text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 5, 1979
|Filing date
|Aug 2, 1977
|Priority date
|Aug 2, 1977
|Publication number
|Alexander Sadle, Thomas J. Pratt
|Original Assignee
|International Paper Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (10), Classifications (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the method of preparation and composition of an adhesive for bonding cellulose fiber sheets, especially corrugated paperboard, and more specifically to a novel carrier composition for adhesives based on amylaceous materials.
Corrugated paperboard consists of sheets of flat and corrugated paper, bonded together with adhesive. It is commonly made by (1) passing a sheet of paper, which is referred to as the medium, between fluted rolls, usually heated, to form corrugations; (2) ) applying an adhesive to the tips of the corrugations, known in the art as flutes, on one side of the medium; (3) bringing a flat sheet, which is referred to as the liner, in contact with the adhesive-coated flutes, and (4) bonding the two sheets by the application of heat and pressure. The end product, a single sheet of corrugated medium attached to a single liner, is known as single-face corrugated paperboard. Double-face board may be made by delivering single-face board to a machine known as a double-backer where a second liner may be applied to the exposed flutes of the corrugated single-face in a similar manner.
In the interest of production efficiency, it is desirable to operate the corrugator at the fastest possible rate, usually from about 300 to 700 ft/min depending primarily on board weight. Because the production rate is limited by the speed of formation of the adhesive bond, corrugating adhesives must be capable of rapid increases in viscosity so that the bond may be made quickly. Starch paste is the preferred adhesive in the industry, although adhesives based on other inexpensive materials, such as flour, are also used. Although we will primarily discuss starch pastes, it should be understood that our invention is suitable for use with adhesives based on other amylaceous materials as well.
The adhesive paste is generally formulated in two portions. The primary mix, or carrier, is an extremely viscous solution of gelled (dissolved) starch. The secondary mix contains raw, i.e., ungelled, starch plus additives to expedite the bond formation and to give desired special properties to the paste. When the two portions of the adhesive are combined, the carrier holds the raw starch particles in suspension and imparts sufficient viscosity to the mixture to permit its application by conventional techniques. The adhesive bond is established by heating the paste in situ so that gellation occurs when it is sandwiched between the flute tips and the liner. At the gel temperature, the raw starch component dissolves and absorbs water, causing a rapid increase in the viscosity of the adhesive. Thus, the carrier starch and the raw starch act as co-binding agents in joining the medium to the liner.
Ordinary, or domestic, starch pastes do not produce water-resistant bonds. In order to attain water-resistance, modifiers such as thermosetting resins are added to the finished starch pastes. Although acid cured urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, melamine-urea-formaldehyde resins provide the best water resistance, they are not commonly used because they require higher temperatures to gel. In starch paste technology, sodium hydroxide, or a similar alkaline material is used to reduce the gel temperatures of the pastes to about 140�-155� F. so that they will set rapidly during bond formation. When acidic conditions are employed, the gel temperatures of the pastes are about 155�-165� F. These higher gel temperatures necessitate sharp reductions in the operating speeds of the corrugators, and are therefore not economical. Since the carriers for corrugating adhesives are normally made under alkaline conditions to obtain the desired gel, acidic materials such as alum and ammonium sulfate are added when acid curing resins are to be used in the final adhesive formulations. U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,275, which is herein incorporated by reference, describes such an acid curing resin system in which polyvinyl acetate and a copolymer of vinyl acetate and ethylene are added to improve the wet bond strength of the adhesive.
Whether the adhesive is a domestic paste or one of the water-resistant variety, best results will be achieved if its viscosity, adhesive solids content, and gel temperature are within certain limits which have been well defined by the prior art. Adhesive solids should be high in order to reduce the amount of moisture which is added to the board, since this moisture must be removed during the corrugating process. However, viscosity limitations preclude very high solids since the adhesive must be capable of transfer by the application equipment. In practice, corrugating adhesives usually contain about 15-35% solids. Furthermore, adhesive performance is dependent on high molecular weight in the carrier phase, which also produces high viscosity. The viscosity of the paste before heating should be in the range of 20-80 seconds, as measured by Stein-Hall cup. It is well known that a ratio of carrier starch to raw starch of from about 1 to 3 to about 1 to 8, and a starch to water ratio of from about 1 to 2 to about 1 to 6 are required to meet the viscosity and solids content constraints. The gel temperature should be maintained as low as possible without causing premature galatinization within the adhesive application equipment. The preferred range is 140�-155� F. Adhesives with higher gel points require more heat to gelatinize, which can significantly reduce production rates. For example, the operation of a corrugator producing water-resistant board with an acidic cured urea resin modified starch paste was increased from 200 ft/min to 400 ft/min by converting to a paste incorporating the carrier of this invention. Gel temperature of the resin-modified starch paste was reduced from 162� F. to 144� F. by this modification of the adhesive.
The carrier portion of the typical adhesive is generally prepared by cooking a mixture of starch, water, and sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide, which is known in the art as caustic, reduces the gel temperature of the starch in proportion to the concentration of alkali in the solution. Thus, the caustic which is added to the primary reduces the gel temperature of the carrier starch and also, to a lesser degree, that of the raw starch in the finished paste. However, excessive caustic can degrade the starch and the cellulose in the paperboard, discoloring and weakening the finished product. This degradation may also induce an unstable viscosity in the starch paste. Finally, caustic is difficult to handle safely.
Carriers containing caustic are particularly unsuitable for acid-curing resin systems. Since these pastes develop maximum water-resistance in an acidic environment, the caustic-derived carrier must be neutralized before the resins are added. When the caustic is neutralized, however, its beneficial effect on the gel temperature of the raw starch is lost, and the high gel temperatures of these pastes make reductions in corrugator speeds necessary. Furthermore, if corrugating plants make board with both alkaline and acidic pastes, the entire adhesive-mixing apparatus has to be thoroughly cleaned during changeover to prevent glue bond failure during the transition, and, in some cases, clogging of the glue system. These hindrances to productivity sparked the development of the alkaline water-resistant pastes. The alkaline pastes are not as water-resistant as the acidic pastes, but when the liner boards themselves have only a limited resistance to water, the alkaline adhesives produce adequate bonds. However, these alkaline adhesives are incompatible with the acidic resin systems which are incorporated in ridig-when-wet corrugated boxes and have become a weak link in the box structure.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a means for reducing the gel temperature of a corrugating adhesive composition independent of its pH.
It is another object to provide a carrier which is compatible with all common corrugating adhesive compositions, including the acidic resin systems.
It is still another object to provide a means for gelling a carrier for corrugating adhesives without cooking.
It is yet another object to provide a carrier without use of caustic.
These and other objects and advantages as described hereinafter are provided by the novel carrier composition of this invention.
The present invention is based on the use of urea as a gelatinizing agent for the carrier starch. In the prior art, urea has been used as a component of the secondary mix to reduce the gel temperature of the raw starch after the carrier has been gelled by conventional means, usually with a combination of heat and caustic. Surprisingly, we have found that the quantity of urea required to gel the carrier at or near room temperature will also reduce the gel temperature of the raw starch in most corrugating adhesives to a value in the optimal temperature range.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of urea and several other common additives on the gel temperature of a starch slurry such as would be used to produce the composition of a corrugating paste.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of urea and several other common combinations of additives on the gel temperature of a starch slurry, as present in the finished paste, i.e., carrier plus secondary mix.
