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Special effort has been made to ensure that original spelling, line-breaks, and vocabulary are left intact, and when possible, similar fonts have been used. However, it contains original formatting and image scans. All rights are reserved except those specifically granted herein. You may distribute this document in whole, provided that you distribute the entire document including this disclaimer, attributions, transcriber forewords, etc., and also provided that you charge no money for the work excepting a nominal fee to cover the costs of the media on or in which it is distributed. You may not distribute this document in any for-pay or price-metered medium without permission. A word about the original copyright. By my best research, the original copyright on this work was renewed once in 1968. In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, the original copyright date of this book, 1940, was extended by 67 years. This means that the original has passed into the Public Domain as of 2007. DEDICATION Special dedication to my lovely and understanding wife Mylinda, my energetic and enthusiastic son Christopher, and my stunningly beautiful daughter Allison. -Kirk Lawson SPECIAL THANKS Special thanks to Chris Nagel for making the original raw scans available in PDF form and to Hesperus of bullshido.net for passing the PDF on to me to transcribe.
EDWIN L. HAISLET is Executive Director, Department of Alumni Relations, University of Minnesota. He was formerly Boxing Coach and Assistant Professor of Physical Education and Recreation there, as well as Director of the Northwest Golden Gloves.
Former Boxing Coach, University of Minnesota Director, Northwest Golden Glove
Manufactured in the United States of America. including radio presentation. either wholly or in part.Copyright. without the written permission of the copyright owner with the exception of a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review printed in a magazine or newspaper. for any use whatsoever. by The Ronald Press Company Renewed © 1968 All rights reserved. 1940. 27 VH-VH . No part of this book may be reproduced in any form.
Boxing in mainly in the field of motor learning. concisely. Followed closely. if followed. There is a proper learning sequence in boxing which. It is the answer to the evident need for n book which would present simply. The problem in boxing is not only which skills and techniques to learn. Acknowledgment is made to my wife. together with improper teaching sequence. Mary Margaret. which means habit formation and the development of skill. however. but when and how to learn them. a sequence which seems to bring the quickest results and greatest skill with a minimum output of time and energy. It is. for the technical editing of this book. It is not perfect and no doubt further experience will bring constructive changes. Ignore it and the development of skill is definitely limited. it enables the student of boxing tn continue as far as is desired. allows a natural development tn result.PREFACE THIS BOOK is the outgrowth of sixteen years' close association with boxing. The axiomatization of skill: and element: of skills in their proper sequence is absolutely essential to the greatest ultimate development. v . and graphically the technique of boxing. and to Phil Brain of the University of Minnesota for the phonographs upon which the drawings are based. ability and determination being the only limiting factors. the learning sequence is all important. incorrect method. The learning sequence herein presented is the result of experiment and experience. Literature in the field at the present time seemingly ignores this problem. definitely limit the possibilities of learning. especially when hierarchies of skill must be developed. Great skill in boxing can result only through mastery of each technique in its proper place. It is important then that each skill receives the proper emphasis at the right time. In any feild where continued development rests upon the mastery of each element in its correct place.
... XI.............................. vii 1 7 14 30 39 48 65 72 85 94 100 119 .................................................. The Elements of Attack............................ VII........................ IV........................................................ II......................... VI.................................... Index............................ How to Train for Boxing.................................................... Set-ups. Fundamental Footwork...........CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I................................................... The Advanced Blows and Blocks.............................. III...... The Art of Hitting. The Fundamental Position........................................ IX....................... Ring Craft and Ring Generalship............ The Counter Attack................................ VIII................................................................................................................. The Elements of Defense........ X..................... V... Fundamental Blows and Blocks............
In England the boxing position seems to have developed from the fencing position. it is only natural to stand with the left foot.-handed blows. with the right foot and hand carried forward. EXPLANATION A square stance was used during the Grecian period. with the left side of the body back.THE FUNDAMENTAL POSITION ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION THE FUNDAMENTAL boxing position is that position most favorable to the mechanical execution nl the techniques and skills which make up boxing.1 As the desire developed to hit with both hands. 1 2 Norman Clarke. p. cit. forward. and it is the position of the blacksmith when swinging a sledge. the square and then gradually the present so-called orthodox stance evolved. swinging movement. 42. It is the natural movement in all throwing events. New York: Doran and Company. There is little doubt that the present orthodox position resulted because of right-handed hitting. It allows complete relaxation yet at the same time gives a muscle tonus most favorable to quick reaction time. 1 .. It helps to coördinate hands and feet so that maximum speed and efficiency will result. For any movement of the right hand in which power is needed. Clarke2 suggests the reason to be that the left hand was found to be faster than the right hand from the square stance. 1925. that is. it is necessary to shift the left foot forward in order to obtain power in right. the left arm was folded high and close tn the body and used primarily for defensive purposes while the right arm was used in a hooking. which in turn permits the greatest possibilities for either attack or defense It insures that the feet are always under the body and there fore that the body is always in balance. Loc. Because most people are right-hauded. How to Box.
Route the whole left leg inward. Speed results but at a loss of power and balance. balance. To hit effectively it is necessary to shift the weight constantly from one leg la the other. The foot position is the most important phase of balance. and easy movement as well as a mechanical advantage. body alignment. the use of the fundamental position is to obtain the most favorable position for hitting. take one step forward with . the legs. This position permits relaxation. Balance is achieved only through correct body alignment. THE TECHNIQUE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL POSITION THE FEET From a natural standing position shift the weight directly over the right leg until the right side of the body forms a straight line. then raise the left foot slightly off the floor. Too wide a stance prevents proper body alignment. A position of the hands and arms which facilitates easy body expression is important. the trunk. Balance is the most important consideration of the fundamental position. making possible tremendous power. They only give expression to body force when the body is in proper alignment. speed. and place the left foot on the floor with the left toe touching the toe of the right foot on about a forty-degree angle (Figure 1. A short stance prevents balance as it does not give a basis from which to work.2 BOXING USE The primary purpose of boxing is hitting. Either the weight is balanced over both leg or the weight is carried slightly forward over a straight left leg with the left side of the body tunning a straight line from the left heel to the tip of the left shoulder. Keeping the feet in proper relation tn each other as well as to the body helps to maintain correct. Without altering the relative foot positions. The arms are important only because they are the vehicles of body force. page 3). destroying balance but obtaining solidarity and power at the cost of speed and efficient movement. Therefore. The feet. The secret of the proper stance is to keep the feet always directly under the body which means that the feet should be a medium distance apart. This means perfect control of body balance. the head are all important in creating and maintaining a balanced position.
to nuke a wider base. shifting the weight to the left leg. the right heel raises off the floor and the right knee is bent with the toe of the right foot pointing directly forward (Figure 2. This position may be too narrow Therefore. move the right foot three or four inches to the right making sure that FIG. 2 FIG. neither locked nor bent. 3 The Fundamental Stance to the left leg. The left leg and left side of the body should form a straight line. 4 Diagram of Proper Foot Position . 1 FIG.THE FUNDAMENTAL POSITION 3 the left foot. The left foot is now flat on the floor. although the left knee is loose and easy. rotated inward on about a forty-degree angle. As the weight is shifted FIG. page 3).
which presents a narrow target to the opponent. at rest because nf the proximity of the triceps to the latissimus muscle. The one important thing about the trunk is that it should form a straight line with the left leg (Figure 5). the body rotates to the right. however. the body is squared toward the opponent presenting a large target. Thus a wide base is obtained without sacrificing speed or power. while the square position lends itself better to attack. the nrrn relaxed and easy. the left foot and leg is rotated outward. page 3). For defensive purposes the narrow target is advantageous. the trunk automatically assumes the proper position. Tukrn the hand so that the thumb side . THE LEFT ARM AND HAND Hold the left arm in a folded position. If. If the left foot and leg is in the correct position. FIG. THE TRUNK The position of the trunk is controlled primarily by the position of the left foot and leg. elbow down and in front of the short ribs. 5 The Fundamental Position As the left foot and leg is turned inward.4 BOXING the foot is moved directly to the right and not backward (Figures 3 and 4. Place the left hand forward eight to ten inches from the left shoulder. Carry the left hand about shoulder height and off the left shoulder to the left as far as possible without raising the left elbow.
a "southpaw" in the parlance of the ring. FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM 1. Do not try to change to the orthodox position until this unorthodox style is mastered. 3. It also tenses the left shoulder and arm. . holding the right hand open with palm toward the opponent and directly in front of the right shoulder. should take the exact opposite of the orthodox position described above. THE HEAD In boxing. page 4). This position must never vary no matter how the body shifts. The arm should be relaxed and easy. The right heel is raised about two inches off the floor.THE FUNDAMENTAL POSITION 5 is up. Hold the right hand and right loot forward. THE RIGHT ARM AND HAND Place the right elbow directly down and in front of the short ribs. page 4). 2. Keep the right hand forward in line with the left shoulder. knuckles toward the outside. and only the top of the head is presented to the opponent making it impossible to hit a man on the point of the chin (Figure 5. with the right knee bent. With the chin dropped directly forward and pinned tight to the breast-bone the muscles and bone structure are in the best possible alignment. the head turns. and prevents straight bone alignment. the head is treated as if it were a part of the trunk with no independent action of its own. Then it is advisable to learn the orthodox form so that eventually both positions can be used. If the body turns. The foot is flat on the floor and turned in an angle of forty degrees. with the chin pinned down to the breast-bone. the hand relaxed and open (Figure 5. takes away the support of the muscles. preventing free action and causing fatigue. The left leg is straight but the knee is not locked. page 4). ready to attack or defend (Figure 5. "Tucking" the chin into the left shoulder turns the neck into an unnatural position. The chin is not "tucked" behind the left shoulder except in an extreme defensive position. It should be carried forward. THE UNORTHODOX POSITION The left-handed boxer.
The left side of the body forms a straight line with the left leg. The chin is dropped forward to the breast-bone and tightly pinned. Both elbows are carried down and in front of the short ribs. 6. palm open toward the opponent. 7. and to the left as far as possible without raising the left elbow. and directly in front of the right shoulder. The right hand is carried up. Weight is either balanced between both legs or shifted slightly to the front leg. 8. The left hand is carried down almost shoulder height. 9. 5.6 BOXING 4. eight to ten inches in front of the body. .
and easier. Because balance is less disturbed. It is an attempt to use body weight in every blow. Arm action alone is insentient to give real power to blows. The ability to hit straight from the shoulder is not a natural act. Straight hitting was established during the Golden Age of the Prize Ring.CHAPTER II THE ART OF HITTING ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION THE ART OF HITTING is the art of obtaining maximum power in blows with a minimum of effort. with body power behind each blow. hitting with the body. Both the cat end the bear families slap and cuff. is an art that takes years of study and practice to perfect. Straight hitting. then. for a straight blow will "beat" a hook or a swing in every instance. The records of history tell us that early boxing was dune almost entirely with the bent arm. It is important because tl is much faster and more accurate than curved hitting. Such a method seems to be nature's way of hitting as evidenced from a study of wild life. Straight hitting is based upon an understanding of body structure and the value of leverage. The natural tendency for an untrained person when lighting is to swing. It cannot be learned by chance and experience does not teach it. Corbett in America. There is less chance of missing with a straight blow and because of the greater frequency of hits more damage can be done. hitting is the foundation of boxing. 7 . Real power. surer. must be studied to be learned. the arms being merely the vehicle of force. EXPLANATION Hitting is truly an art for it is the systematic study of how to hit straight and fast more effectively while using body power rather than mere arm power. straight hitting is safer. by swinging and hooking. but was brought to its highest development by James J. Because boxing is a sport in which one contestant attempts to outhit the other by means of well-timed and maneuvered blows. Straight hitting. that is.
not a swinging. Hinged to the upper two corners of the board are two small pipes. In pushing. but a pivot over the straight left leg. the spinal column Now. As long as this straight line is maintained. then to the right. Hitting does not mean pushing. shifting the weight from one leg to the other. Ordinarily. that is. the other being a full body pivot. and as the shoulder reaches the center line of the body one arm is forcibly extended while the other arm is folded close to the body. Picture if you will a board. by turning the board on the rod one of the pipes will be forced out straight ahead. but instead. In real hitting the feet are always directly under the body. turn to the left. imagine that they are held forward at right angles to the board. One method is a pivot or quick turn of the waist allowing the hip and shoulder to precede the arm. and two feet long. Now. the action is reversed. True hitting may be likened to a snap of a whip—all the energy is slowly concentrated and then suddenly released with a tremendous outpouring of power. the body is often off-balance as the force of the blow does not come from a pivot of the body but from a push off the right toe. as long as the hips are relaxed and free to swing. The waist pivot is faster and easier to learn and is used as the basis of teaching the art of hitting. Power in hitting comes from a quick twist of the waist. two inches by twelve inches. The board corresponds to the trunk of the body and the two pipes the arms. Through the center of this board is placed a rod on which the board will turn easily from side to side. The theory of hitting may best be grasped through analogy. When the board is turned in the opposite direction. the pipes would hang directly down. yet it is the most difficult technique of all boxing to learn. can be obtained only by shifting the weight in such n manner that the hip and shoulder precede the arm to the center line of the body. with the concentrated force at the start of the blow and a subsequent loss of power as the arm leaves the body. at the moment of impact there will not be full body weight behind the blow. Otherwise. There ale only two methods which obtain 1 complete shift of weight.8 BOXING quick end accurate. That is the correct principle of hitting. while the other pipe will recede directly backward. Imagine a rod placed directly through the center line of the body. To see a honer hit straight from the shoulder looks very simple. swaying movement. as long as the shoulders are turned through to the center . Pushing is exactly the opposite.
With the body in the above position. A rod so placed would allow only one movement. USE The purpose of hitting in boxing is obvious. feet an a line. The rod would prevent swinging. the forearms forming a straight line from the elbow to the tip of the fingers. Now. Arms should hang free and easy at the sides. one natural stance apart.THE ART OF HITTING 9 line of the body before the arms are extended. a turning or pivoting of the body left or right. swaying or bending in any direction (Figure 6. and into the floor. page 10). page 10). Continue turning from left to right until this movement is firmly established (Figures 1 and 8. page 10). toes forward. the pivot point. THE CLOSE-ELBOW TURN Without altering the stance. not that the arms turn the waist The arms will swing out freely with every turn of the body. power will result and hitting will be an art. Be sure that the waist turns the arms. and bring them to a position eight to ten inches directly in front of the eyes (Figure 9. of the body. power is lost because the straight left side of the body is the anchor. Imagine a rod placed directly through the head. then the primary purpose of hitting is to be able to hit hard and fast and to prevent the opponent from hitting back—thus scoring points and winning the match. bend the arms at the elbows. open the hands. THE TECHNIQUE OF HITTING THE TURN OR PIVOT Stand erect. The elbows are down close in front. the hinge from which power and force is generated to its greatest height. So great is the power that may be attained in this manner that a real artist in boxing can deliver a knockout blow without taking a single step forward or displaying any apparent effort. As long as the whole idea of boxing is to hit the opponent without being hit in return. turn left and right allowing the arms to swing. The turn . down the spine. turn the body as in the previous exercise using the waist to tum the body well through without any swinging or swaying. Bring the shoulder well around on every turn with the hips swinging freely. Once the straight line of the left side of the body is broken.
palm in and eye level. Keep the chin down on the breast-bone as if it were pinned there. The principle of the rod should not be forgotten. palm up. The twist of the waist is a direct turn from right to left. lined up directly behind the left hand. to a point in front of the body which represents the median or center line. 7 FIG. 8 FIG. As the right hand drives out into extension. Each arm must be completely attended on every turn of the body.10 BOXING FIG. the left arm folds to the body. The right hand. palm up. is held on the chest. THE ARM EXTENSION. Continue turning until the arms can be driven forward like pistons. so that a straight line may be sighted between the two hands. elbow down. reach out with the left arm. palms up and open. page 10). Tum the body to the left and while turning drive the right hand to the exact spot vacated by the left (Figure 10. The position of the hands does not change during this movement. 9 FIG. 6 FIG. PALMS UP Again assuming the above position. Continue this exercise until it can be easily performed. The arm must be extended on a . with no swinging or swaying. The elbows are in. 10 The Body Turn of Pivot of the body is a straight pivot.
accounts for most of the broken and disfigured hands. hand up and open in position of guard (Figures 12 and 13. line the right hand up directly behind it. In the fundamental position the fist is held so that the thumb side is upward. and returned on the same straight line. HOW TO MAKE A FIST Before attempting to hit with a closed list. so that at the moment of impact the thumb side of the hand is in. elbow down. page 11). Quickly turn the body to the left. the plane of the fist never varies and the elbow never drops back of the body line. the wrist is turned inward. and the left arm driven into extension. the left arm folding to the body.THE ART OF HITTING 11 straight line. Perform the same hitting exercise as before but with clenched fists. driving slightly upward. as well as the lack of knowledge of how to use the fist for hitting purposes. Improper clenching of the hand. With the left arm non held out into complete extension. This quarter turn of the wrist is a natural movement of the arm and gives a snap to the blow impossible to obtain in any other manner. it is essential to learn how to properly clench the hand to make a fist. As the body is turned to the right. Continue this exercise until it becomes automatic in execu- . page 12). In other words. 11 The Tight Fist DRIVING BOTH HANDS THROUGH Now assume the fundamental position. knuckles up. To make a tight fist place the fingers in the center of the palm and close the thumb over and across the phalanges of the second and third fingers so that the thumb-side of the hand is perfectly flat (Figure 11. driving the right hand into complete extension. Fig.
This is the hinge around which body and weight and power rotates. The left side of the body and the left leg should maintain a straight line. 4. Power in boxing is obtained through a straight turn or twist of the waist with the shoulder and hip following through to the center line of the body. 6. if the bands are carried high. not a push. the arms are merely the vehicles of force. 5. then hitting will be an art in the fullest sense. The principle of the rod must be observed at all times. 13 Driving Both Hands Through tion. if the body takes the elbow. if the plane of the fist never varies. 12 FIG. 3. if the twist of the waist furnishes the propulsion for the blow. Remember. Body hitting means a snap blow. Hitting is done with the body. 2. no pushing off with the right foot. not the arms. no swaying. FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM 1. Arm extension takes place only after the hip and shoulder are turned through to the center line of the body. if the elbows are carried close. In other words. drive the arm straight for a point and return it through the same plaice . The plane of the fist should never vary. if the principle of the rpd is carefully observed.12 BOXING FIG. 7. no swinging. if practice is continued until skill becomes automatic.
11. The hand rotates a one-quarter turn inward as the arm is extended so that at the moment of impact. . palm up. the arm extension. the thumb-side of the hand is perfectly flat. the close elbow turn.THE ART OF HITTING 13 8. and driving both hands through. 10. In teaching the hit there is a definite progression that must be followed—the principle of the turn. 9. In making a correct fist. Elbows never drop backward past the medial line of the body. the making of a fist. The elbows are folded to or taken by the body. knuckles are up and the thumbside of the fist inward.
65. "Greek Boxing. It is a whip rather than a club. its greatest development came at the time of Jim Corbett. It can be used for both defense and offense. although it was probably used long before his time. John Jackson. 222. K. As in football where the off-tackle play is the basis for a whole sequence of plays. so in boxing the left jab is the basis of all other blows. 1 2 14 . It was undoubtedly used in some form during the days of Greece. "Pugilisticica. The Story of Boxing." History of British Boxing. Miles. They developed late in history and therefore are the product of careful thought. H. Wignall. p. they travel less distance than the round arm blows and will reach the mark first." It is a light. USE The Left Jab—is a "feeler. It is effective in keeping the opponent off balance and creating openings for other blows.3 (1786). 62. Used correctly it is the sign of the scientific boxer. Fundamental blocks are those defensive measures which require a minimum of skill and allow a maximum of protection. D." Journal of Hellenic Studies.CHAPTER III FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS are those which are delivered straight from the shoulder. Straight blows are more accurate than hooks and swings and allow full use of the arm's reach. T. .1 However. Frost. "the Gentleman Boxer. and annoy. EXPLANATION Straight blows are the foundation of boxing skill. p. jars. using a quick twist of the waist as the propelling force. p. It . although it stings. 3 . who uses strategy rather than force. easy blow. Trevor C." was the first exponent of the straight left lead.2 Ben Brain is supposed to have been the father of the straight right. Requiring speed and intelligence to use. The straight right was used long before the left jab.
