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Greece Shopping
We enjoyed walking around in the Plaka area of Athens in the evenings. I did my souvenir shopping during this time. I always try to pick up something that my friends, family and coworkers would really like to have. So, I bought several bottle openers and Mati charms. Since, the owners of where I work are Greek, they appreciated getting the Mati...more
Ok we are not on holiday to cook and clean but I do like breakfast on the balcony, as we arrived we noticed the supermarkets were all closed being sunday! It was worth our while to drive to Irapetra to shop for the things we would need and use during a 10 day stay. The prices compared to the local shops in Makrigialos were a big saving. Although we...more
I am from Greece originally, but grew up in Spain. Last summer I went for vacation to the island of Santorini and found it magnificent. The reason I am posting this is I would very much like to know this earlier too! Shopping in Santorini was great, I only had a problem with fitting things I wanted to buy in my luggage and as a result I only bought...more
As far as I know the only shop in Thessaloniki with eco friendly items. There you can find MyOneAndOnly bags made from reused banners, bags made from juice packs and jewelry and souvenirs made from recycled materials. Very helpful and joyful people in. I strongly recommend it. MyOneAndOnly bags made from reused banners, Bags made from juice packs...more
Irida Glas Studios
On my second visit to Kardamyli i was browsing the local shops,when i spotted a gent with a large colored vase going down a side street and then into a small shop with sign above it. not been able to see the sign properly i followed down to the shop. Then i saw the small glass studio with all manner of glass objects in it. Some abstract some not...more
Buying Green And Fruits
Every Saturday morning a large green market takes places in Oropos. It is located 200m from Agios Andreas church, next to the big public parking area. It is a typical green market that you can find anywhere all over Greece and it has everything, from any possible seasoned fruit or greens, to herbs and the usualy side stalls with clothes,...more
Souvenir Shops
While walking along the narrow alleys of Chora I have came upon this quite nice souvenir shop which they seemed to have everything from ashtrays, vases, magnets, pens, plates and many more. What I did like about this shop is that they did had a small range of hand made pottery which it was nice to find. the staff were friendly and helpful.more
Arhontiko Tis Zois
As in most arcadian villages when we were ready to leave we checked of the local stores. Some of them offer some nice delicious locals products, we bought trahanas (5e), homemade fig marmalade (4e, amazing taste) and some karydokurampiedes, a local dessert we didn't know about, they offered us some and we thought it was a nice gift for some...more
My favourite shop to buy dry fruit and nuts is the one in the corner of the central Public Market . I can always find fresh products, and I buy walnuts and raisins, danes, and all sorts of different other things depending on the season. The shop belongs to Mr. Athanasios Avgerinosmore
This market has everything from discounted Bags, to Fish to Fruit everything here, All the locals are here , and it is very big and its right by the harbour so i guess all the fresh fish off the ships are put here as well Its a lovely way to spend a morning he famous Cretan products, such as olive oil, wine, raki, honey, and herbs are, of...more
The fertile volcanic soil grows wonderful aromatic tomatina or tiny cherry tomatoes which are renown for their distinct flavour. Try tomatokeftedes! They often find their way into tomatokeftedes or meatless 'meat balls', made with tomatoes, herbs and butter and no meat. Also try Chloro Fresh Cheese, and don't leave without tasting the local...more
Kapani & Modiano markets
I love visiting food and flea markets in most cities, so I would miss the oldest one in Thessaloniki which is a trip to Middle East. Kapani Market (Ut Kapan during the Ottoman occupation as it's 200 years old) is a large area west of Aristotelous street with dozens of stores. They are houses in small old buildings (one or two storeys) and sell...more
Shopping At Oropos Beach
If you stay at the beach for long time you will notice that sooner or later people pass by selling various things, hopefully they're not pushy and and a simple no will send them away (until the next one)... Some of the items for sell are pareo, hats, cheap bracelets, pendats and rings, sunglasses but also something to eat (pic 4), usually koulouri...more
Local Produce
For the best place to buy local products on the island is got to be the small shop in Chora called "The road to the taste". Most of the products like jams, pickles and honey are all made on the island by locals. Also the locals do hand pick herbal tea or oregano and thyme from the mountains which is also on sale in the shop and that is where I...more
Central market Varvakeios Agora
You cannot miss this tiny little corner 3X3 shop! It is in Athinas street and you can buy Greek herbs like origan, basil, cinamon, paprika, lavender, and Greek herb tea. I always buy things from here, and they are always fresh and very cheap. This little shop is found in Athinas Street. Watch out you will see the guy and I am sure you cannot...more
Local Crafts
In Melame town there is a lovely little jewellers selling mainly silver jewelry. They have some beautiful handmade amber jewelry - I got a beautiful bangle with three lumps of amber on it for about £30.more
One of the most popular things tourists want to buy from Santorini besides local products is jewels. Prices are generally moderate and there are pieces available which are difficult to come by in other parts of the world. A popular and favourite shop is Nakis, offering a big collection of jewels. "Fabrica and Kostas Antoniou" jewelleries are...more
After your visit to the beautiful Agia Sofia church, you'll see a catacomb across it (which is really worth a visit too), you will notice this beautiful shop which reads something like (but not exactly) Xatcn Ewtiov. You have got to try their sweets and some are nicely packed for your friends, loved ones and colleagues. Greek sweets, bread,...more
Fish Market
Walking toward the port we passed by the lighthouse promenade where there are numerous small fish boats. The small building has a sign outside that this is where the local fishing community have their club (it's called Agios Georgios, it's the small structure on the left of pic 3)… …so I was sure there must be a fish market near by… and it is, a...more
Buongiorno Bakery
Buongiorno bakery is at the heart of the port and it produces some amazing breads and local cakes. Also as is so near the port is an ideal place to wait for the ferry here while you are having a cup of coffee and you can pick up some cheese and spinach pie or other items for the journey back as it will be cheaper here than the ferry. Also if you...more
Food & Drinks
In 2014 I saw a fresh milk vending machine in France (my review here) and I was really impressed but we never really had the chance to try it. Later I've read that these machines are popular through out Europe with similar vending machines in shops, schools etc So, I got excited when they told me there is something similar in Greece founded by...more
Any shop sells olive oil over there but it has nothing to do with a reality. You may find the real one at any restaurant in the village as the owner might probably have the olive business as well. It's very cheap. Besides you may buy a nice souvenir bottle and it will go together well as a typical greek gift. Just a tip.more
Minimarkets And Supermarkets
Much larger then it looks, has lots of everything. Well the chilled wine barrel of course. Red runs 2.7 euros for one liter and about 5.2 for two liters. The white wine costs even less. Self sealing plastic bottles are their and all you do is fill them. I got one liter of red and it was very good, note, it seemed to have a hi alc. content, more...more
Bustart Books
This is a stylish bookstore with a special focus on art in the broad sense, including classic art, architecture, photography, fashion, deco, design, pop culture...It is located in the heart of the city, although cleverly hidden from the mainstream, high-street shoppers. With a bohemian life-stance, the guys at Bustart have created an alternative...more
Kiosk - Periptero
As expected there are many kiosks (periptero in greek) in Oropos as everywhere all over Greece. This one is located at the intersection of the main street and Korytsas and was the one I visited daily because traditionally I like to read newspapers at the beach as I tend to get bored after a while... so bored that I even wrote this tip about it! :)...more
Clothes & Shoes
