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Introduction: What is Transcritique
This book is in two parts: reflections on Kant and on Marx. Although the two names—Kant and Marx—appear to split the book, it is in fact thoroughly inseparable; the two parts are interactive through and through. The whole of the project—what I call Transcritique—forms a space of transcodings between the domains of ethics and political economy, between the Kantian critique and the Marxian critique. This is an attempt to read Kant via Marx and Marx via Kant, and recover the significance of the critique common to Kant and Marx. This critique is, of course, not an accusatory device, but something that begins from a scrutiny, a rather elaborate self-scrutiny. Now with respect to the pairing itself. Quite a few thinkers have sought to connect the two since the late 19th century. This was an effort to grasp a subjective/ethical moment missing in the materialism called Marxism. This speaks to the fact that Kant was not in the least a bourgeois philosopher. To him, being moral was less a question of good and evil than of being causa sui and hence free; and this compels us to treat other people as free agents. The ultimate message of Kantian moral law lies in the imperative: "So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in person of any other, always at the same
time as an end, never merely as a means."1 This is not an abstract doctrine. Kant considered it a task to be realized progressively in the context of historical society: it might be that, in the concrete, what he had in mind was an association of independent small producers. This was an ideal conceived in pre-industrial capitalist Germany; later however, in tandem with the rise of industrial capitalism, the unity of independent small producers was mostly disbanded. But Kant's moral law survived. Abstract as it might have been, Kant's position was precursory to the views of the utopian socialists and anarchists (such as Proudhon). In this precise sense, Hermann Cohen identified Kant as the true primogenitor of German socialism. In the context of a capitalist economy where people treat each other merely as a means to an end, the Kantian "kingdom of freedom" or "kingdom of ends" clearly comes to entail another new meaning, that is, communism. If we think about it, from the beginning, communism could not have been conceptualized without the moral moment inherent in Kant's thinking. Unfortunately and unfairly, however, Kantian Marxism has been eclipsed by history. I, too, came to connect Kant and Marx, yet in a different context from neoKantianism. From the beginning, the Kantian Marxists' recognition of capitalism appeared to me to be insufficient. I felt the same way about anarchists (or associationists). While their sense of freedom and ethical disposition are noteworthy, what was undeniably missing in them was a theoretical approach to the forces of the social relations that compel people. For this reason, their struggles were mostly helpless and defeated miserably. My political stance
Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, translated and edited by Mary Gregor,
was once anarchistic; I was never sympathetic to any Marxist party or state; yet at the same time, I was deeply in awe of Marx. My admiration for Capital, the book with the subtitle "Kritik der politischen Ökonomie" (critique of the economics of nation) has only intensified year by year. Being a student of political economics and reading Capital closely, sentence by sentence, I was always aware of and discontented with the fact that Marxist philosophers from Lukacs to Althusser did not really read it full-heartedly, but instead, only induced what was suitable to their philosophical concerns. So was I discontented with the majority of political economists who deem Capital simply a book on economy. Meanwhile, I gradually recognized that the Marxian critique was not a mere criticism of capitalism and classical economics, but a project that elucidates the nature and the limit of capital's drive [Trieb], and furthermore reveals, on the basis of the drive, an essential difficulty entailed in the human act of exchange. Capital does not offer an easy exit from capitalism; rather only by the very presentation of exit-less-ness, does it suggest a possibility of practical intervention. All along, I became increasingly aware of Kant as a thinker who also sought to suggest the possibility of practice—less by a criticism of metaphysics (as is usually thought)— than by bravely shedding light on the limit of human reason. Capital is commonly read in relation with Hegelian philosophy. In my case, I came to hold that it is only Critique of Pure Reason that should be read in comparison with Capital. Thus the Marx/Kant intersection.
Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 38, 4:429.
Up until the climate change of 1989. Until then. p. we could feel we had done something just by negating them. For the development of this line. as many others. Kant confessed that it was the first to interrupt his dogmatic slumber. Kant says: "the remembrance of David Hume was the very thing that many years ago first interrupted [the] dogmatic slumber. the criticism nevertheless had unwittingly taken for granted their solid existence and the appearance that they would endure forever. and that we should only sustain the struggle endlessly in response to each contradiction arising from a real situation. I had believed that the struggle against capitalism and state would be possible without ideas of a future.2 But what is overlooked is that at the time he wrote Critique of Pure Reason.10. 1997). It was at this conjuncture that I began to confront Kant. and edited by Gary Hatfield (Cambridge: University Press.Marx spoke very little of communism. I came to feel that I had to state something positive. the influence of Hume's skeptical empiricism was large. Kant is commonly—and not wrongly—known as a critic of metaphysics. metaphysics was unpopular and even disdained. trans. compelled me to change my stance. I realized that my critical stance had been paradoxically relying on their being. had been rebuking Marxist states and communist parties. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics(1783)." 4 . When they collapsed. He even said somewhere that speaking of the future was itself reactionary. then. he expressed his regrets: "There was a time when metaphysics 2 See Immanuel Kant. As long as they survived. I had despised all ideas of possible futures. The collapse of the socialist bloc in 1989. In the preface. I. except for the rare occasions where he criticized others' discourses on it .
a Kant revival was a discernible phenomenon. In Hannah Arendt's pioneering work. and if the will be taken for the deed. This work appeared to be drastically different from Critique of Pure Reason. who sought to reconsider reason as "communicative rationality"—it was a criticism of communism qua 'metaphysics'. who had once so radically stimulated him. translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W.)"3 It follows that for Kant. The point taken was that 'universality'—a sine qua non for the judgment of taste—cannot be achieved. not excepting those of Habermas. This in turn charged Kant with the critique of Hume. Critique of Pure Reason. among a multitude of conflicting subjects.) The political implications of the reappreciation of Kant were clear. I now want to reconsider the relationship between Kant and Hume in the context of the current debate. Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. on account of the preeminent importance of its object. in accordance with the fashion of the age. the queen proves despised on all sides (. the return to Kant meant a rereading of Critique of Judgment. Stalinism was indeed a consequence of the tendency: the party 3 Kant.was called the queen of all sciences. . During the 1980s. Marxism has been accused of being rationalist and teleological in its attempt to realize the grand narrative. the primary task of critique was to recover metaphysics' proper function. which assumed a transcendental subjectivity that watches over universality (a reading that will be questioned in the following chapters of this book. and in some of JeanFrançois Lyotard's work. at best what we get is a 'common sense' that regulates conflicting tastes case by case. Now. . Wood. in reality. it deserved this title of honor. 5 .
the power of reason has been questioned. ruling thought. empirical historicism. or the archaeology of knowledge. this tendency can be summarized as the appreciation of empiricism (including aestheticism) against rationalism. it has become increasingly clear today that the return to Kant in recent years has actually been a return to Hume. I. Cambridge University Press. and so on—which I realized later. these have become official doctrine in the most conservative institutions in economically advanced nation-states. p. and thus the infamous tragedy. 1977. lost their most subversive potencies and hence became the dominant. A ix. In the 1990s. too. Today. etc. the present—that has hitherto been sacrificed by telos—is reaffirmed in its qualitative heterogeneity (or in the sense of Bergsonian duration).of intellectuals led the populace by reason embodying the law of history. The reexamination of Marxism has involved public consensus and negotiation among multiple language games as opposed to the central control of reason. aesthetic affirmation of the present. and on the other hand. having become mostly a mere agent of the real deconstructive movement of capitalism. heterogeneity of experience or complexity of causality as opposed to a rationalist (metaphysical) view of history. was part of this vast tendency—called deconstruction. 6 . In this sense. multiple language games (or public consensus). Skeptical relativism. In opposition to this. appreciation of subculture (or cultural studies). this tendency lost its impact. and the teleology of history negated. 99.. All in all. could have critical impact only while Marxism actually ruled the people of many nation-states. the superiority of intellectuals has been denied.
and he rarely spoke of the future. it was in the effort of going beyond the empiricist tendency—as a critique of Hume—that I began to read Kant. But this is not contradictory to the fact that he nurtured communism as "regulative idea (regulative use of reason). The conditions of this movement result from the now existing premise. ibid. 7 . to state it outright. the dogmatization of communism as a "scientific socialism" was rather the kind of metaphysics Marx refuted. "Thus I had to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith. i. an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. Marx made an addition to the text written by Engels: "Communism for us is not a state of affairs which is to be established. In contradistinction from mainstream Marxists. what he affirmed was the aspect of religion that tends toward morality. is the true source of all unbelief conflicting with morality." So the young Marx stressed the categorical imperative: "The 4 Kant.. Bxxx. and the dogmatism of metaphysics. 117. p. which unbelief is always very dogmatic. It was Kant who provided the most lucid insight into metaphysics' proper role and the inseparable and inevitable tie between faith and reason. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things.Meanwhile."4 With this statement. it is not that Kant sought to recover religion per se. Thus in The German Ideology.e."5 Therefore. encouraging us to be moral.. as a project to reconstruct the metaphysics called communism. the prejudice that without criticism reason can make progress in metaphysics. This. Marx persistently refused to consider communism as "constitutive idea (or constitutive use of reason)" in Kant's sense.
