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Pp. 157-182 in Handbook of Visual Analysis edited by Theo van Leeuwen and Carey Jewitt London: Sage Publications 2000 © Charles Goodwin
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Practices of Seeing Visual Analysis: An Ethnomethodological Approach Charles Goodwin A primordial site for the analysis of human language, cognition and action consists of a situation in which multiple participants are attempting to carry out courses of action together while attending to each other, the larger activities that their current actions are embedded within, and relevant phenomena in their surround. Vision can be central to this process.1. The visible bodies of participants provide systematic, changing displays about relevant action and orientation. Seeable structure in the environment can not only constitute a locus for shared visual attention, but can also contribute crucial semiotic resources for the organization of current action (consider for example the use of graphs and charts in a scientific discussion). For the past thirty years both Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology have provided extensive analysis of how human vision is socially organized. Both fields investigate the practices that participants use to build and shape in concert with each other the structured events that constitute the lifeworld of a community of actors. Phenomena investigated in which vision plays a central role range from sequences of talk, to medical and legal encounters, to scientific knowledge. The approach taken by both ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to the study of visual phenomena is quite distinctive. At least since Saussure proposed studying langue as an analytically distinct subfield of a more encompassing science of signs, different kinds of semiotic phenomena (language, visual signs, etc.) have typically been analyzed in isolation from each other. However in the work to be described here neither vision, nor the images or other phenomena that participants look at, are treated as coherent, self-contained
Vision is not, however, essential as both the competence of the blind and telephone conversations demonstrate. Below it will be argued that situated action is accomplished through the juxtaposition of multiple semiotic fields, only some of which make vision relevant.
2 domains that can be subjected to analysis in their own terms. Instead it quickly becomes apparent that visual phenomena can only be investigated by taking into account a diverse set of semiotic resources and meaning-making practices that participants deploy to build the social worlds that they inhabit and constitute through ongoing processes of action. Many of these, such as structure provided by current talk, are not in any sense visual, but the visible phenomena that the participants are attending to cannot be properly analyzed without them. The focus of analysis is not thus not representations or vision per se, but instead the part played by visual phenomena in the production of meaningful action.
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Both the methodology and the forms of analysis used in this approach can best be demonstrated through specific examples. Gaze between Speakers and Hearers In formulating the distinction between competence and performance Chomsky (1965: 3-4) argued that actual speech is so full of performance errors, such as sentence fragments, restarts and pauses, that both linguists and parties faced with the task of acquiring a language should ignore it. Investigating a corpus of conversation recorded on video Goodwin (1980a, 1981, Chapter 2) indeed found precisely the "false starts" and "changes of plan in mid-course" that Chomsky describes. In the following instead of producing an unbroken grammatical sentence the speaker says:2
Talk is transcribed using the system developed by Gail Jefferson (see Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson Sacks, et al. 1974: 731-733). Talk receiving some form of emphasis is marked with underlining or bold italics. Punctuation is used to transcribe intonation: A period indicates falling pitch, a question mark rising pitch, and a comma a falling contour, as would be found for example after a non-terminal item in a list. A colon indicates lengthening of the current sound. A dash marks the sudden cut-off of the current sound (in English it is frequently realized as glottal stop). Comments (e.g., descriptions of relevant nonvocal behavior) are printed in italics within double parentheses. Numbers within single parentheses mark silences in seconds and tenths of a second. A degree sign (°) indicates that the talk that follows is being spoken with low
En a couple of girls- One other girl from there,
However, when the video is examined it is found that the restart occurs at a specific place: precisely at the point where the speaker brings her gaze to her addressee, and finds that her addressee is looking elsewhere:
Speaker Brings Gaze to Recipient
Restart Pam: En a couple of girls- One other girl from the:re, Hearer Looking Away Ann:
Gaze Arrives Hearer Starts Moving Gaze to Speaker
Moreover, the restart acts as a request for the Hearer's gaze. Thus immediately after the restart the hearer starts to move her gaze to the speaker. Paradoxically, if the speaker had not produced a restart at this point she could have said something that would appear to be an unbroken grammatical unit if one examined only the stream of speech (e.g., "En a couple of girls from there …"), but which would in fact be interactively a sentence fragment since her addressee attended to only part of it.
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The identities of speaker and hearer are the most generic participant categories relevant to the production of a strip of talk. The phenomena examined here (which occur pervasively in conversation) provide evidence that the work of
volume. Left brackets connecting talk by different speakers mark the point where overlap begins.
and the types of operations that can be performed upon them (see Goodwin 1981 :170-173).4 being a hearer in face-to-face interaction requires situated use of the body. If the party attempting to learn the language did not have to .If you could Such repetition has the effect of delineating the boundaries and structure of many different units in the stream of speech. Repairs further require that a listener learn to recognize that not all of the sequences within the stream of speech are possible sequences within the language. by analyzing what is the same and what is different in these examples one is able to discover: First. or else the repair would not be warranted. of something said elsewhere in the utterance: We wen t. The fact that this task is posed may be crucial to any learning process.I went to …". and fourth. Moreover speakers not only use their own gaze to see relevant action in the body of a silent hearer. that of determining "from the data of performance the underlying system of rules mastered by the speaker-hearer"? Many repairs involve the repetition. that "I" does not follow "to" in "We went t. that these alternatives contrast with each other in some significant fashion. What relevance do processes such as these have to the other issue raised by Chomsky (1965 :3). In order to deal with such a repair a hearer is thus required to make one of the most basic distinctions posed for anyone attempting to decipher the structure of a language: to differentiate what are and are not possible sequences in the language. e. but actively change the structure of their emerging talk in terms of what they see. what some of these alternatives are (here different pronouns).. but also demonstrate the different forms such units can take. where the stream of speech can be divided into significant subunits. that is between grammatical and ungrammatical structures. and gaze in particular. second. that alternatives are possible in a particular slot. Repairs in other examples not only delineate basic units in the stream of speech (noun phrases for example).g. third. with some significant change.I went to If he could. Thus. as a way of visibly displaying to others the focus of one's orientation.
What has just been described provides one example of the methodologies and forms of analysis used to investigate visual phenomena within Conversation p. and demonstrate that the participants are in fact attending in fine detail to what might appear to be quite ephemeral structure in the stream of speech. This links vision to a host of other phenomena including language and the visible body as an unfolding locus for the display of meaning and action. the focus of analysis is not visual events in isolation. play a central role in this process but their sense and relevance is established through their embeddedness in other meaning making tasks and practices. but instead the systematic practices used by participants in interaction to achieve courses of collaborative action with each other — in the present case the interactive construction of turns at talk. Rather it might be argued that if a child grew up in an ideal world where she heard only well-formed sentences she would not learn to produce sentences herself because she would lack the analysis of their structure provided by events such as repair. ongoing changes in the organization of emerging action. in addition to the spatial dimension that is naturally associated with vision. First. Crucial to this process is the way in which visual phenomena.5 deal with ungrammatical possibilities. such as dispreferred gaze states can both lead to repair. but instead to demonstrate how the participants themselves not only actively orient to particular kinds of visual events (such as states of gaze). If one had only a static snapshot. Second. and the utterances that emerge with those turns. 160 Analysis. such as the production of a strip of talk that is in fact heard and attended to by its addressee. Visual events. but use them as a constitutive feature of the activities they are engaged in (for example by modifying their talk in terms of what they demonstrably see). Third. or even the structure of the system. Several observations can be made. Chomsky's argument that the repairs found in natural speech so flaw it that a child is faced with data of very "degenerate quality" does not appear warranted. and lead to. . if for example she was exposed to only well-formed sentences. such as gaze. these processes also have an intrinsic temporal dimension as changes in visual events are marked by. what the analyst seeks to do is not to provide his or her own gloss on how visual phenomena might be meaningful. she might not have the data necessary to determine the boundaries.