After visited Glyfada Athens we then walked to Esperidon place. There is a streat Giannitsopoulou. I ve found a perfume store name Rosina Perfumery. The store is small but very luxury decorated. A great place for unique perfumes from all over the World , bath oils , body creams, candles , skin products. They also have silks scarves made only for...more
Excellent wines you can find at the winery Economou at Ziros - Sitia. After a wine tasting you can also choose what to buy. Fantastic red wine (vintage 2000). The prices are very good. (PLEASE READ MY TIP THINKS TO DO FOR MORE INFO) Red - white- rose wine.more
This is just a great shop.We saw it on our way into Oia a small wine paradise.They have a huge selection of Greek wines and of course that unique wines from Santorini.I talked to the owners and they told us that maybe next year they will be able to give some wine tastings in the store.The good thing is they also have an online shop where you can...more
We've tried many different patisseries in Thessaloniki but also Terkenlis that is famous for tsoureki. If you're not familiar with it, tsoureki is a sweet, egg-enriched brioche-like bread formed of braided strands of dough. At Terkenlis they have big variety of tsoureki from the usual plain tsoureki or filled or topped with a sweet sauce but but...more
Market In Supermarket
When we stay more than a day at Skala Oropou we may need some supplies to make breakfast, prepare sandwiches for the beach etc. The near by Market In (you will see it on your right hand as you come into Skala Oropou via Markopoulo, 100m from the beach) is a great option as it has all the regular items of any super market in Greece (and normal...more
Ermou str
Like all major metropolitan areas, the City of Athens has much to offer visitors in the way of shopping. The downtown area (around Ermou Street) hosts a few large shopping centers but mainly keeps visitors busy with its quaint shops in the tourist areas and boutiques in certain upper class sections. Go north for the most Malls and south for...more
You'll be able to get these in department stores all over Crete (and probably Greece as well). They're inexpensive, cheap actually. As soon as you get them home and wish to feel as if you are having a sip of retsina in a Greek taverna, take them out, fill them up and there you are. Small wine glasses and tin wine jugs. The glasses are...more
Branded men's and women's clothes of well-known fashion houses (Just Cavalli, Versace, Galiano, Alberta Ferreti, Pinko, Nolita, Cinema, Fred, Perry, Jlo), along fantastic accessories and beachwear pieces by famous designers ( Emano, Heid Klein, Melissa); they are all at your disposal to help you create a style to steal the show ...... Women's...more
Alone Record Store
I stopped buying music away from Athens but I still like to see record stores around. I passed by Alone Record Store on my way to Navarinou square and decided to take a look. It's a music store dedicated to heavy metal fans with lots of cds (new and old releases), lps, dvds and many T-shirts. I was tempted to buy some picture discs but I...more
Meat Store Giorgos Kostas
As there are permanent residents there are numerous meat stores in town but the last years most people prefer this meat store which is located behind the terminal stop of the bus. It has good prices but also good quality so most locals go there, we also bought some meat supplies from there when we stayed at Oropos for some days. It's no...more
Books & Comics
a little corner to the world....! This travel bookstore is in the heart of Athens. The moment its curved door opens, the city buzz gives its place to the quietness and friendliness, the calmness one seeks to discover the next travel destination, to first explore a place reading about it.... For those, still old-fashioned, that is....who love the...more
Fake Antiques
These fake antiques are available throughout Crete, usually at unreasonably high prices. They are fake and they look fake. I believe that there are some people who like such things and buy them but I'm not one of them. On the other hand - Crete is so full of old things scattered all around that I can understand those who wish to take a little...more
I cant judge this or any other coiffure in Santorini but my wife got out happy from this one. Earlier in the day she asked several local ladies in Kamari but from the ones in Fira this one was highly suggested. It is located 2' walk from main square on the main road so I guess most locals will know about it if you ask for this. Stella is the...more
We were delighted to find even a very nice small shop called "Eco n Design" on Tsimiski street close to the YMCA are (possible adress 122 Tsimiski str.), with Eco friendly and design items as well as some very good gift ideas. All of them in nice prices. Not exactly what you would have imagined to find there. Very friendly people. Very nice...more
Petshop Kivotos
Kivotos (means ark in greek) is a typical pet shop where most people go for to buy food for their pets but also fishing equipment (hooks, fishing rods, reels, baits, spears and whatother item may be useful for fishing). But the place is also popular for the average summer visitor because he provides typical beach equipement for youngs and adults...more
The shop at the National Archaeological Museum has a lovely range of reproductions of ancient artifacts. And not all are expensive. This little "psi" figurine, named so for its resemblance to the Greek letter of the alphabet, was probably used in religious cult rites. It is about 3 inches high. The orginal dates from 2400-2000 BCE. This one was 22...more
Street Stalls
You'll find these in the towns and cities of Crete - ad all over Greece, for that matter. What are they? Little street kiosks that are open very long hours. They sell cigarettes, sweets, contraceptives, postcards, papers, drinks, komboli, toys, sandals, icecreams, books, batteries.. you get the general idea. A cultural habit that is worth...more
I must confess that everywhere I go I love shopping for food and wines and I love groceries and markets. In Santorini you will see many gold jelllery shops, specially in Fira, but that's a thing I don't care for. For food items you can buy excellent olive oil ( I bought one from Crete that is delicious), olives and wines ( Santorini wines are...more
Olympic stores
All over Greece, I saw lots of stores that sold nothing but Olympic souvenirs (and this was during the Olympic year, so although they were cute they were not cheap.) I did manage to find a few that weren't too expensive: an Olympic photo album that costed only 10€, and a few pens that were only about 1€ each. Other than that, don't expect to find a...more
Mati Art Gallery
The Mati Art Gallery qualifies as much as a "Thing to Do" as it does a "Shopping" tip. This is a private gallery dedicated to showcasing (and selling) exclusively the work of the Athens-based sculptor Yorgos Kypris. Yorgos's pieces range from ornately-crafted jewelery to major installations. As a shop Mati aims to provide unique souvenirs for the...more
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A Little Sizzle in Your Step
Put the daze in your Sundays (and remind yourself how sweet life would be if you and your SO didnt have to go back to work the next morning) at the new Sunday beach and pool party at the Oasis Beach Club at Brickell Keys poshola Mandarin Oriental. Calledwait for itSizzlin SunDaze, its six hours of stunning and sunning yourselves to the accompaniment of beach games, the occasional DJ, cures for both manis and pedis, private cabanas for private canoodling, special $8 cocktails and other adult beverages, and a Beach Club menu that ranges from hot dogs to sushi. After all, if you cant keep the Sabbath holy, you can at least keep it lathered with sunscreen.
Sundays, 12-6 p.m., 2011
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ok dis fire
S/o @streetlights who interviewed former DONDA lead creative director Joe Perez who designed
What a Day, What a Day
Bone Thugs-N-Harmony released their second album E. 1999 Eternal July 25
I'm linking up with @robmarkman on Monday for an interview and I want to use the opportunity to answer
There have been a lot of dope videos coming from Genius lately, and one of the most recent is a breakdown
The Genius forums are a place where everyone should feel comfortable to contribute knowledge and take
What happens? Do we get a OVO vs Shady beef? Eminem, Yelawolf, and Slaughterhouse all fight Drake's squad
That time of the week again! Last weeks image was a lot harder than expected, @KuzManDatNigga ruined a
All I Think About, Medicine Man, Vegas, Detroit v Everybody, Raw, his shit on MMLP2
If he keeps this up
The only other member besides Eminem who wasn't utter dogshit.
took me like 10 months but its really not bad. Hyped for his next release.
Jesus Walks comes to mind for me
Let's take a break from all this petty arguing about what's hip hop and what's not, and have some fun
(also it turned
Ya'll be praisin these "2pac" and "Jay Z" niggas but you be blind to the true genius of Future Hendrix.
