text:
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Though this case is a class action, the court, for
simplicity's sake, refers to Plaintiff in the singular
throughout this memorandum.
Plaintiffs, )
v. ) C.A. No. 11-30223-MAP
Defendants. )
(Dkt. Nos. 156 & 171)
August 26, 2014
Plaintiff Debra Baggett represents a class of 178
former and current inmates of the Western Regional
Women's Correctional Center, who have brought suit
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendants Michael Ashe,
Jr., Hampden County Sheriff, and Patricia Murphy,
Assistant Superintendent.
Plaintiff claims that
Defendants' policy of permitting male officers to
videotape female inmates being strip-searched upon
transfer to the segregation unit violated the Fourth
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 1 of 38
Defendants have moved for summary judgment, (Dkt.
No. 156), and Plaintiff has cross-moved for summary
judgment or, in the alternative, for partial summary
judgment on the legal issue of whether any legitimate,
penological interest justified assigning males officers
to videotape the strip searches, (Dkt. No. 171).
Plaintiff presents two theories in support of judgment
in her favor. First, she contends that the policy of
permitting male guards to be present to videotape the
strip searches –- even if they somehow refrained from
actually viewing the inmates while performing the
videotaping –- violated the Constitution. The court
agrees that this policy violated the class members'
constitutional rights and that no legitimate,
penological interest justified it. Moreover,
Defendants are not entitled to the protection of
qualified immunity for this violation.
Given this, it will be unnecessary for the court to
address in detail Plaintiff's second contention, that
the policy foreseeably resulted in male officers
actually viewing strip searches of female inmates and
that such viewing constituted a violation Plaintiff's
constitutional rights under clearly established law.
Plaintiff is correct that at the relevant time period,
clear authority established that, if such viewing did
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 2 of 38
Unless otherwise noted, the facts are drawn from
Defendants' Statement of Material Facts (Dkt. No. 160),
Plaintiff's Statement of Material Facts (Dkt. No. 173),
Plaintiff's Counter Statement of Material Facts (Dkt.
No. 174), and Defendants' Counter Statement of Material
Facts (Dkt. No. 195), along with the documents
referenced therein.
occur in a manner that was more than incidental or
inadvertent, it violated the Constitution and
Defendants would not be shielded by qualified immunity.
If the court needed to address this second theory of
recovery, however, a trial would be necessary in order
to determine whether actual viewing, as opposed to
videotaping without looking, occurred. It would also
be necessary to determine whether Defendants were
legally responsible for the actual viewing.
In sum, because Plaintiff will prevail on her
predominant claim, the court will deny Defendants'
motion for summary judgment and allow Plaintiff's
motion on the issue of liability. Further proceedings
will be necessary to determine the appropriate
potential equitable relief and monetary damages.
Plaintiff, Debra Baggett, was a prisoner at the
Western Massachusetts Regional Women's Correctional
Center ("WCC") from September 5, 2008, through
September 12, 2008, and again from October 2, 2008,
through January 28, 2010. She represents a class of
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 3 of 38
approximately 178 former and current inmates of the WCC
who, upon transfer to the segregation unit, were
subjected to a strip search videotaped by male
correctional officers. As noted, Defendants are
Michael J. Ashe, Jr., the Sheriff of Hampden County,
and Patricia Murphy, Assistant Superintendent in charge
of the WCC.
The WCC is an all-female facility that houses
detainees and sentenced prisoners from the four western
counties of Massachusetts. If a prisoner presented as
a suicide risk, committed certain disciplinary
infractions, or needed to be in protective custody, she
was transferred to the segregation unit to separate her
from the general population.
The WCC maintained a set of policies that governed
the transfer of prisoners into that unit, specifically
Policy and Procedure ("P&P") 3.1.7. A transition team
headed by Defendant Murphy wrote the policies, though
Defendants Ashe and Murphy discussed them while they
were being drafted. There is no dispute that Ashe and
Murphy were responsible for the policy. During the
process, the team also relied on an expert consultant,
John Milosovich. The policy was updated nearly every
year, though its central tenants remained the same.
(Murphy Aff. (Defs.' Ex. D), Dkt. No 164, Exs. 1-6.)
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 4 of 38
The policy adopted by Defendants required, at a
minimum, four officers to move an inmate to
segregation. The officers effectuated the move by
cuffing the inmate's wrists, shackling her ankles,
conducting a pat search, and leading her into the unit.
If an inmate were not compliant, additional officers
would assist. Any inmate transferred into the unit was
subject to a strip and body cavity search. This
required the inmate to run her fingers through her
hair, remove dentures if she wore them, raise both
arms, lift her breasts, lift her stomach for visual
inspection if she had a large mid-section, and remove
any tampon or pad if she were menstruating. She was
then required to turn around, bend over, spread her
buttocks, and cough.
The policy also specified the location of the strip
searches. They would occur either in the individual
segregation unit itself or in the segregation intake
room. If the search occurred in the individual cell,
at least two female officers would remain with the
prisoner during the search. If the supervisor were
female, she would also remain in the cell. However, if
the supervisor were male, the policy dictated that he
"remain[] in the cell but stand[] in the doorway."
(Murphy Aff. (Defs.' Ex. D), Dkt. No 164, Ex. 1.)
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 5 of 38
Alternatively, if the search occurred in the intake
room, the entire transfer team would remain in the
One officer was responsible for videotaping the
transfer from the beginning of the move through, and
including, the strip search. The filming officer was
expected to stand just outside of the cell and point
the camera in the direction of the inmate. From 2007
to 2010, the policy stated that if a male officer held
the camera, he was to "stand[] outside the cell facing
the Dayroom [away from the cell] with the camera
pointing inside the cell and record[ing] the prisoner
from the neck up." (Murphy Aff. (Defs.' Ex. D), Dkt.
No 164, Exs. 1 & 2.) From 2010 to 2012, the policy
required "the officer operating the video camera, if
male, [to] stand[] outside the cell with the camera
pointing inside the cell and record[ing] the prisoner."
(Murphy Aff. (Defs.' Ex. D), Dkt. No 164, Exs. 3-4.)
Since March 2012, the policy mandated that male
officers operating the camera stand "outside the cell
and position[] the camera on the prisoner from the neck
up . . . then turn[] his head to the side to afford the
prisoner as much privacy as possible." (Murphy Aff.
(Defs.' Ex. D), Dkt. No 164, Ex. 5.)
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 6 of 38
In other words, male officers filming the strip
search were required under the policy to conduct the
filming while attempting to avoid looking at the
subject being filmed and, at the same time, taking care
to film the unseen inmate only from the neck up.
According to Plaintiff, when this section of the policy
was being drafted, Mr. Milosovich questioned the need
for the videotaping at all and expressed doubts that
male guards, as a practical matter, could consistently
follow the very awkward procedure as it was prescribed.
(Dkt. No. 175, Ex. 28 at 15 (stating "how can you be
sure that [the camera] will stay from the neck up . . .
Suggest someone check to make sure a strip search can
be video taped at all").)
Since September 15, 2008, a male guard has held the
camera during 274 strip searches. For 90% of these
searches, two or more female guards were in the cell,
and during 58%, three or more females were present.
During that period, Defendants employed on the security
staff roughly 31 female officers and 49 to 54 male
officers. According to Plaintiff, several women
complained to WCC staff about the cross-sex videotaping
In May 2010, Plaintiff's counsel sent a letter to
Defendants, informing them that he believed this policy
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 7 of 38
was unconstitutional. Around the same time, Defendants
altered P&P 3.1.7 to restrict the circumstances under
which male officers could operate the camera. Female
officers were required to do the videotaping unless
"impracticable." (Murphy Aff. ¶ 110 (Defs.' Ex. D),
Dkt. No. 164, Ex. 3.) Between May 2010 and September
2011, male officers held the camera 26% of the time.
Since September 2011, when this suit was filed, males
have held the camera only 2.5% of the time. From
January 1, 2013 to July 31, 2013, a male held the
camera only one time out of 96 total transfers.
Though it is undisputed that male officers operated
the cameras, the parties vigorously dispute whether
males actually viewed the female inmates during the
searches and, if they did, whether such viewing was
more than incidental or inadvertent. Plaintiff relies
on the testimony of five members of the class who
discussed their experiences. They described their
observations of male officers viewing them during strip
searches. As Plaintiff herself testified, "Sometimes I
could see their eyes and . . . sometimes the camera was
obscuring the face but I almost always could see their
face." (Baggett Dep. 279:13-19, Dkt. No. 175, Ex. 13
at 2.) She further said, "They were looking at me, at
my direction, their faces were pointed and their
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 8 of 38
postures and everything were pointed directly at me."
(Id. 281:17-22.) Plaintiff also provides testimony
from a former WCC corrections officer who claimed that
male officers would simply "stand off to the side and
just watch the viewfinder." (Matlasz Dep. 53:11-15,
Dkt. No. 175, Ex. 5 at 4.)
Moreover, Plaintiff points to the videos
themselves, 68% of which show some or all of the
women's genitals, buttocks, or breasts, and 82% of
which show some portion of the women below the neck.
