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subset: commoncrawl


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Slitherlink by Grant Fikes
Theme: Clue Symmetry and Logic
Author/Opus: This is the 207th puzzle from our contributing puzzlemaster Grant Fikes.
Rules: Standard Slitherlink rules.
Answer String: Enter the length in cells of each of the internal loop segments from left to right for the marked rows, starting at the top. Separate each row's entry with a comma.
Time Standards (highlight to view): Grandmaster = 0:45, Master = 1:45, Expert = 3:30
Note: Follow this link for other classic Slitherlink. If you are new to this puzzle type, here are our easiest Slitherlink puzzles to get started on.


text:
Relevant offers
Small Business
Mark Corrigan followed in the footsteps of his Scottish forebears when he established a wire manufacturing business in Kapiti but went on to develop and expand it to compete with the huge Chinese import market.
Corrigan's father and uncle worked in wire manufacturing in Glasgow before emigrating and working in the industry in New Zealand.
With a background in engineering and welding, Corrigan had a brief stint working as a fitter and welder on fishing boats in Wellington before deciding to carry on the family tradition and launched Wire Displays in Paraparaumu in 1984.
"It was a taught trade down through my Dad," he said.
The industry had changed a lot since the early days when his father and uncle worked in Scotland.
"Plastic products were not about then, so wire was pretty big. There were no microwave ovens or plastic milk crates. There were wire chip baskets, milk crates and newspaper display stands."
When he first established Wire Displays he manufactured canopy wires for prams, then pushchairs and baby buggies for a Waikanae company.
His first big contract was to provide forecourt point-of-sale stands for Caltex nationwide, which led to becoming involved in signage for the company.
Stand manufacturing expanded to other companies nationwide during the late 1980s and early 1990s.
"Some of my old trolleys and stands are still being used but the industry has changed a lot since then," he said.
He was now heavily involved with shop-fitting products, supplying a wide range of wire and tube products, including baskets, display and brochure stands, shelving, trolleys, guards, grills, cages and mesh panelling. "A large part of the company has moved from manual work to computerised manufacturing rather than using hands-on equipment."
The late 1990s and early 2000s signalled a major turning point when he started investing in computerised machinery to compete with China.
"The turnaround was quicker. We could manufacture more complex products at a better rate for our customers," he said.
Starting off with one staff member, he now has 12.
"We took a little bit of a hit in the recession but managed to climb out of it. We are now quite stable in the market."
His latest move will be a major investment in a German mesh manufacturing machine due to arrive soon.
The company has been involved with products for the Rugby World Cup and the Wearable Art Awards as well as several other similar events.
Most of his export business involves supplying components for products exported by other companies.
Manufacturing over 100 tonnes of wire products a year, there had been steady growth over the past 20 years and this year's investment in new machinery would streamline production and hopefully boost growth by 50 per cent over the next five years.
Wire Display had reinvested more than $1 million back into the company to date to stay competitive in the market, he said.
"We are trying to be competitive in turnaround and still hammer home buy New Zealand made. We are trying to speed up local manufacture so we can be competitive with imports coming into the market," he said.
"We are hoping the new machinery will open some new doors for us in the near future, enabling us to supply specialty mesh to small and large businesses with a quick turnaround."
- BusinessDay.co.nz
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Do you feel better off than at this time last year?


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text: We love the grilling season, which we extend beyond the summer into a year-round cooking experience. But for most, summer is the time to break out the grill. No matter whether you are a traditional charcoal griller or a fan of the quick-starting gas grill, a balmy summer evening is the best time to be outside enjoying a cocktail and savoring the aroma as the food begins to cook. Continue reading Easy Entertaining— Grilling Outside the Box


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|Reviews for A Hero Dies Under Amber Skies Khaos Version
| SPark681 chapter 6 . 1/28
Nice story wonder what's next and who Zero is anyways keep up the great work!
| Zero Gawain chapter 6 . 11/1/2015
| DDS UzuKazu chapter 1 . 10/14/2015
Shit, It's 'Urusai' not Urasai'... Gomen, Again
| DDS UzuKazu chapter 1 . 10/14/2015
Dude, please tell me you will stop buchering the art that is the japanese language. Hai and Ie mean afermative and negative not yes and no, so you can't do stuff like Hai and Ie, it's a contradiction. Also, 'red dawn' is a gross mistranslation(God I hope that is right)
Akatsuki means 'Day-break' you know, like a sun rise.
And finaly, 'teme' is a rude and offensive word for 'you', so saying 'you teme' is repeatadive. If you looking for the japaese word for 'bastard', then the correct translation is 'Yarou'. Yarou is used with the words 'baka' and 'kuso' in all the cases I've seen, so a possible japanese phrase is "Urasai, Baka Yarou!" This means in a ruff translation of the little japanese words I know (most of wich are curses, insults and sufix's) "Shut up, You Idiot Bastard!" And please note that, that phrase was veary un-formal, I guess, so meaning veary rude, if you want a for-... ah, fuck I rambled again... SHIT! I hate it when I do that, Gomen.
Just please fix the japanese, I hate it when people mistranslate japanese, German, ETC... and also, please not my japanese is limited, but I know many words from anime, and make it a piont to find the meaning of a japanese word I find interesting, the result is I learn lots of cool japanese words for every-day sentances (and cursing out shity foot-ball teams without my dad knowing what the heck I'm saying)
From, Diamond Dragon Slayer, Uzumaki Kazuma
| Guest chapter 5 . 5/27/2015
1: great story, always fun reading crossovers between universes with supernatural powers.
2: the "windows" on spaceships/space stations are made with a material called "transparisteel."
3: I've watched (and loved) the original Code Lyoko, but haven't heard of an "evolution" continuation.
| BartWLewis chapter 6 . 5/2/2015
Love the story. I can only guess that Naruto didn't kill Ventress, doesn't seem like something he would do. I can't wait to see Naruto kick some ass.
Good luck and update soon.
| Guest chapter 6 . 3/13/2015
Um... Hello, any one there? I just wanted to say that this story is a very good story and I hope that I will be able to read it to the end, waning that an update to this story is in order. If you even read this, well at least try to get a update. But I dout you will because this story hasn't been updated for almost 3years so . Bye.
| noitffb chapter 1 . 1/9/2015
Great story so far! I promise to read the rest tomorrow! :)
| AJGuardian chapter 1 . 12/14/2014
This I like.
| uscias chapter 6 . 10/25/2014
Please update soon.
| Guest chapter 6 . 9/1/2014
god story please continue it
| Animefanguy chapter 6 . 8/15/2014
nice story when is next update?
| Zomvee chapter 6 . 4/24/2014
Man this is great, so please continue this story.