Do ya'll remember this? LOL classy times
"Soulja boy is fresh as hell and is actually the true meaning of what hip hop is sposed to be. He came from the hood, made his own beats, made up a new saying, new sound and a new dance with one song. He had all of America rapping this summer. If that ain't Hip Hop then what is? A bunch of wannabe keep it real rappers that ain't even relevant, recycling samples trying to act like it's 96 again and all they do is hate on new shit? Niggas always talk about the golden age but for a 13 year old kid, this is the golden age!!! That song was so dope cause everything he said had a hidden meaning… that's Nas level shit… he just put it over some steel drums which is also some Nas shit if you had the 2nd album cassette with the bonus track "Silent Murder" on it. In closing… new niggas get ya money$$$$$$$$$$ Keep this shit fresh and original…. ain't no fuckin' rules to this shit and that's what real hip hop is to me."
-Kanye West
kanye a dumbass now
"that song was so dope that everything had a hidden meaning"
I hope he wasn't talking about crank dat.
Everything Kanye has ever said from that point on is now irrelevant.
Kanye has his brief moments of insanity
" ain't no fuckin' rules to this shit and that's what real hip hop is to me"
Yo, I don't really find anything wrong with his statement. He's defending another artist who he feels needs to be defended in his eyes. If you wouldn't do something like that because a bunch of other people think otherwise then maybe you need to find your own voice.
Doesent change the fact that he's a muthafuckin genius
Whats up Rap
He came from the hood,
His dad actually provided him with a professional studio but whatever.
Almost every genius is borderline insane..
Imagine how many rappers would have made great abortions.
Kanye has made a lot of dumb statements. And he wasn't the only one- Nas also gave props to Soulja Boy. And Soulja Boy still went out of his way to disrespect Nas. There's a disturbing trend with respected rappers giving praise to horrible rappers. It seems that artists who get the "Real Hip Hop" label hate it so much that they overcompensate by giving props to artists who get little to no respect.
Also the soulja and snoop thing was funny. Why would you collab with him after he dissed you? silly boy.
Cuz I'm sure of all the hidden meanings behind 'crank dat superman'. Lyrical genius at its finest.
This would've made sense if it wasn't Soulja Boy. Kanye let me down lol
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Enter your stay dates and any discounts you qualify for to see Biberach im Kinzigtal, Germany rates found only on HotelPlanner!
Find hotels & motels in Biberach im Kinzigtal using the list below. Find cheap and/or discounted hotel rates in or near Biberach im Kinzigtal, Germany for your business or personal leisure travel. We provide the best Biberach im Kinzigtal hotel/motel rooms. Review the Biberach im Kinzigtal hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. We also have a map of the Biberach im Kinzigtal hotels.
The Biberach im Kinzigtal center point is approximately 19 miles southeast of Passarelle des Deux Rives and 19 miles southeast of Barrage Vauban.
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Petcentric, sponsored by Purina, is your trusted source for helpful facts and fun pet tips for your furry friend. This DIY cat brush project will leave your kitten feline fine! Grooming your cute kitty is healthy for her coat and promotes bonding. Plus, it reduces hairballs and shedding while helping to spread natural oils over your munchkin's coat. All you need is a brush, some double sided tape and a stable surface to attach it to. Visit Petcentric.com for more cat help, training and humor...
26 Hacks that will make any cat owner's life easier
How To Introduce Two Cats To Each Other Safely. Awesome since I would like to adopt from our local animal shelter (:
12 adorable ways to make your home more cat friendly
"El gato vive solo. No necesita sociedad alguna. Sólo obedece cuando quiere, o simula dormir para observar mejor y araña todo cuanto puede arañar" FR de Chateaubriand
Norwegian Forest Cat
Foster Kitten Gets First Massage and is Immediately Spoiled With Love (VIDEO) | One Green Planet
Ummm, help?
"In my world, the grass is green, the sky is blue and all cats are orange." --Jim Davis ("Garfield")
Witch Cat
Cute kittens ♥
Some cats LOVE water!
So Cute! #welovecats
Cat Body Language~ If you just listen to them, they won't feel the need to scratch or bite you to communicate their displeasure...Some tips that are good to know!
Kittens sure can scare a dog.
Cat Group Print Every Life Should Have Nine Cats
.Beautiful orange kittens!
Cutest Snow Cat Ever! <3
Funny cat pictures with captions, cats funny …For more funny pictures and hilarious humor visit www.bestfunnyjokes4u.com
3d cats
3d cats


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Top Definition
a fear of people touching the knees.
kelly has patellaphobia she is terrified of people touching her knees and and will conflict injury to those to try.
por sillyfreshmen 16 de Agosto de 2010
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This is a college town, so the food better be good or the business will die. This one "hit the spot". The service was fast and the food was delicious. It seems to be a very popular place with the college kids too.
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Careers and carers
Childcare and maternal labour supply
Giselle Cory and Vidhya Alakeson
January 2014 © Resolution Foundation 2014
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Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 Section 1: The UK's record on maternal employment ............................................................................... 5 Mothers in work .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Mothers of three- to five-year-olds .............................................................................................................. 6 Single mothers ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Mothers with three or more children ......................................................................................................... 7 Part-time work and flexibility ........................................................................................................................ 8 Section 2: Childcare and work decisions ...................................................................................................... 11 About the survey ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Earnings ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Childcare use....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Mothers' preferences for work .................................................................................................................... 16 Barriers to work ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Extending childcare support ........................................................................................................................ 18 Attitudes to extending childcare support ................................................................................................ 20 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Annex ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Resolution Foundation
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While growth figures to be published shortly look set to reveal the first full year of economic growth since the financial crisis, the latest projections from the Office for Budget Responsibility indicate that wages for the typical worker in Britain will still fall far short of their 2008 peak come 2018.1 With median wage growth sluggish and further cuts to welfare support expected, maintaining living standards will rest squarely on employment. Households will get better off if more people move into work and if those in work take on more hours. Under these circumstances, female employment will remain a significant driver of living standards as it has been since the 1960s. There has been a major increase in the proportion of women in work over the last 40 years, from 56 per cent in the 1970s to 70 per cent today. More significantly, women's earnings have become more important to household living standards over that same period. In 1968, 71 percent of net household income for low to middle income families came from male earnings and 11 percent from those of women. Forty years later, the share of household income from women's earnings had more than doubled to 24 per cent and that of men had fallen to 40 per cent.2 The male breadwinner is still the dominant family model but in 30 per cent of families working mothers now earn as much or more than their partners or are the sole earner. 3 Central to this increase in female employment has been a rise in employment among mothers, with 67 per cent of mothers now in work. In couple families with children, having two earners rather than one offers significant protection against poverty. In 2011-12, one in five children in couple families where only one adult worked lived in poverty compared to 4 per cent in families where both parents worked full-time.4 However, mothers are still less likely to work than women without children and they are far more likely to work part-time. Some of these patterns of maternal employment are a matter of choice about how to balance work and family commitments at different stages in the lives of children. A significant proportion of mothers choose to stay at home with the children and that is a choice we should respect. However, we also know that the current rate of maternal employment reflects constraints not just positive choices. The UK is close to the OECD average for maternal employment but other countries achieve a higher rate, even for parents of children under five, and repeated studies
Resolution Foundation (2013) 'Weak wage growth poses questions over stability of recovery' http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/press/AS2013/ 2 M Brewer and L Wren-Lewis (2011) Why did Britain's households get richer? Decomposing UK household income growth between 1968 and 2008–09, London: Resolution Foundation 3 D Ben-Galim and S Thompson (2013) Who's Breadwinning: Working mothers and the new face of family support, London: ippr. 4 K Lawton and S Thompson (2013) Tackling In-Work Poverty by Supporting Dual-Earning Families, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