In accordance with out invention, the carrier portion of the adhesive is composed of 1 part starch, about 3-5 parts water, and 0.5 to 4, preferably 1 to 3, or most preferably 2 to 2.5 parts urea. First, the starch is mixed with some or all of the water to form a stirrable slurry, about 2 parts water are usually sufficient for this purpose. The urea is then added, along with any remaining water, and the solution stirred to insure uniform distribution of the urea. Gelatinization will take place almost immediately. The gelled carrier is then diluted, if necessary, with enough additional water to make a pourable solution, and added to a secondary mix containing about 3 to 8 and preferably about 4 to 6 parts raw starch as well as enough water to give an overall starch concentration of about 15 to 35 percent by weight.
FIG. 1 shows how the gel temperature of a 20% starch slurry is affected by the addition of two peptizing agents, urea and caustic. Peptizing agents are chemicals which reduce the gel temperatures of starch slurries. Caustic is the only peptizing agent which has been used in the prior art to reduce the gel temperature of the carrier. Thus, the "caustic" curve in FIG. 1 shows the range of gel temperatures achievable in prior art carriers. The "urea" curve shows the range of gel temperatures which may be achieved with the carrier of the subject invention. It will be seen that at a 40% urea concentration, which corresponds to the preferred ratio of 2 parts urea per part of starch in the carrier, the starch will gel at room temperature.
Peptizing agents are not consumed in the reactions which produce lower starch gel temperatures. Thus, when such an agent is employed in the carrier, it affects the gel temperatures of both the carrier and secondary mix starches. The effect of the peptizing agent is a function of its concentration in the starch slurry. The higher the concentration of the agent, the greater will be the reduction in the gel temperature. It will be recalled that the relative proportions of carrier starch, raw starch, and water in the paste are fixed within fairly narrow limits by the viscosity and solids content requirements. Thus, when a quantity of peptizing agent is added to the carrier, dilution by the carrier results in its concentration in the finished paste being reduced to about 1/4 to 1/6 of what it is when gelling the carrier. The concentration of peptizing agent in the finished paste should reduce the gel temperature of the raw starch to 140�-155� F. if the adhesive is to be suitable for commercial corrugator operation; ideally, its concentration in the primary mix should place the gel temperature of the carrier starch at or near room temperature. Thus, the energy cost of cooking the carrier may ge avoided. As is shown in FIG. 1, urea has this desirable property.
FIG. 1 also includes the effects of several other common adhesive additives on gelatinization temperature. Borax is used to increase the stringiness and viscosity of the paste. Although it also slightly reduces the gel temperature of the starch, the effect levels off quickly and the presence of borax leads to very high viscosities and unacceptable bonds. Alum may be used in acid-curing resin pastes to reduce the pH of the system. As is shown in FIG. 1, the addition of alum increases the gel temperature of the starch slurry.
FIG. 2 shows how the gel temperature of a 20% starch slurry is affected by several combinations of adhesive additives. The ratios of ingredients are typical of those which occur in finished pastes. The borax/caustic combination is found in prior art domestic pastes, and the caustic/alum combination is found in the acidic water-resistant pastes known in the prior art. Borax is used in prior art domestic pastes to improve the texture (stringiness) of the adhesive and counteract the effects of caustic on its viscosity. A comparison of FIGS. 1 and 2 shows that the caustic/borax combination reduces the gel temperature of the slurry almost as efficiently as caustic alone. However, both borax and caustic are highly alkaline, so this combination cannot be used in acidic water-resistant pastes. Instead, a material, such as alum, is added to neutralize the caustic and provide desired acidity in the paste for optimum rate of cure. As is shown in FIG. 2, the caustic/alum combination actually raises the gel temperature of the starch slurry. Urea, on the other hand, is an effective peptizing agent at any pH. Thus, the "urea" curve in FIG. 2 shows the range of gel temperatures which may be achieved when our invention is incorporated in either an alkaline paste or an acidic paste.
The urea-based carrier of our invention is compatible with all common adhesive additives, including urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, melamine-urea-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, and ketone-aldehyde resins, polyvinyl acetate, and copolymers of vinyl acetate and ethylene. It reduces the gel temperature of a paste independent of its pH. Using our novel carrier, water-resistant corrugated board may be produced at about the same rate as domestic corrugated board. In plants which produce both varieties of board, our carrier may be incorporated in both paste formulations, reducing waste and eliminating the time and cost of cleaning the adhesive system during changeover.
As the drawings show, the gel temperature at a given starch level can be decreased by the addition of urea. The drawings show this relationship for a 20% slurry, a starch concentration which may be found in both carriers and finished pastes. The gel temperature of a starch slurry increases as its starch content decreases. However, over the range of starch levels desirable for corrugator operation, the graph of gel temperature versus urea concentration in essentially linear. Thus, the quantity of urea required to gel a carrier at about room temperature will also lower the gel temperature of the finished paste into the optimal range. The quantity required will be about 5-7% by weight on the total mix.
The adhesive produced by our invention has a gel temperature within the range of about 140�-155� F. It has a very short texture, which is advantageous for economical application levels. If a stringier texture is desired, it may be produced in accordance with prior art methods, for example, by briefly cooking the primary mix or by adding borax to the secondary mix. Since urea does not degrade the carrier starch as does caustic, paste made with our novel carrier is more viscous than a caustic paste containing the same amount of starch. Finally, adhesives incorporating our invention are generally less expensive per solid pound than caustic-derived or domestic pastes.
Various modifications and substitutions may be made in our composition without affecting the spirit of our invention. Thus, the temperature of the water used in the carrier may be anywhere in the 70�-100� F. range. The urea may advantageously be added either in solid form or as an aqueous solution. Cereal or root starches such as corn, rice, wheat, tapioca, or potato may be used; corn and wheat flours, which have proteinaceous constituents, have also been used successfully. "Amylaceous" has been used herein to described starches, flours, and other similar materials. A number of these variations are illustrated in the examples given below, but many other will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
A carrier is made according to the present invention by adding 450 parts of a 50% aqueous urea solution to a slurry containing 225 parts of water and 100 parts of pearl starch. The carrier is heated to 160� F. and agitated for 20 minutes until clear. It is then diluted to a pourable consistency with 500 parts of water.
For comparison, a standard caustic-derived carrier is made by adding 15.2 parts of caustic and 40 parts of water to a slurry containing 395 parts of water and 100 parts of pearl starch. This carrier is also heated to 160� F. and agitated for 20 minutes until clear. It is then diluted to a pourable consistency with 330 parts of water.
15.2 parts of caustic and 40 parts of water are added to the urea-based carrier, and 450 parts of a 50% urea solution is added to the standard carrier. The two solutions now contain identical ingredients in equal quantities, and may be compared for evidence of starch degradation. The standard carrier is pale yellow while the urea-based carrier is colorless, indicating greater degradation in the caustic-derived carrier. The viscosities of the two carriers, in centipoises, are as follows:
______________________________________Viscosity (cps)Temp. (� F.) Urea Caustic______________________________________140 440 340136 460 360120 505 376 78 800 600______________________________________
450 lbs. of 50% aqueous urea solution is added to a slurry containing 225 lbs. of water and 100 lbs. of pearl starch. This mixture, the carrier, is agitated until clear, about 15 minutes. The gelled carrier is diluted with 500 lbs. of water and then added to the secondary mix, which was prepared by mixing 1125 lbs. of water, 500 lbs. of pearl starch, and 16 lbs. of borax.
A standard domestic paste with a caustic-derived carrier is made for comparison with the paste in Example 2. The carrier is made by adding 16 lbs. of caustic dissolved in 42 lbs. of water to a slurry made by mixing 415 lbs. of water with 105 lbs. of pearl starch. The carrier is agitated for about 15 minutes and then diluted with 250 lbs. of water. The diluted carrier is then added to a secondary mix which was prepared by mixing 1500 lbs. of water, 500 lbs. of pearl starch, and 16 lbs. of borax.