.criticism of religion ends with the teaching that man is the highest being for man. Introduction. Vol." that is. and neither should we take this mistake simply as misfortune. communism was the "categorical imperative. despicable being (. He maintained this stance his whole life. 5." included in Collected Works. while intellectuals of advanced nations have been expressing their distrust of morality. other kinds of dogmatism are flourishing in various costumes. hence with the categorical imperative to overthrow all relations in which man is a debased. 8 . From that juncture on we have not been allowed to advocate 'Idea' of any kind—not even of the New Left." Yet at the same time. Furthermore. [communism] proves despised on all ideas. We cannot and should not forget the miseries of the 20th century caused by communism." Distrust of communism has spread. . and the responsibility for "the true source of all unbelief" lies with dogmatic Marxism. having derided morality and advocated "historical necessity" and "scientific socialism. forsaken. This was nothing short of what Kant called "all pretensions of reason in general [aller Anmaßungen der Vernunft überhaupt]. which came into existence by negating Stalinism—with a naive positivity. p. enslaved. Meanwhile. though later he concentrated his efforts on the theoretical search for the historicomaterial conditions that would enable the categorical imperative to be realized. 182. Vol. 3. Marx. That is why "in accordance with the fashion of the age. practical and moral par excellence.49.)"6 For him. the mainstream Marxists." included in Collected Works. p. "The German Ideology." ended up constituting a new type of slave society. "Contribution to Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law. various kinds of religious 5 6 Marx and Engels.
my stance. he never moved away from his hometown of Königsberg. I came to believe that theory should not remain in the critical scrutiny of the status quo. In real life. in England. but later. In the case of Marx. if not my thinking itself. he came to claim that he was a disciple of Hegel. Furthermore. he attacked rationalism from an empiricist stance. changed fundamentally. his 9 . but rather his unhesitant transposition and the criticality entailed therein that present a new manner of affirmative thinking. therefore. in the physical sense. a flexible shift of stance at the expense of academic consistency was obviously premeditated. What I was struck by first was that both Kant and Marx. It was with this problematic in mind that I began to read Kant via Marx and Marx via Kant. but should propose something positive to change the reality. it was not that he discovered a third stance as a synthesis. Though less obvious. where empiricism was dominant as an ideology of growing capitalism. whose concern from the beginning was to change reality.fundamentalism have begun to gain strength all over the world. what is at stake is less the determination as to which stance represented the 'true Marx' than the radical transposition through which he confronted new situations. of which he was a member from without. who appeared to have constructed solid systems of principles. in fact were practicing constant transposition. Nevertheless. beginning in the 1990s. something similar can be observed in Kant. and the intellectuals cannot simply scorn them. When in The German Ideology he criticized Left Hegelians. To understand this. it could be said that he was as far as possible from being labeled a refugee. Henceforth.
Kant. a man independent from the state. who wrote the main body of The German Ideology. performed a critical oscillation: he continuously confronted the dominant rationalism with empiricism. upon reading his strangely self-deprecating yet striking text. Rather we have to cherish Marx for being a latecomer to the idea. it was because of his obsession with a seemingly outmoded problem (to Engels)—the critique of religion. Marx made an epistemological break in The German Ideology. According to Louis Althusser. It is generally thought that Marx's break in The German Ideology was the establishment of historical materialism. instead insisting on a cosmopolitanism. and criticism of religion is the 10 . the center of state academia. and this one in particular was not the most significant. the break was not once. But to my transcritical understanding. However. Thus Marx says: "For Germany the criticism of religion is in the main complete. But in fact that was pioneered by Engels. The lesson is that the transcendental critique does not assume a solid third position.stance made him a kind of refugee. Instead. Kant rejected a promotion in Berlin. and the dominant empiricism with rationalism. I came to call the dynamic critiques of Kant and Marx—both transcendental and transversal—the transcritique. It cannot exist if not for a transversal and transpositional movement. Dreams of a Visionary Explained by Dreams of Metaphysics. too. Kant is generally understood to have executed the transcendental critique from a place between rationalism and empiricism. it is the "parallax" between positions that acts. but many. it is impossible to find any concrete place of the in-between position.
he grasps the knotty problematic as "an extremely obvious. It is a certain force that regulates humanity beyond its intentionality. But its analysis brings out that it is a very strange thing. 11 .. 163." Thinking of this kind of Marx. Vol. 175. Capital. trivial thing. Penguin Books in association with New Left Review. So it is that Adam Smith could already pose a stance akin to historical materialism by the mid 18th century. Capitalism. abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties. is nothing like the economic infrastructure. trivial thing. (And this was not merely an application of the Feuerbachian theory of self-alienation that he later abandoned. In other words.) The development of industrial capitalism made the stance to see the previous history from the vantage point of production possible."8 Here Marx is no longer questioning and problematizing metaphysics or theology in the narrow sense. But historical materialism does not have the potency to elucidate the capitalist economy that created it. 1976. "A commodity appears at first sight an extremely obvious. we realize that an equivalent of historical materialism—or even what is known as Marxism for that matter—could have existed without Marx. 7 8 Ibid. 1. Marx.premise of all criticism. I believe. It is a religio-generic entity."7 He conducted a critique of state and capital as an extension of the criticism of religion. Instead. while the text Capital could not have existed if not for him. translated by Ben Fowkes. p. he persistently continued the critique of religion under the names of state and capital. This is what Marx sought to decode for the whole his life. p. a force that divides and recombines human beings.
" What provoked Marx's radical turn. Bailey criticized this position by claiming that the value of a commodity exists only in its relationship with other commodities. The theory of value form is not simply a logical inference of money's generation. insisting upon the constantly contingent becoming of events. Classical economists tacitly took for granted the being of money. a commodity cannot have value if it is not first exchanged with other commodities. therefore the labor-value that Ricardo insists is inherent in a commodity is an illusion. and projected an internalized value—that which in reality could exist only thanks to money's job—onto commodity. The relationality between Marx and Bailey is akin to the one between Kant and Hume. which came after he finished writing Grundrisse. which is expressed by money. yet he refused to deny value in general. in the shift from Grundrisse or A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy to Capital—the introduction of the "theory of value form. Bailey's skepticism is similar to Hume's skepticism that negates all causality. exchange value is inherent in a commodity. was his confrontation with a skepticism: it was Bailey's critique of Ricardo's labor theory of value. Marx must have been severely stricken by Bailey's skepticism. 12 . Thus Bailey stressed that the value of a commodity exists only thanks to its relationship with other commodities. In the same manner that Kant's dogmatic slumber was interrupted by Hume's skepticism. it is first and foremost a critique of the labor theory of value. According to Ricardo. Marx adopted this skepticism. In reality.The 'Marxian turn'—the kind that is truly significant and that we cannot overlook— exists in his middle career. Kant concluded that Hume's skepticism was finally inconsistent: when Hume saw the law of nature as merely a custom.
When he insisted that what commodity has is only price. in times of crisis. The value form—consisting of relative value form and equivalent form—makes an object that is placed in it money. going back to bullionists. For mercantilists and bullionists (the Monetary System)—the predecessors of classical economics—money was an object to be revered. This was called the fetishism of money. rather. his transcritique elucidated a form that constitutes the commodity economy. According to Marx. Bailey did not question what expresses price—money. who denied the Cartesian subject and yet could not think of the equivalent of the Kantian transcendental apperception X. In other words. people still want money suddenly. Both Ricardo—the advocate of the labor theory of value—and Bailey—its radical critic (and the unacknowledged primogenitor of neo-classical economics)—managed to erase money only superficially. By criticizing both Ricardo and Bailey on such a premise. But this did not resolve the enigma of money. Scorning this. rather than Ricardo or Bailey. The Marx of Capital stands on the side of the mercantilist. he did not question what relates commodities to each other and composes the system—money as the general equivalent. This omission was analogous to that of Hume. and Marx deemed Bailey's skepticism inconsistent in the same way. As Marx said. Anything—anything—that is exclusively placed in the general equivalent form becomes 13 . classical economists posited the essence of value in labor in and of itself. that is not because of its immanent characteristics. if gold becomes money. it was reinforced and sustained. but because it is placed in the value form.he was assuming the certainty of mathematics as analytic judgment.