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have highlighted the internationally high costs of childcare in the UK as a significant barrier to employment among mothers.5 Our new survey of nearly 2000 mothers with children under 10 in partnership with Mumsnet highlights the economic potential that we are currently wasting in the UK. One in five working mothers would like to work on average 10 more hours a week. Among those who currently do not work, nearly two out of five mothers would like to work on average 23 hours a week. Despite a decade of investment in childcare, high costs continue to be the biggest barrier to work for both working and non-working mothers. Two-thirds of mothers surveyed cite childcare costs as a barrier and for four out of ten, it is their main barrier to work. The vast majority who want to work or work more state that they would use more childcare support if it were offered and that this support would enable them to work the hours they choose. Inadequate employer flexibility is also a barrier for working mothers who want to increase their hours, with the UK lagging behind the best performers in offering the most flexible types of employment. Lower earners are more likely to want to increase their hours and are more likely to say that childcare is a barrier to doing so. But the balance of new funding for childcare has favoured the better off. The survey suggests that some of the £750 million to be invested in childcare support for better off families with children, including those earning up to £300,000, would pay greater dividends if it was targeted at the lowest earners on Universal Credit. These working families – 900,000 of them - will miss out on the additional childcare support being made available to families on Universal Credit in which all parents pay income tax because they do not earn enough to reach the income tax threshold. In the short term, spending an additional £250 million on these lowest paid families is far more likely to enable more mothers to work or work more hours than simply subsidising the childcare costs that better off parents are already paying. Childcare will be a battleground for all parties in the run up to the election. The survey indicates that there is much labour market potential to be unleashed through greater investment in childcare, particularly if it is targeted at enabling mothers to work up to four days a week. Coupled with the benefits for children, investment that supports higher employment will raise new tax revenue for government, reduce spending on benefits and tax credits and substantially improve family living standards, as wages for the typical worker slowly recover. As women continue to become better qualified, the loss to the economy of wasted potential grows. Investment in childcare can ensure that women remain in the labour market throughout their prime working years. This report presents the findings of a survey of just under 2000 mothers with children under 10 conducted by the Resolution Foundation in partnership with Mumsnet, the UK's largest website for parents. The survey asked mothers about their preferences for work and their likely responses to hypothetical changes in childcare support. The survey was conducted over two weeks in November 2013. The first section of the report looks at maternal employment in the UK and identifies the specific areas of employment where the UK falls behind the best performers in the OECD. The second section presents the full findings of the survey, highlighting reported use of childcare, existing barriers to employment and mothers' perceptions of how their work patterns would change if childcare support were extended.
OECD (2011) Doing Better for Families: United Kingdom, http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/47701096.pdf
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Section 1: The UK's record on maternal employment
Mothers in work
The rate of female employment improved significantly in the UK from the 1970s to the mid-2000s, rising 56 per cent to 70 per cent. Over the last decade, the rate stagnated and then dropped slightly during the downturn. It has now recovered to its 2008 level (70 per cent). As female employment grew, mothers also benefited. From the mid-1990s to 2010, the maternal employment rate increased by from 61 per cent to 67 per cent. Over the same period, the rate for women without children increased by only 1 per cent (from 66 to 68 per cent, see Figure 1). This difference in growth is partly due to the differing impact of the recession on working mothers and women without children. The recession did not have a lasting impact on the employment rate of mothers, while the rate among women without children dropped considerably from 2008 to 2010, in large part because of high unemployment among 16- to 24-year-olds.
Figure 1: Employment rate for mothers and women without children
Source: ONS (2011) Mothers in the Labour Market
However, mothers are still less likely to be in work – and much less likely to be in full-time work – than women without children, or men. Moreover, the UK has a lower maternal employment rate than many other Western economies. Using internationally comparable data from 2009, the UK fell nearly 20 percentage points behind the top performer, Slovenia (86 per cent). Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Finland follow with high maternal employment rates, while the UK is close to the OECD average of 66 per cent.6 We fall notably behind the top performers in the following three areas: mothers of children aged three to five; single mothers; and mothers with three or more children.
OECD Family database. Maternal employment rate given here is for women with a child under 15 with the exceptions of Denmark and Iceland (children under 16) and Denmark, Finland and Sweden which include children under 25 if they are dependent.
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Mothers of three- to five-year-olds
In the UK, maternal employment rates increase with the age of the youngest child. Figure 2 shows the employment rates of mothers by the age of their youngest child, compared to the average rates among top performing countries (for each age group). The UK has lower maternal employment rates than the top performers for children of all ages but it is the mothers of three to five-year-olds who fall furthest behind. There is a 20 percentage point gap between the top performers and the UK in the maternal employment rate of mothers whose youngest child is between three and five. This gap falls to 6 per cent for mothers of older children. Figure 2: Maternal employment rates by age of youngest child
Source: OECD Family database Notes: Top performers are by age category: under 3 years: Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany (NB: No under 3 data for Iceland); 3-5 years: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, France; 6 – 14 years: Iceland, France, New Zealand, Denmark, Switzerland. Data refers to 2009
This is perhaps surprising given that government support for childcare is heavily targeted at this age group. Children aged three and four are entitled to 15 hours of free childcare for 38 weeks of the year and takeup of the free entitlement is high.7 Childcare support for younger children and those of school age is not universally available. However, the free entitlement for three- and four-year-olds was designed around the best available evidence related to child development and was not specifically focused on boosting maternal employment rates. The actual design of the entitlement is not particularly work-friendly. It is fairly inflexible (free hours are generally provided in a one of two particular patterns), the number of hours does not adequately cover part-time employment and support is not available year round - it is only available in term-time. Therefore it should not be expected that the free entitlement, in its current form, would significantly increase maternal employment.
NAO (2012) Delivering the free entitlement to education for three- and four-year-olds
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The UK's performance for mothers of children under three may be overstated by the fact that maternal employment data also includes mothers on maternity leave. Many of these mothers will return to work and are rightly classed as employed. However, not all will. Longer maternity leave masks some of this disconnection from the labour market. The UK has the longest period of maternity leave of all OECD countries. Mothers can take up to 52 weeks of leave compared to an OECD average of 19 weeks. It is likely that this boosts the apparent employment rate of mothers with children under three in the UK compared to other countries.8 In addition, of those who have a youngest child aged zero to two years, around half have more than one child. Of those who have a youngest child between three and five years, around two thirds have more than one child. This may have a secondary impact on employment as women with more children are less likely to be in employment as discussed below. While the broad pattern of lower employment rates among mothers of younger children holds across the OECD, step changes in employment rates as children age are not inevitable. The Nordic countries, for example, do not follow the same pattern as the UK. Swedish mothers are more likely to be employed when their children are between three and five than when they are younger or older, while in Finland they are no less likely to be in work when their youngest child is between three and five and when they are of school age. In Denmark there is little difference between employment rates as the age of the youngest child increases. These examples indicate that mothers of younger children need not be less likely to be employed than those of older children – if the right support, employment practices and cultural norms are present.
Single mothers
Single mothers in the UK have a much lower employment rate than couple mothers. The UK also performs very poorly compared to similar countries. Of all OECD countries, the UK has the third lowest employment rate among single mothers.9 In 2010, 55 per cent of single mothers were employed compared to 72 per cent of partnered mothers.10 This is important in itself, but even more so given that the proportion of single parent households is expected to increase over the next couple of decades.11
Mothers with three or more children
Lastly, the UK has particularly low employment rates for mothers with three or more children compared to other OECD countries. Although employment rates are lower for mothers with a higher number of children in most OECD countries, the trend of falling employment rates with rising numbers of children is particularly marked in the UK. There is a 30 percentage point gap in the employment rate of mothers with three or more children compared to mothers with one child. This gap is less than 20 percentage points on average across the OECD.12 The overall employment rate tells us a lot about the position of mothers in the labour market but in isolation it gives only an incomplete picture. Just as important is the nature of the work that mothers do. Of particular concern for parents is the availability of flexible forms of employment across sectors and skill
OECD (2011) Doing better for families. Though the UK has the longest maternity leave period of all OECD countries, it has a relatively short paternal leave period of 2 weeks 9 OECD Family database: internationally comparable data refers to 2008 10 ONS (2011) Mothers in the Labour Market 11 OECD (2011) Doing better for families 12 OECD Family database: data refers to 2009
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levels that allow them to balance their work and family commitments.