such as mutual gaze instead of looking at the temporally unfolding interplay of different combinations of participant gaze.6 or measured only a single structural possibility. When it comes to the transcription of visual phenomena we are at the very beginning of such a process. The decision to describe gaze in terms of the speaker-hearer framework is itself a major analytic one. The arrows and other symbols I've used to mark gaze on a transcript (see Goodwin 1981) capture only a small part of a larger complex constituted by bodies interacting together in a relevant setting. Schegloff and Jefferson 1974: 731-733) for transcribing the texture of talk-in-interaction. including phenomena. and is still being modified today (for example the system developed by Gail Jefferson (Sacks. that are crucial for the analysis being reported here). 161 simultaneously display orientation to different participants or regions (see Kendon 1990b. Schegloff 1998). their talk. that extends back thousands of years. crucial problems of transcription are posed. not only the bodies of the participants. The choice of where to place the camera is but the first in a long series of crucial analytical decisions. In addition. such analysis requires data of a particular type. and by no means simple. embodied displays and spatial organization of all relevant participants. the type of analysis being pursued here would be impossible. Fourth. creating participation frameworks of considerable complexity. and how events change through time. Despite these limitations a video or film record does constitute a relevant data source. and marking those distinctions with written symbols. Every camera position excludes other views of what is happening. something that can be worked with in an imperfect world. and indeed different parts of the body can p. neutral description. In practice no record is completely adequate. Moreover a gazing head is embedded within a larger postural configuration. The task of translating the situated. Thus on occasion a transcriber wants some way of indicating on the printed page posture and alignment. but also phenomena in their surround. specifically a record that maintains as much information as possible about the setting. Our ability to transcribe talk is built upon a process of analyzing relevant structure in the stream of speech. embodied practices used by participants in interaction to organize phenomena relevant to vision poses enormous theoretical and methodological problems. can be crucial . such as momentary restarts and sound stretches. Fifth.
as gaze is moved from one type of recipient to another. and the sentence being constructed within it. and movies embedded in electronic versions of papers. principal character. frame grabs.g. There is a recursive interplay between analysis and methods of description. I've experimented with using transcription symbols. Work in Conversation Analysis has provided extensive study of how the gaze of participants toward each other is consequential for the organization of action within talk-in-interaction. in itself a video. so that the utterance maintains its appropriateness for its addressee of the moment (Goodwin 1979. frame grabs. Moreover. how genres such as stories are constructed not by a speaker alone. and which can be easily and repetitively replayed. Goodwin 1980b). primary addressee.7 to the organization of their action. see also Ochs 1979). The complexity of the phenomena involved requires multiple methods for rendering relevant distinctions (e. just as a raw tape recording does not display the analysis of segmental structure in the stream of speech provided by transcription with a phonetic or alphabetic writing system. On the other hand..H. while simultaneously keeping another eye on the addressee/reader of the analysis by attempting to present relevant descriptions as clearly and vividly as possible. but instead through the differentiated visible displays of a range of structurally different kinds of recipients (speaker. In many cases different stages of analysis and presentation will require multiple transcriptions.. diagrams. 1981). does not provide an analysis of how visible events are being parsed by participants. gaze notation. On the one hand the analyst needs materials that maintain as much of the original structure of the events being analyzed as possible. even one that can be embedded within a paper. diagrams. like the two-faced Roman god Janus. See . etc. To try to make the phenomena I'm analyzing independently accessible to the reader so that she or he can evaluate my analysis. etc. how speakers modify descriptions in terms of their hearer's visible assessment of what is being said (M. Multiple issues are involved and no method is entirely successful. Phenomena investigated include the way in which speakers change the structure of an emerging utterance. any transcription system must attend simultaneously to two separate fields. accurate transcription of speech. looking in one direction at how to accurately recover through a systematic notation the endogenous structure of the events being investigated.
gazing body. show to one another. ordered. and the orientation of participants toward each other as they co-produce states of talk is central to the work in ConversationalAnalysis just examined. 1994. By way of contrast much work within Ethnomethodology has focused not on the bodies of actors. and circulate to others in their communities are not "natural objects" independent of cultural processes and literary forms. measure. These are the proximal "things" taken into the laboratory and circulated in print and they are a rich repository of "social" actions. As noted by Lynch and Woolgar (1990:5): Manifestly. pick up in their hands. Haviland (1993) provides important analysis of the interactive organization of gesture within narration (for extensive analysis of gesture from a psychological perspective see McNeill 1992). shaped. carefully aligned photographic traces and chart recordings. Goodwin and C.8 Goodwin 1984). 1994). argue about. 1997) on both the interactive organization of bodies as they frame states of talk. Streeck 1993. Goodwin 1986). but instead on the images. the organization of gaze and co-participation in medical encounters (Heath 1986. is central to the study of visible behavior in interaction. 162 Scientific Images The visible. and used by participants as components of the . gesture (Goodwin in press. and verbal accounts. p. Robinson 1998). diagrams. and filtered samples. what scientists laboriously piece together. the use of gaze in activities such as word searches (M. graphs and other visual practices used by scientists to construct the crucial visual working environments of their disciplines. etc." and residues impressed within graphic matrices. They are extracts. the interactive organization of assessments (Goodwin and Goodwin 1987). and on gesture. attended to.H. "tissue cultures. Though not strictly lodged within Conversation Analysis the work of Kendon (1990a." Despite important differences in subject matter and methodology both fields emphasize the importance of focusing not on representations or other visual phenomena as self-contained entities in their own right. but instead on how they are constructed.
but the inseparability of a "theory" of representation from the heterogeneous social contexts in which representations are composed and used" (Lynch and Woolgar 1990 12)..g. in various contexts. is described as a host of practices that iteratively transform one . To appreciate this. treat as representation?" Note that what must be investigated is specified both in terms of the orientation of the participants. In a classic article Lynch (1990 :153-154) formulates the task of analyzing scientific representations as that of describing the publicly visible "externatized retina" that is the site for the practices implicated in the social constitution of the objects that are the focus of scientific work: This study is based on the premise that visual displays are more than a simple matter of supplying pictorial illustrations for scientific texts." Selection.9 endogenous activities that make up the lifeworld of a setting. "in this case"). Using as data images from scientific journal articles and books Lynch describes two families of practices used to constitute the visible scientific object: "selection" p. and with respect to the features of the relevant local setting (e. "What do the participants. This leads to a distinctive ethnomethodological perspective on reflexivity: "Reflexivity" in this usage means. and to replace a preoccupation with images on the retina (or alternatively 'mental images' or 'pictorial ideas') with a focus on the 'externalized retina' of the graphic and instrumental fields upon which the scientific image is impressed and circulated. 163 and "mathematization. we first need to wrest the idea of representation from an individualistic cognitive foundation. not self-referential nor reflective awareness of representational practice. Thus. They are essential to how scientific objects and orderly relationships are revealed and made analyzable. in this case. illustrated through double images in which a photograph and a diagram of entities visible in the photograph are presented side by side. by 'representation'?" the studies begin by asking. in introducing their important volume on Representation in Scientific Practice Lynch and Woolgar (1990: 11) define their inquiry as follows: Instead of asking "what do we mean.
. and actors in structurally different positions who use alternative tools and. directional chain of representations Indeed much of the work of actually doing science consists in building and shaping what Latour (1986) (see also Latour and Woolgar 1979) have called inscriptions in this fashion." Note how in all of these cases the focus of analysis is on the contextually based practices of the participants who are assembling and using these images to accomplish the work that defines their profession. but instead to the host of practices used to transform recalcitrant events into mathematically tractable visual and graphic displays e.g. many of . but are instead embedded within a distributed system that encompasses visual tools such as maps and instruments for juxtaposing a landmark and compass bearing within the same visual field. charts and diagrams.. Uniforming. Hutchins demonstrates how the practices required to navigate a ship are not situated within the mental life of a single individual. Thus an image showing a map of lizard territories is assembled through. Hutchins' (1995) ground breaking study of the cognitive practices required to navigate a ship outlines a major perspective for the analysis of both images and seeing as forms of work-relevant practice. graphs. Upgrading and Defining can be repetitively applied creating not just a single image. and finally drawing lines around collections of points to create the map.10 image of an entity into another (e. perform different kinds of cognitive operations.g. rather than ethnomethdology. natural and literary.g. Crucial to this process is that fact that different selective/shaping practices. As noted by Lynch (1990: 171) the product of these practices. in part because of this. among other operations. e. including Filtering. driving stakes into the lizards' environment to create a grid for measurement (and thus injecting a scientifically relevant Cartesian space into the very habitat being studied). distinguishing them from each other by cutting off a different pattern of toes on each lizard. "Mathematization" refers not simply to the use of numbers. the published map. "is a hybrid object that is demonstrably mathematical. repetitively capturing lizards. the photograph to the diagram) while simultaneously structuring and shaping what it is that is being represented. recording each capture on a paper map of the staked out territory. Though emerging from psychological anthropology. but a linked.