Oh, nearly forgot to ask you this but are you doing a story with an OC in the Star Wars universe that builds an empire story or have you not thought about that yet?
| meowy1986 chapter 2 . 3/30/2014
naruto would possible be the strongest being in the universe in this story...idk y u would say hes not
| EmiyaXander chapter 6 . 2/17/2014
my friend with the interesting stories, i do hope you continue to write. i look forward to reading more of these as they are very well written and hold a good plot line.


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We are going to be in Italy for 3 weeks and would like to see the Lakes and Amalfi coast or beach resort.
We are travelling with a 4 year old.
We don't need to see any cities as we have been there before.
Is this feasible? What are best places to stay (rent apartment/hotel/ ect) or any advice that can be offered, would be great.
Thank you
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Road trip to Italy
We are going to be in Italy for 3 weeks and would like to see the Lakes and Amalfi coast or beach resort.
Report Abuse
well of course it's feasible to do a road trip in Italy for 3 weeks, with or without a child, and not wanting to go to any cities will definitely help.
however, I think that to give you some useable advice, we need to know a little more ie when are you going to be travelling, what is your budget, what are you interested in, how will you be getting to Italy ? etc. etc.
with 3 weeks you could of course see three of the places in your question - a week in/near each in an apartment or villa ought not to be too much of a problem. [but wouldn't be much fun in February!]
BTW, i suggest pressing the yellow triangle and asking the moderators to remove the trip report symbol that you've attached to this thread, as it will confuse other posters.
Report Abuse
Yes - I was looking forward to a trip report too! - Please have that report sybol removed.
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Sorry not sure how to remove trip report symbol?
Arrive August 17 - Sept 2. We have about 2000GBP to spend. We are flying from the UK. We hope to fly into a airport close to the lakes, stay for a week and than drive down to the coast for another week and than fly back to the UK.
Wondering if they have campsites like Eurocamp, that supply everything you just turn up, or to stay in B&B, or flat?
We love food, meeting locals, walking, seeing the sites and the beach. I hope to attend some cooking classes if I can afford them.
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Sorry not sure how to remove trip report symbol?>>
press the yellow triangle, and when the box pops up, use it to e-mail the moderators to ask them to take the "trip report" symbol away.
ok, carrie - Aug 17 -Sept 2 is just over 2 weeks, not 3. which airport will you be flying out of? you might be able to get a flight into Verona, which is quite close to Lake Garda. eurocamp, keycamp and others like Thomsons all seem to have places on the lakes, they even crop up on trip advisor, but there are also apartments and B&Bs.
you don't have to go as far as the Amalfi to find beaches - they stretch down both italian coasts, but will be very busy that time of year. if you chose a west coast resort like Viareggio you could fly home from Pisa; go further south, and you could fly home from Rome.
google would be a good place to start looking for cookery classes, once you've decided where to stay.
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"His energy and enthusiasm, his killer instinct, it all converged into him becoming our team leader," Azinger said.
Anthony Kim, once one of golf's brightest stars, uncertain about eventual return →
"It's hard to watch the greatest player of this generation be a middle-of-the-pack hack," analyst and former player Paul Azinger said during the ESPN broadcast of the first round.
Tiger Woods effectively out of British Open with dismal first-round performance →


text:
LJWorld.com weblogs Heard on the Hill
For the children, please take your finals this week
For those of you on the hill in the throes of Finals Week at Kansas University, take heart. There is a social media revolution afoot to end finals altogether.
Well, that's not entirely accurate. The revolution is trying to end just one final, in one class, at one particular university. And it's not Kansas University.
Also, I might as well tell you: The revolution has already failed.
In recent weeks students of Communication Studies 498 at the University of Nebraska Lincoln took to Twitter to persuade the world to persuade their instructor to cancel "Exam #2." Using the class hash tag, students were able to get hundreds of people to post thousands of messages asking the world to help get their final canceled. Among the tweeters and retweeters pitching in were UNL football players and comedian Larry the Cable Guy. A Lincoln Journal Star story from Sunday featured the class and its efforts.
A quick disclosure here: The class happens to be taught by my brother-in-law, Dr. Jordan Soliz, a Kansas University graduate and now an associate professor of communication studies at UNL.
The class, titled "Communication in the Digital Age," looks at the role social media plays in identity construction and social relationships. It included discussions about the influence of social media in political and social movements such as those in the Middle East collectively known as the Arab Spring. As part of the course requirements, Soliz had his students engaging in Twitter throughout the semester to get them more deeply involved in the course's material. Apparently inspired by Twitter's potential to cause change, they tried to wield it to get their final canceled.
Soliz declined to axe the exam.
A response video by Soliz on Youtube featured earnest-looking children holding signs imploring the students of Communication Studies 498 to take Exam 2. If you're looking for inspiration this Finals Week, or just need a short study break to be manipulated by sad-faced children, take a look.
And we here at Heard the Hill want to echo the children in saying: Please take Exam 2, and also send your KU news tips to email@example.com
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.
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Why should home care be the theme on Understanding and Remembrance Day for Severe ME on August 8? Helen Brownlie of the 25% ME Group has written an explanation for Phoenix Rising ...
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Discussion in 'Media, Interviews, Blogs, Talks, Events about XMRV' started by jenbooks, Oct 18, 2009.


text: Meanwhile, at WRRV headquarters… By Deuce January 29, 2014 3:09 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Articles Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of WRRV Police: Wanted Man Caught Handing Gun to 15-Year-Old Son New York's 'Move-Over' Law Expands to Volunteer Firefighters Saugerties Woman Falsely Reports Murdering Boyfriend, Police Say Orange County Man Accused of Sexually Touching Sleeping Girl Recommended For You ZergNet Best of the Web ZergNet


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It looks like the new Italian restaurant Bella D'Auria is open. You can read what I wrote about the place almost a year ago, when work first began on the restaurant, here.
There's more over here on the restaurant's website. If anyone makes it over there drop some info in the comments. I'd love to know how the place turned out.
Join Mega Man, Lady Liberty and The Streak as they try to protect Gigantopolis from the evil… More


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Bon Jovi Have A Nice Day
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- Label: Island
Entertainment Reviews:
Rolling Stone - No. 984, p.1543 stars out of 5 "...Bon Jovi have kept their arena anthems simple and sweaty...."
- 1.Have A Nice Day
- 2.I Wanna Be Loved
- 3.Welcome To Wherever You Are
- 4.Who Says You Can't Go Home?
- 5.Last Man Standing
- 6.Bells Of Freedom
- 7.Wildflower
- 8.Last Cigarette
- 9.I Am
- 10.Complicated
- 11.Novocaine
- 12.Story Of My Life
- 13.Who Says You Can't Go Home
Product Description:
Bon Jovi: Jon Bon Jovi (vocals); Richie Sambora (guitar, background vocals); David Bryan (keyboards); Hugh McDonald (bass guitar); Tico Torres (drums).