Part-time work and flexibility
More than half (56 per cent) of working mothers are part-time. Mothers are more likely than women without children to work part-time and also much more likely than men to do so (13 per cent work parttime).13 The incidence of part-time work among mothers in the UK is considerably higher than in comparable economies. Over half (55 per cent) of working mothers in the UK work less than 30 hours a week, compared to under a quarter (24 per cent) of mothers in France and only 9 per cent of mothers in Finland.14 Some of this part-time work undoubtedly reflects parental choice. However, there is evidence that a large minority of mothers who work part-time would rather work longer hours but are prevented from doing so. In some cases, this is because they cannot find full-time roles that offer adequate flexibility to allow them to manage family commitments. In others, it is because the high cost of childcare puts a brake on working more hours. Conversely, some parents are incentivised to work part-time because of the design of Working Tax Credits (WTC). Parents have to work at least 16 hours a week, or 24 hours between them if they are a couple, to qualify for any support under Working Tax Credits, including childcare support. This is likely to have heavily influenced the work decisions of lower income parents and the nature of part-time jobs that have been created in low paid sectors. Single parents and second earners who choose to work less than 16 hours will not receive childcare support. This means that low wage work will rarely pay but working longer hours is also prohibitive because high childcare costs eat up too much of a low wage at longer hours, even with support. Part-time jobs are overwhelming in low skilled roles, resulting in mothers having to down-skill and forego income to get the flexibility they need. According to a previous Resolution Foundation poll, half (48 per cent) of mothers on low to middle incomes take a lower skilled part-time job on their return to work after having children.15 Moreover, many mothers can get stuck in low paid work. Women are more likely to be stuck in low paid work than men, as are those in part-time work. Mothers who move into low skilled, parttime work are at particularly high risk of getting stuck in low pay.16 Part-time work is only one form of flexible working. Other flexible arrangements are term-time working, being able to accumulate hours and take time off accordingly, or working from home. Many mothers want some form of flexible working arrangement both due to the high cost of childcare, and because they want to be with their children at certain times of the day or week. In the UK, mothers are more likely to work flexibly than women without children. This is primarily due to a higher use of flexi-time and term-time working (see Figure 3).
Resolution Foundation analysis of ONS labour market statistics; ONS (2011) Mothers in the labour market OECD Family database: mothers are defined here as women with children aged 0 to 14 15 V Alakeson (2012) The price of motherhood: women and part-time work 16 A Hurrell (2013) Starting out or getting stuck? An analysis of who gets trapped in low paid work —and who escapes
13 14
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Figure 3: Use of flexible working options by mothers and women without children
Source: ONS Labour Force Survey Notes: Data refers to October – December 2010
But many are unable to find the flexible arrangements they need. Two flexibility indicators suggest that the UK lags behind other Western economies on access to flexible working arrangements. Firstly, although there are a similar proportion of establishments providing flexi-time compared to countries with the highest maternal employment rates, the nature of this flexibility is notably different in the UK. UK establishments are less likely to offer the possibility of using accumulated hours for leave days (the most flexible work option) and more likely to allow varied start and end times without the accumulation of hours (the least flexible option), as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Availability of flexible working options across countries
Source: OECD Family database Notes: Data refers to 2009
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The UK also has a low proportion of employees who can set their own working time to some degree, compared to countries with higher maternal employment rates (Figure 5).17 This lack of flexible working arrangements is also supported by the 2011 CBI/Harvey Nash Employment Trends Survey which shows that the vast majority of employers offer part-time work as a form of flexibility but far fewer offer many of the other options.18
Figure 5: Availability of flexible working hours across countries
Source: OECD Family database Notes: Data refers to 2009
17 18
OECD Family database: data refers to 2009 CBI/Harvey Nash (2011) Navigating Choppy Waters: Employment trends survey 2011 , London: CBI
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Section 2: Childcare and work decisions
About the survey
Over two weeks in November 2013, the Resolution Foundation conducted a survey of 1,934 mothers with at least one child under 10 in partnership with Mumsnet, the UK's largest website for parents. The survey gathered basic family, income and childcare information, information about mothers' preferences for work and their views on how hypothetical changes in childcare support would affect their choices about work. The survey is attitudinal. Responses to hypothetical situations are based on respondents' perceptions of how they would react to changes in childcare support. It is likely that the actual behaviour change that would occur would be less than stated. Therefore, the findings from this survey can be used to understand the relative differences in mothers' preferences for different types of support and to provide an indication of the maximum amount of change that could be expected. They cannot be used to predict actual behavioural change. The survey is not representative of the overall population of mothers of children under 10 in the UK. Table A in the technical annex gives a comparison of the survey sample with a representative sample of the UK from the Family Resources Survey.
Who took part in the survey?
The following section provides some basic information about the mothers who responded to the survey: their age, the age of their children, their employment status, earnings and the earnings of their partner for couple mothers. The majority of respondents (58 per cent) are in their thirties (see Figure 6). Half of respondents (48 per cent) have two children and a third (35 per cent) has one child.
Figure 6: Age of survey respondents
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Although we surveyed mothers with at least one child under 10, the vast majority of respondents have younger children. Half the sample has a youngest child aged 0, 1 or 2 (see Figure 7). Figure 7: Distribution of survey respondents by age of youngest child
Three quarters of mothers are in work (this is very similar for single and couple mums). Couple mothers are more likely to not be looking for work, and single mums are more likely to be looking for work if not currently in work (see Figure 8).
Figure 8: Working patterns of survey respondents
The majority of working respondents work part-time.19 Two thirds (65 per cent) work less than 35 hours per week and on average 19 hours a week. Despite a high incidence of part-time work, only one in eight working mothers (13 per cent) works less than 16 hours a week. It is likely that this is in large part due to the requirement that parents must work at least 16 hours to receive support under WTC.
Part-time is defined here as working less than 35 hours per week
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Single mothers tend to earn less than couple mothers. The earnings of working couple mothers are spread across the earnings distribution from £5,000 to £35,000 per year. Working single mothers have earnings that are concentrated towards the lower end of the distribution between £5,000 and £15,000 (Figure 9). Figure 9: Distribution of earnings among survey respondents who are in work
On average, the partners of mothers who are in work earn more than the working mothers themselves. The earnings distribution of partners of working mothers is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10: Distribution of earnings among the partners of survey respondents who are in work
The next section summarises the findings of the survey. It first looks at respondents' childcare use and then goes on to assess mothers' preferences for, and barriers to, work. Finally it presents respondents' attitudes to hypothetical changes in childcare support.
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Childcare use
Most respondents regularly use some form of childcare (82 per cent). This is broadly in line with the findings of the Department for Education's nationally representative Childcare and Early Years Survey of Parents (CEYSP).20 Single mothers in our survey are slightly more likely to be using childcare: 88 per cent do so, compared to 81 per cent of couple mothers. This is at odds with the CEYSP which finds no significant difference in the take-up of childcare between single and two parent families.21 The most common form of childcare used is the child's grandparents (50 per cent of mothers use this form of childcare). The two next most popular forms of childcare are afterschool activities or breakfast clubs (32 per cent) and day nurseries (23 per cent). Survey respondents are much more likely than respondents to the CEYSP to use grandparents and day nurseries, and less likely to use afterschool activities or breakfast clubs. This reflects the survey sample. Childcare use increases with income. Given that our sample has a larger number of higher earning families than in the UK as a whole, we would expect to see greater use of childcare. The relatively low use of afterschool clubs and breakfast clubs among the survey sample is likely to reflect the fact that mothers who responded to the survey are more likely to have very young rather than school-age children.
