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This week in the Arts:
Special Events
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park will offer a free ranger-guided tour focusing on the Civil War story associated with the Brown's Ferry Federal Road on Moccasin Bend on Saturday from 1:30-3:30 p.m. Call 706.866-9241 or visit www.nps.gov/chch for more information.
The Great Southern Old Time Fiddlers' Convention will be held Saturday, March 15, beginning at 12 p.m. at Lindsay Street Hall. Events include the old time fiddle competition, with the winner being named the Champion Fiddler of the South, as well as contests in categories such as old time banjo, dance, traditional song and string band. For more information, visit www.oldchattanooga.com.
Theatre, Music & Dance
The Chattanooga Theatre Centre will continue its production of The Taming of the Shrew Thursday-Sunday and March 13-16 as well as unveil a life-size sculpture of William Shakespeare by internationally known sculptor Lawrence Holofcener entitled "Young Shakespeare" during an al fresco reception on Sunday, March 16, at 5 p.m. Please call 267-8538 or visit www.theatrecentre.com for more information.
TheatreQuest's The K Play will be performed on Saturday, March 8, and 15 at 10:30 a.m. and auditions for the Youth Theatre's production of Sleeping Beauty will be held Monday-Tuesday, at 4:30 p.m. at the Chattanooga Theatre Centre. For more information, visit www.theatrecentre.com.
The CSO Volkswagen Series continues with a performance of Opera's Bad Boys and Girls, featuring pieces from Rigoletto, Carmen, Il Trovatore, Don Giovanni, and more as well as soloists from the University of Tennessee Opera Theatre and the CSO Chorus, on Sunday at 3 p.m. at the Volkswagen Conference Center. Tickets may be purchased online at www.chattanoogasymphony.org or by calling (423) 267-8583.
The Chattanooga Symphony & Opera will hold an open audition on Monday from 4-7 p.m. at First Centenary United Methodist Church for vocalists interested in performing solos for upcoming concerts. The deadline for audition registration is Friday. For an audition time, please contact Molly Sasse at email@example.com.
Flying Fingers Productions and the Shaking Ray Levi Society will present a performance by Ghost Trees on Tuesday at 9 p.m. at the Barking Legs Theater. Please visit www.shakingray.com for more information.
String Theory at the Hunter will continue on Thursday, March 13, at 6:30 p.m. at the Hunter Museum of American Art with a concert featuring clarinetist Jose Franch-Ballester, violinist Arnaud Sussmann and pianist Gloria Chien. For more information or to purchase tickets, call 267-0968 or visit www.stringtheorymusic.org.
The UTC Orchestra will perform on Thursday at 7:30 p.m. in the UTC Fine Arts Center. For additional information, please call 425-4601 or visit www.utc.edu/music/projects/performances.php.
The Barking Legs Theater will host a performance by Beppe Gambetta on Thursday at 7:30 p.m. and The Billy Sea on Friday, March 14, at 8 p.m. Visit www.barkinglegs.org for ticket information.
The Ensemble Theatre of Chattanooga's youth production of Home on the Mornin' Train will be presented Friday at 7:30 p.m. and Saturday-Sunday at 2:30 p.m. Neil Labute's Fat Pig will be performed Thursday - Saturday, March 13-15, at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, March 16, at 2:30 p.m. Visit www.ensembletheatreofchattanooga.com for more information.
The Southside Casual Classics concert series continues Monday at 7:30 p.m. at The Camp House with a performance by the St. Elmo Trio, featuring violinist Heidi Barker, cellist Suzanne Sims and pianist Jim Lees. Visit www.southsidecasualclassics.weebly.com for additional information.
The Chattanooga Music Teachers Association will host a Multi-Level Master Class to be given by Fay Adams, University of Tennessee at Knoxville Piano Department Chair, on Thursday, March 13, from 9:30-11:30 a.m. at Crutcher Pianos. Students of all levels of performance will be featured with several teachers represented. The public is invited to attend free of charge.
Visual Art & Film
The Art + Issues series continues at the Hunter Museum of American Art on Thursday at 6 p.m. using Tom Otterness's "Free Money" in a discussion about debt, class, labor and money as facilitated by Tom Gokey, visual artist and organizer with Strike Debt. For more information, visit www.huntermuseum.org or call 267-0968.
The opening reception for "Reform: A Habitat for Humanity Exhibition," an exhibition of works by local artists centered around the theme of home and Habitat's mission to bring people together to build homes and communities, will take place Friday from 5:30-8:30 p.m. at AVA. The exhibit continues through Monday, March 31. Visit www.avarts.org for more information.
The "Bright Ideas: African American Inventors" exhibit will open Monday, March 10, and continue through Saturday, June 14, at the Bessie Smith Cultural Center. The exhibition aims to highlight the contributions of African American inventors and enlighten and empower others, through knowledge and understanding of these inventors and their extraordinary accomplishments. Visit www.bessiesmithcc.org for more information.
Tickets are currently available for AVA's 4 Bridges Preview Party to be held Friday, April 11, from 6:30-10:30 p.m. at First Tennessee Pavillion. For more information, visit www.4bridgesartsfestival.org/patron.
Shuptrine's Gold Leaf Designs will host Open House Days, showcasing new works by glass artist Kerrick Johnson, landscape acrylics by Karen K. Brown and oils by Robert Calcagno, Thursday-Friday from 11 a.m.-5 p.m. For more information, please call 266-4453 or visit www.shuptrines.com.
The opening reception for "Satan's Breath," an exhibit of new industrial photos by Virginia Webb, will take place on Friday from 5-8 p.m. at In-Town Gallery. Call 267-9214 or visit www.intowngallery.com for more information.
The Arts & Culture Alliance of Knoxville will host a public reception for "Hand Made Here: A Tennessee Craft Chapter Exhibition," featuring original works of basketry, clay, fiber, glass, wood, metals, leather, handmade paper, mixed media, printmaking, photography and more, on Friday from 5-9 p.m. at the Emporium Center. The exhibit continues through Saturday, March 29. For more information, visit www.tennesseecrafts.org or www.knoxalliance.com.
The opening reception for "Impressions," an exhibit featuring works by Mia Merlin, Joe Parrott and Yaffa & Jeff Todd, will be held Friday from 6:30-8 p.m. at River Gallery. In addition, artist Robert Taylor will demonstrate his coppersmithing techniques on Saturday from 11 a.m.-4 p.m. Call 265-5033 ext. 5 or visit www.river-gallery.com for more information.
A Watercolor Workshop with instructor by Iain Stewart will be held Friday-Saturday from 9 a.m.-3 p.m., and a Portrait Sculpture Workshop with Brian Booth Craig will be offered Monday - Friday, March 10-14, from 9 a.m.-5 p.m. at Townsend Atelier. Visit www.townsendatelier.com for more information or to register.
A reception for the "East Asian Inspired Art: 7 Artists" exhibit will be held on Sunday, March 16, from 4-6 p.m. at the North River Civic Center. The reception will also feature bonsai and origami demonstrations, and the exhibit will continue through Thursday, May 29.
Writing, Literature & Storytelling
The Chattanooga Writers' Guild will meet Tuesday from 6:30-8 p.m. at the Chattanooga Public Library. Author Bill Dedman will speak on the challenges of research and writing nonfiction biography/history.