participation. locating landmarks. Before turning to studies that have probed such questions several issues must be noted. etc. but did not focus much analysis on images in the environment. and the way in which they visually and mathematically structure the world that is the focus on their inquiry. By way of contrast studies of the interactive organization of vision in conversation looked in considerable detail at how participants treat the visual displays of each other's bodies as consequential. First. Both participants and the structures that provide organization for action and events use visible phenomena selectively. within this common focus. However. A scientific journal can be read in the absence of the parties who constructed its text and diagrams. the public organization of visual practice within the worklife of a profession.. it is clearly not the case that the only acceptable analysis is one that includes this full range of all possible visual phenomena. two quite different orders of visual practice have been p.). etc. meaningful bodies.11 which have a strong visual component (e. plotting positions on a map. Clearly all of the phenomena noted — the visible body. gesture. visual phenomena are constituted and made meaningful through the way in which they are embedded within this larger set of practices. or structure what they are seeing through the organization of talk-in-interaction. the details of talk and language use. visual structure in the surround. The question arises as to whether it is possible to analyze such disparate phenomena within a coherent analytic framework. images. 164 examined. Parties speaking over the telephone can see neither either other's bodies nor events in a common surround. Rather than standing alone as a self-contained analytic domain. More .g. Research in science studies has investigated the images produced by scientists. maps and other representational practices. — are relevant. and how this is relevant to the moment-bymoment production of talk. without however looking in much detail at how scientists attend to each other as living. Images in Interaction All of the work discussed so far takes as its point of departure for the investigation of visual phenomena the task of describing and analyzing the practices used by participants to construct the actions and events that make up their lifeworld.
gesture. for example to indicate that a participant. some gestures made by a speaker may not require gaze toward them from an addressee. they frequently fall within the scope of a single utterance) and display semantic content relevant to the topic of the moment. Streeck 1988). or entity in the surround should be gazed at. but more crucially in their structure.g. Third. Moreover. while gestures.12 interestingly within face-to-face interaction participants can continuously shift between actions that invoke. in preparation. A major theme of Shakespeare's sonnets focuses on the contrast between the temporally constrained human body. as to what subset of possible visual events are in fact relevant to the organization of the actions of the moment. are typically brief (e. and even in this more limited case there may be a real issue as to whether it is relevant to attend to everything that a body does. Consider for example the issue of temporality. the analyst must also take into account how participants show each other what kinds of events they are expected to take into account at a particular moment. but also ongoing communication about relevant vision (Goodwin 1981. and the (limited) possibilities for transcending such corruption . including their possibilities for propagation through space and time. and perhaps require. gaze toward specific events in the surround. Both gestures and the displays of postural orientation used to build participation frameworks are performed by the body within interaction. 165 Bodily displays with one kind of temporal duration (and information content) are thus embedded within another class of visual displays being made by the body which have a quite different structure. p. condemned to inevitable decay. this means that in addition to investigating how different kinds of visible phenomena are organized. Second visual events are quite heterogeneous. the structure of visual signs. not only for the analyst but more crucially for the participants themselves. and those make relevant gaze toward no more than each other's bodies. There is thus an essential contingency. not only in what they make visible. However.g. participation displays frame extended strips of talk and typically provide information about the participants' orientation rather than the specifics of what is being discussed. 1986.. e. like the bits of talk they accompany. can be intimately tied to the medium used to construct them. There is thus not only communication through vision.
was a major document at all stages of the research project. Goodwin and Goodwin 1996. This contrast between the temporal possibilities provided by alternative media (e. through interaction with each other. Similarly. Rather than being lodged within an ever changing human body. This arises in part from the specific media used to constitute the signs they contain. a schedule listing all arriving and departing flights was a major tool for almost all workgroups at the airport studied by the Xerox PARC workplace project (Brun-Cottan et al. Each work group highlighted the common document in ways relevant to the specific work tasks it faced.13 provided by language inscribed on the printed page which can remain fresh and alive long after its author and subject have passed into dust.g. the body and documents) constitutes an ongoing resource for participants in vernacular settings as they build. In addition to the displays made by a fleeting gesture or local participation framework. the events that make up their lifeworld. For example. so that planes could be speedily unloaded. but concerned with the departure of passengers. Suchman 1992). Before the ship sailed the places where samples could be taken was the focus of intense political debate between different groups of scientists and the Brazilian and American governments. However. they are not selfcontained visual artifacts that can be analyzed in isolation from the processes of interaction and work practices through which they are made relevant and meaningful. and indeed it linked diverse workers throughout North America into a common web of activity. on the oceanographic ship reported in Goodwin (1995) a map showing where samples would be taken in the Atlantic at the mouth of the Amazon. after the project was . such documents constitute what Latour (1987: 223) has called immutable mobiles. these same arrival times were almost ignored by gate agents looking at the same schedule. despite the way in which crucial aspects of the structure of images and documents remain constant in different environments. The same image or document can be construed in quite different ways in alternative settings. participants also have access to images and documents which can encompass multiple interactions and quite diverse settings. portable material objects that can carry stable inscriptions of various types from place to place and through time.. 1991. However while baggage loaders carefully structured their work to anticipate arriving flights.
to locate places where stations were far apart and rest was possible. i. but instead stand in a reflexive relationship to the settings and processes of embodied human interaction through which they are constituted as meaningful entities. including tools that visually structure complex mathematical calculations.e. Solutions found to these tasks. the visual (and other properties) of settings structure environments that shape. A very simple example is provided by the bridge of the oceanographic ship which not only had a window facing forward so the helmsman could steer the ship and watch for trouble. are built into the tools that constitute the work environments used by subsequent actors faced with similar tasks. but could also be looked at by lab technicians not able to go to bed for days at a time because of the p. To explicate such events analysis must deal simultaneously with the quite different structure and temporal organization of both local embodied practice and enduring graphic displays. Though being used here to do science.14 completed the map provided an infrastructure for graphic displays that could be used in published journal articles to show what the scientists had found about how the waters of the Amazon and the Atlantic interacted with each other. this arrangement is in fact a systematic solution to a repetitive problem faced by sailors. In brief. Both work environments and many of the tools used within them (computer displays. though the material form of images and documents gives them an extended temporal scope. who have to maneuver heavy objects while a sea. This was used by a winch operator who had the task of lifting heavy instrument packages in and out of the sea. such as fishermen using nets. but also a window facing backwards. the activities systematically performed within those settings. See Hutchins (1995) for illuminating analysis of this process. as well as maps. a way of making visible relevant scientific phenomena. and the ability to travel from setting to setting. Finally. etc. they cannot be analyzed as self-contained fields of visually organized meaning..) structure in quite specific ways the embodied visual practices of those who inhabit such settings. . 166 map's incessant sampling demands. on an historical time scale. such as the rear facing window with the visual access it provides (as well as the forward window facilitating navigation). during the voyage itself the map not only provided a common framework for the quite different work of various teams of scientists and the crew navigating the ship.
Bringing signs lodged within different fields into a relationship of mutual elaboration produces locally relevant meaning and action that could not be accomplished by one sign system alone. the specific mix being used to constitute the events of the moment.. nor the pointing finger in isolation from a) its target (the spot on the map) and b) the construal being provided by the talk.e. i. etc. The term semiotic field is intended to focus on signs-in-their-media. and the use of visual images of different types. documents. displays of bodily orientation. maps. can be . Consider for example a place on a map indicated by a pointing finger which is being construed in a specific fashion by the accompanying talk. the body.) which have variable structural properties that arise in part from the different kinds of materials used to make them visible (e. Professional Vision Work settings provide one environment in which the interplay between situated.). Neither the map as a whole.. nor the talk alone would be sufficient to constitute the action made visible by the conjoined use of the three semiotic fields.g. talk. that is a self-sufficient representation. The particular subset of semiotic fields available in a setting that participants orient to as relevant to the construction of the actions of the moment constitutes a contextual configuration. embodied interaction. as contextual configurations change there is both unfolding public semiotic structure and contingency(and indeed in some circumstances actions can misfire when addressees fail to take into account a relevant semiotic field. changing deployment of multiple semiotic fields which mutually elaborate each other. see Goodwin in preparation for more detailed analysis of pointing). the way in which what is typically been attended to are sign phenomena of various types (gestures.15 In an attempt to come to terms with such issues Goodwin (in press) has proposed that images in interaction are lodged within endogenous activity systems constituted through the ongoing. Thus. p. 167 As interaction unfolds contextual configurations can change as new fields are added to. such as the sequential organization provided by a prior unheard utterance – see Goodwin in preparation for an example). etc. or dropped from. each of which provides resources for specifying how to relevantly see and understand the others (see the brief discussion of the Rodney King data below for a specific example.
