. If not, light triggers are available to fit under the flash unit shoe. Wireless is your more expensive option.
Link | Posted on May 24, 2012 at 15:29 UTC
|Total: 1, showing: 1 – 1
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The Government kept that one fairly quiet. On Tuesday, three ministers announced that the Serious Fraud Office, set up in 1990, will close in 12 months and join something to be called the Organised Crime Agency within the New Zealand Police, The Dominion Post writes.
The news came as a jolt for SFO staff, but has been welcomed by NZ First leader and trenchant critic Winston Peters, and probably by Police Commissioner Howard Broad.
His predecessors argued, albeit privately, when the SFO was created that their fraud units could have done the same job had they had the resources and special powers conferred on it. Nearly 20 years later, they are to get what they wanted.
And after some disgraceful police conduct, this initiative is a vote of confidence in the newish leadership and its skills.
Ministers say that manifestations of organised crime are growing here and in the Pacific. Their definition includes cyber crime, identity theft, money laundering, extortion, drugs manufacture, distribution and trafficking, and paedophilia.
The Police Association has long sought a commission of inquiry into organised crime, almost pleading for police chiefs to take seriously gangs that have moved into the drugs business. The SIS has shown interest, too. Its director made a pitch earlier this year for a wider role that incorporated especially transnational organised crime.
He, like Police Association president Greg O'Connor, is to have his wish partially granted - the Government's officials committee on domestic and external security coordination will oversee and advise the OCA. The SIS is on that committee.
After the SFO began work, shortly after the 1987 sharemarket crash, officials told minis ters that, "given the current level of progress and the effectiveness of (SFO) strategies ... serious corporate fraud and white-collar crime generally will be contained and neutralised within five years". How wildly optimistic.
Today, much crime criss-crosses the planet, linking gangs, corporations, political and religious movements, and terrorists. So it is possible to see why ministers might feel that some crime has outgrown the agency set up to deal with it and that a fresh start, marrying the best of SFO expertise with that within police, was desirable. Britain might do likewise.
Clearly, the 17-year-old SFO isn't destined to outgrow its sometimes troubled adolescence. It has gained a reputation - perhaps unfairly - for pursuing only the cases it knew it could win. Mr Peters has long been an opponent, critical particularly of its handling of his Winebox allegations and, later, its refusal to investigate allegations of fraud within the fisheries industry.
It has also lost some big cases - one involving a former immigration minister, for example - but has secured convictions in others, such as the Huata case. The Government will not want the new agency to shy from difficult cases.
In drawing up its remit, ministers also must be careful that the draconian powers invested in the SFO for what was deemed good reason - how could investigators get crooks to talk unless they were compelled to? - are not allowed to infect other police work. Police have a reputation to retrieve; so, in a way, do SFO litigators. Framing the OCA's duties, therefore, must be done with care and insert the level of scrutiny police have grudgingly come to expect and to which the SFO has largely been immune.
- The Dominion Post
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 8, 1987
|Filing date
|Nov 21, 1985
|Priority date
|Nov 21, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|William F. Kaukler
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (7), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work under a NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Public Law 96-517 (94 Stat 3019; 35 USC 200-211).
This invention relates generally to the formation of crystals and more particularly to a method and apparatus, for visually investigating and observing the characteristics of crystal growth while it is in progress.
There are in the prior art many reports and results of studies of the nature of crystal growth by varying the rate of the crystal formation over time. Many of these prior art studies have been made with transparent specimen materials to enable an observer, with the aid of a microscope and various electronic and photographic or other display means, to study in some details the formation of crystals as the crystal forming material is passed through a constant temperature gradient G zone at a variable rate of velocity R from a heated area of constant temperature to a cooling area of constant temperature with the freezing zone lying directly under a microscope. The crystal growing material is in a molten state as it leaves the heated area and freezes as it enters the cooling area.
Such studies have particular importance in the field of metallurgy and specifically in metal and metal alloy casting processes.
For more detailed descriptions of these prior art studies reference is made to a publication entitled "Solidification", which is a collection of papers presented at a seminar of the American Society for Metals on Oct. 11-12, 1969 and published by the American Society for Metals in Metals Park, Ohio, and copyrighted in 1971, and another publication entitled "A Quantitative Study of Factors Influencing Lamellar Eutectic Morphology During Solidification" by WFS Kaukler of the Space Sciences Laboratory, NASA, at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, in Huntsville, Al., in November, 1981, and further identified as NASA TM-82451, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
While these prior art studies have revealed much valuable information about the growth of crystals, many questions relating thereto remain unanswered.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a new and novel process for visually observing and studying the growth of crystals under controllable variable conditions never done heretofor.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method of investigating crystal growth with a variable temperature gradient G which is controllable to maintain the freezing isotherm of the specimen material at a substantially constant, unmoving position which always lies under the objective lens of the fixed position microscope.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for investigating crystal growth in a transparent material with controllable variable temperature gradient G which is positionable to maintain the melting point isotherm of the transparent material at a substantially constant, unmoving position under a fixed position microscope while said transparent material is moving at a rate R in a transverse direction under the microscope at a controllable rate of speed.
