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We suggest a new type of efficient light-trapping structures for thin-film solar cells based on arrays of planar nanoantennas operating far from their plasmon resonances. The operation principle of our structures relies on the excitation of collective modes of the nanoantenna arrays whose electric field is localized between the adjacent metal elements. We calculate a substantial enhancement of the short-circuit photocurrent for photovoltaic layers as thin as 100–150 nm. We compare our light-trapping structures with conventional anti-reflecting coatings and demonstrate that our design approach is more efficient. We show that it may provide a general background for different types of broadband light-trapping structures compatible with large-area fabrication technologies for thin-film solar cells.
© 2013 osa
1. Introduction
Recent extensive studies of thin-film solar cells (TFSC) aim for the production of large-area panels harvesting solar energy. Prospective TFSCs imply their implementation on flexible substrates compatible with the roll-to-roll processing [1]. Such solar cells are characterized by a very small amount of purified semiconductor per unit area [2] which reduces the cost being useful also for ecology due to small amount of toxic waste [2, 3].
To fabricate efficient solar cells with a very small thickness, a conventional anti-reflecting coating (ARC) should be replaced by a light-trapping structure, since ARC cannot prevent the transmission of light through a very thin photovoltaic (PV) layer. This transmission results in energy loss and in substrate heating, which leads to an additional reduction of the solar cell efficiency [2, 3]. A light-trapping structure (LTS) is a structure capable to reduce both the reflection from a solar cell and transmission through its PV layer. We believe that the future progress in the physics and applications of TFSCs depends on the development of novel types of light-trapping structures [4].
Many suggestions for LTS are based on photonic crystals [5–8], optically dense arrays of semiconductor protrusions [9–11]), and plasmonic manostructures [4]. LTS based on photonic crystals are attractive for crystalline solar cells but they are hardly compatible with the roll-to-roll technologies. Optically dense arrays of relatively high pyramidal or conical protrusions from the PV layer are compatible with amorphous materials, however these structures can hardly be referred as LTS. The array of prolate protrusions with mutually touching bases are optically dense. Therefore they are equivalent to an effectively continuous medium with a vertical gradient of refractive index [11]. This gradient offers the suppression of reflection and not the light trapping. In other words, such structures operate as anti-reflecting coatings. The transmission through the PV layer is prevented in them only because the total optical thickness of the effective PV medium (both flat part and protrusions) does not meet the criteria of TFSC – it is sufficient for the total decay of the incident wave across it.
Some LTS are performed as regular plasmonic gratings located in the bulk of the structure (usually in between the photovoltaic layer and the substrate) [4, 12, 13]. Their functionality is similar to that of the semiconductor facets (textured coatings), conventionally used in wafer solar cells [3]. These gratings can convert the incident plane wave into waveguide modes propagating along the optically thin PV layer. The operation of facets in the PV layer obeys certain basic restrictions [14, 15] known as the Yablonovich limit which practically prohibits their use for TFSC. This limit, however, is disabled in the case of plasmonic gratings by involving surface plasmon polaritons [16].
Many ideas of the efficient light trapping for TFSC are based on the use of plasmonic absorbers [4, 17–19] which are amorphous planar arrays of silver or gold nanoparticles with plasmon resonances within the operation band of solar cells. In these random arrays only averaged parameters (sizes of the particles and their surface density) can be optimized. Such structures are fabricated using rather cheap self-assembly technologies. However, to our opinion the high level of parasitic losses in these LTS makes them hardly promising. Amorphous plasmonic arrays operate as effective lossy layers and their common drawbacks are high losses in metal nanoparticles and scattering losses. Though they successfully prevent the transmission through an optically thin PV layer, no one of them (to our knowledge) stands the comparison with a conventional ARC.
The efficient conversion of the incident plane wave into evanescent wave packages (hot spots) whose electric field is concentrated mainly inside the semiconductor can be achieved in regular grids of rather thick (50 nm or more) silver or gold nanoparticles (e.g., Refs. [19–22]). We call such regular nanoparticles nanoantennas (NA) because they meet the definition of the antenna (recall that antenna is an object which efficiently transforms near electric and/or magnetic fields into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa). If the array of NA is properly designed the energy of solar light received by NA is then transformed into a set of hot spots located mainly beyond NA (so that to avoid the parasitic dissipation). If these hot spots are at least partially located inside the PV layer the incident energy is converted into electricity. This is the useful PV absorption that reduces both reflection from te structure and transmission through the PV layer. Note, that beside plasmonic NA dielectric optical cavities can also operate as NA [23]. Such cavities if weakly coupled to the substrate are not excited by incident plane waves, however their coupling to the semiconductor substrate (PV layer) is strong [23].
Arrays of NA used as LTS for TFSC do not scatter the incident wave since they are regular and their unit cell is sufficiently small (usually it is smaller than the wavelength within the major part of the operational band, so that the grating lobes do not arise). Properly designed NA can offer a rather significant enhancement of the PV absorption in TFSC without a noticeable dissipation of the solar energy in their metal elements [19–23]. However, known NA, even those called broadband ones still possess a common drawback: their optical response is strongly resonant. This results in a rather narrow total band in which the enhancement of the PV absorption is achieved. This concerns also NA which demonstrate multifrequency operation –several plasmon resonances in the operational band [19–21]. There are some works describing specific NA with relative bandwidth larger than 30%, however in these cases they possess rather high dissipative losses making them similar to plasmonic absorbers (as in [22]).
In this paper, we suggest and study a novel type of light-trapping structures based on arrays of low-loss metal NA whose operational band does not coincide with plasmon resonances. Since the response of our NA is weakly resonant, a broadband operation without noticeable dissipation in the metal becomes possible.
2. Physics of the enhanced light trapping
A schematic view of our LTS is shown in Fig. 1. This design employs the advantages of collective oscillations excited in the visible or infrared spectral range by an incident plane wave in a lattice of Ag nanobar-based NA. We demonstrate that such weakly-resonant LTS can enhance substantially the PV absorption in very thin (100–150 nm) underlying semiconductor layers that may increase significantly the overall spectral efficiency of realistic TFSC. Our LTS are in-plane optically isotropic being also independent on the light polarization. We discuss possible implementations of our concept in the solar cell technology and analyze in detail two specific examples of TFSC: inter-band TFSC based on CuIn(1−x)GaxSe2 (CIGS) and silicon TFSC.
Fig. 1
The oscillations excited by the incident light in our structure are analogous to the collective oscillations discussed in [24] for arrays of parallel metal bars operating in the far-infrared (THz) range and termed domino modes. Such modes exist in a broad range of wavelengths and are excited by the electric field whose vector is orthogonal to the bar axis. However, the cross-polarization (that equals zero after averaging over the unit cell) is also excited. The main feature of domino modes is the advantageous distribution of the local electric field which is concentrated in the spacings between the bars. The internal electric field in metal is very small – the field penetrates beneath the metal surface to the distance which is much smaller than the skin-depth. In principle, this is, possible since the skin-depth is defined for a plane wave and for an infinite flat metal surface. Consequently, these oscillations demonstrate low dissipation. Notice, that in [24] only the lower domino mode has been studied representing the so-called spoof plasmon. We have found that at higher frequencies than those considered in [24] there are several high-order dispersion branches including those of the leaky waves. The excitation of domino modes in the visible range and in the leaky regime has been first considered in [25]. In this work domino modes were excited in the array of parallel Ag nanobars by an incoming beam with the grazing incidence on the array plane. However, our later simulations reveal that these modes are also excited for any angle of incidence as well as in the presence of a substrate or without any substrate. The domino modes can be excited even by a normally incident plane wave. The presence of several leaky branches offers these modes excited at several eigenfrequencies. These modes are characterized by the domination of higher multipole moments (of the order 2–6) of any bar over its dipole moment.
There are two conditions of their excitation: the transversal sizes of the bars must be of the same order and not very small compared to the distances between them and the minimal size of the bar should be sufficiently larger than the skin-depth in the flat metal. The optical losses in metal should be small enough. Plasmonic properties of the metal are not important for the excitation of these modes and they can be probably also observed for an array of perfectly conducting bars. The presence of the substrate results in the red shift of their frequency range. Also, in the presence of the strongly refractive substrate optimal ratio between the thickness and the width of nanobars changes compared to that discussed in [25]. To achieve the broadest range of eigenfrequencies the thickness of the bar should be nearly twice as smaller as the width. In other words, nanobars located on top of a semiconductor should be modified into nanostrips. The domino modes can be excited for optically long strips (as well for rather short ones). However, for light-trapping purposes their length is restricted: the unit cell of the grating should not significantly exceed the operational wavelength in order to avoid high scattering losses in grating lobes.
When domino modes are excited by an incident plane wave in an array of Ag nanobars located in free space as in [25], the absorption of these modes is very weak. The excitation of these modes implies that the electromagnetic energy is stored between the strips without taking part in the energy transport i.e. these modes have no impact to both reflectance and transmittance. The situation changes dramatically if the strips are located in an absorbing host or on an absorbing surface. Then the electromagnetic energy of the evanescent fields concentrated in between the bars (strips) will be absorbed in the ambient, and both reflection and transmission of the incident wave will be suppressed. This property of domino modes determined our general design approach. Since substantial nanostrips turned out to be efficient in conversion of incident wave fields into near fields accompanied by an absorption these nanostrips (in the regime of domino modes) can be adequately referred as NA. We have studied several possible geometries of the unit cell and finally revealed that the best functionality is achieved for the geometry presented in Fig. 1. Since the solar light is not polarized an array of parallel nanostrips has been replaced by two mutually orthogonal arrays. This modification ensures the isotropy of the polarization response in the horizontal plane. We have studied domino-modes arrays of nanostips with non-tapered cross sections located on top of the silicon substrate. Then the domino modes are excited in the visible range within the band of relative width 25–30%. The enlargement of this band up to 50% has been achieved by tapering of nanostrips when they become trapezoidal. The operational band of our NA (through broader than those of previously known NA) is still narrower than the operational band of a practical solar cell. This means that an additional requirement to our design solution arises: beyond the band of domino modes within the operational band our NA should not worsen the operation of the solar cell. Such worsening could correspond to the strong reflection from the metal elements if the surface density of the metal is too high. In other words, the array of NA should be geometrically rather sparse. This sparsity is inherent to our structure depicted in Fig. 1 whose top view is similar to a square mesh of split wires. The distance between tapered nanostrips is sufficiently small for the excitation of domino modes and sufficiently large to avoid the critical reflection beyond the band of these modes. This explains the advantage of the suggested general design solution.
The excitation of domino modes helped to almost completely damp the transmission of light through the PV layer. The reflection in the band of these modes is suppressed rather weakly. Therefore a sub-micron dielectric superstrate of a polymer (e.g. polyethylene) has been introduced in the suggested design to additionally damp the reflection. The superstrate also plays the role of chemical passivator for the material of NA (silver).
Another useful design solution is the location of an additional dielectric layer between the PV layer and the carrying substrate. The carrier is assumed to be performed of a non-purified amorphous silicon. Due to the optical contrast with two semiconductors the additional dielectric layer helps to create the reflecting Fabry-Perot cavity between its lower boundary and the upper surface of the structure. In absence of the optical absorption in the PV layer such a cavity would correspond to the almost total reflection (and damped transmission). However, if the maximum of the standing wave corresponds to the center of the photo-absorbing layer this absorption increases and reflection losses are also suppressed. We think, that this design strategy is also rather original. In ARC one uses the Fabry-Perot resonance of the transmittance matching the surface impedance of the ARC to that of free space. However, in our case, when the photo-absorbing layer is as thin as 100–150 nm the ARC regime is not helpful. Even in the presence of the optical absorption the most of the incident solar flux is transmitted through a so thin PV layer and is lost in the substrate. Therefore, on the first stage of our simulations we neglect the optical losses in the structure and engineer the Fabry-Perot resonance of reflection, when the maximum of the standing wave resulting from the incident and reflected ones would be located inside the PV layer. Then we introduce optical losses in our simulations and see (as expected) that the transmittance keeps very small, whereas the reflectance strongly decreases.