Table 1 compares the properties of the urea-based adhesive discussed in Example 2 with those of the caustic-derived adhesive discussed in Example 3. It will be seen that the only significant difference is in the pH of the two adhesives, the urea-based paste being considerably less alkaline.
TABLE 1______________________________________Property Urea Caustic______________________________________Starch Solids (%) 18.1 18.7Viscosity (Stein-Hall sec) 35. 40.Gel Temp. (� F.) 142. 145.pH 9.0 12.5______________________________________
The two pastes were run on the same corrugator at commercially acceptable speeds using identical board components. Comparative board properties are listed in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________Property Urea Caustic______________________________________Short Column Crush (lb/in) 36.2 39Flat Crush (psi) 37.2 55Pin Adhesion, dry (lb/5 in2) 67.4 68______________________________________
A carrier mixed as in Example 2, but composed of 375 lbs. of water, 250 lbs. of pearl starch, and 1250 lbs. of a 50% aqueous urea solution, is diluted with 938 lbs. of water and added to a secondary mix containing 1250 lbs. of water, 1250 lbs. of pearl starch, and 185 lbs. of a 50% aqueous alum solution. A mixture of 1375 lbs. of a commercial ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (Elvace 1873) and 400 lbs. of a commercial polyvinyl acetate emulsion (National 25-1025 or an equivalent), is then added to the paste. The resulting adhesive may be used with resin-treated components to make rigid-when-wet corrugated board as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,275.
An acid-curing paste with a caustic-derived carrier is made for comparison with the paste described in Example 4. The carrier is made by adding 9.8 lbs. of caustic dissolved in 50 lbs. of water to a slurry made by mixing 768 lbs. of water with 261 lbs. of pearl starch. The carrier is heated to 160� F. and agitated for about 15 minutes and then diluted with 700 lbs. of water. The diluted carrier is then added to a secondary mix containing 1183 lbs. of water, 1256 lbs. of pearl starch, and 221 lbs. of a 50% aqueous alum solution. A mixture of 1468 lbs. of a commercial ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (Elvace 1873), 428 lbs. of a commercial polyvinyl acetate emulsion (National 25-1025 or an equivalent), and 4.5 lbs. of a commercial defoaming agent (Limit 33), is then added to the paste.
Table 3 compares the properties of the adhesive discussed in Examples 4 and 5. The urea-based adhesive of Example 4 has a considerably lower gel temperature.
TABLE 3______________________________________Property Urea Caustic______________________________________Starch Solids (%) 18.15 21Viscosity (Stein-Hall sec) 42 40Gel Temp. (� F.) 144 162pH 3.4 3.6______________________________________
The two pastes were run on the same corrugator using identical water-resistant board components. Comparative results are listed in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________Property Urea Caustic______________________________________Corrugator Speed (ft/min) 400+ 150-200Flat Crush (psi) 39 39Dry Pin (lb/5 in2) 121 101Wet Pin (lb/5 in2) 34 35______________________________________
A carrier is made by adding 400 lbs. of prilled urea to a slurry containing 1000 lbs. of water and 200 lbs. of pearl starch. The carrier is agitated and heated to 160� F. for 15 minutes by the injection of live steam. After this heating period, water is added to reach a total dilution, water plus condensed steam, of 433 lbs. It is then added to a secondary mix containing 2500 lbs. of water, 1667 lbs. of pearl starch, 22 lbs. of 5 mole borax, and 22 lbs. of ammonium sulfate. The adhesive is diluted with 316 lbs. of water. The resulting domestic paste has the following properties:
______________________________________Starch Solids (%) 25Viscosity (Stein-Hall sec) 50-60Gel Tem. (� F.) 145-150pH 8.0-8.5______________________________________
A carrier composed of 834 lbs. of water, 550 lbs. of a 35% aqueous pearl starch slurry and 875 lbs. of a 50% aqueous urea solution is agitated and heated to 160� F. for 20 minutes by the injection of live steam. After this heating period, water is added to reach a total dilution, water plus condensed steam, of 133 lbs. The diluted carrier is then added to a secondary mix containing 4582 lbs. of a 35% aqueous starch slurry and 33 lbs. of borax. The adhesive is then diluted with 178 lbs. of water. The resulting domestic paste has the following properties:
______________________________________Starch Solids (%) 25Viscosity (Stein-Hall sec) 50-60Gel Temp. (� F.) 145-150pH 8.5-9.0______________________________________
A carrier composed of 116 parts of water, 30 parts of wheat flour, and 30 parts of prilled urea is added to a secondary mix containing 220 parts of water, 120 parts of wheat flour, and 3 parts of borax dissolved in 50 parts of water. The resulting flour paste has the following properties:
______________________________________Flour Solids (%) 24Viscosity (Stein-Hall sec) 30Gel Temp. (� F.) 148pH 8.0______________________________________
Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to a novel carrier for corrugating adhesives, an adhesive composition for corrugated paperboard which incoporates this carrier, and a process for preparing corrugating adhesives. The carrier of our invention can reduce the gel temperature of the raw starch in a corrugating adhesive to within the range of about 140�-155� F. independent of the pH of the adhesive. This carrier comprises 1 part amylaceous material, between about 3 and 5 parts water, and between about 0.5 and 4 parts urea. The adhesive composition comprises between about 3 and 8 parts ungelatinized amylaceous material carried in a state of relatively uniform and permanent suspension by the carrier of our invention. The adhesive composition may further comprise polyvinyl acetate and a copolymer of vinyl acetate and ethylene wherein the weight ratio of copolymer to polyvinyl acetate is about 1.5 to 5.7 and the combined amount of copolymer and polyvinyl acetate is about 0.15 to 2 parts per part of starch. The process of preparing this adhesive composition comprises forming a carrier portion by gelatinizing amylaceous material in an aqueous urea solution and mixing this carrier portion with a slurry containing ungelatinized amylaceous material and water. The resulting adhesive composition comprises about one part of gelatinized amylaceous material, between about 3 and 8 parts of ungelatinized amylaceous material, between about 0.5 and 4 parts urea, and between about 15 and 30 parts water. This composition is adapted for use as a bonding agent for corrugated paperboard upon being subjected to heat in situ.
The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 14, 1962
|Nov 8, 1966
|Nat Starch Chem Corp
|Amylose-based corrugating adhesives
|Jul 12, 1972
|Apr 17, 1973
|Chaudhuri D Ray
|Alkaline-curing corrugating adhesive
|Apr 25, 1974
|Oct 5, 1976
|International Paper Company
|Acid type starch adhesive composition
|May 19, 1975
|Feb 22, 1977
|National Starch And Chemical Corporation
|Starch-based alkaline curing corrugating adhesives containing, as crosslinking agent, the reaction product of a ketone, formaldehyde and a secondary amine
|Feb 23, 1976
|Jul 5, 1977
|Anheuser-Busch, Incorporated
|Water resistant corrugating adhesive containing aminohydroxy compound
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 27, 1981
|Nov 16, 1982
|Harper-Love Adhesives Corporation
|Starch based adhesives and method therefor
|Feb 12, 1985
|May 6, 1986
|Ogilvie Mills Ltd.
|Modified wheat "B" starch for corrugating adhesives
|Feb 22, 1985
|Feb 17, 1987
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Preparation of aqueous ketone resin or ketone/aldehyde resin dispersions, and production of surface-coating binders
|Dec 28, 1989
|Jan 26, 1993
|Honshu Paper Co., Ltd.
|High-concentration starch adhesive
|Mar 29, 1994
|Oct 3, 1995
|Cooperatieve Verkoop-En Productievereneniging
|Process for preparing a hot-melt adhesive composition, a hot-melt adhesive composition and articles made by using the same
|Oct 25, 2000
|Feb 17, 2004
|The Quaker Oats Company
|Method of reducing migration of aldehyde compounds in packaging
|Dec 22, 2003
|Jun 23, 2005
|Weyerhaeuser Company
|Paper product and method of making
|Dec 22, 2003
|Jun 23, 2005
|Weyerhaeuser Company
|Paper product and method of making field
|May 28, 2003
|Nov 10, 2005
|Stofko John I
|Adhesive compositions for bonding lignocellulosic materials, bonding methods and apparatus, and bonded articles
|May 28, 2003
|Dec 11, 2003
|Stofko John I
|Adhesive compositions for bonding lignocellulosic materials, bonding methods and apparatus, and bonded articles
|U.S. Classification
|524/47, 524/596, 428/533, 524/560, 106/214.2, 524/598, 428/186, 524/592
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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So how can an organization know if the challenge it is facing is Big Data or just lots of data?
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With some of the biggest names in tech leading the charge, open source technology is set to change the way we process, stream and analyze data. ... More >>
Data only becomes a meaningful and valuable asset when organizations can transform it into actionable insights. ... More >>
Leveraging the right kinds of apps can make for a cohesive business ecosystem, valuable in increasing productivity, streamlining business processes, and instilling creativity overall. ... More >>