etc. Goodwin (1996. We will now briefly examine how such vision is socially organized in two tasks faced by archaeologists: 1) color classification and 2) Map making. sailors plotting courses on charts. and the holes used for posts will also have a different color from the soil around them). and the brief description of the oceanographers. In many work settings participants face the task of classifying visual phenomena in a way that is relevant to the work they are charged with performing. in press) describes how archaeologists code the color of the dirt they are excavating through use of a Munsell chart. In addition to artifacts.g.g. Color Classification as Historically Structured Professional Practice As part of the work involved in excavating a site.. archaeologists are also interested in features.). Rodney King. archaeologists make maps showing relevant structure in the layers of dirt they uncover. The key evidence at the trial was a videotape of the beating. Mr.16 systematically investigated. Such features are typically visible as color differences in the dirt being examined (e. and then look at how such professional vision was both constructed and contested in the trial of four policemen charged with beating an African American motorist. Frequently they must also construct different kinds of representations of visual structure in the environment that is the focus of their professional scrutiny. air traffic controllers. The following shows two . As demonstrated by the discussion of Lynch's analysis of scientific representation. architects. The methods they use to accomplish this task constitute a form of professional visual practice. such as stone tools. the remains of a cooking fire will be blacker than the surrounding soil.. crucial work in many different occupations takes the form of classifying and constructing visual phenomena in ways that help shape the objects of knowledge that are the focus of the work of a profession (e. professors making graphs and overheads for talks and classes. Such professional vision constitutes a perspicuous site for systematic study of how different kinds of phenomena intersect to organize a community's practices of seeing. Field archaeologists thus face the task of systematically classifying the color of the dirt they are excavating. such the remains of an old hearth or the outlines of the posts that held up a building.
such as the offices and lab of the senior investigator. and a component of subsequent analysis. including tools that structure the process of seeing and classification. the way in which it displays on a single .4) ((Jeff moves trowel)) nuhhh? (1. and documents that organize cognition and interaction in the current setting while linking these processes to larger activities and other settings. 168 archaeologists performing this task. the Munsell page that they are using.17 p. and the coding form where they will record their classification: 17 Pam: 18 19 Jeff: 20 21 Pam: En this one. where the form being filled in here will eventually become part of the permanent record of the excavation. These archaeologists are intently examining the color of a tiny sample of dirt because they have been given a coding form to fill out. That form ties their work at this site to a range of other settings. ((Points at color patch)) (0.8) Or that one? ((Points at color patch)) Within this scene are a number of different kinds of phenomena relevant to the organization of visual practice. The multivocality of this form.
Coding schemes distributed on forms allow a senior investigator to inscribe his or her perceptual distinctions into the work practices of the technicians who code the data. The Munsell chart being used by the archaeologists contains not just one.18 surface the actions of multiple actors in structurally different positions. but the parameters of that work have been established by the classification system that is organizing their perception. and the hand written entries of the field workers. This chart incorporates into a portable physical object the results of a long history of scientific investigation of the properties of color. one that is characteristically mediated through mundane bureaucratic documents such as this form. is shown visually in vivid fashion by the contrast between the printed coding categories. Cartesian mind. a work-relevant way of seeing. or people within the discourse of a profession carries with it an array of perceptual and cognitive operations that have far reaching impact. Of all the possible ways that the earth could be looked at. Rather than standing alone as self-explicating textual objects. p. In order to make an entry in the slot provided for color an archaeologist must make use of another tool. but a much larger organizational system. the perceptual work of field workers using this form is focused on determining the exact color of a minute sample of dirt. Chroma and Value used to define each color (each page displays an ordered set of Value and Chroma variables for a single hue). They engage in active cognitive work. 169 The use of a coding form such as this to organize the perception of nature. it constitutes a structure of intentionality whose proper locus is not the isolated.. 4/6 on the 10YR Hue page).g. the intersection of what specifies each square as a pair of numbers (e. events. and 3) standard color names such as "dark yellowish brown" (these names are on the left facing . By using such a system a worker views the world from the perspective it establishes. forms are embedded within webs of socially organized. situated practices. the set of standard color samples provided by a Munsell chart. 2) numeric coordinates for each row and column. In so far as the coding scheme establishes an orientation toward the world. but three different kinds of sign systems for describing each point in the color space it provides: 1) a set of carefully controlled color samples arranged in a grid to demonstrate the changes that result from systematic variation of the variables of Hue .
and thus represents the "same" entity. For example several color squares can fall within the scope of a single name. publishing reports. allow direct visual comparison between a sample of dirt and a reference color. By way of contrast the color names can be grasped in a way that is adequate for p. rather than simply specifying unique points in a larger color space. etc. neither the color names nor the numbers. a particular color.19 page which is not reproduced here). positioned so that one is adjacent to each color patch. This is precisely what the color patches and viewing holes make possible. overlapping representation of what is apparently the same visual entity (e. that constitute archaeology as a profession. In brief. and thus easily transported from the actual excavation to the other work sites. In addition to its various sign systems it also contains a set of circular holes. Both the names and numbered grid coordinates can be written. and do not require translation from language to language. transporting those results back to the labe. in multiple ways. The numbers provide the most precise description. Moreover these systems are not precisely equivalent to each other.). comparing samples. However. the Munsell chart is used in multiple overlapping activities (comparing a reference color and a patch of dirt as part of the work of classification. Why does the Munsell page contain multiple. a particular choice within a larger set of color categories)? The answer seems to like in the way that each representation as a semiotic field with its own distinctive properties makes possible alternative operations and actions. However locating the color indexed by the coordinates requires that the classification be read with a Munsell book at hand. and thus fits into different kinds of activities. 170 most practical purposes by any competent speaker of the language used to write the report. To classify color the . each of which makes possible different kinds of operations because of the unique properties of each representational system. as arbitrary linguistic signs produced in a medium that does not actually make visible color..g. The outcome of the activity of color classification initiated by the empty square on the coding form is thus a set of portable linguistic objects that can easily be incorporated into the unfolding chains of inscription that lead step by step from the dirt at the site to reports in the archaeological literature. such as laboratories and journals.
the product of considerable research into properties of color. the chart creates a new. specific actions have to be performed before a relevant task. During line 18 Jeff moves the trowel to this position. It is precisely here. one that encapsulates in a material object theory and solutions developed by earlier workers at other sites faced with the task of color classification. replicable classification of color. In brief. The pages juxtaposing color patches and viewing holes that allow the dirt to be seen right next to the color sample provide an historically constituted architecture for perception. kind of space. Because of the spatial organization of this activity. as bits of dirt are shaped into the work relevant categories of a specific social group. With elegant simplicity the Munsell page with its holes for viewing the sample of dirt on the trowel juxtaposes in a single visual field two quite different kinds of spaces: 1) actual dirt from the site at the archaeologists' feet is framed by 2) a theoretical space for the rigorous." Within the field of action created by the activity of color classification. the dirt being evaluated has to be placed p. what Pam does here is not simply an indexical gesture. 171 under the viewing hole next to the sample she indicated. The latter is both a conceptual space. but ones relevant to the accomplishment of a specific cognitive task. His move occurs after a noticeable silence in line 18. However that silence is not an empty space. in . but a proposal that the indicated color might be the one they are searching for. that "nature" is transformed into culture. puts the trowel directly under the Munsell page and then moves it from hole to hole until the best match with an adjacent color sample is found. so that the two can be compared. By virtue of such conditional relevance (Schegloff 1968) it creates a new context in which reply from Jeff is the expected next action. By juxtaposing unlike spaces.20 archaeologist puts a small sample of dirt on the tip of a trowel. In line 19 Jeff rejects the proposed color. but a place occupied by its own relevant activity. How are the resources provided by the chart made visible and relevant within talk-in-interaction? At line 17 Pam moves her hand to the space above the Munsell chart and points to a particular color patch while saying "En this one. and an actual physical space instantiated in the orderly modification of variables arranged in a grid on the Munsell page. a color comparison. can be competently performed. Before a competent answer to Pam's proposal in line 17 can be made. distinctively human.