People consider a certain thing (i. even at the expense of the object.. and the purpose is not to attain many 'uses'. Rather. the right to stand in the position of equivalent form—at the expense of use. The drive is metaphysical in nature. Historical materialists aim at describing how the relationships between nature and humans as well as among humans themselves transformed (developed) throughout history. What is lacking in this endeavor is any reflection upon the capitalist economy that organizes 14 . We tend to scorn the drive of the miser. it is the reverse. gold) as sublime. capitalists seek to reproduce and expand their position to exchange. as it were. the one who hoards the right to exchange—in the strict sense. But capital's drive to accumulate is essentially the same. but to stand in the position of equivalent form. That is to say that the motive drive of capitalism is not in people's desire. Buying a commodity from someone somewhere and selling it to another person in another place. This drive of hoarding the right to exchange originates in the precariousness inherent in exchange between others. To put it another way. that is. Marx crucially begins his reflections on capital with the miser.money. it achieves the right to attain anything in exchange (that is. only because it fills the spot of general equivalent. for the purpose of attaining the right to exchange. to distinguish it from 'desire'. The desire for money or the right to exchange is different from the desire for commodities themselves.e. capital has to create people's desire. its owner can attain anything in exchange). I would call this 'drive [Trieb]' in the Freudian sense. the misers' goal is to 'accumulate riches in heaven'. Capitalists are nothing but "rational misers" to use Marx's term. the drive of a miser is not to own an object.
it will be a victim of "sickness unto death" in the sense of Kierkegaard. Say a certain thing becomes valuable only when it has use value to other people. Physiocrats and classical economists had the conviction that they could see everything transparently from the vantage point of production.' Credit. reminding us that what is at stake in this synthesis is inevitably 'faith. But this is only an ex post facto recognition. was little more than an extension of classical economists' thought. a certain thing—no matter how much labor-time is required to make it—has no value if not sold. Classical economists believe that a commodity is a synthesis between use value and exchange value.' In commodity exchange. the equivalent religious moment appears as 'credit. Marx technically abolished the conventional division between exchange value and use value. The stance of Engels was." Kierkegaard saw the human being as a synthesis between finity and infinity. that we should control the anarchic drive of capitalist production and transform it into a planned economy. however. No commodity contains exchange value as such. the source of centralist communism. of course.the transformation (development). Lurking behind this synthesis as event is a "fatal leap [salto mortale]. we have to take into consideration the dimension of exchange. the treaty of presuming that a 15 . If it fails to relate to others. The social exchange. and why the exchange inexorably takes the form of value. Engels' conviction. One of the most crucial transpositions/breaks in the theory of value form lies in Marx's attention to use value or the process of circulation. is consistently opaque and thus appears as an autonomous force which we can hardly abolish. And to this end.
Notwithstanding the Hegelian descriptive style. inevitably nurtures crisis. pp. The end of Capital is never the "absolute Spirit." Capital reveals the fact that capital. As a result. however.commodity be sold in advance. it believed that it managed to demystify everything (other than production) by reasoning that they all are secondary and illusory. Capital distinguishes itself from Hegel's philosophy in its motivation. and as such it functions as the most radical critique of the political economy. It is a Kantian critique of the ill-contained drive of capital/reason to self-realize beyond its limit. And all the enigmas of capital's drive are inscribed in the theory of value form. The theory of value form is not a historical reflection that follows exchange from barter to the formation of money. 16 . Marx "openly avowed [himself] to be the pupil of that mighty thinker" Hegel.9 In fact Marx sought to describe the capitalist economy as if it were a self-realization of Capital qua the Hegelian Spirit. is an institutionalization of postponing the critical moment of selling a commodity. constructed as it is upon credit. though organizing the world. and thus it can never elucidate why crisis occurs. 102-103. And the commodity economy. The value form is a kind of form that people are not aware of when 9 Ibid. Classical economics saw all economic phenomena from the vantage point of production. Crisis is the appearance of the critical moment inherent in the commodity economy. can never go beyond its own limit. it is mastered by the circulation and credit that it believes itself to have demystified. In the preface to the second edition of Capital.
He saw capital in the general formula: Money-Commodity-Money'. means of production. In the reverse of his descriptive order—from form of value. Meanwhile. is truly inherent in industrial capital. each deal—either M-C or C-M—is strictly based upon equal exchange. self-reproductive money. but also by making them buy back—in totality—what they produce. equal exchange: it derives profit from the division of labor and cooperative work.they are placed within the monetary economy. industrial capital attains surplus value by incessantly producing new 17 . This is to see capital essentially as merchant capital. Marx thought of capital. And this last. labor-power commodity. by returning to the model of merchant capital. money form to miser to merchant capital to industrial capital—we have to read Marx's retrospective query from the latter to the former. Capital under this light is a self-increasing. In contrast. and denounced their economic role. and labor-power commodity. mercantilists. They argued that while this type of capital earns profit from the difference of unequal exchange. This is the movement M-CM' itself. and merchant capital of the previous age. Merchant capital attains surplus value from spatial difference. Classical economists rebuked the businesses of bullionists. industrial capital makes money from fair. The case of industrial capital—that which is usually considered as totally different—differs only in that the role of C is a complex that consists of raw material. this is the form that is discovered only transcendentally. when merchant capital attains surplus value from the exchange between different value systems. For industrial capital earns surplus value not only by making workers work. Classical economists' claim that merchant capital (or mercantilism) conducts unequal exchange misses the point. The fact is.
value systems temporally—that is. capital is not choosy in how it attains surplus value. who drew from Ricardo's theory of profit the idea that profit making is equal to the exploitation of surplus labor. Whatever the kind. it should be distinguished from that aspect of Marx that actually elucidated the enigma of surplus value. it always attains surplus value from the difference of value systems by equal exchange in each deal. But it originated in the Ricardian Socialists. This became the central theory of the English labor movement in the early 19th century. These Marxists see the relationship between capitalists and wage workers as a (disguised) extension of that between feudal lord and serfs. Thus invisibility is also a condition for the struggle within the process of circulation. But. They believe that this was Marx's idea. It is troubling that the majority of Marxists posits surplus value only in the 'exploitation' of the production process rather than in the differences between value systems. as one of the points that I want to pose. Though it is true that Marx himself said a similar thing time and again. but not relative surplus value (achieved by the improvement of labor productivity)—the particular characteristic of industrial capitalism. with technological innovation. as it were. and it may entertain a vulgar ear. This categorical division does not prevent industrial capital from attaining surplus value from the activity of merchant capital. The best it can do is to explain absolute surplus value (achieved by the elongation of the labor day). and the whole mechanism remains in a black box. how surplus value is earned—in contradistinction from how profit is earned—is strictly invisible. seeing the relationship between capitalist and wage worker in comparison with the 18 . What is more.
on the one hand. it will never stop by itself. is deeply inscribed in our society and culture. only by proposing that the surplus value (for industrial capital) comes from the difference of value systems in the circulation process (like in merchant capital). our society and culture are created by it. and. the productionism never comes from peoples' hope for the progress of civilization as such. so it is that it would always seem possible to change our mentality and begin to control the reckless development rationally. and yet that the difference is created by technological innovation in the production process. this antinomy can be undone. however. and further.relationship between feudal lord and serf is seriously misleading: (1) it results in envisioning the abolishment of the capitalist economy from the vantage point of the master/slave dialectic. This is the driving force for the endless technological innovation in industrial capitalism. stresses the priority of the circulation process. either. The Marx of Capital. The drive of capitalism. when we wish. hic salta!" Nevertheless. Hence. that neither can it be attained in the process of circulation in itself. Marx points out an antinomy: he says. in contrast. It is widely believed that the development of the capitalist economy is caused by our material desires and faith in progress. it would seem possible to abolish capitalism itself. 19 . or more to the point. Capital has to discover and create the difference incessantly. In the manner of Kant. (2) it leads to centralizing the struggle in production process by ignoring the circulation process. Neither will it be stopped by any rational control or by state intervention. "Hic Rhodus. on the other hand. that surplus value (for industrial capital) cannot be attained in the process of production in itself. that is.
it is part of the whole mechanism. Finally. the only solution most of us can imagine today is state regulation of capital's reckless movement. even though it is the peculiar illness of the capitalist economy. But we should take notice of the fact that the state. yet it is not that these disasters will terminate the capitalist economy. As the Japanese Marxian political economist. like capital. Kozo Uno (1897-1977) pointed out. commodification is pushed to its limit. in the future. the very notion that the capitalist economy is base or infrastructure is itself questionable. it. yet neither will it perish because of it. As I have tried to elucidate in the book. it is impossible that capitalism will collapse by the reverse dynamic. 20 . though determined by. they inevitably exist sheerly 10 See Kozo Uno. First of all. This autonomy should nevertheless be understood in distinction from the sense of historical materialism's doctrine that state and nation assume superstructure in relationship with economic base. translated by Thomas T. they are relatively autonomous to. precisely like capitalism. the world organized by money and credit is rather one of illusion. Principles of Political Economy. The capitalist economy cannot eradicate the plague. Sekine. it only presents the necessity of crisis. with a peculiarly religious nature. is driven by its own certain autonomous power—which won't be dissolved by the globalization of capitalism.10 And crisis. Also. even though state and nation are composed by communal illusion. Saying this from the opposite view. when.Marx's Capital does not reveal the necessity of revolution. is the catalyst for its incessant development. as we have seen. Environmentalists warn that the capitalist economy will cause unprecedented disasters in the future.
