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Feds: A Mental-Hospital Patient Kept Threatening to Blow Up Courthouses to Get With a Fellow Patient's Ex
On March 5, the Wichita Falls Police Department took a call from a man who threatened to blow up the federal courthouse in Dallas. Why he was relaying this information to Wichita Falls police, or why he thought it wise to inform law enforcement of his plans, wasn't clear. But the man took great pains to stress that he really hated America and that his name was Gerald Adams. For good measure, he called back later the same day and again threatened to blow up a federal courthouse.
It wasn't terribly difficult for the FBI to trace the calls to the North Texas State Hospital, an inpatient mental facility in Wichita Falls, or to figure out that Gerald Adams, who was a patient at the facility, was not the one who had made the call.
Their suspicions fell instead on another patient, 33-year-old Christopher Stephens. Adams told agents that Stephens was obsessed with Adams' ex-wife and alluded frequently to making contact with her after being released from the hospital. Adams suspected that his fellow patient had made the calls in hopes of sabotaging his release date.
Adams' claims were supported by the fact that Stephens' voice bore an uncanny resemblance to the one making the bomb threats and that he freaked out when agents showed up for a chat, demanding to be read his Miranda rights and, when told he wasn't under arrest, demanding to be taken into custody.
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The next day, Wichita Falls PD received a third bomb threat, this one to blow up the federal courthouse in Fort Worth. The 911 operator kept the caller on the line long enough for police to show up at the hospital and listen to Stephens make the threats in person. He didn't admit that he'd been making the threats, but he didn't deny it either.
A fourth threat was mailed to the FBI's Dallas office on March 25. A fifth was received on April 3 by Wichita Falls police. That time, the letter included swastikas and the words "White Power." These matched up neatly with a similar letter from Stephens that hospital officials intercepted and showed to FBI agents.
Stephens is now charged in federal court with threatening to blow up a federal courthouse. The offense carries a maximum 10 years and prison and $250,000 fine, although making threats from inside a mental health facility seems like a decent starting point for an insanity plea.
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Encore Travel Agencies, Inc. Overview
Encore Travel Agencies, Inc. filed as a Articles of Incorporation in the State of California on Wednesday, January 2, 1980 and is approximately thirty-six years old, as recorded in documents filed with California Secretary of State.
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Mark Rivera, Customer Retention Manager and CJIS Security Compliance Officer with Vigilant Solutions, served for sixteen years with the Maryland State Police, retiring at the rank of First Sergeant with thirteen of those years at the supervisory and command level. He holds a Master of Science Degree in Management from The Johns Hopkins University and Secret clearance through the FBI, Baltimore.
Florida Carry has filed a lawsuit over the arrest of a concealed carry holder by Citrus County (Fla.) Sheriff's deputies at a vehicle stop in 2009. Read the full story here.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about physical pain. For pain in the broader sense, see Suffering. For other uses, see Pain (disambiguation).
ICD-10 ICD-9 DiseasesDB MedlinePlus MeSH
Pain is "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage."[1] It is the feeling common to such experiences as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting iodine on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone".[2] Pain motivates us to withdraw from potentially damaging situations, protect a damaged body part while it heals, and avoid those situations in the future.[3] Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body; and sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.[4] Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in the United States.[5] It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can significantly interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning.[6] Psychological factors such as
social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement in sport or war and distraction can significantly modulate pain's intensity or unpleasantness.[7][8]
1 Classification o 1.1 Duration o 1.2 Region and system o 1.3 Cause o 1.4 Nociceptive o 1.5 Neuropathic o 1.6 Phantom o 1.7 Psychogenic o 1.8 Pain asymbolia and insensitivity 2 Effect on functioning 3 Theory o 3.1 Specificity o 3.2 Pattern o 3.3 Gate control o 3.4 Dimensions o 3.5 Theory today o 3.6 Evolutionary and behavioral role o 3.7 Thresholds 4 Assessment o 4.1 Multidimensional pain inventory o 4.2 In nonverbal patients o 4.3 Other barriers to reporting o 4.4 As an aid to diagnosis 5 Management o 5.1 Medication o 5.2 Psychological o 5.3 Alternative medicine 6 Epidemiology 7 Society and culture 8 In other animals 9 Etymology 10 References 11 External links
[edit] Classification
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classification system describes pain according to five categories: duration and severity, anatomical location, body system involved, cause, and temporal characteristics (intermittent,
neuropathic pain (caused by damage or illness affecting the somatosensory system).[9] and an additional category based on neurochemical mechanism has been proposed. and laboratory tests fail to detect the cause of pain. low back pain and pelvic pain.[10] [edit] Cause The crudest example of classification by cause simply distinguishes "somatogenic" pain (arising from a perturbation of the body) from psychogenic pain (arising from a perturbation of the mind: when a thorough physical exam. and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation.[10] Somatogenic pain is divided into "nociceptive" and "neuropathic".[13] [edit] Nociceptive Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond only to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors). such as rheumatoid arthritis. such as myofascial pain (emanating from skeletal muscles or the fibrous sheath surrounding them). and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months.[10] [edit] Duration Main article: Chronic pain Pain is usually transitory. may persist for years. involving no arbitrarily fixed durations is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing."[10] Chronic pain may be classified as "malignant" (caused by cancer) or "benign" (nonmalignant). chronic to pain of more than six months duration. etc. lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed. it is assumed to be the product of psychic conflict or psychopathology). cancer and idiopathic pain. and pain that resolves quickly is called acute. the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain.[10] though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months.[4] This system has been criticized by Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment.constant.[12] [edit] Region and system Pain can be classed according to its location in the body. imaging. the most common .).[11] Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days. rheumatic pain (emanating from the joints and surrounding tissue). or according to the body system involved. as in headache. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic. but some painful conditions. Traditionally. the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset.[12] A popular alternative definition of chronic pain. or vascular (pain from blood vessels). peripheral neuropathy.