21 this activity the spatial organization of the tools being worked with. Here socially organized vision requires embodied manipulation of the environment being scrutinized. are highlighted by outlining them with the tip of a trowel. With its viewholes for scrutinizing samples. human interaction and tool use (see Goodwin 1994 for more detailed analysis). Map Making and the Practices of Seeing it Requires Maps are central to archaeological practice. writing practices. The structure visible in the dirt is then mapped on a sheet of graph paper. and the sequential organization of talk in interaction interact with each other in the production of relevant action (e. and on occasion the ability to analyze the work-relevant actions of another's body. mastery of appropriate tools.g. encompasses not only the image itself but also the ability to competently see relevant structure in the territory being mapped. such as the boundary between two different kinds of soil. We will now look at how a group of archaeologists make a map. such as a map. and the other a hand held tape measure used to measure depth . Before actually setting pen to paper some relevant events in the dirt. One uses a pair of rulers (one laid horizontally on the surface. This process will allow us to examine the interface between seeing. two archaeologists are making a map to record what they have found in a profile of the dirt on the side of one of the square holes they have excavated." However exclusive focus on the representational properties of such structures can seriously distort our understanding of how such entities are embedded within the organization of human practice. The professional seeing required to produce and make use of a visual document. It is common to talk about structures such as the Munsell chart as "representations. the page is not simply a perspicuous representation of current knowledge about the organization of color. In the following. These different kinds of phenomena can be brought together within the temporally unfolding process of human interaction used to accomplish the activity of making a map. but a space designed for the ongoing production of particular kinds of action. talk. getting to a place where one make an expected answer requires rearrangement of the visual field being scrutinized so that the judgment being requested can be competently performed). Typically this task is done by two participants working together.
is p. The second person plots the points specified on the graph paper.22 beneath the surface) to measure the length and depth coordinates of the points in the dirt that are to be transferred to the map. and then speaks these coordinates as pairs of numbers (e. and Sue.g. writing. Here Ann. the party drawing the map. "at fifteen three point two)".. and draws lines between successive measurements. What we find here is a small activity system that encompasses talk. 172 the senior Archaeologist at the site. tools and distributed cognition as two parties collaborate to inscribe events they see in the earth onto paper. the person making measurements is her Student: .
(1.6) °Mm kay. (1. .No.23 Line Drawn Surface With Trowel Ann Sue Tape Measure Rul er 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ann: Ann: Sue: Ann: Sue: Ann: Sue: Ann: Give me the ground surface over here to about ninety.0) °Oh.6) No. From you to about ninety. Like right there. (0. Wherever there's a change in slope. See so if its fairly flat I'll need one where it stops being fairly flat. Okay.Not at ninety.
And indeed Ann is a professor and Sue is her student. Directives formatted in this fashion have frequently been argued to display a hierarchical relationship. Basically a first utterance creates an interpretive environment that will be used to analyze whatever occurs after it. Sue's movement and tool use can now be analyzed by Ann as elements of the activity she has been asked to perform. As Ann finishes her directive Sue is holding the tape measure against the dirt at the left or zero end of the profile. However. unmitigated orders to. Both her movement through space. and found wanting. However. stopping near the "90" mark on the upper ruler. Ann in lines 4 and 5 challenges her. direct "aggravated" fashion. By virtue of the field interpretation opened up through conditional relevance. i. to "Give me the ground surface over here to about ninety. Sue must first locate a relevant point in the dirt and measure its coordinates. indeed before she has said anything whatsoever.No.Not at ninety. and her use of tools such as a tape measure. Issues of power do not however exhaust the social phenomena visible in this sequence. providing an answer in this activity system encompasses more than talk. are visible events. how can Ann see that there is something wrong with a response that has not even occurred yet? Crucial to this process is the phenomenon of conditional relevance first described by Schegloff (1968)." However before Sue has produced any numbers. Sue has moved immediately . Equally important are a range of cognitive processes that are as socially organized as the relationships between the participants. the writer. For example." p. and Ann is not given an opportunity to find and correct the trouble on her own. telling her that what she is doing is wrong: "No. and in particular issues of power and gender. e. just after hearing "ninety" Sue moves both her body and the tape measure to right. Before speaking the set of numbers that counts as a proper next bit of talk. No forms of mitigation are found in either utterance. Ann is treating Sue as someone that she can give direct. Ann. tells Sue the measurer. Here no subsequent talk has yet been produced. Here Sue formats both her directive and her correction in very strong.24 The sequence to be examined begins with a directive. in that Sue has not produced an answer to the directive.. 173 Directives are a classic form of speech action that sociolinguists have used to probe the relationship between language and social structure. From you to about ninety.
" Sue again moves her tape measure far to the right. At this point. In this process of socialization through language there is a growth in intersubjectivity as domains of ignorance that prevent the successful accomplishment of collaborative action are revealed and transformed into practical knowledge. that is sufficient to get the job at hand done. in several different ways. such that Sue is finally able to understand what Ann is asking her to do (that is to see the scene in front of her in a manner that permits her to make an appropriate. Sues does not immediately move to points in that region but instead hesitates for a full second before replying with a weak "°Oh" (line 7). the ability to see in the very complex perceptual . The sequential framework created by a directive in talk thus provides resources for analyzing and evaluating the visible activity of an addressee's body interacting with a relevant environment. After Ann tells Sue to measure points between zero and ninety. It would however be wrong to see the unit within which this intersubjectivity is lodged as simply these two minds coming together in the work at hand. a way of seeing. competent response to the directive)." p. However Sue's response calls this presupposition into question and leads to Ann telling her explicitly. what she should look for in order to determine where to measure. Ann then tells her what she should be looking for "Wherever there's a change in slope" (line 8). This description of course presupposes Sue's ability to find in the dirt what will could as "a change in slope. Instead the distinction being explicated. Making the relevant measurements presupposes the ability to locate where in the dirt measurements should be made. instead of relying upon talk alone to make explicit the phenomena that she wants Sue to locate. 174 One of the things that is occurring within this sequence is a progressive expansion of Sue's understanding as the distinctions she must make to carry out the task assigned to her are explicated and elaborated. Additional elements of the cognitive operations and kinds of seeing that Ann requires from Sue in order to make her measurements are revealed as the sequence continues to unfold.25 to ninety instead of measuring the relevant points between zero and ninety. Ann moves into the space that Sue is attending to and points to one place that should be measured while describing more explicitly what constitutes a change in slope: "See so if it's fairly flat I'll need one where it stops being fairly flat like right there.
and even the head of the Los Angeles police department thought that conviction of the officers was almost automatic. and/or the social positioning.26 field provided by the landscape they are attending to. These issues were made dramatically visible in the trial of four Los Angeles policemen who were recorded on videotape administering a beating to an African American motorist. It is an essential part of what it means to be an archaeologist. a community of competent practitioners. those few events that count as points to be transferred to the map. Mister Rodney King. human body or image stands in a reflexive relationship to other semiotic structures that participants are using to constitute visual phenomena as a relevant component of the events and activities that make up their lifeworld. the constitution of action and context provided by sequential organization. and ways of seeing events and using images of different types that are lodged within the practices of particular social communities. Professional Vision in Court Parties who are not competent members of relevant social communities can lack the ability. work-relevant fashion — is thus not these individuals as isolated entities. at their first trial (they were later tried again in p. scenes. tools and artifacts that constitute their profession. are central to what it means to see the world as an archaeologist. to see and articulate visual events in a consequential way. such as this map. most of whom have never met each other. and to use that seeing to build the artifacts. However. whom they had stopped after a high speed pursuit triggered by a traffic violation. scene. The relevant unit for the analysis of the intersubjectivity at issue here — the ability of separate individuals to see a common scene in a congruent. such as the profession of archaeology. Such seeing would be expected of any competent archaeologist. and it is these professional practices of seeing that Sue is being held accountable to. but who nonetheless expect each other to be able to see and categorize the world in ways that are relevant to the work. 175 Federal rather than state court for violating Mister King's civil rights) all four . The phenomena examined so far provide some demonstration of how what is to be seen in a map. These structures include language. which are constitutive of archaeology as a profession. When the tape of the beating was shown on national television there was outrage. but instead archaeology as a profession.
such as structure in the stream of speech. the ability to legitimately see what the body of a suspect was doing. and specifically whether the suspect was being aggressive or compliant. pointing and expert testimony to structure how the jury saw the events on the tape in a way the exonerated the policemen. can make authoritative statements about what can be legitimately seen on the tape. the tape in fact provided the policemen's lawyers with their evidence for convincing the jury that their clients were not guilty of any wrongdoing.e. was lodged within the work practices of the social group charged with arresting suspects: the police. pointing which highlighted specific places and phenomena in the image being looked at. mutually elaborated each other to provide a . membership and mastery of the practices of a relevant social group. King's as he lay on the ground being beaten. federal troops being called in. suspects and victims of beatings don't. King was the aggressor. It was argued that laymen could not properly see the events on the tape. In essence they used the tape of the beating to demonstrate that Mr. and that the policemen were following proper police practice for subduing a violent. to act as an expert witness to articulate what was happening from Mister King's perspective. a policeman. a verdict that triggered an uprising in the city of Los Angeles. as an expert witness. while policemen constitute a socially organized profession. They did this by using language.. Crucial to their success was their use of another policeman. The ability to see such a body. Sargent Duke. It so far as such vision is a public component of the work practices of a particular social group. The crucial evidence at the trial was a visual document: the videotape of the beating. etc. Instead. with neighborhoods being burned. Rather than transparently proving the guilt of the policemen who were seen on it beating a man lying prone on the ground. What was to be seen on the tape was structured through the way in which different semiotic fields. was a component of the professional practices that policemen use to code the events that are the focus of their work. dangerous suspect (see Goodwin 1994 for more detailed analysis of such professional vision). and code it in terms of its aggressiveness. someone who wasn't present but who is a member of the profession. i.27 policemen were acquitted. such as Mr. However. not the policemen. Therefore there is no one with the social standing. and events in the image itself.