Additional personnel: Jennifer Nettles (vocals).
True troubadours of arena rock and pop-metal, Bon Jovi were not only still standing in the 2000s, they were still releasing albums of original material that packed much of the melodic wallop and anthemic muscle of their efforts from the '80s and early '90s. A case in point is 2005's HAVE A NICE DAY, which finds the band mining a harder rock sound and producing bigger, more sweeping choruses than ever before.
Despite the classic Bon Jovi sound, however, singer Jon Bon Jovi's lyrics are by turns thoughtful (he even conjures the specter of Bob Dylan on "Bells of Freedom," a nod to Dylan's "Chimes of Freedom") and romantic ("Wildflower"). Though the mix doesn't always work, Bon Jovi sounds plenty energized here, and young-at-heart enough to still crank up the volume. HAVE A NICE DAY sports the streamlined rock punch and pop smarts on which the band has built its reputation.
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Based on 245 ratings.
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Have A Nice Day (Bon Jovi) Music Lover: Debra Mitchel from Indiana -- February, 1, 2006
This is an exceptionally great album!!! Especially for those Bon Jovi fans back from the '80s.
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- Sales Rank: 111,780
- Shipping Weight: 0.25/lbs (approx)
- International Shipping: 1 item
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Regs4ships is calling time on their web services in a bid to revolutionise the way that customers use their products and services.
With its new creative partners, a global IT and business solutions provider, aap3 Regs4ships is investing substantial cash in redeveloping and future proofing their place in the market for the next ten years. Captain Richard Eastham, Chief Executive at Regs4ships Limited, said: "It has been a year of achieving milestones at Regs4ships, we have recently celebrated our ten year anniversary and are boldly looking towards the future with our customers firmly in mind."
Any organisation needs to refresh their website regularly to ensure that it is up‐to‐date with the latest website technology, which is something that Regs4ships is well aware of. Following feedback from our customers, we are planning a major redevelopment of our site www.regs4ships.com. Captain Eastham added: "We are looking at the design, the type of information that is displayed and the way the pages are coded to ensure that we are developing our products in line with current trends, which is why we are pleased to announce our partnership with aap3 Creative Solutions."
Lee Doel, Technical Lead and Web Architect at aap3 Creative Solutions said: "We are very pleased that Regs4Ships have decided to use aap3 Creative Solutions to update, modernise and improve their website. We are looking forward to using our knowledge and experience to create a showpiece website that fully fulfils the needs and requirements of Regs4Ships and their clients."
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text:
Recent Evidence for Colorectal Cancer Prevention Through Healthy Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity: Implications for Recommendations
- First Online:
DOI: 10.1007/s13668-011-0006-7
- Cite this article as:
- Perera, P.S., Thompson, R.L. & Wiseman, M.J. Curr Nutr Rep (2012) 1: 44. doi:10.1007/s13668-011-0006-7
The aim of this paper is to present results from the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Continuous Update Project on colorectal cancer and food, nutrition, and physical activity, an updated systematic literature review on evidence forming part of the 2007 WCRF/AICR Second Expert Report. Convincing evidence indicates that physical activity protects against colon cancer and that foods containing dietary fiber protect against colorectal cancer. Consumption of red meat and processed meat, ethanol from alcoholic drinks (by men and probably by women), as well as body fatness and abdominal fatness and the factors that lead to greater adult-attained height or its consequences are convincing causes of colorectal cancer. Consumption of garlic, milk, and calcium probably protects against this cancer. The updated evidence shows that food, nutrition, and physical activity have an important role in the causation and prevention of colorectal cancer.
KeywordsColorectal cancer Prevention Bowel cancer Food Nutrition Physical activity Cancer prevention Recommendations Systematic reviews Meta-analysis Evidence Continuous Update Project Garlic Milk Calcium
Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer worldwide, with more than 1 million new cases diagnosed in 2008, accounting for 9.7% of all incident cancers [1]. Men accounted for 664,000 new cases and women 571,000 new cases. Incidence is highest in high-income countries such as those in North America and Western Europe but also in Asian countries that have experienced nutrition transition such as Japan, Singapore, and North Korea [1]. It remains relatively uncommon in Africa and much of Asia and is somewhat more common in men than in women. Nevertheless, although it can be successfully treated at early stages, it is fatal in just under one half of all cases and is the fourth most common cause of death from cancer.
Environmental and in particular diet and lifestyle factors are likely to be the main determinants of colorectal cancer risk, which is indicated by the rapid increase in colorectal cancer incidence in parallel with economic development and adoption of a Western lifestyle [2]. In the United Kingdom, one third of the most common cancers (mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lung, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, colorectum, breast, endometrium, prostate, and kidney) are estimated to be preventable through a healthy diet, being physically active, and maintaining a healthy weight. For colorectal cancer, the proportion of preventable cases is about 43% [3••].
Second Expert Report and Recommendations
- 1.
Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.
- 2.
Be physically active for at least 30 min every day.
- 3.
Avoid sugary drinks and limit consumption of energy-dense foods (particularly processed foods high in added sugar, low in fiber, or high in fat).
- 4.
Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and pulses.
- 5.
Limit consumption of red meats and avoid processed meats.
- 6.
If consumed at all, limit alcoholic drinks to 2/d for men and 1/d for women.
- 7.
Limit consumption of salty foods and foods processed with salt (sodium).
- 8.
Do not use supplements to protect against cancer.
- 9.
It is best for mothers to breastfeed exclusively for up to 6 months and then add other liquids and foods.
- 10.
After treatment, cancer survivors should follow the Recommendations for Cancer Prevention.
The Continuous Update Project
Since the Second Expert Report, WCRF/AICR have initiated the Continuous Update Project (CUP) in collaboration with a team at Imperial College London in order to keep the evidence updated into the future. An independent panel of experts comprising leading scientists in the fields of diet, physical activity, obesity, and cancer reviews the findings and draws conclusions based on the body of scientific evidence and when necessary will revise the 2007 WCRF/AICR recommendations.
The CUP follows the same robust process as the Second Expert Report. The database of published journal articles is updated on a rolling basis from which at any point in time, the most current review of scientific data (including meta-analyses where appropriate) can be performed. All 17 cancer sites reviewed in the original Second Expert Report will be updated in the CUP database by 2015. From 2015 to 2017, the panel will formally review the recommendations from the Second Expert Report.
Provide the scientific community with comprehensive and up-to-date evidence related to food, nutrition, physical activity, body weight, and cancer.
Become a trusted source used by scientists, health professionals, and policy makers.
Ensure WCRF/AICR education resources for health professionals and the general public are based on the most up-to-date evidence.