"13 Despite its appearance. as soon as products have become commodities in the external relations of a community. or with members of the latter. at their points of contact with other communities. However. 176. Atlantic Highlands. Capital. no matter how many times we stress their nature of being "imagined communities. Vol. London and New York: Verso. After reflecting upon "value form. Imagined Communities.: Humanities. 182. outside the commodity exchange. 1983. in the same Brighton. So it is that. ibid. by reaction.."12 The same can be said of state and nation."11 it is impossible to dissolve them. p. "The exchange of commodities begins where communities have their boundaries. Simply said. p.thanks to their necessary grounds.J." the Marx of Capital seems to explicate the historical genesis of commodity exchange in the chapter. 1. but the form of exchange that is discovered and stipulated only by a transcendental retrospection. 12 13 21 . this depiction is not strictly of a historical situation. Marx. The criticism of religion is therefore in embryo the criticism of the vale of tears. The demand to give up illusions about the existing state of affairs is the demand to give up a state of affairs which needs illusions. become commodities in the internal life of the community. As young Marx pointed out vis-à-vis another bind: "To abolish religion as the illusory happiness of the people is to demand the real happiness. "Process of Exchange." There he stresses that it began in-between communities. 11 Benedict Anderson. the halo of which is religion. And we should elucidate the phenomenon of human exchanges in the broad sense. N. 1980. Sussex: Harvester. they are founded on exchanges that are different from the commodity exchange. they also.
This is the prototype of the state. As I analyze in detail in the book. Inasmuch as human social relations entail the potential of violence.manner. Finally. Second. Though based upon mutual aid. First. 22 . In this sense. s/he will be ostracized—and exclusivity. and robbing more and more. And rather it is this plunder that is the basis for other exchanges: Other exchanges begin only at the point where mutual plunder is given up. It follows that the state does not appear to be abetting a system of robbery: farmers think of paying tax as a return (duty) for the protection of the lord. and it is definitivelydifferent from the exchange of plunder/redistribution. And the third form is what Marx calls the commodity exchange between communities. it also imposes community's code—if one does not return. the state is represented as a supra-class entity of reason. For instance. it is necessary to protect the victims from other plunderers. the original exchange between communities is plunder. this exchange engenders surplus value or capital. plunder is deemed a type of exchange. in order to plunder continuously. And nation and state are those very two other types of exchange. the state guarantees the protection of land and the reproduction of labor-power by redistribution. merchants pay tax as a return for the protection of their exchange and commerce. these forms are inevitably present. It also promotes agricultural production by public undertakings such as regulating water distribution through public water works. though with mutual consent. In order to keep on robbing. Plunder and redistribution are thus forms of exchange. and even nurture economico-industrial growth. there is exchange within a community—a reciprocity of gift and return. The commodity exchange is a peculiar form of exchange among other exchanges.
Yet it should not be forgotten that there was another marriage between two entities which were totally heterogeneous—the marriage between state and capital. cities. capital. They existed distinctively as feudal states (lords. In the feudal ages. state. and nation were clearly separated. markets or cities grew. and emperors). Kant's ethics already contained it. based upon the principle of mutual aid and reciprocal exchange. and finally abolished feudal domination (extra-economic 23 . but. What crumbled the feudal system was the permeation of the capitalist market economy. yet neither exclusive nor coercive like community. this engendered absolutist monarchical states which conspired with the merchant class. In his famous book. Association can be considered as an ethico-economic form of human relation that would appear only after a society once passes through a market economy. States were based upon the principle of plunder and redistribution. The agrarian communities that were mutually disconnected and isolated were dominated by states. This is a form of mutual aid. they were autonomous. kings. Between these communities. monopolized the means of violence by toppling feudal lords (aristocracy). according to my reading. On the one hand. This was certainly an important suggestion. these were based upon monetary exchange relying on mutual consent. Benedict Anderson said that the nationstate is a marriage between nation and state that were originally different in kind. within themselves. and agrarian communities. however. all based upon different principles of exchange. It is thought that Proudhon was the first to have theorized it. Imagined Communities.Furthermore and this is the final question of this book— there is a fourth kind of exchange: association.
And this emotion consists of a feeling of indebtedness toward the gift. It was amidst the bourgeois revolution that these three were officially married. When economic liberty becomes excessive and class conflict is sharpened. equality. While individual agrarian communities that had been autarkic and autonomous were decomposed by the osmosis of money. Protected by the absolutist state. indicating that it comes out of the relation of exchange. When facing this fearless trinity. always existed on the foundation of the nation. If one attempts to overthrow capitalism alone. This was the story of the wedding between state and capital. the nation is grounded upon the empathy of mutual aid descending from agrarian communities. and fraternity—capital. the emotion of national unity (mutual aid) fills up the cracks. undermining one or the other does not work. state. reinforcing each other. Hence the modern state must be called.domination) entirely. As in the trinity intoned in the French Revolution—liberty. their communalities—mutual aid and reciprocity—themselves were recovered imaginarily within the nation. sensu stricto. and nation copulated and amalgamated themselves into a force as inseparable ever after. Yet this was not all in terms of the formation of the nation. the capitalist-nation-state. They were made to be mutually complementary. that were decomposed along with the permeation of market economy and by the urbanized culture of enlightenment. merchant capital (bourgeoisie) grew up and nurtured the identity of the nation for the sake of creating a unified market. Agrarian communities. or the Hobbesian state. and at the same time. In contradistinction from what Hegel called the state of understanding (lacking spirit). the state intervenes to redistribute wealth and regulate the economy. one has to adapt 24 .
The capitalist-nation-state is fearless because of its trinity. always exists as the bare sovereign vis-à-vis other states (if not always to its nation). The denial of one ends up being reabsorbed in the ring of the trinity by the power of the other two. in crises (wars). So it is that any counter-act to capital must also be one targeted against the state and nation (community). The state can never be dissolved and subsumed into the representatives of national sovereignty (=government). For the state. When individual national economies are threatened by the global market. We frequently hear today that the nation-state will be gradually decomposed by the globalization of capitalism (neo-liberalism). in the modern period. a powerful leader (the subject of determination) is always called for.statism. at the same time as appealing to national cultural identity. as evidenced in Bonapartism and fascism. the state itself has remained. Among the three principles of exchange. however. This is impossible. Counter- 25 . or one is engulfed by nationalist empathy. capital has choice but to rely on the family and agrarian community. no matter what kind. it is impossible that the capitalist commodity exchange could monopolize the whole of human relationality. Herein exists the ground of the nation. commodity exchange expanded and overpowered the others. On the other hand. they demand the protection (redistribution) of the state and/or bloc economy. It goes without saying that the former appeared as Stalinism and the latter as fascism. Inasmuch as it operated within the trinity. while absolutist monarchs disappeared by bourgeois revolutions. in this sense capital is essentially dependent upon the pre-capitalist mode of production. With respect to the reproduction of humans and nature.
however. revolution seemed like it had receded even farther into the distance. Gramsci spoke of revolutionary movements using figures of military tactics: the war of maneuver (frontal attack) and the war of position. Nonetheless. civil society was primordial and gelatinous. such as corporatism. Marx thought that the socialist revolution would be possible only in the most advanced country. residing behind the state governmental apparatus. England. in reality it could not have seemed less likely to him that it would occur. welfare society. and social democracy. the fact was that from that juncture on. rather resulted in the perfection of the ring. while the war of position indicates a struggle within and against the hegemonic apparati of civil society. the State was everything. ripe enough to decompose. was the revolution that was imagined from the vantage point of and as an extension of bourgeois revolution. he clearly stated that what had worked in the Russian Revolution would not work for Western civil societies. One should not forget that it was under such circumstances that Marx came to grips with the task of writing Capital. In this context. "In Russia. His recognition that a criticism of capitalism would no longer suffice made him write such a monumental piece. there was a proper relation between State and civil society. because socialism was supposed to be possible only in the stage where bourgeois society was fully ripe.movements in the past. What receded. In the particular situation where universal suffrage was installed and labor-unions strenghtened. The war of maneuver signifies a confrontational and direct fight with the state government. and when the State trembled a sturdy 26 . in the West. a different kind of revolution came to be called for. instead of its abolition.