Based upon the steadiness of the camera and the footage
of the inmates' bodies, she believes that a male
officer had to be facing the inmates (or watching
through the viewfinder) to keep the camera as still as
it was and trained on the correct area in the cell.
Defendants, meanwhile, provide testimony from 11
former and current officers who state that they never
witnessed a camera operator actually viewing a search.
More broadly, Defendants believe that Plaintiff's
evidence is insufficient to establish anything more
than incidental viewing.
On September 15, 2011, Plaintiff filed this one-
count complaint against Defendants alleging a violation
of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This court, on May 23, 2013,
certified a class of "approximately 178 former and
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 9 of 38
current WCC inmates who were videotaped by male
correctional officers during strip searches." (Dkt.
No. 86.)
On February 21, 2014, Defendants filed their Motion
for Summary Judgment (Dkt. No. 156), and Plaintiff
cross-filed on March 19, 2014 (Dkt. No. 171). As
noted, Plaintiff also moved, in the alternative, for
partial summary judgment on the issue of whether any
true emergency or other legitimate, penological
interest justified assigning male officers to videotape
the strip searches. On April 22, 2014, the court heard
argument on the motions and took the matter under
On summary judgment, the facts and all reasonable
inferences that might be drawn from them are viewed in
the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Pac.
Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Eaton Vance Mgmt., 396 F.3d 584, 588
(1st Cir. 2004). When addressing cross-motions for
summary judgment, "the court must consider each motion
separately, drawing inferences against each movant in
turn." Reich v. John Alden Life Ins. Co., 126 F.3d 1
(1st Cir. 1997). Summary judgment is appropriate if no
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 10 of 38
genuine dispute of fact exists and a party is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56.
Plaintiff only offers one count in this lawsuit –-
a violation of § 1983. To succeed on this claim, "the
challenged conduct must be attributable to a person
acting under color of state law . . . [and] the conduct
must have worked a denial of rights secured by the
Constitution or by federal law." Soto v. Flores, 103
F.3d 1056, 1061-62 (1st Cir. 1997). The law also
"requires the plaintiff to prove not only a deprivation
of federal right, but also that the defendant's conduct
was a cause in fact of the alleged deprivation." Id.
at 1062.
The first element is undisputedly satisfied in this
case. Defendants were acting in their official
capacities when they created the challenged policy.
Nor is causation in doubt; they were directly
responsible for the policy's enactment. Plaintiff's
claim thus turns on whether Defendants' policy violated
the Constitution.
Plaintiff, as noted in the introduction, presents
two theories. First, she contends that the policy of
permitting cross-sex videotaping of strip searches --
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 11 of 38
irrespective of whether any viewing of the inmate
actually occurred during the taping –- violated the
Constitution. Alternatively, Plaintiff says, the
videotaping violated the Fourth Amendment because it in
fact did -- regularly and over extended periods of time
-- result in male guards viewing female inmates during
the strip searches. Each theory will be addressed
A. Was the Policy of Permitting Cross-Sex Videotaping,
Regardless of Viewing, Unconstitutional?
Plaintiff's initial theory is that the searches
required by the policy permitting cross-sex videotaping
violated the class members' Fourth Amendment rights,
even if the male officer doing the videotaping was able
somehow to avert his eyes while using the camera. It
must be conceded that the fact scenario posited by this
theory is difficult to conjure up. Nevertheless, this
(Defendants say) is what occurred, and a fair analysis
of this first, broader theory of recovery must assume,
in the light most favorable to Defendants, that any
videotaping by male guards occurred without the male
actually looking at the female inmate he was filming.
To tackle the argument, two questions must be
addressed: first, did the policy generate
unconstitutional searches of the class members, and
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 12 of 38
Defendants believe that Plaintiff's case is a
"facial" challenge to the constitutionality of the
policy and, thus, Plaintiff can only succeed if she
shows that the policy is unconstitutional in every
conceivable application. See U.S. v. Salerno, 481 U.S.
739 (1987)(noting that a facial challenge must
establish "that no set of circumstances exists under
which the Act would be valid"). Though difficult to
apply at times, a distinction has emerged between
"facial" challenges –- which broadly attack a law or
policy regardless of the way it is enacted –- and "as
applied" challenges –- those that arise from a specific
dispute about a particular way in which a law is
implemented. See Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State
Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442, 450 (2008).
Plaintiff's challenge here is brought on behalf of a
class of inmates who believe their rights were violated
by the specific manner in which Defendants applied the
policy to them. It thus arises from a concrete dispute
and fits neatly into the "as applied" category.
second, if it did, are Defendants entitled to the
protection of qualified immunity?
1. Was there a constitutional violation?
The Fourth Amendment broadly protects "against
unreasonable searches and seizures." U.S. Const.
amend. IV. In the narrow context of searches in prison
facilities, two interwoven strands of cases are
relevant. The first, Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520
(1978), provides guidance for courts tasked with
determining the reasonableness of a custodial search.
The second, Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1978),
balances an inmate's rights against the legitimate
needs of prison facilities. Though the analyses
overlap to some degree, the cases will be discussed
separately for the sake of clarity.
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 13 of 38
a. Bell v. Wolfish
In Bell, the Supreme Court considered the
reasonableness of strip searches conducted on pre-trial
detainees in state custody. Bell, 441 U.S. at 558.
The Court upheld the policy over a Fourth Amendment
challenge and, in doing so, identified a number of
factors to consider when assessing the reasonableness
of these searches. The elements were: (1) the scope of
the search; (2) the manner in which it was conducted;
(3) the justification for it; and (4) the place where
it was conducted. Id. at 559. To evaluate the policy
here, the court must weigh the Bell factors.
The first consideration -- the actual scope of the
search -- is not the subject of any substantial dispute
in the circumstances of this case. The parties agree
that a strip search during a transfer to a segregation
unit is permissible. See Arruda v. Fair, 710 F.2d 886
(1st Cir. 1983). Moreover, the actual strip searches
were completed within a reasonable period of time and
were no more intrusive than other, constitutionally
permissible searches. Id.
The crux of the challenge is the manner in which
the searches were conducted -- that is, with male
officers present during the strip searches to videotape
the female inmates. In Cookish v. Powell, the First
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Circuit considered whether a strip search of a male
inmate "conducted within the visual vantage point of
female correctional officers" violated the Fourth
Amendment. 945 F.2d 441, 442 n.1 (1st Cir. 1991). The
search in that case occurred in the immediate aftermath
of a prison riot. Id. at 444-45. Though the court
ultimately found that the defendants in Cookish were
protected by qualified immunity, it described the state
of the law as follows:
(1) inadvertent, occasional, casual, and/or
restricted observations of an inmate's naked
body by a guard of the opposite sex did not
violate the Fourth Amendment and (2) if the
observation was other than inadvertent,
occasional, casual, and/or restricted, such
observation would (in all likelihood) violate
the Fourth Amendment, except in an emergency
Id. at 447.
Cookish recognized that, despite their confinement,
inmates have some limited expectation of privacy. That
right "is violated when guards of the opposite sex
regularly observe him/her engaged in personal
activities, such as undressing, showering, and using
the toilet." Id. at 446; see also Burns v. Loranger,
907 F.2d 233 (1st Cir. 1990); Bonitz v. Fair, 804 F.2d
164 (1st Cir. 1986), overruled on other grounds by
Unwin v. Campbell, 863 F.2d 124 (1st Cir. 1988).
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 15 of 38
Since Cookish, the First Circuit has addressed a
number of challenges to custodial strip searches. The
Court of Appeals, when considering the reasonableness
of such searches, has consistently recognized the risk
of a constitutional violation posed by the presence of
custodial staff of the opposite sex. For example, in
Roberts v. State of Rhode Island, the First Circuit
upheld a strip search policy, in part because "the
policy requires the search to be conducted by officers
of the same sex as the inmate." 239 F.3d 107, 112 (1st
Cir. 2001). Two years later, the First Circuit again
upheld a similar policy because "[i]t was done in a
private area, by a single officer of the same gender,
and without physical contact." Wood v. Hanock Cnty.
Sheriff's Dep't, 354 F.3d 57, 69 (1st Cir. 2003).
In 2004, the court expanded its analysis by not
merely referencing the gender of the individual
conducting the search, but broadening the focus to
include the environment of the search itself. In
approving the constitutional legitimacy of the search
in United States v. Cofield, the court noted that "the
officers did not require [the plaintiff] to assume
humiliating poses, [or to] expose himself in an
unnecessarily public place or to members of the
opposite sex." 391 F.3d 334, 337 (1st Cir. 2004).
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 16 of 38
Defendants' central contention is that these cases
only proscribe actual viewing by a guard of the
opposite sex. The Constitution, in Defendants' view,
does not restrict the mere nearby presence of a male
officer during a strip search of a female inmate, even
if he is operating a video camera, so long as his eyes
are averted.
Defendants read the First Circuit case law too
narrowly. Underpinning these authorities is the
understandable implication that even the nearby
presence of an individual of the opposite sex during a
strip search can be, in itself, a deeply humiliating
experience. No inmate placed in such a vulnerable and
exposed position should have to rely, or comfortably
would rely, on the scrupulousness of an officer of the
opposite sex turning his or her head as a safeguard to
the inmate's privacy and basic dignity.
