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As part of our Editions & Objects exhibition at Yorkshire Sculpture Park (which runs until the end of October 2016) Mark Hearld has produced a small edition of ceramic pigeons especially for the event. The pigeons have been modelled by Mark using clay and then slipcast at the Potteries in Stoke-on-Trent. Mark has then used a mixture… Read More
Posts from the 'People' Category
Recent watercolours
I'm pleased to share details of some recent watercolours, the latest original works created in my studio. In addition to two paintings currently being exhibited in Edinburgh as part of The Scottish Gallery's Flora Depicta exhibition, the three new watercolours shown below will feature in Off The Wall, an exhibition in London at The Bankside Gallery which opens on 29th July featuring… Read More
Katy Hackney
We're delighted that jeweller Katy Hackney is exhibiting as part of our current Editions & Objects exhibition at Yorkshire Sculpture Park which runs until the end of October. Working with the theme of editions and multiples, many of the contributing artists have created new works specifically for the exhibition. Katy has produced ten of these 'Splash' hand… Read More
All Creatures…
Mark Hearld has curated a new exhibition at Scarborough Art Gallery entitled 'All Creatures...' for which he has selected specimens of taxidermy from the Scarborough Collections. Mark shared some of the details of this new exhibition with us... "It has been a delight to take Scarborough's fantastic natural history collection out of the stores and display it afresh… Read More
Edinburgh based photograph Peter Dibdin has been visiting and working in Sierra Leone since 2014, photographing a development project by Orkidstudio who were building a new school for underprivileged girls run by Swawou School Foundation. The resulting images of the community involved in the build, from the students to the construction team, will be published in a… Read More
David Cass 'Surface'
'Surface', an exhibition of new work by David Cass has just opened at Gayfield Creative in Edinburgh, with profits going towards the creation of an informative public exhibition Cass has been working on slated to take place in Florence this coming November. Created using non-traditional methods and painted on unconventional surfaces, these repetitive, layered artworks are… Read More


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Hiroshima The Bridge
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CD Details
- Fantasy Warehouse Clearance Sale product may be specifically marked for one-way sale
- Released: June 24, 2003
- Originally Released: 2003
- Label: Heads Up
Song previews provided courtesy of iTunes
Product Description:
Hiroshima: Terry Steele (vocals, percussion); June Kuramoto (spoken vocals, koto, percussion); Dan Kuramato (soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, alto flute, shakuhachi, keyboards); Kimo Cornwell (piano, Hammond B3 organ, keyboards, synthesizer); Fred Schreuders (guitar); Dean Cortez (bass);
Danny Yamamoto (drums, taiko, percussion).
Producers: Dan Kuramoto, June Kuramoto, Kimo Cornwell.
Few bands have so artfully and appealingly blended pop, R&B, jazz and world music over the past few decades as this East L.A.-bred ensemble, Hiroshima, which enters the new millennium with a set that draws on everything from old-school soul to Les McCann to the Japanese traditions so dear to its heart. Heads Up will no doubt market this as a smooth jazz project, but only a few tracks are middle of the road enough to truly qualify. The best of these, the lilting and inspirational "Believe," balances Terry Steele's seductive soul vocals with the exotic touches of bandleader Dan Kuramoto's breathy alto flute and June Kuramoto's trademark koto. "Another Wish" also captures the dreamy side of their artistry. That's part of the secret of Hiroshima's success; even at their mellowest, there's still a feast for globally attuned ears. Then when they go funky, as on the horn driven "Shaka Phonk," there are always June's glistening strings floating beyond the groove. The disc begins with a tune ("Eternal Phoenix") that offers a colorful hodgepodge of all their best elements, from ancient chimes and flutes to hypnotic percussion, modern grooving and distant, crunchy fusion guitars. The band has gone through various female lead vocalists but does even better with Terry Steele, who creates appealing updates of classic Isley Brothers and George Benson tunes. ~ Jonathan Widran
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Top experiences in Berlin & Brandenburg
Sights in Berlin & BrandenburgSee all sights
Recent articles
Germany for first-timers
The world's fourth-largest economy is also a powerhouse when it comes to spirit-lifting culture, with an extraordinary wealth of museums, a thriving art scene, renowned orchestras and high-octane nightlife. And in a country that's given the world the Hanseatic League and the Reformation – among many other key moments in history – it's no surprise that you'll find fascinating vestiges of the past around many a bend in the road. If you're visiting Germany for the first time, here are the highlights you shouldn't miss.
The charms of Berlin's Scheunenviertel
Strolling around pretty Scheunenviertel today, it's hard to imagine that this web of crooked lanes was actually rather down-at-heel until 1990. These days, it is ground zero of the city's creative class, its cafes and bars filled with iPad-toting marketing execs and bleary-eyed bloggers. A slew of hip hotels such as Casa Camper, The Weinmeister and members-only Soho House also contributes to the cosmopolitan vibe.
The best of hidden Berlin
Dive deep into the fairytale world of this exotic tea parlour, imported straight from Tajikistan and complete with plump pillows, sumptuous carpets and hand-carved pillars. On blustering winter nights, steaming tea poured from silvery samovars is perfect for staving off the chills. Tadschikische Teestube is an unexpected find in the back of a Berlin courtyard in Mitte; the room was originally part of the Tajik exhibition stand at a 1970s Leipzig trade fair and given to the GDR government as a gift.
Berlin & Brandenburg adventures
Explore Central Europe
Home to some of the world's most celebrated cultural touchstones, Central Europe was built for exploration. This nine-day adventure crosses four countries and makes stops in four of Europe's most fascinating cities – Berlin, Vienna, Prague, and Budapest. Connect with the past at a brewery in medieval Český Krumlov, and by walking along the Berlin Wall with a historian. Make some special memories against a backdrop rich with art, music, and history.
Berlin City Hop-on Hop-off Tour
Berlin hop-on hop-off tour allows you to hop-on and off as many times as you like aboard open top double decker buses. There are 18 stops around Berlin, and buses departs every 10 minutes during every season. The continuous route without hopping-off is approx. 2.5 hours and a guided commentary in 19 languages is available. Tickets are valid for 2 day from first use. Many must-see Berlin attractions are easily accessible enroute including Checkpoint Charlie, Berliner Dom (Cathedral), Pergamon Museum, Brandenburg Gate and the enchanting Charlottenburg Palace.
Berlin to London on a Shoestring
Ah, a relaxing week's vacation in Old Europa. What could be finer? Don't ask anyone who's taken this trip! Our seven-day odyssey across four countries is a blur of beauty, culture, and adventure from start to finish, with loads of optional activities to pick and choose from. From the varied architectural wonders of Berlin to the nightclubs of Amsterdam to romantic Bruges and classic London, this trip contains more European awesomeness per minute than should be permissible by law. (We won't tell if you won't.)
Budapest to Berlin on a Shoestring
If you're looking for culture, charm, and history in equal measure, Eastern Europe is the region of your dreams. You'll hit up four countries in eight days, but don't fret about missing anything – there'll be loads of free time to explore local attractions and really get a feel for Krakow, Prague, Berlin, and Budapest. Cobblestone streets, thermal baths, and castles await, and with transport by trains and buses and a load of adventuresome new friends by your side, you'll come away with memories of exciting days and epic nights.
Rome to Berlin on a Shoestring
You know what they say. When life hands you lemons, head to Europe! This amazing combo trip goes a huge distance to make sure you see as much of six countries as you can in 17 days. Roam the walking trails of the colourful seaside villages of Cinque Terre. Cruise the smooth Danube in historic Budapest. Cool your heels at a genuine Pilsner beer hall in Prague and then wrap up your whirlwind where the Berlin Wall once stood – and do it all with your very own group of brand-new friends.