Herein we present the systematically reviewed evidence for colorectal cancer in relation to food, nutrition, and physical activity, updated with studies published since 2006, and the implications for the WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations.
For the Second Expert Report, a series of specially commissioned systematic literature reviews (SLRs) covering 17 cancer sites, the determinants of obesity, and recommendations made by other authoritative reports also related to the prevention and control of other diseases formed the basis for the panel's judgements on the causal relationships between food, nutrition and physical activity, and cancer. The SLRs included evidence published up to the end of 2005 and principally included a combination of different types of epidemiologic evidence, mechanistic data, and (where available) randomized controlled trials.
The evidence in both the Second Expert Report and the CUP was graded based on the approach by Hill [5] to identify exposures (environment, including lifestyle factors) associated with disease that demonstrate evidence of causality that is strong enough to warrant action to address them. Recommendations were only made when the panel judged that there was sufficient evidence of causality (ie, that a factor either directly decreases or increases the risk of cancer) to justify making recommendations.
What is a meta-analysis?
•Study-level meta-analysis provides single estimates of effect using information from multiple studies of the same design. These summary estimates can provide evidence regarding the presence or absence of an association and examine possible dose–response relationships.
•Meta-analysis, often displayed graphically on a forest plot (Fig. 1), can also identify heterogeneity between studies. This heterogeneity can be quantified using a measure called I2, which ranges from 0%–100% and indicates the percentage of total variation across studies that is not due to chance. In general, an I2 of ≤25% indicates low heterogeneity, ~50% indicates moderate heterogeneity, and ≥75% indicates high heterogeneity. The confidence interval (CI) is an indication of how much random error underlies the point estimate; it does not take into account confounding and other forms of systematic bias. A confidence level of 95% indicates a 95% probability that the true value falls within the CI.
•Random effects models are used to generate the forest plots. This type of model does not assume that the links between exposure and outcome are the same in different studies.
Summary of Recent Evidence
Convincing and probable conclusions from the WCRF/AICR CUP on colorectal cancer
Food, nutrition, physical activity, and cancers of the colon and rectum
Decreases risk
Increases risk
Physical activityab
Red meatd
Foods containing dietary fiberc
Processed meate
Alcoholic drinks (men)f
Body fatness
Abdominal fatness
Adult-attained heightg
Alcoholic drinks (women)f
Conclusions for convincing and probable exposures from the recent evidence on colorectal cancer
Body fatness
•There is abundant and consistent epidemiologic evidence of a clear dose–response relationship, and evidence for plausible mechanisms that operate in humans.
•The evidence that greater body fatness is a cause of colorectal cancer is convincing
Abdominal fatness
•There is ample consistent evidence from cohort studies of a clear dose–response relationship and robust evidence for mechanisms that operate in humans.
•The evidence that abdominal fatness is a cause of colorectal cancer is convincing.
Physical activity
•There is abundant epidemiologic evidence from prospective studies showing a lower risk of colorectal cancer with higher overall levels of physical activity, and there is evidence of a dose–response effect.
•The effect is strong for colon cancer; however, there is no evidence of an effect for rectal cancer. The effect is strong and consistent in men but less strong in women. There is plausible evidence for mechanisms operating in humans.
•The evidence that higher levels of physical activity, within the range studied, protect against colon cancer is convincing.
Foods containing dietary fiber
•There is substantial consistent evidence from cohort studies, together with a clear dose–response relationship, supported by evidence for plausible mechanisms. The effect is apparent in men and women.
•Since the publication of the Second Export Report, the recent evidence has strengthened; foods containing dietary fiber convincingly decrease colorectal cancer risk.
•The evidence, though not copious and mostly from case–control studies, is consistent with a dose–response relationship. There is evidence for plausible mechanisms.
•Garlic probably protects against colorectal cancer.
Red meat
•A substantial amount of data from cohort studies showed a dose–response relationship, supported by evidence for plausible mechanisms operating in humans.
•Consumption of red meat is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer.
Processed meat
•There is a substantial amount of evidence, with a dose–response relationship apparent from cohort studies. There is strong evidence for plausible mechanisms operating in humans.
•Consumption of processed meat is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer.
•The evidence on milk from cohort studies is reasonably consistent, supported by stronger evidence from dietary calcium as a marker. There is evidence for plausible mechanisms.
•Milk probably protects against colorectal cancer.
Alcoholic drinks (ethanol)
•There is ample and generally consistent evidence from cohort studies. A dose–response relationship is apparent. There is evidence for plausible mechanisms. For colorectal and colon cancer, the effect appears stronger in men than in women.
•Ethanol from alcoholic drinks is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer in men and probably a cause in women.
Dietary supplements
•There is generally consistent evidence on dietary calcium, total calcium (dietary and supplemental), and calcium supplements from cohort studies. The effect was apparent in men and women. There is evidence for plausible mechanisms.
•Calcium probably protects against colorectal cancer.
Adult-attained height
•There is ample epidemiologic evidence from cohort studies, which is consistent, and there is a clear dose–response relationship, with evidence for plausible mechanisms operating in humans.
•The evidence that the factors that lead to greater adult-attained height or its consequences are a cause of colorectal cancer is convincing. The causal factor is unlikely to be tallness itself, but rather factors that promote linear growth in childhood.
Overweight and Obesity
Excess energy from food and beverages is stored in the body as fat in adipose tissue. Since the 1980s, typical body compositions have changed, with a worldwide increase in average body fatness and in overweight and obesity. This change is most notable in high-income countries and in industrial and urban environments in many countries. In several low-income countries, high levels of body fatness exist alongside undernutrition in the same communities.
Mechanisms for body fatness influencing cancer risk
•Body fatness directly affects levels of many circulating hormones, such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and estrogens, creating an environment that encourages carcinogenesis and discourages apoptosis.
•Insulin resistance is increased, in particular by abdominal fatness, and the pancreas compensates by increasing insulin production. This hyperinsulinemia increases the risk of cancers of the colon and endometrium, and possibly of the pancreas and kidney [24]. Adipose tissue is the main site of estrogen synthesis in men and postmenopausal women, and increased body fatness results in increased estradiol in men and women and may also result in higher testosterone levels in women (extreme obesity can lead to polycystic ovary disease) [24]. Increased levels of sex steroids are strongly associated with risk of endometrial and postmenopausal breast cancers [25, 26] and may impact on colon and other cancers.
•Obesity is characterized by a low-grade chronic inflammatory state. The adipocyte (fat cell) produces proinflammatory factors, and obese individuals have elevated concentrations of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α [24], interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein compared with lean people [27], as well as of leptin, which also functions as an inflammatory cytokine [28]. Such chronic inflammation can promote cancer development.