The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%. blood vessels. chili powder in the eyes). where the sensation is located in an area distant from the site of the stimulus. parts of the intact body may become sensitized. despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours. Visceral pain originates in the viscera (organs) and often is extremely difficult to locate.[14] Peripheral neuropathic pain is often described as ―burning. weeks or. 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain. bones. tearing. Phantom limb pain is a common experience of amputees. weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments. and in lower limb amputees is 54%. etc. or . or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation. It is a type of neuropathic pain. burning or cramping.‖ ―tingling. and is dull.‖ ―stabbing. and nociception from some visceral regions may produce "referred" pain. 65 percent reported it. fasciae and muscles. and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours.‖[15] Bumping the "funny bone" elicits peripheral neuropathic pain.[19] Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days.‖ ―electrical.[17][18] Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality. If the pain is continuous for a long period. and six months later. or it may occur only once every week or two.[16] One study found that eight days after amputation. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns. tendons. well-defined and clearly located.[11] [edit] Neuropathic Main article: Neuropathic pain Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or disease affecting the central or peripheral portions of the nervous system involved in bodily feelings (the somatosensory system). Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue. poorlylocalized pain.categories being "thermal" (heat or cold). "mechanical" (crushing. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump. Examples include sprains and broken bones. sometimes permanently. aching.‖ or ―pins and needles. others experience several bouts a day. [edit] Phantom Main article: Phantom pain Phantom pain is pain from a part of the body that has been lost or from which the brain no longer receives signals. so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb. and is sharp. crushing.) and "chemical" (iodine in a cut. It is often described as shooting." "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral.
the diagnosis of neurosis as the cause of pain hides our ignorance of many aspects of pain medicine. increased. phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss.‖ — Ronald Melzack. Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute injuries to turn chronic. However.[20] Paraplegia. or. often low in chronic pain patients. often to normal levels. and stomach pain are sometimes diagnosed as psychogenic. back pain. also called psychalgia or somatoform pain. the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage. depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). we are far from such infallibility. Self-esteem. is pain caused. All too often.[23] People with long term pain frequently display psychological disturbance. in five to ten per cent of paraplegics. specialists consider that it is no less actual or hurtful than pain from any other source. to chronic pain causing neuroticism. . fire running down the legs. and recognition of the presence of injury.[24] ―The term 'psychogenic' assumes that medical diagnosis is so perfect that all organic causes of pain can be detected.. Ramachandran using mirror box therapy allows for illusions of movement and touch in a phantom limb which in turn cause a reduction in pain. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. or prolonged by mental.[19] Work by Vilayanur S. but clinical evidence points the other way. visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel. may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage.[19] [edit] Psychogenic Main article: Psychogenic pain Psychogenic pain. also shows improvement once pain has resolved. because both medical professionals and the general public tend to think that pain from a psychological source is not "real".. scores on the neurotic triad and anxiety fall. or behavioral factors. with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria. or a knife twisting in the flesh. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain. Episodic analgesia may occur under special circumstances. regrettably. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief. emotional.current from electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord all produce relief in some patients.[21] Headache.[22] Sufferers are often stigmatized. When long term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention. 1996.[24] [edit] Pain asymbolia and insensitivity Main articles: Pain asymbolia and Congenital insensitivity to pain The ability to experience pain is essential for protection from injury.
these people have normal nerves on medical investigations. eyes. they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little. such as spinal cord injury. mental flexibility.[27] Children with this condition incur carelessly repeated damage to their tongue. but have a reduced life expectancy.[31][32] [edit] Effect on functioning Experimental subjects challenged by acute pain and patients in chronic pain experience impairments in attention control. or leprosy in countries where this is prevalent.[33] Acute and chronic pain are also associated with increased depression. for instance. They may attain adulthood.[25] Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain.[30] These conditions feature decreased sensitivity to pain together with other neurological abnormalties. and difficulties in concentration and attention…" —Harold Merskey 2000[35] [edit] Theory [edit] Specificity . it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients. with morphine injection or psychosurgery.[23] Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it. and anger. marital disharmony. sustain poorly healing foot ulcers as a result of decreased sensation.[28] These individuals are at risk of tissue damage due to undiscovered injury. joints. Most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have one of five hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (which includes familial dysautonomia and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis). the consequences of pain will include direct physical distress.[27] Insensitivity to pain may also result from abnormalities in the nervous system. This is usually the result of acquired damage to the nerves. which codes for a sodium channel (Nav1. working memory.[29] A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system. problem solving. or not at all.[26] Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth. particularly of the autonomic nervous system. anxiety. skin. fear. People with diabetes-related nerve damage.7) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli. and information processing speed. and muscles. and find pain unpleasant.such as in the excitement of sport or war: a soldier on the battlefield may feel no pain for many hours from a traumatic amputation or other severe injury. unemployment. financial difficulties. diabetes mellitus (diabetic neuropathy).[27][30] A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the SCN9A gene.[34] "If I have matters right. but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus. known as "congenital insensitivity to pain".