Any other conclusion would defy human nature. Even
if an officer, standing a few feet away and pointing a
video camera at an inmate of the opposite sex, did in
fact avert his or her eyes from the scene entirely (as
perhaps many, or -– as Defendants contend -- all do),
the humiliating sense of exposure arising in this
situation would be virtually as extreme, from the
viewpoint of the inmate, as it would be if the inmate
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 17 of 38
knew the officer were actually looking. It is possible
some inmates might not care, but for the vast majority
of inmates the scene would reasonably be experienced as
painfully degrading. To suggest otherwise is to ignore
the inborn sense of privacy most human beings harbor
from childhood through the end of life.
Moreover, in this case -- as Defendant Ashe himself
noted -- utilizing a female officer rather than a male
unquestionably would add "to the dignity and worth and
privacy" of the individual inmate. (Ashe Dep. 110:20-
111:4, Dkt. No. 175 at 44-45, Ex. 6.)
Admittedly, the explicit holding of Cookish is that
it is a violation of the Constitution, except in very
limited circumstances, when an officer of the opposite
sex actually views a strip search. The case does not
suggest, however, that the nearby presence of an
officer of the opposite sex pointing a video camera at
an inmate during a strip search, and the forced
reliance of that inmate on the officer's strict
compliance with a procedure requiring him or her to
look away during the filming, would satisfy the
Constitution. Cofield's use of the word "exposure"
reveals the core value being protected, which is the
inmate's privacy and basic dignity, experienced from
the inmate's point of view. The constitutionality of
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 18 of 38
the search does not hinge solely on what the officer of
the opposite sex happens to see but, instead, on the
degradingly vulnerable position the inmate is forcibly
placed in.
Here, the male official is present during the
entire transition to segregation and the subsequent
strip search. It is undisputed that the female inmate
is fully aware that a male guard is videotaping her.
Indeed, if she looks, she can see him holding the
camera in her direct line of sight from a few feet
away. The applicable procedure then requires the
female inmate to strip naked and manipulate her body
while in the direct presence of the male guard
videotaping her. The inmate will be ordered to lift
her breasts, spread her legs, bend over, and spread her
buttocks. For the female inmate, the knowledge that
the nearby male is obliged to look away (if, indeed,
she is aware of this restriction) cannot, to any
significant degree, minimize the extreme level of
exposure she experiences. The fact that the male
officer, while operating the video camera, may be
turned to one side or have his back turned will do
little, for most female inmates, to diminish the sense
of embarrassment, humiliation, and vulnerability that
she must inevitably feel.
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 19 of 38
It is well established that an emergency situation
may justify a search that would otherwise be
unconstitutional. As Cookish makes clear, extenuating
circumstances may require a male to videotape the
search. 945 F.2d at 447. Here however, with only one
exception, Defendants do not contend that an emergency
ever justified the male presence.
Ultimately then, the constitutional violation here
arises from the male video operator's close presence
while the female inmate is required "not only to strip
naked in front of a stranger, but also to expose the
most private areas of her body." Swain v. Spinney, 117
F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 1997). For the reasons stated, the
conduct of these searches breached the constitutional
boundary to such a degree that, even if the remaining
two Bell factors did not favor Plaintiff's position,
the policy would still be a violation of the Fourth
A review of these factors, however, reveals
that, for the most part, they favor Plaintiff.
The next factor identified by the Supreme Court is
Defendants' justification for the policy. In their
initial memorandum (Dkt. No. 159), Defendants noted
that 103 C.M.R. § 924.06(3)(f) authorized strip
searches upon an inmate's transfer into segregation.
Based on this, they argued, the policy was justified.
The problem with this initial argument is that the
identified regulation only supports the policy insofar
as it calls for the strip searches. No one, not even
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 20 of 38
Plaintiff, disputes the propriety of strip searches
during transfers to segregation, per se. As invasive
as they necessarily are, these searches do not violate
the Constitution and, indeed, constitute an appropriate
safeguard in the custodial environment. The
regulation, however, is silent as to the practice of
videotaping these searches and, more importantly, as to
the permissibility of an individual of the opposite sex
holding the camera.
In their reply memorandum, (Dkt. No. 193),
Defendants offer a number of practical justifications
for the videotaping policy. Again, however, while
videotaping strip searches may, to some extent, be
controversial, Plaintiff does not take the position
that videotaping itself violates the Constitution. The
procedure undoubtedly has advantages. It provides an
objective record of the transition into segregation,
enhances professionalism, and deters both misconduct
and false accusations of misconduct. None of these
purported justifications, however, covers the use of
male staff to videotape female inmates.
Only one asserted justification bears directly on
the issue of the officer's gender. The ability to
utilize a male officer to videotape females during
strip searches, Defendants contend, provides
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 21 of 38
Defendants offer additional justifications under the
Supreme Court's Turner decision, which are addressed
flexibility during potentially urgent situations. A
transfer to segregation can be fraught with risk;
serious problems can arise quickly and unpredictably.
The possible use of a male guard to handle videotaping
-- a male instructed to look away while conducting the
taping -- helps to ensure the safety and security of
staff and inmates.
To buttress this point, Defendants point to one
event in 2013 where an immediate need arose to transfer
an inmate to segregation, but no female officer was
available to handle the videotaping. The flexibility
of the policy permitted a male officer to hold the
camera and complete the transfer promptly. This
prevented a potentially dangerous situation from
spinning out of control.
The shortcoming in this legal argument is that
Plaintiff does not dispute the constitutional
legitimacy of cross-sex videotaping in a true
emergency. All the case law recognizes this
regrettable but necessary contingency. Moreover, as a
factual matter, the record provides no support for the
suggestion that, at least prior to 2013, videotaping of
strip searches by male officers was limited to urgent
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 22 of 38
Defendants take issue with Plaintiff's narrow
definition of an emergency. The court need not address
this disagreement since it is undisputed that no
emergency, however defined, precipitated the searches
at issue in this case.
situations. In fact, the record confirms that female
officers were not only available but actually present
during the vast majority of strip searches. The
evidence also demonstrates that Defendants employed
female officers at a roughly similar rate as male
officers. Critically, no evidence in this record
suggests that the lack of a female officer would have
required postponement of a transfer, or generated any
risk, in any but the rarest of circumstances.
Moreover, if male guards were potentially needed in
emergency situations to effectuate swift moves –- a
situation Plaintiff concedes might require cross-sex
videotaping –- this contingency still would not justify
the challenged policy.
The 2013 event described by
Defendants, one that occurred well after Defendants
altered their policy, illustrated the feasibility of a
narrowly crafted exception covering a truly urgent
situation. It does not, however, provide support for a
carte blanche license to use male guards regularly to
videotape strip searches of female inmates.
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 23 of 38
In sum, Defendants' attempt to offer justifications
for their policy is flatly inadequate to provide a
bandage for its constitutional deficiencies.
The final Bell factor is the location of the
searches. The policy, as noted, provides two different
locations where the searches can occur, the segregation
unit itself and the intake area. Plaintiff contends
that both areas are too public; Defendants disagree.
The importance of this issue may be secondary compared
to the gender issue and, in any event, the parties'
disagreement raises an issue of fact. Notably, even
assuming Defendants are correct, it would still not
save the policy given the unreasonableness of the
manner of the searches, and thus the disagreement does
not implicate any material fact precluding entry of
summary judgment.
To summarize, examination of the Bell factors
establishes that the strip searches of class members in
this case, to the extent they occurred with male
officers in the immediate vicinity conducting
videotaping, were unreasonable regardless of whether
the officers actually viewed the inmates. Plaintiff's
Fourth Amendment rights were violated by the mere
presence of a male officer nearby conducting the
videotaping during her strip search. Since Plaintiff's
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 24 of 38
rights were violated, the analysis shifts to the Turner
b. Turner v. Safley
Although the policy violates Plaintiff's Fourth
Amendment rights, that finding must still survive the
Turner analysis. At issue in that case was, inter
alia, the permissibility of restricting an inmate's
right to marry. The Court's holding, broad in nature,
is relevant here.
In determining the permissibility of a prison
regulation, the Court said, "[W]hen a prison regulation
impinges on an inmates' constitutional rights, the
regulation is valid if reasonably related to legitimate
penological interests." Turner, 42 U.S. at 89. Turner
provided four factors to be weighed in making that
determination: (1) whether there exists a valid,
rational connection between the regulation and the
governmental interest; (2) whether "there are
alternative means of exercising the right that remain
open to prison inmates"; (3) the impact the demanded
accommodation would have on the facility, staff, and
inmates; and (4) the availability or absence of ready
alternatives to the complained of policy. Id.
Defendants believe that each factor illuminates a
reasonable relationship between their policy and a
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 25 of 38
valid, penological interest. Plaintiff, meanwhile,
contends that Defendants have the weaker argument on
each factor and that she is, at a minimum, entitled to
partial summary judgment on the question of whether any
emergency or legitimate interest justified the
As to the first factor -- the connection between
the policy and the goal -- Defendants reiterate their
argument that videotaping the searches is justified and
that male guards are a critical component to carrying
out that policy. Moreover, they assert that the use of
males permits flexibility in staffing and ensures that
the WCC can provide equal employment opportunities.