6-Day Tour from Berlin to Frankfurt Including Hamburg and Hamelin
Experience northern Germany's medieval towns and modern cities on this 6-day coach tour from Berlin to Frankfurt. With an expert guide, you'll see top Berlin attractions like Checkpoint Charlie, the Berlin Wall and Bellevue Palace (Schloss Bellevue) on a comprehensive coach tour of Germany's capital. Discover the charming, historical neighborhoods of Bremen and Hamelin on foot, plus a Hamburg harbor cruise and a drive along the scenic German Fairy Tale Route! With ample leisure time built into your itinerary, you'll have plenty of opportunities to shop or explore on your own.


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Desert Mountain
500 - 999
50 - 100 Million
Services->Leisure/Hospitality->Recreational Services
SIC Code:
6798 - Real Estate Investment Trusts
Full company description is available with the free trial.
Additional Info:
Lead411 offers quality contact information on a variety of companies including that of Desert Mountain's CEO . The company profile also contains facebook info, linkedin accounts, phone numbers, cfo contacts, and Desert Mountain email addresses with the domain format of @desertmountain.com. Desert Mountain, is in the Recreational services field. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@example.com addresses.
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Little Gym Intl Inc
Little Gym Intl Inc, is in the Recreational services industry. Their main office can be found in Paradise Valley, AZ, and they can be contacted through Little Gym Intl Inc email using the domain @thelittlegym.com format, some important contact information like linkedin data, phone numbers, contacts for cfos, etc of which can be found on their Lead411 profile. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@example.com addresses.
AV Concepts
Looking for company data regarding AV Concepts's CEO or CFO? AV Concepts is part of the Recreational services field and are located in the area of Tempe, AZ. Some of the helpful data that can be found on their Lead411 profile include AV Concepts email addresses marked by the domain format @avconcepts.com. Other contact information could contain cfo names, phone numbers, linkedin profiles, corporate contacts, and facebook profiles. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@example.com addresses.
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Select Artists Associates, is a company that works within the Recreational services. This Scottsdale, AZ-based business. Their profile on Lead411 presents significant contact information such as cfo contacts, phone numbers, linkedin data, and Select Artists Associates email format addresses with the @selectartists.com domain as well as quality contact info regarding Select Artists Associates's CEO . They have their head office in Scottsdale, AZ. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@example.com addresses.
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- File Size: 842 KB
- Print Length: 440 pages
- Publication Date: June 23, 2011
- Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
- Language: English
- Text-to-Speech: Enabled
- Word Wise: Enabled
- Lending: Enabled
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#1,261,038 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
- #6022 in Kindle Store > Kindle eBooks > Literature & Fiction > Horror > Occult
- #6118 in Books > Literature & Fiction > Genre Fiction > Horror > Ghosts
- #8763 in Books > Literature & Fiction > Genre Fiction > Horror > Occult
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The Camera Guy Kindle Edition
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"The Camera Guy" is intense, creepy and an enjoyable read. This book kept me up one too many nights with its excellent writing and disturbing plot. The story easy to follow, with just the right amount of forensic information to make it intelligent, but not too much to make it boring. The religious undertones, the ultimate battle between good vs evil, God vs devil is something that will always interest me... and creep me out. Bill's character of the fallen hero, looking for redemption without realizing it, is the perfect match against the demon on the prowl for souls.
If you like paranormal, ghost stories, or just a good story, "The Camera Guy" is the book for you; I highly recommend it!
What I didn't expect were the unusual twists and turns that the author, Richard Goodship, raced me through as the story was laid out, got knotted up, and then unraveled itself to expose the darkness that embedded itself in the corners of every page - a demon that destroyed the existence of everyone and everything it touched.
Every scene, every character, every feeling was genuine and entirely viable. I felt myself slipping into the skin of the characters and experiencing each beat of their hesitation and fear.
Bill Walters, "The Camera Guy," is totally real and totally vulnerable. He isn't some hero made out to save the day. He is just an ordinary man, with an extraordinary gift, who sets out to save his own part of the world, and to perhaps set his own demons free.
I fell in step with the reasons why Bill Walters turned his back on his religion, and followed in awe as the author had me questioning the validity of the religious beliefs so many have held true. For me, it blasted open a whole new way of thinking.
The Camera Guy had more than enough suspense and gruesome detail to keep me reading into the early morning hours - and the experience was well worth the lack of sleep!
Bravo to Richard Goodship! I can't wait to get my hands on his other work!
His colleagues at the station are jealous of his perfect solving record, and then the author introduces the new Inspector and relationships go from bad to worse.
This is not a fantasy book but a believable thriller with a touch of the supernatural. The reader can readily relate to the author's characters, they are down to earth with strengths and weaknesses. The attention to detail shows the authors background in police investigation and is of extra interest to the reader. Looking for more from this writer. Enjoyed the book immensely.
First: This book is self published, and I don't usually read self published novels, unless it was written by an author that has already been published. Nothing against people who self pub their books, it's just not my cup of tea.
Second: It's not romance. I don't typically read outside of my genre, and if I do it's for good reason. Maybe I know the author and we're friends, or maybe it has some romance in it so I am willing to give it a go. Hey, what can I say? I like what I like, and reading takes me far away from my busy life, so if I'm going to escape, I want to do it in a place I like.
I recently became acquainted with this author via twitter, and he helped me out with a couple of things I needed info on. He also happens to be a retired detective which was, or is... yeah, still is, an interest of mine. So, he mentioned his book and I figured I'd give it a go.
This story is: suspense, paranormal, occult horror, mystery, fantasy, etc... There are so many genre's you could place it. In my opinion it's dark urban fantasy.
The story is also written in omniscient point of view. I've never read anything written in omniscient POV before. I found that quite interesting. If you don't know what that is, google it. It's pretty neat stuff.
The story is about a homicide detective - crime scene investigator. He photographs the scene of the crime, evidence, body... etc. He also sees ghosts. Not just any ghosts either, he sees the ghost of the very corpse he is investigating.
Bill the main character, like all good MCs, is a pretty broken guy.Read more ›
Most Recent Customer Reviews
Finally, a crime novel written by a cop with experience and knowledge of the seedy world of criminals. Not just seedy. Read morePublished 7 months ago by Feather Stone, Author
"The Camera Guy" is an intense, supernatural thriller that will burn images into the reader's mind long after the book is finished. Read morePublished 13 months ago by Diane Mae Robinson, Multi-award winning children's author
Thrilling page-turner! You won't want to put it down. Best thriller I have read in a long time. Great characters and tight plot. Highly recommend.Published 15 months ago by Cher Duncombe
Crime scene investigator and fallen away Catholic, Bill Walters, has more than an eye for forensic details, he has eye for spirits and their last experiences and emotions. Read morePublished on March 18, 2014 by Sharon B. Buchbinder
Forensic Investigator Bill Walters sees dead people at his crime scene. Well, dead people and their spirits. Read morePublished on February 27, 2013 by A Voracious Reader
I have to admit that this book was not what I expected. I generally don't enjoy detective stories, but this smart, dark tale by R.W. Goodship ended up being so much more. Read morePublished on August 30, 2012 by D.H. Nevins
Forensic Investigator Bill Walters sees ghosts. Maligned by the majority of his department, who believe he's crazy, he works solo until the new Captain, in an effort to get rid of... Read morePublished on July 25, 2012 by ddurbin63
Wow! I don't know what I expected, but this book knocked me for a loop. The story started with a bang and never stopped. Read morePublished on July 18, 2012 by Luanne King
It has everything in the right amounts to create a gripping, horrifying read. Yet it does not go down the route of many other books I have read, of really gloryifying the... Read morePublished on June 25, 2012 by Mrs. D. L. Powell


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This 1950 Fleetline has had the $$$ spent on it. Must Drive to Appreciate. Call for full details.