It is important that the body follow the arm. It is effective in pulling down an opponent's guard and can be used with great success against the tall boxer." p. for all general purposes. "'Tain't no secret. The Straight Right—is the opposite of the left jab. In other words. Thus. It is the heavy artilery. "how to Hit Hard. While not ordinarily a hard blow. a quarter turn of the left shoulder to the right until the center line Jack Dempsey. it is best not to lead with the right. the body follows the blow. The left jab is simple in execution being merely a quarter turn of the body to the right arm and the extension of the left arm.1 It should be noted that the right is essentially a counter blow. It is delivered with a twist of the waist and a forceful extension of the right. and to bring down the opponent's guard. The Right to the Body—is a power or form blow. It should be used sparingly and only for apparent opening. et al. It is used as a counter or after a preliminary feint with the left hand. 1 . although added force can be obtained by a body pivot to a position over the left foot. a blow to the body is more effective and safer if the body is dropped to the level of the target. As in the left jab to the body. How to box and How to Train.FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 15 requires skill and finesse as well as speed and deception. it can cause distress if driven to the solar plexus. all I do is put my hips into them punches. The left jab is merely one-half of that movement. THE TECHNIQUE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS THE LEFT JAB Here is an application of what has already been learned under the art of hinting. 50. The secret of power in the straight right is using the left side of the body as a hinge and allowing the right side of the body to swing free. It is the same idea as in slamming a door. At the moment of impact the weight shifts forward to the left leg which gives the power necessary for use as a finishing blow. uncovering many vital parts which are difficult tn cover.. When Sam Langford was asked the secret of his hitting power he replied. as quoted by John Romano. It should not be led first because in so doing the whole body turns left. Its great advantage is that body balance is not disturbed. arm. The Left to the Body—is an effective blow used to bother the opponent.
It requires long diligent practice to make the movement automatic. 14 FIG. and then the full extension of the left arm (Figures 14. It is driven through a mark. The arm must travel on a straight line (slightly above shoulder height) and return on a straight line assuming the fundamental position as it returns to the body. Continue the jab until it is a natural movement. so that at the moment of complete extension. .16 BOXING the body is reached. page 16). easy movement. Follow-through is just as important in boxing as it is in any other sport and follow-through can only be obtained by punching through and beyond the point of attack. In all hitting. 15 FIG. The jab should be a light. Accuracy should be the main objective. including the left jab. elbow down. all force is outward from the body. 15. in front of the right shoulder. It should be emphasized at this point that a blow is never hit at a mark. the knuckles are turned up. 16 The Left Jab Remember that as the left arm extends there is a quarter turn of the fist inward. 16. and to obtain speed and power without apparent effort. Carry the shoulder and arm relaxed and ready at all times. hand up and open. The right arm is held in the position of guard. FIG. the arms merely relaxing and sinking hack to the body rather than being pulled back.
page 17). 18. 17. FIG. The movement must be kept close to the body at all times. The Catch FIG. Ar the opponent leads a left jab. This leaves the defendant on the inside guard position and ready to carry the attack (Figure 17. which forces an opponent's left lend across the body to the left with the right hand. The Parry Blocks for the Left Jab It is important that the right glove be kept open and relaxed and that the blow is caught on the lower part or butt of the hand. . flick the right hand across the opponent's approaching wrist. The parry—The simplest defense against a left jab is the parry. The movement is light and easy. Do not reach out to catch the opponent's blows as openings are thus created for a counter attack. thus forcing the blow to the left and leaving the opponent's left side of the body exposed (Figure 18. Force is not required. page 17). the lead should be caught in the palm of the open right glove and forced up and out to the right.FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 17 BLOCKS FOR THE LEFT JAB Two simple blonks should be learned at this time: The catch—As a boxer leads a slow left jab to the opponent's right ear.
This is accomplished by merely shifting body weight over a straight leg. and freeing the other side for a forceful turn or pivot. it is often difficult for the student to grasp because the fundamental principle is misunderstood. If power is required in a left hook. moving inward from the point of the elbow. Such a line is the same as the sternum. The right hand. If power is desired in a right-hand blow. Shift the weight forward until it is directly over the left leg (Figure 19. page 19). Many boxers "thumb their noses" and "sniff" without knowing the reason for doing so. flicks across swiftly. In any power or force blow the hone structure must be aligned so as to form one straight body side or line which enables the bone structure to support the weight of the body. The right elbow must remain stationary if the movement is to be performed correctly. The theory behind punching from the center line of the body to the point of attack is that a straight line is the shortest distance between two points. and drive the right hand into complete extension (Figure 21. and all muscular power used to turn the body in order to create force. as if brushing a fly away from the nose.18 BOXING This movement is mainly of the wrist and hand as an arm movement is too slow and heavy. One side of the body must always form a straight line. The fist drives out at shoulder height and at the moment of impact the knuckles are turned up. However. the weight must be shifted to a straight left leg in order that the right side of the body may swing forward. or nose. * . hinging one side of the body. The technique of the straight right is just this: Assume the fundamental position. THE STRAIGHT RIGHT Of all boxing technique. The arm then relaxes back tn the fundaThe continued reference to the center line means the center or median line of the body. Turn the right hip and shoulder through to the center line * (Figure 20. It is the fastest and most effective blow that can be used. This allows the bones of the left side of the body to form a straight line. it is obtained by shifting the weight over a straight right leg and swinging the left side of the body around to the right. thus freeing the muscles to propel the other side of the body forward and creating terrific force. It is the only true straight blow. the straight right is one of the most easily learned and executed blows. The right hand should strike the opponent's lead on the cuff of the glove or on the wrist. page 19). page 19). Speed is essential.
in the position of guard. the blow must be driven through and not just at an object. Again. The propulsion of the blow comes from the twist of the waist. As the opponent leads a straight right. straighten the left arm by flinging it forcibly up and to the left. THE GUARDS FOR THE RIGHT-HAND BLOWS The guards for a right hook and swing are herein given together with the guards for a straight right. This movement must be practiced until it can be easily. The arm should drive out with such force as would seem to pull it clear of the socket. 21 The Straight Right mental position. It is best to start the left hand slightly lower than ordinarily in order to be sure .FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 19 FIG. and the elbow locked at the instant of contact with opponent's lead. This will cause the arm to cross the path of the opponent's lead from the inside and deflect it to the outside. and correctly performed. 20 FIG. The leverage guard—Assume the fundamental position. quickly. thus accomplishing the desired result (Figure 22. 19 FIG. and it is essential that a defense be taught for all types from the very first. the left arm is held close to the left side. As the right arm is extended. To be successful the arm must be completely straightened. The beginner will frequently meet different types of right-hands. page 20).
so that the opponent's blow will not carry through. Force is needed in order to make the guard effective. FIG. turn the body to the right in order to intercept the blow on the left deltoid or shoulder muscle. 23. As the opponent leads a straight right to the chin. The Drop-away Blocks for Right Handed Blows . The Shoulder Block FIG.20 BOXING of obtaining the inside position. At the same time lip the left shoulder upward by shifting the body weight back to the right leg. The left arm drops to a position almost alongside the left leg The right hand is carried open and directly off the left shoulder (Figure 23. The Leverage Guard Fig. The right arm is held open and ready to guard or attack. The shoulder block—Assume the fundamental position. 22. 24. page 20).
The left hand is dropped low protecting the left side. Driving the open left arm like a ramrod to the opponent's shoulder will spin him off balance rendering the hook ineffective and creating an opening for a counter attack. Assume the fundamental position. The Stop FIG.FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 21 The drop-away—is a form of ducking used to get away from an overhand right. Assume the fundamental position. . drive the left hand into complete extension. As the opponent raises the right elbow preparatory to delivering a right hook. page 21). In either case it is an effective defense. 25. while the right hand is carried high ready for a left hook (Figure 14. As the opponent lunges and swings an overhand right. FIG. or driven to the opponent's shoulder (Figure 25. page 20). drop out of the range of the arc of the blow by quickly dropping the body from the waist to a position directly over the bent right leg. When driven to the biceps it so bruises and batters the flesh that it completely disables the right arm in a short time. The Cross Parry Blocks for Right-Handed Blows The stop—is a form of defense in which a blow in stopped before it is started In this particular case it is used in a defense against a right hook. 26. It is the same movement as the jab except that the left hand is held open and placed either around the opponent's biceps. The weight is shifted to the right leg and the body is turned almost to the side.
The left hand is up and open. the body must be on the same level as the mark1 in order that the blow will be straight. Keep the left leg only slightly bent but the right leg more completely flexed. drive the right arm into forceful extension. never downward. If the opponent starts to take this advantage. turn to the left so that the right hip is carried forward to the center line of the body. Therefore. As the opponent lends a straight right. Drop the body forward from the waist to a position almost at right angles to the legs and while so doing. Assume the fundamental position. no difficulty will be encountered in executing the straight blows to the body. reach over with the right hand and brush the lead to the left. elbow down 1 The "mark" is the boxing term used to designate the solar plexus. It requires a nicety of coördination and a finesse and precision that is found only in the most skillful boxers. THE LEFT JAB TO THE BODY If the principle is followed that the body must follow the arm at all times. this is a "sucker" guard. This should be a light and easy movement. the chin is seemingly exposed to the opponent's left hook. The "sucker" part or deception is this: As the cross parry is performed. which will be protected by the extended left arm (Figure 17. The right hand is carried high in front of the body ready for the opponent's left hook. thus forcing it outside and wide of its mark. page 23). merely drop the head into the crook of the right arm thus ducking under his hook.22 BOXING The cross parry—In the parlance of the ring. more wrist than arm. drop the body forward from the waist to a position at right angles to the legs. Before a jab to the body can he executed. The elbow moves only slightly but is not raised. When this position is reached. page 21). . The left hand is lowered in order that it will not interfere with the cross parry (Figure 16. THE STRAIGHT RIGHT TO THE BODY Assume the fundamental position. As the body drops. Hold the head down so that only the top of the head is visible. drive the left arm into forceful extension toward the opponent's solar plexus. and at the same time hook the left hand to opponent's midsection. The blow is slightly upward. and the right shoulder is on a line directly above the left foot. Assume the fundamental position. The head should be held tight to the left arm.
27 Left Jab to Body FIG. Ordinarily. The hands should not drop but should maintain their fundamental position. 28 Straight Right to Body Straight Blows to the Body THE BLOCKS FOR THE STRAIGHT BLOWS TO THE BODY The Step Away—is a defensive measure whereby the point of attack is drawn out of range. However. and brings the body out of the range of attack. contracts the abdominal muscles. FIG. . The head is down along the right arm and thus well protected (Figure 28.or left-hand blow) extend the left arm to the top of the opponents head. the weight shifting entirely to the left foot. Assume the fundamental position. and the left elbow block a right lead. The elbow and body are turned as one (Figure 30. page 24). This movement tilts the pelvis. the opposite elbow may be used. The right hand should be carried high and ready for attack or defense (Figure 29 page 24). allowing the right foot to swing free. As the opponent leads a straight blow to the body merely turn the body so that the blow is taken on an elbow. As the opponent leads a blow to the body (either a right. and at the same time slide the left foot back to the right foot. it is best to have the right elbow block a left lead.FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 23 guarding against the opponent's right hand. page 23). The Elbow block—Assume the fundamental position.
29. 30. 31.24 BOXING FIG. The Brush-away Blocks for Straight Blows to the Body . The Elbow Block FIG. The Step-away FIG. The Forearm Block FIG. 32.
3. Assume the fundamental position. not at a point. 7. 4. As an opponent leads a straight blow for the body. The whole movement is a circular motion inward with the right hand and forearm (Figure 32. Weight or balance should not be disturbed. The arm is driven slightly upward from the shoulder and returns through the same plane. It is valuable for emergency use only. Do not forget that while the abdominal region is being protected. The brush-away—is the safest and easiest defense against straight blows to the body. in the position of guard. The power of the left jab comes from the quarter turn of the left shoulder to the right and the forceful extension of the left arm. fold the forearms across the midsection. page 24).FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 25 The forearm block—This is a dangerous block and should not be used except when necessary. However. 5. page 24). The right hand is held open and ready. Assume the fundamental position. BLOCKS FOR THE JAB The catch 1. At the moment of impact the knuckles are up. the chin is exposed. 6. All the force of a blow is away from the body. left arm under the right. Be ready to fold forward under blows delivered to the chin. The elbow hardly moves. the arm merely relaxes back to the body. 2. 8. thus brushing the blow to the outside. FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM THE LEFT JAB 1. Must be performed close to the body. so that the abdominal region is completely covered (Figure 31. . As the opponent leads a straight left to the body drop the open right glove in down and across the opponents wrist. a cross brush can be used to good advantage when a counter blow is planned. The left side of the body should form a straight line throughout the maneuver. 2. Jab though a point. It is best to use a right-hand brush for a left lead and vice versa. Must gain the inside position.
All force is away from the body. 4. ready to counter. Body weight must be shifted directly over the straight left leg. ." not at one. The right hand is carried high and open. 5. THE STRAIGHT RIGHT TO THE CHIN 1. The movement must be light and easy. 8.26 BOXING 3. down toward the butt of the hand. Carry the right hand high and in position to guard or counter. 7. 2. The blow is delivered on a straight line and returned on a straight line. Start the left hand low. 2. Hip and shoulder must be turned through to the center line. 2. The arm relaxes back to position. The left arm folds to the body in position of guard. 3. The parry 1. The left arm must be completely straightened and the elbow locked at the time of contact. The leverage guard 1. The movement is mainly of the wrist. 2. 4. 4. 3. 5. THE GUARDS FOR THE STRAIGHT RIGHT. At the moment of impact the knuckles are up with the thumbside of the fist turned inward. close to the left shoulder. Tilt the left shoulder upward by dropping the body weight back over a straight right leg. 3. The Shoulder block 1. The left ar drops to a position along the left leg. The right elbow must not be moved. Merely turn and drop the body out of the arc of the swing. This guard will attain the inside position. The drop-away 1. Fling the left arm forcibly up and out. The the right arm is driven into complete extension. 3. The left lead should be caught in the open right glove. The plane of the fist does not vary. Drive the right hand through a "mark. Turn the body to the right so as to catch the blow high on the left deltoid. 6. 2. Use only against an overhand swing.
Hold the right hand off the left shoulder. Drop the left hand low to protect the left side and be ready to counter. The elbow moves very little. Keep the palm of the left hand open. The cross parry 1. 2. Drive the open left hand to opponent's right biceps. ready for a left hook. to a position over the left foot. The right arm must be kept close to the body. . The right hand is held up and open. The Stop 1. 4. more wrist than arm. 7. 3. The left leg is kept as straight as possible. 6. At the moment of impact the knuckles are up. 4. The greatest part of the body drop is obtained through a bend of the right knee. THE STRAIGHT RIGHT TO THE BODY 1." and the moment of contact should be perfectly straight. Power is obtained through a turn of the body to the left and at the same time a drop of the body forward over the left leg. Movement is light and easy. and does not raise. 5. 2. The chin is exposed. The body must follow the arm. The movement must be sudden and recovery immediate. The head is carried well forward and is protected by the extended left arm.FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 27 3. open and ready. Drive the hand to opponent's right shoulder. thumb around or. similar to the left jab. Power is obtained through a body drop from the waist. so be ready for opponent's left hook. 3. 9. Reach over with the right hand and force opponent's straight lead to the outside. The left hand is not dropped but follows the body at all times. 3. 5. 8. THE LEFT JAB TO THE BODY 1. 10. The movement must be performed quickly. 4. 2. 4. The left arm is driven straight from the shoulder to the "mark.
The body drop is attained primarily through a bend of the right knee. 7. As the right shoulder approximates a position over the left foot. 4. The sidestep is easily executed following the step-away. The body follows the arm at all times. The right arm is driven in a straight line from the shoulder to the "mark. waiting and ready for a right counter. 2. thumb-side of the fist in. . 5. The chin is exposed. 2. 5. BLOCKS FOR THE STRAIGHT BLOWS TO THE BODY The step-away 1. 3. The arm which is not used to block should be held ready for the counter. At the moment of impact. 9. 3. Don't move the elb ow. The right hand is carried high and ready for attack or defense. so b e ready to fold under any blows so directed. 2. the arm must follow the body. 3. 3. The right leg swings free. The left arm is held in a position of guard. The left leg is held a straight as possible. 4. Use only when necessary. The forearm block 1. 10. Hands should be turned in so the broad side of the forearms are rotated outward. Try to intercept the blow directly on the elbow.28 BOXING 2. 8. 4. Place the left hand directly on the opponent's head and push. Ordinarily. The arm must not drop at any time. use the right elbow for a left lead and vice versa. knuckles are up. Fold the left arm under the right. The elbow block 1. The head is carried forward alongside the right arm. the right arm is driven into forceful extension. In the recovery of the fundamental position." 6. but turn the body. Tilt the pelvis by dropping the left foot back to the right and shifting the weight to the left foot. 4. The fundamental position must be resumed immediately.
FUNDAMENTAL BLOWS AND BLOCKS 29 The brush-away 1. In executing a brush. 3. with either hand. Movement is down and inward. 2. . Be ready to counter with the hand not used as defense. Ordinarily it is best to use the right brush for left leads and vice. 5. 4. Move the elbow only as much as needed.nd across or around oppoment's wrist. place the open ha.
Boxing. the essence of boxing is the art of moving. footwork was used very little before the time of John Jackson1 (1768) and it was not until the beginning of the Nineteenth Century and the school of Belcher. Any movement of the feet which lends to unbalance the body must be eliminated. To maintain balance while constantly shifting body weight is an art few ever acquire. Footwork does not mean leg work nor does it mean jumping around. Bendigo and Sayer that moving in the ring was used as a means of defense as well as a means of conserving energy. 62.2 Footwork developed with the use of the glove because it called for speed and skill. to dodge or move away from n blow was considered an evidence of cowardice. In England.CHAPTER IV FUNDAMENTAL FOOTWORK ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION FUNDAMENTAL footwork is the ability to move the body easily and efficiently so that balance will not be disturbed. in order to make an opponent miss or to deliver a counter blow effectively. It means moving just enough in accomplish a purpose. In the early days of Greece. p. If balance is to be maintained at all times. 30 . The Story of Boxing. Edward A Knebworth. 47. it is absolutely necessary that the feet be always directly under the body. moving in to attack or defend. a Guide to Modern Methods. moving out to defend or "pull off" balance. Today. p. It implies the ability to attack or defend at all times. Footwork means moving the body so as to be in the best position for attack or defense. It means balance—but movement and balance together. The 1 2 Trevor Wignall. EXPLANATION Footwork is a comparatively new development in boxing. The ability to move at the right time is the foundation of great skill in boxing.
Never use the same technique twice in succession. However. When the feet and hands work together automatically. Circling to the Left—The ability to move or circle either to left or right is an extremely important part of footwork. the art of moving is perfection itself. In general. again. and so renders attack or defense ineffective. It is well to remember that a master of footwork can move in all directions. Its primary purpose is to create openings and to draw leads. especially as regards the feet. when sudden speed and a quick advance is necessary. circling left. Wide steps or leg movements which require a constant shift of weight from one leg to the other cannot be used. USE The Forward Shuffle—is a slow movement forward in such a manner that both feet are on the floor at all times. The Forced Retreat—Here. During this shift of weight there is a moment when balance is precarious. The Backward Shuffle—is a slow movement backward in such a manner that both feet are on the floor at all times permitting balance to be maintained for attack or defense. and circling right. keep moving. Above all things. It is used to draw leads or to draw the opponent off balance. allowing further retreat if necessary. Thus the quick advance. it is true that it is best to circle away from an opponent's strongest blow. or a stepping forward to attack if desired. which allows sudden movement forward without loss of body balance. The Quick Advance—There are times when a slow advance will not accomplish the purpose. retreating. usually in a different direction each time. there are important variations of advancing and retreating as well as the necessity of coordinating each fundamental movement with the arms. and should always be maintained. It allows a sudden forceful move backward with a sureness of balance.FUNDAMENTAL FOOTWORK 31 fundamental position is one of perfect body balance. with the body poised for either a sudden attack or a defensive maneuver. There are only four moves possible in footwork—advancing. thus creating openings. for a moving target is an elusive one. The greatest phase of footwork is the coördination of the hands and feet. is a technique which makes possible sudden retreat when the slow shuffle backward will not suffice. In .
but when to circle. maintaining the fundamental position at all times (Figures 36. Circling left may be used to nullify an opponent's left hook. Circling to the Right—is used to keep out of the range of right-hand blows and to obtain a good position for the delivery of a left hook and a left jab. The left foot is flat on the floor. 34. It is essential. THE BACKWARD SHUFFLE The principle of the backward shuffle is the same as that of the forward shuffle. followed directly by the right foot. The key is the maintenance of the fundamental position while moving slowly forward. The toe of the right foot is placed firmly on the floor. The important things to remember are not to cross the feet while circling. circling to the left is moving away from a left hook into the opponent's right. With this principle in mind. and it can be used to throw an opponent off balance. The entire movement is shuffle-like. Keep the left side of the body in a straight line. Keep shuffling forward until a "body feel" results. It may be used to get into position for terrific right-handed counters. then. It is safer hut more difficult than circling to the left and therefore should be used more often. moving it two inches forward. 38. Now slide the right foot backwards tgwo inches. 37. nor are they bent. THE TECHNIQUE OF FUNDAMENTAL FOOTWORK THE FORWARD SHUFFLE This is a forward advance of the body without disturbing body balance which can only be performed through a series of short steps forward. page 33). They slide (Figures 33. . Continue. The feet do not leave the floor. page 33). 35. The whole body maintains the fundamental position throughout. to move deliberately rather than wildly. Assume the fundamental position. that is. assume the fundamental position. These steps must be so small that the feet are not lifted at all. a slow backward movement without disturbance of the fundamental position. not only to know how. but free and loose with a slight movement at all times. The knees are not kept stiff. Slide the left foot forward about two inches. followed by the same movement with the left foot. and with very little motion. but slide along the floor.32 BOXING other words.