that is. In Italy. therefore. wars were fought on behalf of the Tzar and not for the nation. the socialist revolution had been able to. How. Since then."14 Whether there was a proper relation between State and civil society. Its weakness was due to its reliance on nationalism. the Leninist struggle that was led by Gramsci and centered on the occupation of factories was smashed by fascists. edited and translated by Quintin 27 . in Russia. The success of the revolutions unfortunately does not teach us anything further concerning the struggle where the capital/nation/state trinity is well established. A disciple of Engels'. . Yet it is certain that he had already confronted the same question in Capital. in those regions where state apparati and capitals conspired with colonialist powers. Meanwhile. After Marx's death. or had to. Engels was encouraged by the remarkable advance of the German Social Democratic Party. is a true socialist revolution possible in a highly bourgeois society? Marx did not answer this question directly. 14 Antonio Gramsci. many socialist revolutions have borne national independence movements. then. whether there was a mature civil society should be restated. Eduard Bernstein. behind which there stood a powerful system of fortresses and earthworks. it was the socialists who informed and realized nationalism. The State was only an outer ditch. . in our context. Selections from Prison Notebooks. resort to nationalism.structure of civil society was at once revealed. where the wedding of capital/state/nation had not been completed. and he came to think that a revolution was possible by parliamentarianism. as whether there was a proper copulation/amalgamation between capital/nation/state.
This problem should be expressed. After the Russian Revolution of 1905. In the nations where capitalism was not fully developed. 28 . P. New York. of course. the problem ever since has been to discern if a jump is really possible. they succeeded because of this objective. 1971. they insisted that a jump over the stages was not only possible but necessary. Yet he also confronted the impossibility of the jump. less as that revolution was possible only in advanced nations than as that in the advanced nations. 283. It was Trotsky who pioneered a keen understanding of the problem. Therefore. classical revolution—which inherited the form of bourgeois revolution—had become obsolete. Many of the socialist revolutions of the 20th century sought to establish the modern nation-state itself by way of national liberation or independence.totally removed the residue of revolutionary fervor that Engels had harbored. Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg attacked this tendency. revolutions tended to follow the path of bourgeois revolution. he came to think that a jump would be possible since the bourgeois civil society in Russia was only poorly developed. For the government led by the proletariat class had to itself render the primitive accumulation (namely. It was that the revisions of Engels etal were the responses to this situation. Thus a new idea came to be required. the robbing of farmers)—that which capital had previously done—and an absolutist dictatorship was Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. Denying the observation that the socialist revolution was possible only in bourgeois society where the capitalist economy was fully developed. Then. International Publishers. and the main target was the state power. however.
And it is quite possible that it will repeat the same faux pas in the future. and had no power over the development of world capitalism. In The Civil 29 . As I have explained. the blockade only cornered the economy of socialist nation-states. Yet. however. and therefore. The Marxists of the late 19th century overlooked the communism of later Marx. in the late 1980s. After a detour of one full century. He had a conviction in his theory that the aporia could be solved by the permanent revolution. it is nearly impossible to get out of the ring. In consequence.required to do this. the idea that an association of associations would replace the capital/nation/state. the fourth type of exchange— association. as all of us know well by now. Marx in Capital. And the real situations subsequently proved his prophecies in both aspects. but it has also been involved in the frenzy itself. the bourgeois revolution—that which was believed to have been jumped over— finally hit in the socialist bloc. and this has totally lost the objective of abolishing capital and state. however. of a social democracy. the book Marx wrote as he deliberately remained in England where the possibility of revolution was fading away. Leninism cannot replace it. capital. leftists have now returned to the position of Bernstein. Furthermore. Is there an alternative? I would posit that it can be found in Capital. and state and their trinity are rooted in the necessary forms that human exchange could assume. Not only has it not been able to prevent the imperialist war. Revolutions in the backward nations were deemed crucial from the vantage point that they could corner the capitals of advanced nations by blockading markets. discovered an exit. nation.
He either did not know or ignored the fact that Marx was critical of Lassalle's direction (the Gotha Programme) to have the state protect and foster cooperative production. at best. 'possible' Communism?"15 The association of producers/consumers cooperatives has been conceptualized and practiced by socialists since Robert Owen. and putting an end to the constant anarchy and periodical convulsions which are the fatality of Capitalist production--what else. In Capital. or to turn themselves into stock companies. Marx considers cooperatives in comparison with stock companies and highly appreciates them: while stock companies are only passive abolition [Aufhebung] of the capitalist system. Bakunin attacked Marx as a centralist thinker by associating him with Lassalle. 30 . thus taking it under their own control.War in France--written as an address to the general council of the international working men's association--Marx wrote: "if united co-operative societies are to regulate national production upon a common plan.16 But Marx saw their limits as well. both Lenin and Engels ignored them or. the positive abolition is discovered in the cooperative of which stockholders are workers themselves. it was precisely in them that Marx saw the possibility of communism. only means that they 15 "The Civil War in France. would it be but Communism. For this reason. 335. 22. and notwithstanding the limits. p. On the other hand. gentlemen. marginalized them as subordinate to labor movements. and by Proudhonist anarchists. Marx was clear: "That the workers desire to establish the conditions for co-operative production on a social scale. Vol. and first of all on a national scale. too. "Collected Works. in their own country. They are destined either to fail in the fierce competition with capital.
Vol. Marx never said anything in particular about future prospects.e. Whereby capital and state will wither away. What was clear to Marx was that it is impossible to counter autonomous powers of state and capital by simply denying state or nurturing the non-capitalist mode of production. Marx is stressing that the association of cooperatives itself must take over the leadership from the state.are working to transform the present conditions of production. And this kind of proposition of principle aside. but inasmuch as it was so."17 In other words. they are of value only insofar as they are the independent creations of the workers and not protégés either of the government or of the bourgeois. he had to criticize it. 3.. 24. is in the theory of value form in Capital. Marx was thinking in-between Lassalle and Bakunin. 31 . Marx clarified his stance as follows: 16 17 See Capital. I believe. 93-94. in the place of state-led-cooperative movements. In the preface. Vol. Where can we find the clue to form the counter movement? This. p. This oscillation allowed later generations to draw either stance from Marx's thought. But what we should see here is less contradiction or ambiguity than Marx's transcritique." included in Collected Works. consumers/producers cooperatives. p. To tackle this task a deep scrutiny into (and critique of) capital/state reciprocity is required. All in all. and it has nothing in common with the foundation of co-operative societies with state aid. But as far as the present co-operative societies are concerned. i. 567 "Critique of the Gotha Programme. communism for Marx was nothing but associationism.
or sought motives of revolutionary act in pre-Capital texts. for the lack of subjective moment. socially speaking. 92. the bearers [Träger] of particular class-relations and interests. this seems to make it impossible for the movement to sublate the value forms.18 The "economic categories" mentioned here signify the forms of value. this is the essence of Marxian ethics. Even capitalists—especially those in stock companies—are agents of capital's movement. can less than any other make the individual responsible for relations whose creature he remains. from which the development of the economic formation of society is viewed as a process of natural history. My standpoint. yet at the same time. This is totally irrespective of what they think. As is 18 Capital. however much he may subjectively raise himself above them.) In Capital. This structuralist view was a necessity. Who are capitalists and proletariats is determined by where the individuals are placed—in either relative form of value or equivalent form. but not subjects. So it is that people either read in Capital the (natural historical) law of history whereby a capitalist society gradually yet apodictically turns into a communist society. there is no subjectivity. 32 . the forms of capital/wage labor. namely. But individuals are dealt with here only in so far as they are the personifications of economic categories. The same is true of workers. (Here Marx did not suffice with simply accusing capitalism of immorality. p. let me say this.To prevent possible misunderstandings. I do not by any means depict the capitalist and landowner in rosy colors.
what were discovered in those texts are. nevertheless does not prevent capitalists from being subjective. place determines the nature of the subject who occupies it. neither method worked. In this relationality. it is only natural that they can only engage in an economist struggle wherein they negotiate with capitalists over their own commodity price.evident. and this activity is precisely that of money or the position of purchaser (the equivalent form). Then. If Capital has been rather shunned by Marxists themselves. Since capital itself is the subject of a self-reproductive movement. and this would lead to their seizure of state power. it is more because of the difficulty in finding a prospect of revolution therein. more or less. Concerning the latter. it is totally impossible to assume that capitalism will end autotelically. I cannot believe that the position of the Marx at the time of writing Capital was such. proletariat qua slave will finally rebel against bourgeoisie qua master at the extremity of alienation and impoverishment. And the new revolution would have to be different from those which could happen in various places of the world outside England and North America. If this has 33 . There cannot be a telos as such in natural history in principle. subsumed into a narrative of the Hegelian dialectic of master and slave: that is. a workers' rebellion is supposed to take place in the production process as a general strike. however. On the other hand. those who sell the labor-power commodity—workers—have no other choice but to be passive. Concerning the former. how is a revolution possible in the world where there seems to be no moment for subjective intervention to appear? The fact that in value form. It is absolutely impossible to expect workers to stand up under such conditions. In this narrative. the agents—capitalists—can be active.