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Vehicle has been modified to resemble a El Camino that Chevrolet built in Australia in the 50's. It was called
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To be Auctioned off. Magazine Featured Custom 1949 Chevy Ridler Show winner. This one-off custom show car. Extreme Show quality. Features
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1951 Chevrolet Custom Coupe This is very possibly the coolest, fastest, best built, pro street beauty to


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No Limits [Grades 4-5]
4th & 5th Grade Basic Beliefs Class
NO LIMITS is being offered for youth in 4th & 5th grade each school year who want to learn what being a Christian is really all about. There are so many questions that need to be answered in order to understand who we are and what we stand for:
>> What do we believe about God?
>> What does it mean to be a Christian?
>> Where did the Bible come from?
>> What does Baptism mean?
>> What is Sin?
What is No Limits & when does it meet?
NO LIMITS is a foundations class, providing our youth instruction in the basic truths of the Christian faith.
NO LIMITS meets monthly during the school year for 5-9 hours each class. These classes are fun and experiential including: explorations, field trips, etc. They also challenge participants with homework and assignments such as memorizing the books of the Bible.
No Limits Registration for the 2016-17 class is almost full!
Please note: 4th grade registrations are no longer being accepted
Click here to register for No Limits 2016-17
Click here to complete the 2016-17 Annual Release Form (required)
Cost: $125 (includes food, field trip expenses, Bible & notebook, etc.)
2016-2017 Schedule
Class #1: 9/16-9/17 - 6:30pm-10am*
Class #2: 10/1 - 12:30pm-6:30pm*
Class #3: 10/16 - 1:30pm-7pm*
Class #4: 11/5 - 10am-4pm*
Class #5: 11/19 - 2pm-7:30pm*
Class #6: 12/3 - 12:30pm-5:30pm*
Girl's Lock-in: 1/13-1/14 - 6:30pm-10am*
Boy's Lock-in: 1/15-1/16 - 6:30pm-10am* (MLK holiday)
Class #7: 2/4 - 1pm-7pm*
Class #8: 2/25 - 1:30pm-7:30pm*
Final Lock-in: 3/17-3/18 - 6:30pm-10am*
Graduation Rehearsal: 3/25 - 1:00pm-3:30pm
No Limits Graduation: 3/26 - all 3 services.
Highlight, Baptism, and Graduation Videos and Pictures
Visit www.facebook.com/riversidenolimits to find highlights from NO LIMITS.


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- File Size: 970 KB
- Print Length: 252 pages
- Publisher: Limitless Publishing LLC (June 9, 2015)
- Publication Date: June 9, 2015
- Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
- Language: English
- Text-to-Speech: Enabled
- Word Wise: Enabled
- Lending: Enabled
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#32,220 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
- #11 in Kindle Store > Kindle eBooks > Biographies & Memoirs > True Crime > Organized Crime
- #29 in Books > Biographies & Memoirs > True Crime > Organized Crime
- #725 in Kindle Store > Kindle eBooks > Romance > Sports
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Unveiled (Vargas Cartel Series Book 2) Kindle Edition
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ARC was provided by Limitless Publishing in exchange for a honest review.
Hattie Covington was used to a schedule. Her day was planned weeks in advance, and she kept to her plans. Spontaneous is not in her vocabulary; in fact, the last time it was she was abducted from a bar in Mexico, and her life was turned upside down. This time, Unveiled focuses on duo point of views switching between Ryker Vargas, and Hattie Covington. I love duo point of view books, as we get an interesting look into both characters as they move forward with their storyline. When Ryker shows up out of the blue at Hattie's engagement party, she just knows that trouble is about to go down.
Ryker Vargas can't stop thinking about Hattie. Hours turned to days, and days into weeks. There isn't a moment that her golden eyes aren't invading his thoughts, and he needs to remedy the situation. Now. The plan was to slip in, unnoticed, and leave. He never expected the bride-to-be to turn her gaze on him, and about send him to his knees with a simple look. Can they prove that their love is what they need in order to survive in this crazy Cartel driven world?
Lisa Cardiff did a wonderful job in this novel. Bringing Ryker to the breaking point of needing Hattie that he endangers himself in his true identity coming from somewhere deep inside him, to showing up unannounced at her engagement party, to running back to Mexico as a favor for his estranged brother...there was edge of your seat moments that you think you know what's going to happen. But you really don't.
A wonderful five stars to this great author!
Most Recent Customer Reviews
I love this crazy messed up series and can't seem to stop reading them I have to know what's happens!! Such amazing books.Published 1 day ago by Kindle Customer
Omg this series is everything. I love it love it. You have to read this for real. All three booksPublished 5 months ago by Amiller5209
I liked this one. The first one is better this one had a lot going on. It is till a good story but a lot is going on. Read morePublished 5 months ago by Shannon
Great follow up to book one. I couldn't put it down and like the first book finished in less than a day. This book does end in with a huge cliffhanger. Read morePublished 8 months ago by B.U.
Im loving this series. The story, characters and twists in the story have me hooked. I need to find out what happens next!! I really like the chatacters. Read morePublished 9 months ago by Rae Webb
The characters are complicated and 2 dimensional. They have many facets to them even though they waver most of the time with their decisions. Read morePublished 9 months ago by Reese
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HP officejet G85 and Windows 7
I cannot seem to get G85 to work with Win 7. If I choose it as a default printer it will carsh Word 2007. Windows Update cannot seem to get the correct driver. HP site reers to Windows Update. Please help!
Re: HP officejet G85 and Windows 7
Probably not much help, since I encountered no problems: Upgraded a ThinkPad with 32 bit Vista Ultimate to 32 bit Win 7 Home Premium, so performed a "clean install". I was **bleep** about following the recommendations from the Win 7 evaluation package, including removing a lot of the manufacturer's software; then reinstalled only as much as I needed after the upgrade, including the BIOS update. I did not install the G85 software from HP's disc. Win 7 auto-recognized the G85 and set it as the default. I installed Office 2007 new, and everything has performed flawlessly for three weeks now.
Re: HP officejet G85 and Windows 7
I can't help you either. I reinstalled Windows 7 over the weekend and cannot get it to do the Windows Update download for the printer. The printer just sits there. Previously, I had installed from the HP site before they wussed out and let MS do their updates for them. Then it worked great.
Re: HP officejet G85 and Windows 7
I finally got Windows Update to install it. It had to go find the printer, but it seems to be installed fine (printed test page).


text:
Actor Seth Rogen's romantic proposal plans turned into a nightmare when he realized his actress girlfriend was topless as he nervously fumbled with her engagement ring. The "Knocked Up" star asked Lauren Miller to marry him in September and admits he had no idea how stressful the magic moment would be.
He recalls, "When I got the ring, it was so nerve-wracking, it was like someone gave me a truck load of heroin to hold onto... I felt like the Feds (federal agents) were gonna kick in my door at any moment. I couldn't have a conversation with my girlfriend; all I could think about was this ring."
"I had all these plans... but literally the second I got it I walked right upstairs to where she was to propose to her, but she was in our closet changing, and she was literally only in her underpants and her boobs were out. I had already kinda started, and I was like, 'Oh man, her boobs are out. That's not part of the plan!' "
"And I know she didn't picture it like this; no little girl is like, 'It'll happen in a closet with my t**ties out'," he further shares. "I figured the only appropriate thing was to place the ring on her nipple."
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Two killed in Westport microlight crash
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A thick sea fog may have contributed to a fatal microlight crash near Westport last night, says a resident who lives near the scene.
Police have not officially named the victims, but friends have confirmed Westport man Roger Smith and his passenger, Cole Ashby, died in the crash.
A Carters Beach resident said she and her neighbour saw the microlight flying over the beach last night.
She noticed thick sea fog roll in about 9pm and last heard the microlight about 9.30pm, but was then unable to see it.
''The fog was in by then.''
The plane did not sound to be in trouble and she did not hear the crash.
''It must have been the fog,'' she said, speculating on the accident's cause.
''We heard it flying around and didn't think anything of it.''
Smith, the microlight's owner, was frequently flying along the beach, she said.