This light-trapping effect has been achieved due to the enhancement of the PV absorption at the maximum of the standing wave where the local electric field is doubled. This mechanism of the light-trapping is weakly influenced by NA and is not very broadband. Its bandwidth strongly depends on the permittivity of the intermediate dielectric layer we introduce in order to create the resonant reflection in our lossless simulations. For it the rather high refraction of this layer (close to 2) is required. It corresponds to such materials as SiO, AlInP, Si3N4, TiO2 and some others. For SiO we have achieved the relative bandwidth of the Fabry-Perot cavity 15%. This band can be located near the band of domino modes. Then the total band of enhanced PV absorption can have the width 60%. Notice, that the complex permittivity of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) is also close to 4 in the most part of the visible range and in the near IR range (and the imaginary part is sufficiently small). AZO is used in transparent electrodes of TFSC (see e.g. in [3, 23]), and the intermediate dielectric layer (in our simulations – SiO) can be replaced by AZO, keeping nearly same results. In this case the bottom contact mesh is not needed.
To show that our design approach can be applied to different PV media and different operational bands we have considered two TFSC: one based on CIGS and one based on Si. Both design solutions are illustrated by Fig. 2. The unit cells of the LTS shown in Fig. 2 refer to the region located in the gaps between the wires of the upper electrode collecting the photocurrent. Here we do not consider the regions shaded by the contact mesh assuming that they are much smaller than the area open to the sunlight.
Fig. 2
3. Design and numerical modeling
We calculate numerically the power absorbed by a unit cell of the TFSC structure with LTS illuminated by a normally incident wave within the operation band Δω = [ω1, ω2] of the photovoltaic layer. Our numerical simulations were carried out using both Ansoft HFSS and CST Studio software packages. The meshing has been refined so that the result would not depend on the computational grid, and the convergence was carefully controlled. First, we made the HFSS simulations for an amorphous TFSC based on CuInSe2 (left panel on Fig. 2). The PV layer of total thickness 110 nm (55 nm of p-doped and 55 nm of n-doped material) was located between a polymer coating of thickness d that we varied within the range 100...1000 nm and a layer of SiO whose thickness was also varied as well as all the sizes of NA. The layer of SiO is located on the optically thick substrate of amorphous Si which was simulated using the perfectly matched layer distanced far enough from the bottom interface.
A very small thickness of the PV layer was selected mainly to show the light-trapping capacity of our LTS. However, the value 110 nm can correspond to a practical design of a TFSC [26,27], since for CIGS it is smaller than the diffusion length of minor carriers and larger than the depletion region of the p-n junction. Under these conditions the increase of the PV absorption results in the proportional increase of the short-circuit photocurrent [19, 28]. For the given type of CIGS the PV band of CIGS and that of noticeable optical losses in this material effectively overlap forming the operational range λ = 660...1200 nm. Such solar cells are called interband ones [27]. The doping level of CIGS was assumed to be the same as in work [29], and the optical constants of the doped CIGS were taken from [30]. The optical constants of the polymer superstrate were taken from [31] (for the wavelength region 660...780 nm), and [32] (for the region 780...1200 nm). The optical constants of SiO were taken from [33], those of the substrate – from [34]. We have calculated following parameters: spectral density A(ω) of the PV absorption, spectral density Am(ω) of the parasitic absorption (in metal elements), reflectance R(ω) from the structure and transmittance T(ω) to the substrate.
For two source options of the HFSS package – wave port and incident plane wave – we obtained a practical coincidence for all calculated parameters. Next, we repeated the same simulations using the CST Microwave Studio. The excellent agreement of results obtained by these two different methods (one is based on the finite elements method, the other – on the FDTD method) convinced us that our modeling is reliable. Most part of simulations was done using the CST package without duplication by the HFSS one.
The optimal thickness of the polymer layer is d = 270 nm and for SiO it is equal 295 nm. Other geometric parameters of the optimized structure can be found from Fig. 2 where all dimensions are given in scale. All edges and corners of metal elements were smoothed so that to avoid parasitic local field enhancement which could result in the harmful dissipation. After the proper smoothing the results weakly depend on the curvature of the metal surface.
The main purpose of our simulations was to calculate the spectrum of power A(ω), absorbed in the PV layer per unit cell. This value is integral of the local power density taken over the volume V of the PV layer per unit cell:
The short-circuit current per unit area of the solar cell Jsc can be expressed through the power Ap(ω) of the sunlight absorbed by the PV layer (see e.g. [18, 19]):
We are interested in the relative value – the gain granted by our LTS. Following to (3) the gain in the short-circuit photocurrent due to our LTS is given by the comparison of the power absorption <A> in presence and in absence of LTS. We have calculated this values for three cases: our LTS, an optimized blooming layer, and open surface of the TFSC without any covering. After calculating <A> for two cases – when the TFSC is enhanced by our LTS and by a conventional ARC, we obtain the gain due to the replacement of the ARC by our LTS:35]. The optimal parameters of the blooming layer (refraction index n and thickness d) correspond to the maximum of G0, and the optimal parameters of the LTS correspond to the maximum of G. The optimal blooming was achieved for the film of polystyrene (n = 1.57 − 1.58 in the range 660...1200 nm) with thickness d = 440 nm.
Now, let us discuss the simulation results. The analysis of the local field distributions over the unit cell has shown that the domino modes are excited within the wavelength range 600...900 nm. In the range 900...1000 nm the Fabry-Perot cavity is formed with standing wave having the maximum inside the PV layer. In Figs. 3(a,b), we show the local field distribution at λ = 810 nm in the central vertical cross section of the unit cell and in the horizontal plane P1. This plane corresponds to the boundary between NA and a thin insulating layer of amorphous silica electrically isolating NA from the semiconductor (see also in Fig. 1). We have checked that the thickness of the insulating layer within the range 2–20 nm has no impact to any of simulated values (A, Am, R, T). In Fig. 3(a) we observe a rather strong reflected field. At this wavelength the power reflectance is R ≈ 0.2. An optimal blooming layer without NA at this wavelength allows R ≈ 0.1. However, inspecting the field distribution in Fig. 3(a), we observe the practical absence of the transmitted field. The decrease of the transmittance due to our LTS at this wavelength turns out to be 20-fold. As a result, the LTS turns out to be more advantageous than the ARC.
Fig. 3
In Fig. 4(a), we show the spectral photo-absorption A(ω) for three cases: with our LTS, with a blooming layer, and without any structure on the top of the photovoltaic layer. The impact of the reflectance is illustrated by Fig. 4(b). It is seen that domino-modes correspond to the suppressed reflection (for the open surface the averaged value of R is R ≈ 0.4) though this nearly 5-fold suppression is not as strong as that offered by the ARC. The most significant reflectance corresponds to longer waves, where, fortunately, the solar radiation drops. Moreover, in the range 1000...1200 nm the value ε″ responsible for the absorption decreases quite significantly. The photocurrent is mainly formed within the domain 660...1000 nm. Using formulas (4) and (5) we obtained G = 1.29 and G0 = 1.32. The gain granted by the LTS compared to the open surface is equal 70% which is, to our knowledge, the best known result for a custom-design semiconductor TFSC with PV layer of thickness 100–150 nm. We believe that the obtained enhancement is sufficient to justify the fabrication costs of our LTS. Below, we discuss the possibility to fabricate our LTS in a way which seems to be rather inexpensive under the condition of the mass production and compatibility with the roll-to-roll processing.
Fig. 4
Our second numerical example corresponds to the silicon solar cell whose operation band is practically coincide with the range of the visible light. For this latter case, the dimensions shown in Fig. 2 have been numerically optimized for the PV layer of thickness 150 nm (75 nm of p-doped and 75 nm of n-doped Si). The density of carriers in the layer was assumed to be 3 · 1018 cm−3 for the p-doped part and 1019 cm−3 for the n-doped part. Optical constants were taken from [36]. The dielectric superstrate of our LTS is here amorphous silica (the same material turned out to be optimal for the ARC in the reference structure). The in-scale drawing of the structure is shown in the right panel of Fig. 2(b). The optimal size of the unit cell (840 nm) turned out to be larger than the wavelength in the whole operational band: the condition of domino modes contradicts in this case to the condition of the absence of scattering. However, the scattering losses related to grating lobes turned out to be much smaller than the reflection losses. Therefore the excitation of domino modes is more important than the exact absence of grating lobes. The optimal thickness of the silica superstrate is equal d = 325 nm, however the result weakly depends on d within the range d = 320...390 nm (the maximal difference is 3%).
The operation of our LTS is illustrated by Fig. 5. The domino modes are excited in the region λ = 500...780 nm. In Fig. 6, we show the frequency dependence of the photovoltaic absorption A(ω) for three cases as above: LTS, ARC (blooming layer), and non-coated solar cell. Again, in the range of domino-modes the reflectance is suppressed. At 450...500 nm the reflection is reduced due to the Fabry-Perot resonance. Resonant optical losses of Si are responsible for the weak reflectance below λ =450 nm.
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
The gain in the PV absorption granted by our LTS in accordance with Eq. (3) is equal G = 1.17. Compared to the non-coated TFSC, our LTS gives the gain 64% (G0 = 1.40). This result is slightly worse than that obtained above for the TFSC based on CIGS due to non-negligible fields inside the metal elements, as one can see in the right panel of Fig. 5.
4. Fabrication issues
Finally, we discuss briefly possible technologies for the fabrication of suggested arrays of NA with a dielectric superstrate in a way compatible with the roll-to-roll processing [1] for large-area TFSC panels. First, such arrays of NA can be fabricated on a polymer film using the replication technology [37], the latter implies a quartz template whose surface repeats the profile of the nanoantenna arrays. Using the method described in [37], one can obtain a vast amount of plastic replicas with metal nanoantennas reproduced with practically the same resolution as that of the template. Besides polyethylene, these plastic substrates can be made of polyamide, polymethylmetaacrylate, polytetrafluorethylene, polystyrene, etc. Pieces of the film of the size 0.5–1 mm with printed nanoantenna arrays can be prepared separately from solar cells so that the cost of every piece is expected to be reasonably low. Then these pieces can be placed on the top of a solar cell in the gaps between the wires of the mesh electrodes. If this is done in a vacuum camera and under mechanical pressure, a strong bonding between polymer and silica covering the surface of the solar cell can be achieved. In accord to our estimates, this bonding would be sufficient for adhesion, and the NA will be fixed on solar cells as well as plastic superstrate. Finally, the thickness of the superstrate can be reduced chemically to the optimal value. This procedure is feasible if the gaps between the wires of the contact mesh are as large as 0.5–1 mm which are typical values for mesh electrodes of TFSC structures.
Alternatively, our structures can be fabricated by using conducting polymers [38] or any other flexible transparent electrodes. Then the NA can be fabricated on the top of a solar cell protected by a silica insulator being covered by a flexible conducting coating. This coating will play twofold role: that of an upper electrode and also a superstrate for light-trapping structures. To prevent an ohmic contact with the superstrate, the nanoantenna arrays can be passivated by a very thin layer of Al2O3 obtained by atomic layer deposition. In both these cases our design approach seems to be compatible with the concept of the roll-to-roll processing.
5. Conclusions
We have suggested a novel approach for a design of the light-trapping solar-cell nanopatterned structures which allows a significant enhancement of the photovoltaic absorption in the layers as thin as 110 (CIGS) and 150 (Si) nm. We have studied two specific examples and demonstrated their material-independent properties, so our approach can be applied to a variety of solar cells operating in the visible and infrared frequency range. More importantly, the light-trapping functionality of our structures is broadband, as not based on spectrally narrow resonances. Light trapping in the structures originates from the excitation of collective modes of a lattice of silver nanoantennas realized in the form of tapered nanostrips. The NA can be excited for different geometric parameters within a vast frequency spectrum so that the internal field localized in metal is much smaller than the field in the gaps between the metal elements, so that strong losses in the metal elements are avoided. We have demonstrated that our nanoantenna arrays operate noticeably better than the anti-reflecting coatings. Additionally, we have discussed the design issues with respect to possible fabrication of these nanoantenna arrays.
This work has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation, the Dynasty Foundation and the Australian Research Council. The authors thank K.R. Catchpole and H. Savin for useful discussions and suggestions.
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29. P.D. Paulson, R.W. Birkmire, and W.N. Shafarman, "Optical characterization of CuIn1−xGaxSe2alloy thin films by spectroscopic ellipsometry," J. Appl. Phys. 94, 879–888 (2003) [CrossRef] .
30. M.I. Alonso, M. Carriga, C.A. Durante-Rincon, E. Hernandez, and M. Leon, "Optical functions of chalcopyrite CuGaxIn(1−x)Se2amorphous alloys," Appl. Phys. A 74, 659–664 (2002) [CrossRef] .
31. S. N. Kasarova, N. G. Sultanova, C. D. Ivanov, and I. D. Nikolov, "Analysis of the dispersion of optical plastic materials," Optical Materials 29, 1481–1490 (2007) [CrossRef] .
32. J. W. Horwitz, "Infrared refractive index of polyethylene and a polyethylene-based material," Opt. Engineering 50, 093603 (2011) [CrossRef] .
33. G. Hass and C. Salzberg, "Optical properties of silicon monoxide in the wavelength region from 0.24 to 14.0 microns,"J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181–183 (1954) [CrossRef]
34. A. S. Ferlauto, G. M. Ferreira, J. M. Pearce, C. R. Wronski, R. W. Collins, X. Deng, and G. Ganguly, "Analytical model for the optical functions of amorphous semiconductors from the near-infrared to ultraviolet,"J. Applied Phys. 92, 2424–2436 (2002) [CrossRef] .
35. A.S. Shalin, "Optical antireflection of a medium by nanocrystal layers," Quantum Electronic 41, 163–169 (2011) [CrossRef] .
36. R. Brendel, Thin-film crystalline silicon solar cells: Physics and Technology(Wiley-VCH, 2003) [CrossRef] .
37. D. K. Kotter, S. D. Novack, W. D. Slafer, and P. Pinhero, "Theory and manufacturing processes of solar nanoantenna electromagnetic collectors," J. Solar Energy Engineering 132, 011014 (2010) [CrossRef] .
38. S.-I. Na, S.-S. Kim, J. Jo, and D.-Yu Kim, "Efficient and flexible ITO-free organic solar cells using highly conductive polymer anodes," Adv. Mat. 20, 4061–4067 (2008) [CrossRef] .