Figure 11: Childcare use by survey respondents
20 21
See T Huskinson et al (2013) Childcare and Early Years Survey of Parents 2011 ibid: p38
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The majority of respondents who use childcare receive some form of government-funded childcare support. Government-funded childcare support for working families is provided in three forms: A free entitlement to 15 hours of childcare for 38 weeks a year for all three- and four-year-olds. The 20 per cent least well off two-year-olds are also entitled to 15 hours of free childcare and this will be extended to the 40 per cent least well off from September 2014. The childcare element of Working Tax Credits. Working families can receive 70 per cent of their childcare costs of up to £175 per week for one child or £300 for two or more (2013/14), if they work at least 16 hours a week. This support is means-tested: it is tapered away as the family's income increases. WTC will be replaced by Universal Credit (UC) over the next five years. Under UC, parents will be eligible for support with childcare costs regardless of how many hours they work. Families in which all adults earn above the personal tax allowance will have 85 per cent rather than 70 per cent of their childcare costs covered (up to the same limit as under WTC). However the majority of families under UC will not be able to benefit from this increased level of support. Of the 1.5 million families under UC, 900,000 families will be left out of this extra support because all adults in the household do not earn above the personal tax allowance. Employer-supported childcare (ESC). This voucher system enables families to pay less for their childcare by sacrificing a part of their pre-tax salary directly to childcare costs. The scheme is dependent on employers offering it and has very limited coverage. From 2015, it will be replaced by Tax Free Childcare (TFC). TFC will use £750 million of new funding in addition to the £750 million that currently goes to ESC, to fund 20 per cent of childcare costs for higher earning families who are not on UC up to £1,200 a year.
Among survey respondents, 60 per use at least one form of existing support. Of these, employersupported childcare vouchers are the most common. One out of three respondents (36 per cent) uses this type of support. Two out of three respondents with children aged three or four (66 per cent) use the free entitlement. WTC is the least common form of support: only one in eight (13 per cent) respondents uses the childcare element of WTC. Low take-up of WTC and high use of ESC would be expected given the survey sample. Respondents would be expected to use WTC less than other forms of support as it is a means-tested form of support targeted at lower income families, unlike ESC or the free entitlement.22 In addition the survey sample is likely to be particularly skewed away from WTC as respondents earn more on average than mothers nationally. However, the reasons behind the proportion of respondents stating that they use the free entitlement being considerably lower than reported statistics are less clear. Reported take-up of the free entitlement is around 95 per cent among eligible three- and four-year-olds. This is far higher than the survey findings of 66 per cent. This disparity may have several causes. Firstly, this question was asked to all parents of children aged three or four, rather than all eligible children. Some three- and four-year-olds will not be eligible as the entitlement is available to children from the first term after they turn three, rather than their third birthday. Secondly, respondents may be in receipt of the entitlement without associating it with the terms used in the survey questionnaire. Other surveys have also found lower levels of take-up of the free entitlement than would be expected. For example, a DWP survey found that only around a third
As of December 2013, there were 422,000 families benefiting from the childcare element of WTC, receiving an average of £59 per week help with their childcare costs (HMRC statistics referring to 2013)
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(36 per cent) of families whose youngest child was aged three or four said they received the free entitlement.23
Mothers' preferences for work
Working mothers
A fifth (20 per cent) of working mothers would like to work more. On average, these mothers want to increase their hours by 10 hours a week. In comparison to working mothers who do not want to work more, mothers who would like to increase their hours are more likely to: Work fewer hours on average than mothers who do not want to work more (19 hours a week compared to 31) Have a youngest child who is older than that of working mothers who do not want to work more Have more children on average than mothers who do not want to work more
Lower earning mothers are more likely to want to work more than higher earning mothers. The mean gross earnings of working mothers who want to work more are less than half of those who do not want to work more. For couples, partners of mothers who want to work more have slightly lower average earnings than partners of those who do not. However the difference is small. This suggests that an increase in hours worked by mothers through increased childcare support is more likely to come from lower earners than higher earners. This echoes a similar finding from a recent survey of parents commissioned by DWP. It found that families' willingness to work or work more increases with household income up to £35,000 to 60,000 per year.24 Together, our survey and the DWP's own survey raise questions about the government's decision to focus the vast majority of the £1 billion new investment in childcare on higher income families, including those on very high incomes. The likelihood that this investment will pay labour market dividends and result in lower public spending is small compared to targeting a greater share of the investment on lower income working families within Universal Credit.
Non-working mothers
Nearly four out of ten (37 per cent) mothers who do not currently work want to work. These mothers would like to work an average of 23 hours a week. As with working mothers who want to increase their hours, these mothers have a youngest child that is, on average, older than in families with mothers who do not want to work. Among mothers who are currently not working and do not want to work, the majority (65 per cent) prefer to remain at home with their children. However, just under one in ten (9 per cent) do not want to work because they would not be better off due to the high costs of childcare. These mothers may also benefit from a reduction in the costs of childcare. There are approximately 5.5 million working mothers of dependent children across the UK, and 2.9 million mothers who do not work.25 If even a small proportion of these mothers were able to move into work or to work more, this would result in a significant increase in women's earnings as well as the number of women in work, with knock on effects for living standards, child poverty and public spending in the form of higher tax revenues and lower welfare spending.
I Borg and A Stocks (2013) A survey of childcare and work decisions among families with children Ibid. The question asks if respondents would be willing to work or work more if their income covered their additional childcare costs 25 Resolution Foundation analysis of Family Resources Survey 2011/12
23 24
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Barriers to work
Working mothers
Childcare affordability is the single biggest barrier to working more. This is stated as a barrier by twothirds of respondents (67 per cent) and as their main barrier by four out of ten respondents (42 per cent), as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12: Main barriers to work for working and non-working survey respondents
Childcare affordability is a bigger problem for mothers of younger children and lower earners. Those who state affordability as their main barrier have a youngest child that is on average younger than women who do not. Affordability is not the only barrier. Lack of employer flexibility is the main barrier for one in five working mothers (21 per cent). Two barriers indicate a lack of employer flexibility: an inability or unwillingness of an employer to increase hours (extra hours unavailable) and a lack of flexibility that would support a better work-life balance (inflexible employer). Lack of flexibility is more likely to be stated as the main barrier to working by low earners.
Non-working mothers
Nearly all non-working mothers state at least one barrier to work. Most state one or two barriers (42 and 38 per cent, respectively) and 16 per cent give three or more barriers. As with working mothers, the affordability of childcare is the biggest barrier to work. Just under two thirds of respondents (64 per cent) state this as a barrier, and 41 per cent say it is their main barrier (see Figure 12 above). The second most common reason for not working is the desire to be at home with their children (15 per cent).26 This
20 per cent stated 'other'
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highlights that for some mothers remaining at home is a positive choice, while others would choose a different balance between work and home if there were fewer barriers to working. Although the cost of childcare is a common barrier to work, financial gain is not the only reason mothers chose to work. Nearly half of the survey respondents (43 per cent) say they would work even if it did not increase their household income. Moreover, a quarter of mothers say they have done just that (25 per cent).