These arguments are unpersuasive. Though
videotaping itself may be appropriate, nothing supports
the conclusion that male guards need to be utilized to
conduct the videotaping outside of emergency
situations. Indeed, since this litigation began,
Defendants have essentially adopted a policy requiring
only female guards to videotape the searches and have
not encountered any problems.
Defendants' employment-related arguments rely
solely on speculation. The record offers no examples
of employees complaining about their assignments; no
data evidences staffing problems. Nothing in the
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 26 of 38
record suggests that permitting males routinely to
videotape strip searches enhanced employment
opportunities for anyone. Therefore, Defendants have
failed to establish a valid connection between the
policy and their purported goals.
The second Turner factor, the existence of an
alternative to exercise the identified constitutional
right -- in this case, the right to be free from an
unreasonable search -- favors Plaintiff. Defendants
have conceded that their policy left no room for an
alternative method to exercise this right. Bull v. San
Francisco, 595 F.3d 964, 973 n.9 (9th Cir.
2010)(stating that the right to be free from an
unreasonable search "is not a right susceptible to
exercise by alternative means").
With respect to the third Turner factor –- the
impact the demanded accommodation would have on the
facility, staff, and inmates –- Defendants repeat their
argument that, in order to avoid compromising the
operation of their facility, their only feasible option
was to restrict male guards from viewing female inmates
during strip searches, not from videotaping them. This
rule, they point out, was already in place at the time
this lawsuit was filed and was sufficient. Any other
accommodation, such as excluding males entirely from
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 27 of 38
videotaping strip searches (except in an emergency or
otherwise urgent situation), would, Defendants argue,
have reduced Defendants' flexibility and undermined
The flaw in this argument, as this memorandum has
already noted, is that the record offers no support for
Defendants' contention that utilizing female guards for
videotaping strip searches decreased Defendants'
ability to effectuate transfers to segregation in non-
urgent situations. On the contrary, Defendants'
current policy of strictly limiting the presence of
males during strip searches has shown that the
overwhelming majority of transfers to segregation can
be managed easily within constitutional boundaries.
Plaintiff's proffered alternative to the policy as it
existed at the time this lawsuit was filed was clearly
a feasible accommodation that minimally burdened the
facility, staff, and inmates.
On the final Turner factor -- the availability and
benefits of ready alternatives –- Defendants argue that
no available alternative would have provided the same
benefits as the challenged policy. Defendants itemize
a number of options they consider inferior to
videotaping: an audio recording, not utilizing a
camera, using a tripod, or using a ceiling camera.
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 28 of 38
They believe that each alternative would present
serious problems. An inmate could say something false
on an audio recording; an emergency might arise that
would need to be documented on camera; the tripod could
be used as a weapon; a ceiling camera would actually be
more invasive. In sum, a video camera held by a
person, Defendants say, was the only option that, as a
practical matter, accomplished Defendants' goals.
Defendants' contentions may all very well be true,
but they miss the point. At the risk of repetition,
this dispute is not about the propriety of videotaping
the searches per se. It is about who should be holding
the camera. Since the only real alternative is to
require female guards to hold the camera except in
cases of emergencies, and Defendants have failed to
show why this would not be feasible –- indeed, such a
policy appears to have effectively been adopted at this
point –- the court must conclude that the final Turner
factor manifestly favors Plaintiff.
As a final plea, Defendants suggest that deference
under Turner is particularly appropriate here for a
number of reasons. First, Defendants utilized an
expert when drafting the regulations to ensure that
they were legally permissible. Second the WCC has
applied for and received accreditation from the
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 29 of 38
American Correctional Association, which did a complete
review of every policy and procedure, including the
policy governing videotaping. Finally, the
Massachusetts Department of Corrections audited the WCC
twice a year, and no issues respecting the policy were
ever flagged.
None of these reasons justifies deference to the
particular policy at issue. First, use of an expert,
though prudent, cannot innoculate an unconstitutional
policy. Here, in any event, a particular irony adheres
to this argument since Defendants' expert explicitly
warned that the policy presented both practical and
legal problems. (Dkt. No. 175, Ex. 28 at 15.)
Defendants' other arguments essentially assert that
since no one who reviewed the policy found a problem
with it, no problem existed. Again, while the use of
review by outside entities reflected prudence and
professionalism on the part of Defendants, the fact
that these entities did not condemn the videotaping
policy obviously cannot, ipso facto, render it
In sum, no legitimate penological interest
justified the regular practice of using male officers
to videotape female inmates while they were being strip
searched, even assuming the officers respected the
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 30 of 38
policy requirement to avert their eyes while operating
the camera. Moreover, nothing in the record indicates
that any emergency situation ever required the use of
male officers to handle videotaping. Since the policy
violated the Fourth Amendment rights of the class
members, and since Turner does not save Defendants, the
policy as applied to class members was
2. Qualified Immunity
Qualified immunity protects officials performing
discretionary functions when their conduct does not
violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable officer should have known.
Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 609 (1999). Qualified
immunity is not appropriate where (1) an official
violated a constitutional or statutory right, and (2)
the right was "clearly established" at the time the
impermissible conduct occurred. Ashcroft v. al-Kidd,
131 S.Ct. 2074, 2080 (2011), citing Harlow v.
Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982).
Defendants contend that qualified immunity is
appropriate here for two reasons. First, the legal
question at the heart of this case is obscure, and no
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 31 of 38
clearly established law existed at the time of the
violation. If anything, Defendants say, the law
supported their approach since courts have consistently
upheld the use of video cameras to record searches.
See, e.g., Powell v. Cusimano, 326 F. Supp. 2d 322, 335
(D. Conn. 2004). Second, Defendants say, they strived
to ensure that the policy complied with the
Constitution –- for example, they hired an expert and
had the procedures audited –- and therefore acted
reasonably in concluding that it was permissible.
Though Defendants' argument has some traction, it
is ultimately unpersuasive. They essentially concede
that, at the relevant time period, the Constitution
clearly prohibited males from conducting strip searches
of female inmates, or from viewing the strip searches,
except where such viewing was inadvertent or in
emergency situations. These cases, they argue, were
insufficient to put them on notice that the practice of
having a male officer videotape a strip search of a
female inmate without looking at the inmate violated
the inmate's rights.
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 32 of 38
On the question of when a constitutional right is
clearly established, the Supreme Court has emphasized
that "a case directly on point" is not required.
Ashcroft, 131 S.Ct. at 2083. Instead, the inquiry is
whether the law "placed the statutory or constitutional
question beyond debate."
At the time of this constitutional violation,
clearly established law prohibited a male officer from
viewing a female inmate during a strip search.
Cookish, 945 F.2d at 447. It was also plainly
unconstitutional to require a female inmate to expose
herself, particularly to the extreme degree required
during a strip search, in the presence of a male
officer. Cofield, 391 F.3d at 337. Given these cases,
any reasonable official would have recognized the
unreasonableness of requiring a female inmate to strip
in the presence of a male officer holding a video
camera and pointing it at her. The unconstitutionality
of such a policy was, quite simply, "a foregone
conclusion." Bonitz, 804 F.2d at 173 n.10. Given the
clarity of the law at the time the policy was put in
place, a reasonable official would have been properly
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 33 of 38
on notice that the policy would inevitably result in an
unconstitutional search.
Moreover, even if the state of the law were
ambiguous –- which it was not –- this policy was so
clearly "antithetical to human dignity" that qualified
immunity would still be inappropriate. Hope v. Pelzer,
536 U.S. 730, 741 (2002). Any reasonable official
viewing the policy would have concluded that it had the
potential to humiliate and demean the female inmates.
However sincere Defendants' attempts to comply with the
law may have been, it was unreasonable for them to
neglect the obvious ramifications of their policy.
Ultimately, a reasonable individual in Defendants'
position could not have concluded that permitting male
officers to videotape female inmates during strip
searches –- even if the officers looked away –- was
constitutional. Therefore, Defendants are not entitled
to the protections of qualified immunity, and Plaintiff
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
B. Was the Policy Unconstitutional Because It
Foreseeably Led to Cross-Sex Viewing of Strip
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 34 of 38
The court's ruling on Plaintiff's first theory
makes extended discussion of her second theory
unnecessary. Plaintiff asserts that the videotaping
policy was also unconstitutional because it in fact
inevitably led to male officers actually viewing, in a
manner that was not merely incidental or inadvertent,
strip searches of female inmates in non-emergency
As a legal matter, if Plaintiff's assertions were
shown to be true –- i.e., male officers regularly
viewed female inmates during strip searches –- she
would be entitled to judgment in her favor. Cookish
and its progeny, as discussed, undisputedly hold that
in non-emergency situations cross-sex viewing that is
more than incidental or inadvertent violates the
Constitution. Cookish, 945 F.2d at 447. Qualified
immunity would certainly not protect Defendants given
this case law.
Summary judgment, however, would not be available
on this alternate theory on the current record of this
case, based on two disputed issues of fact: did the
policy result in actual viewing that was more than
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 35 of 38
incidental or inadvertent, and, if so, were these
specific Defendants legally responsible for the
viewing? Plaintiff relies on the testimony of five
class members, the videos themselves, and testimony by
a former WCC officer to support her position.