It was possible he was teaching Ashby.
Smith and his wife, Marilyn, who works at the Westport Early Learning Centre, have three grown-up daughters living locally with their own children.
''He's such a loved granddad,'' the woman said of Smith.
The woman said she went down to the beach this morning after a friend told her the tragic news.
''I could see the microlight just sticking out of the water. It was all broken up,'' she said.
''It was really sad this morning seeing the hearse come out and wondering why the police were here."
She was unsure who found the wreckage this morning but said horse trainers regularly had their trotters on the beach early in the morning.
Ashby's father told the Westport News that his son, 25, a machine operator at a coalmine, was a passenger in the microlight.
His son went flying whenever someone offered him a ride, he said.
"He loves it. He loves anything like that ... loves bikes, helicopters, aeroplanes, cars; he loves them all."
The two men were on a recreational flight, not a hunting trip as had been reported, when the crash happened, the father said.
He did not know whether last night's fog had contributed to the crash.
"The fog was really bad last night, but it could have been a mechanical malfunction, it could have been anything."
The pilot had many years' experience and was a good pilot, he said.
"I don't think he's going to fly into the fog. Fog's something you keep well clear of in an aeroplane," he said.
Westport residents were in ''disbelief'' over the deaths, Buller Mayor Pat McManus said today.
The microlight's wreckage was found below the high-tide mark at Carters Beach, close to Westport Airport, about 9.30am today, Rescue Co-ordination Centre New Zealand spokesman Michael Flyger said.
The centre was notified about 8pm yesterday that a microlight with two men on board was overdue, he said.
A search began early today, but a member of public found the wreckage just as it got under way.
"Two deceased persons were found with the wreckage,'' Flyger said.
He understood conditions were foggy last night. The bodies were removed today.
The wreckage was removed from the beach about 12.15pm today.
Sergeant Steve Baddock, of Westport, said the plane had been taken to a secure unit for inspection by the Civil Aviation Authority.
He said it appeared the tide had already gone in and out after the crash, he said.
High tide was at 2am today and low tide was at 8.08am.
It was coming in again as the wreckage was removed, Baddock said.
Conditions were clear when the men took off last night, but fog rolled in soon after and cleared early today.
McManus said news of the deaths had quickly spread through Westport.
He said both men, who were friends, were from long-term Westport families.
''It has a big impact on small communities. It came as quite a shock,'' he said.
''They were pretty close to home.''
He knew one of the men personally.
McManus said it was another blow for the West Coast, still reeling from nine deaths in a plane crash at Fox Glacier in September 2010 and 29 deaths in the Pike River coalmine disaster in November 2010.
Yesterday's fog was unusual for this time of year, especially after a hot day, he said.
''The sea fog just rolled in from nowhere,'' he said.
''I wondered if it was a remnant from the Australian fires.''
The fog lifted about 8am today, he said.
MetService forecasted Philippa Murdoch said the fog started coming in at Westport Airport about 9pm yesterday, with mist from 8pm.
The fog stayed through most of the night and started to break up about 5am, she said.
Murdoch said it was ''very unlikely'' the Australian fires contributed to the weather.
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Frontline - The War Briefing
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DVD Features:
- Rated: Not Rated
- Closed captioning available
- Run Time: 1 hours
- Video: Color
- Released: January 13, 2009
- Originally Released: 2008
- Label: Pbs (Direct)
- Encoding: Region 1 (USA & Canada)
- Packaging: Keep Case
- Aspect Ratio: Anamorphic Widescreen - 1.78
- Aspect Ratio: Full Frame - 1.33
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- Stereo 2.0 - English
Product Description:
When the 44th president of the United States takes office, he'll assume responsibility for two wars and a vast array of damaged alliances. This Frontline presentation offers an unflinching look at the incredibly complex foreign policy situation that developed under George W. Bush's administration, and features input and advice from top strategists about how the next president should proceed in the Middle East.
Description by PBS Video:
The next president of the United States will inherit vast foreign policy challenges-an overstretched military, frayed alliances, and wars on two fronts. FRONTLINE gives viewers a hard, inside look at the real policy choices the next president will face. The report features strategists and diplomats giving their best advice about how to correct past failures and how to shape a realistic foreign policy approach in the Middle East.
Plot Keywords:
Documentary | Military
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Flamethrowintexan notched his fourth consecutive victory on Saturday, leading all the way in the $65,000 Seattle Slew Breeders' Cup at Emerald Downs. Ridden by Ricky Frazier, Flamethrowintexan defeated Pure American by a length in his first start since being claimed for $62,500 on June 24 at Hollywood Park.The 3-year-old Florida-bred son of Way West out of Willalady covered the 1 1/16 miles in 1:42 4/5 and paid $5, $3 and $2.80.It was the sixth victory in nine career starts for the Jim Penney-trained gelding. He collected $35,750 to increase his lifetime earnings to $135,025.After a slow break, Flamethrowintexan, who was named after Hall of Fame pitcher Nolan Ryan, set fractions of :23, :46 4/5, 1:11 and 1:36 1/5 before fighting off a game Pure American down the lane."He's always gotten out of the gate real well, but today he took a step right when the doors open and gave them two or three lengths," Frazier said. "Once he made the lead, I was able to get him to relax. When horses came up to him down the stretch, he just kept digging in."This marked the first two-turn race for the Flamethrowintexan, who went off as the 3-2 betting favorite. "He's been a pleasure to train because he shows that class that makes him special," Penney said. "We felt we could get the route with him once we breezed him."Pure American returned $3.20 and $2.60, while Soccer Dan paid $3.80 to show. (Chart, Equibase)
Flamethrowintexan Wins 4th Straight in Seattle Slew
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scanning electron micrograph of a neutrophil phagocytosing anthrax bacilli(orange)
Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel".
They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity.[2] Phagocytes are important
throughout the animal kingdom[3] and are highly developed within vertebrates.[4] Onelitre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes.[5] Phagocytes were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae.[6] Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery.[7] Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.[8] Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called "professional" or "non-professional" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis.[9] The professional phagocytes include cells called neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.[10] The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body.[11] Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.[12] During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the
bacteria by the phagocyte.[13] Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide.[14] After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity.[15] However, many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.[2]
• • • o o o o • • o o • o o o o o o o • • o o o
1 History 2 Phagocytosis 3 Methods of killing 3.1 Oxygen-dependent intracellular 3.2 Oxygen-independent intracellular 3.3 Extracellular 3.4 Viruses 4 Role in apoptosis 5 Interactions with other cells 5.1 Antigen presentation 5.2 Immunological tolerance 6 Professional phagocytes 6.1 Activation 6.2 Migration 6.3 Monocytes 6.4 Macrophages 6.5 Neutrophils 6.6 Dendritic cells 6.7 Mast cells 7 Non-professional phagocytes 8 Pathogen evasion and resistance 8.1 Avoiding contact 8.2 Avoiding engulfment 8.3 Survival inside the phagocyte
he studied motile (freely moving) cells in the larvae of starfishes.5 Disruption of cell signaling 9 Host damage by phagocytes 10 Evolutionary origins 11 References 12 External links [edit]History Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in his laboratory The Russian zoologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845–1916) first recognized that specialized cells were involved in defense against microbial infections. To test his idea. Mechnikov studied a fresh-water crustacean called Daphnia.[18] Mechnikov proposed that phagocytes were a primary defense against invading organisms.o o • • • • 8. believing they were important to the animals' immune defenses. After a few hours he noticed that the motile cells had surrounded the thorns. meaning "to eat or devour". He went on to extend his observations to the white blood cells of mammals and discovered that the bacterium Bacillus anthracis could be engulfed and killed by phagocytes.[16] Mechnikov traveled to Vienna and shared his ideas with Carl Friedrich Claus who suggested the name ''phagocyte'' (from the Greek words phagein. He discovered that fungal spores that attacked the animal were destroyed by phagocytes. In 1882.[17] A year later. meaning "hollow vessel"[1]) for the cells that Mechnikov had observed. a process that he called phagocytosis. and kutos. .4 Killing 8. a tiny transparent animal that can be examined directly under a microscope. he inserted small thorns from a tangerine tree into the larvae.