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Do you think tracking passengers via their mobile phones is a good idea?
Relevant offers
Helsinki's airport will be the world's first to track passengers to within feet, a plan being hailed as a technological breakthrough - and drawing scrutiny from privacy advocates.
Sensors will monitor all mobile phones with Wi-Fi access turned on from parking lot to takeoff, helping to observe crowding and prevent bottlenecks at the two-terminal airport which 15 million fliers pass through a year.
Passengers opting in through an application will also receive offers from shops and restaurants, as well as gate and flight information.
While the technology has clear benefits, companies must tread carefully to adopt it as such systems can be perceived as enabling the monitoring of unwary people.
US-based retailer Nordstrom ended a tracking test last year after a backlash from disgruntled customers.
"The fact that my movements are tracked is a scarier thought than someone knowing which websites I visit," Antti Tikkanen, director of security response at software maker F- Secure, said in an phone interview.
"I have a hard time believing location tracking is only left at statistics when the same technology makes so many other things possible."
Walkbase, based in Espoo, Finland, is providing the indoor-positioning system for the airport.
Such systems are being deployed more widely as physical shops seek to remove a disadvantage against online retailers who are more advanced in analysing the digital traces left by customers.
The Helsinki airport operator, Finavia, won't see any personal information about the user or the device as all data stays in an aggregated form, said Tuomas Wuoti, chief executive officer of closely held Walkbase.
The software also discards the unique identifiers of devices after pulling out the necessary data, he said.
About 150 white boxes the size of a Web router are set up around the airport to collect the unique identifier number called the MAC address from devices searching for Wi-Fi networks. They then scramble the information and send it onward to servers.
"We're looking at great paybacks from this investment," Heikki Koski, vice president in charge of new services at Finavia, said in an interview. "We can manage the airport better, we can predict where bottlenecks might come and analyze everything more thoroughly."
Privacy concerns mean earning passengers' trust is "extremely important" to Finavia and the anonymous monitoring respects customers' privacy, Koski said.
Citing experience from retailers and initial trials at the airport, Walkbase expects about 60 to 70 per cent of people to leave their Wi-Fi access on, making predictive analytics possible.
"It's not that interesting to know whether there are 100 or 150 people somewhere," Wuoti said in an interview at the airport as afternoon traffic was steadily picking up pace. "What's interesting is to understand will it be congested."
While similar systems are used at parts of other airports, Helsinki will be the first one with full pinpoint coverage throughout its premises, Wuoti said.
The initial tracking system is in place, and the airport is adding the capability for marketing messages to people who opt in via their application of choice, such as that of an airline or retailer. The airport has 35 shops, including fashion, electronics and food stores, and 32 restaurants and cafes.
The complete system, in place by the end of the year, may allow a delicacy shop to alert those walking by about a reindeer jerky offer or tell a traveller to Tokyo that there's just enough time for sushi before she needs to start walking to the gate.
"When people are coming in they might be newcomers to the airport," Koski said. "It's good to know you have that extra 15 minutes to look for something for your spouse or your family."
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Weekend weather warnings: gales and rain up north and snow down south