and the officers should be found guilty of the crimes they are charged with. (0. is laying flat. King appears to be moving into a position appropriate for handcuffing him. It's starting to be. At the point where we enter this sequence the prosecutor has noted that Mr. at the beginning of our spectrum again. To rebut the vision proposed by the prosecutor. the suspect is being cooperative. Note for p.8) There's starting to be a bend.e. King at the very edge. but also . King? 4 Sgt.9) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 This foot.7) which would put us. (0. The contested vision being debated here has very high stakes.4) in his butt (0. 176 example not only line 13's explicit placement of Mr. 2 again consider this to be: 3 a nonagressive. 6 Sgt.1) 5 Prosecutor: It is aggressive. Sgt. in uh (0. 1 Prosecutor: So uh would you. and the fact that one of the officers is reaching for his handcuffs the prosecutor has shown that the tape demonstrates that Mr. Duke: Yes. Duke uses the semantic resources provided by language to code as aggressive extremely subtle body movements of a man lying face down beneath the officers (lines 7-11). By noting the submissive elements in Mr. (0. the beginning. and that one officer is in fact reaching for his handcuffs.6) this leg (0.4) The buttocks area has started to rise. of an aggressive spectrum introduced in earlier testimony. King is being cooperative. indicates that Sgt. movement by Mr. Duke is pointing on the screen at the body part described in his talk. (1. King's posture. King again would be unjustified. If he can establish this point hitting Mr. The following provides an example. i. Duke: At this time no I wouldn't.28 construal of events that served the purposes of the party articulating the image.
faced with the task of coding a visual scene. King's body that he is arguing display aggression. once the defense coding scheme is accepted as a relevant framework for looking at the tape. King's buttocks noted on the tape unleashes a cascade of perceptual inferences that have the effect of exonerating the offers. Duke's testimony is not just a statement. 8.29 how very small movements are made much larger by situating them within a prospective horizon through the repeated use of "starting to" (lines 6. As Sergeant Duke speaks he brings his hand to the screen and points to the parts of Mr. 177 greater than the sum of its parts emerges. but a demonstration built through the active interplay between coding scheme and the image to which it is being applied. a static category. By virtue of the category system erected by the defense. The touchable events on the television screen provide visible evidence for the description constructed through talk. The pointing gesture and the perceptual field which it is articulating mutually elaborate each other. This focusing of attention organizes the perceptual field provided by the videotape into a salient figure. but instead a micro-analysis of the movements being made by that man's body to see if it is exhibiting aggression. enhanced and amplified by the language used to describe them. such as the archaeologists. The events visible on the tape are structured. the aggressive suspect. King's body becomes interpreted as aggression. King. the minute rise in Mr. who is highlighted against an amorphous background containing nonfocal participants. What emerges from Sgt. minute cognitive scrutiny as they looked at the tape of the beating to decide the issues at stake in the case. As talk and image mutually enhance each other a demonstration that is p. . Like other parties. 13). while simultaneously Mr. the jury was led to engage in intense. the officers doing the beating. the operative perspective for viewing it is no longer a layperson's reaction to a man lying on the ground being beaten. However. A rise in Mr. which in turn justifies the escalation of force. but also through gesture. Such structuring of the materials provided by the image is accomplished not only through talk. rather than the police officers becomes the focus of attention as the expert's finger articulating the image delineates what is relevant within it.
the constitution of shared workspaces (Suchman 1996).30 In the first trial. art classes. In part because of the central role played by visual phenomena in the work being analyzed. etc. Phenomena that received extensive study included work relevant seeing of documents. A major initiative for such studies was provided by Lucy Scuhman in the early 1990's when she initiated the Workplace project while at Xerox PARC. In the prosecution's argument Mr. what Hutchins (1995) has called Cognition in the Wild. but because his muscles naturally jerk after being hit with a metal club. were crucial to the work of the airport. has become the focus of considerable research. the relevance of looking at the tape in terms of such a category system was not challenged. The site chosen for research was ground operations at a mid-sized airport. the study of how a common document coordinated different kinds of work in different work settings. (Heath and Luff 1992. The study of the practices used to structure relevant vision in scientific and workplace environments. such as law firms and the work of architects. 1996. Duke highlighted as normal reactions of a man to a beating rather than as displays of incipient aggression. King "cocks his leg. Heath and Nicholls 1997). airplanes and events (Goodwin and Goodwin 1996). In much of this research there is a focus on how core practices for the ." not in preparation for a charge. was that there the prosecution gave the jury alternative frameworks for interpreting the events on the tape. Documents and images of many different types. These included ways of seeing the movements of Mr. Subsequent analysis growing from this project has focused on the organization of both documents and visual phenomena in a range of occupational settings. 1991). A key difference in the second trial. the project's final report was submitted as a videotape (Brun-Cottan et al. centers for the production of electronic news. In England Christian Heath and his collaborators have investigated the structuring of vision within interaction in a range of settings including the control room for the London Underground. and the ability of actors in alternative structural positions to see and analyze events in relevant ways. and the practices involved in seeing and shaping phenomena in collaborative work (Suchman and Trigg 1993. Brun-Cottan 1991). King's body that Sgt. which led to the conviction of two of the officers. though the prosecution disputed the analysis of specific body movements as displays of aggression.
These include a remote controlled car with a laser that has the ability to move while clearly marking the specific places being pointed at in a remote environment (Yamazaki et al. To remedy some of these issues technologies that incorporate basic resources available for doing reference in face-to-face interaction. such as instructions for how to use CPR to start a heart attack victim's heart. Stevens and Hall in press). 1999). scientific and occupational settings (Hall and Stevens 1995. Kawatoko (in press) has investigated how lathe workers organize perceptual fields so to make visible the invisible . have been developed. Hindermaash and Heath (in press) investigate reference within such a framework. Nishizaka (in press) has investigated how participants coordinate gaze both spatially and temporally on electronic documents such as computer screens.have explored the systematic problems that arise when particular kinds of directives. gesture and other phenomena central to the production of action within human interaction can encompass not only talk but also embodiment in a world populated by work-relevant objects. reference. 178 organization of talk. LeBaron (1998). Heath (in press) and Heath and Luff (1993) have done considerable research on interaction mediated through video. such as pointing. for example over the phone. Research in Computer Supported Cooperative Work has focused specifically on new forms of visual access created by electronic media. are given through talk alone.31 p. Yamazaki and his colleagues. Rogers Hall and Reed Stevens have investigated visual practices in a range of school. Whalen (1995) analyzed how the talk of operators responding to emergency 911 calls was organized in part by the task of filling in required information on a computer screen with a specific visual organization. such as medical records. Streeck (1996) and LeBaron and Streeck (in press) examine how gesture emerges from the interaction of working hands acting in the world in settings such as architect's meetings and auto body shops. Patients usually die. without access to a relevant visual environment. demonstrating the crucial ways in which resources available to parties who are actually co-present to each other are not available in media spaces. since the novice is not able to place his or her hands at the appropriate spot on the patient's body. Robinson (1998) has provided analysis of participants in medical interviews organize their interaction by attending to how gaze is shifted from other participants to relevant visual materials in the setting.
Munsell charts.32 movements of their cutting tools. graphs.. computer screens. 179 embedded within the practices that participants in a variety of settings use to construct the events and actions that make up their lifeworld. selfexplicating images. Conclusion Within both Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology visual phenomena have been analyzed by investigating how they are made meaningful by being p. 2) the body as a locus for a variety of different kinds of gesture. This has led to the detailed study of a range of quite different kinds of phenomena. to how the ability of lawyers to shape what can be seen in the videotape of policemen beating a suspect can contribute to disruption of the body politic that leaves a city in flames. maps. 4) material structure in the environment where action and interaction are situated. visual phenomena become meaningful through the way in . 3) visual documents of many different types used in both scientific practice and the workplace.g. architectural drawings. This perspective brings together within a common analytic framework both the details of how the visible body is used to build talk and action in moment to moment interaction. Both Kwatoko and Ueno (in press) have examined the organization of vision on many different levels (from documents to systematic placement of objects on the warehouse floor as part of its work flow) in the work practices of large warehouse. to the construction and use of visual representations in scientific practice. restarts and grammar in the building of utterances within conversation. to the hand as an agent engaged with the world around it. to pointing. etc. coding forms. and the way in which historically structured visual images and features of a setting participate in that process. to the part played by visual practices in both traditional and electronic workplaces. e. schedules.. Visual phenomena that have received particular attention include 1) the body as a visible locus for displays of intentional orientation through both gaze and posture. In all of this work practices for seeing relevant phenomena are systematically embedded within processes of social organization. structures of mutual accountability and the organization of activity. Rather than standing alone as self-contained. from iconic elaboration on what is being said in the stream of speech. from the interplay between gaze. television screens providing access to distant sites.