Extending childcare support
Despite the support currently on offer, parents spend a higher proportion of their net income on childcare in the UK than in most other comparable countries. The net cost of childcare is 27 per cent of family income for a couple who are both employed full-time at the average wage (data refers to 2008). Only Switzerland and Ireland have higher costs as a proportion of income.27 Furthermore, the means-tested nature of a significant amount of support for childcare in the UK means that childcare costs blunt work incentives for lower earning single parents and second earners. As Figure 13 shows, the UK has one of the highest effective tax rates after childcare costs for working parents across the OECD. This means that parents lose a greater proportion of each additional pound they earn than in other countries.
Figure 13: Average effective tax rate after childcare across the OECD
Source: OECD (2011) Doing better for families Notes: Net transfers to government (percentage of gross household earnings) and childcare fees, for couples with two children aged two and three; male earner at 100 per cent of average wage and female earner at 50 per cent of average wage. Refers to 2008
OECD Family database: data refers to 2008
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For many low earners with high childcare costs, this can result in actually paying to work as shown in Figure 14. A second earner on the National Minimum Wage with two young children in childcare would pay to work if she worked more than 13 hours. This is because after 13 hours, she is no longer entitled to any free childcare support and the out of pocket costs of childcare coupled with the withdrawal of Universal Credit is greater than her hourly wage.
Figure 14: The impact of childcare costs on a low wage second earner
Notes: Main earner full-time, £7.50 gross hourly wage; second earner on £6.31 (minimum wage). This family have two children aged two and four. Source: Resolution Foundation
There is an assumption that the UK gets particularly poor value for money from its investment in childcare because, as well as being one of the countries with the highest out of pocket costs, it is seen to be one of the biggest spenders in the OECD. However, this is misleading for two reasons. First, many of the comparisons look at spending on family benefits rather than just childcare (see Figure 15). This includes spending on support though child tax credit and child benefit (cash transfers) as well as support for childcare. Second, many of the comparisons look at spending on childcare for children under the age of six. Given that compulsory education starts earlier in the UK than in many comparable countries, much of the spending that is included goes towards primary schools rather than childcare. While investment in childcare in the UK has increased significantly over the last decade, more needs to be done to address the high out of pocket costs of childcare and the fact that childcare remains the biggest barrier to work.
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Figure 15: Investment in family benefits as a proportion of GDP for selected OECD countries, 2009
Source: OECD family database Notes: Data refers to 2009
Attitudes to extending childcare support
The Resolution Foundation survey asked mothers about their preferences for different ways of increasing support for childcare. Four possible extensions to the free entitlement were included: extending the entitlement by an additional 10 hours per week; extending it from 38 weeks to 47 weeks a year; extending it to all children aged zero to two not just the 40 per cent most deprived; and extending it to all children aged five to nine. One increase to the Working Tax Credit childcare element of an indeterminate amount was also included. Overall, mothers do not express a strong preference for one type of extension or another. All extensions are popular and the majority of respondents state that any form of extension would enable them to work or work more. There is little difference between mothers who are currently working and those who are not as to the type of extension they would prefer. When asked whether an extension in the number of hours per week or weeks per year is more important, the majority of eligible respondents state that both are essential. Of those that chose between one or the other, there is a slight preference for an extension of hours rather than weeks. Furthermore, when asked to express a general preference for the way in which government support for childcare is paid – directly to parents or providers - mothers do not express a strong preference either way. Two thirds of respondents (66 per cent) agree that childcare should be made more affordable through an increase in government support to childcare providers, while a very similar proportion (69 per cent) agree that childcare should be made more affordable through an increase in government support to parents. In both cases, only 7 per cent disagree. The survey also sought views on reducing staff to child ratios. Respondents are largely against a reduction: 72 per cent disagree that childcare should be made more affordable through a reduction in staff to child ratios. Only 6 per cent agree.
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These findings on how parents would like support to be delivered suggest that, despite the strongly held views of politicians about which way support is best offered, parents do not have strong views and would be in favour of most ways of delivering additional support for childcare, as long as that is not perceived to compromise the quality of childcare and reduce the development benefits it offers to children.
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Many mothers choose to stay at home with their children; that choice must be respected. However, a significant number of mothers report that they would ideally like to work more than they currently do. Of course these findings are only perceptions but even a cautious translation of these results into the national picture indicates that there is a real loss of economic potential in the UK in the failure to enable mothers to work the number of hours they would choose. Despite a decade of investment, high childcare costs remain the most important barrier to mothers' employment, although not the only barrier. Realising the economic potential of more mothers would have a positive impact on family living standards by raising household income and reducing the number of single earner families at risk of poverty, as well as supporting a still fragile economic recovery. Mothers on lower earnings are more likely to want to work more hours. The average gross earnings of mothers who want to work more are less than half of those who do not want to work additional hours. This suggests that the focus of current childcare policy will do little to increase the employment of mothers. The extra £750 million that is being invested into Tax Free Childcare targeted at better off families is unlikely to result in a change in behaviour for large numbers of mothers, given that the majority of families who will benefit are in the top half of the household income distribution. As a result, much of the new investment is likely to simply subsidise childcare spending that families are already making rather than drawing more tax revenue into the public coffers by stimulating employment. This could be a price worth paying if subsiding better off parents encouraged take-up among the least well off but lower income families are shut out of Tax Free Childcare. It is only available to working parents outside of Universal Credit, including families earning up to £300,000 a year. Redirecting £250 million of the investment going to the wealthiest families to ensure that families on Universal Credit in which all parents work can benefit from 85 per cent childcare support is more likely to have greater payback for government. As things stand, 900,000 working families will miss out on additional childcare support because they do not earn enough to pay income tax. But these are the lowest earning parents and the ones who are likely to be most motivated to work additional hours to ease the financial pressures they face. Extending 85 per cent rather than 70 per cent support to all working families would ensure that single parents and second earners were always better off from increasing their hours and would simplify the system to make the work incentives clear for parents. The current proposal to offer 85 per cent only to those parents who work and pay income tax creates new cliff edges in support within Universal Credit when the very purpose of Universal Credit was to eliminate them. Looking forward to the election, childcare will be increasingly in the spotlight as parties jostle to secure the female vote with new childcare commitments. The survey provides valuable pointers as to the preferences of mothers to whom future childcare policy must respond. Most mothers want to work up to four days a week. This suggests that for mothers of children below school age, affordable childcare for least 25 hours a week and 47 weeks of the year will be necessary to maximise their employment potential. This must be adequately funded to ensure that an entitlement on paper translates into a real childcare offer for parents on the ground. For mothers of primary-age children, fewer hours are needed but a guarantee of availability is critical. Balancing work and family commitments can become less expensive when children reach school age but the complexity of the arrangements often increases. Although the political parties have strongly held views about the way in which childcare is best funded, the survey found few differences in mothers' preferences for different ways of extending support for childcare and almost equal preference for funding going directly to providers or to parents. Most mothers who wanted to work or work more said that they would take up extra support if it were offered to them; the majority felt that this extra support would enable them to work or work more. However, mothers did
Resolution Foundation
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express strongly held views in relation to changes in ratios. Any attempt to improve affordability must not be perceived to compromise the quality of childcare and the benefits it can offer children. Given that mothers express almost equal preferences for one funding route or another, there is a strong case for additional support to be directed at providers rather than putting more money directly in the hands of parents, as Tax Free Childcare will do. Funding directly to providers is more likely to sustain a childcare offer in more disadvantaged areas, is more likely to allow greater cost control by government and can be more easily used to drive up quality. Given that funding would continue to follow the choices of parents, direct funding for providers need not limit parental choice over the type of childcare used. As the survey clearly demonstrates, childcare is not the only barrier to employment for mothers. A lack of employer flexibility is also a significant barrier for those who are in work and would like to work more. Although the UK has made considerable strides in addressing flexibility in recent years, both at the policy level and among employers themselves, there are still too few options available to parents. Part-time work is common but offers a limited form of flexibility and one that still too often involves a downward shift in pay and responsibility in the interests of a better work-life balance. Getting more mothers into work will depend on bringing together childcare policy with renewed efforts to build a stronger case for greater employer flexibility, particularly at middle management levels and outside of the highest paying sectors where the business case is strongest. It will also depend on supporting more men to share significant proportions of parental leave in order to change the long term dynamic within families about how parenting and work responsibility are managed between men and women.