Phagocytosis is the process of taking in particles such as bacteria.[21] It involves a chain of molecular processes. scientists have fed macrophages with iron filings and then used a small magnet to separate them from other cells in a mixture.[20] [edit]Phagocytosis Main article: Phagocytosis Phagocytosis in three steps: 1.[25] Phagocytes will eat almost anything. a dressing or relish. a bacterial cell. The imprisoned bacterium is then subjected to a formidable battery of killing mechanisms[24] and is dead a few minutes later. Binding of receptors causes them to cluster. the intricate relationships between phagocytes and all the other components of the immune system were not known until the 1980s. Unbound phagocyte surface receptors do not trigger phagocytosis.[22]Phagocytosis occurs after the foreign body. The phagocyte then stretches itself around the bacterium and engulfs it.[19] Mechnikov was awarded (jointly with Paul Ehrlich) the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on phagocytes and phagocytosis. and phagocytosis can take many hours in these cells.[26] . 2. parasites. Macrophages are slow and untidy eaters. they engulf huge quantities of material and frequently release some undigested back into the tissues. Phagocytosis is triggered and the particle is taken-up by the phagocyte. has bound to molecules called "receptors" that are on the surface of the phagocyte.In 1903.[23] Dendritic cells and macrophages are not so fast. This debris serves as a signal to recruit more phagocytes from the blood.[7] Although the importance of these discoveries slowly gained acceptance during the early twentieth century. for example.[23] Once inside this phagocyte. the bacterium is trapped in a compartment called a phagosome. dead host cells. Phagocytosis of bacteria by human neutrophils takes on average nine minutes. 3. and cellular and foreign debris by a cell. Amroth Wright discovered that phagocytosis was reinforced by specific antibodies which he called opsonins. from the Greek opson. Within one minute the phagosome merges with either a lysosome or agranule to form a phagolysosome.
scavenger receptors.[2] They includeopsonin receptors.Macrophages have special receptors that enhance phagocytosis (not to scale) A phagocyte has many types of receptors on its surface that are used to bind material.[29] The oxygen compounds are toxic to both the invader and the cell itself. and Toll-like receptors. its oxygen consumption increases. and Toll-like receptors—so called because of their similarity to well-studied receptors in fruit flies that are encoded by the Toll gene—bind to more specific molecules. The increase in oxygen consumption. "Complement" is the name given to a complex series of protein molecules found in the blood that destroy cells or mark them for destruction. produces reactive oxygen-containing molecules that are anti-microbial. called a respiratory burst. so they are kept in compartments inside the cell.[27] Scavenger receptors bind to a large range of molecules on the surface of bacterial cells. Opsonin receptors increase the phagocytosis of bacteria that have been coated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies or withcomplement.[2] [edit]Methods of killing Simplified diagram of the phagocytosis and destruction of a bacterial cell The killing of microbes is a critical function of phagocytes[28] that is either performed within the phagocyte (intracellular killing) or outside of the phagocyte (extracellular killing). Binding to Toll-like receptors increases phagocytosis and causes the phagocyte to release a group of hormones that cause inflammation. [edit]Oxygen-dependent intracellular When a phagocyte ingests bacteria (or any material). This method of killing invading microbes by using the reactive .
these enzymes are used to digest the proteins of destroyed bacteria. natural killer T cells. CD8+ T cells. which accounts for the green color of secretions rich in neutrophils.[35] Nitric oxide is then released from the macrophage and. and this enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide and chlorine to create hypochlorite.[2] The second type involves the use of the enzyme myeloperoxidase from neutrophil granules. Hypochlorite is extremely toxic to bacteria.[2] Myeloperoxidase contains a heme pigment. [2] Activated macrophages produce and secrete tumor necrosis factor. or dendritic cells. kills microbes near the macrophage.[34] [edit]Extracellular Interferon-gamma—which was once called macrophage activating factor—stimulates macrophages to produce nitric oxide. of which there are two types. monocytes.oxygen-containing molecules is referred to as oxygen-dependent intracellular killing. This cytokine—a class of . but these are not as effective as the oxygen-dependent ones.[31] When granules fuse with a phagosome. which are present in neutrophil granules and remove essential iron from bacteria.[14] The first type is the oxygen-dependent production of a superoxide. The first uses electrically charged proteins which damage the bacterium's membrane. The source of interferon-gamma can be CD4+ T cells. The third type uses lactoferrins. a substance used in domestic bleach. because of its toxicity.[2] which is an oxygen-rich bacteriakilling substance. There are four main types. B cells. Superoxides also react with the hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radicals which assist in killing the invading microbe. The second type uses lysozymes. natural killer cells.[33] The fourth type uses proteasesand hydrolytic enzymes. myeloperoxidase is released into the phagolysosome.[32] [edit]Oxygen-independent intracellular Micrograph of Gram-stained pus showingNeisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria inside phagocytes and their relative sizes Phagocytes can also kill microbes by oxygen-independent methods. such as pus and infected sputum.[30] The superoxide is converted to hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen by an enzyme called superoxide dismutase. macrophages. these enzymes break down the bacterial cell wall.
and they gain entry by using many of the receptors involved in immunity. such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome. the rare chronic granulomatous disease.[40] At the sites of viral infections. control viruses. to a limited extent. are more important for defense.g.[38] In this disease there is an abnormality affecting different elements of oxygen-dependent killing.[39] [edit]Viruses Viruses can only reproduce inside cells. forcing the cell to make hundreds of identical copies of themselves. this is common in viral meningitis. Once inside the cell. lymphocytes often vastly outnumber all the other cells of the immune system. the efficiency of phagocytes is impaired. e. and recurrent bacterial infections are a problem. Other rare congenital abnormalities.[37] In some diseases. viruses use the cell's biological machinery to their own advantage. and helps to activate the other cells of the immune system. are also associated with defective killing of ingested microbes..signaling molecule[36]—kills cancer cells and cells infected by viruses. particularly the lymphocytes. Although phagocytes and other components of the innate immune system can.[42] [edit]Role in apoptosis Main article: Apoptosis . once a virus is inside a cell the adaptive immune responses.[41] Virus-infected cells that have been killed by lymphocytes are cleared from the body by phagocytes.
[43] Dying cells that undergo the final stages of apoptosis[44] display molecules.[46] These molecules mark the cell for phagocytosis by cells that possess the appropriate receptors. but is redistributed during apoptosis to the extracellular surface by a hypothetical protein known as scramblase.[45] Phosphatidylserine is normally found on the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane. and phagocytes play a crucial role in this process. In contrast to necrosis.[12] There are two different ways a cell can die: bynecrosis or by apoptosis. The body has to rid itself of millions of dead or dying cells every day.[48] [edit]Interactions with other cells . A balance between cell division and cell death keeps the number of cells relatively constant in adults. cells are constantly dying. apoptosis—or programmed cell death—is a normal healthy function of cells.[47] The removal of dying cells by phagocytes occurs in an orderly manner without eliciting an inflammatory response and is an important function of phagocytes. such as macrophages. which often results from disease or trauma. on their cell surface to attract phagocytes. such asphosphatidylserine.Apoptosis—phagocytes clear fragments of dead cells from the body In an animal.
the adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates—the basis of acquired immunity—is highly specialized and can protect against almost any type of invader.[50] The adaptive immune system is dependent on lymphocytes.[53]There are two "professional" antigen-presenting cells: macrophages and dendritic cells. These peptides are then bound to the cell's major histocompatibility complex(MHC) glycoproteins. foreign proteins (the antigens) are broken down into peptides inside dendritic cells and macrophages. which recruit other phagocytes to the site of infections or stimulate dormant lymphocytes.[55] This enhances immunity because the lymphocytes . in particular dendritic cells and macrophages.[15] Mature macrophages do not travel far from the site of infection. Innate immunity is very effective but nonspecific in that it does not discriminate between different sorts of invaders.[54] After engulfment. which are not phagocytes but produce protective proteins called antibodies which tag invaders for destruction and prevent viruses from infecting cells. but dendritic cells can reach the body's lymph nodes where there are millions of lymphocytes.Phagocytes are usually not bound to any particular organ but move through the body interacting with the other phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells of the immune system. including humans.[49] Phagocytes form part of the innate immune system which animals. are born with. which carry the peptides back to the phagocyte's surface where they can be "presented" to lymphocytes. stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies by an important process called antigen presentation. They can communicate with other cells by producing chemicals called cytokines. [51] Phagocytes. On the other hand.[52] [edit]Antigen presentation Main article: Antigen presentation A schematic diagram of the presentation of foreign peptides by MHC 1 molecules Antigen presentation is a process in which some phagocytes move parts of engulfed materials back to the surface of their cells and "present" them to other cells of the immune system.
[60] On the other hand.[9] The professional phagocytes are the monocytes.respond to the antigens presented by the dendritic cells just as they would at the site of the original infection.[57] [edit]Immunological tolerance Main article: Immunological tolerance Dendritic cells also promote immunological tolerance.[10] One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. like HIV. this is necessary to prevent autoimmune reactions. dendritic cells destroy the T cells that carry antigens that would cause the immune system to attack itself. macrophages. This process is called tolerance.[5] [edit]Activation . The first type of tolerance is central tolerance: when T cells first depart from the thymus. Dendritic cells can do this by destroying them or by recruiting the help of regulatory T cells to inactivate the harmful T cells' activities.[59] [edit]Professional phagocytes Phagocytes derive from stem cells in the bone marrow Phagocytes of humans and other jawed vertebrates are divided into "professional" and "nonprofessional" groups based on the efficiency with which they participate in phagocytosis. The second type of immunological tolerance is peripheral tolerance. again.[56] But dendritic cells can also destroy or pacify lymphocytes if they recognize components of the host body. too much tolerance allows some infections.neutrophils. tissue dendritic cells and mast cells.[59] When immunological tolerance fails. autoimmune diseases can follow. to restrain the activities of self-attacking T cells outside of the thymus. and some self-attacking antigens are not found in the thymus. Some T cells that possess antigens that would cause them to attack "self" slip through the first process of tolerance. some T cells develop self-attacking antigens later in life. because of this dendritic cells will work.[58] which stops the body from attacking itself. to go unnoticed.
[13] To reach the site of infection. phagocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the affected tissues. Chemotaxis is the process by which phagocytes follow the cytokine "scent" to the infected spot. they slow down and leave the blood. if they receive a signal directly from an invader they become "hyperactivated". and although this is an important component of .All phagocytes. When they receive signals from macrophages at the sites of inflammation.[61] In the blood. In the tissues they are activated by cytokines and arrive at the battle scene ready to kill. clotting system peptides. macrophages are good antigen presenters and killers. and cytokines that have been given off by macrophages located in the tissue near the infection site. In this state. stop proliferating and concentrate on killing. allowing the phagocytes to pass through the wall. [63] These chemical signals may include proteins from invading bacteria. In this semi-resting state they clear away dead host cells and other non-infectious debris and rarely take part in antigen presentation. Other signals called vasodilators loosen the junctions connecting endothelial cells. Signals from the infection cause the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels to make a protein called selectinwhich neutrophils stick to on passing by.[62] [edit]Migration Neutrophils move from the blood to the site of infection When an infection occurs.[2] Neutrophils travel across epithelial cell-lined organs to sites of infection. exist in degrees of readiness. Macrophages are usually relatively dormant in the tissues and proliferate slowly. a chemical "SOS" signal is given off to attract phagocytes to the site. But during an infection they receive chemical signals—usually interferon gamma—which increases their production of MHC II molecules and which prepares them for presenting antigens. complementproducts. However.[2] Another group of chemical attractants are cytokines which recruit neutrophils and monocytes from the blood. neutrophils are inactive but are swept along at high speed. Their size and rate of phagocytosis increases—some become large enough to engulf invadingprotozoa. and especially macrophages.
Monocytes ingest foreign or dangerous substances and present antigens to other cells of the immune system. Mature monocytes have large. lobed nuclei and abundant cytoplasm that contains granules.[69]Human macrophages are about 21 micrometers in diameter.[5] [edit]Macrophages Main article: Macrophages Mature macrophages do not travel far but stand guard over those areas of the body that are exposed to the outside world. the migration itself can result in disease-like symptoms. or ferocious killers depending on the signals they receive.[67] There are about 500 million monocytes in one litre of human blood. Most monocytes leave the blood stream after 20–40 hours to travel to tissues and organs and in doing so transform into macrophages[66] or dendritic cells depending on the signals they receive. but they die after a few days.fighting infection. granulocyte stem cells.[64] During an infection. antigen presenting cells. smooth. Monocytes form two groups: a circulating group and a marginal group which remain in other tissues (approximately 70% are in the marginal group). There they act as garbage collectors.[65] [edit]Monocytes Main article: Monocytes Monocytes with lobed nuclei surrounded by red blood cells (low magnification) Monocytes develop in the bone marrow and reach maturity in the blood. millions of neutrophils are recruited from the blood. or the cell division of pre-existing macrophages.[70] Pus oozing from an abscess caused by bacteria—pus contains millions of phagocytes .[68] They derive from monocytes.
[71] Activated macrophages play a potent role in tumor destruction by producing TNF-alpha. and they secrete some of thecytokines that are responsible for the migration of monocytes and neutrophils out of the bloodstream.[72] Macrophages can be activated to perform functions that a resting monocyte cannot. a sub-group of lymphocytes. They secrete cytokines that act on the bone marrow to stimulate the production of monocytes and neutrophils.g. Macrophages cause inflammation through the production ofinterleukin-1. The life-span of tissue macrophages has been estimated to range from four to fifteen days. cationic proteins.[71] Macrophages are usually only found in tissue and are rarely seen in blood circulation.. interleukin-6. and hydrolytic enzymes.[5] which are about 10 micrometers in diameter[76] and live for only about . the intra-cellular granules are visible in thecytoplasm (Giemsa stained high magnification) Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte.[71] T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or Th cells).[74] Th1 cells come from thedifferentiation of CD4+ T cells once they have responded to antigen in the secondary lymphoid tissues.This type of phagocyte does not have granules but contains many lysosomes.[71] Th1 cells can recruit other phagocytes to the site of the infection in several ways. constituting 50% to 60% of the total circulating white blood cells. are responsible for the activation of macrophages. nitric oxide.[75] One litre of human blood contains about five billion neutrophils. and TNF-alpha. reactive oxygen compounds.[73] Other signals include TNF-alpha and lipopolysaccharidesfrom bacteria.[71] [edit]Neutrophils Main article: Neutrophils A neutrophil with a segmented nucleus (center and surrounded by erythrocytes). microglial cells in the brain andalveolar macrophages in the lungs) where they silently lie in wait. A macrophage's location can determine its size and appearance. IFN-gamma. Macrophages are found throughout the body in almost all tissues and organs (e. Th1 cells activate macrophages by signaling with IFN-gamma and displaying the protein CD40 ligand.