Defendants, in turn, provide testimony from eleven
officers to the effect that male guards handling
videotaping did not routinely view female inmates
during searches. Moreover, Defendants argue, any
viewing that did occur was incidental and therefore
insufficient to create a pattern or practice of
unconstitutional conduct for which these Defendants
would be liable.
On Plaintiff's second theory, if this case went to
trial, Defendants might have their work cut out for
them. The notion that a male officer could
successfully perform the job of videotaping a female
inmate's strip search (and keep the camera focused on
the neck up as the policy required) without actually
observing the search seems, to put it mildly, dubious.
The practical demands of the task, keeping the camera
steady and trained on the correct location in the cell,
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 36 of 38
would make this argument a hard sell to a jury. Of
course, as the court has already noted, the degrading
exposure of the female inmate placed in this position
should have made the constitutional violation inherent
in this practice manifest to Defendants. Nevertheless,
to the extent that Plaintiff offers actual viewing as a
basis for her claim of a violation of § 1983, the
record contains sufficiently documented disputed issues
of fact to render summary judgment inappropriate on
this alternate theory.
Managing a correctional facility is a uniquely
difficult task, and Defendant Sheriff Michael J. Ashe
Jr., has a well deserved reputation not only for highly
competent administration but for sensitivity to the
rights and the welfare of the inmates he is responsible
for. The hallmark of his long tenure as Sheriff has
been scrupulous attention to the dignity of every
inmate, consistent with the operational requirements of
the particular facility.
Unfortunately, in this case a misjudgment occurred
resulting in a policy that clearly transgressed the
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 37 of 38
Constitution and injured the plaintiff class. For this
reason, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.
No. 156) is hereby DENIED, and Plaintiffs' Motion for
Summary Judgment (Dkt. No. 171) is hereby ALLOWED on
the issue of liability.
By September 9, 2014, Plaintiff shall submit a
proposed schedule to address the questions of potential
equitable relief and monetary damages. If Plaintiff's
proposal is not assented to, Defendants may submit
their counter-proposal by September 23, 2014.
It is So Ordered.
/s/ Michael A. Ponsor
U. S. District Judge
Case 3:11-cv-30223-MAP Document 219 Filed 08/26/14 Page 38 of 38
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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|February 11, 2014 08:03 PM EST
KPMG sheds light on budget day impacts
TORONTO AND OTTAWA, Feb. 11, 2014 /CNW Telbec/ - In an effort to balance the books by 2015, today's federal budget focused mostly on job creation and innovation. As predicted by KPMG, this budget also introduced a host of new measures to tighten the tax system by closing "tax loopholes".
Budget 2014 highlights include the following proposals:
- Job creation:
- Funding of approximately $229 million for apprenticeships and internships, including:
- $40 million over four years to the Canada Accelerator and Incubator Program to help entrepreneurs create new companies and provide mentoring and other resources.
- $40 million towards supporting up to 3,000 internships in high-demand fields.
- $15 million annually towards supporting up to 1,000 internships in small and medium-sized enterprises.
- $150,000 to increase mentorship among women entrepreneurs.
- Innovation funding:
- Additional funding for research and innovation, including the creation of the Canada First Research Excellence fund with $ 1.5 billion in funding over the next 10 years for certain post-secondary institutions.
- Tax transparency and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) consultations:
- Focus on key areas, such as aggressive tax planning using preferential tax regimes and treaty shopping, hybrid instrument mismatches, transfer pricing methodologies, and other potential areas for abuse under taxation systems around the world.
- The budget is requesting comments from stakeholders on a number of broad questions intended to provide the government with a framework for Canada's own BEPS action plan.
- International tax changes:
- Expand the existing anti-avoidance rules in the thin capitalization provisions and to add a back-to-back loan provision.
- Amend the current rule aimed at preventing Canadian taxpayers from shifting income from the insurance of Canadian risks offshore.
- Business tax changes:
- Proposes to repeal the Eligible Capital Property regime, replacing it with a new Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) class and transfer taxpayers' existing Cumulative Eligible Capital pools to the new CCA class.
- Personal tax changes:
- Proceed with measures to eliminate the tax benefits that arise from taxing at graduated rates the taxable income of testamentary trusts.
- Eliminate the benefits for immigrant trusts that end after 2014 if the 60-month exemption is applied.
- Apply the tax on split income where a minor is allocated income from a partnership or trust that is derived from business or rental activities conducted with third parties.
KPMG's Perspective on the Budget
- For detailed analysis of Budget 2014, read KPMG's TaxNewsFlash.
- Additional KPMG Budget 2014 highlights and publications are available at kpmg.ca/budget2014.
- For highlights and analysis of the budget, watch KPMG's Federal Budget Webcast.
"The themes for today's budget are jobs, growth and innovation. The focus on jobs and growth is to manage current issues including bridging the skills gap in Canada while balancing the budget by 2015. The Harper Government has also introduced a number of tax measures aimed at closing "tax loopholes" in line with the government's continued focus on tax fairness measures and tax transparency."
− Elio Luongo, Canadian Managing Partner, Tax, KPMG
KPMG's Spokespeople across the Country
KPMG's Tax professionals from coast to coast are available to provide regional insight into the federal budget. With more than 30 offices across the country, our regional professionals can comment on the budget's local impact for Canadians and businesses.
KPMG website
@KPMG_Canada - #bdgt14 #eap14
KPMG on LinkedIn
KPMG's Federal Budget Webcast
About KPMG
KPMG LLP, an Audit, Tax and Advisory firm (kpmg.ca) and a Canadian limited liability partnership established under the laws of Ontario, is the Canadian member firm of KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"). KPMG member firms around the world have 155,000 professionals, in 155 countries.
The independent member firms of the KPMG network are affiliated with KPMG International, a Swiss entity. Each KPMG firm is a legally distinct and separate entity, and describes itself as such.
"We've discovered that after shows 80% if leads that people get, 80% of the conversations end up on the show floor, meaning people forget about it, people forget who they talk to, people forget that there are actual business opportunities to be had here so we try to help out and keep the conversations going," explained Jeff Mesnik, Founder and President of ContentMX, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
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Redis is not only the fastest database, but it is the most popular among the new wave of databases running in containers. Redis speeds up just about every data interaction between your users or operational systems. In his session at 19th Cloud Expo, Dave Nielsen, Developer Advocate, Redis Labs, will share the functions and data structures used to solve everyday use cases that are driving Redis' popularity.
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I wanted to gather all of my Internet of Things (IOT) blogs into a single blog (that I could later use with my University of San Francisco (USF) Big Data "MBA" course). However as I started to pull these blogs together, I realized that my IOT discussion lacked a vision; it lacked an end point towards which an organization could drive their IOT envisioning, proof of value, app dev, data engineering and data science efforts. And I think that the IOT end point is really quite simple…
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Internet of @ThingsExpo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with the 19th International Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world and ThingsExpo Silicon Valley Call for Papers is now open.
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You think you know what's in your data. But do you? Most organizations are now aware of the business intelligence represented by their data. Data science stands to take this to a level you never thought of – literally. The techniques of data science, when used with the capabilities of Big Data technologies, can make connections you had not yet imagined, helping you discover new insights and ask new questions of your data. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Sarbjit Sarkaria, data science team lead ...
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WebRTC is bringing significant change to the communications landscape that will bridge the worlds of web and telephony, making the Internet the new standard for communications. Cloud9 took the road less traveled and used WebRTC to create a downloadable enterprise-grade communications platform that is changing the communication dynamic in the financial sector. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Leo Papadopoulos, CTO of Cloud9, discussed the importance of WebRTC and how it enables companies to focus...
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To leverage Continuous Delivery, enterprises must consider impacts that span functional silos, as well as applications that touch older, slower moving components. Managing the many dependencies can cause slowdowns. See how to achieve continuous delivery in the enterprise.
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"My role is working with customers, helping them go through this digital transformation. I spend a lot of time talking to banks, big industries, manufacturers working through how they are integrating and transforming their IT platforms and moving them forward," explained William Morrish, General Manager Product Sales at Interoute, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
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Up until last year, enterprises that were looking into cloud services usually undertook a long-term pilot with one of the large cloud providers, running test and dev workloads in the cloud. With cloud's transition to mainstream adoption in 2015, and with enterprises migrating more and more workloads into the cloud and in between public and private environments, the single-provider approach must be revisited. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Yoav Mor, multi-cloud solution evangelist at Cloudy...
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Aspose.Total for .NET is the most complete package of all file format APIs for .NET as offered by Aspose. It empowers developers to create, edit, render, print and convert between a wide range of popular document formats within any .NET, C#, ASP.NET and VB.NET applications. Aspose compiles all .NET APIs on a daily basis to ensure that it contains the most up to date versions of each of Aspose .NET APIs. If a new .NET API or a new version of existing APIs is released during the subscription peri...