hence. In his 1664 Treatise of Man. vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal . to a mechanical behavioral response . In 1953. proposed initially in 1874 by Wilhelm Erb. determines whether nociception occurs. provided the stimulation is intense enough: the pattern of stimulation (intensity over time and area).[36] [edit] Pattern This "specificity theory" (specific pain receptor and pathway) was challenged by the theory. turn the head and eyes toward the affected body part.[37] [edit] Gate control Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall introduced their "gate control" theory of pain in the 1965 Science article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory".the ratio of large fiber signal to thin fiber signal determining pain intensity. not the receptor type. we rub a smack.Descartes' pain pathway. The underlying premise of this model . This was taken as a demonstration that pattern of stimulation (of large and thin fibers in this instance) modulates pain intensity. René Descartes traced a pain pathway. and move the hand and turn the body protectively. pressure.remained the dominant perspective on pain until the mid-nineteen sixties.[38] The authors proposed that thin (pain) and large diameter (touch. Alfred Goldscheider (1894) proposed that over time. that a pain signal can be generated by stimulation of any sensory receptor. "Particles of heat" (A) activate a spot of skin (B) attached by a fine thread (cc) to a valve in the brain (de) where this activity opens the valve. along a thread or chain of nerve fibers to the pain center in the brain. activity from many sensory fibers might accumulate in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord and begin to signal pain once a certain threshold of accumulated stimulation has been crossed. from a receptor in the skin.that pain is the direct product of a noxious stimulus activating a dedicated pain pathway. Willem Noordenbos observed that a signal carried from the area of injury along large diameter "touch. allowing the animal spirits to flow from a cavity (F) into the muscles that then flinch from the stimulus. pressure or vibration" fibers may inhibit the signal carried by the thinner "pain" fibers .
Cognitive activities "may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affectivemotivational dimension. quality and duration of the pain). So. but also a signal traveling from the site of injury directly up the cord to the brain (bypassing the inhibitory and transmission cells) where." (p. and when the output of the transmission cells exceeds a critical level.[39] [edit] Dimensions In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "Sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity.[36] They pictured not only a signal traveling from the site of injury to the inhibitory and transmission cells and up the spinal cord to the brain. the less pain is felt. depending on the state of the brain. location. When thin (pain) and large (touch. etc. they also act on its inhibitory cells. cultural values.cord: the "inhibitory" cells and the "transmission" cells. The authors had conceived a neural "circuit diagram" to explain why we rub a smack. Signals from both thin and large diameter fibers excite the transmission cells. The transmission cells are the gate on pain. This was the first theory to offer a physiological explanation for the previously reported effect of psychology on pain perception. activated by a noxious event.) fibers. but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well. but ―higher‖ cognitive activities (the cognitive-evaluative dimension) can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. it may trigger a signal back down the spinal cord to modulate inhibitory cell activity (and so pain intensity). 435) [edit] Theory today . excitement in games or war appears to block both dimensions of pain. pain begins. excite a spinal cord transmission cell." (p. the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity coming from the inhibitory cell's receptive field. surgical intervention and the like. The job of the inhibitory cells is to inhibit activation of the transmission cells. Thus. "Affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness). 432) The paper ends with a call to action: "Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block.[40] They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affectivemotivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus. distraction and hypnotic suggestion). while suggestion and placebos may modulate the affectivemotivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed. and inhibitory cells can shut the gate. and "Cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as appraisal. The thin fibers impede the inhibitory cells (tending to leave the gate open) while the large diameter fibers excite the inhibitory cells (tending to close the gate).
(Bud) Craig and Derek Denton include pain in a class of feelings they name.[42] and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices.Regions of the cerebral cortex associated with pain. thirst and fatigue. respond only to painfully intense stimuli. it carries its signal faster (10–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (≤2. evoked by internal body states.[42] Some of these thin fibers do not differentiate noxious from non-noxious stimuli. often described as burning. firmly framing theory and guiding research in the functional neuroanatomy and psychology of pain.5 m/s). nociceptors. carried by the C fibers.[46] Melzack and Casey's 1968 picture of the dimensions of pain is as influential today as ever. has been soundly disproved. the motivational element of pain).[41] The thin (A-delta and C) peripheral sensory fibers carry information regarding the state of the body to the spinal cord. communicated to the central nervous system by interoceptors. A. and others dedicated to carrying C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified.[47][48] . while others. which motivate behavior aimed at maintaining the internal milieu at its ideal state. among other things.[43] Pain evoked by the (faster) A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first.[45] Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex (thought to embody.[41] Because the A-delta fiber is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin). among other things. Wilhelm Erb's (1874) early pattern theory hypothesis. fear and anger. "homeostatic" or "primordial" emotions. These are feelings such as hunger.[44] Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals. Craig and Denton distinguish these feelings from the "classical emotions" such as love. that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor. which are elicited by environmental stimuli sensed through the nose. D. respectively. This is followed by a duller pain. the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea) and anterior cingulate cortex (thought to embody. eyes and ears.