Yet another object of the invention is to investigate crystal growth in a transparent material which is movable at a controllable, variable rate from a heated or melting zone to a cooling or freezing zone with the temperatures of the heating and cooling zones being variable in a controlled manner to create a variable temperature gradient at the freezing isotherm and to maintain the freezing or solidifying isotherm of the transparent material in a fixed position under the objective lens of a microscope.
Still another object of the invention is an improved and novel method and apparatus for studying crystal growth in a moving transparent material by varying the temperature gradient across the freezing point of the transparent material with said freezing point remaining in a fixed position relative to a fixed position observing means.
In accordance with one preferred form of the invention there is provided a method of observing crystal formation in a transparent specimen comprising the steps of melting a portion of the specimen in a heaing zone, freezing the melted portion of the specimen in a cooling zone spaced from the heating zone by a gap in which the freezing isotherm of the specimen is observable by a suitable observing means, controlling the temperature of the heating and cooling zones to various temperatures to create a variable temperature gradient across the gap so that the freezing isotherm of the specimen always remains in a substantially constant position within the gap where it is observable by the stationary observing means, and moving the specimen longitudinally in order to cause unidirectional freezing of the molten material while the temperature gradient is varying in order to cause unidirectional freezing of the molten material.
FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 respectively show a top view, a side view, and an end view of the invention;
FIG. 4 shows a generalized top view of the specimen on a microscope slide;
FIG. 5 is an isometric, detailed broken away view of the microscope glass slide and the structure holding the specimen thereon;
FIG. 6 is a broad block diagram of the overall system; and
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the electronics of the system;
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 there are shown a top view and a side view, respectively, of the invention. As can be seen from FIG. 2 there is mounted on a plexiglass base 40 a pair of copper cooling blocks 48 and 50, a pair of thermoelectric heaters 44 and 46, a copper heating source 22 and a copper cooling sink 20, and finally, as shown in FIG. 1, a pair of plexiglass guide rails 24 and 26, all held together in a stacked manner in the order recited by the four bolts 28. The specimen cell 58, mounted on microscope slide 56, as shown in FIG. 4, slides within the spacing S of FIG. 1 formed by the parallel inner edges of plexiglass guide rails 24 and 26 and upon the copper heating source 22 and cooling sink 20.
Two pairs of pipes 32 and 34 supply a suitable liquid coolant from a common source 93, shown in FIG. 6, to the two copper cooling blocks 48 and 50. One of each of the two pairs of pipes 32 and 34 is a coolant liquid inlet and the other is a coolant liquid outlet. Two pairs of leads 36 and 38 each connect d.c. current from two separate power sources 92 and 94 of FIG. 6. As can be clearly seen in FIG. 2 the aligned gaps 42 between the pair of copper blocks 20 and 22 and the pair of copper cooling blocks 48 and 50 allow an observer to view the slide 56 of FIG. 4 as it passes under the microscope 30 which is positioned to view directly into the gaps 42.
The end view of FIG. 2, shown in FIG. 3, more clearly shows the relationship between the coolant carrying pipes 34 and the copper cooling block 50, the leads 38 which carry d.c. power to the thermoelectric piles (heating devices) 46, and the depth of the microscope slide channel S.
In FIG. 5 the details of the specimen carrying slide 56 can be seen. A pair of cover glass plates 62 and 64, spaced apart by a small gap 60 of predetermined size from 25 to 250 micrometers, are mounted securely in that position on top of the microscope slide glass 56 by a suitable binder 68 such as an epoxy glue which extends entirely around the edges of the two cover glasses 62 and 64 to seal the gap inbetween airtight.
However, before the two cover glasses are securely sealed together the organic alloy specimen 58 to be melted and then frozen is inserted between the two cover glasses 62 and 64.
A steel block 66 is secured at one end of the microscope slide glass 56 to provide a means for a water-powered push rod 106 (see FIG. 6) to push the microscope slide glass along its guide path S, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3.
Referring now to FIG. 6 the blocks 80 and 82, the coolant carrying pipes 32 and 34, and the thermoelectric heater leads 36 and 38, represent generally the entire structure of FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Added to FIG. 6 are terminals 37 and 39 to which heater leads 36 and 38 are connected, and fittings 35 to which coolant carrying pipes 32 and 34 are connected.