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OPEN TO OFFERS! Flicker, is a BLUE ROAN (Ee/aa/RNrn) granddaughter of One Time Pepto (LTE - $331,097 & $10 Million Dollar Sire) and Shorty Lena (NCHA…$4,500
*NEED HER GONE* For youth/kids! Nics Though Girl aka Dually is a 8 year old mare out of the mighty -Nic it in the Bud-. She's an all around mare, been…$3,500
Chestnut Filly Born 4/24/16, lots of potential. She is bred to do great things. Her Sire Poco Gandy Dandy is foundation registered with FQHA @ 94.53% and…$1,250
This nice mare works well off your leg and flexes well. Been used on the ranch gathering cattle. Likes to trail ride, alone or with a group. Her full…$4,000
2016 red roan filly, Paddys Irish Whiskey, Sweet Meet, Dash For Cash, High Rolling Roany bred. Located in Dillon, MT. For more info please call or text…$2,000
2016 Bay Roan Stud Colt. Leo Hancock Hayes, Hancocks Blue Boy, Mr Gunsmoke bred. Sire is homozygous roan and black, this colt has the same possibility…$2,500
Palomino and white paint mare. 9 years old. About 14.3 hands. Very broke. Very leggy. Shes been patterned. Has forward motion. Very easy to ride. Very…$5,500
Piper is an awesome little filly built like a tank. She is smart, quick and athletic. Some of the top barrel horse bloodlines in her such as Sun Frost…$1,500