However a basic component of many research projects includes going to the site where the activities being investigated are actually performed. Brun-Cottan. but also the construction of new visual representations such as transcripts of many different types (note how some in this paper incorporate both detailed transcription of the talk and a variety of different kinds of graphic representations). Noam 1965 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. . and changes in relevant phenomena in the setting as relevant courses of action unfold. Françoise 1991 Talk in the Work Place: Occupational Relevance. p. ethnographic records and documents collected in a setting.33 which they help elaborate. Analysis typically requires not only viewing the tape. the visible displays of participants' bodies. by shifting gaze after a restart. Françoise. Chomsky. et al. focusing their work on a Munsell chart. encompassing activities. — that are being used by participants to both construct and make visible to each other relevant actions. etc. Mass.g. etc. and examining what the participants are doing there as carefully as possible. 180 References Cited Brun-Cottan. and are elaborated by.. While this analysis sheds much important new light on how visual phenomena are organized through systematic discursive practice. it is not restricted to vision per se but is instead investigating the more general practices used to build action within situated human interaction. A variety of different methodologies are employed. 1991 The Workplace Project: Designing for Diversity and Change. the temporal unfolding organization of talk.: MIT Press. a range of other semiotic fields — sequential organization. Research on Language and Social Interaction 24:277-295. structure in the stream of speech. The focus of analysis is always on how the participants in a setting themselves display a consequential orientation to visual phenomena (e. Cambridge. Video produced by Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. building images as a core component of the practices used to make visible scientific phenomena.). Videotape records are frequently most useful because of the way in which they preserve limited but crucial aspects of the spatial and environmental features of a setting.
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1993 Anchoring. Heath. In Technology in Working Order. Sociological Review :118-275. Heath. Semiotica 62(1/2):51-75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. and orientation in Guugu Yimidhirr pointing gestures. Yrjö Engeström and David Middleton. and Paul Luff 1993 Disembodied Conduct:Interactional Asymmetries in Video-Mediated Communiation. Marjorie Harness 1980b p. 35-54. and Gillian Nicholls . 181 Processes of Mutual Monitoring Implicated in the Production of Description Sequences. eds. Graham Button. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Christian. Sociological Inquiry 50:303-317. and Reed Stevens 1995 Making Space: A Comparison of Mathematical Work in School and Professional Design Practices. P. Charles. Goodwin. Heath. Hall. Rogers. Marjorie Harness. Haviland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In Cognition and Communication at Work. Christian. ed. iconicity. 96-129. Christian.35 Goodwin. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 3(1):3-45. 61-95. and Charles Goodwin 1986 Gesture and Coparticipation in the Activity of Searching for a Word. Pelligrino. In Cognition and Communication at Work. and Paul Luff 1996 Convergent Activities: Line Control and Passenger Information on the London Underground. Christian in press Virtual Looking: Spatial Transformation and Communicative Asymmetries. Yrjö Engeström and David Middleton. eds. Heath. Pp. In Proceedings of the Colloquiem on the Semiotics of Space. Heath. and Marjorie Harness Goodwin 1996 Seeing as a Situated Activity: Formulating Planes. ed. Goodwin. Pp. London and New York: Routledge. Pp. Christian 1986 Body Movement and Speech in Medical Interaction. Geneva: University of Geneva. John B.
and Christian Heath in press The Interactional Practice of Reference. Heath. Resnick. Berlin. Kendon. In Discourse. Cambridge. Adam 1994 Introduction to the Special Issue: Gesture and Understanding in Social Interaction. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Kawatoko.. eds. Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands. Culture and Activity . Roger Säljö. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:109-128. Kendon. Adam 1990a Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters. Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present 6:1-40. Jon. and Paul K. MA: Harvard University Press. 209-238. Journal of Pragmatics Hutchins. 63-86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Clotilde Pontecorvo. Journal of Computer Supported Cooperative Work 1(1):2448. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Research on Langauge and Social Interaction 27(3):171-174. Lauren B. Pp. In Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters. New York: Springer. Pp. Adam Kendon. Mind. Kendon. Bruno 1987 Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Christian C. Edwin 1995 Cognition in the Wild. ed. and Barbara Burge. Adam 1990b Spatial Organization in Social Encounters: The F-Formation System. Latour. Latour. Tools and Reasonsing: Essays on Situated Cognition. Luff 1992 Crisis and Control: Collaborative Work in London Underground Control Rooms. Heidelberg. Hindmarsh. Kendon. Adam 1997 1986 Gesture. Bruno . Yasuko in press Organizaing Multiple Vision.36 1997 Animating Texts: Selective Readings of News Stories.
David McNeill. Curtis Ochs. 153-186. In Representation in Scientific Practice. The University of Texas at Austin LeBaron. In Gestures in Action. and Steve Woolgar 1979 1998 Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Jeffrey David 1998 Getting Down to Business: Talk. In Representation in Scientific Practice. Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar. and Steve Woolgar 1990 Introduction: Sociological Contributions to Representational Practice in Science. Michael 1990 The Externalized Retina: Selection and Mathematization in the Visual Documentation of Objects in the Life Sciences. . Aug in press Seeing What One Sees: Perception. Language. Culture and Activity . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.. Lynch. Schieffelin. Elinor 1979 Transcription as Theory. Dissertation submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirments for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. p. Emotion and Activity. 1-18. and Culture. Robinson. David 1992 Hand & Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought. Building Communication: Architectural Gestures and the Embodiment of Ideas. and the World. Pp. Knowledge. and Jürgen Streeck in press Gestures. 43-72. Gaze. eds. Elinor Ochs and Bambi B. Bruno. Lynch. Michael. In Developmental Pragmatics. London: Sage. Pp. Nishizaka. Curtis D.37 Latour. and Body Orientation During Openings of Doctor-Patient Consultations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Human Communication Research 25(1):97-123. eds. ed. McNeill. Pp. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. New York: Academic Press. Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar. Mind. 182 LeBaron. eds.
Social Research 65(3):535-596. Pp. Jürgen 1993 Gesture as Communication I: Its Coordination with Gaze and Speech. Emanuel A. Graham Button. Suchman. London: Routledge. Jürgen 1996 1992 How to Do Things with Things. Language 50:696-735. Human Studies 19:365-384. Schegloff. Magdelene Lampert and Merrie Blunk. 1998 Body Torque. In Mathematical Talk and Classroom Learning: What. Lucy . and Gail Jefferson 1974 A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. Streeck. Suchman. Reed. Lucy 1996 Constituting Shared Workspaces. Schegloff. Lucy. Research on Langauge and Social Interaction 27(3):223-238. Streeck. Interaction and Technology. In Technology in Working Order: Studies of Work. Technologies of Accountability: Of Lizards and Airplanes.38 Sacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. American Anthropologist 70:1075-1095. Stevens. Jürgen 1994 Gestures as Communication II: The Audience as Co-Author. Communication Monographs 60(4):275-299. 113-126. ed. In Cognition and Communication at Work. and Randy Trigg Suchman. 35-60. eds. Streeck. Jürgen 1988 The Significance of Gesture: How it is Established. and Rogers Hall in press Disciplined Perception: Learning to see in Technoscience. Emanuel A. Streeck. Yrjö Engeström and David Middleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. IPRA Papers in Pragmatics 2(1):60-83. Schegloff. Harvey. eds. 1968 Sequencing in Conversational Openings. Emanuel A. Why and How.
Morten Kyng. and Kjeld Schmidt. Naoki in press Technologies of Mutual Accountability of Society. Pp. Mind. Culture and Activity . Seth Chaiklin and Jean Lave. Washington D. Jack 1995 A Technology of Order Production: Computer-Aided Dispatch in Public Safety Communications. Susanne Bødker. 12-16 September. 239-259. In Situated Order: Studies in the Social Organization of Talk and Embodied Action. and Activity for Collaborative Activity. Keiichi. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic publishers. eds. eds. Social Organization. Denmark. et al. 144-178. 187-230.39 1993 Artificial Intelligence as Craftwork. In Understanding Practice: Perspectives on Activity and Context. Ueno. Yamazaki. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Copenhjaven. 1999. Paul ten Have and George Psathas. eds. Pp. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. 1999 gestureLaser and GestureLaser Car: Cevelopment of an Embodied Space to Support Remote Instruction.: University Press of America.C. Pp. Whalen.