35 Fundamental Footwork—the Forward Shuffle FIG. 36 FIG. 38 Fundamental Footwork—the Backward Shuffle . 37 FIG. 33 FIG. 34 FIG.FUNDAMENTAL FOOTWORK 33 FIG.
Push off with the left foot. and at the same time step backward with the right. 39 FIG. The body flattens FIG. In all respects it is the same as a wide step forward—a long step with the left foot. Assume the fundamental position. gives the advantage of being able to score. bringing the right font immediately into position. THE QUICK RETREAT This movement is essentially a long but quick step backward. 41 The Quick Advance toward the floor rather than leaping into the air.34 BOXING THE QUICK ADVANCE There are times when openings appear which only can be taken advantage of through fast movement. The left foot is carried close to the floor and the right foot is immediately brought forward so that foot positions are essentially those of the fundamental stance (Figures 39. 40. and to follow up. The ability to step in fast. Push off smartly with the right foot. weight shifting to the straight . page 34). with both feet under the body. It is not a hop.e the fundamental position. 40 FIG. and at the same time step forward with the left foot. 41. Assum.
The step with the leift foot must be short. Step six to eight inches to the left with the left foot. the longer the step. Step from four to six inches to the right with the left foot and immediately follow with the right foot to the fundamental stance position. using the left leg as a pivot-point. The fundamental position must be maintained at all times. Assume the fundamental position. The left hand should he carried a little higher than ordinarily in readiness for the opponents right counter. 1 . 42 FIG. page 35). The first step with the left foot may be as short or as long as necessary.FUNDAMENTAL FOOTWORK 35 right leg. 43. While many instructors indicate that in circling to the right the first step should be with the right foot. experience has shown that it is best to step first with the left foot. Assume the fundamental position. CIRCLING TO THE RIGHT This is a more precise movement requiring shorter steps. ready for the opponent's left hook.1 Carry the right hand high. wheel the whole body to the left until the correct position is resumed. It is faster and more natural to execute. the greater the pivot. using the left leg as a drag to maintain balance (Figures 42. Then.43 The Quick Retreat CIRCLING TO THE LEFT In this movement the left leg becomes a movable pivot. FIG.
THE COÖRDINATION OF HANDS AND FEET The forward and backward shuffle with the left jab 1. Assume the fundamental position. Shuffle forward slowly, jabbing out with the left hand. Jab continuously. Note that body balance is not disturbed and the rhythm of the shuffle and arm movement does not necessarily have to be the same. 2. When forward progress is stopped, shuffle backward. Jab while shuffling. Body balance should not be disturbed. The forward and backward shuffle using the straight right 1. Assume the fundamental position. Shuffle forward slowly, driving the right arm into continuous extension. Body balance should not be disturbed. 2. When the forward progress is stopped, shuffle backward, driving the right hand into complete extension. 3. Now shuffle forward, driving first the left and then the right hand into continuous extension. The arms still work independently of the feet. Balance is not disturbed. The quick advance and the forced retreat using the left jab 1. Assume the fundamental position. Start moving forward through a series of quick advances. As the body is moved forward each time, drive the left hand into extension, like a ramrod. The left arm works in unison with the left foot. At the instant the left foot touches the floor, the left hand is completely extended. Continue, until forward progress is impeded. 2. Then move backward through a series of forced retreats. Push off with the left foot, and jab with the left hand. 3. Same, except jab first, then push off into forced retreat. 4. Now take one quick advance and at the same time, jab. Then take one quick retreat and jab. Make this a continuous movement, forward and b ack, hands and feet working together. Be sure that left arm is completely extended each time. 5. Move forward by a series of quick advances, driving the right hand into complete extension every time the right foot is moved. Carry the left hand high. Remember, the right hand and right foot move together. 6. When forward progress is impeded, move backward through a series of forced retreats, driving the right hand into complete
extension every time the right foot is moved. The foot touches the floor at the same moment the hand is completely extended. The left hand must be high and ready. The quick advance with the left and right to the chin 1. Move forward through a succession of quick advances, the hands and feet working together. As the left step is taken, jab with the left hand. As the right foot is moved forward, drive with the right hand. Continue The left jab and straight right combined with circling left 1. Assume the fundamental position. Circle to the left. As the left foot is moved, jab with the left hand. Continue, left hand and foot working in unison. 2. Continue, only using the straight right. As the right foot is moved, drive the right arm into complete extension. Continue, with the right arm and right leg working as one. 3. As the left foot is moved, jab with the left hand. As the right foot is moved, drive the right arm into complete extension. The left jab and the straight right combined with circling right 1. Assume the fundamental position. Circle to the right. As the left foot is moved, jab with the left hand. Continue, left hand and left foot working together. 2. Continue, only using a straight right. As the right foot is moved, drive the right arm into complete extension. Continue, with the right hand and right foot working together. 3. Now as the left foot is moved, jab with the left hand. As the right foot is moved, pivot the body to the left and drive the right arm into complete extension. FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM THE FORWARD SHUFFLE 1. Body weight must not be disturbed. 2. Foot movements are no more than two inches in length, the right foot following the left. 3. Both feet are on the floor at all times. 4. The fundamental position is maintained at all times.
THE BACKWARD SHUFFLE 1. As above, except the right foot is moved first. THE QUICK ADVANCE 1. This is really a long step forward. It is not a hop. 2. The left foot moves first, followed by the right. One foot is in contact with the floor at all times. 3. Push with the right foot and step forward with the left. 4. The right foot is brought quickly to fundamental stance position. 5. The body is flattened toward the floor. THE QUICK RETREAT 1. It is a sudden long step backward. The right foot moves first, followed by the left. 2. The weight is shifted to a straight right leg. 3. The left foot is used as a drag. CIRCLING LEFT 1. The left leg moves first and becomes a pivot for the body. 2. The body is now wheeled to the left, until the fundamental position is regained. 3. The left hand is held high in readiness for opponent's right counter. CIRCLING RIGHT 1. The left foot moves first, four to six inches to the right. 2. The right foot follows to position. 3. The right hand is carried high and ready for opponent's left hook. COÖRDINATION OF HANDS AND FEET 1. Hands and feet should work together at all times. A left-hand lead should be used only when the left foot is moved. A righthanded lead should be used only as the right foot is moved.
used with either hand to face or body. The tool kit of the boxer must. Neither can the boxer be successful without the tools of his trade. There is a reason why bent-arm blows are a part of a boxer's tool kit. together with straight hitting. Used properly. but actually it will be an old one in a new guise. exhaust all the practical possibilities of hitting. A slight variation in timing or combination may make the result appear to be a new blow. the swing. which are most easily and efficiently performed while either guarding or blocking. include all blows and blocks which are known and used. bent-arm blows make boxing n more complete and difficult sport. A workman may be skilled but without the proper tools. Not only are they powerful counter blows. Each in itself is a complicated technique.CHAPTER V THE ADVANCED BLOWS AND BLOCKS ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION ADVANCED blows are than performed with a bent arm. but they are one means of opening up an opponent's defense. 1 The one other possibility is the overhand swing or chop. It is possible tn execute only two types of blows— straight and bent-arm blows. Advanced blocks are the defensive measures for bent-arm blows. These blows. English stylists seldom make use of bent-arm blows. the fundamental skills of attack and defense. The same is true of bent-arm blows except there are more of them—the short hook. As in football where wide sweeps and open play are used to spread the defense. 39 . Without bent-arm blows there are fewer possible combinations. EXPLANATION A skilled workman has a command of all the necessary knowledge and tools that the task demands. The straight blows can be used to face or body with either hand. A skilled boxer has the knowledge of and the ability to perform all fundamental blows and blocks.1 It follows that there is little possibility of any new blows. in boxing constant hooking will create openings for straight blows. and the uppercut. he cannot do a good job.
It is a short blow. and is useful against an overreaching left jab or swing. the knowledge or the perfection of the master. The blow carries terrific force but should not he used too often. The Long Uppercuts with Left and Right Step—These blows are extremely effective as counters against a left jab. The Swings to the Face or Body—are flat wide blows which carry little power. There are two different forms of execution. second. The right uppercut is more often used than the left as it is easier to execute and carries more power. They are used mainly to widen the defense and to bother an opponent. and me uppercut. although they may be used occasionally to the chin. the swing. The Right Hook—is one of the most dangerous counters in boxing and is often referred to incorrectly as the "rtght cross. stepping with the right loot which gives power but at a loss of speed. fist stepping across with the left foot which gives speed at the loss of power. The so-called body hooks are in reality uppercuts or poorly executed straight blows. the hook is a head blow. not yet possessing the skill. and as counters. It is used best when going in or coming out. the finesse. And produces tremendous power as the whole body weight is behind it. The left hook is the most difficult blow in boxing lo learn and use properly." It is a finishing blow and can be used against an opponent who overreaches and is off balance. as well as the defense for such blows. or a straight right or swing. he has in combination with his straight blows all the necessary tools of his trade. rarely traveling over six inches. He will be the journeyman whom can do a good job.40 BOXING Once a boxer has mastered the book. inside blows carrying considerable power. It may be used after ducking or whenever an opponent hesitates. . They are used best to the body. Theoretically. The Short or True Uppercuts—are used principally as defensive blows against crouchers. They are short. USE The Left Hook—is used as a counter and finishing blow. They should be used sparingly and with caution so that the hands will not be injured. It should be used judiciously and only when an actual opening has been created.
but remains in the fundamental position. 1. Executed quickly. The left hook is comprised of three movements. this causes the arm to whip forward as if released from a bow.THE ADVANCED BLOWS AND BLOCKS THE TECHNIQUE OF THE ADVANCED BLOWS AND BLOCKS 41 THE LEFT HOOK Because perfect execution of the left hook calls for more coördination and precision than any other one blow. FIG. Then the arm must turn with the body. The left hand does not move with the body. At the same time shift the weight over the straight right leg (Figure 45. right toe pointing directly to the side. From the fundamental position (Figure 44. Now whip* the bent left arm in an arc to the right shoulder (Figure 46. it is the most difficult blow to learn. page 41). 45 FIG. page 41). . At the completion of the blow the weight is over the right leg. 44 FIG. Turn the left hip and shoulder to the right until a point is reached corresponding to the center line of the body. the left side of the body is turned *The whip of the arm is caused by the turning of the body away from the arm until the range of movement in the shoulder joint is completely used. 46 The Left Hook 2. page 41).
The left hand should be placed on the opponent's right (Figure 48. knuckles out. or elbow (Figure 47. turn the body inward and to the left.42 BOXING toward the opponent. Assume the fundamental position. forearm straight and tight in the body. The right hand is carried tight and close as in a forearm block. Intercept the blow on the wrist. page 42). As the opponent leads a short left hook raise the right arm as if to salute. Shift the weight over the straight leg and turn the right shoulder and hip through the center line. . FIG. except that it is easier. forearm. The Forearm Block FIG. THE BLOCKS FOR THE LEFT HOOK The forearm block—Assume the fundamental position. 48. elbow down. the left hand approximating the right shoulder. and at the same time bend slightly forward so that the body is carried inside the opponent's hook. and the left arm is pulled acrcoss the body. The Inside Forearm Block Blocks for the Left Hook THE RIGHT HOOK The right hook is similar to the left hook in execution. The inside block—Assume the fundamental position. page 42). The right arm is held inside the left arm and near the left shoulder. 47. As the opponent leads a short left hook. The hand should be high and close.
move the left shoulder forward forming a point against which the thumb of the open right glove may be hooked and then catch the blow in the open right glove. counter inside with a straight right lead. At. The left arm is in a half-bent position. whip it in an arc toward the left shoulder. In delivering the blow the hand is not dropped from its fundamental position. parallel to the floor. forearm covering the right side of the body and face. THE LEFT SWING AND BLOCKS The left swing—is performed exactly like the left hook except the left arm is first straightened as in a left jab. parallel to the floor. page 21). page 44). The right elbow is close to the side. palm up (Figure 49. . palm up. For a full description turn to page 21 (Figure 25. The blocks for a left swing—are exactly the same as those used against the left hook. Allow the left shoulder and hip to swing forward. carrying the left arm to the center line of the body. When the center line of the body is reached. the moment of impact the thumb-side of the hand is up and the right arm is held in the position of guard. The shoulder catch—Assume the fundamental postilion. page 44). straighten and whip the left arm upward in an arc for the solar plexus or the chin. Bend to the right and slightly forward. The left arm covers the left side of the body and face throughout.THE ADVANCED BLOWS AND BLOCKS 43 then raise the right elbow and in a half-bend position. Bend directly to the left and slightly forward until the left elbow is touching the left leg a few inches below the hip bone. If the opponent makes regular use of the left swing. so that right elbow is touching the right leg below the hip. The right uppercut—Assume the fundamental position. As the opponent leads a right hook. and the right arm is in a half-bent position. turning the right hip and shoulder to the center line (Figure 50. Rotate the body to the left. then suddenly straighten the body and whip the right hand upward to the solar plexus (Figure 51. THE LEFT AND RIGHT UPPERCUTS AND BLOCKS The left uppercut—Assume the fundamental position. then followed by a full sweep of the amt to the right shoulder. page 44). THE BLOCKS FOR THE RIGHT HOOK The stop—is the must effective block for the right hook.
parry to the outside position with a right hand. 49 FIG. and step briskly one step sideward and forward with the right foot (Figure 54. the brushaway. Drop the left arm to a position perpendicular to the floor (Figure 52. Using the right hand to parry opponent's left lead to the outside guard position. . Alter the parry. drop the left arm to a position perpendicular to the floor. 50 FIG. at the same time taking a quick step with the left foot. the right hand is held high and off the left shoulder. is very effective. As the weight shifts to the left leg. However. whip the left hand upward to the opponent's abdomen (Figure 53. With a right step—Assume the fundamental position. whip the left arm upward to opponent's abdomen. palm upward. page 45).44 BOXING The most effective defense—for an uppercut is merely moving a few inches backward out of range. As the weight shifts to the right leg. It is best to use the right brush for the left uppercut and vice versa. page 45). As the opponent jabs a left lead. merely dropping the open glove across the opponent's wrist. page 45). 51 The Uppercuts THE LONG UPPERCUT AND BLOCKS With a left step—Assume the fundamental position. FIG.
. forcing the blow to the outside. FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM THE LEFT HOOK 1. Shift the weight back to the straight right leg. With Left Step FIG. 53. Turn the left hip and shoulder through to the center line. away from the left arm which retains its original position. With Right Step The Long Uppercuts The most effective defense—is to merely drop an open glove in and downward across opponent's forearm. The Finish FIG. 52. 54.THE ADVANCED BLOWS AND BLOCKS 45 FIG. It is best to use the right brush for the left uppercut and vice versa. 2.
46 BOXING 3. open and in position of guard. Turn the body with the hook. THE RIGHT HOOK 1. . 6. The movement is similar to a salute. At the moment of impact. BLOCKS FOR THE LEFT HOOK The forearm block 1. dropping slightly forward inside the hook. 4. 3. drive the open left hand to his biceps. 2. 6. forearm tight against the body. 5. The shoulder catch 1. As the opponent raises his elbow. Carry the right hand high and ready to block or counter. hooking the thumb of the right hand into the crook of the shoulder. elbow down. Drive through the "mark. The right hand is carried off the left shoulder. knuckles should be turned out. 5. 7." not toward it. Hunch the left shoulder forward. thumb around the biceps. Turn the right hip and shoulder through the center line. 3. 2. 3. THE BLOCKS FOR THE RIGHT HOOK The stop 1. thumbside of hand up. 2. The left arm is held in position of guard. Chin should be well tucked. Keep the elbow down. The thumb-side of the hand is up. Shift the weight over a straight left leg. The left hand is not lowered or "telegraphed" in any manner. Turn the body to the right and whip the left hand in an arc to the right shoulder. 2. palm inward at the moment of impact. whip it in an arc toward the right shoulder. The inside forearm block 1. 4. Knuckles are pointing out. Wrist must be kept straight. The arm must be held close and tight to the body. The arm must be completely straightened. Raise the right elbow and with the arm in a half-bent position.
THE ADVANCED BLOWS AND BLOCKS 47 2. As the weight shifts forward. forcing the blow to the outside. 5. THE LEFT SWING 1. Bend the body slightly forward and directly to the side. Step across the body with the left foot to a position outside of opponent's left foot. Stepping out of range a few inches. The right hand is held off the left shoulder in position of guard. whip the left hand. THE BLOCKS FOR THE UPPERCUTS 1. 4. parallel to the floor. With a right step 1. one full step forward and to the side. 3. . THE LEFT AND RIGHT UPPERCUTS 1. Whip the left arm in a full arc toward the right shoulder. 2. 2. At the moment of impact the hand is turned so that the thumbside of the hand is up. Body is then pivoted to the center line. 3. Shift the body weight back to the straight right leg. 4. palm up. palm up. 4. 6. As above except step is taken with the right foot. The left hand is lowered slightly. Suddenly straighten the body and whip the arm to the solar plexus. 5. to opponent's solar plexus. Catch opponent's right hook in open right glove. The arm should be in a half-bent position. ready to counter over opponent's right. The left arm should be completely extended as in a left jab. 3. Use the right hand to parry opponent's jab. Turn the left hip and body toward the opponent. At the same time drop the left hand perpendicular to the floor. 2. Dropping the open glove inward and downward across opponent's wrist or forearm. 2. THE LONG UPPERCUTS With a left step 1. 3. The hand is not lowered or "telegraphed" in any way.
and bone. Some contusion takes place. tends to weaken rather than conserve bodily forces. and without defense there would he no attack. Then it is too late. but not to the same degree as in blocking. Later it should be used only when necessary. It should be learned first and learned well. A well delivered blow. 48 . USE Blocking is the first line of defense. Such movements require subtle judgment. therefore. However. and should be developed before attack. prevent countering. either to face or body. considerable resistance is necessary to block a hard blow which causes contusion of the tissue. Without attack there is no necessity for defense. Blocking. especially if defensive skill is the foundation of attack. That a strong offense is supposedly the best defense is in general true. speed. While hitting is the basis of all boxing. even if blocked. EXPLANATION Boxing as a sport is characterized by a constant shift between attack and defense. Defense then is the keynote of attack. Without underlying defensive strength there always comes a time when a good attack meets a better one. Guarding is using the arms as levers to dispel the force of the opponents blows and to obtain the inside position. It means taking a blow on some part of the body which is less susceptible to injury. will disturb balance. each being important and depending upon the other for successful execution. skill in defensive tactics makes it possible for the boxer to attack at the proper time.CHAPTER VI THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE are all techniques which are defensive in purpose and together give the whole concept of defense. and create openings for other blows. Blocking may be used against all types of blows. and coördination for their execution. nerves.
but enables the opponent to change the direction of his blow. Stopping is the pinning of an opponent's hand or arm so that he is unable to deliver a blow. Because slipping leaves both hands free to counter. It is used primarily against straight leads and counters. To reach out to parry a blow not only makes openings for counter blows. Slipping is avoiding a blow without actually moving the body out of range. it is the method preferred by the expert. It is used as a means of escaping blows allowing the boxer to remain in range for a counter-attack. Advantageous openings are created which are essential tn counterfighting. or to the left of an opponent's right lead. It is just as necessary to learn to duck swings as it is to slip straight . slipping. and should be used whenever possible. onto an oncoming blow. or when an opponent actually intends to deliver a blow. leaving the opponent unable to defend against a counter attack. Neither ducking.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 49 Guarding is used against straight blows and often as a lead-up to a counter-attack. it requires a knowledge of when an opponent is going to lead. Parrying is an extremely useful form of defense It is easily learned. Performed suddenly the slip contains an element of surprise and leaves the opponent wide open at the mercy of a terrific counter-attack. A blow is never parried until the last moment and always when close to the body. is the safest position. the real basis of counter-fighting upon which depends the science of attack. that is. easy movement depending on timing rather than force. to deflect the blow from its original path. and easily performed. It is a light. nor weaving should be practiced without hitting or countering. Used in this manner. Parry late rather than early. It may be used as a preventive measure when slipping or countering. although more often used and safer against a left lead. The outside slip. and depends on speed and skill for execution. to the right of an opponent's left lead. Slipping is an invaluable technique. Parrying is a sudden movement of the hand from the inside or outside. Ducking is dropping the body forward under hooks and swings to the head. It calls for exact timing and judgment and to be effective must be executed so that the blow is escaped only by the smallest fraction. It is possible to slip either a left or a right lead.