420-421. This is the place where the commodities of capitalist production are sold—the place of consumption.occurred historically. consumption is the place where surplus value is finally realized. Marx articulated this: "What precisely distinguishes capital from the master-slave relation is that the worker confronts him as consumer and possessor of exchange values. capital. The movement of capital M-C-M'. the realization of surplus value. But it is not that workers resistance against capital is totally hopeless. And surplus value is realized in principle only by workers in totality buying back what they produce. the only place where it is subordinated to the will of consumers/workers. is dependent upon whether or not products are sold. and for this objective precisely. or a situation where employers were particularly villainous. 19 Marx. in the form of money he becomes a simple center of circulation—one of its infinitely many centers. Notebook IV. p. 34 . too. Grundrisse. in which his specificity as worker is extinguished. But the process of capital's metamorphosis (or transsubstantiation) is not so one-dimensional as to be defined by that. it has been thanks to social chaos resulting from war. has to stand in the position of selling (the relative form of value). This is the only place where workers in totality with purchasing power are in the buying position. Because at the end of the cycle. and that in the form of the possessor of money. translated by Martin Nicolaus. and it is precisely at this moment and this moment only that workers are in the subjective position. namely."19 For capital. Penguin Books in association with New Left Review. the relationship between capitalist and workers is certainly like that between master and slaves. In the production process.
often incorporating issues of environmental protection. school. and hence the position in which workers can finally be the subject. who opposed them. feminism. consumers' movements are laborers' movements in transposition. Conversely. etc. the process of consumption as a reproduction of labor-power commodity covers a whole range of fronts of our life-world. It also segregates the labor and consumers' movements. the anarcho-sandicalists. And in this sense. the labor movement. and minorities. the labor movement could go beyond the bounds of its 'specificity' and become universal inasmuch as it self-consciously acts the consumers' movement. In recent history. buying and selling as well as production and consumption are separated. For. In consequence. consumers' movements have flourished. and are not connected to. Generally. were the same. it is first and foremost the process of the reproduction of labor-power as a topos of ordeal for capital's self-realization. and are important only inasmuch as they are so. in fact. though. or are sometimes even antagonistic to. But what is at stake here is obviously related to. leisure. 35 . and community activities.In the monetary economy. In our context. This introduces a split in the workers' subject: as workers (the sellers of labor-power commodity) and consumers (the buyers of capitalist commodities). education. while labor movements have been in a deadlock. it comes to appear as if corporations and consumers were the only subjects of economic activities. yet clearly different from the process of reproduction in the sense of Gramsci—the cultural ideological apparati such as family. including child care. church. After all. they take the form of civil action. Marxists failed to grasp the transcritical moment where workers and consumers intersect.
all the result of production-process-centrism. to begin with.They both believed that what had been evident in the feudal system came to be veiled under the capitalist commodity economy. They believe that the reification is caused by the seduction of consumerist society and/or manipulation by cultural hegemony. they believe. What Fredric Jameson calls "the cultural turn" is a form of 'despair' inherent in the Marxist practice. what they should and can do is to critically elucidate the mechanism. workers do not stand up at all. How. approving the market economy. They tend to be absorbed into the social democracy that. What about civil acts that overlap the consumption front? In keeping a distance from labor movements. Or to say it outright. the workers are supposed to stand up and overthrow the capitalist system according to the dialectic of master and slave. Thus. but they are. Nevertheless. more or less. There are various forms of the despair. the workers' consciousness is reified by the commodity economy. But in reality. that is the only business left for them today. as the Marx of Capital stated. the capitalist economy has a structural compelling power that nullifies individual responsibility. seeks to correct its shortcomings through state regulations as well as redistribution of wealth. and their task as the vanguard is to awaken workers from the daydream. therefore. Even though it is self-evident that the movement will bring ruin on the future of humanity. The movement of capital is endless in the double sense: it has no purpose and it lasts endlessly. they lack a penetrating stance toward the capitalist relation of production. within this theoretical 36 . if not for our ethical/practical intervention. because. it will never end by itself.
there must be a safety net whereupon they can still work and buy to live. The first moment is expressed by Antonio Negri as "Don't Work!" This really signifies. In this process.domain. The new counter movement against capital/state should be organized by interaction between the one immanent in and the one exscendent to the capitalist mode of production/consumption. In other words. The struggle within inexorably requires these cooperatives and LETS (Local Exchange Trading System) as an extra-capitalist mode of production/consumption. "Don't Buy Capitalist Products!" (And. Failure in either moment disables capital from achieving surplus value. This is the very struggle without the capitalist mode of production—the producers/consumers cooperatives. M-C-M'. in our context. this should not be for the protection of national capital. like Mahatma Gandhi. But in order for workers/consumers to be able 'not to work' and 'not to buy'.20 Coming into existence in the interstice between agrarian communities and feudal states. this can accelerate the reorganization of capitalist corporation into cooperative entity. and furthermore. I insist. of course. should be located in the movement of capital. there are two critical moments that capital has to confront: buying labor-power commodity and selling products to workers. capitalism invaded the internal cells and transformed their predispositions according to its own 37 . itself.) Both of them can occur in the position in which workers can be the subject. Karl Polanyi likened capitalism (the market economy) to cancer. is ethical/practical intervention possible? This. it fails to be capital. "Don't Sell Your Labor-Power Commodity!" or "Don't Work as a Wage Laborer!" The second moment says. That is to say that in these moments workers can counter capital.
In order to eliminate it. 20 See Karl Polanyi. in this book. According to my reading. and it is also here where the transpositional moments that terminate capital can be grasped. In the present volume. as well as other Asian contexts. which form an indispensable partner to these reflections on capital. And it is still parasitic. as it were. I could include but little of my reflections on the state. the transnational network of workers qua consumers and consumers qua workers is a culture of anti-cancer cells.physiology. Marx's Capital offers a logical ground for the creation of this culture. the asymmetric relationship inherent in the value form (between commodity and money) produces capital. and my own singular experience of oscillating and traversing between them. capital and the state would have to eliminate the conditions by which they were produced in the first place. Neither have I included the particular historical context of Japan—the state. I have only dealt with the theoretical events between the texts of Kant and Marx. nation. 38 . in the place of directly writing about these experiences. It is nurtured in the difference between Japanese and Western. That is. The Great Transformation. its modernity. Finally. Boston: Beacon Press. And it is the task of transcriticism to make full use of the moments. 1944. Transcritique 2. and power. In fact I owe much of my thinking to the 'tradition' of Japanese Marxism. If so. and its Marxism—in which my thinking was fostered. and transcritique could not exist without the historical context of Japan. I plan to fully deal with these in the sequel to this book.
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Is This Serum The Answer To Our Summer Skin Woes?
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Nelson Rosso Overview
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Welcome Clean & Green Ladies!
Fun in the Sun! Beach Clean up!!
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The Proscan PLT8088 WiFi 8" Touchscreen Tablet PC lets you connect to your world on the go. The Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) Operating System lets you complete any task and navigate your tablet with ease.
Proscan PLT8088 with WiFi 8" Touchscreen Tablet PC:
Proscan PLT8088 WiFi 8" Touchscreen Tablet PC Technical Specifications:
- 1.0GHz Super 3D processor
- 512MB DDR3 of system memory and 4GB on-board storage memory
- 8.0" touchscreen, 800 x 600 resolution
- The Tablet PC with Android 4.1 has built-in 802.11b/g/n WiFi
- This Tablet PC with Android 4.1 has a front webcam
- Mini USB 2.0 port, 3.5mm jack
- 4GB on-board storage memory, additional memory via microSD card slot
- 3D G Sensor
- Proscan Tablet with Android 4.1 Jelly Bean
- Calendar, eBook, Calculator, YouTube
- Web browser
- Media Formats: Popular media formats
- Proscan Tablet with Android 4.1 Jelly Bean and AC adapter
What's a Tablet PC?