July 29, 2016
The Next Step: Saving Our Suns is a free empowerment conference for teens boys ages 13-19 and their single mothers. It will be held on Saturday at the Edney Innovation Center at 11th and Market ... (click for more)
Southbound Georgia Avenue will be closed between East 8th Street and Patten Parkway for utility construction beginning Monday at 9 a.m. Southbound traffic will be detoured east onto East ... (click for more)
Approximately 500 local students between the ages of 5-12 are registered for the First Annual "Shoes for School" event where they will be able to pick up a new pair of tennis shoes and school ... (click for more)
The Next Step: Saving Our Suns is a free empowerment conference for teens boys ages 13-19 and their single mothers. It will be held on Saturday at the Edney Innovation Center at 11th and Market Streets, from 10 a.m.-3:30 p.m. The program is designed to link teen boys ages 13-19 and their mothers to resources that will assist them with developing and maintaining positive life ... (click for more)
Southbound Georgia Avenue will be closed between East 8th Street and Patten Parkway for utility construction beginning Monday at 9 a.m. Southbound traffic will be detoured east onto East 8th Street then south on Lindsay Street to ML King Boulevard. This phase of the project is scheduled for four weeks, when Georgia Avenue southbound will reopen to one lane. Motorists ... (click for more)
A 28-year-old man was shot and killed in East Chattanooga early Friday morning. The victim was identified as Jeremy Clark. At 1:20 a.m., Chattanooga Police officers responded to 2008 Glass St. on a person shot. One victim was found suffering from a gunshot wound. He was pronounced dead on the scene. Police said investigators were gathering information on the potential ... (click for more)
After serving the Chattanooga area and EPB as the public utility's top leader since 1996, Harold DePriest announced his retirement to the company's board of directors effective Sept. 1 . EPB Board Chairman Joe Ferguson said Mr. DePriest has played a pivotal role for both EPB and the community as a whole. "When Harold became president and CEO in 1996, he transformed the ... (click for more)
It started with a simple "what if" question while Atlanta officials were working on a bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. A group of amateur kayakers from the city began asking themselves: "What if Atlanta's bid is successful? Then where would the Olympic whitewater canoe and kayak races be held?" To some of the members of that group, the answer was obvious. ... (click for more)
This is a personal thing but one of my pet peeves is the little advertising stickers I sometimes find on the top of the front page of my newspaper. An editor at the newspaper has already determined a bit of news he or she feels I should read. And then the sticker covers it up so I have to peel it off before I can read "All the news that is fit to print." As I groveled over my ... (click for more)

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Based on the questions provided, interpret them Comment on the following statements bringing out clearly the fallacy occurring in them. (a) In a factory, the labour union asked for increase in salaries because they claim that 50% of the employees get less than Rs. 800 per month. The management claims that there is no case for increase in salaries because the average salary of the employees is Rs. 1200 per month. Which view will you support and why? [5 Marks] (b) "The number of Bus accidents committed in a city in a particular year by women drivers is much less than committed by male drivers." Hence women are safe drivers? [5 Marks]
(a) The average is a very dicey term when used with extreme data pointers. The above case study of wages is a typical reason why there is confusion between the Labour union and the Management. It's quite obvious that some of the employees in the above said organisation are highly paid and some have very low salary structure. Let us look at the following data points to understand the same.
Employe e Name Wages in Rs
The above data is skewed as there is a high variation between the wages of the employees. (Standard Deviation being 786). Looking at the data from the employee union perspective, it is evident that 6 out of 10 people are getting low wages. However at the same time as some of the employees are getting as high at Rs 3000, the average salary paid would be around Rs 1200 per employee. This again stands correct as per the Employer point of view. So as a management it is very important to check why there are so many differences in the salary structures. Also we need to understand is it because of the "Type of Work" the salary is different; for example a quality analyst would be in a higher package compared to a normal worker, if it is so then management should make employees understand the same and also encourage people to work well so that they can become quality analyst in near future. There are lot more other nitty-gritty to be looked into while addressing the salary problem. Salary could also be low if the employee is a part-timer or a contract employee. Further depending on other allowances given; like medical-claim, insurance, housing facility,
conveyance the salary could go down. Hence a transparent HR intervention is required to make people understand all these small things and come to a conclusion. (b) Just by looking into a year data for a particular city we cannot conclude that women's are safer drivers. This can be because we have analyzed data for only one city we have got a biased data. The same study should be done by collecting data from different cities. This
Q.2 a. Present the following information in a suitable tabular form supplying the figures not directly given. In 1989, out of 2,000 workers in a factory, 1550 were members of a trade union. The number of women workers employed was 250, out of which 200 did not belong to any trade union. In 1990, the number of union workers was 1725 of which 1600 were men. The number of non-union workers was 380, among whom 155 were women. [5 marks]
Answer 2 a. Year 1989 Total 1989 1990 Total 1990 F M Sex F M Member of TU 50 1500 1550 125 1600 1725 Non Member of TU 200 250 450 155 225 380 Total 250 1750 2000 280 1825 2105
b. What are the characteristics of a good measure of central tendency? [5 Marks]
The characteristics of a good measure of central tendency are: • Present mass data in a concise form: The mass data is condensed to make the data readable and to use it for further analysis. Facilitate comparison: It is difficult to compare two different sets of mass data. But we can compare those two after computing the averages of individual data sets. While comparing, the same measure of average should be used. It leads to incorrect conclusions when the mean salary of employees is compared with the median salary of the employees. Establish relationship between data sets: The average can be used to draw inferences about the unknown relationships between the data sets. Computing the averages of the data sets is helpful for estimating the average of population.
Provide basis for decision-making: In many fields, such as business, finance, insurance and other sectors, managers compute the averages and draw useful inferences or conclusions for taking effective decisions.
The following are the requisites of a measure of central tendency: 1. It should be simple to calculate and easy to understand 2. It should be based on all values 3. It should not be affected by extreme values 4. It should not be affected by sampling fluctuation 5. It should be rigidly defined 6. It should be capable of further algebraic treatment
Q.3. The means of two samples of sizes 50 and 100 respectively are 54.1 and 50.3 and the standard deviations are 8 and 7. Find the mean and standard deviation of the sample of size 150 obtained by combining the two samples. [10 marks]
Currently, pretax profit = $2.5B ─ 2B ─ 0.4B = $0.1B. We assume that variable costs are proportional to sales. Sales in the new year are 2.5(1.15) = $2.875B. Costs are 2.0(1.15) = $2.3B. So, pretax profit = 2.875 ─ 2.3 ─ 0.4 = $0.175B, a 75% increase. This problem demonstrates the potential effects of operating leverage.
Ans : Q.4.The coefficients of variation of two series are 66% and 80% and their standard deviation are 20 & 16 respectively. Find their arithmetic means. (X bar= = 30.3 and X bar =20)
[10 Marks] Ans :
(1) Sales (units)
(2) Price (per unit) (3) Variable cost (per unit) (4) Fixed cost (5) Initial investment
$3,000 3,000 100,000 1,000,000
$3,750 3,000 200,000 2,000,000
$4,000 3,000 4,000 4,000,000
Q5. Explain in detail the different types of Index numbers, and what are the uses of Index numbers? [10 Marks] Ans : Index numbers are designed to measure the magnitude of economic changes over time. Because they work in a similar way to percentages they make such changes easier to compare. Briefly, this works in the following way. Suppose that a cup of coffee in a particular café cost 75p in 1995. In 2002, an identical cup of coffee cost 99p. How has the price changed between 1995 and 2002? The particular time period of 1995 which we've chosen to compare against, is called the base period. The variable for that period, in this case the 75p, is then given a value of 100, corresponding to 100%. The index can then be calculated for the later period of 2002 as a proportionate change as follows:
The index number shows us that there has been a price increase of 32% since the base period. An index number for a single price change like this is called a price relative. Rule for finding the price relative If we let po be the price in the base period and let pn be the price in the later period, then the price relative for the price change between these periods is given by (pn/po) x 100. The Index of Retail Prices is probably the most generally known of all index numbers. Its aim is to measure the change in price over time of a whole range of widely bought goods and services and so give a measurement of the cost of living. This measurement can then be used to alter the amounts of the payments in index-linked pensions, for example. The main uses of index numbers are given below: Index numbers are used in the fields of commerce, meteorology, labour, industrial, etc.
The index numbers measure fluctuations during intervals of time, group differences of geographical position of degree etc. They are used to compare the total variations in the prices of different commodities in which the unit of measurements differs with time and price etc. They measure the purchasing power of money. They are helpful in forecasting the future economic trends. They are used in studying difference between the comparable categories of animals, persons or items. Index numbers of industrial production are used to measure the changes in the level of industrial production in the country. Index numbers of import prices and export prices are used to measure the changes in the trade of a country. The index numbers are used to measure seasonal variations and cyclical variations in a time series.