Also added to FIG. 6 are the thermocouples 84 and 86 which detect the temperature of copper heating source 22 of FIG. 1 and cooling sink 20 of FIG. 1, and convert the detected temperatures to electrical signals which are supplied via leads 88 and 90 to multiplexor 120 of FIG. 7.
It should be noted that the liquid coolant to both copper heating blocks 48 and 50 (FIG. 2) comes from and returns to the same coolant source 93 of FIG. 6 so that the liquid coolant to both copper heating blocks 48 and 50 leaves the common coolant source 93 at the same temperature.
As will be discussed later in connection with FIG. 7 the power generated by d.c. power sources 92, 94, and 96 is controlled by the outputs of sample and hold (S/H) circuits 98, 100, and 102, respectively, and is supplied, respectively, to copper cooling sink 20 (of FIG. 2) and included within block 80 of FIG. 6, copper heating sink 22 (of FIG. 2) and included within block 82 of FIG. 6, and to motor 104. The motor 104 drives pusher rod 106 in a linear direction from right to left in FIG. 6 through adjustable speed reducing and worm gear arrangement 108 to in turn push microscope slide glass 56 by means of steel block 66 along its guide path S (of FIG. 1) so that the organic alloy specimen contained therein passes from the melting zone over the copper heating source 22 (FIG. 1) and into the freezing zone over the copper cooling sink 20 (of FIG. 1). The temperature of the copper heating source 22 and the copper cooling sink 20, as well as the temperature of the liquid coolant are all controlled such that while the temperature gradient can be varied, as well as the pusher rod 106 velocity, the freezing isotherm will always remain under the view of the fixed position microscope 30 in the gap 42.
Referring now to FIG. 7 there is shown a block diagram of the electronics of the system. In FIG. 7 the only input is the output signals from the thermocouples 84 and 86 of FIG. 6 via leads 88 and 90 to multiplexor 120 of FIG. 7. The multiplexed output of multiplexor 120 is amplified by amplifier 122 and then supplied to analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 124 whose digitized output is supplied to a suitable computer such as an Apple II which is programmed to provide to digital-to-analog (D/A) converter analog signals which, when multiplexed by multiplexor 130, will supply the proper control signals for ultimately controlling the temperatures of copper heating source block 22 of FIGS. 1 and 2 and copper cooling sink 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, as well as the speed of motor 104 of FIG. 6.
More specifically, the S/H circuits 98, 100, and 102, also shown in FIG. 6 which will now again be referred to, control the d.c. power generated by d.c. power sources 92, 94, and 96, respectively, which supply d.c. currents to thermoelectric heaters 44 and 46 of FIG. 2 and motor 104 of FIG. 6. The function of motor 104, gear box 108, and pusher rod 106 have already been discussed.
A monitor 134 such as a visual display, a printer 136, and a double density (DD) floppy disc unit 138 are connected to the computer 126 to observe the parameters of heating sources, cooling sources, temperature gradient across gap 42, position of the freezing isotherm, and pusher rod velocity.
It is to be noted that the computer 126 is programmed not only to control the temperature gradient across gap 42 but also to control the rate and amount of change of such temperature gradient, and further to maintain the freezing isotherm in gap 42 in FIG. 2 under the view of microscope 30.
A generalized summary of the invention, its operation and some other features not specifically set forth above are set forth in the following paragraphs. With the device of this invention, one end of a specimen cell is heated to exceed the melting point of the material contained within, while the other end is cooled to a frozen condition. Thermal contact of the cell against a hot metal block 22 (FIG. 2) and a cold metal block 20 (FIG. 2) separated by a narrow gap 42 provides the desired temperature gradient G within the cell. The respective temperatures of the blocks are controlled to cause the solid-liquid interface to develop midway between the heating and cooling blocks in gap 42.
Structural details of this interface between solid and liquid are generally studied with an optical microscope. The specimen is transilluminated through the gap 42 between the hot and cold blocks. Interface details are rendered in contrast by optical diffraction effects at the interfaces. The specimen itself is a sandwich with the transparent specimen material held as a thin film between two glass slides. The material, which is the specimen of interest, must have a melting temperature compatible with the capability of the apparatus. (Presently this range is approximately -20 to +100 C.) Materials are selected based on their solidification characteristics. The best choices are models which have metal-like solidification characteristics.
Studying G/R ratio effects by varying R alone does not lend itself to simple interpretation. Crystal growers know that as one varies the velocity rate R, the kinetic undercooling seen by the growing interface will vary. A comprehensive study of interface kinetics has never been done heretofar because of the above limitations. However, varying the temperature gradient G at a constant R essentially controls the driving force (i.e. thermodynamics) for solidification while keeping a constant kinetic dependence.