mental raising of a "red flag". He describes the alternative as a simple. ethnicity. biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. or that arises without any apparent cause). and this sex difference appears to apply to all ages. however. The pain perception threshold is the point at which the stimulus begins to hurt. The relative intensities of pain. vital to healthy survival. or serious injuries are felt as agony. Differences in pain perception and tolerance thresholds are associated with. People with congenital insensitivity to pain have reduced life expectancy. muscle cramp and heat. producing a reflexive retraction from the painful stimulus. genetics. The result is often glitches in animals. or injury to fingernails).[edit] Evolutionary and behavioral role Pain is part of the body's defense system. whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). and Italian women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewish or Native American women. To argue why that red flag might be insufficient.[53] [edit] Assessment . including newborn infants.[51] [edit] Thresholds In pain science. This resemblance will not be perfect. and the pain tolerance threshold is reached when the subject acts to stop the pain. For instance. patients who experience painless heart attacks have higher pain thresholds for electric shock.g. and tendencies to protect the affected body part while it heals. Such glitches help explain pains which are not. because natural selection can be a poor designer. perhaps some forms of toothache. Some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal pain perception and tolerance thresholds. and avoid that harmful situation in the future. The Greatest Show on Earth.[52] Women have lower pain perception and tolerance thresholds than men.[3][49] It is an important part of animal life. although some psychodynamic psychologists argue that such pain is psychogenic. and sex. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. among other factors. too much cold. thresholds are measured by gradually increasing the intensity of a stimulus such as electric current or heat applied to the body.[50] Idiopathic pain (pain that persists after the trauma or pathology has healed. People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful. may be an exception to the idea that pain is helpful to survival.[27] In his book. Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. or at least no longer directly adaptive (e. then. enlisted as a protective distraction to keep dangerous emotions unconscious. may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food. including supernormal stimuli.
the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10. Infants feel pain but they lack the language needed to report it. with 0 being no pain at all. emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports. Quality can be established by having the patient complete the McGill Pain Questionnaire indicating which words best describe their pain. existing whenever he says it does". Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy (1988) found three classes of chronic pain patient: "(a) dysfunctional. people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high. and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. and reported low levels of activity. and relatively high levels of activity. and limited range of motion are also potential pain indicators. so communicate distress by crying. such as those with dementia. with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity. who will notice changes in the infant not obvious to the health care . an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation. A change in condition that deviates from baseline such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part. observation becomes critical. and (c) adaptive copers."[56] Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their IASP five-category pain profile is recommended for deriving the most useful case description.[54] A definition of pain widely employed in nursing. relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference. reported that pain interfered with much of their lives.[10] [edit] In nonverbal patients See also: Pain and dementia and Pain in babies When a person is non-verbal and cannot self report pain. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn social behavior and possibly experience a decreased appetite and decreased nutritional intake. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively. may signal that discomfort exists. people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain. (b) interpersonally distressed. reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain.See also: Pain scales and Pain ladder A person's self report is the most reliable measure of pain. patients who reported high levels of social support. A non-verbal pain assessment should be conducted involving the parents. as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations. and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. and further assessment is necessary. changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes.[6] [edit] Multidimensional pain inventory The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial state of a person with chronic pain. was introduced by Margo McCaffery in 1968: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is.[55] To assess intensity.
Knowing the time of onset. The older adult may refrain from reporting pain because they are afraid they will have to have surgery or will be put on a drug they become addicted to. from neonates to the frail elderly.[57] [edit] Other barriers to reporting An aging adult may not respond to pain in the way that a younger person would. Pre-term babies are more sensitive to painful stimuli than full term babies.) of the pain will help the examining physician to accurately diagnose the problem.) may also be indicators that the older adult is experiencing pain. exacerbating and relieving factors. or may feel there is something impolite or shameful in complaining about pain. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near.[58] Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain.). keeping pain to themselves. walking. intensive care units. Depression may also keep the older adult from reporting they are in pain. Many people fear the stigma of addiction and avoid pain treatment so as not to be prescribed addicting drugs. intermittent. grooming. They may not want others to see them as weak. with women expected to be emotional and show pain and men stoic. pattern of occurrence (continuous. sharp. or they may feel the pain is deserved punishment for past transgressions. and quality (burning.[57] Gender can also be a factor in reporting pain. etc. while other cultures feel they should report pain right away and get immediate relief. Decline in self-care activities (dressing. Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help. Gender differences are usually the result of social and cultural expectations.[61] This neglect is extended to all ages. in the management of all forms of chronic pain including cancer pain. Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help. etc.provider. and in end of life care. in general practice. while chest pain described as tearing may indicate aortic dissection.[57] [edit] As an aid to diagnosis Pain is a symptom of many medical conditions. intensity. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of multiple prescription drugs.[59][60] [edit] Management Main article: Pain management Inadequate treatment of pain is widespread throughout surgical wards. etc. location. The older adult may also quit doing activities they love because it hurts too much. believing the pain should be borne in silence. For example.[62] African and Hispanic Americans are more likely than others to suffer needlessly in . They may feel certain pain treatment is against their religion. chest pain described as extreme heaviness may indicate myocardial infarction. accident and emergency departments.