6.a. It was found that when a manufacturing process is under control, the average number of defectives per sample batch of 10 is 1.2. What limits would you set in a quality control chart based on the examination of defectives in sample batches of 10? Ans :
(1) Sales (units) (2) Price (per unit) (3) Variable cost (per unit) (4) Fixed cost
160 $3,000 3,000 100,000
500 $3,750 3,000 200,000
960 $4,000 3,000 4,000
(5) Initial investment
b. What are the control limits in the p-chart if the average proportion of defectives in first 10 samples of size 100 each was observed to be 0.5? [4 Marks] Ans : In addition, horizontal lines are drawn at the mean number of defectives and at the upper and lower control limits. The distribution of the number of defective items is assumed to be binomial. This assumption is the basis for the calculating the upper and lower control limits. The control limits are calculated as: (EQ 2-16) (EQ 2-17) where p is the total number of defects divided by the total number of items and N is the number of items in a given sub-group. Note that this means that the control limits can vary with the sub-group. Also, zero serves as a lower bound on the LCL value. SYNTAX P CHART <y> <size> <x> <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> where <y> is a variable containing the number of defective items in each sub-group; <size> is a variable containing the sample size for each sub-group; <x> is a variable containing the sub-group identifier (usually 1, 2, 3, ...); and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
NP CHART = Generates a Np control chart. XBAR CHART = Generates a xbar control chart. R CHART = Generates a range control chart.
S CHART = Generates a standard deviation control chart. CHARACTERS = Sets the types for plot characters. LINES = Sets the types for plot lines. SPIKES = Sets the on/off switches for plot spikes. PLOT = Generates a data or function plot. REFERENCE "Guide to Quality Control," Kaoru Ishikawa, Asian Productivity Organization, 1982 (Chapter 8). APPLICATIONS Quality Control IMPLEMENTATION DATE 88/2 PROGRAM SKIP 25 READ CCP.DAT X NUMDEF SIZE LINES SOLID SOLID DOT DOT XLIMITS 0 20 XTIC OFFSET 0 1 TITLE AUTOMATIC Y1LABEL PERCENTAGE OF DEFECTIVES X1LABEL GROUP-ID P CONTROL CHART NUMDEF SIZE X
Assignment Set- 2
Q.1. what do you understand by the degrees of freedom? [3 Marks]
In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary. Estimates of statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information or data. The number of independent pieces of information that go into the estimate of a parameter is called the degrees of freedom (df). In general, the degrees of freedom of an estimate of a parameter is equal to the number of independent scores that go into the estimate minus the number of parameters used as intermediate steps in the estimation of the parameter itself (which, in sample variance, is one, since the sample mean is the only intermediate step). Mathematically, "degrees of freedom" is the dimension of the domain of a random vector, or essentially the number of 'free' components: how many components need to be known before the vector is fully determined. The term is most often used in the context of linear models (linear regression, analysis of variance), where certain random vectors are constrained to lie in linear subspaces, and the number of degrees of freedom is the dimension of the subspace. The degrees-of-freedom are also commonly associated with the squared lengths (or "Sum of Squares") of such vectors, and the parameters of chi-squared and other distributions that arise in associated statistical testing problems.
b. From the following table, test whether the colour of the son's eyes is associated with that of the fathers. Eye color of son Not Light Not Light Eye color of father Light Total 230 151 381 Light 148 471 619 Total 378 622 1000
The value of Chi Square (0.05)=3.84 for v=1, 5.99 for v=2. [ 7 Marks] Let's establish the null and alternate hypothesis statements first
H0: The row value and column value are independent (i.e. there is not association between son's and father's eye colour) H1: The row value and column value are dependent (i.e. there is an association between son's and father's eye colour)
Let's take the significance level of Alpha = 0.05 Compute the Expected frequency of the table using the formula Expected Frequency = [(Row Total)*(Column Total)]/ (Table Total)
Eye color of son Not Tot Light Light al 233.98 144.018 2 378 385.01 236.982 8 622 100 381 619 0
Not Light Eye color of father Light Total
Compute the Degree of Freedom for the Analysis
Degrees of freedom = (row - 1) x (column - 1) Degrees of freedom = (2-1)*(3-1) =1*2 =2 Compute the Chi Square statistics Chi Square = Summation [[(Observed)-(Expected)]2 /(Expected)]
Chi Square
51.333 2 31.196 06
31.596 04 19.201 45
Compute the result
133.3267 (Summation of all the above 4 values)
Since 133.3267 > 5.99 the decision is to reject the null hypothesis
Hence we could conclude that "There is an association between Father's and Son's eye colour
Q.2. What are the essentials of a good questionnaire? Draft a suitable questionnaire to enable you to study the effects of supermarkets on prices of essential consumer goods. [10 Marks]
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized answer may frustrate users. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting survey by questionnaire may not be practical. As a type of survey, questionnaires also have many of the same problems relating to question construction and wording that exist in other types of opinion polls. Points to take into account while drafting a questionnaire: Writing an effective questionnaire is not a task for novices. At the very least it requires an understanding of four basics. These are: Considering the differences that exist when writing a questionnaire that respondent's will fillout themselves as opposed to when a professional interviewer administers the questionnaire to the respondent. Knowing what questions should be asked early on in the questionnaire, in the middle or toward the end. Understanding how to phrase questions. Being sensitive to questionnaire length.
Q.3.Explain the importance and significance of sample? [5 Marks]
Sample is a collection of few units of a large population which is the total target market. Like for a tooth paste market potential research the population is the all households in the country and sample is few households from selected cities and villages. If the market potential is to assess of a metro city than the whole city will be population and the few selected households are the sample.
The each unit of the population is also regarded as elements of the population.
An ordinary person also uses the sampling method to take decisions and make inferences based on experience of a fraction of such items like developing attitudes about different classes, religions and races of people in everyday activities. Followings are the advantages of using sampling over census method for data collection. 1. Lower cost: The cost of collecting data from the whole of the units of the target market or population gets very costly whereas collecting the data from a few units would be comparatively much cheaper. 2. Saves time: the use of sampling technique to collect data is time saving in comparison to total enumeration or census method. 3. Usefulness of units: The small size of the sampling does not affect the average estimation of different features of the total population. 4. Few researchers: Usually the trained and competent researchers are not available in numbers. This problem can be easily avoided by using sampling method for data collection. Sampling also has certain limitations which are 1. Problem of determining sample units: Usually deciding the sample type, method and process is a difficult task. 2. Problem of determining sample size: The researchers find it difficult to determine that what proportion or percentage of population would be sufficient to represent the total population in the research conducted. 3. Problem of executing data collection: The interview and observation methods of data collection are not easy to operate as these require a lot of experience and skills like communication and psychological understanding. 4. Biased ness in selecting sample: Usually the marketers do not make due effort to decide and implement the sampling designs and hence affect the accuracy and reliability of the sample.
b. Give a comparative account of a various methods of selecting of selecting a sample. [ 5 marks]
Before an organisation conducts primary research it has to be clear which respondents it wishes to interview. A company cannot possibly interview the whole population to get their opinions and views. This simply would be to costly and unfeasible. A sample of the population is taken to help them conduct this research. To select this sample there are again different methods of choosing your respondents, a mathematical approach called 'probability sampling' and a non- mathematical approach, simply called 'non-probability sampling'. Lets look at these in a little more detail.
Probability Sampling Methods Simple Random Samples: With this method of sampling the potential people you want to interview are listed e.g. a group of 100 are listed and a group of 20 may be selected from this list at random. The selection may be done by computer. Systematic samples: Out of the 100 people we talked about above, systematic sampling suggests that if we select the 5th person from the above list, then we would select every 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th etc. The pattern is the every consecutive 5th. If the 6th person was selected then it would be every consecutive 6th. Multi-Stage Samples: With this sampling process the respondents are chosen through a process of defined stages. For example residents within Islington (London) may have been chosen for a survey through the following process: Throughout the UK the south east may have been selected at random, ( stage 1), within the UK London is selected again at random (stage 2), Islington is selected as the borough (stage 3), then polling districts from Islington (stage 4) and then individuals from the electoral register (stage 5). As demonstrated five stages were gone through before the final selection of respondents were selected from the electoral register. Non Probability Samples Convenience Sampling: Where the researcher questions anyone who is available. This method is quick and cheap. However we do not know how representative the sample is and how reliable the result. Quota Sampling: Using this method the sample audience is made up of potential purchasers of your product. For example if you feel that your typical customers will be male between 18-23, female between 26-30, then some of the respondents you interview should be made up of this group, i.e. a quota is given. Dimensional Sampling: An extension to quota sampling. The researcher takes into account several characteristics e.g. gender, age income, residence education and ensures there is at least one person in the study that represents that population. E.g. out of 10 people you may want to make sure that 2 people are within a certain gender, two a certain age group who have an income rate between £25000 and £30000, this will again ensure the accuracy of the sample frame again. To summaries there are two types of sampling frames - probability and non-probability, and within this six types of sampling methods as discussed above.