subset: commoncrawl


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FOR-A announces that it will have a strong presence at CABSAT 2012. This year's tradeshow takes place Feb. 28 through March 1, 2012, at the Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre in the UAE. The company will showcase a wide range of products, two of which are being shown in the Middle East for the first time.
These two HD/SD products — both of which debuted at NAB 2011 — include the HVS-4000HS digital video switcher and MFR-3232 routing switcher. A multiformat production switcher available in 2-, 2.5-, or 3M/E configurations, the HVS-4000HS integrates DVE, multiviewer, up-/downconverter, video file support, and external device control, among other features.
Leveraging the format converter, the switcher can mix HD and SD signals up to 48 inputs and 24 outputs. Also in the CABSAT booth will be the HVS-350HS HD/SD 1.5-M/E video switcher — a compact, 3RU switcher.
The MFR-3232 is the company's top-of-the-line model in the MFR-5000 Series of multiformat routing switchers. It scales from 16x16 in 1RU to a 32x32 capacity in a 2RU space. The routers support tight integration with multiviewers, as well as a built-in Web server that provides external control using a browser.
Verizon to Carry El Rey
WRAL Raleigh Taking Friday Night Football Over-The-Top
WRTV Indy Newsmen Retire After A Combined 84 Years
AT&T To Tweak, Raise Broadband Data Plans
Starz Adds 200K Subs in Q2
Rovi Preaches Patience on Comcast Row, Dish Renewal Talks
TVBAwards 2016 nominations open
Massive Interactive launch Halo
Twitter pens Premier League highlights deal with Sky
Tegan & Sara Music Video Full of Impersonators Is Both Fun and Inspirational
Sony Cameras Go the Distance for 'Closed Course'
Outpost Alters Perceptions for 'My Beautiful Broken Brain'