which typically includes medical practitioners.[67] [edit] Medication Acute pain is usually managed with medications such as analgesics and anesthetics. pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology. clinical psychologists.[70][71] Sweet oral liquid moderately reduces the incidence and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age. however.[74] It is possible for many chronic pain sufferers to become so absorbed in an activity or entertainment that the pain is no longer felt.[66] Elsewhere.[64] The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right. so anxiety reduction may account for some of the effect.[72] [edit] Psychological Individuals with more social support experience less cancer pain. It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate[69] and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activity in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. and nurse practitioners. and they produce progressively weaker effects with repeated administration. report less labor pain and are less likely to use epidural anesthesia during childbirth or suffer from chest pain after coronary artery bypass surgery. physiotherapists. is much more difficult and may require the coordinated efforts of a pain management team. occupational therapists. This "placebo" effect is more pronounced in people who are prone to anxiety. that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right. Management of chronic pain.[68] Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel). but it does not account for all of the effect. physiatry. or is greatly diminished. palliative medicine and psychiatry. take less pain medication. neurology.the hands of a physician.[63] and women's pain is more likely to be undertreated than men's. and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. About 35% of people report marked relief after receiving a saline injection they believe to have been morphine. and the CBT method employed seems to have no effect on outcome. Placebos are more effective in intense pain than mild pain.[76] [edit] Alternative medicine .[75] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing the suffering associated with chronic pain in some patients but the reduction in suffering is quite modest.[65] It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time.[73] Suggestion can significantly affect pain intensity.
analgesics. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain. sham and no acupuncture. concluded there is little difference in the effect of real.[85] A survey of 6.636 children (0–18 years of age) found that.[78] There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain. considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions. and girls' reports of chronic pain increased markedly between ages12 and 14. bringing up issues of power to detect group differences.[79] A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of pain in some conditions. increasing to 46% in the last month."[80] A 2003 meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials found that spinal manipulation was "more effective than sham therapy but was no more or less effective than general practitioner care. and most lacked credible controls for placebo and/or expectation. though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low. or back school" in the treatment of low back pain. but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship.703 patients found that 26% had pain in the last two years of life. published in January 2009 in the British Medical Journal. and a third of these reported frequent and intense pain. A quarter reported having experienced recurrent or continuous pain for three months or more.[77] An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture.424 respondents. other than in osteomalacia.[86] [edit] Society and culture . exercise.[84] It becomes more common as people approach death.Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. 54% had experienced pain in the preceding three months.[83] Several epidemiological studies from different countries have reported widely varying prevalence rates for chronic pain. ranging from 12-80% of the population. A study of 4. of the 5. is unconvincing.[81] [edit] Epidemiology Pain is the main reason for visiting the emergency department in more than 50% of cases[82] and is present in 30% of family practice visits. physical therapy. The intensity of chronic pain was higher for girls.
animal rights or animal welfare. or society. religion. that physical pain is dealt with in culture. or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer. circa 1835. 327. 780. 307. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2011.[87][88] Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues. sensory inputs.e. G47.The okipa ceremony as witnessed by George Catlin.4.5 26877 med/609 . extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded. In various contexts. Identity theorists assert that the mental state of pain is completely identical with some physiological state. the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Sleep disorders) Jump to: navigation. pain compliance. torture. In some cultures. More generally. including pain management policy. Sleep disorder Classification and external resources ICD-10 ICD-9 DiseasesDB eMedicine F51. the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence. philosophy. it is often as a part of pain in the broad sense. drug control. or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. The nature or meaning of physical pain has been diversely understood by religious or secular traditions from antiquity to modern times. by its causal relations to other mental states. i. search It has been suggested that Sleeping disorders in truck drivers be merged into this article or section. Sleep disorder From Wikipedia.. suffering. and behavioral outputs. Functionalists consider that pain as a mental state is constituted solely by its functional role. Philosophy of pain is a branch of philosophy of mind that deals essentially with physical pain.
or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions. mental and emotional functioning. Bruxism: Involuntarily grinding or clenching of the teeth while sleeping. Disruptions in sleep can be caused by a variety of issues. a condition known as hypersomnia. Narcolepsy: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) often culminating in falling asleep spontaneously but unwillingly at inappropriate times. as well as the transient jet lag and shift work sleep disorder. (Other such disorders are advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS). When a person suffers from difficulty in sleeping with no obvious cause. Contents [hide] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Common disorders Types General principles of treatment Sleep medicine See also External links References [edit] Common disorders The most common sleep disorders include: Primary insomnia: Chronic difficulty in falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep when no other cause is found for these symptoms. non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome (Non-24).[1] In addition. a disorder of circadian rhythms. all much less common than DSPS. it is referred to as insomnia.) Hypopnea syndrome: Abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping. Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS): inability to awaken and fall asleep at socially acceptable times but no problem with sleep maintenance. and irregular sleep wake rhythm. medical. A test commonly ordered for some sleep disorders is the polysomnography. Management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical.MeSH D012893 A sleep disorder (somnipathy) is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. from teeth grinding (bruxism) to night terrors. sleep disorders may also cause sufferers to sleep excessively. .