Q.4.Distinguish between (i) Biased and Unbiased errors (ii) Sampling and non-sampling errors. [5 Marks] (i) Biased and Unbiased Sampling
The basic idea of statistics is to make statements about a set of things using a subset (a sample) of those things. A sample is "biased" if some members of the population are more likely to be included than others. A sample is "unbiased" if all members of the population are equally likely to be included. Here are two examples. Suppose I want to find out how big a typical fish is in a lake. One way of getting a sample of the fish would be to use a net. But then I will never catch any of the fish that are smaller than the holes in the net, so I'll think that all the fish in the lake are big. This sample is biased because the big fish are more likely to be included in my sample; to get an unbiased sample I need to sample the fish in a different way. Now suppose I want to know how long a bear sleeps every day on average during the year. If I watched it for 10 days in the winter, each day it would sleep 24 hours since bears hibernate in the winter. This sample is biased because in winter the bear sleeps all day while during the rest of the year it is awake part of the day and asleep part of the day. If I want an unbiased sample, I could watch it for 1 day each month for a year, instead of just in the winter. A sample is an unbiased sample if every individual or the element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Here is one example; Sameera wants to know how many students in her city use the internet for learning purposes. She used an email poll. Based on the replies to her poll, she found that 83% of those surveyed used the internet. Kathy's sample is biased as she surveyed only the students those who use the internet. She should have randomly selected a few schools and colleges in the city to conduct the survey.
(ii) Sampling and non-sampling errors.
A statistical error to which an analyst exposes a model simply because he or she is working with sample data rather than population or census data. Using sample data presents the risk that results found in an analysis do not represent the results that would be obtained from using data involving the entire population from which the sample was derived. The use of a sample relative to an entire population is often necessary for practical and/or monetary reasons. Although there are likely to be some differences between sample analysis results and population analysis results, the degree to which these can differ is not expected to be substantial. Methods of reducing sampling error include increasing the sample size and ensuring that the sample adequately represents the entire population. A statistical error caused by human error to which a specific statistical analysis is exposed. These errors can include, but are not limited to, data entry errors, biased questions in a questionnaire, biased processing/decision making, inappropriate analysis conclusions and false information provided by respondents. Non-sampling errors are part of the total error that can arise from doing a statistical analysis. The remainder of the total error arises from sampling error. Unlike sampling error, increasing the sample
size will not have any effect on reducing non-sampling error. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to eliminate non-sampling errors entirely.
b. Explain (i) Cluster sampling (ii) Multistage sampling [5 Marks] (i) Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is a sampling technique in which the entire population of interest is divided into groups, or clusters, and a random sample of these clusters is selected. Each cluster must be mutually exclusive and together the clusters must include the entire population. After clusters are selected, then all units within the clusters are selected. No units from non-selected clusters are included in the sample. This differs from stratified sampling, in which some units are selected from each group. When all the units within a cluster are selected, the technique is referred to as onestage cluster sampling. If a subset of units is selected randomly from each selected cluster, it is called two-stage cluster sampling. Cluster sampling can also be made in three or more stages: it is then referred to as multistage cluster sampling. The main reason for using cluster sampling is that it usually much cheaper and more convenient to sample the population in clusters rather than randomly. In some cases, constructing a sampling frame that identifies every population element is too expensive or impossible. Cluster sampling can also reduce cost when the population elements are scattered over a wide area. Suppose you want to survey school children of a certain age in a specific area. If you drew a simple random sampling of school children, you might have to visit all schools in the area to interview your sample. With cluster sampling you could first select the schools to be included in your sample, and then select school children within each of the selected schools. That would probably reduce the number of schools you have to visit and therefore reduce the cost of data collection. In this example, the schools are what are sometimes referred to as natural clusters. In other cases, the population may be widely distributed geographically, and then cluster sampling, where the clusters consists of geographical areas, could reduce the number of areas that need to be visited. A smaller number of areas that need to be visited could reduce travel expenses and also make possible more efficient supervision of the fieldwork.
(ii) Multistage sampling
Multi-stage sampling is a kind of complex sample design in which two or more levels of units are imbedded one in the other. For example: geographic areas (primary units), factories (secondary units), and employees (tertiary units). At each stage, a sample of the corresponding units is selected. At first, a sample of primary units is selected, then, in each of those selected, a sample of secondary units is selected, and so on. All ultimate units (individuals, for instance) selected at the last step of this procedure are then surveyed. The reasons for adopting such a design may be reducing costs, for example, when interviewers are assigned to persons located in a restricted area, or reducing the sample error. Multi-stage sampling is sometimes used when no general sample frame exists. In this case, a first step is to select, at random, a sample of areas, collective units, or villages from a list where they are all registered (primary units). Then, for each selected primary unit, a comprehensive enumeration of all units of lower rank is made, thus obtaining a local sample frame among which a sample of secondary units will be selected.
For example, for each village of the primary sample, a list of all housing units is established, allowing for a selection of a sample of households. Different probabilities can be used at each stage, as well as within one particular stage, for the different units to be selected. Probabilities at the successive stages multiply, so that the resulting probability for selecting one final unit is the product of the probabilities used at each step. The corresponding answers need to be weighted by the inverse of that final probability in order to obtain unbiased estimates. A cluster sample can be seen as a two-stage sample where the secondary probability is 100 percent.
Q.5.a. Why the Fisher's formula is called "ideal"? [4 Marks]
IRWING Fisher has suggested a compromise between Laspeyre's and Paasche's formula by taking geometric mean of this formula thus Fishers formula for price index is given by. Po1 = √L x P x 100 OR Po1 = √∑P1q0 x ∑P1q1 x 100 ∑P0q0 ∑P0q1 1. This formula takes in to account current year as well as base year prices and quantities. 2. It is free from bias, upward as well as downward. 3. It statistics both the time reversal test as well as the factor several test. That is why it is called an ideal formula.
b. What do you mean by Time Reversal Test? Show how Fisher's formula satisfies this test? 6 Marks]
A test that may be used under the axiomatic approach which requires that if the prices and quantities in the two periods being compared are interchanged the resulting price index is the reciprocal of the original price index. When an index satisfies this test, the same result is obtained whether the direction of change is measured forwards in time from the first to the second period or backwards from the second to the first period. The time reversal test requires that the index for the later period based on the earlier period should be the reciprocal of that for the earlier period based on the later period; one of the desirable features of the "Fisher Ideal" price and volume indexes is that they satisfy this test (unlike either the Paasche or Laspeyres indexes)
Q.6.a. In a question on correlation the value of r is 0.64 and its P.E=0.13274. What was the value of "n"? [ 4 Marks] b. A student calculates the value of "r" as +0.5 when the value of "n is 16 and comments the "r" is significant. Is he correct? [ 2 marks]
(1) Sales (units) (2) Price (per unit) (3) Variable cost (per unit) (4) Fixed cost (5) Initial investment
160 $3,000 3,000 100,000 1,000,000
500 $3,750 3,000 200,000 2,000,000
960 $4,000 3,000 4,000 4,000,000
The problem implies that since PVIFA = 6.447, the discount rate is 8.9% per year. For the mean case,
= $871,775 Sensitivity Analysis allows each variable individually to deviate from its mean value: (e.g. 2,515,760 = 2,000,000 + 6.447{160(3750 3000) 200,000}
Variable Sales Price Variable Costs Fixed Costs Low High
$2,515,760 $1,352,440 $3,289,400 $871,775 $227,075 $65,900 $871,775 $2,161,175
B . The economics department has prepared sales projections for three business scenarios: recession, normal, and recovery. Sales under each scenario are expected to be as follows: recession, 300,000 units; normal, 500,000 units; and recovery, 800,000 units. Calculate the return on assets for the two plants under these three scenarios. Answer: ROA = Return/Investment; for Plant 1 (Recession): Return = 300,000(2 ─ 1.5) ─ 200,000 = ─50,000 ROA = ─50,000/1,000,000 = ─5%
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Chest scar from open heart surgery might be clue to victim's identity Full story »