Body Fatness
Summary estimates for convincing and probable exposures for colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers
Summary relative risk estimates (95% CI)
Colorectal cancer
Colon cancer
Rectal cancer
Body fatness, BMI (per kg/m2)
1.02 (1.02–1.03); I2 = 60% (n = 23)
1.03 (1.03–1.04); I2 = 68% (n = 29)
1.01 (1.01–1.02); I2 = 14% (n = 22)
M: 1.03 (1.03–1.04); I2 = 0% (n = 12)
M: 1.04 (1.03–1.05); I2 = 50% (n = 22)
M: 1.02 (1.01–1.02); I2 = 0% (n = 18)
W: 1.02 (1.01–1.03); I2 = 67% (n = 16)
W: 1.02 (1.01–1.03); I2 = 53% (n = 24)
W: 1.01 (1.00–1.02); I2 = 32% (n = 18)
Abdominal fatness/waist circumference (per 2.54 cm)
1.03 (1.02–1.04); I2 = 0% (n = 3)
1.05 (1.03–1.06); I2 = 63% (n = 6)
1.03 (1.01–1.04); I2 = 0% (n = 3)
M: 1.06 (1.04–1.08); I2 = 53% (n = 6)
W: 1.03 (1.02–1.04); I2 = 49% (n = 6)
Waist-to-hip ratio (per 0.1 increment)
1.17 (1.09–1.25); I2 = 0% (n = 3)
1.27 (1.15–1.41); I2 = 0% (n = 5)
1.20 (1.07–1.34); I2 = 0% (n = 3)
Total physical activity (for an increase of 5 MET h/d)
0.97 (0.94–0.99); I2 = 0% (n = 3)
0.92 (0.86–0.99); I2 = 80% (n = 5)
1.02 (0.95–1.10); I2 = 34% (n = 3)
Recreational activity (for an increase of 5 MET hour/week)
0.97 (0.94–1.00); I2 = 66% (n = 3)
0.98 (0.96–1.00); I2 = 52% (n = 5)
1.00 (0.97–1.03); I2 = 45% (n = 5)
Foods containing dietary fiber (per 10 g dietary fiber/d)
0.90 (0.86–0.94); I2 = 4% (n = 15)
0.89 (0.81–0.97); I2 = 35% (n = 12)
0.91 (0.81–1.03); I2 = 15% (n = 10)
M: 0.88 (0.78–0.99); I2 = 35% (n = 5)
M: 0.86 (0.76–0.96). I2 = 20% (n = 7)
M: 0.90 (0.69–1.19); I2 = 43% (n = 5)
W: 0.92 (0.87–0.98); I2 = 0% (n = 10)
W: 0.94 (0.82–1.08); I2 = 30% (n = 8)
W: 0.91 (0.76–1.08); I2 = 0% (n = 6)
Red and processed meat (per 100 g/d)
1.16 (1.04–1.30); I2 = 47% (n = 9)
1.21 (1.06–1.39); I2 = 56% (n = 7)
1.31 (1.13–1.52); I2 = 18% (n = 5)
M: 1.08 (0.84–1.39); I2 = 0% (n = 2)
M: 1.41 (0.98–2.03); I2 = 71% (n = 2)
W: 1.02 (0.77–1.34); I2 = 61% (n = 4)
W: 1.05 (0.78–1.40); I2 = 57% (n = 4)
Red meat (per 100 g/d)
1.17 (1.05–1.31); I2 = 0% (n = 8)
1.12 (0.97–1.29); I2 = 0% (n = 9)
1.18 (0.98–1.42); I2 = 0% (n = 7)
M: 1.28 (0.49–3.35); I2 = 64% (n = 2)
M: 1.06 (0.75–1.50); I2 = 0% (n = 2)
W: 1.05 (0.78–1.42); I2 = 22% (n = 3)
W: 1.00 (0.72–1.38); I2 = 0% (n = 4)
Processed meat (per 50 g/d)
1.18 (1.10–1.28); I2 = 12% (n = 9)
1.24 (1.13–1.36); I2 = 0% (n = 9)
1.12 (0.99–1.28); I2 = 0% (n = 8)
M: 1.11 (0.86–1.44); I2 = 35% (n = 2)
M: 1.64 (0.94–2.84); I2 = 72% (n = 3)
W: 1.09 (0.88–1.33); I2 = 0% (n = 4)
W: 1.38 (1.06–1.78); I2 = 0% (n = 4)
Milk (per 200 g/d)
0.91 (0.86–0.97); I2 = 0% (n = 7)
0.91 (0.83–1.00); I2 = 25% (n = 5)
0.98 (0.82–1.17); I2 = 0% (n = 3)
M: 0.89 (0.82–0.98); I2 = 0% (n = 2)
M: 0.92 (0.83–1.02); I2 = 26% (n = 3)
W: 0.94 (0.85–1.04); I2 = 10% (n = 5)
W: 1.01 (0.87–1.17); I2 = 0% (n = 2)
Dietary calcium (per 200 mg/d)a
0.94 (0.93–0.96); I2 = 0% (n = 13)
0.93 (0.89–0.97); I2 = 10% (n = 10)
0.94 (0.86–1.02); I2 = 35% (n = 8)
M: 0.93 (0.88–0.99); I2 = 52% (n = 3)
W: 0.93 (0.91–0.95); I2 = 0% (n = 9)
Ethanol in alcoholic drinks (per 10 g ethanol/d)
1.10 (1.06–1.13); I2 = 51% (n = 8)
1.08 (1.04–1.13); I2 = 60% (n = 12)
1.10 (1.07–1.12); I2 = 0% (n = 11)
M: 1.11 (1.08–1.15); I2 = 21% (n = 7)
M: 1.10 (1.06–1.14); I2 = 62% (n = 10)
M: 1.10 (1.07–1.13); I2 = 6% (n = 9)
W: 1.07 (0.98–1.17); I2 = 0% (n = 2)
W: 1.03 (0.96–1.10); I2 = 34% (n = 8)
W: 1.09 (1.03–1.16); I2 = 0% (n = 7)
Adult-attained height (per 5 cm)
1.05 (1.03–1.08); I2 = 11% (n = 8)
1.09 (1.05–1.12); I2 = 42% (n = 9)
1.03 (0.99–1.07); I2 = 25% (n = 8)
M: 1.04 (1.03–1.06); I2 = 0% (n = 6)
M: 1.08 (1.03–1.13); I2 = 56% (n = 7)
M: 1.05 (1.01–1.08); I2 = 0% (n = 7)
W: 1.06 (1.04–1.09); I2 = 16% (n = 5)
W: 1.09 (1.06–1.13); I2 = 0% (n = 7)
W: 1.00 (0.95–1.06); I2 = 20% (n = 6)
Two other published dose–response meta-analyses (per 5 kg/m2) with a large number of cases (>20,000 for colon cancer for both men and women separately) showed a 24% increased risk for men and 9% increased risk for women (20,975 cases from 19 studies) for colon cancer and 9% increased risk for men (14,894 cases from 18 studies) and nonsignificant increased risk for women (9,052 cases from 14 studies) for rectal cancer [8, 9].