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3D Dot Game Heroes - char creator
Tom attempts to recreate Link. Good grief.
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Pokémon Go guide, tips, tricks and cheats What you didn't know about catching 'em all.
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Crystal Castles
Ethan Kath and Alice Glass make up Crystal Castles, the experimental digi-dance group hailing from Canada. Their third album, the oppression-themed record III, saw the most solid and sophisticated recordings to date, with singles "Plague" and "Wrath of God" graciously available for free to Castles fans on certain dates. Toning down the thrash and riot of previous albums, III taps into the duo's more pensive side, resulting in some beautifully somber and nearly mournful tracks—but their live shows remain as full of chaotic energy as ever. Catch Crystal Castles this week as they play the Fox during their extensive world tour now through October.
Thu., April 25, 8 p.m., 2013
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- Format: Kindle Edition
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this delightful exposition on the life and works of one of the most influential masters of Haiku is a joy to read and will give great insight into the purpose and meaning of these... Read morePublished 18 months ago by patrick long
The Heart of Haiku skilfully uses examples of Basho's work to illustrate his life and also the depth and beauty of the Haiku form. Read morePublished 18 months ago by Paul Clement
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Apple Butter Topping
From EatingWell: November/December 1996
Somehow a waffle just seems naked without a pat of butter melting into the ridges. This topping stretches a small amount of butter with fruity, fat-free apple butter.
Makes: 6 servings, about 4 teaspoons each
Active Time:
Total Time:
Nutrition Profile
Low calorie | Low carbohydrate | Low cholesterol |View Our Nutrition Guidelines »
- 2 tablespoons butter, softened
- 1/2 cup apple butter
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- Place butter in a small mixing bowl and beat with an electric mixer until creamy. Gradually add apple butter, beating until smooth. (The consistency may appear somewhat separated, but don't worry"the topping will melt evenly over the hot waffle.) Blend in vanilla and cinnamon.
Per serving: 77 calories; 4 g fat (3 g sat, 0 g mono); 10 mg cholesterol; 10 g carbohydrates; 0 g protein; 0 g fiber; 4 mg sodium; 23 mg potassium.
Carbohydrate Servings: 1/2
Exchanges: 1/2 fruit
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Recipe Categories
- Total Time
- 15 minutes or less
- Ethnic/Regional
- American
- Servings
- 6
- Health & Diet Considerations
- Low calorie
- Low carbohydrate
- Low cholesterol
- Main Ingredient
- Vegetarian, other
- Preparation/ Technique
- No-cook
- Ease of Preparation
- Easy
- Type of Dish
- Sauce/Condiment, sweet
- Publication
- November/December 1996


text:
Short Cuts
Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
Ansgar was born of a noble family near Amiens. He became a monk at Old Corbie monastery in Picardy and later at New Corbie in Westphalia. He accompanied King Harold to Denmark when the exiled King returned to his native land and engaged in missionary work there. Ansgar's success caused King Bjorn of Sweden to invite him to that country, and he built the first Christian Church in Sweden. He became Abbot of New Corbie and first Archbishop of Hamburg about 831, and Pope Gregory IV appointed him Legate to the Scandinavian countries. He labored at his missionary works for the next fourteen years but saw all he had accomplished destroyed when invading pagan Northmen in 845 destroyed Hamburg and overran the Scandinavian countries, which lapsed into paganism. He was appointed first Archbishop of Bremen about 848, and the See was united with that of Hamburg by Pope Nicholas I. Ansgar again returned to Denmark and Sweden in 854 and resumed his missionary activities, converting Erik, King of Jutland. Ansgar's success was due to his great preaching ability, the austerity and holiness of his life, and the miracles he is reputed to have performed. Though called "the Apostle of the North" and the first Christian missionary in Scandinavia, the whole area lapsed into paganism again after his death at Bremen on February 3rd. His name is also spelled Anskar.
St. Gerard Majella is the patron of expectant mothers. He was born in 1726 in Muro, Italy to a family of seven. Majella grew up in a poverty with a great respect for the poor. As he was ... continue reading | shop
Dymphna was born in Ireland sometime in the seventh century to a pagan father and devout Christian mother. When she was fourteen, she consecrated herself to Christ and took a vow of ... continue reading
Little is known about Saint Blaise prior to his mention in a court physician's medical journal. The physician, Aëtius Amidenus, spoke of Saint Blaise's aid in treating objects caught in the ... continue reading | shop
Innocent was born at Albano, Italy. He became Pope, succeeding Pope St. Anastasius I, on December 22, 401. During Innocent's pontificate, he emphasized papal supremacy, commending the bishops of ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
What we know of St. Elizabeth comes from the Gospel, the book of Luke, in particular. In Luke, Elizabeth, a daughter of the line of Aaron, and the wife of Zacharias, was "righteous before God" and was "blameless" but childless. Elizabeth is also a cousin to the Virgin ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
Thomas More was born in London on February 7, 1478. His father, Sir John More, was a lawyer and judge who rose to prominence during the reign of Edward IV. His connections and wealth would help his son, Thomas, rise in station as a young man. Thomas' mother was Agnes ... continue reading
St. Romuald was born at Ravenna about the year 956. In spite of an infinite desire for virtue and sanctity, his early life was wasted in the service of the world and its pleasures. Then one day, obliged by his father, Sergius, to be present at a duel fought by him, he ... continue reading
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This great defender of the faith insisted on the central claim of Christianity: God can be known and loved-indeed, that is why He came into our midst in the person of His Son; so that through a relationship with Jesus Christ, man could participate in the very ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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Want to hear the latest technical information about IBM Storage, but not willing to wait until the big [IBM Edge Conference] this September?
I just completed two "IBM Tech University Comes to You" events. Last week in Atlanta, and this week in Dubai, UAE. In May and June, I will be speaking at the following events:
Standard tuition rate for these 3-day events is $1,495. However, for my blog readers, I have negotiated two special discounts:
- Individual: Promo Code TUST8R
The promotion code TUST8R for a $1,250 rate must be entered at enrollment to apply. This promotion code is only valid for the IBM Technical University (IBMTechU) Comes to You events in the United States found at [ibm.com/training/events].
- Groups: Three or More
If THREE(3) co-workers attend the same event, each pays only $1,100 on tuition! This offer is only valid for the IBM Technical University (IBMTechU) Comes to You events in the United States found at [ibm.com/training/events]. The three-or-more attend for $1,100 promotion will be applied once validation is completed.
To learn more, or to register for one of these, check out the [IBM Technical Events in 2016] landing page.
(The fine print: IBMTechU Comes to You events promotions (including currency OR pricing references which exclude applicable taxes) are current as of the initial date of publication of this blog and may be changed by IBM at any time. Discounts cannot be combined with any other programs or discounts, including IBM Business Partner discounts. Attendees will be charged the conference fees less any applicable discount. Any discount will be applied when the credit card is billed. All registrations require that credit card information is entered regardless of the payment type.)
technorati tags: #IBMTechU, Atlanta, Dubai, San+Francisco, Chicago, Boston


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As children move toward more independence in play, we want them to find toys and activities that help encourage this independent thinking. Continuing to pretend, to build, to create and to design will help them do it. And keep them engaged and excited for hours!
Make 2 gorgeous peel-and-sparkle scenes! Patented technology lets kids get the look and feel of real glitter without the mess. One simple process creates amazing results: Just peel away a section of white paper from the princess and fairy scenes to reveal the sticky surface, then press on one of the 5 glitter sheets for instant sparkling art.
Includes 2 peel and sparkle scenes, and 5 glitter sheets.
On-the-go fun is easy with this all-inclusive and self-storing, compact colour-reveal Scratch Art book. The compact design brings the fun anywhere kids may go. With the included wooden stylus, children can etch within the lines to reveal 12 fairy tale scenes featuring princesses, mermaids, and fairies; by adding patterns and details, they can make each picture uniquely their own! Each set comes with built-in storage for the included stylus.
Includes a wooden stylus and 12 colour-reveal scenes.
It's the perfect time to get everyone together to create and enjoy some cool treats! From ice pops to ice cream, we've got the amazing gear and goodies to help your family make some yummy ...
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text:
The same populations of brain cells encode memories that occur close together in time, according to new research.
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A gene-expression signature correlates with a person's likelihood of experiencing adverse events after receiving a seasonal flu vaccine, scientists show.
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Susan Lindquist has never shied away from letting her curiosity guide her research career.
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In the mouse lung, hardening of a blood vessel can result from just a single progenitor cell forming new smooth muscle.
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