John P. Montelepre, 25, pleaded guilty to forcible rape, indecent behavior with juvenile, two counts of aggravated incest Full story »
St. Tammany Parish detectives investigating Full story »
Show how cultural and arts programs can be an economic engine: That's part of the message St. Tammany West Chamber of Commerce members heard from Lt. Gov. Billy Nungesser at a cultural economy luncheon July 27 at the Southern Hotel. The nonprofit, member-based organization holds the themed luncheon annually to create a greater awareness of the cultural arts' economic... Full story »
The City of Slidell's Department of Finance was recently honored with the Certificate Achievement for Excellence in Financial Reporting by the Government Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada (GFOA) for its Comprehensive Annual Financial Reporting (CAFR) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2016. It is the 32nd consecutive year the city won the honor. The... Full story »
The 2016 Summer Camp Program at Mayfield Elementary was a huge success, camp director Janis Sutherlin said. Here is a gallery of photos, highlighting the best of the summer. Full story »
William "Bill" Lowry, who will be 92 years old July 31, is a World War II Veteran that has lived and served in Slidell almost 70 years. Serve seems to be the operative word. Long before he set up the Rotary Club in Slidell, he served the United States in the Pacific arena as part of the Air Transport... Full story »
Twice since October, Bayou Baptist Church was set afire Full story »
Qualifying continues through Friday for special election to succeed Randy Smith Full story »
Michael G. Smith Jr. was already sentenced to 40 years for another killing in New Orleans, authorities said. Full story »
The election is Nov. 8 to replace Randy Smith, who was elected sheriff. Full story »
Winner will succeed Randy Smith, who was elected St. Tammany Parish sheriff Full story »
Your Northshore Harbor Center hosts a variety of events that return year after year. In a recent survey, the Harbor Center received a 100 percent approval rating from our current clients who said they would continue to hosts their events here. Many of our current weekends are booked years in advance with events like the Slidell Gun & Knife... Full story »
Slidell Youth Football Association (SYFA) is registering youth ages 5-14 for cheer and football through July 24 at 3104 Terrace Ave. in Slidell. Six-year-old Aleah Robertson was registered for cheer for the first time, while her brother registered for football. "I'm going to cheer for him," she said. When asked what she would do if he wins she said,... Full story »
For the Bonanno family of Mandeville, Thursday July 14 marked a day when things got a little easier for their family and son. That's the day Children's Hospital opened its first ever clinic on the North Shore in Covington. Full story »
Five years after juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, a rare form of leukemia, took Kendall Springman's life at the age of 6, grandfather Ken Springman, is more determined than ever to keep his grandson's memory alive. He is doing this by helping other children who need life-saving blood. "I will never forget how devastating it was for our family when the... Full story »
"I've always loved art. It was all I liked as a child," she said while sitting at the long wooden table where her students gather each week to work on projects that may range from a sculpture crafted from foam, wire and plaster to a painting with a three-dimensional element. Full story »
The members of Chapter AY and Chapter BJ of the PEO Sisterhood recently awarded the recipients of the prestigious P.E.O STAR scholarship to two Slidell seniors. Rachel Marie Stevenson from Salmen High School and Alexandra Barron from Northshore High School received the scholarships. Rachel Stevenson is the daughter of Jim and Theresa Stevenson. She has been accepted and will attend... Full story »
Inscribed onto the back of a paint wipe rag turned painting by a prominent outsider artist are these words: Nov. 27, 1995 – 38,000.224 works by Howard Finster. The piece drew our attention when my mom and I met Finster at a Myrtle Beach, South Carolina gallery that hosted an exhibition for him in 1995. It now has a... Full story »


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George Jameson is remembered as a kind, Christian student leader.
A Munich congregation replaces its Sabbath celebration with a memorial service.
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News from FilmRise A wide array of domestic and global news stories; news topics include politics/government, business, technology, religion, sports/entertainment, science/nature, and health/lifestyle. Articles that appear in this section may be written in English or other languages.
Apr 15, 2015, 11:06 ET FilmRise Acquires DVD Rights To Music Doc "Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of"
FilmRise has acquired U.S. DVD rights from Gravitas Ventures for the music documentary "Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of," a revealing...


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environmental jobs near Boston, MA
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Triumvirate Environmental - Somerville, MA
Environmental Field Laborer. Triumvirate Environmental, the fastest growing environmental services firm on the east coast is looking for an Environmental Field...
Solar Sales Specialist - Part Time - Framingham MA
BrightCurrent - Framingham, MA
Engage and excite prospective customers about the economic and environmental benefits of switching to solar energy. 15 - 20 hours, Part Time....
HazMat Environment Compliance Specialist
American Tower - Woburn, MA
The Environmental Compliance Coordinator - Hazmat is responsible for coordinating, preparing and processing environmental compliance filings for the Superfund...
Sales Executive in Development (Entry Level)
Triumvirate Environmental - Somerville, MA
Triumvirate Environmental is the fastest-growing environmental services firm on the East Coast. Recent college graduate with a Bachelor's degree in Business,...
Project Analyst, Energy Team
Opinion Dynamics - Waltham, MA
Professional experience in the energy efficiency, demand response, smart grid, public policy, environmental consulting, or market research fields are preferred....
Industrial Hygiene Officer
U.S. Navy - United States
Bachelor's or master's degree in public health, environmental sciences, chemistry, industrial engineering or industrial safety is also acceptable....
Safety, Health & Environment Specialist
Cabot Corporation - Billerica, MA
Hazardous Waste and Environmental Program support. Bachelor/University degree in occupational health, environmental, engineering or applicable science – Master...
Regional Escalator Modernization Sales Manager
KONE - Boston, MA
Laws and regulations regarding safety and environmental governmental regulations. Location for this role is open to the Northeast areas....
PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT! PROMOTE SOLAR ENERGY! $800-$900/week
Level Solar - Framingham, MA
Explain how Level Solar can save them money and help them reduce their environmental footprint. About Level Solar:....
Director Environmental Services
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Boston, MA
Specific management experience in Environmental Services. Coordinates and directs activities of the Environmental Services Department (EVS) through managers and...


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Sapphire Radeon HD 5970 TOXIC 4GB Video Card
The other day we gave you a little bit of a sneak peek at the latest video card from Sapphire, the HD 5970 TOXIC 4GB. You can see it here. In that article we mentioned that we tend to leave previews to products we've seen at tradeshows or at the manufacturers headquarters. However, due to the limited samples of the HD 5970 TOXIC 4GB and the actual time frame it takes to do a review, we thought that we would just give you a bit of a sneak peek at what looked to be the fastest video card on the market.
Today we'll be giving the HD 5970 TOXIC 4GB from Sapphire the normal review treatment which means a bucket load of pictures and even more benchmarks. The HD 5970 TOXIC 4GB was actually first seen at CEBIT and word got around the interweb that the model was the HD 5990; this of course turned out to be incorrect. It was just a pimped out version of the HD 5970 sporting a heap of RAM. Word was that it would be the fastest video card on the market. That bit seems to hold some serious truth, so sit back, relax and find out just what the TOXIC version of the HD 5970 can do for you and me.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
United States: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon's website.
United Kingdom: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon UK's website.
Canada: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon Canada's website.
- Page 1 [Introduction]
- Page 2 [The Package]
- Page 3 [The Card and Specifications]
- Page 4 [Test System Setup and 3DMark Vantage]
- Page 5 [Unigine Heaven Benchmark]
- Page 6 [Benchmarks - CINEBENCH]
- Page 7 [Benchmarks - Resident Evil 5]
- Page 8 [Benchmarks - BattleForge]
- Page 9 [Benchmarks - Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X.]
- Page 10 [Benchmarks - Darkest of Days]
- Page 11 [Benchmarks - Far Cry 2]
- Page 12 [Benchmarks - Batman Arkham Asylum]
- Page 13 [Benchmarks - Dark Void]
- Page 14 [Benchmarks - High Quality AA and AF]
- Page 15 [Benchmarks - Elcomsoft Wireless Security Auditor]
- Page 16 [Temperature and Sound Tests]
- Page 17 [Power Consumption Tests]
- Page 18 [Total Performance Rating (TPR)]
- Page 19 [Final Thoughts]
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text:
Welcome to First United Methodist Church of Kaufman
208 S. Houston Street * Kaufman, TX 75142 * 972-932-2838
Sunday July 31st
5th Sunday Combined Worship @ 10:15 am
The United Methodist Men will host a fish fry on the grounds after the worship service. The UMM will provide fish, hushpuppies, french-fries and condiments. They are asking that the congregation bring sides and dessert. Hope everyone comes for fun, fellowship and great food.