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Heavy Love by Thomas Fuchs wall decal
Details about Heavy Love by Thomas Fuchs wall decal
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text:
Abbot and Irish missionary. An Irish prince, Abban was the son of King Cormac of Leinster. He is listed as the nephew of St. Ibar. Abban founded many churches in the old district of Ui Cennselaigh, ... continue reading
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Few details are known of St. Christina but she lived during the third century and was the daughter of a rich and powerful magistrate believed to have been named Urbain. He was deep in the ... continue reading
At 33 Ambrose had it all - a successful career as a lawyer, an important position as governor of Milan, the approval and friendship of the emperor, and a large estate. Then the bishop ... continue reading
Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, known as John in English, was born May 8, 1786 in Dardilly, France and was baptized the same day. He was the fourth of six children born to Matthieu and Marie ... continue reading
Saints Joaquin (sometimes spelled "Joachim," pronounced "wal-keem") and Anne, are the parents of the Virgin Mary. There are no mentions of them in the Bible or Gospels, what we know comes from ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
Gemma Galgani was born on March 12, 1878, in a small Italian town near Lucca. At a very young age, Gemma developed a love for prayer. She made her First Communion on June 17, 1887. As a pupil at the school run by the Sisters of St. Zita, Gemma was loved by her teachers ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
St. John, Apostle and Evangelist St. John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee and Salome, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. John was called to be an Apostle by our Lord in the first year of His public ministry. He is considered the same person as John the ... continue reading
An archbishop and scholar, Ado was born in Sens and educated at the Benedictine abbey of Ferrieres. Abbot Lupus Servatus, an outstanding humanist of the time, trained Ado, and was impressed with the obvious holiness of the young man. A noble by birth, Ado renounced his ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith Fournier
This great defender of the faith insisted on the central claim of Christianity: God can be known and loved-indeed, that is why He came into our midst in the person of His Son; so that through a relationship with Jesus Christ, man could participate in the very ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


text:
Shelly Sterling says her family's trust has reached a deal to sell the Los Angeles Clippers to former Microsoft executive Steve Ballmer for $2 billion. The wife of embattled Clippers owner Donald Sterling issued a news release announcing a "binding contract" Thursday night.
"I am delighted that we are selling the team to Steve, who will be a terrific owner," Shelly Sterling said in the news release. "We have worked for 33 years to build the Clippers into a premiere NBA franchise. I am confident that Steve will take the team to new levels of success."
As of early Friday, news of the deal had not been announced by the Clippers or the NBA. Before any sale of the team becomes official, it would require approval from the NBA's Board of Governors.
As TNT basketball analyst David Aldridge notes, the deal also needs the backing of Donald Sterling, as the team's majority owner. Speaking about the reported deal last night, Aldridge said it was too early to say the deal is done. He noted that Sterling has recently signaled that he's willing to fight the NBA.
"Until Donald Sterling says, 'I am going to sell the team, and I am going to sell the team to Steve Ballmer, none of this matters," Aldridge said in a TNT broadcast archived by league website NBA.com.
A report by The Los Angeles Times hints at a possible family drama playing out behind the scenes:
"Donald Sterling's lawyers have asserted that he needs a final sign-off before the team can be sold. However, according to two media reports, Shelly Sterling has said her husband was not capable of making the decision to sell the team. The Times has not verified that report."
News of the potential sale comes days before the NBA's Board of Governors is scheduled to meet on Tuesday to vote on whether to take control of the team away from the Sterling family.
The $2 billion sales price would set a new NBA record, dwarfing the $550 million paid for the Milwaukee Bucks last month. When he bought the then-San Diego Clippers back in 1981, Sterling reportedly paid $12.5 million.
If the new Clippers sale comes to pass, it would more than double the estimated price several experts had been throwing around since Sterling first came under pressure to sell. Estimates of the team's value had ranged from $700 million to around $1 billion. The price tag is also roughly equal to the most recent estimate of Sterling's net worth by Forbes.
Reports of the sale come a week after news emerged that Sterling had agreed to let his wife negotiate a deal to sell the team. And it comes almost exactly one month after the NBA hit Sterling with a lifetime ban and a $2.5 million fine in the fallout that followed a secret recording of him making racist remarks.
In the news release announcing the deal to sell the team, prospective new owner Ballmer said, "I will be honored to have my name submitted to the NBA Board of Governors for approval as the next owner of the Los Angeles Clippers. I love basketball. And I intend to do everything in my power to ensure that the Clippers continue to win – and win big – in Los Angeles."
Citing an "an individual with knowledge of the negotiations," the AP says Ballmer recently visited Shelly Sterling:
"Ballmer beat out bids by Guggenheim Partners and a group including former NBA All-Star Grant Hill after presenting an 'all-around superior bid,' the individual said. Ballmer made more than an hour-long personal visit to Shelly Sterling's Malibu home Sunday and laid out his plan."
Ballmer would become the second Microsoft veteran to own an NBA team: company co-founder Paul Allen owns the Portland Trailblazers.
Read original article – Published May 30, 2014 7:26 AM ET
Shelly Sterling: L.A. Clippers Will Be Sold To Steve Ballmer For $2 Billion
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07/15/2016 19:30:37 20093125 1 Priority_Search,FeaturedJobs,ExtendedNetworkExposure 7 56.4772068511199 Class A, B & D Delivery Driver Class A, B & D Delivery Driver Full Time POWELL COMPANY LTD | Lima, OH (45804) 7 DAYS AGO DRIVERS Local — Home Daily Class A, B & D Delivery Drivers Full-Time. We have immediate openings for full-time drivers. Drivers are home evenings and weekends. Great incentive pay for handling freight. Quarterly B 7 DAYS AGO Do you match?
07/18/2016 23:33:42 20101584 2 Priority_Search,FeaturedJobs,ExtendedNetworkExposure,DiversityBoost,CollegeBoost,SocialBoost 4 66.0947407940915 Forklift Operator - Multiple Positions Forklift Operator - Multiple Positions Full Time, Shift Based DHL SUPPLY CHAIN/EXEL | Lima, OH (45801) 4 DAYS AGO DHL Supply Chain Job Fair!!! Forklift Operators, Spotters, CDL Drivers (All Shifts) Tuesday, July 26, 2016 2:00 pm – 6:00 pm Holiday Inn & Suites 803 S. Leonard Ave. Lima, Ohio 45804 Must be 18 years of age High school 4 DAYS AGO Do you match?
07/16/2016 19:31:32 20097245 3 Priority_Search,FeaturedJobs,ExtendedNetworkExposure 6 60.8263916888636 DRIVERS New Base Pay. Lima Ad DRIVERS New Base Pay. Lima Ad Full Time POHL TRANSPORTATION INC | Oh-Lima 6 DAYS AGO DRIVERS Great Pay, Dependable Equipment, Quality Home Time.Pohl Transportation, Inc. FTop Base Pay 41 cpmF $2,000 Sign On BonusF Longevity Pay After First YearF Annual Safety BonusF No NYC or HazmatF 1 Year OTR- CDL A F Pay Thru Home On WeekendsF Tractors 2013 and Newer Call Wally at1-800-672-8498for more info or visit:www.pohltransportation.com 6 DAYS AGO Do you match?
07/08/2016 23:30:55 20067153 4 Priority_Search,FeaturedJobs,ExtendedNetworkExposure 14 36.3044268774704 DRIVERS DRIVERS: Local-Home DRIVERS DRIVERS: Local-Home Full Time 605-Access Advertising | Lima, OH (45805) 14 DAYS AGO DRIVERS DRIVERS: Local-Home Daily! M-F; 4a start time. $17.78/hr. Great Equip, Pay, Full Benefits! CDL-A, 23 yoa. John: 937-773-9280 14 DAYS AGO Do you match?
07/02/2016 19:35:36 20040960 5 DiversityBoost,CollegeBoost,Priority_Search,ExtendedNetworkExposure,FeaturedJobs 20 24.1815749968565 TRUCK DRIVERS Dedicated Home TRUCK DRIVERS Dedicated Home Full Time MARTIN TRANSPORT | Lima, OH (45805) 20 DAYS AGO DRIVERS TRUCK DRIVERS *** Dedicated Home DAILY Runs***Out of Lima you will runLouisville, KY to Toledo$225-$235 per dayAll Round Trip/No TouchExcellent Ben... 20 DAYS AGO Do you match?
07/23/2016 08:32:05 20125874 6 ExtendedNetworkExposure 0 90.6393861892583 School Bus Driver School Bus Driver Full Time Holy Cross High School | Riverside, NJ (08075) TODAY SCHOOL BUS DRIVERSDelran, NJHoly Cross Academy has immediate opening for morning & afternoon school bus runs & after school activities. Contact Dan Dockery, transportation dir. 856-461-5400 Ext. 3025 or email firstname.lastname@example.com: Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily News TODAY Do you match?
07/23/2016 02:31:25 20124323 7 Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure,TJNBoost30Days 0 74.532791604795 CDL Driver CDL Driver Full Time, Part Time SCHWARTZ FARMS | Hull, IL (62343) TODAY PART TIME CDL DRIVER FOR GRAIN HARVEST CDL REQ BEFORE HIRE. M-F 9a -4p CALL (217) 432-1600 TODAY Do you match?