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The last thirty years shows conclusively that the "competitive market" -- absent collective bargaining -- simply does not assure that everyday employees share in the fruits of increased productivity or economic growth.
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Vocabulary Word
Word: germane
Definition: pertinent; bearing upon(having connection with) the case at hand; appropriate
Definition: pertinent; bearing upon(having connection with) the case at hand; appropriate
Sentences Containing 'germane'
Although the Treaty of Tudmir itself may not seem to have been particularly noteworthy in its own context, and despite the fact that literature which is germane specifically to the Treaty is somewhat rare, it should be considered important in retrospect due to its cultural, religious, and sociological implications.
In physics, quantum acoustics is the study of sound under conditions such that quantum mechanical effects are germane.
His paintings reside in Russian museum, Tretyakov gallery, in Art museums and private collections in Russia, Ukraine, Japan, Germane, France, and other countries.
Don't forget to visit the world's best grammar check website (it's FREE)
More Vocab Words::: quiver - tremble; shake; N.
::: ravage - devastate; plunder; despoil; Ex. crops ravaged by storms
::: urbane - suave; refined in manner; elegant
::: mortify - humiliate by embarassing excessively; shame; punish the flesh; discipline (one's body) by self-denial; Ex. mortified by her blunder; Ex. mortify the flesh; CF. cause to die
::: futile - useless; hopeless; ineffectual
::: pauper - very poor person
::: provocative - arousing anger or sexual interest; annoying; Ex. provocative in tight jeans; V. provoke: incite to anger; cause (an unpleasant action or feeling); N. provocation
::: finesse - delicate skill; V: handle with finesse
::: bargain - agreement between two groups or people; something for sale at a price advantageous to the buyer; V: negotiate; trade; Ex. bargaining power
::: unfetter - liberate; free from chains; V. unfetter


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I plan to DIY and need simple solution.
How to remove torque converter without removal of whole transmission on 2002 Volvo V70 XC
Get Your Car Fixed at a RepairPal Certified Shop.
We certify shops based on expertise, quality work, and verified customer reviews
1 answer
If you dont want to remove the transmission then the only other way to remove the torque converter is simply remove the engine! Your choice. Better off getting a trans. shop to fix your problem!


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September 24th, 2013
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Forum: Boy Baby Names
Looking for boys' baby names? Here's where to exchange ideas and get advice on naming your little boy. Ask other parents-to-be and berries for their thoughts on your favorite boys' baby names.


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- //Home
- //Music
- //Blogs
- //Mixed Media
- //Flint Eastwood | Passalacqua
On paper, a socially conscious, groove-laden hip-hop group may not be the most natural bedfellow for an act indebted to spaghetti Western motifs. In the melting pot of Detroit, though, such a blending of genres is a welcome experiment, manifesting in the music video for "POWER" by Passalacqua and Flint Eastwood.
Passalacqua, comprising Brent "Blak" Smith and Bryan "Mister" Lackner, released the video in the wee hours of Wednesday, March 19. Throughout it, Smith and Lackner trade verses, simmering unrest erupting into declarations of empowerment.
Filmed during Detroit's Marche du Nain Rouge in March 2013, the video depicts Lackner, Smith and Flint Eastwood vocalist Jax Anderson walking through the parade of costumed revelers, creating a scene of surrealism and solidarity.
The track was produced by Anderson's brother, Seth Anderson, and the video was directed by Benjamin J. Friedman. Lackner has described the video as a tease of a forthcoming EP-length collaboration between Passalacqua and Flint Eastwood, the release date of which is pending.
"'All Power to All People,' said the young Black Panthers to protest the rich, ruling class domination of society. 'People' meaning human beings," Smith said in a statement accompanying the video. "The Black Power Movement in the 1960s was much deeper than rights; revolution is much more about the human spirit. Social movements are fueled by new ideas to confront the limits of what it means to be 'free.' If we continue to exist inside of divisive social constructs, we will continue to regurgitate old ideas. But if we all transform ourselves to live a life of love and purpose for our children and community, well, that would be the ultimate payback."
The Dan Ryan "Tomorrow Forever" (video) (premiere) // Music
Andrew Keoghan 'Every Orchid Offering' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
Michael Blume 'When I Get It Right' (EP stream) (premiere) // Music
I Don't Get 'Pokémon Go'
// Moving Pixels
"I've never felt more out of touch.READ the article


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staff electrical engineer jobs
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Electrical Controls Engineer
CEC Controls Company, Inc. - Warren, MI
To hire an *Electrical Controls Engineer*. Individual must be able to perform design, engineering and field start up responsibilities for System Integration in...
Electrical Engineer
LHB - Duluth, MN
LHB's Duluth office has an opening for a full-time experienced Electrical Engineer to work within our Industrial and Pipeline Groups....
Staff Systems Engineer
Altran - Remote
STAFF SYSTEMS ENGINEER. Serve as a key member of a cross-functional project team consisting of electrical, software, mechanical, manufacturing, and quality...
Field Service Electrical Engineer
PV Pros, Inc. - Hoboken, NJ
PV Pros is seeking an experienced Electrical Engineer to lead the engineering efforts of the field service business....
Electrical Engineering Department Head (MEP)
EKFox - Fairfax, VA
The Electrical Department Head has overall responsibility for the management of the electrical department, including management of staff, budgeting, allocation...
Senior Electrical Engineer (Design Engineering)
Syska Hennessy Group - San Diego, CA
Senior Electrical Engineer (Design Engineering). Additional requirements of the Senior Electrical Engineer include:....
Electrical Engineer- Airports (10+ years of experience)
CHA Consulting, Inc. - Indianapolis, IN
Engineers and CADD staff on design projects. Is currently seeking a Senior Level Electrical Engineer for our Indianapolis, IN, Albany, NY, Cleveland, OH,...
Electrical Engineer / Designer
Jordan & Skala Engineers, Inc. - Charlotte, NC
Mentor staff (face-to-face). This job will entail working directly with clients, attending client meetings, mentoring junior staff and ensuring the quality of...
Sustaining Electrical Engineer
Altran - Remote
The Sustaining Electrical Engineer performs broad based electrical development, review, and documentation as part of Foliage's Medical Device Team in Cleveland,...
Electrical Construction Project Manager
Facility Solutions Group - Shawnee, KS
As one of the nation's largest single-source providers of lighting and electrical products, electrical services, electrical construction, and energy management...


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There are no Upcoming Shows listed for this artist.
Los Angeles, CA
Comedy Central Certified
Mike Young
Mike is the creator and host of the "Young American Comedy Tour," an international tour showcasing stand-up comedians. After performing at the Montreal Comedy Festival, Mike developed sitcoms with Warner Bros. and ABC. As a writer, Young has written a one-hour for HBO, the feature film "Right Angle," with Aaron Paul, Marcia Gay Harden and James Woods and is currently developing with Anthony Zuiker. Mike has been seen on "Last Call with Carson Daly," "Live Nude Comedy" on Showtime and "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson."
Mike Young's Upcoming Events
Mike Young's Videos
Upcoming Shows
- Wed 7.27.16 - 8:00 PM At the Lab: Comedy Living Room with Nikki Glaser, Dan St. Germain, Nina Daniels, Eric Lampert, & Ramon Rivas II! Buy Tickets
- Wed 7.27.16 - 8:00 PM Hour of Power Hour with Nikki Glaser, Parks & Recreation's Jim O'Heir, Judy Tenuta, Lee Keeler, Vince Mancini, Brothers Brothers Band, Brandon Wardell, Amanda Seales & Music by the Antonio Rodrigo Orchestra! Buy Tickets
- Wed 7.27.16 - 10:00 PM At The Lab: Blame Social Media with DC Ervin, Ed Greer, Luke Schwartz, & James Austin Johnson Hosted by Greg Edwards, Christine Little, Kevin Shea, & Kevin Camia Buy Tickets
- Wed 7.27.16 - 10:00 PM COMEDYJUICE W/ DANE COOK, TAYLOR WILLIAMSON, ANDREW SANTINO, RYAN SICKLER AND GENE POMPA Buy Tickets
- Thu 7.28.16 - 6:00 PM At The Lab: COMICS ON COMICS LIVE! Buy Tickets
- Thu 7.28.16 - 8:00 PM At the Lab: Comedians You Should Know with Tom Segura, Stephanie Simbari and more! Buy Tickets
See All Shows