For more information, or to sign up to help contact Ken Caffey, email@example.com


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Oct 7, 1997
|Filing date
|Nov 17, 1994
|Priority date
|Nov 17, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William Anthony Briscoe
|Original Assignee
|Briscoe William A
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (14), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a brush pressure system and is particularly applicable to floor cleaning or sweeping apparatus and machines using rotating brushes for example to scrub and/or sweep and/or polish a floor surface.
Known floor cleaning machines use rotating brushes to scrub or polish a floor. The brushes are mounted on a wheeled frame which is pedestrian controlled or in larger models is ridden on by the operator. Pressure on the brushes for cleaning or sweeping is provided by the weight of the brush heads and motor assemblies in combination with the weight of the water tanks. However in known machines only a particular fixed pressure can be applied; there is no provision for a variety of pressures to be chosen to suit different cleaning or sweeping tasks, or different floor types. Although pressures of up to 200 lbs. pressure can be achieved with the known pedestrian machines, this may not be adequate for heavy duty cleaning on very contaminated floors and is often too high a pressure for normal maintenance cleaning. If the brush pressure is high then the brushes wear down very quickly. The sort of brushes used in this equipment are very expensive and excessive wear is unacceptable. In any case, excessive prolonged brush pressure may damage certain floor surfaces. On the other hand, if the brush pressure is too light then the cleaning machine will not be effective on heavily soiled floors. In addition as brushes wear down the effective cleaning pressure necessarily decreases and hence the cleaning power is less satisfactory.
Some recent pedestrian machines have tried to compensate for brush wear by incorporating small springs into the brush heads so as to take up the wear in the brushes. These however have been found to be unacceptably unreliable in many circumstances because the springs have a tendency to lock over rough surfaces and this causes damage to the driving motors. In any case, in known machines, the maximum pressure is limited and there is no way of adjusting the pressure to be applied by the brushes.
Furthermore, known machines make no allowance for uneven ground and tend to malfunction unless the floor to be cleaned is smooth and flat. Also, since known machines rely for the applied pressure on the weight of part of the machine such as the water tanks and such like, then they are difficult and heavy to operate and maneuver and this makes them difficult for example for less strong operators such as women to use.
The present invention seeks to provide a cleaning or sweeping apparatus which does not have the disadvantages of previously known apparatus.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a cleaning or sweeping apparatus comprising:
a frame;
a brush assembly mounted on the frame;
means for moving the brush assembly towards and away from a surface to be brushed; and
resilient biasing means mounted to act as suspension means between the frame and the brush assembly.
According to preferred embodiments, the brush pressure can be varied by controlling the biasing means, for example by controlling tension in a spring means or pressure in a gas strut or volume of fluid in a hydraulic or pneumatic system. An actuator can be used to control this tension, for example by compressing the spring means; the greater the compression the greater the brush pressure on the floor and the more effective the cleaning power of the machine. The actuator is preferably an electrically driven ram though it could be hydraulically or even manually driven.
The extent of the bias, e.g. the spring tension, and thus the pressure, may be set in the factory when the cleaning or sweeping machine is manufactured or by a service engineer when the cleaning or sweeping machine is serviced to suit a particular cleaning task. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the pressure is adjustable by the operator in situ to suit the task being performed. For light cleaning or polishing, a light pressure is preferable and minimises brush wear, whereas for heavy cleaning on highly contaminated floors, more pressure is needed. Preferably means are provided for entry and display of a desired pressure by an operator, and for adjusting the applied pressure accordingly.
According to one preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention at least one spring is mounted in a spring tube which is driven by an actuator controlled for example by a two-position rocker switch on the machine's control panel. The rocker switch would for example be biased to an intermediate off-position and be rocked one way to increase pressure and the other way to decrease pressure. Releasing the switch would therefore return it to the neutral or "off" position thus stopping movement of the actuator.
Preferably a pair of springs is used, each spring being mounted in a spring tube, and both driven by a common actuator controlled by such a rocker switch.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a cleaning or sweeping apparatus comprising:
a frame;
a brush assembly mounted on the frame for movement towards and away from a surface to be brushed;
a biasing means acting between the frame and the brush assembly to apply to the brush assembly a bias towards the surface;
means for measuring the pressure exerted by the brush assembly on the surface; and
means for displaying the measured pressure.
The brush pressure is measured either by mechanically measuring the compression of the springs or by a strain gauge or pressure transducer or piezoelectric sensor. The pressure can then be displayed on a control panel alongside the switch for the operator's information.
According to another embodiment of the invention, feedback is used to control the brush pressure, e.g. the spring compression, as a function either of the pressure measured to maintain the applied pressure substantially constant or at least within set margins, or of the pressure required and which is set by an operator.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a sweeping or cleaning apparatus comprising:
a frame;
a brush assembly mounted on the frame;
means for moving the brush assembly towards and away from a surface to be cleaned;
biasing means acting between the frame and the brush assembly to apply to the brush assembly a selectable bias towards the surface;
means for monitoring and/or measuring the applied working pressure;
means for displaying an indication of the measured working pressure;
means for operator entry of a desired working pressure for the brush assembly.
Preferably the apparatus comprises comparator means for comparing the operator input pressure to the measured pressure and for generating a control signal in response to the difference between the desired pressure and the measured pressure and means for applying the control signal to the pressure applying means.
The apparatus can be used in single brush head cleaning machines or more usually in a dual head machine or also multiple head models either by being applied in common to all heads or independently to each head.
Cleaning and sweeping machines generally use round or elliptical shaped brushes mounted to rotate in a plane generally parallel with the floor. The bristles of the brushes are all set generally perpendicular to the surface to be cleaned or swept. However, it is envisaged that the brush pressure system of the present invention would be equally applicable to a cleaning or sweeping machine with a cylindrical brush head with bristles radially mounted and which rotates about an axis parallel to the surface to be cleaned or swept. In this case it would be preferable to mount an apparatus according to the invention to apply pressure equally at each end of the cylindrical head shaft.
In one preferred embodiment which is particularly applicable to a pedestrian machine, the biasing means comprise at least one heavy duty compression spring at least 3 ins (7.2 cm) and preferably 6 ins (14.4 cm) long and advantageously 12 to 15 ins (28.8 to 36 cm) long (though they may be longer). The required length of the spring will of course depend on many factors, including for example the type of machine (longer springs will be needed in a ride-on machine), the gauge of the spring (heavy duty springs need to be longer than light duty springs to provide the required suspension characteristics to compensate for uneven ground), the cleaning or sweeping power required and the relative positions of the actuator and the spring tubes. A single spring could be used or alternatively two or three springs totalling the required length could be mounted in the spring tube. Alternatively a torsion spring could be used.
In order to minimise brush pressure variation despite brush wear or uneven floors or surfaces then the biasing means preferably comprises a low rate spring such as a torsion spring. Preferably the pressure is applied by the low rate spring movement and the actuator control is applied to the other end of that spring.
A suitable low rate spring means could alternatively comprise a gas strut, though preferably also an adjustable mechanical advantage to provide effective control means.
Brush pressure can also be altered by changing the springs though obviously this is not something that can be done easily by the operator on site and would instead usually by done by a service engineer or similar person.
A cleaning or sweeping system incorporating apparatus according to the present invention has considerable advantages over any known system. It can achieve high brush pressures allowing for heavy cleaning of contaminated floors. Systems can also achieve light brush pressure thus allowing light cleaning with the same machine if and when desired, thus minimising unnecessary brush wear and avoiding damage to floors or surfaces to be cleaned which often occurred with the indiscriminate pressure setting on known systems. Apparatus according to the invention provides good suspension for a cleaning or sweeping machine allowing for a floating cleaning or sweeping head and enabling a machine to go over rough or uneven surfaces without malfunctioning.
A cleaning or sweeping machine incorporating an apparatus according to the invention can be easily used and controlled even by a relatively physically weak operator, and provides more cleaning or sweeping power than was hitherto possible in pedestrian machines.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for controlling a cleaning or sweeping apparatus, the system comprising means for applying any one of a variety of working pressures to a cleaning or sweeping brush assembly in a cleaning or sweeping apparatus, means for monitoring and/or measuring the applied working pressure and means for displaying an indication of the measured working pressure. The displaying means is preferably a digital LED or LCD display. If the actuator controlling the working pressure is hydraulically, pneumatically or hand operated then a pressure indicating signal can be provided from a direct mechanical link such as a Bowden cable or rotational drive connection.