The stage is made up of a hot metal block 22 (FIG. 2) and a cold metal block 20, (FIG. 2) whose individual temperatures are each controlled by a thermoelectric pile. The temperatures are monitored by thermocouples 84 and 86 (FIG. 6) in the metal blocks and the signals used to regulate the power going into each of the thermoelectric devices. In the present model, the sensing and control functions are controlled by a microcomputer 126. Other temperature controller devices can be used as well. The thermoelectric devices are each cooled by a constant temperature water bath. The temperature of the bath is set to the melting temperature of the specimen being observed. By this method, one thermoelectric device is used for cooling relative to the melting temperature and the other is used for heating. To adjust the temperature gradient, the d.c. current to each thermoelectric is increased or decreased so that the block temperatures track at preprogrammed rates. As this occurs, the specimen cell is pushed at a constant rate across the heating and cooling blocks in the direction of the cold block to thereby cause the specimen to freeze undirectionally. In the working model, the push rate is also computer controlled. Observations of the interface are made at this time and may be recorded.
It is essential to have thermal stability in the apparatus. Earlier temperature gradient stages did not have variable temperature gradients and achieved thermal stability by using much larger thermal masses for the hot and cold metal blocks 22 and 20 (FIG. 2). This prior art method to stabilize the temperature cannot be used here as the rate of changing the gradient G must be smooth and rapid (e.g. two deg. C per cm. per minute). Therefore, to compensate for the low thermal mass of the blocks, tighter temperature control is needed. This is achieved in the present invention by using the constant temperature circulating water bath and trimming the temperatures with the thermoelectric heaters (devices) which are controlled by the computer and regulated power supplies. In the present invention the computer calculates the needed current to run the thermoelectric heaters, then this calculation is sent out via the D/A converter 128 (FIG. 7) to the S/H amplifiers 98, 100, and 102 which provide a control signal to the high current d.c. power supplies.
It is to be understood that the form of the invention shown and described herein is but one preferred form thereof and that various other modifications and forms thereof will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art without the exercise of invention and are intended to lie within the scope of the claims appended hereto.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 6, 1948
|Oct 16, 1951
|Patelhold Patentverwertung
|Method of and apparatus for growing crystals
|Mar 6, 1952
|Oct 25, 1955
|Gen Electric
|Method and apparatus for detecting minute crystal forming particles suspended in a gaseous atmosphere
|Mar 20, 1951
|Jun 12, 1956
|California Research Corp
|Hydrocarbon analysis and control in crystallization processes
|Mar 18, 1963
|Mar 29, 1966
|Fujitsu Ltd
|Method of producing semiconductor dendrites having both planes uniform
|Oct 4, 1974
|Jun 14, 1977
|Kms Fusion, Inc.
|Sensors for low temperature application
|Jun 2, 1976
|Jun 20, 1978
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Method for controlling the solidification of a liquid-solid system and a device for the application of the method
|"The Review of Scientific Instruments", Dr. William Kaulker, Hot Stage and Sample Cell Design, etc., vol. 55, No. 10, pp. 1643-1647.
|The Review of Scientific Instruments , Dr. William Kaulker, Hot Stage and Sample Cell Design, etc., vol. 55, No. 10, pp. 1643 1647.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 27, 1992
|Jan 11, 1994
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|High pressure liquid phase epitaxy reactor chamber and method with direct see through capability
|May 28, 1998
|Feb 1, 2000
|Imagestatistics, Inc.
|Method and associated apparatus for the standardized grading of gemstones
|Dec 7, 1999
|May 29, 2001
|Imagestatistics, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for grading, testing, and identifying gemstones
|May 25, 1999
|Dec 27, 2005
|Imagestatistics, Inc.
|Method and associated apparatus for the standardized grading of gemstones
|Sep 21, 2012
|Feb 24, 2015
|Corning Incorporated
|Methods of validating edge strength of a glass sheet
|Sep 21, 2012
|Mar 27, 2014
|Robert Wendell Sharps
|Methods of validating edge strength of a glass sheet
|Jul 10, 1988
|Mar 22, 1989
|Heinz Spagyrik Institut Ag
|Method for analysing the crystalline morphology of blood or urine for an early diagnosis and for producing medicines
|U.S. Classification
|356/30, 422/254, 422/251, 422/260, 422/536
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 12, 1986
Owner name: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE NA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. SUBJECT TO LICENSE RECITED.;ASSIGNORS:KAUKLER, WILLIAM F.;UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:004560/0199
Effective date: 19860519
Owner name: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KAUKLER, WILLIAM F.;UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:004560/0199
Effective date: 19860519
|Jul 9, 1991
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 8, 1991
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 11, 1992
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19911208