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Written on: 17/08/2014 by Sanaav447 (1 review written)
The delivery is so quick. The size of KanKen Mini is suitable for me and the color Peach is so beautiful. Next time, I want to try other new colors!!
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Absolutely Brilliant " Read More
" Mini Plus, Medium and Maxi for X-Wing and Descent " Read More
" Boobylicious " Read More
" Great customer service, pleasant experience " Read More
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text:
Documenting Software ArchitecturesSoftware architecture—the conceptual glue that holds every phase of a project together for its many stakeholders—is widely recognized as a critical element in modern software development. Practitioners have increasingly discovered that close attention to a software system's architecture pays valuable dividends. Without an architecture that is appropriate for the problem being solved, a project
Documenting Software ArchitecturesSoftware architecture—the conceptual glue that holds every phase of a project together for its many stakeholders—is widely recognized as a critical element in modern software development. Practitioners have increasingly discovered that close attention to a software system's architecture pays valuable dividends. Without an architecture that is appropriate for the problem being solved, a project
Reliable Software Releases through Build, Test, and Deployment Automation
Addison-Wesley Signature Series (Fowler)Winner of the 2011 Jolt Excellence Award! Getting software released to users is often a painful, risky, and time-consuming process. This groundbreaking new book sets out the principles and technical practices that enable rapid, incremental delivery of high quality, valuable new functionality to users. Through automation of the build, deployment, and testing process, ...
$21.99The easy way to understand and implement cloud computing technology written by a team of experts Cloud computing can be difficult to understand at first, but the cost-saving possibilities are great and many companies are getting on board. If you've been put in charge of implementing cloud computing, this straightforward, plain-English guide clears up the confusion and helps you get your plan in
CISSP (ISC)2 Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study GuideCISSP Study Guide - fully updated for the 2015 CISSP Body of Knowledge CISSP (ISC)2 Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide, 7th Edition has been completely updated for the latest 2015 CISSP Body of Knowledge. This bestselling Sybex study guide covers 100% of all exam objectives. You'll prepare for the exam smarter and faster with Sybex thanks to expert content,
Software Architecture in Practice
SEI Series in Software EngineeringThe award-winning and highly influential Software Architecture in Practice, Third Edition, has been substantially revised to reflect the latest developments in the field. In a real-world setting, the book once again introduces the concepts and best practices of software architecture—how a software system is structured and how that system's elements are meant to interact. Distinct from the
Implementing Domain-Driven Design"For software developers of all experience levels looking to improve their results, and design and implement domain-driven enterprise applications consistently with the best current state of professional practice, Implementing Domain-Driven Design will impart a treasure trove of knowledge hard won within the DDD and enterprise application architecture communities over the last couple decades."
Relentlessly Practical Tools for Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Remastered CollectionThe final edition of the incomparable data warehousing and business intelligence reference, updated and expanded The Kimball Group Reader, Remastered Collection is the essential reference for data warehouse and business intelligence design, packed with best practices, design tips, and valuable insight from industry pioneer Ralph Kimball and the Kimball Group. This Remastered Collection represents
How Google Runs Production SystemsThe overwhelming majority of a software system's lifespan is spent in use, not in design or implementation. So, why does conventional wisdom insist that software engineers focus primarily on the design and development of large-scale computing systems?In this collection of essays and articles, key members of Google's Site Reliability Team explain how and why their commitment to the entire lifecycle
Software Systems Architecture: Working With Stakeholders Using Viewpoints and Perspectives
Working With Stakeholders Using Viewpoints and PerspectivesSoftware Systems Architecture is a practitioner-oriented guide to designing and implementing effective architectures for information systems. It is both a readily accessible introduction to software architecture and an invaluable handbook of well-established best practices. It shows why the role of the architect is central to any successful information-systems development project, and, by
Best Practices for Business Process Management and SOA AgilityAchieve Breakthrough Business Flexibility and Agility by Integrating SOA and BPM Thousands of enterprises have adopted Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) based on its promise to help them respond more rapidly to changing business requirements by composing new solutions from existing business services. To deliver on this...
The Prentice Hall Service Technology Series from Thomas ErlIn cooperation with experts and practitioners throughout the SOA community, best-selling author Thomas Erl brings together the de facto catalog of design patterns for SOA and service-orientation. More than three years in development and subjected to numerous industry reviews, the 85 patterns in this full-color book provide the most successful and proven design techniques to overcoming the most


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Do you find this activity to be relaxing and peaceful?
Is this attraction wheelchair accessible?
Do you recommend this attraction for history lovers?
Is a car required to access this attraction?
Do you recommend this attraction for travelers on a budget?
Do you recommend this attraction for seniors (55+)?
Do you find this attraction suitable for young children?
Is this attraction popular with locals?
Is this attraction free to the public?
Is gratuity suggested at this attraction?
Thanks for helping!
so if your looking for action and adventure - maybe not
looking for a peaceful - quite day
wandering around - seeing nature - maybe a kayak
it a great place
kids loved...
read more
so if your looking for action and adventure - maybe not
looking for a peaceful - quite day
wandering around - seeing nature - maybe a kayak
it a great place
kids loved it
maybe bring binoculars and some bug spray ( environmentally friendly of course)
and water - good shoes and a camera
only a few bucks $3-4
Went on the kayak tour, my 2nd time, my wife's first. Jay and Deb that host the tour are great to go out on the water with. They are very friendly and knowledgeable of the preserve. Very peaceful here and a nice getaway from the hustle and bustle of PSL. We will definitely be going back out on the water....
This was an easy drive to Walton Road in St. Lucie. It has many trails for hiking and fun to kayak around. You'll see all kinds of wildlife native to Florida.
This park is peaceful and it's nice to hike or kayak but unfortunately the day we were here trails were closed because underwater. We paid 3 $ fee for nothing.
Savannas State Park is a wonderful place to spend a few hours hiking or plan a day with the family - pavilions available for groups
We camped right on the waters edge. The preserve is full of wildlife, birds,gators, turtles. Power, water and sewer right at campsite. We did not have a fire ring for some reason, most others did. There are rest rooms, showers and a laundry building. The restrooms and showers were relatively clean and basic, as you would expect. The area itself...
Never been here before looking forward to going there!and just walking on the trails and also coming to look at the wildlife
The nature center is very cool for adults and kids. The staff is very laid back and friendly. There are native on sale for cheap. The loop trail is good for walking or biking but only in the dry season. Dog friendly too.
If you like to hike through nature trails this is great. Not many attractions, but it is peaceful, tranquil and you hear only the sound of nature. Wear comfortable shoes
and bring water.
We visited the park on the day a fire demonstration was being held. We had alot of fun, enjoyed the lectures and interactive displays in the learning center. We learned about keeping our yards and our neighbors safe . We also took part in some hands on demonstrations outside. Very informative day. There was a nice area under cover porch...
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.
We're are you close to in port st lucie
We're are close to in port st lucie
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Setting Massive Leaf Pile on Fire Looks Like a Big Flaming Ball of Fun
Setting leaves on fire is a recipe for a disaster.
Best Hump Day Pictures Ever (This Week)
Your weekly reminder that thongs are remarkable pieces of clothing.
Best Lingerie Pictures Ever (This Week)
On Tuesdays, we like to leave a little to the imagination.
Claudia Sampedro – Babe of the Day
She could be Kim Kardashian's body double - definitely a good thing.
Sexiest Selfies Ever (This Week)
You ever get the idea that some girls just know exactly how hot they are?
Dad Makes One HUGE Error While Recording Vegas Vacation
When it comes to GoPro, this guy is no pro.
Rosalee Ochoa – Babe of the Day
The kind curvaceous, voluptuous body that doesn't seem physically possible.
Best Cleavage Ever (This Week)
A new kind of double play: the hand bra selfie. We want more.
Genevieve Morton – Babe of the Day
Her name is fun to say and she's definitely fun look at.
Best Hump Day Pictures Ever (This Week)