According to a preferred embodiment of the further aspect of the invention, there is provided a system comprising input means for the operator to set the desired working pressure and comparator means for comparing the operator input pressure to the measured pressure and for generating a control signal in response to the difference between the desired pressure and the measured pressure and means for applying the control signal to the pressure applying means.
This enables an operator to control cleaning head pressure and thus to have control over the cleaning power of the machine and the rate of brush wear.
Preferably an electronic processor is provided to serve as the comparator means. The pressure measuring means may register pressure through an electronic resistive element and display the measured value on the operator's console.
Preferably the brush pressure exerted by the brush head is measured directly, for example by measuring the torque directly at the brush head so that a constant brush pressure can be maintained, and the pressure can be read back to a gauge showing pressures on the operator display panel.
According to a particular embodiment of the further aspect of the present invention there is provided a control system for brush head pressure in a cleaning or sweeping machine, the control system comprising analogue to digital conversion means for converting input signals representing respectively a measured brush head pressure and an operator chosen brush head pressure, storage means for predetermined system parameters, and computing means programmed to compare the two input signals and to generate a control signal in response to the comparison, taking into account the predetermined system parameters.
Preferably the measured pressure signal is amplified before conversion to a digital signal.
In a particular preferable embodiment means are provided for sensing the state of a power supply source such as a battery or battery pack and for generating a signal for inhibiting brush operation when the state is below a preset value. Additionally accumulation means may be provided to record the total usage time of a power source and to generate a signal to inhibit brush operation when the usage time exceeds a preset value.
In one embodiment, the control system is arranged to inhibit brush pressure changes if the cleaning machine is moving.
The cleaning or sweeping apparatus according to the invention may be used to clean or sweep any surface for example floors, pavements, roads and even non-horizontal surfaces such as ramps and walls.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a cross-section elevational view of brush assembly for a cleaning apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows an alternative arrangement of part of the assembly of FIG. 1
FIG. 3 is a part cut-away perspective view of a cleaning apparatus incorporating the assembly of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a control system for a cleaning apparatus according to FIGS. 1 to 3; and
FIG. 5a-5c is a circuit diagram illustrating one embodiment of the control system of FIG. 4.
In FIG. 1, the brush assembly comprises two spring tubes 1, containing springs 2. The right hand tube 1 in the figure is shown in cut-away to illustrate spring 2. Each spring is fixed at one end to the upper end of the tubes at 3 and at the other end to a spring rod 4 which slides through an aperture 5 into the respective spring tube 1. The spring rods 4 are connected together by a bolt 6 and are fixed via assembly 7 to the brush support plate 8 to which brush head or heads 27 are connected.
The tubes 1 are prevented from rotating or skewing by a steadying plate 9. An actuator 10 is secured to a bulkhead of a cleaning machine. Actuator 10 drives actuator rod 12 which is shown in substantially closed up position in the figure. The actuator rod 12 is fixed by a pin 13 to actuator plate 14 which is clamped to both spring tubes 1 by clamping bolts 15. Thus as the actuator drives the actuator rod 12 downwards, the spring tubes 1 move downwards and the springs 2 are compressed causing a higher pressure to be exerted on the brush head assembly whilst still providing suspension to accommodate uneven floors and brush wear. Typically, the effective spring lengths, in an uncompressed state, are around 15 inches and this is particularly suitable for a 26/32 inch brush pressure system. Such an arrangement can provide a range of 0 to 450 lb pressure in a loaded pedestrian cleaning machine fitted with apparatus according to the invention, compared to the maximum 200 lb pressure available using known apparatus. Of course other forms of biasing means could be used. A torsion spring has the advantage of taking up less vertical space in a cleaning machine. Also, a torsion spring generally has a low spring rate which is particularly suitable for this purpose. Gas struts or hydraulic or pneumatic systems could also be used.
The pressure can be further adjusted by changing the springs for different length ones or different strengths the clamping position of the spring tubes can be altered. However these changes require a service engineer.
The system is particularly adjustable since the actuator can be stopped anywhere in its stroke.
Usually brush support plate 8 will be attached to a pair of circular or elliptical brushes rotating in a plane generally parallel to the floor (or surface to be cleaned or swept). However, up to four brushes are in use in some cleaning machines and the apparatus of the invention could be used to control all such four brushes together or alternatively individually (in which case separate actuators would be used for each). Of course a cylindrical brush head could be equally easily controlled mounted on the brush support plate 8 or alternatively controlled at each end of its shaft by respective separate assemblies according to FIG. 1.
A strain gauged beam 20 which may be used to measure the brush pressure is located under the spring tube clamp plate 18.
FIG. 2 illustrates an alternative arrangement of the actuator plate 14 wherein the plate has a U-shaped cross section as shown so that it is clamped to the spring tubes 1 in a plane spaced from that in which it is clamped to the actuator rod 12. This arrangement enables particularly low brush pressures to be achieved even with heavy duty springs.
In FIG. 3 the brush assembly of FIG. 1 is shown mounted in a pedestrian cleaning apparatus. Like parts are indicated by like reference numerals and a pair of spring tubes 1 are attached to actuator rod 12 by actuator plate 14. The actuator 10 is fixed by tie bar 15 to the apparatus frame 16. A second pivoted mounting 17 connects the assembly 7 and brush support plate 8 to frame 16. The brushes themselves are not shown in FIG. 3 but are mounted below the support plate 8 behind the protective flange 17 and are driven by scrub brush motors 18 (one of which is shown in FIG. 3).
FIG. 3 also illustrates the relative positions of the water tank or tanks 19, the battery pack 20 for driving the scrub motors 18 together with the transverse drive of the cleaning apparatus. The direction of transverse drive is controlled by a handle 21. A squeegee 22 has suction applied via vacuum motor 23.
Additionally a brush head pressure control panel 24 is provided within the operator's view.
In FIG. 4 the brush assembly is shown schematically in side view and a control system is illustrated as a block diagram.
The position of the brush head 27 relative to the floor to be cleaned, is controlled by electric or hydraulic actuator 10 lifting or lowering the brush head via an actuator rod which compresses springs in spring tube 1. Other resilient means such as a gas strut may be used for applying pressure to the brush head against the floor and of course other means may be used to control the position of the brush head such as hydraulic or pneumatic means. Details of the actuator 10 has been described above.
A pressure sensor is located at one of the positions labelled 4 though it may be positioned anywhere in the cylinder or in the arm or in the bottom of the actuator. In use this sensor monitors the pressure applied by the brush to the floor and generates a signal 25. The pressure sensor may be a strain gauge 20 on actuator plate 14 as shown in FIG. 1 or a piezoelectric sensor or position sensor. Alternatively the securing pin (11 FIG. 1) which connects the assembly to the apparatus frame, may be used as a shear gauge to measure pressure. Amplifier 26 converts this pressure signal 25 to a value usable in the subsequent circuitry.
The control panel 24 is provided within sight of an operator. It has a pressure select knob 28 by which the operator can pre-select a particular pressure. A rocker switch 29 lifts or lowers the brush head 27 relative to the floor depending on the switch position. A digital display 30 illustrates the pressure of the brush head 27 on the floor, as measured by the pressure sensor.
A processor 31 compares the measured pressure signal with the operator selected pressure and generates a control signal accordingly to control (as necessary) the actuator to make the measured pressure substantially the same as the selected pressure.
This processor may be of simple construction such as comprising an electronic comparator and amplifier circuit, or it may comprise a standard CPU unit in chip form.
Power for the electronic components is supplied by the on-board battery 12 or by alternative low power battery sources.
The circuit of FIG. 5 can be used as the control system for the system. It comprises standard integrated circuits including a programmed micro-controller or micro-processor U5, power supply IC's U1, U4 and U7, non-volatile memory store U3, analogue to digital converter U6 and buffer amplifier U2.
A measured pressure signal from a pressure bridge or strain gauge mounted in the cleaning head is input to the microprocessor U5 via instrumentation amplifier U6 and analogue to digital converter (ADC) U6.
System variables are stored in the non-volatile memory store U3.
The state of external switch inputs on the cleaning machine are sampled via buffer JP4.
The microprocessor U5 makes appropriate calculations based on the sampled values and the set system variables and outputs control signals via buffer amplifier U2, relays RL1, RL2 and RL3 and buffer JP1 to contact relays to operate the actuator on the cleaning machine itself. For example, when relay RL1 is tripped 36 volts are applied to the cleaning head lowering actuator, when relay RL2 is tripped 36 volts are applied to raise the cleaning head, and when relay RL3 is tripped the drive control or traction of the cleaning machine is inhibited. A further relay may optionally be provided to inhibit the brush motor under certain predetermined circumstances--such as when the battery is low to protect the warranty on the battery.