07/23/2016 00:19:53 20124050 8 FeaturedJobs,TJNBoost7Days 0 0 Delivery Delivery Full Time, Part Time IDEAL CLEANERS | Grand Island, NE (68801) TODAY General Part Time delivery driver. 20 hours per week. Mornings only. Must have good driving record. Apply in person: Ideal Cleaners, 504 W. 1st St., Grand Island. TODAY Do you match?
07/23/2016 00:00:00 20119444 9 Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure 0 76.9110671936759 CDL Driver CDL Driver Full Time Crum Trucking | Madison, IN TODAY Drivers & Owner Operators. Tired of not knowing exactly when you are going to be back once dispatched from the terminal? Tired of being treated like a number? Tired of waiting for your next load (or dispatch)? Tired of being away for lon TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 23:16:29 20123880 10 FeaturedJobs,Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure,SocialBoost 0 65.8482457837565 Class A CDL Truck Driver Class A CDL Truck Driver Full Time Accell Construction | Tulsa, OK (74145) TODAY Experienced Class A CDL Dump Truck Driver needed. Experience required. Extensive out of state travel required. Must have clean MVR and current Medical Card. Drug testing required. Hourly wage plus per diem. Starting wage $18.00 an hour. Paid weekly. Email resume to email@example.com or fax 918-343-2778 TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 22:30:21 20123843 11 ExtendedNetworkExposure,DiversityBoost 0 63.8848453532147 Driver Driver Full Time CONFIDENTIAL | Marrero, LA (70072) TODAY DRIVER CDL, Hazmat, & TWIC needed. Min 2yrs. Salary negotiable. CALL 504-621-1371 TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 21:30:23 20123803 12 FeaturedJobs,Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure,DiversityBoost,TJNBoost30Days 0 72.3011264822134 Delivery Drivers - Tri Cities, TN Delivery Drivers - Tri Cities, TN Full Time SDDS, INC | Tn-Tri-Cities TODAY Delivery Drivers: Must be at least 18 yrs. old Have valid driver's license Proof of current insurance 423-480-8434 www.sddsdelivery.com TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 20:15:58 20123701 13 ExtendedNetworkExposure,SocialBoost 0 71.5001682478618 CDL Drivers & Experienced Diesel Mechanic CDL Drivers & Experienced Diesel Mechanic Full Time Nesbitt Transportation | Lynchburg, SC (29080) TODAY NESBITT TRANSPORTATION is now hiring: CDL Drivers Experienced Diesel Mechanic Must be at least 24 years of age. 2 years experience. Home Nights and Weekends! Please call 843-659-8254 or 843-621-0943 for more info. TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 17:15:41 20123523 14 Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure,TJNBoost30Days 0 36.9510669019734 Driver/Dispatcher Driver/Dispatcher Full Time Confidential Company | Tn-Morristown TODAY Rogers Petroleum is seeking Driver Applicants to operate transport truck on local deliveries - Morristown / Knoxville Area Must have a clean driving record; minimum 2 years driving exp; and Class A CDL with X endorsement. Competitive pay and benefits. Equal Opportunity Employer Please send resume: rogjobs@rogers petro.com or fax: (423) 714-1164 TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 17:13:44 20123512 15 TJNBoost30Days 0 0 PICK UP & DELIVERY (P&D) DRIVER PICK UP & DELIVERY (P&D) DRIVER Full Time Magnum | Fargo, ND (58102) TODAY PICK UP & DELIVERY (P&D) DRIVER - FARGO (Full Time)Location: Fargo, ND Hours: Day Shift: 7am-5:30pm Monday-FridayPay: Competitive Hourly Wage, based on experienceDescription: This position will be responsible for picking up trailers and making deliveries in the Fargo/Moorhead/West Fargo areas, as well as surrounding areas, and will involve loading and unloading. Home Daily. Qualifications: Applicants must have valid Class A CDL license, a clean driving record, at least one year experience, and have HazMat, Tanker, and Doubles/Triples Endorsements.Benefits: This is a full-time position with a full benefits package available, including: Health Insurance with HSA and FSA Options and Wellness Incentives Dental Insurance Vision Insurance Supplemental Insurance Options (Short-Term Disability Insurance, Term Life Insurance, Accident Insurance, Cancer Insurance, Critical Illness Insurance, and Hospital Confinement Insurance) 401(k) Plan with Company Contribution Paid Time Off Paid Holidays Employee Assistance Program (EAP)Magnum is an equal opportunity employer and drug-free/smoke-free workplace. We participate in E-Verify.Questions? Call our Recruitment team at 701-297-6235 TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 14:30:37 20122125 16 Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure 0 75.8362558861163 CDL Driver - Class A/Warehouse Associate CDL Driver - Class A/Warehouse Associate Full Time Border States Electric | Eau Claire TODAY Apply Online at careers.borderstates.com ResponsibilitiesProvides delivery of material to customer sites. Maintains delivery vehicle in clean, good working condition and monitors maintenance and mileage data.Maintains daily driver logs and vehicle inspection sheets. Provides for regular maintenance and cleaning of vehicles. Schedules Department of Transportation (DOT) and state mandated inspection visits as required.Completes truck summary, driver's log and other backup detail daily and forwards TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 11:31:26 20121856 17 Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure 0 41.495964673913 Independent Contract Carrier Independent Contract Carrier Full Time, Freelance Gazette Independent | Cedar Rapids/Marion TODAY Earn Extra Cash! Deliver the Gazette as an Independent Contractor • Evenings Free • Only a few hours per morning • Customer Tips • No collections involved • Pay down bills • Great daily exercise Cedar Rapids Metro Area Including Hiawatha... TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 11:31:15 20121854 18 FeaturedJobs,ExtendedNetworkExposure,TJNBoost30Days 0 66.1325024616321 Treater/Delivery Truck Driver Treater/Delivery Truck Driver Full Time Confidential Company | Hays, KS (67601) TODAY Jacam Jacam Chemicals 2013, L.L.C. is seeking to fill positions for Treater/Delivery Truck Drivers in Hays, KS. Qualified applicants will need to possess, at a minimum, a Class B CDL with Hazmat, Tanker and Airbrake Endorsements. Previous exper... TODAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 01:32:02 20119866 19 Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure,TJNBoost30Days,PerformanceBoost 1 72.7217251950522 DRIVERS CDL DRIVERS CDL Full Time REDDAWAY | Bozeman, MT (59715) YESTERDAY Drivers Local Driver/ Class A CDL $2000 Sign-on bonus Reddaway Three Forks, MT. Call 503-885-5584. Apply at Reddawayregional.com/careers/ YESTERDAY Do you match?
07/22/2016 00:19:17 20119779 20 SocialBoost,TJNBoost30Days 1 49.7338128970556 CDL Driver, Maintenance Assistant, Operational Housekeeping - Multiple Positions CDL Driver, Maintenance Assistant, Operational Housekeeping - Multiple Positions Full Time SLOVACEK SAUSAGE | Snook, TX (77878) YESTERDAY Slovacek's is now hiring! CDL Driver Maintenance Assistant & Operational Housekeeping Please apply in person. 9423 FM 60 E Snook, TX 77878 Slovacek's You'll Love Our Sausage YESTERDAY Do you match?
07/21/2016 22:30:20 20119679 21 ExtendedNetworkExposure,DiversityBoost 1 46.3135518934081 CDL DRIVER CDL DRIVER Full Time DMI CONTRACTOS INC | Baton Rouge, LA (70816) YESTERDAY CDL Driver needed 40+ hrs & some weekends. Local deliveries only. Call Ashley, Mon.-Thur., 7am-4pm at 225-272-1420 YESTERDAY Do you match?
07/21/2016 20:30:39 20119636 22 TJNBoost30Days 1 0 CDL Drivers CDL Drivers Full Time RCS TRUCKING & FREIGHT INC. | Bealeton, VA (22712) YESTERDAY CDL Class A Flatbed Drivers needed for LOCAL, REGIONAL & OTR positions, 1-yr. flatbed exp. req. or 2-yr total exp req., new equip., 60Kyr. potential, regional home 2-3 nights wk. plus weekends. Apply on-line to RCStrucking.com or Call Greg @ 540-439-8275 YESTERDAY Do you match?
07/21/2016 19:14:26 20119540 23 Resume_Opening,ExtendedNetworkExposure 1 74.0002351350557 Drivers Drivers Full Time, Part Time Confidential Company | Saint Joseph, MO YESTERDAY SPIRIT MILLER TRUCKING is hiring more full or part-time retired or semi retired drivers to deliver utility trucks out of E'town. We pay our drivers the BEST in Drive-away! Previous driving experience. 270-737-8797. YESTERDAY Do you match?
07/21/2016 16:31:50 20119423 24 ExtendedNetworkExposure,SocialBoost 1 64.5023640848703 DELIVERY DRIVER PARTTIME CLASS E OR B DELIVERY DRIVER PARTTIME CLASS E OR B Full Time, Part Time MidMo Careers | Jefferson City, MO (65109) YESTERDAY DELIVERY DRIVER Part-time, Class E or B License & medical card required. Duties include delivering mail to different parts of Missouri and out of state. Will be driving company vehicle. Send resume to: firstname.lastname@example.com or pick up application at News Tribune 210 Monroe St., Jefferson City YESTERDAY Do you match?