Abdominal Fatness
All studies showed increased risk with increased waist circumference (five studies) or increased waist-to-hip ratio (nine studies) and colorectal cancer. Similar results were shown for colon and rectal cancers.
Meta-analyses for waist circumference (per 2.54 cm) for studies that did not adjust for BMI showed increased risks of 3%, 5%, and 3% for colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers (Table 5), respectively, that were only slightly attenuated when adjusted for BMI. For colon cancer specifically, there was a 6% increased risk in men and a 3% increased risk in women (Table 5). Meta-analyses for waist-to-hip ratio (per 0.1 increment) showed a 17%, 27%, and 20% increased risk for colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers, respectively (Table 5).
Physical Activity
The review included total physical activity as well as different types of activity, such as recreational and occupational. Eight of 10 studies on colon cancer reported a lower risk with increased total physical activity. Many studies were unsuitable for meta-analysis due to the disparate measures used to assess physical activity.
Meta-analyses for total physical activity (for an increase of 5 metabolic equivalent tasks [MET] h/d) showed a 3% decreased risk of colorectal cancer and an 8% decreased risk of colon cancer (Table 5). For recreational activity (for an increase of 5 MET hour/week), summary estimates from meta-analyses were in the direction of decreased risk of colorectal and colon cancers but did not reach statistical significance (Table 5), whereas meta-analyses per 30 min/d showed an 11% decreased risk of colorectal and a 12% decreased risk of colon cancer. The data also suggested that the effect was less for rectal cancer [6••].
A published meta-analysis of highest versus lowest comparisons of leisure time physical activity and colon cancer showed a 20% decreased risk in men (10 studies) and 14% decreased risk in women (9 studies) for colon cancer. A nonsignificant increased risk was found for rectal cancer [10].
Sustained moderate physical activity raises the metabolic rate and increases maximal oxygen uptake. In the long term, regular periods of such activity increase the body's metabolic efficiency and capacity (the amount of work that it can perform) and thus have a beneficial effect on body fatness. In addition, physical activity may protect against colon cancer by decreasing inflammation and reducing insulin levels and insulin resistance [4].
Patterns of Diet
The evidence is reviewed under the headings of plant foods, animal foods, alcoholic drinks, and dietary supplements.
Plant Foods
Foods Containing Dietary Fiber
Dietary fiber is the residue of plant foods that is undigested in the small bowel and reaches the large bowel, where it is fermented by the colonic flora. It is characterized principally by its content of nonstarch polysaccharides and is found in vegetables, fruits, pulses (legumes), whole grain cereals, roots, tubers, and plantains. Thirteen of 18 studies for colorectal cancer showed decreased risk with increased intake of total dietary fiber.
Meta-analyses (per 10 g/d) showed a 12% decreased risk for men and an 8% decreased risk for women for colorectal cancer (Table 5). Adjustment for folate intake had little effect on the summary estimates.
Meta-analyses for sources of fiber and colorectal cancer showed a 10% decreased risk for cereal fiber; summary estimates for other sources of fiber were in the direction of decreased risk but did not reach statistical significance [6••]. For whole grains, there was a 21% decreased risk per 3 servings/d for colorectal cancer and a 16% decreased risk for colon cancer [6••]. A published pooled analysis of 8,100 colorectal cancer cases among 730,000 participants, followed up for 6 to 20 years, showed a nonsignificant decreased risk for the groups that consumed the most dietary fiber [11].
Fiber exerts several effects in the gastrointestinal tract, but the precise mechanisms for its probable protective role are still not clearly understood. Fiber dilutes fecal content, decreases transit time, and increases stool weight. The gut flora produce fermentation products, especially short-chain fatty acids, from a wide range of dietary carbohydrates and mucins that reach the colon. Short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and differentiation in experimental studies. Fiber intake is also strongly correlated with intake of folate, though adjusting for this often does not affect the risk reduction attributed to fiber [4].
No new cohort studies were identified as part of the CUP. Two cohort studies and six case–control studies identified as part of the Second Expert Report investigated garlic. All studies reported decreased risk with increased intake, with none reporting contrary results. Most studies did not reach statistical significance, and meta-analysis was not possible.
Considerable preclinical evidence with model carcinogens and transplantable tumors supports an anticancer effect of garlic and some of its allyl sulfur components. Animal studies demonstrate that allyl sulfides effectively inhibit colon tumor formation and also can inhibit cell growth in laboratory experiments [12–15].
Animal Foods
Red and Processed Meat
Red meat includes beef, lamb, and pork, and processed meat includes red meat that has been preserved by smoking, curing, salting, or adding other chemical preservatives. Nine of 10 studies on colorectal cancer showed increased risk with higher intake. Meta-analyses (per 100 g/d) for colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers showed 16%, 21%, and 31% increased risks, respectively (Table 5).
A published meta-analysis of highest versus lowest intakes of red and processed meat of 13,407 cases from 33 risk estimates showed a significant increased risk (21% for colorectal cancer) [16]. A published dose–response meta-analysis of 7,367 cases from 14 studies showed a 28% increased risk per 120-g/d increase in red and processed meat [17].
Red meat. Nine of 12 studies for colorectal cancer showed increased risk with higher intake. Meta-analysis (per 100 g/d) showed a 17% increased risk for colorectal cancer (Table 5). Summary estimates were in the direction of increased risk of colon and rectal cancers but did not reach statistical significance (Table 5).
There are several potential underlying mechanisms for a positive association of red meat consumption with colorectal cancer. Red meat contains haem, which promotes the formation of potentially carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, as well as cytotoxic alkenals from fat peroxidation. Red meat cooked at high temperatures results in the production of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that can cause colon cancer in individuals with a genetic predisposition [4].
Processed meat. Ten of 13 studies for colorectal cancer showed increased risk with higher intake. Meta-analysis (per 50 g/d) showed an 18% increased risk for colorectal cancer and a 24% increased risk for colon cancer (Table 5). The summary estimate for rectal cancer was in the direction of increased risk but did not reach statistical significance (Table 5). Meta-analyses (per 50 g/d) showed a 38% increased risk for women and a 64% increased risk for men for colon cancer, though the results for men did not reach statistical significance (Table 5).