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Updated: Saturday, July 30, 2016 at 16:25:01 (EDT)


text:
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Restate \Re*state"\ (r?*st?t"), verb (used with an object) To state anew. --Palfrey.
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
1: to say, state, or perform again; "She kept reiterating her request" [syn: {repeat}, {reiterate}, {ingeminate}, {iterate}, {restate}, {retell}]
This man is DANGEROUS. He is a pathological LIAR. He is INDIFFERENT to the TRUTH, FACTS, EVIDENCE and PROOF. Those are the CORNERSTONES of JUSTICE. Those are the FIRST PRINCIPLES of SCIENCE. This is a glaring EXAMPLE of a NARCISSISTIC SELF-AGGRANDIZING EXAGGERATION. This is two blatant LIES in 18 seconds. The first LIE: "Nobody KNOWS the SYSTEM BETTER than me." That is a blatant LIE. There are many EXPERTS who KNOW the SYSTEM much BETTER than Donald Trump. Then he says, "Which is why I alone CAN fix it." That's NOT TRUE. Most likely he CANNOT fix it. There are others who CAN. That's two blatant LIES in 18 seconds.


text:
Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.04 / 5.00 846 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.97 / 5.00 2,189 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.93 / 5.00 2,209 Views
lol a bit suggestive but I like it tim remind sme of sly copper from sly the video game a lil bit.
well done, and very cute! I enjoy seeing cartoons that are still cartoons without so much internet randomness (not that i don't totally dig internet randomness, i'm just saying i appreciate the slow cute pace of this)
It Was Good :)
They need to buy some emergency lamps instead of candles, just my opinion '___'
Nice animation


text:
Even though we ARE Nikon lovers,we are NOT affiliated with Nikon Corp. in any way.
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Mystic, US
416 posts
"RE: Nikon D800 - why I decided NOT to upgrade"
>>In essence you need good techniques, some thought as to settng>up the camera for what you are photographing, and higher end>gear to get the "best" the camera is capable of.In over 50 years of photography I have never owned a camera where this advice did not apply! I must confess that, over the years, more of my images have suffered from lack of enough "thought" than any technical limits of the tools. I expect that will be true as well for the D800 if (more likely, when) I decide to get one.


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Thread below the Gardening Thread: Little Bloodsuckers [KT]
This Just In: Bad Guys Commit Crimes...Good Guys Don't [CBD]
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Good News: They've Made a Whole New Category of Sexy Slinky Lingerie
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« Benghazi Whistleblower: Nearby Rapid-Reaction Troops Were Told to Stand Down | Main | Texas and California and Oil »
May 06, 2013
Obama Graduation Address at Ohio State: Damn, I Love Government
Apologies for lifting the "Damn,..." joke from Hot Air.
The era of Big Government is wonderful.
: Unfortunately, you've grown up hearing voices that incessantly warn of government as nothing more than some separate, sinister entity that's at the root of all our problems. Some of these same voices also do their best to gum up the works. They'll warn that tyranny always lurking just around the corner. You should reject these voices. Because what they suggest is that our brave, and creative, and unique experiment in self-rule is somehow just a sham with which we can't be trusted.
I seem to remember a lot of concern expressed by the Founders who gave ups this "unique experiment in self-rule" about the omnipresent threat of tyranny and a government that rules a people rather than the other way 'round.
It should be noted that the government isn't much in the business anymore of acting as a collective pool for national accomplishment. By which I mean: Going to the Moon is obviously something none of us could have achieved ourselves, but we authorized the government, with our dollars, to make that happen.
Obama talks in vague terms which seem to suggest such matters but his chief concern is using government as a catspaw by which to extract money from Citizen A and give those dollars (minus the bureaucrats' vig) to Citizen B.
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text:
|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is Sir Jasper's relation to Phyllida Talent?
2. Where does Lucifer leave the letter Horatio Welham writes?
3. How young is Phyllida Tallent when she loses her mother?
4. What does the reader come to know about the Colyton Import business?
5. What does Phyllida Tallent feel about her relationship with Lucifer as chapter 10 comes to an end?
Short Essay Questions
1. Why does Lucifer keeps the information from Sir Jasper about Phyllida Tallent's presence at the manor ?
2. Describe Phyllida Tallent's feelings towards Lucifer as seen towards the end of chapter two.
3. Describe what happens when Lucifer visits Colyton and goes to Horatio Welham's manor.
4. What happens to Phyllida Tallent when Lucifer runs into her in the woods?
5. Why does Lucifer travel to his friend and mentor's house in Colyton?
6. What is the similarity between Phyllida Tallent and Lucifer?
7. Why is Lucifer delighted to see Phyllida Tallent at the church?
8. How does Lucifer know that Phyllida Tallent is present at the manor and at the murder spot when he is unconscious?
9. What is the symbolism of the garden at the manor?
10. What is the shift in Lucifer's idea of love and marriage as seen in chapters eight and nine?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Give a detailed account of the writing technique used by the author to describe how Lucifer and Phyllida Tallent carry out the murder investigation. Why does the author present it in this fashion? Does this writing technique add or take away from the story? Support your response with specific references to the novel.
Essay Topic 2
The men in "All about love" are powerful men in all senses of the world - physically and mentally, sexually and socially. Explain.
Essay Topic 3
The author makes use of "nature" throughout the novel. Can you site a few instances of how she draws a parallel between nature and her characters?
This section contains 840 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)