Other forms of sleep apnea are less common.. Sleepwalking or somnambulism: Engaging in activities that are normally associated with wakefulness (such as eating or dressing). which is not a disorder. arising from within the body). It differs from Enuresis.e. in which the person does not arouse from sleep. for example kicking the legs. Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD): Sudden involuntary movement of arms and/or legs during sleep. Situational circadian rhythm sleep disorders: shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) and jet lag. Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD): Acting out violent or dramatic dreams while in REM sleep (REM sleep disorder or RSD) Restless legs syndrome (RLS): An irresistible urge to move legs. [edit] Types Dyssomnias .A broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either hypersomnolence or insomnia. sleep walking and night-terrors are examples. RLS sufferers often also have PLMD. which may include walking.including Kleine-Levin syndrome . Sleep Apnea. Cataplexy: a sudden weakness in the motor muscles that can result in collapse to the floor. causing lack of sufficient deep sleep. or bed-wetting. without the conscious knowledge of the subject. The three major subcategories include intrinsic (i. and mostly Obstructive sleep apnea: Obstruction of the airway during sleep. sleep terror disorder: abrupt awakening from sleep with behavior consistent with terror. but the bladder nevertheless empties. often accompanied by snoring.[2] Somniphobia: a dread of sleep. Sleep paralysis: is characterized by temporary paralysis of the body shortly before or after sleep. Nocturia: A frequent need to get up and go to the bathroom to urinate at night. Often seen as part of narcolepsy. extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions). and disturbances of circadian rhythm. auditory or tactile hallucinations. MeSH o Insomnia o Narcolepsy o Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Parasomnias: Disruptive sleep-related events involving inappropriate actions during sleep. See also Hypnic jerk. Not a disorder unless severe. Sleep paralysis may be accompanied by visual. Night terror: Pavor nocturnus. including (non exhaustive): Several types of Sleep apnea Snoring Upper airway resistance syndrome o Restless leg syndrome o Periodic limb movement disorder o Hypersomnia Recurrent hypersomnia . Also known as nocturnal myoclonus.
Management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental. and dreams in connection with sleep. perceptions.Waking up in the night hearing loud noises. the choice of a specific treatment depends on the patient's diagnosis. such as narcolepsy. [edit] General principles of treatment Treatments for sleep disorders generally can be grouped into four categories: behavioral/ psychotherapeutic treatments rehabilitation/management medications other somatic treatments None of these general approaches is sufficient for all patients with sleep disorders.A category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements. behaviors. Posttraumatic hypersomnia "Healthy" hypersomnia o Circadian rhythm sleep disorders Delayed sleep phase syndrome Advanced sleep phase syndrome Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome Parasomnias . Medications and somatic treatments may provide the most rapid symptomatic relief from some sleep disturbances. are best treated . as well as the expertise of the treating clinician. o Sleep talking (or somniloquy) o Sleep sex (or sexsomnia) o Exploding head syndrome . o REM sleep behaviour disorder o Sleep terror o Sleepwalking (or somnambulism) o Bruxism (Tooth-grinding) o Bedwetting or sleep enuresis. Rather. Medical or Psychiatric Conditions that may produce sleep disorders o Psychosis (such as Schizophrenia) o Mood disorders Depression Anxiety o Panic o Alcoholism Sleeping sickness . medical and psychiatric history.a parasitic disease which can be transmitted by the Tsetse fly. Some disorders. and preferences. or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions. emotions. medical. Often. behavioral/psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches are not incompatible and can effectively be combined to maximize therapeutic benefits.
which affect some 70% of children with developmental or psychological disorders. is often necessary.pharmacologically. Modifications in sleep hygiene may resolve the problem. Some sleep disorders have been found to compromise glucose metabolism. but medical treatment is often warranted. By the 1970s in the USA. that disturb sleep. family medicine. Sleep Medicine is now a recognized subspecialty within internal medicine. such as chronic and primary insomnia. Certification in Sleep Medicine shows that the specialist: "has demonstrated expertise in the diagnosis and management of clinical conditions that occur during sleep. such as sleep apnea. and a need for standards arose. Effective treatment begins with careful diagnosis using sleep diaries and perhaps sleep studies. otolaryngology. the circadian rhythm disorders and bruxism. or that are affected by disturbances in the wake-sleep cycle. as well as the role and quality of sleep in other conditions. Others. may be more amenable to behavioral interventions. The medical community began paying more attention than previously to primary sleep disorders. including the discovery of REM sleep and sleep apnea. psychiatry and neurology in the United States. when severe. whose school schedules are often incompatible with their natural circadian rhythm. with more durable results. This specialist is skilled in the analysis and interpretation of . In these cases.[3] Special equipment may be required for treatment of several disorders such as obstructive apnea. however well managed. pediatrics. an acceptance of living with the disorder. the medical importance of sleep was recognized. are under-reported and under-treated.[4] [edit] Sleep medicine Main article: Sleep medicine Due to rapidly increasing knowledge about sleep in the 20th century. Chronic sleep disorders in childhood. Pediatric Polysomnography. clinics and laboratories devoted to the study of sleep and sleep disorders had been founded. Sleep-phase disruption is also common among adolescents.
a set of symptoms which can have a great many different causes. Guardian. many of which present with similar symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness. which.[6] Another common complaint is insomnia. Sleep dentistry (bruxism. knowledge of sleep medicine and possibilities for diagnosis and treatment seem to lag. Kleine-Levin syndrome. in the absence of volitional sleep deprivation. . Management in the varying situations differs greatly and cannot be undertaken without a correct diagnosis. narcolepsy.uk quotes the director of the Imperial College Healthcare Sleep Centre: "One problem is that there has been relatively little training in sleep medicine in this country – certainly there is no structured training for sleep physicians. snoring and sleep apnea). qualifies for board-certification by the American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine (ABDSM). idiopathic recurrent stupor. idiopathic central nervous system (CNS) hypersomnia. menstrual-related hypersomnia."[5] Competence in sleep medicine requires an understanding of a myriad of very diverse disorders. "is almost inevitably caused by an identifiable and treatable sleep disorder". The resulting Diplomate status is recognized by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)."[9] The Imperial College Healthcare site[10] shows attention to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and very few other sleep disorders. such as sleep apnea. physical and mental. and well-versed in emerging research and management of a sleep laboratory.comprehensive polysomnography.[8] In the UK.co. or circadian rhythm disturbances.[7] The qualified dentists collaborate with sleep physicians at accredited sleep centers and can provide oral appliance therapy and upper airway surgery to treat or manage sleep-related breathing disorders. and these dentists are organized in the Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (USA). while not recognized as one of the nine dental specialties.