The SENSE input on buffer JP1 senses whether or not the cleaning machine is moving. If it is, then the circuit inhibits pressure changes to avoid damaging the brushes.
Buffers JP2 and JP3 supply signals to the machine control panel to display the actual measured pressure indication and the set value indication respectively on LED displays.
The circuit comprising MosFet Q1, resistors R14, R15, together with diode D10 and capacitor C18 is a power-up hold off circuit to prevent the relays pulsing during switching to avoid spurious operation of the actuator. This is optional and can be accomplished in a number of different ways as will be immediately apparent to anyone skilled in the art.
Circuits JP6 and JP7 are unused as shown.
Further modifications can be included in this circuit, for example a battery monitor could advantageously be incorporated to record the total usage time and monitor the charge state of the battery. Under certain predetermined conditions, as programmed into the system parameter memory circuit U3, the cleaning brushes would be automatically raised. Such conditions would typically be long battery usage and/or low battery charge. The operator would then necessarily have to take the machine back to the depot to recharge or replace the battery thus preserving the warranty on the battery.
The control circuit of the invention is very finely tunable and achieves extremely accurate pressure settings for the brush head.
The micro-controller U5 is preferably programmed to always effect pressure changes in a direction such that the brushes are moved downwardly and this aids the accuracy of the settings. For example, if a change in pressure from 100 lbs to 40 lbs is required by an operator, the controller will cause a jump to a value around 20 lbs and then slowly increase the pressure up to the required value of around 40 lbs. This arrangement overcomes stiction in the machine. It is particularly advantageous if phase advance calculations are also used by the micro-controller such that the microcontroller calculates the speed at which the pressure changes are occurring and makes appropriate adjustments.
The circuit also preferably monitors the state of the external brush head raise/lower switch and the micro-processor U5 can be programmed to take the state of this switch into account in making decisions on whether to effect certain operations.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 16, 1965
|Feb 24, 1970
|Fred A Oswald
|Floor grinding machine
|Apr 10, 1975
|Aug 16, 1977
|The Scott & Fetzer Company
|Combination sweeping-scrubbing apparatus
|Jun 19, 1979
|Aug 26, 1980
|Clarke-Gravely Corporation
|Floor treating machine
|Aug 21, 1985
|Jun 23, 1987
|Internationale Octrooi Maatschappij
|Floor cleaning machine
|Jan 7, 1987
|Mar 8, 1988
|Tennant Company
|Disc brush suspension for a floor maintenance machine
|Nov 15, 1988
|Mar 27, 1990
|Amano Corporation
|Floor polisher
|Jul 17, 1989
|Apr 9, 1991
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Analog-to-digital converting system
|Aug 21, 1989
|May 21, 1991
|Tennant Company
|Floor scrubber having laterally variable scrub brush position
|Apr 3, 1990
|Sep 17, 1991
|Hueppi Karl
|Floor-cleaning machine with improved brush pressure control
|Mar 1, 1994
|Jan 9, 1996
|Briscoe William A
|Brush pressure system
|Mar 19, 1983
|Sep 20, 1984
|Rolf Dr Phil Dipl Ing Garnich
|Floor-cleaning machine
|Aug 16, 1985
|Mar 5, 1986
|Unilever N.V.
|Floor cleaning machine
|Mar 20, 1990
|Oct 10, 1990
|Unilever N.V.
|Floor cleaning machine with improved brush pressure control
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 21, 1998
|Dec 26, 2000
|Minuteman International, Inc.
|Control system for floor care machine
|Mar 24, 1998
|Jul 30, 2002
|William Anthony Briscoe
|Surface working apparatus
|Apr 17, 2001
|Aug 5, 2003
|Tennant Company
|Squeegee assembly having a non-destructive release mode
|Mar 26, 2009
|Nov 24, 2015
|Nilfisk-Advance, Inc.
|Flow and scrubbing pressure control system and methods for surface treating apparatus
|Apr 16, 2002
|Oct 16, 2003
|Loi Tran
|Floor care machine with counter acting force
|Feb 23, 2005
|Nov 17, 2005
|Comac S.P.A.
|Floor cleaning machine, particularly for industrial applications
|Mar 26, 2009
|Feb 16, 2012
|Legatt Donald J
|Flow and scrubbing pressure control system and methods for surface treating apparatus
|Oct 22, 1998
|Apr 28, 1999
|Alto U.S. Inc.
|Brush head positioning system
|Jan 8, 1999
|Sep 8, 1999
|Tennant Company
|Surface maintenance machine with computer controlled operational and maintenance systems
|Oct 9, 1999
|Jun 28, 2000
|Stein & Co. GmbH
|Floor care apparatus
|Apr 26, 2001
|Nov 7, 2001
|Interpump Engineering S.r.l.
|Improved motor sweeper with elastic regulation of the brush pressure
|Jan 17, 2005
|Nov 16, 2005
|Comac S.p.A.
|Floor cleaning machine, particularly for industrial applications
|Apr 17, 2001
|Oct 25, 2001
|Tennant Company
|Squeegee assembly having a non-destructive release mode
|Apr 17, 2001
|Feb 21, 2002
|Tennant Co
|Squeegee assembly having a non-destructive release mode
|U.S. Classification
|15/49.1, 15/87, 451/353
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 15, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 6, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 13, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 7, 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 24, 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20091007


text:
Photo SpecialTia Mowry Wedding Photos!
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Trouble in Paradise: Did Raptors' Terrence Ross Just Dead His Relationship With Amber Rose? | Terrence Ross | Amber Rose | Sports | BET
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911 dispatcher receiving praise for helping woman perform CPR
Updated:GASTON COUNTY, N.C. —
A Gaston County 911 dispatcher is receiving praise for helping a woman perform CPR on a friend who was unconscious and not breathing Thursday moring.
The dispatcher walked the woman through how to do chest compressions.
Dispatcher: "Is he on the floor?"
Caller: "Yes, he's on the floor."
Dispatcher: "OK. Is he on his back?"
Caller: "Yes, he's on his back."
Dispatcher: "OK, I need you to get on the floor with him and we're going to do compressions."
She stayed on the line and encouraged her to keep going even when the patient's friend started getting upset.
Dispatcher: "I know it's hard, but keep doing it, you're doing a good job, ok?"
Moments later a Gaston County police sergeant arrived at the home and took over.
Police said because of the caller, dispatcher and sergeant's actions the patient regained consciousness and was breathing on their own before being taken to the hospital.
Listen to the unedited 911 call here.
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Youku and Tudou, China's popular video platforms, have kicked off a campaign called "True Dou" to differentiate the brands following the merger of their parent companies in August.
While the campaign suggests that Youku and Tudou aim to keep their websites and brand identities separate to target different audiences, the online video platforms have joined forces to offer scalable reach for brands.
When combined, both Youku and Tudou reach out to more than 310 million unique viewers per week, with daily user overlap at 14 percent daily, and 18 percent weekly, based on iResearch stats.
In May, Unilever embarked on a web campaign for its ice cream to produce four episodes of video clips based around the theme of love, titled "Dive In," which broadcast on both Tudou and Youku websites.
The campaign received 98 million views on Youku and 96 million views on Tudou.
According to a senior Tudou exec, it was successful because Unilever had saved costs from paying double to broadcast on both platforms.
For advertisers, conventional video ad buys for Youku and Tudou will be integrated to "eliminate unnecessary duplicate reach for maximum efficiency and effectiveness." However, the content marketing teams for both companies will continue to function independently.
Japanese automobile brand Hyundai is the second brand advertiser after Unilever to broadcast its web movie serials on both video platforms. Since its initial rollout, Hyundai has received close to 5 million views on Youku alone.
"Tudou's new design and identity position it to appeal to younger, more independent audiences than the more general audience served by Youku," Victor Koo, CEO and Youku Tudou chairman said in a press statement.
While it is not a new feature, companies are able to launch official brand channels on Youku. A number of top luxury brands have come on board as well as broadcast their events live on the Youku branded channels.
For instance, Gucci, Chanel, and Tiffany & Co. are among some of the luxury brands with their own channels on Youku.
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