text:
Prolimatech Samuel 17 Low Profile CPU Cooler
The Prolimatech Samuel 17 CPU Cooler
Just like in the story of David versus Goliath, when I pulled the cooler out of the packaging my first thought was "aww look, it's so cute" and I chuckled to myself, just as Goliath did to David. From this side you can see the large aluminum pre-cooler that holds the six, 6mm heatpipes. These Nickel coated, copper pipes then make a sharp return into the thirty-nine, thick aluminum fins.
Looking at the end of the pipes in the thick bracket shows they are placed evenly on termination. While they use only thirty-seven regular fins, both of the fan brackets are mounted to the pipes and will draw heat away as well.
The opposing side looks the same as the other, only the pipes and shorter fins are reversed. That notch at the left, in some installs, will allow for RAM to sit underneath if need be. You can see the offset is heavier to the left and the notch is an excellent addition to such a compact cooler to fit even easier for any situation.
The other mounting bracket is the first thing the heat pipes will radiate to and these being about twice as thick as the fins, they should actually help out in cooling. The pipes get their initial stress from their soldered position between the base plate and the pre-cooler sections.
The mounts on either side of the fins are made for mounting a 120mm fan and this should give you a much better perspective of just how small the cooler actually is. With the fans mounted position you can see that just over the memory notch in the fins, the fan will blow down over the top of them. If the cooler needs oriented a little different in your build, the chipset or phase area can benefit from this extra air flow.
The actual base material is copper and is milled level, but has a curved texture of lines in the base. Again, just like when I looked at the Megahalems, there is a warning on their site about definitely not condoning lapping the base. The four holes at the top and bottom are used for pins in the legs for the mounting hardware, the others for the screws to secure them.
Here is my silent contender for testing, a Lian Li, 60 CFM fan. For the high speed testing I used a Yate Loon, high speed fan capable of around 88 CFM, but it is much louder under 12 volt power.
With four of the provided screws, I mounted the 25mm thick fan atop the Samuel 17. This 120mm fan has no issues covering this cooler from side to side, either way you approach it.
While the fan more than covers the fins from this angle, there is a rather large area of dead space behind the fan hub. On a tower cooler it is less of an issue, but here the area affects around 20% of the surface area. At the top, the overhang of the fan allows for extra air flow to the surrounding components.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
United States: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon's website.
United Kingdom: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon UK's website.
Canada: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon Canada's website.
- Page 1 [Introduction]
- Page 2 [Specifications, Availability and Pricing]
- Page 3 [Packaging]
- Page 4 [The Prolimatech Samuel 17 CPU Cooler]
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- Seagate unveils the industry's broadest 10TB portfolio
- G.SKILL announces a major software update for the RIPJAWS KM780 RGB mechanical gaming keyboard


text:
Selecting a client certificate
Selecting a client certificate
Published 07/29/1999
Selecting a client certificate
A Multicast Wrapper Class
Detecting and terminating aborted TCP/IP connections
Multithreaded Telnet Server - Chess Game Example
Shutting down workstations
Virtual Host Proxy Server
It's essential to know the differences in these libraries and use them correctly. This brief tutorial will guide you.
Fear not, Tuple lovers. This much-maligned data type is still in use today.
Create a Tic Tac Toe game with Visual Basic. I hope you will agree on how easy it is to do.
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are where you have to be. It's not a matter of if as much as a matter of which.


text:
Palestine Newswire
Comprehensive Real-Time News Feed for Palestine, TX.
Results 1 - 1 of 1 for "u:click2houston.com" in Palestine, TX
EU: West Bank, Golan goods aren't 'from Israel' w/Photo
In a decision that has been hotly debated for three years or so, the European Commission -- the EU's executive arm -- decided Wednesday that products from the territories taken by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War can no longer be sold in the 28-country EU as having come from Israel. The decision outraged the Israeli government and settlers living in those territories. Comment?
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Dr. Yasutaka Kuwahara, Keita Tsuji, Dr. Tetsutaro Ohmichi, Dr. Takashi Kamegawa, Dr. Kohsuke Mori and Prof. Dr. Hiromi Yamashita Waste-Slag Hydrocalumite and Derivatives as Heterogeneous Base Catalysts ChemSusChem 5
Version of Record online: 22 JUN 2012 | DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100814
All your slag are belong to us: A Ca-based layered double hydroxide, hydrocalumite, and its derivatives synthesized from waste iron-making slag are useful heterogeneous base catalysts for multiple chemical reactions, including the Knoevenagel condensation, the oxidation of alkylaromatics with O2, transesterification, and CO2 fixation (see scheme). Slag-derived impurities effectively act either as active sites or catalyst promoters.
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Douglas R. Graves was born in Denver, Colorado. He began his art education in California, at Los Angeles City College, and continued his training at the American Academy of Art in Chicago. After graduation, he became an instructor of figure drawing and illustration at the Academy. Mr. Graves now make his home in Riverside, California. He is presently associated with Portraits, Inc. in New York City. Mr. Graves also does illustration and has worked on books in the Basic Reader Series for Scott Foresman and Co. Mr. Graves' paintings, which include a wide variety of subjects, as well as commissioned portraits, are found in many private collections in the United States, South America, and Europe. His work has been exhibited in numerous shows both here and abroad and has won him many honors.
Drawing Portraitsby Douglas R. Graves
View All Available Formats & Editions
Focuses on the sitter's head: its proportions and planes, and the structure of the individual feature plus the bone structure, muscles, and proportions of the hand, Includes many step-by-step demonstrations.
Focuses on the sitter's head: its proportions and planes, and the structure of the individual feature plus the bone structure, muscles, and proportions of the hand, Includes many step-by-step demonstrations.
Product Details
- 9780823014309
- Publisher:
- Crown Publishing Group
- Publication date:
- 10/01/1974
- Pages:
- 160
Meet the Author
Customer Reviews
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Drawing Portraits based on 0 ratings. 2 reviews.
I requested this book for Christmas of 2002 when I was 12 and it was a big mistake. I'm 15 now and I don't use it as a reference at all. I'm a fairly experienced artist but, it was quite complicated. It was out of date and very boring. I would recommend not getting this book, and to find a book published more recently!
Drawing Portraits is a great title that goes into detail with chalk, conte, pencil, as well as charcoal! Graves' technique is actually very simple (and quite useful to the visual learners) and allows the artist to see human forms in simple shapes. The illustrations are quite amusing and detailed (especially the chalk illustrations)and are broken down into various steps. Futhermore, the hands and nose are greatly emphasized and are also aided with great tutorials. But, if you have already developed a style to your liking, then you would basically find his methods rather useless. But other than that, I would recommend this book to beginning artists in search of a useful method in drawing portraits.