Heterogeneity was low and explained by the disparity in category definitions between studies as well as by improved adjustment for confounders in recent studies. A published meta-analysis of highest versus lowest intakes of processed meat of 13,471 cases from 30 risk estimates showed a 19% increased risk for colorectal cancer [16]. A published dose–response meta-analysis of 10 studies showed a 10% increased risk of colorectal cancer for each 30 g/d of processed meat consumed. The same study showed an increased risk of 16% for 20 studies in a meta-analysis of highest versus lowest intakes of processed meat [18].
Eight of 10 cohort studies for colorectal cancer showed decreased risk with increased milk intake. Summary estimates for meta-analyses (per 200 g/d) showed a 9% decreased risk for colorectal cancer and were in the direction of decreased risk for colon and rectal cancers but did not reach statistical significance (Table 5). These findings that milk consumption is associated with a reduction in colorectal cancer risk were recently published [19•].
A published meta-analysis of highest versus lowest comparison of milk intake for 2,813 cases from 14 cohort studies showed a 10% decreased risk for colorectal/colon cancer and a nonsignificant decreased risk for rectal cancer [20]. A published pooled analysis of 4,992 cases among 534,536 participants, followed up for 6 to 16 years, showed a 15% decreased risk for the groups that drank the most milk, and a 14% decreased risk for the groups with the highest dietary calcium intake [21].
Sixteen of 17 cohort studies reported decreased risk of colorectal cancer with increasing dietary calcium intake. Meta-analyses for dietary calcium (per 200 mg/d) showed decreased risks of 6% and 7% for colorectal and colon cancers, respectively (Table 5). The summary estimate for rectal cancer was in the direction of decreased risk for rectal cancer but did not reach statistical significance. Meta-analyses (per 200 mg/d) for colorectal cancer showed a 7% decreased risk for both men and women when analyzed separately (Table 5).
Most of the evidence comes from Western countries, in which dietary calcium intake can be taken as a marker for dairy consumption. Any effect of milk in reducing colorectal cancer risk is likely to be mediated at least in part by calcium, which restrains cellular proliferation and promotes differentiation and apoptosis in healthy and tumor colorectal cells [22]. Milk includes many other bioactive constituents that may also play a role. The Second Expert Report also found that diets high in calcium probably increase the risk of prostate cancer, and for this reason, no recommendations were made for dairy foods.
Alcoholic Drinks (Ethanol)
All studies investigating alcohol as ethanol showed increased risk with increased intake for colorectal (8 studies) and colon cancers (12 studies). Meta-analyses (per 10 g ethanol/d) showed a 10% increased risk of colorectal and rectal cancers and an 8% increased risk of colon cancer (Table 5). Meta-analyses showed a greater effect in men than women for colorectal and colon cancers, with the results for colorectal cancer showing an 11% increased risk in men, compared with 7% for women (Table 5). A published pooled analysis of more than 4,600 colorectal cancer cases among more than 475,000 participants, followed up for 6 to 16 years, showed a 41% increased risk for the groups that drank the most alcohol [23].
There was some suggestion of a greater effect in men than in women, possibly because of the generally higher consumption of alcohol among men. Also, men and women may prefer different types of alcoholic drinks; there may be hormone-related differences in alcohol metabolism or in susceptibility to alcohol. Data also suggested a J-shaped dose–response relationship, with low intake being associated with lower risk compared with no intake [4].
Some metabolites of alcohol, such as acetaldehyde, are carcinogenic. There is also an interaction with smoking. Tobacco may induce specific mutations in DNA that are less efficiently repaired in the presence of alcohol. Alcohol may also function as a solvent, enhancing penetration of other carcinogenic molecules into mucosal cells. Additionally, the effects of alcohol may be mediated through the production of prostaglandins, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of free radical oxygen species. Lastly, high consumers of alcohol may have diets low in essential nutrients, making tissues susceptible to carcinogenesis [4].
Dietary Supplements
The Second Expert Report found that in trials of high-dose nutrient supplements, cancer incidence was variously increased or decreased in selected populations. Such studies do not relate to widespread use among the general population, in whom the balance of risks and benefits cannot be predicted confidently, and a general recommendation to consume supplements for cancer prevention might have unexpected adverse effects. Increasing consumption of the relevant nutrients through the usual diet is preferred.
Six of the seven studies for colorectal cancer reported decreased risk with calcium supplementation, and no meta-analyses were conducted. A published meta-analysis showed a 24% decreased risk with use of calcium supplements for colorectal/colon cancer [20]. A pooled analysis of 4,992 cases among 534,536 participants, followed up for 6 to 16 years, showed a 22% decreased risk for the groups with the highest calcium intakes (dietary and supplemental sources) [21]. In addition, two randomized controlled trials and four cohort studies investigated calcium supplements and the risk of adenomas. Both trials and most of the cohort studies showed decreased risk with supplementation.
Calcium from diet is an important nutrient; intracellular calcium is a pervasive second messenger acting on many cellular functions, including cell growth. Calcium restrains cellular proliferation and promotes differentiation and apoptosis in healthy and tumor colorectal cells [22].
Life Course: Adult-Attained Height
Six of the eight cohort studies for colorectal cancer showed increased risk with increased height. Meta-analyses (per 5 cm) showed a 5% and 9% increased risk for colorectal and colon cancers, respectively (Table 5). The summary estimate for rectal cancer was in the direction of increased risk but did not reach statistical significance (Table 5). For both colorectal and colon cancers, the increased risk was observed in both men and women; however, for rectal cancer, it was only statistically significant in men (Table 5).
The general mechanisms through which the factors that lead to greater adult attained height or its consequences could plausibly influence cancer risk are outlined in the Second Expert Report [4]. Many of these, such as early-life nutrition, altered hormone profiles, and the rate of sexual maturation, could plausibly increase cancer risk.
Other Exposures
Foods containing vitamin D
•Two recent papers have now been included in the Continuous Update Project (CUP) database looking at dietary vitamin D. This includes one from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and one from the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases [29, 30].
•The evidence suggesting that vitamin D or foods containing it protect against colorectal cancer is limited, but it is important to highlight that the effects of vitamin D and calcium are strongly interrelated. This is because both are growth restraining and both induce differentiation and apoptosis in intestinal cells, and calcium-mediated effects are strongly dependent on vitamin D levels.
•Data from observational studies are probably hampered by the fact that total levels of the biologically active form are not only dependent on diet but also on supplements and UV exposure of the skin. Serum/plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D status is therefore considered a more accurate measure of vitamin D status than vitamin D intake.
•It is important to be aware of the mechanistic effects of vitamin D polymorphism, as evidence shows that this could have an effect on susceptibility to colorectal cancer risk. The recent EPIC study included a meta-analysis looking at various polymorphisms, although no significant associations were noted [29].