Sidestepping is shifting the weight and changing the feet without disturbing balance. It is used as protection after missing a blow. There are many means of clinching but only one which is absolutely safe and sure. Rolling is often practiced by the expert. with the head in close. This is the safest position in boxing. It is used to avoid straight rushes forward. is an area that is absolutely sate. It is a circular movement of the upper trunk and head. Weaving is an advanced defensive tactic which means moving the body in. it should be used only as a last resort. and it is almost impossible for a novice to hit an expert who is using it. It slows up a match and makes clean. out. and valuable defensive tactic. carrying the body and head to a place directly beneath the opponent's chest. The same step may also be performed directly to the right or directly back. to either side. and both are important in counter-attack. The sidestep should be practiced by every boxer. the hands carried high and ready to perform a double stop.50 BOXING punches. However. It may be used as a method of avoiding blows or creating openings for a counter-attack. that is. Both are used for the same purpose. depending on the degree of safety needed or the plan of action. and around a straight lead to the head. right or left as desired. and against uppercuts. the movement is backward. against hooks. It is a safe. It is more difficult than slipping but a very effective defense maneuver once perfected. Sidestepping may be performed by shifting the body forward which is called a forward drop. skillful boxing impossible. sure. All types should be practiced but this one should be perfected. it is backward and away. Here. . It is a technique worth perfecting. Weaving is based on slipping and thus mastery of slipping helps to obtain skill in weaving. It can be used to frustrate an attack simply by moving every rime an opponent gets "set" to hit. when hurt or fatigued. and to move quickly out of range of attack. making the opponent miss and using the opening thus created as the start of a two-fisted counter-attack. Clinching means holding the opponent's arms in such a manner that he is unable to strike a blow. Rolling means nullifying the force of a blow by moving the body with the blow. fast. Against a straight blow.
For instructions in technique see Chapter III. This is a very effectechnique against a left jab and may also be used as the basis of one-two combination blow. As the opponent leads a left jab. against straight blows. hand protecting the face. However. page 43. chin down. Blocking with the shoulder—Used against a straight right to the chin and called a shoulder block. Against hooks and swings to the body. The elbow is down and tight. while placing the left arm over the abdomen. page 20 (Figure 22). The leverage block is using the right arm as a lever against a straight left lead. The Rockaway means rocking the body away from a straight blow enough to make the opponent miss and as the opponents arm relaxes to the body it is possible to move in with stiff counters. turn the body slightly with the blow. It is called the forearm block. drive the right arm forward and sideways into complete extension. it is herein included as a review. For instruction in technique see Chapter III. Blocking with the forearm—is used against straight blows to the body. page 20 (Figure 23). page 17 (Figure 17). is called the elbow block. The forearm must be straight and close to the body. Blocking with a glove is called a catch if used against a left jab. Instruction in its technique is given in Chapter III. page 25 (Figure 31). Against a right hook it is called a shoulder catch. Blocking with the elbow. It is not a recommended procedure and has no place in the tool kit of the skillful boxer. thus intercepting the blow on the elbow. Instruction in its technique is given in Chapter III. page 23 (Figure 30). Assume the fundamental position. because it is one the elements of defense. THE TECHNIQUE OF DEFENSE BLOCKING This technique has been previously covered. . It in the holding of the head in the crook of the right arm. GUARDING The leverage guard—for instructions in technique see Chapter III.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 51 Covering is many times referred to as the safety block. Instruction in its technique is given in Chapter V.
ready to counter. is not moved any more than necessary.52 BOXING crossing on the inside of opponent's jab and forcing it wide of its mark. The left arm is held in the position of guard or counter. As the opponent leads a straight right. Hold the right hand in position to counter to the body (Figure 58. drop the body slightly to the right thus bringing the left hand well inside the lead. Carry the right hand low. Palm should be turned outward. . drop slightly to the left bringing the right hand to the inside of the oncoming jab. causing it to go wide of its mark. The movement must be sudden and precise (Figure 55. PARRYING The outside parry on a straight left lead—for instruction in technique see page 17 (Figure 18). The movement is primarily one of the wrist. Considerable force is necessary to keep the jab from coming through. The left hand should be ready to stop opponent's right counter. The inside parry on a straight right lead—Assume the fundamental position. page 53). Keep the chin down. As the opponent leads a straight right brush to the right with the left hand. As the opponent leads a left jab. The cross parry on n straight left lead—Assume the fundamental position. The outside parry on a straight right lead—Assume the fundamental position. The elbow does not move. The left elbow. The elbow must be completely straightened at the moment of contact with the opponent's forearm. reach over with the left hand and push the oncoming lead outward. The parry on a left lead—Assume the fundamental position. Turn the palm of the left hand outward and brush the right lead to the outside. however. It is important to take a quick short step to the left with the left foot and bend the body slightly inside the left lead.) This parry is an arm movement as more force is needed to deflect the opponent's right arm inward. Keep the chin down. Considerable force is necessary for successful execution of this parry. page 53. The right hand is in position to block or counter (Figure 57. This parry calls for much practice and coordination in order to be properly executed (Figure 56. striking opponents oncoming blow on the wrist. As the opponent leads a straight left. page 53). Turn the palm of the right hand outward. and brush the jab to the outside. page 55).
55. 58. FIG. 57. Anticipate an opponent's lead and reach out with the glove and place it over the opponent's. The Cross Parry on a Straight Straight Left Lead Parrying STOPPING Assume the fundamental position. In so doing. Inside Parry on a Straight Left Lead FIG. Inside Parry on a Straight Right Lead FIG. 56.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 53 The cross parry on a straight right lead—For instructions in technique see page 22 (Figure 26). Outside Parry on a Straight Right Lead FIG. . straighten the elbow and keep the body well out of range.
ducking. shift the weight over the left leg. and weaving always pin the opponent's right hand when moving to the inside position. thus moving the body slightly to the left and forward. 59. and bring the right shoulder quickly forward. FIG. SLIPPING The inside slip on the left jab—Assume the fundamental position. The movement gains the inside position which is the best position for attack. Outside slip on a Straight Left Lead Slipping The inside slip on a straight right—This technique is the same as used in slipping to the outside position on a straight left lead. Carry the left hand high. The stop for a right hook—For instruction in this technique see page 21 (Figure 25). As the opponent leads a left jab. The head is moved only if the slip is too close (Figure 59. As the opponent leads a straight right.54 BOXING In slipping. The right foot remains stationary but the left toe pivots inward. 60. drop the weight back to the right leg by quickly turning the left shoulder and body to the right. page 54). the right hip rotates inward and the right knee bends slightly. ready to counter to the face or body. In so doing the left jab slips over the right shoulder. Assume the fundamental position. Inside Slip on a Left Jab FIG. The . This movement allows the right lead to slip over the left shoulder and obtains the inside vantage position. The left hand is placed over the opponents right.
The outside slip on a straight left lead—Assume the fundamental position. As the opponent leads a straight right. This will carry FIG. drop the weight back to a straight right leg by quickly turning the left shoulder and body to the right. As the opponent leads a hook or swing bend the trunk forward from the waist. The right hip swings forward and the right leg bends slightly. The left jab will slip harmlessly over the left shoulder. shifting the body weight over the left leg. page 54). The right foot remains stationary but the left toe pivots inward. and at the same time dip both knees forward so that the body is practically dropped. and the right hand is dropped to waist position ready to counter with a right uppercut to the body. and to prevent this. The outside slip on a straight right lead—is almost the same as the inside slip on a straight left lead. At the same time. 61 Ducking . As the opponent leads a left jab. place the open right glove in the crock of opponent's arm. turn the right shoulder smartly forward. Drop the left hand slightly but hold it ready to hook to opponent's body. Assume the fundamental position. The left hand is carried to the right of the chin. The right hand should he held high off the left shoulder ready to counter to the chin (Figure 60. DUCKING The same technique is used to duck either right or left swings. Assume the fundamental position.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 55 right hand should be held ready to block opponent's left counter. step forward and sideways with the left foot.
page 56). On a left lead slip to the outside position (Figure 64. 63. Drop the head and upper body and move in under the extended left lead and then up to the fundamental position. elbows dawn. From this position counters can easily be executed. WEAVING To the inside position—Assume the fundamental position. The chin is pinned tight to the breast bone leaving only the top of the head vulnerable (Figure 61. The left lead now approximates the right shoulder (Figure 62.56 BOXING the body underneath the hooks which will swing harmlessly over the head. page 56). To the Outside Position Weaving . In Between Position (2) FIG. Both hands should be carried high. 64. page 55). 62 To Inside Position (1) FIG. Carry the hands high and close to the FIG.
With bent-arm blows—As the opponent leads. Both hands are carried high and close. The body is now on the outside of the opponent's lead and in and fundamental position (Figure 64. Between these stages. Move the head and body to the right and upward in a circular movement so that the opponent's left lead approximates the left shoulder. then a right and left as the weave is performed. page 58). page 58). Slide the left foot back until the toe is pointing toward the right heel (Figure 66. page 58). SIDESTEPPING Assume the fundamental position (Figure 65. the weight is either forward or distributed between the legs. 62. bend or swing the body to the left.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 57 body. As the body moves to the inside position. Page 56). page (56). On right swings. page 56). WEAVING PRACTICE Have number 1's place their extended left arm so that it rests on number 2's left shoulder (Figure 64. On left swings. rolling first inside. As the opponent leads a left jab slip to the inside position (Figure 62. As the inside slip is executed. The foot positions are now reversed. To the outside position—Assume the fundamental position. lean the body backward with the blow so as to dissipate its force. obliquely sideways and backward. when the left foot is . turn the body so it will travel in the same direction as the blow. then outside. ROLLING With straight blows—As the opponent leads. Later. bend or swing body to the right. It is then transferred to the right leg. The right foot controls the direction of the step. On uppercuts. merely sway backward out of range. counter with both hands us slip is performed. either directly sideward. or directly backward. page 56). place the left glove on the opponent's right. place the open left glove on opponent's right. counter with a left blow. Later. 2's then duck the head to the left and under 1's extended left arm so that the arm rolls across to the right shoulder (Figures 63. To start with. Repeat. Move one full step to the right with the right foot shifting the body-weight over the straight right leg (Figure 67. the right foot being flat and pointed directly to the side with the heel of the left foot off the floor and the toe pointed the same way as the right foot.
turn the body to the right and drop the weight on opponent's right arm. The only sure way to find the arms or hands is to start holding at the shoulders And move the hands down the arms. very little weight is placed on the foot. To do this both hands must start from the inside position. page 59). If the opponent . Once the weight is shifted to the straight right leg. As the opponent leads a left. 66 FIG. FIG. Continue to hold the opponent's left elbow with the right hand (Figures 68 and 69. and shift the weight back to the left leg (Figure 65. 65 FIG. page 58).58 BOXING dropped back to the right heel. forcing his left glove-hand up and under the right armpit. From the opponent's shoulder move the left hand down and around his right biceps and at the same time move the right hand down to his left elbow. all that is necessary to return to attack is to pivot on the balls of the feet to the left. As the arm is locked under the armpit. move both hands forward in a manner similar to a breast-stroke movement in swimming. Therefore this intermediate stage is like stepping on a tack. 67 The Side Step CLINCHING It is important in clinching to grasp the hands or arms but not the body. the weight is barely taken up by the left foot.
As the opponent tries to hit. Do not allow the opponent to move away. Another method is to place the open hands around both of the opponent's biceps. In this manner there is little chance of punishment. By placing the left hand behind the opponent's left elbow." In breaking a clinch keep the lands high and well extended until the opponent is out of range. spin him off balance by merely walking forward. throw both arms around opponent and hold tight. If possible.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 59 tries to get loose. throw weight against the biceps. Stay close until the referee orders a break. tipping him off balance and rendering his effort impotent. . 69 Clinching A double lock may be used by pushing both of the opponents gloves and under the armpits and then locking the hands in front of the body. In clinching it is important to keep the body as close to the opponent as possible. If there is no other way out. 68 FIG. and the right hand in back of his left shoulder. Keep the body close and the arms locked tight. using his left arm as a lever. keep the left shoulder against opponent's chest. and the left leg close to his body. Only when coming into or going out of a clinch is a boxer liable to "get hurt. FIG.
2. 2. shift the weight quickly to the right leg. spinning the opponent off balance. FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM BLOCKING The catch 1. ready to counter. Catch the opponent's right hook in the open right glove. Force the blow up and out. Lower the left hand slightly. THE ROCKAWAY As the opponent leads a left jab or a straight right. Hands should be held read to counter. thus obtaining the inside position. The Shoulder catch 1. Turn the left shoulder so that it intercepts the left lead. 2. 3. and follow by a straight right. The forearm block 1. Shoulder block 1. 3. 3. Drop the weight back to a straight right leg so that the left shoulder is tilted upward. Arms are carried close and protect the head. Catch opponent's left lead in the butt of the open right glove. Turn the body so that either elbow will intercept straight leads to the body. As the blow falls short and his left hand folds back to the body. 2. 4. right arm above. and move back with the opponent's blow. Hook the thumb of the right hand in the crook of the left shoulder. ready to counter over the opponent's right lead. . Use against a straight right hand.60 BOXING give a quick push with the left hand and a pull with the right. 4. Lower the left hand. 2. Use against straight blows to the body. Hold the left hand ready to attack. 3. The elbow block 1. chin down. Fold the left arm under. Elbows should not move but should be held tight to the body. step in with a left jab.
The leverage guard 1. 4. Lower the left hand. Force the left arm up and outward into complete extension. Brush the opponent's right lead to the right with the left hand. Drop the body slightly to the left bringing the right hand inside the left lead. Force must be used if guard is to be effective.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 61 3. 5. Use against a straight left lead. 3. 2. Turn the right hand outward. 4. Step to the left and forward at the same time. Use against a straight right lead 2. Hold the forearms together. The inside parry on a straight left lead 1. Lock the elbow at the moment of contact. 6. The movement is more wrist than arm. ready to block opponent's right or to counter to face or body. PARRYING The outside parry on a left jab 1. At the moment of contact with opponent's arm. palm-side of the hand turned toward the body. Hold the left hand in a position of guard. not the glove. 2. GUARDING The leverage block 1. Force must be applied to the guard. lock the elbows. 3. ready to counter to opponent's body. 3. 4. 3. Use force with arm as well as wrist. striking opponent's lead from the inside forcing it outward. . 4. Straighten the right arm upward and outward. Hold the right hand ready to stop opponent's left or to counter. 5. Brush the opponent's lead to the left with the right hand. Do not move the elbow. The chin is exposed so be ready to fold underneath if necessary. 2. Intercept the opponent's oncoming blow on the wrist. Do not move the elbow more than necessary. 5. The outside parry on a straight right lead 1.
Reach out and place hand over opponent's glove. The cross parry on a straight right lead 1. Hold the left hand ready to block or counter The inside parry on a straight right lead 1. STOPPING 1. Move the elbow only as much as necessary. 2. 3. 3. palm turned outward. Lower the right hand ready to counter. Turn the right shoulder forward. . Swing the right hip forward. Carry the right hand ready to block or counter. When slipping. SLIPPING The inside slip on a left jab 1. or weaving. 2. Reach over with the left hand and brush the opponent's left lead outward. 3. Perform the movement with the wrist and arm. Place the left glove over opponent's right glove. pin the opponent's right hand. Move the elbow only as much as necessary. Brush outward with the left hand. with the right knee bend and loose. 4. 4. 2. Hold the right foot stationary with left toe turned inward. 3. 3. The cross parry on a straight left lead 1. 2. 4. Brush outward with the right hand. Turn the body slightly to the right. ducking. 2. 3. Turn the palm of the left hand outward. Perform the movement with the wrist and arm.62 BOXING 2. The inside slip on a straight right 1. Reach over with the left hand and brush the opponent's left lead outward. Shift the weight over a straight right leg. 4. Shift the weight over a straight left leg. Turn the left shoulder through to the center line. Be ready to fold forward under opponent's left counter lead. 2.
2. Drop the head forward and bend the trunk slightly. DUCKING 1. 3. 2. Turn the left shoulder and hip to the right. The outside slip on a straight right lead 1. 3. under opponent's arm and up to position. under opponent's arm and up to position. Slip to the inside position. Carry the left hand right of the chin. Then move the head to the right. Take a short step forward and sideways with the left foot. Keep the right foot stationary. 5. Hold the right hand off the left shoulder in a position to guard or counter. Let the right shoulder. 5. 4. chin well down. Lower the right hand ready to counter to the body. left toe pointed inward. Move the head to the left. Drop the right hand over the opponent's left glove. Carry the hands high. 3. To the outside position on a left lead 1. Bend the trunk forward from the waist and dip both knees forward thus dropping the body downward under the hooks. As the body moves to the inside position. 4. Shift the weight over a straight right leg. . Carry both hands high and in position of guard. Hold the left hand ready to counter 5. 3. Shift the weight over the left leg. Drop the head forward and bend the trunk slightly. Carry the hands high. place the left glove on opponent's right. Lower the left hand ready to counter to the body. 2. and leg swing forward to the left. 4. Use against swings and hooks 2. 63 The outside slip on a straight left lead 1. WEAVING To the inside position on a left lead 1.THE ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE 4. 4. 2. Slip to the outside position. 3. hip. 5.
. From that position step out or 5. As soon as the jab falls short and returns to the body. 3. Move the body to the left on left swings or hooks. keep close to the opponent until the referee calls for a break. Move the left toe back to the right heel. The foot positions are now reversed and the body turned directly to the side. 2. moving the body back with the jab. Take one full step to the right with the right foot. Place the open left glove around opponent's right biceps. in position of guard. Drop the weight to the right foot. No mater what form of a clinch is used. 2. 6.64 BOXING ROLLING 1. 4. 5. Move the body backward with the straight blows. shifting the weight to the right leg. 3. 4. 3. 2. 3. run the hands down to opponent's gloves. Shift the weight to opponent's left arm. Move the body to the right on right swings or hooks. Tuck the opponent's left glove up and under the right armpit and close arm to the side. Use against a left jab. move in with a left and right to the chin. THE ROCKAWAY 1. the left toe pointing directly towards the right heel. SIDESTEPPING 1. CLINCHING 1. Pivot back to attack by turning on the balls of the feet to the left and shifting the weight back to the original stance position. Carry the hands high. From the inside position. 2.
he is the master of counter fighting for he knows when to attack and when to allow attack. either by force or by deception and strategy. or "finishing" ability. demonstrating no crisp hitting. Attack by force or aggression is the attack of the unskilled. He has so perfected the "shift" that it is used for attack as well as defense. Through defensive hitting and judicious movement. He feints his opponent into "knots. it is necessary for him to be able to create openings which will enable him to score. he keeps his opponent off balance. This type of attack may he successful because any continuous attack tends to keep the opponent so occupied that openings result. but requires years of study and practice for its successful use. In general. Once a boxer has mastered the different blocks and blows. Attack by deception is the attack of the master. the novice. deception. there are two methods of attack. Scientific attack then is no simple matter. EXPLANATION Attack is based upon the fundamental ability to hit and to defend.and guarding. The master boxer has at his command techniques to bewilder and confuse the opponent. ducking. thereby creating many openings. . and upon such advanced skills as slipping. Finally." He combines hitting with feinting in such a manner that both appear to be the same. and judgment. they arc the tools of the master craftsman who blends them into perfect attack. They are the devices and skills of the finished boxer. Requiring speed. weaving. timing.CHAPTER VII THE ELEMENTS OF ATTACK ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION THE ELEMENTS of attack are all techniques which are used to carry attack by strategy. clever footwork. He draws his opponent to him forcing whatever leads he desires. parrying. This is the reason for the study of offense. 65 . Such a boxer is the "mauler" or "slugger" who depends mainly on hitting power. The master boxer has the ability to get in close and understands the value of infighting.