Tablet PCs are compact, ultra-portable entertainment devices that let you read email, surf the internet, read eBooks, view photos, play games, listen to music and watch video files. Most tablets are based on a smaller operating system, which allows you to purchase and download additional applications from supported stores. Tablet PCs do not have a CD/DVD drive and will not run Microsoft Windows or its applications. Tablet PCs function as a secondary device for casual entertainment purposes, and are not meant to replace a computer. They are ideal for use around the home and on the go with WiFi or 3-4g mobile broadband connections (pay as you go, contract may be required for service).
|Processor Type:
|Super 3D Processor
|Display Technology:
|Capacitive Touch Display
|Processor Speed:
|1.0 GHz Gigahertz
|Contained Battery Type:
|Lithium Ion
|Connector Type:
|1 x Headphone, 1 x MiniUSB 2.0
|Operating System:
|Video Game Platform:
|1st Generation
|Manufacturer Part Number:
|RAM Memory:
|512 MB Megabyte
|Accessories Included:
|AC Adapter
|Webcam , G-sensor
|Assembled Product Dimensions (L x W x H):
|8.10 x 6.60 x 0.45 Inches
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- Foolwing the included manual is pretty close info on how to do this, however, Wifi requires connecting to a wireless router or access point. Most routers have or SHOULD have WPA/WPK2 encryption enabled and that requires a password key to connect this unit to the router. I got it to connect to my router in 3 seconds just by searching for my router and entering the password. DHCP is enabled allows for very easy connecting, but not necessary. Manual settings are allowed but requires knowledge of IP settings and you may need to contact your ISP for help or more information.by upcaman6/20/2013Was this answer helpful? (1) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- Harriet, I clicked on the wifi and added my network at home, it was fairly simple. My guess it is it would be like walking into any place with wifi, like a Panera and logging on there alsoby Nick19975/18/2013Was this answer helpful? (1) (1)Was this answer helpful?
- Please refer to my previous answers to this question, out of the box it does not include Google Play Store, DOES have SlideMe app store.by upcaman5/22/2013Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- No it does not have it installed. You can use the installed SlideMe to download apps.by PhotoJournal4/21/2013Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- No, does have front facing cam but quality is only fair to good.by upcaman5/22/2013Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- No it does not, only the forward facing camera which is not useful in taking photos of other subjects other than yourself.by PhotoJournal4/21/2013Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
Customer Reviews | 65 reviews | 3.6 out of 5
Customer Reviews
Customer review by MikeinNorthTexas
This is a preliminary review as I have had this tablet only for a few hours. Unfortunately, Walmart may not let me add/subtract from this review in 2-3 weeks in future. But I will try and do the justice to this tablet it deserves. (1) Walmart has gotten so much better in terms of shipping site to store. I ordered this item on 5-1-2013 and picked it up on 5-3-2013. Great. In the past, WM was very slow. (2)This tablet has performed just as it was advertised flawlessly. It is very fast for an inexpensive tablet and the touch response is very good. (3) The tablet is "much bigger" than a 7" tablet but much smaller than a 10.1" tablet. Many people like this size. However do not expect to hold it in one hand for too long as it is a little heavier and bigger than a 7" one, so it can become uncomfortable quickly. (4) I am looking for a case for it. The regular 7" or 10.1 " won't do. Other accessories are pretty standard, like micro SDHC, 3.5mm sterio earbuds, stylus, etc. It has a USB port for connecting to your laptop or other media or storage. It comes with the cable. Great. (5) It has HDMI port, though I haven't tried it yet. Great feature. (6) No Google play store, but Slideme is adequate. Besides there is nothing any app-wise, at this time I want that is not already available to me otherwise. For a $70 tablet 8"in size this may be a great buy.
Customer review by PhotoJournal
For the money it is a good value. It is not a Google Play enabled device but you can download apps easily from SlideMe which is installed on the tablet. The other drawback is that although it has a built in microphone the 3.5mm audio jack does not provide for the connection of an external microphone. So, this does not allow for using the Square Register app with a credit card swipe reader that utilizes that jack's microphone connection. Without that connection the Square Register app is not usable and you cannot have the convenience of using a headphone while making telephone calls. Only having a forward facing camera is fine if you are only going to use the tablet for video chat but it makes it extremely cumbersome for taking photos of anything else. If your photographic interest is taking photos of something other than your own face then I recommend looking for a tablet with a rear mounted camera. If you are not familiar with Android type devices you may find that the accompanying manual and website support insufficient in aiding on using the features of this tablet. Features I do like are the display size and clarity of the screen and the ability to add additional flash memory storage. The touch response of the screen is good and the battery appears to allow for extended periods of operation without the need to charge it. The tablet has other features which I have not tried as of yet such as the ability to use the HDMI output, using the tablet as a hotspot and the capability of using it in a VPN network. It also has USB capability with an inclusded adapter to provide micro to standard USB connectivity.
Read all 65 reviews
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This will be a great help in reconciling the cops and the civilians throughout the country.
Three Dallas police officers and one DART officer have been killed and several others were injured after shots were fired in downtown Dallas during a rally and march Thursday night.
Dallas police Chief David Brown said about 8:58 p.m., at least two snipers shot 11 officers and one civilian from elevated positions during the rally in downtown.
Two officers were in surgery earlier in the night and three were in critical condition, police said.
Three other DART officers were wounded but their injuries were not believed to be life-threatening, said Morgan Lyons, a spokesman for DART.
I don't know enough to opine much about this except to mourn the loss of the officers.
Shooting cops is not going to improve relations between civilian minorities and law enforcement personnel, that's pretty damned obvious to any sentient human beings except the snipers. Their goal was obviously something other than that.


text: Hi, It's been another week. If I don't hear anything from you until next Sunday I'll commit the new icon directly. Regards, -freezy. On Sun, Jan 9, 2011 at 4:40 PM, freezy <freezy@...> wrote: > Hi, > > Still no news from you. Could you please either update or reply? > > Thanks, > > -freezy. > > > On Wed, Dec 22, 2010 at 1:04 PM, freezy <freezy@...> wrote: >> Hi Andre, >> >> I was going through our addon-icons and I noticed that the one for >> script.onmytv is a little too generic and doesn't have the correct >> dimensions (256x244 vs 256x256). I've taken the liberty of creating a >> new one, attached. >> >> It would be great if you could update your icon, bump the version and >> request a new pull on the mailinglist. >> >> Cheers, >> >> -freezy.


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Nearly 10,000 Plants for Sale
Fall plant sale set for Oct 26 and Oct. 27 at UC Riverside Botanic Gardens
RIVERSIDE, Calif. (www.ucr.edu) — The 31st annual Friends of U.C. Riverside Botanic Gardens Fall Plant Sale will take place Saturday, Oct. 26 from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. and Sunday, Oct. 27 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
The sale, which is free but with a $2 parking charge, coincides with the fall planting season. Plants established during the fall and winter grow faster in spring and will require less water next summer.
There will be nearly 10,000 plants, including many rare and unusual varieties, as well as old favorites. Choose from colorful, heat-loving trees and shrubs, flowering perennials, rare cacti and other succulents, lots of herbs, patio and houseplants, wildflower seeds and much more. A special selection of water-efficient and California native plants will also be available.
A partial plant list with descriptions is available at: http://gardens.ucr.edu/documents/UCRBotanicGardensPlantListFALL13_update.pdf. Most of the plants for sale will have a detailed information sign and color photo. University of California Cooperative Extension (UCCE) Riverside County master gardeners, garden staff and volunteers will be available to answer questions.
The master gardeners will also be selling cool-season vegetables, herbs and beneficial flowers that were grown using organic methods. Single pots will sell for $2.50 and six packs will sell for $4.
The vegetables include: three types of broccoli, red and green cabbages, cauliflower, collards, three types of kale, leeks, red and yellow onions, scallions, sugar peas and three types of Swiss chard.
Also available are many types of salad greens, among them: arugula, cress, 10 types of lettuce, mesclun, mustard, and three types of spinach. Also offered are Asian varieties of greens and vegetables such as bok choy, michihli cabbage and mizuna mustard.
Herbs for sale include: German chamomile, chervil, chives, cilantro, dill, oregano, parsley, sorrel and thyme. The flowers include: four different alyssums, calendula, lavender, lobelia, three colors of nasturtium and violas.