text:
Prince William to whisk Kate away on £4,000-a-night tropical honeymoon in the Indian Ocean
They may have delayed the honeymoon but it will be worth the wait for the Royal newlyweds - it has been revealed that Prince William will be whisking his new bride to a secret hideaway in the Indian Ocean for a ten-day holiday later this month.
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge will stay in an exclusive villa that costs £4,000-a-night and is located on one of the most beautiful and romantic islands in the world.
The Mail can reveal that the Duke and Duchess are due to fly out by private jet in mid-May before being taken by helicopter from the mainland to the tropical retreat.
And they're orf: Kate and William at Buckingham Palace on Saturday before flying by helicopter for their 'mini-moon'
Two Scotland Yard protection officers checked the destination a fortnight ago to ensure it would give the couple the privacy they crave. The Mail is not publishing details of the location, and it is understood that not even Kate is aware of the exact destination.
The resort, which is surrounded by coconut groves, offers almost complete isolation. Its white sand beaches are bathed by crystal-clear turquoise waters and are a sanctuary for sea turtles.
Only a handful of luxury villas are dotted across the island. Hand-crafted out of local wood, each has an open-air bathroom area with sunken bath and shower, a private garden and a wooden deck with freshwater rock pool and yoga pavilion.
There is a butler on hand in every villa, and a personal chef will conjure up a daily menu based on freshly-caught fish and whatever delicacies the couple wish.
The area is an eco-haven and while snorkelling, kayaking or diving are encouraged, its tranquillity is preserved with a ban on jet skis and similar watersports.
Not even Kate is aware of where the couple will be going for their honeymoon but it is understood to be an exclusive island in the Indian Ocean (file picture)
A source said: 'It's one of the most incredible places you will ever visit and Kate will have the time of her life. It's everything you could want from a honeymoon destination and more – beautiful beaches, tropical seas and complete privacy.
'The prince's protection officers flew out two and half weeks ago to check it out and their villa has been booked and confirmed.
'It's a real Robinson Crusoe kind of place. There are some beautiful hikes, but if you can't be bothered to walk a golf cart will transport you. They will also deliver you a picnic with ice-cold drinks.
'If you fancy some company there is a little beach bar and a restaurant. Most people, however, prefer to eat meals brought by the butler on the privacy of their deck while watching the sunset.'
The couple were seen taking off from Buckingham Palace on Saturday and speculation that their honeymoon had been cancelled over security fears was downplayed
Over the weekend the Duke and Duchess have been enjoying a 'mini-moon' at a mystery location in the UK. They flew in the Queen's helicopter from Buckingham Palace on Saturday for a two-night break.
Clarence House refused to reveal their destination, or issue official pictures of the honeymooners. Previous royal newlyweds, including Prince Charles and Princess Diana and the Queen and Prince Philip, all posed for photographers.
The secrecy sparked a nationwide guessing game with alleged sightings of the couple from the Isles of Scilly to North East Scotland.
A Clarence House spokesman said last night: 'The couple have asked the media to respect the privacy of their honeymoon, therefore we can neither confirm or deny speculation.'
Like everyone else he works with, Prince William had to apply to take time off before the wedding
The couple were seen flying from Buckingham Palace for their 'mini-moon' in a helicopter
But on their return, just four months after the wedding, the couple face a ten-week separation as William is sent to the Falkland Isles to further his helicopter training.
Partners are banned from joining those serving in the South Atlantic, so Kate is unable to travel with William to the remote post.
Kate is said to have been
disappointed by the news. 'They have known about the Falklands for
several weeks, but Kate was very upset when she first heard,' a source told the Sun.
'It is an awful way to start married life, especially hard because it destroys the first magic of being together.
'William could probably pull some
strings and get out of going. But he is determined to be treated like
any other search and rescue pilot.'
William, a flight lieutenant in the
RAF's Search and Rescue squad, is to be sent to the Falklands to fly a
Sea King helicopter, completing training that will allow him to be
promoted from co-pilot to pilot, a move he is determined to make.
suggest that William is keen to focus on his RAF career, to the extent
that he may even be trying to gain enough flying time to be considered
for a combat role in Afghanistan, although this is a move that may be
blocked due to his status.
It was widely expected that the couple would be going on honeymoon this week after their wedding on Friday. But at the weekend it was announced that the Duke would be returning to work tomorrow at RAF Valley on Anglesey before the trip.
Despite his status as second in line to the throne he had to apply for leave like his colleagues. He was given a week off for the wedding but was told that he would have to split any further holiday requests – hence the delayed departure date.
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Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.04 / 5.00 1,429 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.98 / 5.00 2,398 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.93 / 5.00 3,745 Views
very awsome
Perhaps...Anal beads?
Not bad
Lol a good laugh and a half
coo coo
Yoshi's Island!!!!!!
can't stop laughing it's well done


text:
Everton midfielder Bryan Oviedo is refusing to let his double leg break scupper his FIFA World Cup dreams.
Oviedo underwent an operation on his left leg on Monday to repair the double fracture he sustained when he made what appeared to be a routine tackle during Saturday's FA Cup fourth-round clash at Stevenage.
The 23-year-old is now facing a race against time to prove his fitness for Costa Rica ahead of the World Cup later this year but is determined to be in Brazil for the showpiece.
"Ever since it happened, I've been thinking about the World Cup," Oviedo told the club's official website.
"I have to remain calm but, in the hands of God, I will be ready for it.
"If I am back in time for the finals, then great. But, if not, then the world won't stop turning. I have already missed a tournament through injury before.
"You learn from experiences like this. You take knocks in life but the key is to be strong and to fight back."
Oviedo has confessed that he does not plan to watch footage of the incident that resulted in his serious injury.
He added: "I have tried to stay strong and positive but I don't want to watch the video of the incident.
"I don't think I will ever want to see it."
Everton's head of medical services, Danny Donachie, told the club's website that Oviedo's surgery had gone well.
"Bryan's surgery was a big success and he is in a comfortable and stable condition," said Donachie.
"He fractured his tibia and his fibula and they were displaced, so we weren't able to put them back into place until Monday. He had surgery when a rod was put through his tibia, which means he will come back stronger than before.
"It was a clean break and that means that there are no pieces of bone. Sometimes when there are small fragments of bone in the area, it can be difficult to deal with. But these are clean breaks, so they will put the bones back into position and it will heal well from there.
"We will be working hard to get him back as quickly as we can."
Everton, meanwhile, have recalled defender Luke Garbutt from a loan spell at Colchester.
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|Heidel quashes Meyer to Liverpool as ´nonsense´
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text:
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The Rollerblade Macroblade 80 ALU Inline Skates are great recreational skates when you want something to cruise around in. These skates have lots of great features to keep you comfortable, rolling fast and performing at your best.The Aluminum Frame is ... Read More
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The Bladerunner Performa ABT inline skates are a great quality skate with loads of features geared towards the beginner to intermediate skater. The Performa ABT has a stylish look and is fast and comfortable. Bladerunner products are built with everyt... Read More
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The Rollerblade Maxxum 84 Urban Inline Skates combine a fusion of superior lateral support, comfortable padded liners, and a versatile wheel setup that can be used for commuting, cruising, or training. The vented, molded hard shell provides plenty of s... Read More
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Designed to get people started in inline skating and then on to the next level comes the Roces Flos skates. This skate is made with glass fiber reinforced HQ polypropylene that makes this a lightweight and comfortable skate. An orthopedical footbed w... Read More
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It's important to keep that head protected and there's nothing quite like the stylish protection, comfortable and cool Rollerblade Workout Helmet. This helmet will keep you looking good even when you're building a sweat. And to combat that sweat you'll... Read More
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The K2 VO2 Max Skate Helmet is a great helmet to keep your head protected and comfortable when you're out skating. Featuring an in-mold construction and a micro-adjust fit system, the VO2 Max is lightweight and can easily be customized to fit you so t... Read More
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The K2 X-Trainer inline skate wrist guard is not only a high performance piece of protective gear but this inline skate wrist guard is comfortable thanks to CoolMax a moisture wicking fabric. Add in a long elastic strap and reflective panels the XT Wri... Read More
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The Billabong Launch Zip Hoodie has a front zip closure with covered placket, securing your core warmth. The Launch Zip Hoodie has jacked-up styling and is well-suited to add generous warmth. The large patch lower front pockets make it easy to carry ... Read More
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The Bladerunner Formula 82 Inline Skates are sleek and stylish that combine performance with comfort, support and value. Bladerunner products are built with everything that counts for comfort, performance and durability backed by the trusted Rollerblad... Read More
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If you're new to inline skating or it's been a while since you've put on a pair of skates, the Bladerunner Pro 80 Inline Skates are a good beginner/entry level skate. A first skate needs to have several features that you need to really enjoy inline ska... Read More
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Safety is always important when inline skating. The Rollerblade Bladegear XT Elbow Pads are going to help protect your elbows for when danger shows itself. Anatomically designed fit elbows perfectly and to protect them from impact. ... Read More
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The K2 X-Trainer inline skate wrist guard is not only a high performance piece of protective gear but this inline skate wrist guard is comfortable thanks to CoolMax a moisture wicking fabric. Add in a long elastic strap and reflective panels the XT Wri... Read More
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Perfect for those workouts and leisurely laps around the park, the K2 FIT Belt gives you the ease and convenience of carrying some small items without slowing you down. You'll have a zippered phone pocket so you're never too far from your lifeline and... Read More
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The women's Endless Freeze Tank from Columbia is perfect for any aerobic activity. Omni-FREEZE ZERO is a sweat activated super cooling technology that works to keep you comfortable and cool. The Omni-WICK technology in the fabric disperses moisture acr... Read More
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The Columbia Inner Luminosity Hoodie is the perfect layer for those morning walks and cool summer nights . The cotton/polyester blend fabric has 2-way comfort stretch so it's super cozy and lightweight. A modest v-neck and bold burnout stripes, with ju... Read More
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Stay cool on and off the trail with the Columbia Trail Shaker shirt. Moisture wicking technology quickly wicks away moisture, keeping you cool and dry all day long. And because it's made of a soft cotton/polyester blend fabric and boasts some pretty co... Read More
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{boxId:"comparec1d6cf8ffda6e2bd7f06d875f5", id:"257367P"}