Many combinations of feints should be practiced until they are natural movements.66 BOXING USE Leading—The master of attack must know the value of a straight lead. Feinting creates only momentary openings. a counter. for only through the actual practicing of many feints against many kinds of opponents may a general reaction tendency be determined. Leading with the left hand. hands. Feints used too often in the same way will enable the opponent to time them for a counter attack. and trunk. makes negligible any opening that ordinarily results from a straight left lead. followed by clean crisp blows. and skill are matched. strength. In boxing. the expert takes advantage of the openings created. A good boxer knows what openings will result before he feints. Feints against the unskilled are not as necessary as against the skilled. These things he understands but he also knows how and when to lead with comparative safety. eyes. an opening should be "set up. The essential elements in feinting are rapidity. that opening should not be used until a clean sure blow will result. the one who is the master of the feint will be the winner. arms. as in football. It involves footwork. deception and precision. and for every counter a block. Whenever two boxers of equal speed. the body. change. To be able to take advantage of the openings created means instant reflex action. and then attacking another. or foreknowledge of what openings will be created by certain feints." Once an opening is created by a certain feint. the hands. and the legs in a single effort to deceive an opponent. He must know what is liable to happen on any lead. Feinting is the art of using the body in feinting attack at one point. These movements are really decoys and if the opponent attempts to adjust his defense. thus defeating their very purpose. He realizes that for every lead there is an opening. It requires using the eyes. Feinting is also used to ascertain what the opponent's reactions will be to each movement. and makes use of this knowledge and initiates his follow-up action almost before the opening results. Feinting—is characteristic of the expert boxer. knees. and for every opening. Such familiarity presupposes practice. . guarding with the right while moving to the left.
As the hitting range is approached. THE TECHNIQUE OF ATTACK THE SAFETY LEAD Assume the fundamental position. and the method of crowding or forcing. Whereas in feinting an opening is created. The Drop Shift—is a further refinement of the sidestep. and the left hook. is a phase of boxing that few ever develop. and jab the left arm into extension without hitting the opponent. This gives the impression that the arms are moving as well as the legs. While advancing. but it takes skill to stay there. Carry the left shoulder high to protect the chin from the opponent's right hand. Then to be able to draw or force a lead becomes very important. Mainly a vehicle for countering. While advancing. the right hook. Assume the fundamental position. but ready to counter if successful. it is necessary to slip. weave. take a longer step forward with the left foot. the arms are held relaxed and ready. drive both hands to the opponents midsection. it requires timing. Make a slight forward movement of the upper body. Not only does it take skill to get in close. FEINTING It is best to practice feinting before a full-length mirror. Hold the right hand in readiness for the opponent's return jab. speed. It is used to gain the inside or outside guard position and is also useful in infighting. Shuffle forward to attack. bending the left knee and moving the left hand slightly forward. and at the same time force the right arn out into the position of a leverage guard. the straight right. and judgment to properly execute It may be combined with the left jab. Infighting—is the art fof boxing at close range. In reality. To get inside. or feint. Many boxers refuse to lead. as in the quick advance. duck. draw. in drawing some part of the body is left unprotected in order that a particular blow will be led by the opponent thus developing an opportunity to use a specific counter. jab with the left hand while stepping to the left. Advance slowly. Feinting is only a part of drawing.THE ELEMENTS OF ATTACK 67 Drawing—is closely allied to feinting. When obtaining the inside position. From . give a quick bend of the left knee. Drawing uses the method of strategy. Practice each method and notice the deception of each. Being able to advance while apparently open to attack.
68 BOXING this close position. Be ready to drop a right-hand blow to opponent's chin. Continue. . feint a right to the face and then jab the left to the chin. leaving either hand free to counter. follow the left lab with a straight right to the chin. fold the left arm back tn the body and jab to the chin. or to step inside of the lead with a straight right. one time feinting. raise the right elbow. feint a straight right to the jaw and hook the left to the body. Other feints that may be used are: Feint a left jab to the face and jab to the stomach. Shuffling forward and exposing a particular part of the body is a method used to force a specific lead. Therefore. To draw a right-hand lead to the body. feint means stepping forward one step as if to jab with the left hand but. To draw a right-hand lead to the head. As the opponent leads. carry the right hand low. or carry the left elbow high. exposing the chin to the opponents leads. lower the left hand and be ready to slip inside or out. step out. feint a left jab to the stomach and jab for the face. if a left-hand lead to the body is desired. By forcing—Assume the fundamental position. step either in or out. Slowly shuffle to the attack which usually brings a left lead. feint a left jab to the face. pivoting to the left. The step in. feint a jab to the chin and deliver a right uppercut to the body. step out of range by pushing off with the left leg. If possible. To draw a left lead to the body. Only practice will give knowledge of what blow each feint will draw. Now step in as if to feint but drive a left jab to the chin. the next time actually jabbing with the left hand. shuffle forward holding the right elbow high. By feinting—Experience alone will tell which feint to use in order to draw a specific blow. Step out immediately. countering with either hand. Be ready to brush or cross-parry the opponent's right lead. Another effective feint is a short bend of the body to the right while moving forward. DRAWING By exposing the body to attack—To draw a left-hand lead to the jaw. Be ready to slip inside or outside countering either to body or face. raise the left elbow. instead.
drive short uppercuts to his midsection. slide the left foot back six inches. Place the head on the opponent's breastbone and push forward This will force the opponent on to his heels and off balance. hands carried high. drive the left inside his blow and to the body. and at the some time . FIG. sliding the right hand to the side of the opponent's left shoulder and force to the left while pushing forward with the left hand. As the opponent leads a straight left. As the opponent leads a right for the body. Draw a left lead and slip to the inside position. pommeling the body until the opponent drops his guard. Push slightly forward. Keep the arms in the inside position. This will spin the opponent off balance.THE ELEMENTS OF ATTACK 69 INFIGHTING Assume the fundamental position. drive the right inside and to the body. page 69). for if the inside position is kept. 70 Infighting it is possible to shift with the opponent. and keep driving them (Figure 70. Stay close. If the opponent obtains the inside position and starts to pommel the body. then suddenly shift the attack to his head. THE DROP SHIFT This is executed similar to the sidestep. place the open palms of both hands against his shoulders. Continue. At the same time. As the opponent shifts to deliver a left.
70 BOXING step forward one full step with the right foot (figures 71 and 72. after the weight has been shifted to the right leg. A longer reach and more power will result. FIG. forward or sideward. Step left on a left jab. palm turned outward. or the straight right. and the toe of the left foot is off the floor. The foot positions are reversed. Tremendous power may be obtained in this way. FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM THE SAFETY LEAD 1. On the forward shift. as the weight is shifted to the right leg. 71 FIG. Hold the right arm well extended. as the weight is shifted to the right leg. may be combined with the left jab. . The weight shifts to the right leg. turn the body quickly bank to position. As the body shifts forward to avoid the lead. On the side shift. hook the left hand to the opponent's chin. 72 The Drop Shift The shift. the right foot is flat on the floor. 2. and drive a straight right to the opponent's jaw. page 70). the left hook. Be ready for opponent's right counter. On the side shift. jab with the left hand. a counter attack may be started. 3.
. Force forward with the head pushing the opponent off balance. Place the forehead on the opponent's breastbone. Each feint will bring a characteristic reaction. 4. Always "build up" an opening before making use of it. weaving. Change in important. 3. Move the left foot back six inches and take one full step forward. THE DROP SHIFT 1. Keep driving both hands to the opponent's solar plexus. 7. Drawing depends on the counter attack for effectiveness. It is a necessary knowledge against an opponent who will not lead. Feints must be precise of action. 4. timing. ducking. 2. Shift with the opponent. This necessitates practice. 3. 2. and decisive. This is an advanced art and depends on speed. rapid. 3. A blow may be drawn by exposing the body. Use short arm-jolts. switch the attack to the head. shifting the weight to the right leg. 4. 5.THE ELEMENTS OF ATTACK 71 FEINTING 1. Do not always use the same feint. DRAWING 1. and drawing. and judgment. 2. or by feinting. Feint with the whole body. If the opponent drops his arms. 6. by forcing. 2. Know this reaction before feinting. The inside position must be obtained through slipping. Maintain the inside position at all times. 5. May be effectively combined with a left jab. INFIGHTING 1.
Conditioning is a process whereby a specific stimulus will cause a specific reaction. clean hooks. straight blows. and sure control. In boxing. Conditioning then becomes the keystone of the counter attack. ducking. It calls for the greatest skill. the art of the champion. . days. sidestepping. cool. and short uppercuts. Such action should be practiced slowly. but for each particular occasion there is one counter which should be used. and the most delicate execution of all boxing techniques. There are numerous counters which may be used for every lead. EXPLANATION The counter attack is an advanced phase of offense. Such action is instantaneous and almost unconscious which is necessary for effective countering. Such a counter is that one most effective for the particular situation at hand. daring execution. It is the greatest art in boxing. the counter attack requires exact timing. calculating poise. Besides a mastery of technique. guarding. blocking. conditioned action should be the result of intense and concentrated practice of planned action patterns in response to every lead. A repeated stimulus eventually creates an action pattern in the nervous system. Action must be instantaneous. slipping. Once this pattern is established the mere presence of the stimulus will cause a specific action. The counter attack is not a defensive action but a method of using an opponent's offense as a means to the successful completion of one's own attack. It means careful thought. drawing. instant action is difficult if not impossible unless the right action has been previously conditioned. It uses as tools all the main techniques of boxing. It uses all phases of hitting. and where there is a wide choice of action. crisp. weaving.CHAPTER VIII THE COUNTER ATTACK ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION COUNTER ATTACK means fore-knowledge of specific openings which will result from attack by the opponent. parrying. for hours. the most perfect planning. and shifting. unerring judgment. feinting.
Such maneuvers as slipping. c. stopping. a right to the heart or a right cross is indicated. while a right lead exposes almost all of the upper trunk. guarding. sidestepping. ducking.THE COUNTER ATTACK 73 and weeks. Finally. It is also used to "set up" openings for other counters. always in response to certain leads. the lead of the opponent. It is a safe way to avoid a left lead while dealing out punishment at the same time. USE The Inside Parry and Left Jab—is a straight left so timed as in take advantage of the opening left by the opponent's jab. parrying. the lead itself will automatically bring the right counter. It is best used . all leave but one hand with which in counter. In other words. the method of avoiding blows. The Outside Parry and Jab—is a jab delivered after slipping the opponent's lead over the left shoulder. The counter blew depends upon the method used in avoiding the opponent's lead as well as the lead itself. b. It is a fundamental counter used consciously or unconsciously by almost every boxer. It is true that during the time of actual boxing one dues not think of how to box but rather of the weakness or strength of the opponent. The lead of the opponent is important in that it determines the side of the body open to attack. the counter blow itself. The higher nerve centers always retain control and will act when necessary. is best used against a slow left jab. feinting. Boxing should be done with the head. In a consideration of counter blows there are three things that must be understood: a. weaving. It is used to avoid the opponent's jab and at the same time sting and jar him. To avoid leads it must he decided whether the counter attack should be one. if the opponent jabs and the blow is avoided by an inside slip. and shitting allow a two-handed attack. not with the hands.or two-handed. of possible openings and opportunities. A left lead exposes the left side of the body. Blocking. drawing. It is like pressing a button to start or stop a machine. Boxing will never reach the stage of a true art unless performance of skill is made automatic and the cortex freed to think and to associate. to make plans and to judge.
The left hand must be carried high in position to stop or guard. to create openings for the right hand. and effective. . It is best used against an opponent who steps well in with his left lead. and In slow up an opponent. and is used to slow up an opponent or to "shorten his arms. the more severely he will he punished. Therefore. It should be used against a slow jab or the boxer who carries his left hand well out from the shoulder. It should be used in combination with jabbing from the inside position. then shifting the weight forward and hooking the right to the chin. Delivered properly. sickening blow used to slow up an opponent. It is merely a right hook to the jaw crossed over an opponent's straight left lead. The opponent's jab is slipped over the right shoulder and the right hand then hooked from the outside across to the chin. The left jab is parried and held momentarily to the left shoulder. It is rather dangerous to execute as it brings the body into range of the opponent's right. the left side of the body becomes a target for the opponent." The Outside Parry and Left Hook to the Body—This is used to bring down the opponent's guard. It is difficult to guard against. It is an easy blow tn time.74 BOXING against the long-armed opponent as it adds length to the left arm. The Inside Parry and Left Hook to the Liver—is a jarring. it must be used suddenly and depends entirely upon speed and deception for its success. As the left hand and shoulder is dropped. It then becomes a "set-up" or finishing blow. It is a straight right timed so as to drive underneath an opponent's left arm as he jabs. The Right Cross—is one of the most talked of blows in boxing and the counter most often used by all boxers. It requires blocking a left lead from the inside. carries terrific power and is best used in conjunction with the outside parry and left jab or a right cross. The Inside Right to the Heart—is a "sucker" punch in that it takes advantage of a natural opening created by any left lead. It is a powerful blow but requires more practice and more accurate timing than most counters. It is really an uppercut rather than a hook. it exerts terrific force. It is not advisable to use unless the opening is very apparent. The more the opponent steps in with his jab. It is easy to execute and is really a finishing blow. safe. hand. The Inside Block and Right Hook—is first a block and then a blow. It is easy. The Straight Inside Right—is a straight right timed to cross under and inside an opponents left lead.
there are over seven hundred possibilities. parry to the inside guard position and uppercut left to the solar plexus. While only eight counters will be given. By Slipping 1. Out fo the eight. On a straight left lead. and takes years to perfect. There are eight elementary counters that every boxer should know. . Slip to the outside position and hook the left to the solar plexus. 3. 2. parry to the inside guard position and hook the left to the solar plexus. LEFT HAND COUNTERS FOR A STRAIGHT LEFT LEAD By Blocking or Stopping 1. at the same time stepping left and drive a straight left to the chin. parry to the outside guard position and deliver a left uppercut to the chin. parry to the outside guard position and hook the left to the chin. parry to the inside position and drive a straight left to the chin. 5. On a straight left lead. 4. parry to the outside guard position and hook the left to the solar plexus. 3. and concentrate upon them. Slip to the outside position and hook the left to the chin. Slip to the outside position and drive a straight left to the chin. 2. at least four should be made automatic in execution. Slip to the outside position and drive a left uppercut to the solar plexus. On a straight left lead. 6. A few of the most common counters are listed below. On a straight left lead. Every counter requires hours of study and practice. Select those counters that seem easiest to perform and surest in result. On a straight left lead.THE COUNTER ATTACK THE TECHNIQUE OF THE COUNTER ATTACK 75 It should be realized at this time that it is impossible to perfect all counters. On a straight left lead. By Parrying 1. catch the opponent's lead in the right glove. 4. To try to perfect too many counters means perfecting none. On a straight left lead.
On a straight left lead. On a straight left lead. On a straight left lead. parry to the inside guard position with the right hand. Sidestep to the outside position and drive a left uppercut to the chin. 4. 2. sidestep to the inside guard position and drive a right uppercut to the chin. slip to the inside guard position and drive a straight right to the heart. Sidestep to the outside position and drive a left hook to the chin. slip to the inside guard position and hook the right to the heart. On a straight left lead. Sidestep to the outside position and drive a left hook under the solar plexus. On a straight left lead. then drive the right hand to the opponent's chin. Cross parry the opponent's left lead with the left hand and drive a straight right to the opponent's side. By Slipping 1. On a straight left lead. 2. On a straight left lead. . sidestep to the outside guard position and drive a right uppercut to the chin. sidestep to the inside guard position and drive a right uppercut to the solar plexus. By Sidestepping 1. On a straight left lead. 3. 3. slip to the inside guard position and cross a right hook to the opponent's chin. 4. Sidestep to the outside position and drive a straight left-hand to the chin. RIGHT-HAND COUNTERS FOR A STRAIGHT LEFT LEAD By Parrying 1. 3. 2. 4. 5. sidestep to the outside guard position and drive a right to the heart. slip to the inside guard position and cross a right to the solar plexus. 2. On a straight left lead.76 BOXING By Sidestepping 1. Sidestep to the outside guard position and drive a right cross to opponent's chin. On a straight left lead. slip to the inside guard position and drive a straight right to the chin. 5.
On a straight right lead. 3. By Slipping 1. 3. then hook the right to the chin or body. On a straight right lead. On a straight right lead. slip to the outside guard position and drive a straight right to the face or body. 2. On a straight right lead. parry to the outside guard position with the left and hook the right to the chin or solar plexus. cross parry with the right hand and hook left to the chin. slip to the outside guard position and drive a right uppercut to the chin or body. By Sidestepping 1. 5. On a straight right lead. parry to the inside guard position with the left and drive a right uppercut to the chin or solar plexus. On a straight right lead. slip to the outside guard position and cross-left to chin or body. then drive a straight right to the chin or body. On a straight right lead.THE COUNTER ATTACK LEFT-HAND COUNTERS FOR A STRAIGHT RIGHT LEAD 77 By Parrying 1. slip to the outside guard position and drive a right hook to the chin or body. parry to the inside guard position with the left. On a straight right lead. parry to the outside guard position with the left and drive a right uppercut to the chin or solar plexus. 2. 3. By Slipping 1. slip to the inside guard position and cross a left hook to the chin. RIGHT-HAND COUNTERS FOR A STRAIGHT RIGHT LEAD By Parrying 1. 4. parry to the inside guard position with the left hand. On a straight right lead. . On a straight right lead. 2. 2. hooking the left hand to the opponent's abdomen. On a straight right lead. slip to the inside guard position and hook the left to the solar plexus. sidestep to the inside guard position and drive a straight left to the chin. On a straight right lead. reach across with the right hand and parry the lead to the outside. On a straight right lead. On a straight right lead.
2. FIG. slip to the outside guard position and drive a left uppercut to the solar plexus. The right hand is held high and ready to counter after first parrying (Figure 74 page 78). At the same time jab the left hand out into extension. sidestep to the inside guard position and and hook right to the chin or body. Inside Parry and Left Jab. hand turned out. By Sidestepping 1. On a straight right lead. using the forward shift to give power. parrying the left lend outward. turning the left shoulder directly forward and driving the left arm into complete extension. step forward and left with the left foot. Start slowly and speed up ns skill is attained (Figure 73. sidestep to the inside guard position and and drive a right uppercut to the solar plexus. FIG 74. 73. As the opponent leads A straight left. The right arm is carried high. On a straight right lead. THE INSIDE PARRY AND LEFT JAB Assume the fundamental position. Outside Parry and Left Jab Fundamental Counters .78 BOXING 4. On a straight right lead. THE OUTSIDE PARRY AND LEFT JAB Assume the fundamental position. As the opponent lends a left job. parry and momentarily pin to the left shoulder. page 75).
step forward and sideways with the left foot. slip to the inside position by stepping forward and sideways with the left foot. Keep the right hand outside the opponent's guard. The tip the right elbow up in a straight line with the opponent's chin. The left hand is held in the position of guard (Figure 78. page 79). A short step to the left. quickly turn the body to the left. As the opponent leads a straight left. lean slightly to the left and at the same time raise the right forearm inside opponent's left and block lead to the outside (Figure 75. and drop a right hook to the opponent's chin (Figure 76. Carry the left hand in the position of guard. page 80). Start very slowly and speed up as the movement is coördinated. The left lead slips to the outside of the right arm. shifting the weight over a straight left leg. 75. 76. From this point drive the right hand into complete extension.THE COUNTER ATTACK 79 THE INSIDE BLOCK AND RIGHT HOOK Assume the fundamental position. FIG. shifting the weight to the left leg. As the opponent jabs with left. page 80). shifting the weight over a straight left leg may be used to obtain more power. As the opponent's jab slips . THE RIGHT CROSS Assume the fundamental position. bringing the right shoulder forward to the center line (Figure 77. Inside Block and Right Hook (1) FIG. Inside Block and Right Hook (2) Fundamental Counters THE INSIDE RIGHT TO THE JAW Assume the fundamental position. As the opponent leads a left jab. page 79).
Be sure to hook over and down. 77. Straight Inside Right to Chin (1) FIG. FIG.80 BOXING over the right shoulder. The Right Cross FIG. The left hand is carried high and in a position of guard (Fig. is hooked over the opponent's left lead to the chin. page 80). The Inside Right to the Heart Fundamental Counters . 79. The whole action is performed as if it were one. Straight Inside Right to Chin (2) FIG. the right arm. 80. 78. 79. now in a half-bent position.
The body is low and on the same plane as the right arm. the arm protecting the head. To obtain the greatest power. parry to the outside position with the right hand. On the opponent's left lead. Outside Parry and Left Hook to the Solar Plexus —Right Step FIG. and step across with the right foot to a position outside opponent's left foot. page 81. As the weight shifts over the right leg.THE COUNTER ATTACK 81 THE INSIDE RIGHT TO THE HEART Assume the fundamental position. Outside Parry and Left Hook to the Solar Plexus —Left Step Fundamental Counters . The left hand is held high and ready to stop the opponent's hook (Figure 80. step forward and left six to eight inches with the left foot. 82. page 81). hook the left hand to the solar plexus. FIG. slip to the inside position and drive a straight right to the heart. page 80). 81. On the opponent's left lead. This same movement may be repeated by stepping across with the left foot to a position outside the opponent's left foot (Figure 82. while shifting the weight over the left leg. THE OUTSIDE PARRY AND LEFT HOOK TO THE SOLAR PLEXUS Assume the fundamental position. At the same time drop the left arm perpendicular to the floor (Figure 81.