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text: thinking he can short is back to 55 at current level. as I said few days ago, this thing might have a some pull backs with each rally. but the trend has been up the last week or so. not very smart to short up here. analysts have been coming out with upgrades last few days as we near earnings. the spo is pretty much off wall street's mind right now.


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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|November 15, 2012 06:01 AM EST
NEW YORK, Nov. 15, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- LivePerson, Inc. (NASDAQ: LPSN), a provider of real-time intelligent engagement solutions that increase conversions and improve customer experience, today announced it was named among Deloitte's Technology Fast 500™, a ranking of the 500 fastest growing technology, media, telecommunications, life sciences and clean technology companies in North America.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110105/NY24753LOGO-a)
"We are thrilled to be ranked among Deloitte's fastest growing technology companies in North America once again," said CEO and Founder of LivePerson, Robert LoCascio. "This recognition is a great validation of our team's passion for innovation and commitment to delivering the best intelligent engagement solutions possible to businesses of all sizes."
LivePerson is a global leader in cloud-based online engagement solutions, creating meaningful, real-time connections with web customers that result in higher conversion rates and superior customer experiences across the customer lifecycle. Over 8,500 businesses use LivePerson's sophisticated technology and robust business intelligence to produce compelling and measurable results.
"We are proud to honor the 2012 Technology Fast 500™ companies, and commend them for their outstanding growth," said Eric Openshaw, vice chairman, Deloitte LLP and U.S. technology, media and telecommunications (TMT) leader. "These ground-breaking companies have outpaced their competition and are reinventing the way we do business today."
LivePerson's revenue grew 155% during the period between 2007 and 2011, and is ranked 448th in the Fast 500™ list.
About LivePerson
LivePerson, Inc. (NASDAQ: LPSN) offers a cloud-based platform that enables businesses to proactively connect in real-time with their customers via chat, voice, and content delivery at the right time, through the right channel, including websites, social media, and mobile devices. This "intelligent engagement" is driven by real-time behavioral analytics, producing connections based on a true understanding of business objectives and customer needs.
More than 8,500 companies rely on LivePerson's platform to increase conversions and improve customer experience, including Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Microsoft, Verizon, Sky, Walt Disney, PNC, QVC and Orbitz.
LivePerson received the CODiE award for Best Content Management Solution in 2012 and for Best Ecommerce Solution in 2011, and has been named a Company of the Year by Frost and Sullivan in 2011. LivePerson is headquartered in New York City with offices in San Francisco, Atlanta, Tel Aviv, London and Melbourne.
For more information, please visit www.liveperson.com. To view other press releases about LivePerson, please visit pr.liveperson.com.
About Deloitte's 2012 Technology Fast 500™
Technology Fast 500, conducted by Deloitte & Touche LLP, provides a ranking of the fastest growing technology, media, telecommunications, life sciences and clean technology companies – both public and private - in North America. Technology Fast 500 award winners are selected based on percentage fiscal year revenue growth from 2007 to 2011.
In order to be eligible for Technology Fast 500 recognition, companies must own proprietary intellectual property or technology that is sold to customers in products that contribute to a majority of the company's operating revenues. Companies must have base-year operating revenues of at least $50,000 USD or CD, and current-year operating revenues of at least $5 million USD or CD. Additionally, companies must be in business for a minimum of five years, and be headquartered within North America.
Erin Kang
[email protected]
SOURCE LivePerson, Inc.
"We've discovered that after shows 80% if leads that people get, 80% of the conversations end up on the show floor, meaning people forget about it, people forget who they talk to, people forget that there are actual business opportunities to be had here so we try to help out and keep the conversations going," explained Jeff Mesnik, Founder and President of ContentMX, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
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Internet of @ThingsExpo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with the 19th International Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world and ThingsExpo Silicon Valley Call for Papers is now open.
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The IoT is changing the way enterprises conduct business. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Eric Hoffman, Vice President at EastBanc Technologies, discussed how businesses can gain an edge over competitors by empowering consumers to take control through IoT. He cited examples such as a Washington, D.C.-based sports club that leveraged IoT and the cloud to develop a comprehensive booking system. He also highlighted how IoT can revitalize and restore outdated business models, making them profitable ...
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We all know the latest numbers: Gartner, Inc. forecasts that 6.4 billion connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, up 30 percent from last year, and will reach 20.8 billion by 2020. We're rapidly approaching a data production of 40 zettabytes a day – more than we can every physically store, and exabytes and yottabytes are just around the corner. For many that's a good sign, as data has been proven to equal money – IF it's ingested, integrated, and analyzed fast enough. Without real-ti...
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"There's a growing demand from users for things to be faster. When you think about all the transactions or interactions users will have with your product and everything that is between those transactions and interactions - what drives us at Catchpoint Systems is the idea to measure that and to analyze it," explained Leo Vasiliou, Director of Web Performance Engineering at Catchpoint Systems, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York Ci...