[83][84] Dendritic cells are present in the tissues that are in contact with the external environment. Neutrophils do not return to the blood. Neutrophil secretions increase phagocytosis and the formation of reactive oxygen compounds involved in intracellular killing.[85] Once activated. they turn into pus cells and die.five days. when they travel to the lymphoid areas where T cells are held they can activate T cells which then differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells. mainly the skin. In addition. each section is connected by chromatin filaments—neutrophils can have 2–5 segments.[79] Neutrophils can secrete products that stimulate monocytes and macrophages.[77] They are ferocious eaters and rapidly engulf invaders coated with antibodies and complement.[87] The activated helper T cells interact with macrophages and B cells to activate them in turn. Neutrophils do not normally exit the bone marrow until maturity. it takes them about thirty minutes to leave the blood and reach the site of an infection.[80] Secretions from the primary granules of neutrophils stimulate the phagocytosis of IgG-antibody-coated bacteria.[37] Once they have received the appropriate signals. the lungs.[77] Mature neutrophils are smaller than monocytes and have a segmented nucleus with several sections. and damaged cells or cellular debris.[81] [edit]Dendritic cells Main article: Dendritic cell A dendritic cell Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have long outgrowths called dendrites[82] which help to engulf microbes and other invaders. they mature and migrate to the lymphoid tissues where they interact with T cells and B cells to initiate and orchestrate the adaptive immune response.[88] [edit]Mast cells . and the intestines.[78] The intra-cellular granules of the human neutrophil have long been recognized for their proteindestroying and bactericidal properties. but during an infection neutrophil precursors called myelocytes and promyelocytes are released. the stomach. the inner lining of the nose. dendritic cells can influence the type of immune response produced.[86] Mature dendritic cells activate T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
and T cells to help mediate adaptive immune functions. monocytes. however. dendritic cells Liver Kupffer cells.[90] Professional Phagocytes[94] Main location Variety of phenotypes Blood neutrophils. [90] They specialize in processing the fimbrial proteins on the surface of bacteria. macrophages. monocytes.[89] Mast cells can consume and kill gram-negative bacteria (e. lining cells Bone tissue osteoclasts Gut and intestinal Peyer's patches macrophages Connective tissue histiocytes.g..Main article: Mast cell Mast cells have Toll-like receptors and interact with dendritic cells. mast cells produce cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. monocytes Bone marrow macrophages. which are involved in adhesion to tissues. mast cells. Mast cells express MHC class II molecules and can participate in antigen presentation. dendritic cells Nervous tissue microglial cells (CD4+) . monocytes. monocytes Lung self-replicating macrophages. dendritic cells Lymphoid tissue free and fixed macrophages and monocytes.[91][92] In addition to these functions. and process their antigens. salmonella).[93] This is a vital part of the destruction of microbes because the cytokines attract more phagocytes to the site of infection. the mast cell's role in antigen presentation is not very well understood. B cells. sinusoidal cells.
to emphasize that.endothelial cells. They are called non-professional phagocytes. in contrast to professional phagocytes. most nonprofessional phagocytes do not produce reactive oxygen-containing molecules in response to phagocytosis. lymph and lymph nodes Lymphocytes Blood.[11] Additionally. conventional macrophages. This is due to their lack of efficient phagocytic receptors. fibroblasts. which can phagocytose collagen in the process of remolding scars will also make some attempt to ingest foreign particles.Spleen free and fixed macrophages. mast cells [edit]Non-professional phagocytes Dying cells and foreign organisms are consumed by cells other than the "professional" phagocytes. monocytes. for example.[97] Non-professional phagocytes are more limited than professional phagocytes in the type of particles they can take up. lymph and lymph nodes NK and LGL cells (large granular lymphocytes) Skin Epithelial cells Blood vessels Endothelial cells Connective tissue Fibroblasts .[96] Fibroblasts. phagocytosis is not their principal function. [95] These cells include epithelial cells. sinusoidal cells Thymus free and fixed macrophages and monocytes Skin resident Langerhans cells. other dendritic cells. and mesenchymal cells.[98] Non-professional Phagocytes[94] Main location Variety of phenotypes Blood. particularly opsonins— which are antibodies and complement attached to invaders by the immune system.
they can grow in sites that phagocytes are not capable of traveling to (e..g.[103] and the exopolysaccharide capsules of Staphylococcus epidermidis. bacteria can suppress the inflammatory response. the surface of unbroken skin). and many actually survive and replicate within phagocytic cells. . First.[99] Some examples are the K5 capsule and O75 O antigen found on the surface of Escherichia coli.[99][100] [edit]Avoiding contact There are several ways bacteria avoid contact with phagocytes. some species of bacteria can inhibit the ability of phagocytes to travel to the site of infection by interfering with chemotaxis.[102] [edit]Avoiding engulfment Bacteria often produce proteins or sugars that coat their cells and interfere with phagocytosis. stringy capsules protect the organisms from attack by phagocytes.[101] which is produced naturally by the body and plays a crucial role inwound healing. Third. without this response to infection phagocytes cannot respond adequately. A pathogen is only successful in infecting an organism if it can get past its defenses.Blood [edit]Pathogen Erythrocytes evasion and resistance Cells of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria: the large. Pathogenic bacteria and protozoa have developed a variety of methods to resist attacks by phagocytes.[99] Fourth.Treponema pallidum—the bacterium that causes syphilis—hides from phagocytes by coating its surface with fibronectin. some bacteria can avoid contact with phagocytes by tricking the immune system into "thinking" that the bacteria are "self". these are called capsules. Second.
which helps them persist and replicate. [106] [edit]Survival inside the phagocyte Rickettsia are small bacteria—here stained red—that grow in the cytoplasm of non-professional phagocytes. streptolysins and leukocidins which cause neutrophils' granules to rupture and release toxic substances. [110] Other bacteria are capable of living inside of the phagolysosome. where they continue to evade the immune system.[99] Other pathogens.[104] Streptococcus pneumoniae produces several types of capsule which provide different levels of protection.[113][114] and exotoxinswhich reduce the supply of a phagocyte's ATP. needed for phagocytosis.[112] [edit]Killing Bacteria have developed several ways of killing phagocytes. produces the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutasewhich break down chemicals— such as hydrogen peroxide—produced by phagocytes to kill bacteria. for example.[111] Bacteria may escape from the phagosome before the formation of the phagolysosome: Listeria monocytogenes can make a hole in the phagosome wall using enzymes called listeriolysin O and phospholipase C.[108] Some bacteria prevent the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome. After a bacterium is ingested. create a highly modified vacuoleinside the phagocyte. When inside the cell they remain in the cytoplasm and avoid toxic chemicals contained in the phagolysosomes.[109] Legionella pneumophilaproduces secretions which cause the phagosome to fuse with vesicles other than the ones that contain toxic substances. it may kill the phagocyte by . such as Leishmania. to form the phagolysosome.[106] These include cytolysins which form pores in the phagocyte's cell membranes.Staphylococcus aureus.Staphylococcus aureus produces Protein A to block antibody receptors which decreases the effectiveness of opsonins.[105] and group A streptococci produce proteins such as M protein and fimbrial proteins to block engulfment. Bacteria have developed ways to survive inside phagocytes.[107] To get safely inside the phagocyte they express proteins called "invasins". Some proteins hinder opsonin-related ingestion.
. This release of substances promotes chemotaxis of more neutrophils to the site of infection. repress the production of cytokines and microbicidal molecules—nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species—and compromise antigen presentation. leukotrienes) intensify the damage. and each has a unique way of taming them. these toxic agents can be released into the environment (an action referred to as "frustrated phagocytosis").releasing toxins that travel through the phagosome or phagolysosome membrane to target other parts of the cell. they can cause extensive damage to healthy cells and tissues.[117] When neutrophils release their granule contents in the kidney. the contents of the granule (reactive oxygen compounds and proteases) degrade the extracellular matrix of host cells and can cause damage to glomerular cells.g.Trypanosoma cruzi. Some species of Leishmania alter the infected macrophage's signalling.[99] [edit]Disruption of cell signaling Many small cells of leishmania inside a much larger cell Some survival strategies often involve disrupting cytokines and other methods of cell signaling to prevent the phagocyte's responding to invasion.[116] [edit]Host damage by phagocytes Macrophages and neutrophils. play a central role in the inflammatory process by releasing proteins and small-molecule inflammatory mediators that control infection but can damage host tissue.[115] The protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii. and glomerular cells can be damaged . As these agents are also toxic to host cells. phagocytes aim to destroy pathogens by engulfing them and subjecting them to a battery of toxic chemicals inside a phagolysosome. In general. in particular. In addition. affecting their ability to filter blood and causing changes in shape. If a phagocyte fails to engulf its target. phospholipase products (e. and Leishmania infect macrophages.