4. Use the right hand to parry opponent's left lead inward. page 82). The weight is shifted over the left leg which becomes a pivot around which the body wheels on completion of the blow. Inside Parry and Left Hook to Liver (1) FIG. 84. THE OUTSIDE PARRY AND LEFT JAB. At the same time parry the opponent's left lead outward with the right hand.82 BOXING THE INSIDE PARRY AND LEFT HOOK TO THE LIVER Assume the fundamental position. . 83. Hold the right ready to counter. As the opponent leads a straight left. page 82). Drive the left hand into complete extension. 1. The 4. pivot sharply from the waist. Parry the left lead outward with the right hand (Figure 83. Shift the weight over a straight left leg. forcing the left hand up and under the opponent's guard to the solar plexus (Figure 84. 2. 2. Inside Parry and Left Hook to Liver (2) Fundamental Counters FUNDAMENTALS OF FORM THE INSIDE PARRY AND LEFT JAB 1. drop directly to the left and to the inside guard position. At the same time shift forward and jab the left to the chin. Turn the left shoulder straight forward. 3. FIG. Momentarily pin the left lead on the left shoulder. 3.
3. Protect the head with the right arm. The left hand should be placed over the opponent's right hand in order to prevent a counter blow. 4. 3. 2. Drive the right arm under the opponent's left lead to the chin. allowing opponent's left to slip over the right shoulder. Take one step forward and sideways with the left foot. Shift the weight to the left foot. Step forward and left with the left leg without moving the right arm. 2. to the heart. 3.THE COUNTER ATTACK 83 THE INSIDE PARRY AND RIGHT HOOK 1. Carry the left hand high and ready to stop the opponent's right counter. 2. 5. THE INSIDE RIGHT TO THE CHIN 1. 3. THE INSIDE RIGHT TO THE HEART 1. turning the hip and shoulder through to the center line. Turn the right shoulder and hip to the center line. Shift the weight to a straight left leg. shifting the weight forward. Shift the weight to the left leg allowing opponent's lead to slip over the right shoulder. Step forward and to the left with the left leg. 2. THE OUTSIDE PARRY AND LEFT HOOK TO THE SOLAR PLEXUS 1. 4. Hook the right arm up and over the opponent's extended arm to the chin. 4. THE RIGHT CROSS 1. Lean slightly to the left. Drive the right hand inside of the opponent's left lead. Parry the opponent's left lead to the outside with the right hand. Parry the left lead outward with the right hand. 4. Drop the left arm perpendicular to the floor and step across to . 2. At the same time raise the right elbow and hook to opponent's chin. Carry the left hand high and ready for the opponent's left counter.
Shift the weight to the front leg and then hook the left hand to the solar plexus.84 BOXING a position outside the opponent's left foot with the left or the right foot. 3. Step forward and left with the left foot. 2. THE INSIDE PARRY AND LEFT HOOK TO THE LIVER 1. Using the left leg as a pivot. 4. 4. Parry a left lead to the outside with the right hand. Carry the right hand high. ready to cross to the chin. . At the same time shift the weight to the left leg and drive a left uppercut to opponent's liver. wheel the body left and out of' range. 3.
a few series of blows which are of proven value. Always the first two blows are to the body. It seems natural to punch straight and then hook and it seems natural to punch first to the head and then to the body. Punching in rhythm is an important factor in boxing. and a left hook is a "follow" blow for the straight right. it is necessary to practice punching in sequence. and should become a part of every boxer's tool-kit. until finally a clean "shot" is obtained. Some blows seem to be "follow" blows in that they come after certain leads. EXPLANATION The difference between an expert and a novice boxer is that the expert makes use of each opportunity and follows up each opening. one which starts with a slip to the inside guard position. each opening creating another. "Follow" blows or "set-ups" have rhythm and "feel" as their basis. There are. the straight right is a "follow" blow for the left jab.CHAPTER IX SET-UPS ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION THE TERM "SET-UPS" denotes a series of blows delivered in a natural sequence. and one 85 . The object is to maneuver the opponent into such a position. or create such an opening. that the final blow of the series will find a vulnerable spot thus rendering the opponent helpless and "setting him up for the finishing or knockout blow. There are two triples. Any combination of blows may he used as long as openings are created. For instance. He delivers his blows in a well-planned series. USE The Triple Blows—are combinations of three different punches which have slipping as their basic technique. followed by a blow to the chin. however. Every boxer should make use of a natural sequence. Each individual may set up for himself a series of blows which will work effectively. To be sure that a sequence will be used while boxing.
but the inside triple is used more often. page 87). From this outside position. One series. This carries the head and body under the opponents lead and to the outside guard position. The main thing to remember is that the last blow will be to the spot of the first blow. in position of guard. or vice versa. timing and power. weight shifted to the left leg and the right hand crossed to the opponent's chin. Then weave under the opponents extended left arm and as the weight of the body shifts to the right leg. The wide hook is used to open a path for the final straight blow. More power may be obtained if a short step to the right is taken with the right foot alter the inside right is delivered.86 BOXING which starts with a slip tn the outside guard position. and cross series is designed to create an opening for a final straight blow to the chin. Both series can be used effectively. THE TECHNIQUE OF THE "SET-UPS" THE INSIDE TRIPLE Assume the fundamental position. the lost blow will also be to the jaw. Jack Dempsey used this triple to "hit 'em in the stomach. page 87). hook. Both are effective. As the opponent lends a left jab. cross. If the first blow is to the jaw. and hook. slip to the inside position with a right to the heart (Figure 85." The first two blows are designed to bring dawn the guard to create an opening for the final or finishing blow. The jab. THE OUTSIDE TRIPLE Assume the fundamental position. hook the left hand to the solar plexus (Figure 86. then hit 'em on the jaw. shifting the weight over the right leg as the left hand is hooked to the opponent's midsection. The High-Lows—are a series of blows which have rhythm as their basis in punching first to the body and then to the head. is intended to narrow the opponents guard and create an opening for a hook from the outside. the jab. They are blows which seem to follow each other naturally. page 87). drop underneath to the outside position and swing a wide left hook to . cross the right to the opponent's chin (Figure 87. As the opponent leads a left jab. that is. The One-two-three Sequence—is a series of three blows which have as their basis rhythm. The left hand is carried high and close. The body is then straightened.
The left hand is dropped over the opponent's right glove (Figure 89. Step in and to the left with the left foot. . 86. The right hand should be open and carried off the left shoulder (Figure 88.SET-UPS 87 FIG. open and in position of guard (Figure 90. The Inside Triple (1) FIG. page 88). carrying the body under the opponent's left lead and hook the right hand to the heart. The Inside Triple (3) The "Set-Ups" the opponent's midsection. From this position straighten the body and lift the left hand to the opponent's chin. The right arm is carried off the left shoulder. page 88). 87. The Inside Triple (2) FIG. page 88). 85.
The Outside Triple (1) FIG. Step forward with the left foot and jab with the left hand (Figure 16. Move the right foot to position and drive the right hand into complete extension (Figure 21. The Outside Triple (2) FIG. The rhythm is important and should be o-n-e two! . Assume the fundamental position. The Outside Triple (3) The "Set-Ups" THE ONE-TWO COMBINATION Because the one-two is the basis of the straight-blow combination. 90. page 16). page 19).88 BOXING FIG. it is essential to understand its technique. 89. 88.
pages 16. THE JAB-CROSS AND HOOK Assume the fundamental position. 19). drive the right arm out into extension. Assume the fundamental position. This forces the arm to bend at the elbow. Hold the left arm in the extended position until the weight shifts back to the straight right leg. Without moving the left arm farther. 91. then shift the weight to the right leg and hook the left to the chin. pages 16.SET-UPS 89 THE JAB-HOOK This is also a basic combination blow. Then take one short step to the right and hook the left to the chin. 21. Then hook the left arm in an arc for the right shoulder. 19). page 90). The left arm folds to the body in a position of guard. jab with the left hand. Allow the oppo- . The left arm is held close to hhe body in position of guard (Figures 16. THE STRAIGHT HIGH-LOW Assume the fundamental position. to the opponent's heart. The arm is now in a halfbent position. Drop suddenly by bending the right knee and twisting the body to the left. THE HIGH-LOW AND CROSS Assume the fundamental position. Jab the left arm into extension. THE JAB-STEP AND HOOK Assume the fundamental position. Rock the weight forward to the left leg and drive a straight right to the chin. The right hand should he carried high in position of guard (Figure 91. As the right shoulder and hip turn through to the center line. Fling the left hand forward and upward in front of the opponents face. 90. Jab with the left hand. THE JAB-HOOK AND CROSS Assume the fundamental position. Drop the weight back to the right hand and hook the left arm in an arc to the right shoulder The right hand should be carried high and in position of guard. After jabbing several times. page 90). walk toward the left hand. step in with a left hook to the face (Figure 91. 21. Drive a one-two to the chin (Figures 16.
. drop a short straight right to the chin (Figure 93 page 90). a left hook to the body (Figure 92. one-two. page 90. The High and Low Cross (1) FIG. The rhythm is one . 93. FIG. 91. 92. The High and Low Cross (3) The "Set-Ups" . The High and Low Cross (2) FIG.90 BOXING nent time to anticipate the next move. As the opponent drops his hands to protect his midsection..
THE LOW-HIGH AND UPPERCUT Assume the fundamental position. Step in with a wide hook to the body (Figure 94, page 91). Hesitate so that the opponent will anticipate a hook to the chin. Then hook to the chin (Figure 95, page 91) and follow immediately with a right uppercut to the solar plexus (Figure 96, page 91), The rhythm is the same, one ... one-two.
FIG. 94. The Low-High and Uppercut (1)
FIG. 95. The Low-High and Uppercut (2)
FIG. 96. The Low-High and Uppercut (3)
The "Set-Ups"
THE INSIDE TRIPLE 1. Use only against a left lead. Action must be fast and continuous. 2. Slip inside with a straight right to the heart. Use a stop for the opponent's right. 3. Step sideways with the right foot, moving the foot up even with the left. 4. At the same time, shift the weight over the right leg and hook the left hand to solar plexus. 5. Straighten the body and cross the right to the opponent's chin, weight shifting to the left foot. 6. Keep the body low until the final movement. Weight is shifted first to the left leg, then to the right leg, and back again to the left leg. THE OUTSIDE TRIPLE 1. Use on a left lead. 2. Bend the body to the right under the left lead and hook the left to opponent's midsection. 3. Move the left foot sideways and forward as the body moves to the inside guard position. 4. Hook the right to opponent's ribs, at the same time stopping the opponent's right with the left hand. 5. Then straighten the body and whip the left hand to opponent's chin. 6. Keep the body low until the final blow. The weight shifted from the right foot, to the left, and then back to the right. THE ONE-TWO 1. Jab with the left hand and step with the left foot. 2. Follow by moving the right foot to the fundamental position, and driving the right arm out into complete extension. 3. The rhythm is o-n-e-two. 4. Be sure to jab high with the left hand, thus blocking vision. Then drive the right hand to the chin. THE JAB-HOOK 1. Jab with the left hand. 2. Without moving the hand, shift the weight back to the right foot and hook the left hand in an arc toward the right shoulder. 3. Hold the right hand off the left shoulder.
THE JAB-STEP AND HOOK 1. Jab, without stepping with the left foot. 2. Hold the arm extended and walk to the arm. Elbow is thus bend to position of a hook and held off the left shoulder. 3. Whip a short hook to opponent's chin. 4. Perform the movement fast. Successful execution depends upon deception and speed. THE JAB-CROSS AND HOOK 1. Drive a one-two to the opponent's chin. 2. Then step to the side with the right foot, and whip a left to the opponent's chin. THE JAB-HOOK AND CROSS 1. Use the jab-hook to the chin, weight shifting back to the right leg with the hook. 2. Shift the weight to a straight left leg and drive a straight right to the opponent's chin. 3. Fold the left arm close to the body in a position of guard. THE STRAIGHT HIGH-LOW 1. Fling the left arm upward and forward. 2. Quickly drop the body forward and drive a straight right to the heart. 3. Hold the left arm ready to stop the opponent's right-hand blow. THE HIGH-LOW AND CROSS 1. Remember that if the first blow is high, the last blow is high. 2. Lead a wide hook to the chin. Hesitate, and hook to the body. 3. The rhythm is one ... two, three. 4. The first two blows are designed to clear the path for the last blow. THE LOW-HIGH AND UPPERCUT 1. Lead a wide left hook to the body. Hesitate, then hook a left to the chin. Follow immediately with a right uppercut to the solar plexus. 2. Rhythm is the same, one ... two, three.
Ring craft depends upon knowledge. It is probably best to map out the exact plan of battle after boxing a round or more so that the plan will ht the style the opponent is using at the moment. his favorite mode of attack and his general manner of defense. Ring generalship means a general knowledge of boxing styles and the most successful way of meeting each style. it necessitates knowing exactly what style of boxing the opponent uses. his timing and his whole style of boxing. who knows the situations that are most likely to occur and how best to meet them. Ring generalship is a general plan of battle thought out in advance of the bout. In general. It means the ability to out-smart and out-think the opponent in the ring. It means making the opponent light in any way desired. While a boxer may be naturally wary and cautious and show a tendency toward good ring craft from the very beginning. ring craft means ascertaining as soon as possible the opponent's weakness or strength. Experience seems to be the only teacher although in general. to tire him out and frustrate his attack. there are certain techniques which have proven useful to many. which attempts to nullify the opponent's strength and take advantage of his weakness. and experience to guarantee good performance. a real ring master is one who is wise in the ways of the ring. 94 . physical condition. EXPLANATION AND USE Ring craft means the faculty to successfully adapt oneself to the opponents style. skill.CHAPTER X RING CRAFT AND RING GENERALSHIP ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ DEFINITION RING CRAFT is the ability to meet and successfully solve problems as they arise in the ring. If this is done. A plan of battle may be mapped out before a bout. It means learning the opponent's moves. THE TECHNIQUE OF RING CRAFT There is no special technique of ring craft. These techniques are hereby presented as ring stratagems.
Relax! Tenseness tightens and slows reaction time. The left hand is the safest lead. 19. Punch through an object. 22. 3. Don't punch just to be doing something. 15. Keep moving or stand still and be hit. Keep the chin tucked to the breast-bone. The safest place in boxing is in close. Use your head—fight with your head. 21. 7. Puzzle the opponent by a variety of maneuvers. Don't try too hard. don't push. head waist-high. clinch and wait for the referee to break. Be in condition—nothing will make up for good physical condition. 8. 10. Do exactly what the opponent doesn't want done. do not jump around or make unnecessary movements. Don't save punches! 12. it only takes one. Never stop trying. Know the fundamentals—there will be many chances to use them. 13. Carry the hands high at all times. 20. 17. Once the inside guard position is gained. 18. However. Use it. Outthink the other man and you can out—hit him. It hurt or tired. you will be punched.RING CRAFT AND RING GENERALSHIP 95 RING STRATAGEMS 1. 23. stay close and punch. When off balance the body is open to attack. 9. Appear confident at all times. hands high. . Step in to hit. they are all tough. Keep the feet under the body at all times. Never do the same thing twice in succession. 2. If a blow is missed or you are unbalanced. 6. Punch only when there is an opening. Snap a blow. Never underestimate an opponent Remember. don't show it. not at one. not your hands. Hit hard when you hit! Mean business. 4. 5. Remember. Punch the moment the opponent is in range. Never forget that the opponent is as tired or as afraid as you are. Otherwise. 16. It is impossible to hit hard while moving backward. 11. 14.
Unless you want to get hit. The natural counter for a left jab is a right cross. in an attempt to draw a left lead. Some crouchers bend directly forward. Once in. therefore act accordingly. Whenever the opponent gets set to hit. In this use. HOW TO BOX A CROUCHER Any opponent who continually crouches is a difficult man to hit effectively. One method of deception is to gradually edge the left foot nearer the opponent without altering the position of the head. use speed. 32. 29. There are two times when you are most likely to get "hurt. The two-handed attack to be effective must start from the inside position. However. often he is slower and therefore there are more openings. 28. 26. slip in fast. The outside guard position is the safest place. stepping in and out with short inside uppercuts. On the lead. do not lead them. jab . countering hard and often. If the opponent crouches to either the left or the right side. Make a mental not of any peculiarities. 27. the best plan is to keep moving in and out. He from a "shell. A tall man has more to protect. THE TECHNIQUE OF RING GENERALSHIP Because generalship is primarily concerned with the plan of action against different styles of boxing. Never stat in close. place the forehead on the opponent's chest and force him backward and off balance. HOW TO BOX A TALL OPPONENT This situation is often encountered. to offset these disadvantages. At the same time lift short arm jolts to the solar plexus. Right-handed leads and short hooks are counter blows. 25. some of the styles will be herein considered. Note carefully what the opponent does preceding his leads. 31." either coming into attack or going out. Realize that ordinarily a straight punch will "beat" a hook. In general. the tall man has reach and probably considerable power. 30. move." well covered up. With the stance spread it will be easier to reach the opponent.98 BOXING 24.
which he *Many coaches and seconds maintain that the proper method is to carry the attack to a "southpaw. He is the unskilled who must force himself close in order to score. Follow with a straight right. chin down. The ability to fold under a left jab is an effective way of moving in close. Keep the blows hight. and (3) use the right hand as the major weapon of offense. Carry the left hand low. If a hit is scored. It should be varied as circumstances indicate. ready to counter. Straight blows will score before swings and hooks.RING CRAFT AND RING GENERALSHIP 99 to the front shoulder and try in force or spin him off balance. a right to the heart or a left hook to the body. The inside position must be obtained by slipping. his left. step smartly forward with the left foot and drive the left hand to the chin. Wait until the referee breaks. resting the weight on the opponent. and are off balance. drop the head into the crook of the right arm. This forces the jab over the top of the head. keep the body low. pin the forehead on the opponents chest and stay there. HOW TO BOX A RUSHER The rusher is chronic to the sport of boxing. . Once in close. clinch. they leave themselves open. As the opponent rushes. repeat." From knowledge gained in handling "southpaws" it has been found that they prefer the attack to be carried so far for them. Drive both hands to the opponent's body. sidestep and deliver a counter blow. As opponent rushes again. taking advantage of each opening. if missed. As the opponent rushes. HOW TO BOX A "SOUTHPAW" (left-handed boxer) Special technique is required to box a "southpaw. or sidestepping. To cope with this style. * (2) circle to the left. It seems that if they are forced to lead. HOW TO BOX A JABBER Some boxers use only one blow. clinch. Once in close. follow up and stay close. weaving. As the opponent leads. Circling left against a "southpaw" nullifies his best hand. The sidestep was made for the rusher. A "southpaw" usually has a terrific power in his left hand. the left jab. Punch while going in. If this is done. follow up. away from the southpaw's left hand." There are three principles that should be followed: (1) make the southpaw lead first. Another effective method is to step in with a straight one-two to the chin. As a general rule this will bring good results.
invariably hooks. By circling away from the left hook, not only is power nullified, but a better Position is obtained from which to deliver a right counter. However, a right hook may he encountered. If possible, "feint out" the right hook. Usually on a feint, the "southpaw" will draw back his right arm ready to cross. When he does, step in with a straight left arm, hand open, to the opponents right biceps or shoulder. This will spin him off balance and into a right counter. THE SLUGGER Some men are endowed with the ability to hit and hurt with either hand. These men seldom take the trouble to learn how to box or to hit straight. They depend mainly on powerful hooks. They are always dangerous opponents. Heavy hitters must "get set" in order tn deliver their blows, therefore to keep moving is the best defense. Inability to "get set" will lessen the hitter's power and make it less dangerous. Moving around does not mean jumping but simply means moving efficiently and easily to prevent the opponent from getting ready to hit. Each time the opponent stops to hit, move. Such a plan will render his attack ineffective. A good piece of strategy is to suddenly stop moving and step quickly in on the opponent, catching him unprepared and off balance. This must he done swiftly, moving in and out before the opponent can "set" himself to hit. Do not attempt to "slug" with him. A boxer who stands still is a "catcher." Move constantly, in and out, not. vigorously, but easily. THE COUNTER FIGHTER The counter fighter is a dangerous opponent. He turns the force of his opponents blows back against the opponent. A counter tighter depends upon leads of the opponent. Therefore do not lead, and especially do not lend the blows expected. If possible, force the counter tighter to lend by feinting or drawing. If this does not work, do what he expects, only be ready to counter the counter blow. An aggressive attack with speed and power is an effective method in some cases. Such a procedure keeps a counter lighter off balance and thus ineffective. A crouch is very effective against a counter fighter. Get down low, bob and weave, but do not lead. If opponent dose not lead rush in fast driving both bands in fast. Once in, stay in.