07/21/2016 16:31:49 20119422 25 ExtendedNetworkExposure 1 69.5590019062878 DELIVERY ROUTE DRIVER DELIVERY ROUTE DRIVER Full Time, Freelance MidMo Careers | Jefferson City, MO (65109) YESTERDAY Delivery Route Jefferson City The Jefferson City News Tribune is searching for a contract carrier to deliver newspapers to home subscribers. This route delivers papers to subscribers around the northwest side of Jefferson City. This is an independent contractor position. Delivery time is approximately 3-3.5 hours each night with an earnings potential of $1,400 monthly. All deliveries must be completed by 5:30 a.m. Monday-Friday, and 7 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday. Interested candidates must have reliable transportation and the ability to work overnight hours. To be considered please call the News Tribune circulation department at 573-636-3132. YESTERDAY Do you match?


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The Bride Bargain (Prairie Promises Series #1) Paperback – September 1, 2008
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"The Bride Bargain" is a wonderful freshman novel. Kelly Eileen Hake is a chip off the old block. This author is easily as talented as her mother! She has created characters in whom the reader can really invest. The plot lines are sophisticated and multi-dimensional. At times, the story seemed predictable. Then, suddenly, it would surprise me and put a smile on my face. Although I don't necessarily believe that a man would put so much thought into matchmaking, this was a wonderful story. It was almost too perfect! My only complaint is that the ending came abruptly. Still, I can't wait to see what Miss Hake does next.
We have a doctor who lives in Baltimore, two ladies making their way across the plains, with Oregon being their destination. Enter a nice but devious older man, the General Store owner in Buttonwood. He also happens to be the doctor's dad. Somehow, in surprising ways, they all meet. What transpires is too funny, sweet, and amazing! I won't spoil your read by telling you more. Just read this delightful book, and see for yourself! Blessings! 😂
In a tale that is long on the laughs and gentle on the romance, Kelly Eileen Hake brings the warmth and charm of small town America and although the story is fairly predictable, the getting there is always the fun part A wonderful way to while away a few happy hours with these delightful set of characters. And with another 2 books in the series, I can't wait to enjoy more time in Buttonwood.
She actually did a pretty good job on some details of thrashing grain and cooking. On the other hand, the entire setting is completely impossible. In 1855, there was no settlement in the Ft Laramie area--certainly not a fairly established town like "Buttonwood." If you want to know what the area there was like in 1855, here is a diary entry from Dr. Wilhelm Keil on the Oregon Trial that year: "In my last report, from Laramie, I stated that from there we would move toward hell. My prophecy came true. The uprising among the Sioux Indians around Laramie was enormous so that no one dared to leave the fort. But we were made without fear. We met hundreds of Indians..." (he goes on to recount how they were peaceful towards him--though not to everyone!). By treaty, this was Indian country at the time and whites could travel through, but only trappers and other frontiersmen permanently resided in the area.
The author has people casually traveling back and forth from Baltimore. However, that trip was a life-threatening journey taking months, not days. Goods at the sutler's store at Ft. Larimie were marked up to astronomical prices because it was so hard to get anything so far into the frontier (at that time, Ft. Larimie was the last regular army post until they got to Oregon). The kind of society she portrays did not come to Wyoming (which she correctly identifies as the Nebraska Territory at the time) until decades later.
Having grown up in western Nebraska, I would also comment that small details are also off.Read more ›
Most Recent Customer Reviews
I enjoyed the first part of this book. I liked the concept of it, and there was so much potential for conflict with the plot--Clara deceiving him the whole time trying to find him... Read morePublished 11 months ago
Wonderful story and really great writing. The town of cottonwood has captured my heart. I could not put it down.Published 16 months ago by Patricia A. Shaver
It was a good read. A simple story with a happy ending for a father and son, and an aunt and her niece. Read morePublished 22 months ago by Dorothy Hendrickson
You don a good job on this book ans I hope u make more of these books
Love Rainey
P.s I am 13 love your book
This series of books are excellent. Nice clean romance novel. I would recommend this book to anyone who enjoys western type romances.Published on April 14, 2014 by Connie Smith
Clara Field and her Aunt Doreen Edgerly are headed for Oregon for a new start in life. Doreen married a very cruel man so she would be able to raise Clara after her parents were... Read morePublished on October 9, 2013 by Wendy Newcomb
Fantastic writer - Awesome Book- once you start reading it is so hard to put down. Cant wait to read more of these.Published on June 18, 2013 by Susan MacDonald
enjoyed this book loved the easy reading and story will share with other in family we are ladies that love to readPublished on May 11, 2013 by Bonnie Bell
Others have written reviews, so I will not go over that. It was wonderful, funny, had heart, throughly enjoyable, had a good flow to it, a great ending! Read morePublished on August 28, 2012 by Hannah Rose


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file clerk jobs near Columbus, OH
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File Clerk
Superior Group - Westerville, OH
Filing of documents, sorts documents by account name and case number to file. Superior Group is looking for File Clerk for our Client located in Westerville, OH...
Accounting Clerk
Happy Chicken Farms & Merry Milk Maid - Grove City, OH
The Accounting Clerk is responsible for providing accounting and clerical support to Accounting Department Controller....
Parts Puller - Warehouse Clerk
Rush Enterprises - Columbus, OH
Parts dealer peterbilt Warehouse Clerk The Warehouse Clerk is responsible for performing warehousing activities, inventory control, and recordkeeping....
Accounting Clerk
Ares Sportswear/ Dyenomite Apparel - Hilliard, OH
File and maintain all company files in an organized manner. Continue effort to replace paper files with electronic files....
Creative Financial Staffing - Canal Winchester, OH
Accounts Payable Clerk. The Accounts Payable Clerk will check and approve all vouchers for payment. Print all accounts payable reports and maintain all accounts...
Receptionist/File Clerk
National Church Residences - Gahanna, OH
According to prescribed policies and procedures of the organization including all applicable state, federal and accreditation regulations and under the general...
Medical Records Clerk (OSU Eye & Ear Institute) - Eye Physicians
OSU Physicians Inc. - Columbus, OH
Secures and files back to the appropriate medical records file. Sorts, verifies, and appropriately files signed loose reports into the appropriate medical...
Service File Clerk
Toyota West - Columbus, OH
You're serious about your career, and rest assured you've come to the right place. From our cooperative, team-based approach, to our more than 1,000 internal...
File Clerk
Ultimate - Westerville, OH
Filing of documents, sorts documents by account name and/or case number to file. Average manual dexterity in use of a PC, phone, sorting, filing and other...
Clerk I
CompTech Computer Technologies - Columbus, OH
Retrieves files for requested information or materials; (\*)Developed after employment. Files correspondence, reports, records, cards, documents or other ma...


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where is the flesher relay located on 2002 Cadillac Seville SLS
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The workshop manual says " the turn signal and hazard warning light flasher unit are all part of the hazard light switch". it is accessed by removing the accessory trim panel at the center air vents. There is a company that independent auto repair shops get their information from, this same information is available inexpensively for people that work on their own cars.. The information is year make and model specific, covering repair procedures, torque specifications, fluid capacities and specifications, service bulletins, component locations, wiring diagrams ect.... Alldata is very easy to navigate http://bit.ly/AllData_Repair_Manuals_Online


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All About Wyoming DMV
DMV.com was created to help simplify your life by providing you with all the vehicle related information and Wyoming DMV services you may need, in one place. Quickly find information and services regarding driving records, vehicle registration, drivers license renewal, license plate.
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Wyoming DMV Guide by DMV.com - Less Headache
Cut out DOT's bureaucracy. DMV.com has easy guides for drivers license, vehicle registration, license plate, emissions and other motor vehicle issues online.
Presenting DMV.com
DMV.com is your best online guide to the Wyoming Department of Transportation. We provide you with info about every single matter related to the WY DMV quickly and easily.
Our wide array of articles on the different requirements that WY DMV has about each type of vehicle is here to make things clear for you without forcing you to stand in line at the local DMV office.
Using our website
Searching for information at our website is very simple - you can easily find the list of articles about WY DMV by using the navigation section or the "search" feature. With just one click, you are able to find out everything you need about getting a vehicle registration, obtaining or renewing a driver's license and much more.
We are open for suggestions
We are always open for collaboration - visit our Facebook page and share your thoughts about our articles or rate the DMV offices at DMV.com. We already have a wide range of information about every state's DMV, but our readers' suggestions will surely contribute to making the site even better
Frequently Asked Questions
How to renew my car registration?
You have a few ways of renewing car registration, depending on your state. In person, you will be required to present the owner's name, address, license plate number, VIN number, and other important details. There may also be the option of renewing by mail. The most popular way though, is to renew car registration online, so long as you meet certain requirements.
How do I replace my driver's license?
Every state has its own way of replacing driver's licenses. While the most convenient method is to order a license replacement online, you may have to meet certain requirements to do so. In addition, you will be responsible for paying a driver's license replacement fee.
How to renew my driver's license?
Renewing driver's licenses varies state to state. The most common way to renew a driver's license is by using an online portal. Take care to renew before the expiration date to avoid late fees.
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