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I wanted to gather all of my Internet of Things (IOT) blogs into a single blog (that I could later use with my University of San Francisco (USF) Big Data "MBA" course). However as I started to pull these blogs together, I realized that my IOT discussion lacked a vision; it lacked an end point towards which an organization could drive their IOT envisioning, proof of value, app dev, data engineering and data science efforts. And I think that the IOT end point is really quite simple…
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A critical component of any IoT project is what to do with all the data being generated. This data needs to be captured, processed, structured, and stored in a way to facilitate different kinds of queries. Traditional data warehouse and analytical systems are mature technologies that can be used to handle certain kinds of queries, but they are not always well suited to many problems, particularly when there is a need for real-time insights.
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Big Data, cloud, analytics, contextual information, wearable tech, sensors, mobility, and WebRTC: together, these advances have created a perfect storm of technologies that are disrupting and transforming classic communications models and ecosystems. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Erik Perotti, Senior Manager of New Ventures on Plantronics' Innovation team, provided an overview of this technological shift, including associated business and consumer communications impacts, and opportunities it ...
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You think you know what's in your data. But do you? Most organizations are now aware of the business intelligence represented by their data. Data science stands to take this to a level you never thought of – literally. The techniques of data science, when used with the capabilities of Big Data technologies, can make connections you had not yet imagined, helping you discover new insights and ask new questions of your data. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Sarbjit Sarkaria, data science team lead ...
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Extracting business value from Internet of Things (IoT) data doesn't happen overnight. There are several requirements that must be satisfied, including IoT device enablement, data analysis, real-time detection of complex events and automated orchestration of actions. Unfortunately, too many companies fall short in achieving their business goals by implementing incomplete solutions or not focusing on tangible use cases. In his general session at @ThingsExpo, Dave McCarthy, Director of Products...
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Is your aging software platform suffering from technical debt while the market changes and demands new solutions at a faster clip? It's a bold move, but you might consider walking away from your core platform and starting fresh. ReadyTalk did exactly that. In his General Session at 19th Cloud Expo, Michael Chambliss, Head of Engineering at ReadyTalk, will discuss why and how ReadyTalk diverted from healthy revenue and over a decade of audio conferencing product development to start an innovati...
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WebRTC is bringing significant change to the communications landscape that will bridge the worlds of web and telephony, making the Internet the new standard for communications. Cloud9 took the road less traveled and used WebRTC to create a downloadable enterprise-grade communications platform that is changing the communication dynamic in the financial sector. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Leo Papadopoulos, CTO of Cloud9, discussed the importance of WebRTC and how it enables companies to focus...
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Company Overview of Vodafone Americas Inc.
Executive Profile
Robert Chu
Director of Support Services, Vodafone Americas Inc.
|Total Calculated Compensation
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Corporate Headquarters
999 18th StreetPhone: --
Denver, Colorado 80202
United States
Fax: --
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DKNY Be Delicious Fresh Blossom Juiced 3.4oz Women's Eau de Parfum
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PRO Research
ExactTarget Needs A Decade Of Exceptional Growth To Hit Its Targets
Stephen Simpson, CFA
Stephen Simpson, CFA
Valuing A SaaS Company Can Be A Little TrickyJan. 15, 2013 • The GeoTeam
Top Insider Trades 9/18/12: THC, NATR, CHK, ETSep. 19, 2012 • InsiderInsights
Tangoe - The Misrepresented DanceSep. 6, 2012 • Copperfield Research • 6 Comments
Jim Cramer Six In Sixty - 6/4/12Jun. 4, 2012 • Karin Hernandez
Instablogs are blogs which are instantly set up and networked within the Seeking Alpha community. Instablog posts are not selected, edited or screened by Seeking Alpha editors, in contrast to contributors' articles.
Company Description
ExactTarget, Inc. provides on-demand email marketing and one-to-one digital communication software solutions. It offers ExactTarget Application, an on-demand email marketing software in core, advanced, enterprise, and reseller editions that enable clients to create, target, deliver, track, and... More
Sector: Technology
Industry: Internet Software & Services
Country: United States
Other News & PR
See More »


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my entire staff bought me a gift certificate to this place. when i tried to use the certificate for a 6 pack; they denied it. they stated that i had to use the whole amount in a single visit. this is NOT a good way to do business people ! this alienates me as a new customer. this alienates my staff members as customers as well as our friends and business contacts. In this day and age of social media, make your business more sensible and allow the use of gift certificates as any other business would...as cash.
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900 Joseph E Lowery Blvd NWAtlanta, GA 30318
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AI disburses 11 cr to Mangalore crash victims` kin
Mumbai: National flag carrier Air India on Sunday said
it has disbursed Rs 11.29 crore as interim compensation to 129
families of the victims as well as survivors of the Mangalore
plane crash.
Besides, Rs 1.47 crore have been disbursed from the Prime
Minister Relief Fund, an Air India spokesperson said here.
"As on date, Air India has disbursed Rs 11.29 crore to
the survivors and families of victims of the Mangalore plane
crash," the spokesperson said.
Air India had announced an interim compensation of Rs 10
lakh to the kin of the deceased above 12 years of age and Rs
5 lakh to families of those below 12 years.
For those injured, Air India had said it would pay Rs 2
lakh as interim compensation.
The airline has deputed a team comprising its officials
and solicitors to help the families in receiving interim
"This team will visit Mangalore again on June 9-10 to
settle the remaining cases," the spokesperson said.
The Air India Express Boeing 737-800 aircraft from Dubai
with 166 people on board crashed at Mangalore`s Bajpe Airport
while attempting to land on May 22, killing 158 people,
including a six-member crew.
The Civil Aviation Ministry has appointed a court of
inquiry into the crash.
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