text: Felina Celine Demi Contour Bustier 8118 Archive October is Here – and So is Breast Cancer Awareness Month! Have You Had Your Parfait Today? The Latest Fantasie Swimwear is Here! What's the Best Bra for Running a Marathon? A Few of My Favorite Things: Bras Edition How Does Lingerie Help You Feel Better about Your Body? Plus Size Strapless Bras and Different Types of Bras for All Occasions The Full Cup Bra That Could Aviana Plus Size Bras Heidi Klum Intimates Now at Big Girls Bras


text: Nigga Story Ft. Tairey{Prod. By Pete Rock} by ItsNormanDean published on 2014-01-16T21:39:35Z 6th Installment Of The Popular Growing Series #TeamEpicThursday Brought To You By Norman Dean And Tairey Genre norman dean Comment by Slicc Of MCM this shit is dope!! come peep the page. 2014/01/22 23:32:32 +0000 Comment by illi Nice flow! this song is tight 2014/01/22 03:50:29 +0000


text:
Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.03 / 5.00 1,118 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.97 / 5.00 2,315 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.93 / 5.00 2,879 Views
pretty good for only 18 days.
i like how the situation suddenly turned bad lol.
btw thats got to be the richest cab driver ever
You gotta be rich to have as much oregano as he does.
I loved it!
There's a bag in the back seat, it's full of... iregono, just throw it out the window XD That was my favorite part, the animation was alright so was the drawing, I liked the voice acting, keep up the good work ^^
awesome movie here
that guy is so funny that he asked good questions
Nice voices, concept and story are cool.


text: I feel our visit to Spruce Pine was really wonderful, but my reviews of the restaurants are not so positive. When I go on vacation I really like to have some good eats. Tokyo Restaurant was a last minute selection after the July 4th parade, which was fun. We just wanted some quick, good wok work. My Kumpo Chicken was... More


text:
Oil spill spotted on New York City's Pepacton Reservoir
5/2/12 - 9:20 pm
Above: The Pepacton Reservoir seen from satellite imagery. The East Delaware Aqueduct begins on the southern edge of the reservoir, a few miles east of the Downsville dam. Image via Google Maps. For a map of the New York City watershed infrastructure, see this link.
In today's Walton Reporter: An oil spill was spotted last Sunday on the Pepacton Reservoir, near the East Delaware Tunnel intake chamber.
When questioned about the spill on Tuesday, the Reporter writes, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection said they had it under control:
"On Sunday, April 29, 2012, DEP Police discovered a potential oil spill in Pepacton Reservoir during routine helicopter surveillance operations and immediately dispatched staff to the site to investigate," DEP's Mercedes Padilla stated by email. "After quick action, such as deploying booms to contain the spill, DEP determined that the situation is not a threat to the water supply."
Questioned by the Watershed Post today, Padilla gave us the same quote, and repeated what the agency told the Walton Reporter:
- The spill is no more than approximately 100 square feet in surface area in the 6,400 acre reservoir (approximately 278,784,000 square feet).
- DEP is working with its emergency response contractor to conduct more extensive underwater investigations in order to guide further actions.
- DEP Police conducted a side scan sonar investigation and dropped underwater cameras to the bottom of the reservoir in an attempt to locate the source, but no objects, vessels or containers were detected.
- DEP has increased its water sampling and analysis in response to this incident.
- As part of the normal water supply operations, no water has been diverted from Pepacton Reservoir since April 19, 2012.
The Reporter's Glenn Graves wrote that on Monday, neither Colchester supervisor Ted Fonda (who resigned this week) nor Delaware County Director of Emergency Services Richard Bell had been told of the spill.
Reached by phone today, Fonda told us that he noticed DEP activity on the reservoir this week.
"It couldn't have been a very large spill," he said. "If it was a major spill, the boats would have been all over the place."
Fonda said there were booms placed in a ring around the spill, and the water had no obvious oily sheen.
"Maybe 30 or 40 feet around. They were kind of an oblong shape, kind of like a hot dog," he said. "[When you see oil spilled on water] it's very obvious, it has that purple glimmer. Either they cleaned it up or it was so minor you couldn't see it."
From the size of the spill -- roughly 100 square feet, according to the DEP -- it was likely a very small amount. One gallon of oil can spread across hundreds of square feet of water.
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