[120]In the liver. This innate immune function in social amoebae suggests an ancient cellular foraging mechanism that may have been adapted to defense functions well before the diversification of the animals.[118] Neutrophils also play a key role in the development of most forms of acute lung injury. Phagocytes occur throughout the animal kingdom. [120] Experiments have shown that a reduction in the number of neutrophils lessens the effects of acute lung injury. activated neutrophils release the contents of their toxic granules into the lung environment. and hypovolemic shock resulting from acute hemorrhage. if a bacterial infection spreads to the blood. damage by neutrophils can contribute to dysfunction and injury in response to the release of endotoxins produced by bacteria. The injury done to the glomerular cells can cause renal failure. and their sacrifice of themselves to protect the other amoebae from bacteria is similar to the self-sacrifice of phagocytes seen in the immune system of humans.[127] But a common ancestry with mammalian phagocytes has not been proven. for example. alcoholic hepatitis.[125] Amoebae are unicellularprotists that separated from the tree leading to metazoa shortly after the divergence of plants. exposure to toxins or bacterial pathogens has the potential to compromise survival of the amoebae by limiting spore production. Before the formation of fruiting bodies. these in turn can be followed by septic shock. They are genetically identical to the other amoebae in the slug. TNF-α is released into vital organs which can cause vasodilation and a decrease in plasma volume. the cells can migrate as slug-like organisms for several days. This multicellular organism eventually produces a fruiting body with spores that are resistant to environmental dangers. TNF-α release causes a blockage of the small vessels that supply blood to the vital organs. Some of the amoebae engulf bacteria and absorb toxins while circulating within the slug.further by the adhesion molecules during the migration of neutrophils. but they share many specific functions with mammalian phagocytic cells.[119] Here.sepsis. is an amoeba that lives in the soil and feeds on bacteria. it engulfs bacteria by phagocytosis mainly through Toll-like receptors. TNF-α is an important chemical that is released by macrophages that causes the blood in small vessels to clot to prevent an infection from spreading.[122] Chemicals released by macrophages can also damage host tissue. Septic shock can lead to death. During septic shock.[123] However. Like animal phagocytes.[125] Dictyostelium discoideum. as it would leave the host vulnerable to infection.[124] evolving first in unicellular eukaryotes. and these amoebae eventually die. During this time.[126] Dictyostelium discoideum is social. and the organs may fail. and it has other biological functions in common with macrophages. it aggregates when starved to form a migrating pseudoplasmodium or slug.[13] [edit]Evolutionary origins Phagocytosis is common and probably appeared early in evolution. trauma.[3] from marine sponges to insects and lower . ischemia.[121] but treatment by inhibiting neutrophils is not clinically realistic.
1126/science.1258/jmb. 11. p. p. 9. From Nobel Lectures. 8. Science 267 (5203): 1456–62. Retrieved November 12. 10 ^ a b Thompson.008006 (inactive 2010-0318). Pettit & Moss 2005. ^ a b c Janeway.PMID 18463079. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mayer. 2008. 251 ^ a b c d Hoffbrand. CB (1995). ^ a b Delves et al. USC School of Medicine. pp. Physiology or Medicine 1901–1921. 1566–67. ^ a b Schmalstieg.[128][129] The ability of amoebae to distinguish between self and non-self is a pivotal one which is the root of the immune system of many species. 2009 ^ a b Ernst & Stendahl 2006. p.doi:10. 187 and Ernst & Stendahl 2006. 186 ^ a b Robinson & Babcock 1998. see Bibliography.and higher vertebrates. Chapter: Induced innate responses to infection. Archived August 22. p.[8] [edit]References 1. "Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease". 250 ^ Delves et al.7878464. 4. PMID 7878464. p. Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook. doi:10. Elsevier Publishing Company. "Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff (1845–1915) and Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915): the centennial of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". 6. Amsterdam. 2006. 5. 2008 at the Wayback Machine. retrieved on March 20.2008. retrieved on November 28. 3. p. 1983. se . Oxford University Press (Guild Publishing). ^ a b The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. 1967. 2006. 331 ^ Ilya Mechnikov. FC. AS Goldman (2008). ^ a b Janeway. "Immunology — Chapter One: Innate (non-specific) Immunity". Chapter: Evolution of the innate immune system. 12. 2. 7–10 ^ a b Ernst & Stendahl 2006. Journal of medical biography 16 (2): 96–103. 2008. 13. Gene (2006). 10. 7. pp.
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We used garden grocer for the first time when we stayed at Disney. Ordering our own food saved us tons of money and we ate much healthier and had more energy at the parks! Having our own breakfast and making healthy sandwiches for lunch saved us time by allowing us to eat quicker and on our own schedule. Think about ordering your own food next time you plan your Disney trip! Most hotel's will hold your food and keep refrigerated items in their refrigerator till you arrive. Again,this is a great way to save money at Disney!
Spectacular, did exactly what they advertised. Made our Disney trip a breeze.
Great asset for those travelling to WDW delivered to the room great to have snacks and beer saved a lot of time and money


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Al Wilson Best of Al Wilson
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CD Details
- Released: August 29, 2005
- Label: Acrobat
- 1.Batchelor Man
- 2.Born on the Bayou
- 3.Show and Tell
- 4.Listen to Me
- 5.Touch and Go
- 6.Settle Me Down
- 7.La la Peace Song
- 8.Keep on Lovin' You
- 9.I Won't Last a Day Without You / Let Me Be the One
- 10.Willoughby Brook Road
- 11.Amen Brother
- 12.Magic of Your Mind
- 13.You Do the Right Things
- 14.I'm Out to Get You
- 15.Queen of the Ghetto
- 16.Goin' Through the Motions
- 17.I'm a Weak Man
- 18.Longer We Stay Together
- 19.Passport
- 20.A Stones Throw
Product Description:
This is an anthology of hits by soul singer Al Wilson.
Although he scored hits in the mid-'70s with "Show and Tell" and "La La Peace Song," it always seems that there should have been more success due Al Wilson, whose smooth, soulful voice made most songs go down easy. In the end, it was a matter of just not getting the right material, as this sampler of his three Rocky Road albums (1973's Weighing In and Show and Tell and 1974's La La Peace Song) makes clear. Aside from the two hits and an interesting reimagining of John Fogerty's "Born on the Bayou," there just isn't much to write home about here, although Wilson's singing is always arresting, even if the songs seem to unravel almost before they can get off the ground. Wilson's earlier 1960s material for Johnny Rivers' Soul City imprint has more life to it, but there isn't a collection on the market that combines both eras, which is a shame, since the two phases actually balance nicely. ~ Steve Leggett
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text:
Fox News Runs Photo Of Lesbian Couple In Story About Traditional Marriage
Oh, the irony!
1. This is the photo FOX News is using for their article about traditional gender roles in marriage.
Via foxnews.com
2. Turns out it's actually a photo of same-sex coupe Lela McArthur and Stephanie Figarelle from Anchorage, Alaska.
Andrew Burton / Reuters
Photo originally taken February 14, 2012.
3. It's an AP photo that was most recently used in a Huffington Post article about romance from around the world.
(h/t Jessica Valenti for noticing it.)
Ryan Broderick is a reporter for BuzzFeed News and is based in London.
Contact Ryan Broderick at email@example.com.
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