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Oct. 4, 2012
|Virginia at Clemson
|Friday, Oct. 5, 2012 | 8:30 p.m.
|Clemson, S.C. | Jervey Gymnasium
|Coverage/Game Info
|RSN/ESPN3.com | Live Stats | Game Notes
|Additional Information
|Twitter | Facebook
|Virginia at Georgia Tech
|Saturday, Oct. 6, 2012 | 7 p.m.
|Atlanta, Ga. | O'Keefe Gymnasium
|Multimedia/Game Info
|GameTracker | Live Stream | Game Notes
|Additional Information
|Twitter | Facebook
CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va.—The Virginia volleyball team travels south this weekend for two Atlantic Coast Conference matches. UVa wil face Clemson on Friday (Oct. 5) at 8:30 p.m., before playing at Georgia Tech on Saturday (Oct. 6) at 7 p.m.
Virginia's match with Clemson will be televised on the ACC's Regional Sports Network (Comcast SportsNet in Virginia) and available on ESPN3.com. There will be a live webcast of the Georgia Tech match linked via VirginiaSports.com (subscription required, but Cavaliers Live subscribers can use their login to access the broadcast for no extra charge). Live statistics will be available for both matches and linked through VirginiaSports.com.
Last weekend, Virginia (5-10, 0-5 ACC) dropped two ACC matchups, falling 3-0 at Boston College on Thursday (Sept. 27), before dropping a four-set match at Maryland, 3-1, on Sunday (Sept. 30).
Sophomore Tori Janowski had her second triple-double on Sunday against Maryland, recording 16 assists, 12 kills and 12 digs. She becomes just the third Cavalier to record multiple triple-doubles. Dana Builteman had six, while Deanna Zwarich tallied two.
Janowski leads the Cavaliers with 3.21 kills per set and 18 service aces, while junior Emily Rottman averages 4.04 digs per set. Sophomore Morgan Blair leads the squad with 41 blocks.
The Tigers are 10-6 on the season (1-4 ACC) after falling to NC State on Saturday night. Moneshia Simmons leads Clemson with 3.75 kills per set, while Sandra Adeleye is hitting .358 with 3.44 kills per set.
The Yellow Jackets are 11-4 (3-2 ACC) after dropping two matches last weekend to NC State (3-2) and North Carolina (3-0). Georgia Tech is led by Bailey Hunter and Monique Mead, who average 3.70 and 3.68 kills per set, respectively.
Up next, the Cavaliers host North Carolina and NC State on Oct. 12 and Oct. 13, respectively. Both matches will begin at 7 p.m., at Memorial Gymnasium. Fans that attend the Virginia vs. Maryland football game can bring their ticket stub and receive free admission to the NC State match (subject to availability).
ACC's Regional Sports Networks for Virginia vs. Clemson
Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic
Fox Sports Arizona Plus
Fox Sports Florida
Fox Sports South
UVA Athletics Information
In the NewsRecent Headlines News Archives
- Top Videos
Jeff White
Moses Seizes Chance to Broaden HorizonsWomen's Basketball7/29/16Virginia's top returning post player, junior forward Lauren Moses, has had an eventful summer that included four weeks in Spain.Cavalier Football NotebookFootball7/27/16The start of training camp is approaching for UVA's football team, which opens the season Sept. 3 against Richmond at Scott Stadium.Culture Change Under Way for UVA FootballFootball7/21/16Head coach Bronco Mendenhall, center Jackson Matteo and linebacker Micah Kiser represented Virginia at the ACC Football Kickoff on Thursday.
Jeff White
Director of News Content
A 1985 graduate of UVA, White worked at the Richmond Times-Dispatch until July 2009. He was honored six times as the state's Sportswriter of the Year.
More Headlines
Virginia Volleyball Releases 2016 Schedule
W. Volleyball | 7/1/2016
Virginia volleyball head coach Dennis Hohenshelt announced the Cavaliers' 2016 schedule on ...
Volleyball Adds Chino Anukwuem for 2016 Class
W. Volleyball | 4/18/2016
Virginia volleyball head coach Dennis Hohenshelt announced that Chino Anukwuem (East Hanover, N.J...
Virginia Volleyball Announces Spring Schedule
W. Volleyball | 2/18/2016
The Virginia volleyball team will compete in three tournaments for the 2016 spring season, head...
Haley Kole Named to ACC All-Academic Team
W. Volleyball | 2/8/2016
Virginia volleyball junior Haley Kole (Tallahassee, Fla.) was named to the ACC All-Academic...
Virginia Volleyball Earns VaSID Honors
W. Volleyball | 12/18/2015
Virginia volleyball freshman Anna Walsh (Grapevine, Texas) was named the Virginia State Rookie of...
Fuller Earns AVCA Honorable Mention All-America Honors
W. Volleyball | 12/16/2015
Virginia volleyball senior Lauren Fuller (Manhattan Beach, Calif.) earned 2015 AVCA Honorable...
Fuller, Walsh Earn AVCA All-Region Honors
W. Volleyball | 12/08/2015
Senior Lauren Fuller (Manhattan Beach, Calif.) and freshman Anna Walsh (Grapevine, Texas) earned ...
Volleyball Edged by Virginia Tech, 3-2
W. Volleyball | 11/28/2015
The Virginia volleyball team came back to send the match to a tie-breaking fifth set, but fell...
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To place a critical analysis of an album made by a Tokyo based artist in the context of the earthquake and resulting tsunami that hit Japan on the 11th of March this year may seem like an obvious, not to mention insensitive, angle to take, however considering Takahiro Kido's 'Fairy Tale' it is one that is almost unavoidable. Kido, the owner of Ricco Label, member of a wealth of genre-defying bands such as Anoice, Rilf and Mokyow and a respected solo musician in his own right, was one of the first from his homeland to offer music in the wake of the tragedy; the fantastic, and free, 'Hope' compilation that was not made available as a reaction to the disaster that claimed over 15,000 lives, but as a meditation on it. In true Japanese style it had a silent dignity and restraint, and yet it was also strikingly intimate; a selection of songs from his back catalogue that perfectly illustrated personal reflections of the incident.
Continue reading: Takahiro Kido, Fairy Tale Album Review
Perry performed 'Rise' and 'Roar' before Clinton accepted the nomination to be the Democrats' presidential candidate.
Bruce Springsteen will release rare tracks from 1966 in new album 'Chapter and Verse', which will accompany his autobiography 'Born To Run'.
There's still no reunion planned though.
Not broadcast in its entirety since 1967, a full restoration will be played in select cinemas to support Ron Howard's 'Eight Days a Week' touring...


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Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.04 / 5.00 1,463 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.98 / 5.00 2,414 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.90 / 5.00 3,842 Views
...How completely unamazing...
Okay, what is there to say about this.
It was a good song, I liked it a lot, but when it came to everything else, it pretty much wasn't great. A lot of mistakes that any true Invader Zim fan wouldn't make. It isn't "I smell a squirrel; It was going like this" It's "I saw a squirrel; It was going like this" If you're going to make a music video to it, at least understand what it's saying. And the whole commentary thing: horrible. You could've filled it up with other things, such as clips from the show. AND FOR GOD'S SAKE, AT LEAST USE A TEXT TOOL FOR IT, NOT JUST POINTLESS MOUSE WRITING. There, that's what I have to say, may whatever god you beleive in help you create another one that's better (hopefully).
wtf? why did i put vilence 10?........dansing like @ monkey!!! lol dat wuz da best GIR thing on earth(or any other planet)
yeeuuuhh,GIR kicks ass
GIR is ----in awsome,and Invader Zim is an awsome show(too bad it got cancelled,well this was cool,and the music was too,and well.....GIR KICKS ASS!
Ah Zim...
I think it's a fair tribute. Sure the graphics were a bit strange...but the sound mix was kool. You should make a remix and put it on the audio portal. And we all love Dib! Don't diss Dib! I love Zim and Gir more, but maybe your next flash will include even more Zim sounds and perhaps his terrifyingly evil laugh? :)
pretty good but.....
you spelled "for" "phor" WFT is wrong with you i worked with kindergardeners who knew better.


text:
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Gad Elmaleh and Friends
Sunday, September 15, 2013 10:30 PM
Gotham Comedy Club, New York, NY
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- Show Type: Comedy
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Touted as the 'Ben Stiller of France" and the "Jerry Seinfeld of French Comedy" Gad Elmaleh is arguably the biggest and most loved comedic star in France.
Hosted by Harrison Greenbaum. Performing is Gad Elmaleh and friends.
Hosted by Harrison Greenbaum. Performing is Gad Elmaleh and friends.
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A device for the manufacture of an absorbent product including a rotatable slitting tool having an extent in a radial direction and an extent in an axial direction perpendicular to the radial direction, the slitting tool being divided in the axial direction into two lateral parts and lying between them a central part. The central part has a circular cross section in the radial direction, and the lateral parts include, in the axial direction, intermittent protuberances projecting from the central part. The protuberances are the same distance from the center of the slitting tool as the circular cross section. The central part between the protuberances, in the direction of curvature of the envelope surface, forms a plurality of cutting edges, each of which has a width which, at a given pressure, permits slitting of a layer of material intended for the absorbent product, and the protuberances form supporting surfaces between the cutting edges.
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Wash. police find more human remains after dog finds leg
Search and rescue dogs found more remains, and a pathologist is working to find out who the victim was
By Kristen Drew
KOMO News
NISQUALLY RESERVATION, Wash. — The search is on for more human remains after a dog dragged a human leg home to her owner on Tuesday.
93-year-old Bill Flowers found the leg after his dog Liberty dragged it home, and was standing over it. Bill Flowers says he didn't report the incident immediately because he was scared he might be accused of murdering the person.
Detectives put a GPS collar on Liberty, hoping she would lead them to the rest of the body. But it was search and rescue dogs who found more remains — a pelvis and rib cage in the woods at the Nisqually Tribe's old fish hatchery.
Full Story: Deputies find more human remains after dog brings home leg
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My primary doctor referred me to Dr. Cuellar and I was very happy with him and his staff. The day I saw him he was on call and...
I am writing this to HIGHLY recommend Dr. Pousti! I am so happy with my results and with the whole experience, from the first...
I had lipo and fillers with Dr Sarosy! I have never been disappointed! My mom, cousin, and aunt have all been to see him!
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2201 NW Corporate Blvd., Suite 101 Boca Raton, FL 33431
Simply180 is a full-service marketing agency for the Digital Age. We combine strategy, design, and technology to attract and engage customers. As digital technologies continue to blur lines among all media, we want to make things uncommonly easy for our clients. Even sobering technicalities like SEO (search engine optimization), web analytics, and mobile app development. Leave the arcane details in our capable hands so you can concentrate on improving your business, every day.
Whether you're looking for a creative edge, branding expertise, or strategic thinking of a CMO, or a pro team to execute your existing strategies, it's our rare blend of unorthodox thinking and buttoned-up expertise that will give you an edge on your competition. Take a look at our work. We trust you'll see something that turns your head. Give us a call and a chance to become your marketing and technology partner, and we know we'll find ways to spin your business in new, exciting – and profitable – directions.