RING CRAFT AND RING GENERALSHIP FUNAMENTALS OF FORM HOW TO BOX THE TALL MAN 1. Keep Moving. 2. Draw a left lead. 3. Slip to the inside guard position. 4. Commence infighting. HOW TO BOX A CROUCHER 1. Sidestep and counter. 2. Step in with a one-two to the chin. 3. If a hit is scored, follow up. If the blows are missed, clinch. HOW TO BOX A JABBER 1. Keep low. 2. Slip to the inside or outside guard position. 3. Counter to the body. 4. Try to time a right cross. 5. Force continually. HOW TO BOX A "SOUTHPAW" 1. Don't lead, make the "southpaw" come to you. 2. Circle left, away from the opponent's left hook. 3. Use the right hand to the face or body, straight or hooked. HOW TO BOX A SLUGGER 1. Keep moving, don't let the opponent get set. 2. Attack suddenly. 3. Move out immediately, don't slug. THE COUNTER FIGHTER 1. Make him lead if possible. 2. If he won't, do what he expects and counter his counter. 3. Keep him off balance by a whirlwind attack.
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ TRAINING is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too much time is given to the development of skill and too little to the development of the individual for participation. The body is treated as if it were an object and subject to definite rules and regulations. Nothing could be further from the truth. Training deals not with an object, but with the human spirit and human emotions. It takes intellect and judgment to handle such delicate qualities as these. Training is the psychological and physiological conditioning of an individual preparing for intense neural and muscular reaction. It implies discipline of the mind and power and endurance of the body. It means skill. It is all these things working together in harmony. Training means not only knowledge of the things which will build the body, but also knowledge of the thing which will tear down or injure the body. Improper training will result in injuries. Training then ls concerned with the prevention of injuries as well as first-aid to injuries. I. CONDITIONING PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITION An individual may have all the physical gifts possible—speed, coordination, and power. The body may he ready for extreme exertion, yet the individual may be a poor competitor. It is easy to prepare the body for a contest; it is difficult to prepare the mind. It is necessary to help each individual discipline his thinking, to help him control his emotions, to dispel fear and worry. Fear—is one of the must important considerations in athletic conditioning. It is especially important in boxing. There are many boys who are timid, shy, afraid. They are afraid to box. They are afraid of any activity in which there is any personal contact. In reality, they are only afraid of the idea of being hurt, not of actually being hurt. The task is to get them to prove this fact to themselves. Thia type of boy must not enter the ring before receiving certain 100
He should have a strung defense and same successful boxing experience. and dreary. and finally. inside of a few months. but to right attitudes and habits of health and life. the discarding of waste materials. then. will. It becomes increasingly important. Build up the end result so that it looms above all else in the mind of the boy. absorption. It will require things which seem difficult. discipline of the will and through the will. The problem then is to keep these boys from being entirely reckless in this new-found confdence. It starts in the mouth through the action of the teeth and salivary juices. They will find out that it does not hurt to be hit. nutrition means the process of digestion. assimilation. comfort. It takes a strong incentive to be able to enforce such an existence but in so doing a boy is given a training in concentrated effort toward a goal and an inkling of the price that is required in the attainment of any goal. The end results are really the most important. the rebuilding of the cell and the storing of an excess of cell food. monotonous. Digestion is the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food. It will necessitate giving up many things—ease. the pyloric mill and further aided in the intestine by the pancreatic juices and peristaltic action. Training should be made a strict discipline. there can be built into that individual any type of health habit or attitude desired. Mind discipline—Conditioning of any sort means discipline. be the most eager and usually become the best students in the class. Discipline in conditioning means creating an attitude. Discipline is the method. the body. Careful handling from the beginning will develop sureness and confidence in the boys. If the end object is really important enough.HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 103 protective experiences. a mind set toward a desired end. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION Diet—To understand diet is to understand nutrition. and all forms of dissipation. If this is done completely. . Training rules and habits are most useful for their disciplinary value. It is continued in the stomach by the action of the various gastric juices. any rules or regulations will be followed. When this stage is reached. Briefly. heat and energy release. training only the means to the end. to stress procedures which lead not only to proficient skill in boxing. Boys who start out in tears from fear of boxing. fear is forgotten.
in all cases. Excessive carbohydrates store in the body as fat. and waste matter thrown off. and low in fats. or two broiled Dr. 220. p. An athlete preparing for competition should eat lean meats. 1 . protein. as quoted by Trevor C. fruit and leafy vegetables. fried foods. and water are tissue builders and rebuilders. John Stephan Lewis. It is necessary to abstain from all use of co coffee. alone. Carbohydrates produce energy and liberate heat. cannot he stored. orange juice just before a bout. water and energy liberated. The diet should be so planned that an alkalinity of the tissues results. In boxing. Then the demand for food is repeated. minerals. Of all the food elements. tea. milk. and alcoholic beverages during training. No food should be taken later than four hours before a contest. The carbohydrates should exceed the protein in the diet by almost three to one. water should be taken sparingly twenty-four hours before a contest. Protein. or two soft—boiled or poached eggs. rich cake or pastry should be avoided. In muscle contraction.104 BOXING By this time the food is in a state of liquid chyrne. Water should be used freely both inside and out to replenish that lost during a workout. The pre-contest diet is important. However. Dehydration will result due to promise perspiration induced by physical exertion. Smoking should not be allowed. The Story of Boxing. A diet that produces an excess of acid is incorrect because alkalinity tends to increase wind and endurance. heat. Thus a diet for an athlete should be heavy in proteins and sugar. food is used. Such rich foods as cream. Water—is a most important factor in conditioning. Wignall. fat meats. As the plasma bathes all the cells of the body the food is assimilated directly by the cell. The cell stores the food as fuel until there is a demand made upon it. or between contests may be used. Food in the stomach at the time of the contest tends to cause nausea and indigestion. et all.1 Food that is eaten should be light but nourishing. In this form it is passed from the intestine into the plasma of the blood through the process of osmosis. A small portion of sirloin steak. Glucose candy is beneficial it it can be obtained. The sugar content of the diet may be increased during training or just before a contest. Fat is stored in the body as fat and used only if there is a lack of carbohydrates in the diet.
are controls in themselves. Wisconsin. 82. Fill a tub with water. the lungs. Madison. and Knute K. Cathartics are weakening and if taken at all. liberates lactic acid and other waste products into the blood. A good book. or a small portion of broiled chicken. that activity should he roadwork. 3 Colman Griffith. The heart will he able to adjust to the strenuous exertion. .HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 105 lamb chops. All that is needed is to create a habit. 82. congenial company.1 Sleeplessness may occur before or after a contest. Exercises for conditioning—The greatest exercise for conditioning in boxing is roadwork. but will tend to dissipate soreness from the muscles. It is important to realize the value of frequent rests during the actual training period. simple life of the athlete. with two slices of dry toast and a cup of weak tea is all that should be eaten. The Psychology of Coaching. A hot foot-bath.3 Elimination—Proper elimination is essential in the conditioning of athletes. An athlete needs a great deal of sleep because he is exercising strenuously and because he is usually young and growing. Rockne. Not only is the interest held. and uses stored-up energy. should not be taken within two days of contest. or a warm tub-bath of about body temperature for fifteen or twenty minutes are effective methods of relieving insomnia. breaks down the cells. Running strengthens the heart. plenty of exercise.2 Stay fifteen minutes or longer. Training. 1931. Walter Meanwell. Boxing. a good soaking tub-bath not only dispels tension. and the legs. the lungs will he better able to supply more oxygen and the legs will he better able to support the body during a bout. or any strenuous activity. The long jog is no 1 Dr. 2 Salt tends to raise the temperature of the water a few degrees. The plain. do not start with the water too warm. but efficiency is maintained longer. p. Sleep is the period when nature replenishes. with light discussion and laughter all help to relieve tension. Empty into the tub three to five pounds of epsom salts. How far to run and how to run. A certain "habit time" is of utmost importance to regularity and should he stressed. If an athlete has time for only a single training activity. Alter a strenuous contest. p. wholesome food. Sleep and relaxation—Sleep and relaxation is as necessary to an athlete as correct diet or special training. Therefore. not more than ninety degrees Fahrenheit. a quiet movie. and learning heightened. Conditioning and Care of Injuries. is the question.
The arms are used continually. if preparing for three.106 BOXING longer considered of any value. then force it down between the legs. hands outstretched over the head. Fold the arms across the chest. The neck must be able to absorb the shock of head blows. Using the head and legs as supports. 2. To increase resistance. Now using just the head and legs as supports. Many boxers find it best to run the same length of time as they will box. The new method is that of "wind sprints. STOMACH EXERCISES 1. resting one minute between runs. it tears down rather than builds. Too much energy is used. Repeat. and the neck muscles should receive special attention. run at top speed for two minutes. A strong neck is a protection that should not be overlooked. the abdominal muscles. The aspiring boxer must be made to realize that each part of his body must be exercised and strengthened as much as possible. Repeat. The following exercises are especially adapted for the boxer: NECK EXERCISES 1. then walk a minute. fold the arms across the chest. two-minute rounds. run with all possible speed. Repeat three times. They tire easily unless specially trained. When sprinting. The extensors of the arms. Start at ten repetitions and work up to twenty-five. Start with ten repetitions and work up to twenty-five. Repeat. For instance. The abdominal region is the "rnark" for which all boxers try and therefore well-developed muscles are essential. Bring the legs well up underneath the body. Roll back on the forehead. Place the top of the head on the mat. The sit up—Assume a supine position. The front bridge—Take a prone position on the mat. Raise the truk to a sitting position. Start with a quarter mile and gradually increase until a mile can he covered. The wrestler's bridge—Take a supine position on the mat. Continue until the desired distance is covered. . bend the body forward and up. raise the body clear of the floor." Sprint one hundred yards and then walk one hundred yards.
Assume the prone position. Repeat as many times as possible. II. Keeping the body in a straight line. p. listlessness. The triceps muscle on the arm is the main extensor muscle of the arm. Raise the head and pin it to the breast-bone. no interest or enthusiasm. ARM EXERCISES 1.. palms down. Practice until the exercise can he performed twenty times each way. then to the left. cit. straighten the arms out. Raise the legs slowly until they are directly above the eyes. If you feel stale stay away from practice until you really feel like working. After forty repetitions have been reached.1 Lack of pep. Repeat ten to twenty-five times. 2. complete rest and change. The leg raise—Assume a supine position. 6. or obtaining boxing condition. arms outstretched over the head. Start with ten repetitions and work up to twenty-five. The jack-knife—Take the supine position. 3. Start five times one way. Sit up and bring the arms over in an attempt to touch the toes as they are raised off the floor. raising the body from the floor. One of the best exercises to develop that muscle is the "push up" from the floor. Raise the legs alternately back and forth as fast as possible. 1 Meanwell. Do not let the body sag. use a light weight buck of the neck. hands flat on the floor. Holding both legs together circle them first to the right. 5. and irritability all are evident signs. The double leg circle—Take the supine position. The alternate leg raise—Take the supine position. shoulder-width apart.HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 107 For further resistance. 61 . op. Lower slowly. Make a complete circle. arms outstretched over the head. low and wide. SPECIALIZED TRAINING Specialized taining consists of those activities which deal with the actual process of learning boxing skills. then five times the other way. Staleness—is the result of overwork and neural fatigue. 4. There is only one remedy. assume a sitting position and repeat. Knees to chest—Assume a supine position. Raise the knees to the chest while bringing hands over to clasp the knees. Loss of weight is the best objective sign. Place the hands under the hips. Ten to twenty-five times.
with a minute rest between. and the strengthening of the hands. It is little aid in the development of timing as it is almost entirely a matter of rhythm. The primary purpose of the heavy bag is the development of hitting-power. too. Work according to rounds. Exercise facing the pulleys and with the back toward the pulleys. Shadow-boxing—is the best method of acquiring correct form. and concentrated. Plan each . Shadow-boxing should be used to habituate each new technique given in a lesson. Work fast and smooth so that the weights do not jerk. speed. Perfect one blow at a time before proceeding to another. The weights should be used to loosen and stretch all the muscles of the body. and legs. and arms. The heavy bag—is valuable in the early training of a boxer. Work vigorously. Move deliberately in. and around. Once form is obtained. wrists. Shadow-box in both positions. The light bag—has little use in a boxer's routine. However. Shadow-boxing should he used to perfect boxing skill. Work on the light bag will strengthen the hitting muscles of the shoulders and arms and has some value in developing a left jab and in shortening a straight right lead. Each blow should be practiced and perfected before going on to another. A definite routine of blows should he used. Continue. and it tends to reduce speed reaction. Practice each blow for form. hitting sequence. It is best to shadow-box in front of a mirror so that the movements can be watched for correct form. It is a time. Keep the chin down. Toward the final stages of training. the heavy bag should not be used. then for power. when attention is narrowed. Rope skipping—is especially good for the feet.108 BOXING Pulley weights—are valuable as a physiological "warm~up" period. the blows should be practiced individually. There is too much danger of injury to the hands. Punch hard all of the time. Work on the weights should be methodical. ankles. greater speed and power should be the aim. and relaxation. Too much rope skipping rends to tense the shoulder muscles. The hands should be well protected when using the heavy bag. Shadow-box according to rounds. out. It is a fair developer of "wind" due to the fact that big muscles of the body are called into action. It readies ring movement. It is impossible to hit a light bag correctly and therefore tends to develop had hitting habits. not in rhythm. Don't loaf. then rest a minute. Jump one round.
then walk a minute. The body is like a storage battery It must have water to operate. Spend the rest of the time perfecting skills. In the body. Thirst may be relieved by washing the mouth . there is a certain possible ionization. Run with the hands high. as in the battery." Stop as soon as fatigue sets in. The result is an increase in endurance. Timing and judgment of distance can only be developed through actual boxing. drying out is increased ionization of the body which means increased electric conduction of nervous energy. Continue three times. 3. As wind and endurance improve. During an actual round of boxing work toward some definite objective.HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 109 round before attempting to shadowbox. and speed. and fast. Dress warmly. Box with all types of individuals. always resting one minute between rounds. 4. Up to a degree. Drying out—is abstinence from liquids for a period of twenty-four hours before a bout. During the minute of rest. Never play or "fool around. Try to learn something from each man boxed. three times a week in enough. Physiologically. Two or three times a week is enough actual boxing. slow." It is used to increase speed and endurance. If a three-round bout is being prepared for and the rounds are to be two minutes in length. Boxing—The best practice to learn how to box is boxing. the greater the ionization. preferably on off-training days. It is advisable for all athletes to abstain from liquids twenty-four hours before a contest. keep swinging the arms. 5. run two minutes at top speed. Box according to a set number of rounds. When starting to train. Other than actual boxing. but that is incidental and not the reason. it is the most important technique in the acquisition of boxing skill. short. run every day. 6. the less water. A pound or so of weight will he lost in the process. wind-sprints are best. Then follow the plan. power. Roadwork—A few of the principles of roadwork are: 1. try to increase the distance covered in the same length of time. Remember. Run the same number of rounds as will be boxed. It is not a method of "making weight. Don't ever box just to be boxing. tall. Run in the morning if possible. 2. If in condition.
stop. Round 5—Shadow Box. The work-out procedure—The boxing work-out is an individual matter. Round 6—Calisthenics. and the individual rather than the activity. work at full speed and when tired. A GENERAL WORK-OUT PROGRAM Round 1—Warm up on the pulley weights. The total time for the work-out is 0nly eighteen minutes. It is during these times that accidents occur. Round 4—Box. Round 3—Work on the heavy bag. A weight other than that which is natural is detrimental to a boy's health and should not be allowed. It is the game that is important. and therefore the formation of bad habits. The first two weeks should be devoted to general conditioning. Every person has a natural weight for best performance. It should be planned beforehand with a specific idea in mind. In contests of short duration. speed is of the most importance. Always stop when feeling fresh and desiring more. and should be governed by condition and needs. If fatigued before the scheduled time. or by sticking a lemon. The last four weeks should be spent in specialized work-outs. Skip a day if feeling low and tired. During the work-out. mainly roadwork and calisthenics.110 BOXING out. Work at top speed all the time. not the winning. At no time should more than one hour actual working time be spent in a gymnasium. . This weight can be reached through regular conditioning methods. Round 2—Skip rope. Each work-out should be entered into with a purpose. Take a hot shower while still perspiring. therefore be sure that every boy understands the purpose of dehydration. It defeats the whole educational purpose of the activity. Endurance should be stressed in training for long bouts. Fatigue causes careless work. No actual liquid should be taken from the time the drying out process starts until after the contest. Relax during the minute rest. stop anyway. Making weight by the process of dehydration is not a desirable procedure in any sport. Six weeks should be allowed to get into condition for a match. Always work out according to accurately timed rounds.
In college. p. a split lip. Frank Lloyd.6 per thousand opportunities. The injuries that do occur are minor and are nor serious. but no permanent scars or injuries. cit. with only lacrosse. p. 1937. lacrosse. the incidence of accidents increased to 4. George Deaver.HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 111 3rd week— Spend considerable time on the heavy bag working for power. Teeth injuries were the most serious with sprains of the arms and hands next in order of frequency. III. New York: Saunders and Company. a broken nose. 4th week— Form should be stressed through shadow-boxing. Lloyd.. Boxing should be discontinued. with football. 5th week— Boxing should be stressed although a lot of shadow boxing should be used. Boxing should be increased.3 With boxing listed as hazardous in a listing that includes highly hazardous and very hazardous. Some boxing should be done.2 and that merely staying at home is more hazardous than participation in athletics. The heavy bag should not be used. 24. Safety in Athletics. and Frank S. People in actual contact with the sport know that it is not dangerous. and tumbling having a better record. baseball. and Floyd Eastwood in their study on safety1 found boxing to be an activity of minimum hazard in high school with an incidence of less than one accident per thousand opportunities. or a chipped or broken tooth. The Prevention and Treatment of Athletic Injuries. Perhaps an occasional sprained thumb. THE PREVENTION OF INJURIES There have been many objections raised against boxing but perhaps the foremost is that boxing is a dangerous sport. 3 Loc. Boxing is listed tenth with 3. and Floyd Eastwood.9 days lost. soccer and crew more hazardous. horse polo. The study indicates that accidents in athletics are low generally in comparison with other fields. 1 . 2 Ibid. 6th week— Shadow-boxing for speed is now important. Rest at least one day before the contest. George Deaver. 87. in a listing of sports according to incidence of accidents boxing was seventh. Taper off from heavy bag-work. That injuries in boxing are of a minor nature is borne out in the listing of activities according to days lost from school per thousand exposures. wrestling. a black eye.
Hand protection—The human hand was not made for striking. and to support the wrist. which includes poor officiating. The heavy bag should be attached with a short heavy chain to prevent too much swing. . 35. The floor should be wooden and if possible covered with an inch of beaver board over which a heavy canvas covering should be drawn. It is based upon knowledge of hand anatomy. It was made for grasping. so unless the hand is wrapped correctly. The posts of the ring should he at least eighteen inches outside the ring. Injury may result from improper bandaging of the hand. The five bones forming the back of the hand are called metacarpal bones. The eight wrist bones are the carpal bones. and conditioning. Have the boxer close the hand several times while bandaging. Many hand injuries may be prevented through wrapping or bandaging the hands. fourteen bones forming the fingers and thumb. then surely boxing is a safe sport for any boy. The room should be free from obstructions. exercise mats and free exercise space should be included. It is therefore important to know the correct method of hitting if hand injury is to be prevented. and should be well lighted and ventilated. Hand wrapping is an art. The bandage must not shut off circulation. pulleys. and to improper equipment. Never bandage through the fingers. 1 Ibid. and called phalanges. The whole idea of bandaging is to prevent the bones of the hand from spreading.112 BOXING if athletics in general is less hazardous than staying at home.1 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES Space—Space for boxing should be large enough so that a ring may be erected. and preferably padded.. supervision. p. it is better to leave it unwrapped. Injuries in boxing are due mainly to inadequate leadership. The mats and pulleys should he out of the way and not where they will interfere with the boxers. and such apparatus as heavy and light bags. The best protection for the band is obtained by using a ten-yard roll of two—inch gauze. The ropes should be an inch in diameter and wrapped so as to prevent rope burns. The hand consists of twenty-seven bones. to protect the big knuckle of the thumb. as this spreads the bones and thus defeats the whole purpose of the bandage.
an accidentally raised knee are the hazards that are thus eliminated. both upper and lower jaw. Insist that each student purchase and use one. Discard such gloves immediately. Such injuries can be prevented by head helmets which cover the ears completely and which come well down over the forehead. Movement is facilitated and slipping prevented. or a bunching and breaking of the padding. Using a rubber mouthpiece will prevent the majority of such injuries. White wool sucks should be worn. Watch carefully for rips and tears in the glove. and light gloves for the light bag. A deflected blow. Special gloves should he furnished for the heavy bag. helps to prevent injury. Heavy training gloves should he worn while punching the heavy bag. The feet—Well-fitting. Use plenty of resin and keep water off the floor or canvas. If gloves with laces are used. The kind with an elastic band at the wrist is preferable to those with laces. In punching the light bag. They may be obtained at a nominal price from any sporting goods store. Leadership—The most important consideration in the prevention of injuries is adequate leadership. They facilitate administration and eliminate a common cause of eye injury.HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 113 For training purposes. Teeth and lip protection—The most frequent injuries are chipped teeth and cut lips. Gloves—Heavy fourteen-ounce gloves should be used for all training purposes. If such a helmet is used the ear and eye injuries will materially decrease. Cut off all metal tips. soft-soled shoes should be worn. Protection of the scrotum—Aluminum protection cups should be worn at all times. light gloves should be worn to prevent skinning the knuckles. Without leadership facilities and equipment are meaningless. canvas or felt bandages may be obtained at any athletic supply house. Placing vaseline between the lips and teeth. have the students place the laces in the palms of the hands and hold inside of the gloves. Use a damp cloth and saddle soap Then hang them up to dry. Gloves should be cleaned each time after using. instead of tying at the wrist. They can be used constantly and are more economical than gauze bandage. Instruction—The instructor should he able to teach at least the . Ear and eye protection—Both are open to injury.