Also, several free educational programs are scheduled:
Saturday, Oct. 26 at 11:15 a.m., "Fall – The Perfect Season for Planting," presented by Katherine Botts, master gardener and landscape designer
Saturday, Oct. 26 at 1 p.m., "Cool Season Vegetable Gardening," presented by Lucy Heyming, master gardener and UCR Extension lecturer
Sunday, Oct. 27 at 11 a.m., "Creating a Fairy Garden," presented by Dona Jenkins, master gardener and owner of Garden Moonlight.
For more information about these programs, the sale, or the Botanic Gardens contact the Botanic Gardens at 951-784-6962 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Botanic Gardens cover more than 40 acres and feature nearly 3,000 plant species from around the world. Enjoy beautiful vistas and numerous scenic trails, including gentle pathways graded for wheelchair access. A wide array of blooming plants can be seen year around.
Archived under: Science/Technology, botanic gardens, plant sale, press release
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The average hourly rate of a(n) Operations Manager in Amherst, New York is $50.85.
The average bonus of a(n) Operations Manager in Amherst, New York is $12,735.00.
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The Operations Director maintains close communication with key senior managers at the plant, as well as Caravan Facility's Management direct reporting lines....View job on Indeed.com


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It was 2:30 A.M. and I awoke with an urgency in my spirit like never before. I needed to pray for my son. Our son Caleb was in Indonesia at the time so I laid in bed and prayed. "Lord please be with him." I thought I could go back to sleep but there was no way. My soul was restless with urgency and I began to cry, and cry out to our mighty God for his safety, his health, over and over again. It was a good 45 minutes to an hour before I had peace and could go back to bed.
I Wish I'd Known… That the Best Kind of Life is the One That is Lived
I'm joining up with the #FridayFive again today. It's been a while! As I've pondered the writing prompt for this week I've struggled to come up with 5 things I wish I'd known. Why? Because I'm realistic enough to know that I'm hard headed enough that I probably wouldn't have listened even if someone told me.
How To Keep Up the Good Fight When You're Exhausted
A few years ago my family visited The Coliseum in Rome. I honestly hadn't done my research and went with a blasé tourist mindset of getting to see this amazing structure and experience its rich history. What I wasn't prepared for was the overwhelming sense of despair and depravity I felt as I listened to the tour guide's voice in my ear buds explain that the victor and the challenger (often a slave or purposefully weaker creature) would fight to the death. The choreographers would start out with small animals in order to ease and tease the crowd into it and work their way up to humans. This was all done for the sheer pleasure of those in the stands salivating to see blood and gore as someone or something died.
What kind of friend are you?
I am completely honored and grateful to have been included in Maple Alps' incredible 15-week interview series, #WomenOfIntention16. Being a woman of intention hasn't always been a focus for me. A lot of my life has been about doing the next thing that seemed right by the rule book and honored God but living daily with intentionality in specific areas wasn't something I considered with much depth. In my wiser years, however, and with a feeling of not having time to squander, being intentional has become very much of a priority as well as a necessity.
Here's an excerpt from my post entitled "Women of Intention: Friendships". I hope you'll click on the "read more" link to read the entire post and share your thoughts here or on Maple Alps, or on the EPFH Facebook page, on the topic of being intentional in your friendships. Please share this post if you enjoyed it or found it helpful. Using the #WomenOfIntention16 will help us spread encouragement to women all over the globe to make living their lives of intention a priority.
If you're struggling to find friends or keep friends, take a look at the kind of friend you are. Be the kind of friend you want to have. Grasping this in my life was such a turning point. Take a look at the kind of people you are hanging around with. Someone once told me that we become like the 5 people we hang around with the most. Who do you want to become? Narrow your focus to finding those 5 people or those 5 types of people. If we are constantly looking for others to come to us, to fill us rather than the focus being on us filling others then we will likely live unfulfilled and disappointed. We should make the effort to become someone we would like if we expect others to like us too. Simply profound.
Be the friend you want to have. History has proven to me that in doing so, friends will find you!
Click here to read the post in its entirety.
Click here to see a listing of titles in the entire series.
Be sure to spend some time perusing Maple Alps' site. Amanda is an accomplished communicator and encourager. I think you will find her lifestyle blog quite fun and refreshing.
He Wouldn't Be a Good Dad Without Me
That title, though… arrogant much? Hang with me. I'm going somewhere and I promise it's not about me. It's about him. It's about us. It's about together.
Why Memorial Day Is Heavy – Not Happy
I've visited the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington National Cemetery. It was raining that day. Fitting. I remember the heaviness I felt as I wondered how many families and friends lost a loved one and had no resolution.
Five Ways To Help You Decide Which Way To Go
"A man's heart plans his way, but the Lord directs his steps." Proverbs 16:9
I've lived in a lot of towns but the town I call my hometown would be the small yet rapidly growing town of Lake Jackson, Texas. The city was developed in the early 1940's by the founder of Dow Chemical, Alden B. Dow, as a company town for employees and their families.
We Needed to Sit On the Sidewalk For a Bit to Rest
We don't have time to stop right now. We need to keep the pace. There's so much to do and so little time to do it in. But the sidewalk's edge was so inviting. It compelled us to stall our pace even if for a moment. "We're just going to sit right here for a bit," we said. "It will be good for us," we said. And it was.
Upon Further Inspection by Stacey Philpot
I'm pleased to be sharing this fun story with a profound message from my friend, Stacey, today. You can find more of Stacey's writings about her life on her personal blog, A Life Repaired as well as encouragement for those battling chronic illness at Chronically Whole. Stacey is a fighter and a writer and she's equally brilliant at doing both. I'm so honored to know her and call her friend.
Saturday Share 5.7.16 #LinkUp {Focus: Stages of Motherhood}
I am so excited to share this series with you! Several blogging friends and I joined forces to put a series together for another blogging friend, Jessica VanSumeren at The Mama Revival Series, to help her out during a busy season. I am so blessed to get to be a part of such an incredible and generous writing community.


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Cf card which is important to speed?
Started Jul 14, 2013 | Discussions thread
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deborah12345 • New Member • Posts: 11
Re: Cf card which is important to speed?
In reply to hotdog321 • Jul 22, 2013
I will be in the office waiting for your email. Once again I'm @ email@example.com.
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Nokia has proposed its version of a standardized method for delivering broadcast digital TV to handsets in the U.S., Europe and Asia.
The DVB-H standard competes with a host of other similar technologies, including Qualcomm's new MediaFlo. Companies supporting DVB-H say it's less expensive and allows a quicker product turnaround, CNET News reported.
DVB-H supporters also include U.K. wireless operators O2; multicast operator Crown Castle Mobile Media, which plans to build a mobile TV network; cell phone infrastructure equipment provider UDcast; and a number of chipmakers including Texas Instruments and Intel.
Nokia's move supports the wireless industry's view that there's a sizable market for mobile TV fare, including movies, news clips and standard programming typically found on TVs.
So far, Verizon Wireless and other operators offering TV services are finding them a hard sell, according to research group Informa. This year, Verizon expects to sell only about 130,000 video handsets, suggesting the worldwide market for them is commensurately small, CNET said.
Informa concluded in a recent study that 125 million people — about 5 percent of all cell phone owners — would watch TV on their handsets by 2010.
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Jan 11
Join The McG's for the annual visit to the Opry!
Jul 18
Join The McG's for a concert in Awbrey Park! Sponsored by The City of Eugene.
Apr 13
We're excited to open for Colleen Raney and her band.
Apr 13
Apr 13
Our opry shows are meant to be for all ages. These shows are put together to earn money to help keep the music programs alive in the Bethel schools. Our bands come from all over the USA some local some from the east and they all donate their time to help us do this. Come and enjoy a great evening of music.
Manager: Sean McGowan, Remarkable Entertainment Group
Bio: The McG's feature fantastic fiddler Hannah McGowan performing Celtic, old-time, bluegrass and Americana. Always lively, fun and danceable!
Twenty-year-old Hannah McGowan has been playing violin since age five. Hannah also plays piano and flute and sings, too! She loves to tear into a good Iris...See Full Bio


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Wareham, Dorset BH20
Wareham, Dorset Bh20, Wareham Bh20 6Aw, Dorsetnew 1 day, 3 hours ago -
The ground has been used for many years as a smallholding. There is easy vehicular access to the land off the main highway for vehicles and...
£125,000View property
Dorchester, Dorset DT2
Dorchester, Dorset Dt2, Dorchester Dt2 0Nu, Dorset24/06/2016 -
...which would make a perfect project, home, second home, equestrian property or smallholding with 6 acres of land, stables and a small lake.
Similar properties for sale: barn conversion dorset
£420,000View property


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Live Formula 1 commentary of the US Grand Prix.
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