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Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.03 / 5.00 2,602 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner4.02 / 5.00 2,878 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.96 / 5.00 7,322 Views
Cool beans
nice promo for supid funny flick.
These always make me laugh...nice work......
Excellent weebl and bob cartoon!
Nice fun-making of kill bill 2, I give it 4.
funnier than well anything
i laughed long and hard when i saw this
really good job on the audio how did you do that im intrested cuz im making a ninja movie and i want the echo voice simlar to yours
the animation was top notch as always
you have a weird sense of humor just like me
i hope i see more of your awesome work in the near future
I liked it. The only thing that scares me more than Weebl is Salad Fingers


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Nov 25, 1969
|Filing date
|Jan 15, 1968
|Priority date
|Jan 15, 1968
|Publication number
|Myers Lawrence A
|Original Assignee
|Chore Time Equipment
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (32), Classifications (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Nov. 25, 1969 1 A. MYERS VENTILATOR UNIT Filed Jan. l5, 1968 United States Patent O 3,479,947 VENTILATOR UNIT Lawrence A. Myers, Milford, Ind., assignor to Chore- 'I'ime Equipment, Inc., Milford, 1nd., a corporation of Indiana Filed Jan. 15, 1968, Ser. No. 697,913 Int. Cl. F04d 2.5/14; F24f 13/08 US. Cl. 98-116 7 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE There is disclosed a ventilator unit for mounting in a Wall of a building such as a poultry house. The unit cornprises a frame in which a fan is mounted and a combined closure and hood member swingably connected to the frame and adapted to be opened by air pressure when the fan is energized and constructed for minimizing the entry of rain and the like.
The present invention relates to a novel ventilator unit and more specifically to a novel unit particularly suitable to be mounted in an exterior wall of a building.
While ventilator units incorporating features of the present invention may be found suitable for a variety of installations, they are especially adapted for use in poultry or livestock houses. Ventilator units heretofore suggested for poultry houses and the like have usually included a fan and some means for minimizing the possibility of the entry of rain, snow and the like, particularly when the fan is not in operation. Such means have frequently included a plurality of shutters or louvers mounted for opening when the fan is started and/or a fixed hood mounted on and projecting outwardly and downwardly from the building sufficiently substantially to cover the fan opening. Such heretofore proposed structures are usually relatively complicated and expensive. In addition, such devices as louvers or shutters decrease the efiiciency of the fan unduly and are difiicult to clean and maintain.
It is an important object of the present invention to provide a novel ventilator unit having a fan and constructed so as to effectively -preclude the entry of rain and the like without unnecessary interference with the operation of the fan and further constructed so as to facilitate easy maintenance and cleaning.
Another important object of the present invention is to provide a ventilator unit of the above described type which is of relatively economical construction.
A more specific object of the present invention is to provide a novel ventilator unit of the above described type having a fan mounted within a frame and including a closure member pivotally connected to the frame and constructed and arranged so as to open easily upon starting of the fan and so as to close effectively when the fan is stopped.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective View showing a ventilator unit incorporating the features of the present invention and further showing the closure member of the unit in broken lines in an open position;
FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view taken generally along line 2-2 in FIG. l;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional View taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken along line 4 4 in FIG. 1.
Referring now more specifically to the drawings wherein like parts are designated by the same numerals throughout the various figures, a ventilator unit incorporating features of the present invention is adapted to be mounted 3,479,947 Patented Nov. 25, 1969 in an opening 12 formed in a wall 14 of a building. As previously indicated, the unit may be installed in a variety of build-ings and is particularly suitable for poultry and livestock houses.
The unit 10 comprises a frame or shell preferably of rectangular configuration having opposite pairs of sides 16-18 and 20-22. These sides may be formed from sheet metal or any other suitable material and are joined together so as to define a rectangular opening complementary to `the opening 12 in the building wall. The sides terminate in marginal flanges 24, 26, 28 and 30. These fianges are adapted to overlie an interior surface of the building and are provided with apertures 32 through which nails or other suitable fastening devices may be driven.
A fan 34 is mounted within the opening defined by the frame on suitable support members or brackets 36 secured to the interior surfaces of the frame side walls. The fan may be of known construction and includes an electric motor 38 having an output shaft 40 on which a fan blade 42 is secured. The construction is such that when the fan is energized, air is pulled from the interior of the building and blown outwardly in the direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 2. Preferably, a circular Cowling 44 is mounted within the frame around the fan blade for increasing the efficiency of the air flow.
In order to prevent inadvertent or accidental contact with the fan blades, a protective screen 46 is secured over the inner or inlet side of the frame. A similar screen or wire grid 48 is also preferably secured along the outer side of the frame and across the discharge opening defined by the cowling 44. These screens may be of known construction and preferably have a grid size which is small enough to prevent accidental engagement with the fan blade but large enough so as to facilitate cleaning. Furthermore, the wire size and grid openings of the screens are such that the screens do not form obstructions which significantly decrease the efiiciency of the fan.
In accordance with an important feature of the present invention, the ventilator unit is provided with a closure member or a hood 50 adapted to extend over the outer side of the frame and close the discharge opening when the fan is not in use. The closure member or hood has side marginal portions or flanges 52, 54, 56 and 58 which are disposed in a common plane and are adapted simultaneously to abut edges of the frame or box sides 16, 18, 20 and 22 which are also disposed in a common plane as shown best in FIG. 2. Identical but oppositely disposed side portions 60 and 62 of the hood project outwardly and are inclined slightly inwardly from junctions with the marginal or side anges 52 and 54 and merge with a broad central panel portion 64 of the hood which is formed as discussed in detail below. Preferably the hood is molded in one piece from a suitable plastic material, but it is understood that any desired fabricating means can be utilized.
Bracket members 66 and 68 are secured to the opposite ends of the top side 20 and support therebetween a hinge pin or rod 70. Complementary hinge members 72 and 74 are secured to the upper fiange or marginal portion 56 of the hood. These hinge members embrace the hinge pin or rod 70 as shown best in FIGS. 2 and 4 for pivotally or swingably supporting the hood member. The arrangement is such that the axis of the hinge pin or rod 70 is in a plane containing the marginal fianges of the hood member and preferably slightly laterally outwardly from a plane containing the inwardly facing surfaces of these marginal portions. This arrangement aids in assuring proper sealing or closing engagement of the marginal portions with the outer edges of the frame or box.
T he central panel 64 of the hood has a first or top section 76 extending laterally outwardly from the upper marginal flange 56 a substantial distance. While the section 76 may be inclined downwardly slightly, to promote the runoff of rain water and the like when the hood is closed, it preferably extends primarily laterally outwardly for mergin-g with a second generally vertical or upright section 78 at a junction which is at about the same level as the uppermost point of the fan Cowling 44 and is spaced a substantial distance, at least several inches, outwardly from the fan.
The section 78 extends downwardly and merges with another section 80 at a junction 82 located slightly above the axis of the fan blade as shown best in FIG. 2. The section 80 is inclined inwardly from the junction 82 to a point or junction 84 close to the plane of the marginal flanges of the hood and relatively close to the lowermost point of the fan cowling 44. From the junction 84, the center panel has a section 86 which extends sharply outwardly for a short distance and merges with another section 88 which extends sharply inwardly and in turn merges with the bottom marginal flange 58. The location and arrangement of major portions of the hood Substantially laterally outwardly of the plane containing the marginal fianges and the axis of the rod 70 locates the center of gravity of the hood at a point which is also spaced laterally outwardly from this plane. As a result, the hood is normally biased by gravity firmly against the edges of the frame or box for assuring proper closure of the fan opening.
When the fan is energized, the pressure provided by the air stream causes the hood to shift from the closed position shown in solid lines to the open position shown in broken lines. In this open position, it is seen upon referring to FIG. 2, that the upper sections 76 and 78 of the hood are spaced substantially laterally outwardly from the fan blade even though these sections are closest to the hinge because of the aforedescribed manner in which the sections 76 are formed. The remaining sections 82, 86 and 88 of the hood are progressively spaced even greater distances from the fan opening as result of the inclined position of the hood. The total result is that the central panel portion of the hood is spaced sufficiently outwardly from the fan so as to avoid undue interference with the air stream in a manner which might cause a substantial decrease in the efficiency of the fan. By way of comparison, it has been found that presently available automatically operable louver or shutter structures reduce the efficiency of the fan by more than twice as much as the hood structure of the present invention.
Brackets 90 and 92 are secured to the opposite sides 16 and 18 toward but spaced beneath upper margins thereof. These brackets project forwardly or outwardly from the frame or fan box and carry stop elements or flanges 94 and 96 at outer ends thereof. These flanges may be separately or integrally formed and project inwardly respectively for engaging side marginal flanges 52 and 54 of the hood and thereby positively limiting outward movement of the hood as shown in broken lines in FIGS. l, 2 and 3. In this manner, positive control is maintained over the hood so as to minimize any possibility of the hood being twisted and damaged by any wind blowing around the building. As previously indicated, the central panel portion of the hood is spaced outwardly from the fan in a manner for minimizing any adverse effect on the efficiency of the fan. At the same time, however, the gradual reverse inclination of the section 80 and the sharp inclination of the section 88 effectively increases the lifting action of the air stream against the inner side of the hood for positively and securely holding the hood against the stops 94 and 96. While the relative angle of the sections 80 and 88 may be varied within reasonable limits, one arrangement which has been found to be successful contemplates a 9 angle between the section 88 and the plane of the marginal flanges and a 60 angle between the section 88 and the marginal flanges. As previously indicated, the section 88 merges with an outwardly inclined section 86. The V-shaped rib provided by these sections enhances the strength and rigidity of the lower free marginal portion of the hood.
While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described herein, it is obvious that many structural details may be changed without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
The invention is claimed as follows:
1. A ventilator comprising frame means defining an opening through which an air stream is to be blown outwardly when the ventilator is in operation, a closure member traversing said opening, and means between said frame means and a first margin of said closure member pivotally mounting closure member for movement between a closed position and an open position, said closure member including a section adjacent said mounting means extending substantially outwardly from said opening and an additional section extending from said first mentioned section transversely of said opening for promoting movement of said closure member to said open position under the influence of said air stream upon operation of the ventilator and for minimizing any decrease in the efiiciency of the flow of said air stream. said second section extending generally parallel to said opening to a line traversing a mid portion of the opening, said closure member including a third section extending from a junction at said line with said second section and inclined at a relatively small angle rearwardly with respect to said second section, and a fourth section adjacent a margin of said closure member opposite from said mounting means and inclined rearwardly at a relatively large angle with respect to said second section.
2. A ventilator comprising frame means defining an opening through which an air stream is to be blown outwardly when the ventilator is in operation, a closure member traversing said opening, and means between said frame means and a first margin of said closure member pivotally mounting closure member for movement between a closed position and an open position, said closure member including a section adjacent said mounting means extending substantially outwardly from said opening and an additional section extending from said first mentioned section transversely of said opening for promoting movement of said closure member to said open position under the influence of said air stream upon operation of the ventilator and for minimizing any decrease in the efficiency of the fiow of said air stream, said closure member including peripherally substantially continuous marginal portions disposed substantially in a common plane and engageable with and around the periphery of said frame means when the closure member is in said closed position, said closure member further including opposite spaced apart side portions extending laterally outwardly from adjacent opposite marginal portions, said side portions and said last mentioned marginal portions extending transversely away from said mounting means, and said closure member comprising a central panel portion extending between and joining said side portions and including said rst and second mentioned sections.
3. A ventilator, as defined in claim 2, wherein said second mentioned section is inclined reversely with respect to said first mentioned section.
4. A ventilator, as defined in claim 2, wherein said closure member includes another section adjacent a margin opposite from said mounting means and extending in a direction sharply reversed with respect to said rst mentioned section.
5. A ventilator, as defined in claim 2, which includes stop means connected with opposite sides of said frame means and disposed outwardly therefrom for engaging said opposite marginal portions of said closure member when the closure member is in said open position and for preventing the closure member from moving outwardly beyond said open position.
6. A hood for a ventilator of the type described coniprising an upper marginal portion, a lower marginal portion, opposite side marginal portions joining said upper and lower marginal portions, all of said marginal portions being dsposed substantially in a common plane, said upper marginal portion being adapted to be connected with hinge means for pivotally mounting the hood for movement from an upright closed position to an outwardly inclined open position, said hood including spaced apart opposite side portions projecting laterally outwardly from said opposite side marginal portions, and said hood including a central panel portion extending between said upper and lower marginal portions and joined to outer edges of said opposite side portions, said central panel portion including a first section extending laterally outwardly from said upper marginal portion and an additional section extending reversely of said iirst section and toward said lower marginal portion.
7. A hood, as dened in claim 6, wherein said additional section of said central panel portion extends from a line generally centrally positioned between said upper and lower marginal portions and at a relatively small angle with respect to the plane of said marginal portions, said central panel portion including another section adjacent said lower marginal portion and extending reversely with respect to said first section and at a relatively large angle with respect to said plane.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,804,008 8/1957 Koch 98-43 2,580,797 1/1952 Koch 98-116 2,571,374 10/1951 Mayr 98-116 2,159,498 5/1939 Birkolz 98-116 2,225,349 12/ 1940 Morse 98-116 2,933,241 4/1960 Braskamp 230-259 2,950,859 8/1960 Kirk 230-259 FOREIGN PATENTS 709,785 8/ 1941 Germany. 1,061,261 11/1953 France. 1,162,268 4/1958 France.
HENRY F. RADUAZO, Primary Examiner U.S. C1. XR.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 5, 1937
|May 23, 1939
|Midwest Mfg Company
|Ventilating apparatus
|Feb 1, 1939
|Dec 17, 1940
|Gen Electric
|Ventilating fan control
|Jun 21, 1948
|Oct 16, 1951
|Theresa Mayr
|Ventilating fan
|Jun 5, 1948
|Jan 1, 1952
|Westinghouse Electric Corp
|Wall box fan
|Jan 19, 1954
|Aug 27, 1957
|Koch Gustav H
|Fan apparatus
|Nov 4, 1957
|Apr 19, 1960
|Braskamp W H Nv
|Window or ring ventilator
|Dec 3, 1956
|Aug 30, 1960
|Meier Electric And Machine Com
|Fan housing and protective grill
|Oct 5, 1939
|Aug 27, 1941
|Johann Orlowski
|Vorrichtung zur selbsttaetigen zeitlichen Steuerung der Luftzufuhr fuer Kesselfeuerungen
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 19, 1973
|Jul 30, 1974
|Ventilation damper for air conditioning apparatus
|May 2, 1973
|Feb 11, 1975
|Danfoss As
|Air injecting apparatus for air conditioners or the like
|May 6, 1975
|Jan 11, 1977
|Institutal Pentru Creatie Stintifica Si Tehnica
|Automatic obturator for a gasodynamic ventilation device
|Dec 4, 1975
|Feb 8, 1977
|Matsushita Seiko Co., Ltd.
|Ventilation fan (ventilation system)
|Jul 16, 1975
|Apr 12, 1977
|Contamination Control Laboratories, Inc.
|Clean air workbench
|Jun 7, 1976
|Dec 13, 1977
|Knab James V
|Exhaust system for bone cement
|May 6, 1977
|Dec 26, 1978
|The Crest Company
|Self-closing exhaust fan cover
|May 25, 1979
|Oct 6, 1981
|Martin Industries, Inc.
|Wood burning heater
|May 18, 1981
|Feb 1, 1983
|Veco International, Inc.
|Filter housing
|Jul 6, 1981
|Mar 27, 1984
|Four Seasons Solar Products Corporation
|Greenhouse construction provided with special ridge for ventilation
|Dec 27, 1983
|Aug 26, 1986
|Four Seasons Solar Products Corporation
|Greenhouse construction provided with special ridge for ventilation
|Apr 2, 1985
|Oct 14, 1986
|Four Seasons Solar Products Corp.
|Greenhouse construction provided with special ridge for ventilation
|Aug 22, 1985
|Dec 16, 1986
|The Coleman Company, Inc.
|Exhaust apparatus for recreational vehicle air conditioner
|Oct 15, 1985
|Jan 6, 1987
|Milks Stephen A
|Roof vent fan assembly
|Oct 5, 1987
|Feb 28, 1989
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Air flow control device
|Mar 10, 1987
|Mar 28, 1989
|Kool Kap Corp.
|Kool kap
|Apr 26, 1995
|Oct 22, 1996
|F F Seeley Nominees Pty Ltd
|Fan closure flap
|Jan 30, 1998
|Jul 13, 1999
|Consol, Inc.
|Air flow reversal prevention door assembly
|Nov 3, 1997
|Aug 24, 1999
|Ctb, Inc.
|Adjustable poultry feeder assembly
|Sep 17, 1999
|Jan 2, 2001
|James Norman Smith
|Bathroom ventilator inlet
|Jan 20, 1998
|Jan 16, 2001
|Ctb, Inc.
|Adjustable poultry feeder assembly
|Oct 28, 1999
|Oct 22, 2002
|Christopher L. Anthony
|Crawl space ventilator fan
|Apr 13, 2001
|Nov 5, 2002
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Blower impeller apparatus with one way valves
|Apr 13, 2001
|Apr 15, 2003
|Hewlett Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Blower impeller apparatus with pivotable blades
|Jun 27, 2008
|Mar 6, 2012
|Airdri Limited
|Air displacing device
|Mar 29, 2011
|Dec 30, 2014
|Daniel J. Tippmann
|Swing seal for a rack-aisle freezing and chilling system
|Oct 17, 2003
|Apr 21, 2005
|Dovell David K.
|Foundation ventilation system and method
|Jun 27, 2008
|Jan 1, 2009
|Airdri Limited
|Air displacing device
|Apr 16, 2009
|Oct 21, 2010
|Chung Ta Chih
|Return air blocking device for fan-based heat dissipation mechanism
|Mar 29, 2011
|Oct 10, 2013
|Daniel J. Tippmann
|Swing seal for a rack-aisle freezing and chilling system
|Feb 27, 2013
|Aug 28, 2014
|Petra Engineering Industries Co.
|Gravity shutter
|Aug 30, 2013
|Feb 12, 2015
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Fan assembly
|U.S. Classification
|454/344, 415/146, 454/350, 454/353, 415/26, 454/355
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.03 / 5.00 943 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.98 / 5.00 2,254 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.96 / 5.00 2,489 Views
that was awesome
One of my favorite games of all time, I have the Collectors edition of Lunar Silver Star Story beside me. =P
I miss my playstation 1 so much. =<
I've been trying to learn how to get PS1 emulators, but that's been in progress for years, lol.
Thanks for reminding me of my love for the JRPGs back in the day!
I have the Collectors edition as well! I'm glad this movie was nostalgic for you, that's what I was going for. Part 2 is out, too!
I have been a fan of the game since it came out, it is in my top 5 all-time favs. Very well done.
dude loved this game but a broken memory chip kept me from finishing it so when part2 comes out send me a message
Nice, I went back to both games not too long ago. And it still holds up for good story.