Should abide by the rules at all times and not make up the rules. This is unfair to the boys. but firm in his decision. but for their knowledge and understanding of boys. Officials should be selected not only for their knowledge of boxing technique and rules. causes no trouble if properly supervised. 2. sympathetic. 6. and profesional. 4. This is not always the case in boxing. This can he either a regular examination or a special one. intercollegiate. A good sense of humor is important. He should execute his full powers but never exceed them. with a permit for every participant on file in the office. (Professional rules vary in each state. Should know the history of boxing. 7. Only when boxing is carried on without supervision is difficulty encountered. Must know his own powers. Conditioning—An instructor should make sure that every boy who participates in boxing is in good physical condition. No boy who has not passed a medical examination should be allowed to box A medical permit means that the body is organically sound. like any other sport. Must be impartial. Unless an instructor has a basic knowledge of fundamental skills. The referee 1. and interested in boys. The officials—Each boy who enters athletic competition is entitled to competent officiating. His knowledge of rules should include amateur.114 BOXING minimum fundamentals of boxing. The first requisite should be a medical examination. Besides this an instruction and conditioning program should he followed until the boy is physically able to sustain effort and resist fatigue. Should know who is winning at all times and be ready to his decision instantly. Supervision—Every instructor worthy of the name is careful to supervise any activity in which hazard is present. Anyone who is willing to officiate seems to be chosen. boxing should not he allowed. . Must be a man considerate. and the particular rules under which he is officiating. 3. An instructor should allow only those who have instruction in fundamentals to box.) 5. the development of the rules. Boxing. Must have the ability to control himself at all times if he is to have control of the ring.
Should be familiar with the technique of scoring a bout. collodion—to place over old cuts. To do so means impairment of judgment. Should be ready to pick up the count on any knockdowns. c. 10. Should have a working knowledge of first-aid and a kit consisting a. 4. with hand sponge—to clean boxer. surgical scissors—to cut tape or bandage. h. Should not judge more than fifteen consecutive bouts. Should have a working knowledge of first-aid. 5. Should know the skills and techniques of boxing. d. Must keep his hands all the boxer: and his only words to the contestants should be "fight. i. Should know boxing in all its various phases. Should add up the score at the end of each round. 3. smelling salts—to clear the head. stop watch—to time the rounds." 9. chopped ice and ice water—to stimulate circulation. Should check on the ring and ring equipment before the start of the matches." "stop. 3." and "break. 12. 2. The seconds 1. He should ascertain il all other officials are ready. f. b. 2. Must keep one eye on the bout and one eye on the watch. e. Should know the rules and the infractions of the rules. 2. towels—to wipe and dry boxer. Should be sympathetic in nature. water bottle—to rinse mouth. aromatic spirits of ammonia—to settle the stomach. water pail.HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 115 8. Must not officiate more than ten bouts at one time. adrenalin chloride 1/1000 solution—to stop bleeding. 11. j. rather than too late. Should not be influenced by the crowd or by last-round rallies. g. of: . k. 6. swab sticks—to clean a cut or plug the nose. The judges 1. The timekeeper 1. Must know when to stop a bout and should always stop it too soon.
Then help him off the stool. take a warm tub bath with the water about 90 degrees Fahrenheit. First stop the effusion. 17-212. STIFFNESS Results from severe and prolonged exercise which causes fatigue products to accumulate in the blood. Place from three to five pounds of epsom salts in the tub. Have him breathe deeply. Continue heat and massage until healed. To relieve stiffness. 39-154. Usually there is some swelling and a dull aching pain which is caused by the ruptured capillaries and the torn ligaments. First. As soon as effusion is stopped. Samuel Bilik. try to relax the boxer on the stool. Keep the voice low and emphasize one thing. Should stay on the outside of the ring with only his head through. which in turn cause a small hemorrhage. A light massage is also good to relieve sure muscles. Don't give him any water to drink unless he asks for it. New York: Athletic Trainers Supply Company. They should be ready to help the boxer when he comes buck to the corner. or diathermal. Soak for twenty minutes. Don't talk to the boxer until the last twenty seconds. trainer or instructor to know what injuries are most likely to occur and how to administer first-aid when necessary. Wipe him off with a dry towel. IV. using water only if necessary. Then apply ice or cold applications. moist. The Trainer's Bible. apply heat—dry. The thumb should then be protected against further injury by bandaging. At the end of the last round wipe the boy off. cit.2. Apply a compression bandage. op. cit. pp. SPRAINS Of the thumb—are caused by blows to the end or side of the thumb. Keep repeating the instructions until the bell rings. 3 Meanwell. op. and help him put on his robe.. 213-330.3 In is very essential for the boxer. pp.116 BOXING 4. pp.. FIRST AID TREATMENT OF INJURIES1. Then give simple but specific instructions. Of the shoulder or subdeltoid bursae—Usu1ly caused by trauma or Lloyd. 1928. Place his hands in his lap. 2 1 .
A broken tooth—Unless a mouth-piece is used. Try to contract the blood vessels by use of cold applications or apply a piece of ice under the upper lip. Nosebleed—is caused by a direct blow on the nose which ruptures some of the small capillaries in the septum. As soon as possible refer the boxer to a physician. Grasp the thumb with the right hand and pull. Start bending the joint the second day to prevent adhesions. Ligaments are injured. pressing the dislocated bone back into place with the left hand. The next day apply heat and massage. Cover with a sterile pad. Pressure of the lip on the gum will stop the bleeding. There is usually some deformity. Bruises and abrasions—are caused by blows which remove the top layer of skin and which to some degree damage underlying tissues. Pinching or compressing Bursae are sacs or pads which facilitate movement between contiguous structures. Then bandage. Monsel powder or iron chloride will coagulate blood but should be used only by expert handlers.HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 1 117 strain of the subacromical bursae. send the boxer to a physician. DISLOCATIONS Of the thumb—may result from boxing contest. message. a straight blow to the mouth will often break. Treatment consists of heat. and are due to blows on the eyebrows. Do not allow the nose to be blown. Place in cold water or cover with ice pads. chip or crack the front teeth. Wash well with soap and water. pain. and passive exercise. nerves torn and capillaries ruptured. Watch closely for infection and if the cut is deep. Then treat as a sprain. Apply a few drops of 1/1000 solution oi adrenalin chloride with an eye dropper to stop bleeding. Continue until normality is regained. and swelling. refer the boys to a dentist. The pain is usually found in the left shoulder and is the gnawing kind which seems to burrow right into the bone. WOUNDS Eyecuts—are very common boxing injuries. Then apply a non-irritating antiseptic. Saturate a pad of cotton in adrenalin and place it next to the cut. If this happens. Pain is increased with movement. Split lip—is caused by a blow on the lip which forces the soft tissue against the teeth. 1 .
Apply cold applications to stop hemorrhage. If quick action is necessary. If bleeding continues take the boxer to a physician and have the blood drawn out by means of a hypodermic syringe. swelling. The black eye—is the badge of the pugilist. unless a compress bandage is used. the blood decomposes causing the different shades of discoloration. Mold the saturated cotton to the cavity of the ear and hold in place by strips of adhesive tape. place a swab stick saturated in adrenalin. Use ice packs with pressure. When the ether evaporates the cotton will became hard and act as a splint. Extreme irritation is caused and the eye constantly waters. Have the boxer report to a nose specialist at once so that no deformity or nasal obstruction results. up the nose. It is the result of a blow on the ear which causes a rupture of the small capillaries into the fatty tissue of the ear forming a blood tumor. Later. To prevent this1 Take a piece of cotton which is large enough tu full the cavity where the injury is located. A shrinking takes place obliterating all regular ear markings. usually by hot packs. and prevent the recurrence of the hemorrhage. cit. and soak in collodion.118 BOXING the nostrils together for a few moments often succeeds in stopping the hemorrhage. The blood coagulates. Hemorrhage should be stopped as soon as possible. A broken nose—is indicated by a history of trauma. 1 Lloyd. It is caused by a blow on the eye which ruptures the small capillaries. When the swelling has stopped. leaving a crinkled mass known as ts "cauliflower" ear. Apply a piece of ice directly to the eye." It indicates a lack of proper attention as a "cauliflower" ear is unnecessary. p 279. A thumb in the eye—often occurs during a bout. However. the next day. .. op. soreness. thus causing hemorrhage into the surrounding tissue. It is also referred to as a "tin ear. it will fill up again. As bleeding stops. hardens and becomes organised into connective tissue. The "cauliflower" ear—is the badge of both the boxing and wrestling professions. Send the boxer to an oculist as soon as possible. The tumor shuts off nutrition between the cartilage and the overlying tissue causing decomposition. Hemorrhage often results. movement and internal hemorrhage. a light circular massage may he used along with heat applications. heat is applied.
HOW TO TRAIN FOR BOXING 119 If this fails. wrap the individual in warm blankets and give him some hot tea. chafe the hands. or tenderness in the rib area. pat the face. To restore consciousness. After medical aid. apply restoratives. Have the injury cared for by a physician. Obtain medical attention as soon as possible. It was not until after Corbett's defeat at Carson City that the blow became known as the solar plexus blow.. pull the arms and legs and apply ice to the spine. The immobilization by binding with tape is the prescribed treatment. As the medulla controls the cardiacrespiratory mechanism. pulse thready. The broken rib—is indicated by pain when breathing. A terrific blow direct to the "point" may be enough to jar the cerebral hemispheres and produces a mild concussion."2 Such a picture is one of shock and first-aid should be given for shock. respiration becomes gasping and paroxysmal in type. . The jawbone acts as a lever and a blow to the end of the chin relays the force almost directly to the medulla. THE SOLAR PLEXUS KNOCKOUT The solar plexus was known as Broughton's mark in the early days of the prize ring. THE KNOCKOUT BLOW TO THE CHIN The "point" of the chin has long been a target for boxers. p 223. Loc. have the doctor make a small cross incision in the most congested part.1 "The heart is invariably slowed and weakened. It is attached to the second and third sacral nerves. a sharp pain when lifting the arms. Cold water applied to the back of the 1 2 Lewis. A blow to the solar plexus affects the vagus nerve causing a reflex which inhibits or depresses both the cardiac and respiratory mechanism. rub the neck. Then place in the incision a small strip of sterilized gauze to serve as a drain. op. Apply smelling salts. When consciousness is regained. find out if the boy knows his own name. paralysis and unconsciousness result. cit. eyes starey and glassy. The solar plexus is situated above the middle line of the upper border of the pancreas just opposite the margin of the diaphragm. cit. twist and pull the ears. It is a large collection of nerve cells and forms the great center of the sympathetic nervous system. and the whole vitality lowered.
" It is a condition caused by too many severe beatings about the bead. . Boxing alone does not cause this condition. Place a blanket over the patient and insist on a twenty or thirty-minute rest. It is a comparatively rare condition and not common to amateur or intercollegiate boxing. Persons who seem to be easily hurt. who suffer a headache after a boxing match. causing their death. Leadership in boxing must prevent any boy from taking a severe beating. Place the feet higher than the head. It is the responsibility of leadership in boxing to make sure that people susceptible to head injuries do not participate. Once gone brain tissue cannot be replaced. should and can be entirely eliminated from the sport of boxing. after diving.120 BOXING neck is effective. Physiologically. while others can stand only moderate punishment before hemorrhage will result. place the individual under the observation of a physician. Dementia pugilistica or "punch drunkenness. Any activity which causes constant jar to the head can cause this condition to result. Loosen all constrictions. should turn their athletic activity to sports in which physical contact does not enter. Diving and football are two other sports which subject the head to constant jar and injury. Correct instruction and good officiating should help take care of this point." Some persons are so constructed that no amount of beatings on the head will cause hemorrhage. it is possible that the constant jar of blows may cause small hemorrhages in the brain. shutting off the blood supply to the brain cells involved. What can he done? In the first place it is believed that only certain types can ever become "punch drunk. "DEMENTIA PUGILISTICA" Often referred to as just plain "punch drunk." a rare condition that can happen. The blood thus liberated is eventually organized into connective tissue. or a football game. When breathing is resumed.
50. 25. 73. Upper Cuts. Right Hook. Right Hook. 101. Fundamental. Outside Parry and Left Hook to Body. 78 82. 15. 107 Ducking. 43. 38. Left Jaw. 35. 26 Blows. 49. 60 Cauliflower Ear. 14. 66. 65-71. Drop Shift. 112. 49. Right to Body 15. 4. 19-24. 54. 27. 31. Bag. The. 64 Close-Elbow Turn. Inside Right to Heart. 26. Straight Right. Left-Hand Counters for Straight Right Leads. 14 Guarding. Parrying. 68. 60. 22. Long Upper Cuts. 74. The. 38. 79. 48. 42-46. In66. Psychological. 19. 51. 49. 25. 31. 45. 31. 47. 64. 63 Diet. 72. 110 Fear. Ducking. 70. 74. 26. 51 Cross Parry. 84. 107. 57. Left Hook. 100. 51. 62. Right-Handed Blows. 102 Discipline. 70 Counters. 60 Catch. 101 Dislocations. 63 Elbow. 46. 28 Elimination. 14. fighting. Types of. 105. Exercises for. 42. 49. 14 Counter. 106. Backward Shuffle. 72 Conditioning. 28. 18. The Shoulder. 101. 43. Inside Parry and Left Hook to Liver. 78-84. 41-47. 75 Counters. Shadow. 44. Feinting. 111 Greece. 77 Covering. 62. 42. 59. 43. Right-Hand Counters for Straight Right Leads. 15. 63. 46. 47 Boxing. 66. 47 Blows. 68. 37. 32 35. 64. 74. 49. 26-28. 58. 64. 76. 30 Bendigo. Light. 104. 83. 82. 34. 79. 50. Fundamental. 9 Conditioned Reflex. 19. 32. 18. Clinching. 37. 74. 74. 64. 2. 11 Foot Positions. Physiological. 67. 68. 51.INDEX ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ Advance. 72. Side Stepping. 73. 6 Gloves. James J. 71 Drying Out. 17. The 1. 51. 58. 75-77. 75 Attack Fundamentals of. 22. Fundamental. 25. 25. 58. 83 121 . 60. 48. 73. 69 71. 67. 50. 38. Weaving. 44. 106 Catch. Advanced. 51. Inside Parry and Left Jab. 46. Rockaway. 31. 36. 80. 23. 43. 22. Rolling. 23. 38 Forearm Block. 74. 49. 100 Feinting. 52. 83. Straight Blows to Body. 5. 84. 34. Right Upper Cuts. 116 Drawing. 73. 22. 31. Left to Body. Coordination of Hands and Feet. 27. 15. 61. 2. 28. 82. Blocking. 31. 103. Straight Inside Right. 75. 69. 31.. 27 Drop Shift. 52. 67. 68. 38. 53 Defensive Tactics. 49. 43. 71 Drop-Away. 103 England. Mind. 67. Stopping. 78. 30 Equipment and Facilities. Left Swing. 52. 17. Forced Retreat. 71. 32. Circling Right. Left Swing. 3 Footwork. 70. 19. 47. Left Hook 41. 73. 30 Blocks and Guards. Left Jab. Right Cross. 106 Balance. 47. 43. 45. 7. 49. 83. Block. 67. 53. 30. Inside Block and Right Hook. How to Make a. 17. 79. 54. 67. 71. Leading. 81. Forward Shuffle. 71 Fist. The 21. 83. 74. 100 Corbett. 38 Attack. 61 Draw67. 61. 116 Clinching. Attack. 46. ing. 15. 28 Fundamental Position. The Quick. Outside Parry and Left Jab. 63. 34. 55. 57. 48-64. 57. Left-hand Counters for straight Left Leads. Heavy. Counter. 77. Guarding. 71. 56. 25. 27. 49. Right-Hand Counters for Straight Left Leads. 67. Slipping. Long Upper Cuts. Quick Advance. 2 Belcher. 69. 35. 61. Circling Left. 81. Covering.
30 Judges. 93. 61 Parrying. 47 Technique of Hitting. 63. 43. 51. The. 9 Hook. 61. 56. 2 Referee. 5 Hand Protection. 64 Rolling. 44. Left. 31. 40. 111 Head Position. 5 Sprains. 100. To Inside Position. 38 Right Straight. 47. 99. To Solar Plexus. Outside Parry. The Forced. Straight High Low. Shift. 88. 87. 23. 19. 61 Protection. Jab— Cross and Hook. 50. 64 Rope Skipping. 37 Sleep. Safety. 9. Outside Triple. 92. 40.122 Hand Positions. 47. 112 One-Two. 66 Left Hook. 41. 114 Square Stance. 96. 26. 12. 43. 115. 86-93. Specialized. 11. 90. 57 Workout Procedure. 40. Guards for. 42. 2. To Body. 94. 111. 43. 88. 111. 110. 111. John 14. 89. The. 27 Left to Face. 62. Teeth and Lips. 94 Ring Generalship. To Face. The Quick. 40. 91. Inside Parry. 111 Leading. 57. 27 Jackson. Left. 5 Hitting. 92. 62. 114 Stopping. 61 Leverage Guard. 86. 56. 47 Left to Body. 8 Officials. 103 Retreat. 89. Left. 109 Wounds. 63. 114 Second's Kit. 5 Uppercuts. 25. 26. 46 BOXING Ring Craft. 5. 47. Eyes and Ears. Practice of. 47. 32. 19. The. 20. 117 Infighting. 67. First Aid. 106 Sayer. Jab Hook. 15. 40 Weaving. 53. 14 Left Upper Cut. Long. 35. 113 Set-ups. 108. 25. 47. 43. 52. 62 Southpaw Position. Right. 98. 22. 31. 7. The. 15. 52. 111 Pulley Weights. Shuffle. 10. 31. 16. 13. 70. 4 Unorthodox Position. 89. The Backward. 52. 93. Jab—Hook and Cross. 86. 92. 22 Methods of Hitting. 28 . 71 Injuries. High—Low and Uppercut. 47 Leverage Block. Scrotum. 17. 67. 93. One-Two. 97. The Forward. Cross Parry. 40. Sam. 93. 113. 15 Theory of Hitting. 27. 69. 45. 49. 60 Shuffle. 26. Position of. 49. The Drop. 57. 26. 56. 118 Purpose of Boxing. True or Short. 42. 111. 117. 71 Shoulder Block The. The. 8. 103 Slipping. 43. 46 Hook. 70 Leadership. Jab—Stop and Hook. To Chin. 89. Hand. Prevention of. 52. 22. 40. 44. 49. The. 111 Jab. 106 Punch Drunk. 14. 69. with Left and Right Step. Right. 42. 60. 113 Training. 38. 110. 110. 4. 44. 1 Stance. 62 Supervision. 96 Roadwork. 113 Knockout Blow. 93. Blocks for. 43. Left. 67. Stratagems. 50. 92 Parry. 15. 46 Left Swing. 112 Swings. 117 Langford. 95. 54. 105 Trunk. 15 Lead. Defense For. 28 Stiffness. 32. 18. High—Low and Cross. To Outside Position. The. 3 Stepaway. Inside Triple. 27. The 17. 40. To Body. 41. 93. 114 Instruction. 112 Relaxation. 34. 107 Rockaway. 116. 30 Seconding. 63. To Body. 89. 109. 43. 40. 8 Timekeeper. 89. 61 Mark. 22. 92.
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