Resolution Foundation
Page 23
Table A. Comparison of Resolution Foundation/Mumsnet survey sample and Family Resources Survey sample
Characteristic Family type Number of children Mumsnet survey 90 per cent couple mothers 10 per cent single mothers 35 per cent have one child 48 per cent have two children 17 per cent have three or more children 46 per cent have a youngest child aged 0, 1 or 2 74 per cent employed or selfemployed 5 per cent not employed and looking for work 15 per cent not employed and not looking for work (6 per cent missing) Working single mothers are mostly earning between £5k and £15k a year Working couple mothers are much more spread between £5k and £35k a year Mean 28 hours a week The earnings of partners of working couple mothers are very spread, but they are more likely to be earning between £20k and £45k a year Tend to be full-time, mean Mother population (Family Resources Survey) 79 per cent couple mothers 21 per cent single mothers 57 per cent have one child 33 per cent have two children 8 per cent have three or more children 44 per cent have a youngest child aged 0, 1 or 2 64 per cent employed or selfemployed 4 per cent not employed and looking for work 31 per cent not employed and not looking for work Working single mothers mean net annual earnings: £9,600 Working couple mothers mean net annual earnings: £14,000
Age distribution of children Employment status
Respondents' earnings
Respondents' hours [for working mothers only] Partners' earnings
Mean 27 hours a week Tend to be higher earners that Resolution Foundation/Mumsnet sample. Mean £25k a year
Partners' hours
Tend to be full-time, mean 41 hours a week
Source: Resolution Foundation analysis of Resolution Foundation/Mumsnet survey and Family Resources Survey 2011/12 NB: The Resolution Foundation/Mumsnet survey does not include any geographical information. Therefore analysis does not look at regional differences in childcare and work decisions.
Resolution Foundation
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Resolution Foundation
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The Resolution Foundation
The Resolution Foundation is an independent research and policy organisation. Our goal is to improve the lives of people with low to middle incomes by delivering change in areas where they are currently disadvantaged. We do this by: undertaking research and economic analysis to understand the challenges facing people on a low to middle income; developing practical and effective policy proposals; and engaging with policy makers and stakeholders to influence decision-making and bring about change.
For more information on this Briefing Note contact:
Vidhya Alakeson, Deputy Chief Executive email@example.com 020 3372 2953
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Hello, Dalai
What you'll notice first about listening to a chat with Tenzin Gyatso, known in the hood as the 14th Dalai Lama, is his aura of humble, genial calmness. This is no small feat for a man who has been the spiritual leader of his people for 49 years; he has been a big deal long enough to have turned into a real prick. But then, after 13 reincarnations, he can afford to take the long view. Nobel Peace Prize? Worldwide stardom? Honorary Canadian citizenship? Meh. He knows he's just a stray lint speck on the great tapestry of the cosmos, same as you and me, but until he rejoins the void, he gets invited to all the best parties. So he has that going for him, which is nice. If you miss him this time, take heart that he will be back in some form again and again and again. If you worry that you might come back as a daisy or a warthog or a narwhal, though, you better catch him Tuesday.
Tue., Feb. 23, 1:30 p.m., 2010
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text: delia derbyshire :: reel-to-reel beat matching by Chris October 25, 2012 7:30 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Filed Under: 1968 | delia derbyshire Category: throwbacks Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! MOST RECENT video: Beach House – The Traveller listen to new Burial + Zomby collaboration Sweetz polaroids: Carly Rae Jepsen + Charli XCX live at PC Music's POP CITY download DJDS' new Live in Tijuana album POPULAR ON GORILLA VS. BEAR video: Madeline Kenney – Signals Negative Gemini – Don't Worry Bout the Fuck I'm Doin premiere: Terror Jr – Say So 2016.5 // our favorite albums of the year (so far)


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Motherwell beat managerless Hibernian 1-0 at Fir Park on Sunday to move up to third in the Scottish Premiership.
Stephen McManus' first-half header was the difference between the sides as Stuart McCall's men got back to winning ways following two successive defeats to St Johnstone and Aberdeen.
McCall was able to bring James McFadden back into his team following a hamstring strain picked up on international duty with Scotland, while former Manchester City goalkeeper Gunnar Nielsen started in place of the injured Lee Hollis.
Hibernian caretaker manager Jimmy Nicholl was without captain James McPake due to suspension, but his side were the more threatening in the early stages.
Eight minutes in, Paul Heffernan put an effort wide following Kevin Thompson's cross, and the former Kilmarnock man curled another shot off target a few moments later.
Nielsen was called into action to deny Heffernan again before the hosts took the lead against the run of play 22 minutes in, as McManus headed in Lionel Ainsworth's corner.
Stuart Carswell almost doubled their lead in the 39th minute, but his powerful shot flew just wide as Hibs stayed in touching distance at the break.
Chances were rare in the first 20 minutes of the second period, but Nielsen was eventually forced into a save again as he tipped Liam Craig's strike around the post.
Hibernian controlled much of the second half, but the hosts remained solid at the back as opportunities continued to be hard to come by.
Motherwell made things harder for themselves in the 87th minute as Shaun Hutchinson received a red card for denying a goal-scoring chance, but the away side were unable to capitalise from the resulting free-kick.
Nicholl's men piled on the pressure in the final minutes, but Motherwell held on to the slender lead to move above Aberdeen into third in the Premiership, while Hibernian remain seventh.
|G. Nielsen
|S. McManus
|S. Hammell
|S. Ramsden
|S. Hutchinson
|64' 87'
|K. Lasley
|L. Ainsworth
|S. Carswell
|J. Sutton
|J. McFadden
|Henri Anier
|Coach: S. McCall
|B. Williams
|L. Stevenson
|A. Maybury
|P. Hanlon
|R. McGivern
|J. Forster
|K. Thomson
|L. Craig
|T. Taiwo
|S. Robertson
|P. Heffernan
|Coach: J. Nicholl
for S. Ramsden 16'
for S. Hammell 58'
for J. McFadden 74'
for T. Taiwo 65'
for R. McGivern 76'
for A. Maybury 88'
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|Cavani: No pressure replacing Ibrahimovic
|Wenger vows to keep transfer plans ´secret´ after Lacazette snub
|Brannagan open to Championship loan move
|Wenger wants to sign Mertesacker replacement
|Ancelotti: Bayern´s transfer business done
|Brisbane Roar sign former Danish international Kristensen
|Verratti, Luiz missing for PSG
|Sounders part ways with foundation coach Schmid
|Mane turned down Manchester United for Liverpool
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|Clichy: City fighting fit after Guardiola pizza ban
|Everton and Burnley win as Hull are held
|Ajax held by PAOK after Cillessen howler
|Conte left frustrated by ´crazy´ money in transfer market


text:
J Smile Dr. John Rhee DDS
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Nutley, NJ 07110
(973) 338-7500
Mon: 9:30AM - 4:30PM
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Sun: Closed
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The Dr. and staff was very friendly and helpful.
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Thank you.
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Very professional and friendly staff. Dr Rhee explains everything he is going to do.
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