Nonstarchy vegetables and fruits
•There is a substantial amount of evidence for nonstarchy vegetables and fruits, but it is too inconsistent and limited to show that they protect against colorectal cancer.
•Although this is the case, it must be noted that this is a wide and disparate food category, and many different plant food constituents could feasibly contribute to a protective effect of nonstarchy vegetables and fruits. It is difficult to unravel the relative importance of each constituent and it is likely that any protective effect may result from a combination of influences on several pathways involved in carcinogenesis. These include dietary fiber, folate, selenium, allyl sulfides, glucosinolates, dithiolethiones, indoles, coumarins, ascorbate, chlorophyll, and antioxidants (including flavonoids, carotenoids, phenols, and phytoestrogens).
•There is also evidence that nonstarchy vegetables and fruit are probably protective against other cancers (nonstarchy vegetables: mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and stomach; fruits: mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lung, and stomach).
In total, 263 new papers were identified between 2006 and 2010. The strongest evidence, corresponding to judgements of "convincing" and "probable," shows that physical activity protects against colon cancer and foods containing dietary fiber protect against colorectal cancer. The evidence also shows that consumption of red meat and of processed meat, ethanol from alcoholic drinks (by men and probably by women), as well as body fatness and abdominal fatness and the factors that lead to greater adult-attained height or its consequences are convincing causes. Consumption of garlic, milk, and calcium are probably protective. The evidence that nonstarchy vegetables, fruits, and foods containing vitamin D protect against colorectal cancer and that cheese or foods containing iron, animal fats, or sugars are causes of this cancer is too limited to make recommendations. Evidence for foods containing folate, fish, and selenium is more limited, and no conclusion could be drawn.
The recent evidence presented here shows that food, nutrition, and physical activity have an important role in the prevention and causation of colorectal cancer, supporting WCRF/AICR Recommendations for Cancer Prevention. Health professionals have a direct and obvious influence on people's health. Clinicians in particular are trusted by the public and are expected to give advice and guidance on good health and well-being and the prevention of disease, as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders and diseases. In their daily interactions with people, health professionals have unrivaled opportunities to provide information and encouragement in support of healthy ways of life [3••].
Prioritize public health, including cancer prevention, quality food, nutrition, and physical activity, in core training, practice, and professional development.
Take a lead in educating and working with colleagues, other professionals, and other actors to improve public health, including cancer prevention.
Involve people as family and community members and take account of their personal characteristics in all types of professional practice.
The authors wish to acknowledge the research team at Imperial College London (United Kingdom) who prepared the 2010 CUP Colorectal Cancer Report [6••] and are responsible for updating the CUP database, and the CUP Expert Panel for reviewing the evidence (for more information, please visit http://www.wcrf.org/cancer_research/cup/index.php).
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.


text:
Mandela: The Authorized Portraitby PQ Publishers, Ltd., PQ Publishers Ltd., PQ Publishers
Named one of Time magazine's 100/i>
'What makes Mandela so special is that he's a real human being. . . . He's got a real life. And the fact that he is so flesh-and-blood real makes his greatness and his sacrifice and his wisdom and his courage in the face of all that has happened to him even more remarkable."-From the foreword by President Bill Clinton
Named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela has dedicated his life to fighting racism, segregation, oppression, and exploitation-and championing democracy, equality, and education.
Mandela: The Authorized Portrait celebrates the courage, determination, and remarkable humanity of a great man and chronicles his extraordinary contribution to humankind.
Much of the story in Mandela: The Authorized Portrait is told by those whose very lives he has touched. Drawing on 60 original and extensive interviews with family members, close friends, colleagues, and many of the world's leading figures in politics and entertainment, Mandela: The Authorized Portrait tells the inspirational story of an incredible man-from his birth and early childhood in rural South Africa and his involvement with and eventual leadership of the African National Congress through his 27-year imprisonment and eventual emergence as one of the world's notable leaders and most active agents for change.
This richly designed portrait features a foreword by former U.S. president Bill Clinton and an introduction by Archbishop Desmond Tutu. It is illustrated with 250 images and features material taken from private collections as well as the Nelson Mandela Foundation archive-some of it published here for the first time. Mandela: The Authorized Portrait features artifacts and facsimiles of Mandela's voluminous writings and correspondence-written records of his negotiations with the prison authorities, intimate letters to his family and friends during his imprisonment, and material from Mandela's personal diaries and calendars.
Mandela: The Authorized Portrait is one of the most lavishly illustrated and comprehensive tributes to Nelson Mandela's life and work ever produced.
Editorial Reviews
The Washington Post
Product Details
- 9780740755729
- Publisher:
- Andrews McMeel Publishing
- Publication date:
- 10/01/2006
- Pages:
- 356
- Product dimensions:
- 9.30(w) x 12.20(h) x 1.40(d)
Read an Excerpt
Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC
Copyright © 2006
Nelson R. Mandela
All right reserved.
Chapter One
At the age of fifty-seven, as he sat in his tiny cell oil Robben Island, Nelson Mandela was to write of the beautiful
country of rolling hills where he was born. He remembered the rivers and the myriad streams which kept the
valleys green even in winter. He thought of the majestic Drakensberg mountains to the north and the wild rugged
coastline of the Indian Ocean to the south. He could smell the musty aroma of the veld. He was serving a
sentence of life imprisonment; he must have wondered if he would ever see that haunting landscape again.
While he wrote, a guard paced the corridor, every now and then looking in. Mandela often lent him a copy of
the Afrikaner weekly Die Huisgenoot, which ensured good relations and deflected attention from what he was
doing. As the guard returned to his pacing, Mandela would return to Mvezo, a tiny village on the banks of the
Mbashe River in the district of Umtata in what was then called Transkei.
Here his mother, Nosekeni Fanny, the third wife of Gadla Hendry Mandela, had her kraal of thatched
rondavels, her land that she farmed and her livestock that grazed on the communal pastures. "Mvezo," wrote
Mandela in his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, "was a place apart, a tiny precinct removed from the world
of great events,where life was lived much as it had been for hundreds of years." Here he was born on July 18, 1918. In
celebration, his father slaughtered a goat and mounted the horns in the house. He named his son Rolihlahla: literally,
"pulling the branch of a tree," or colloquially, "troublemaker." Although Mandela never believed that a name conveyed
destiny or that his father glimpsed the future, there would always be a poetic tension between his name and his life.
This "place apart," Mvezo, was deed in the heartland of Transkei, a vast land between the Cape and Natal, and the
home of the Xhosa nation. In the nineteenth century it had been designated a "native reserve" after
bitter wars between the British settlers and the indigenous people had ended in a brooding truce.
In 1910 the land was absorbed into the Union of South Africa, but the memories of the battles
and the kings who had stood against the invading forces remained alive whenever the elders sat
down to tell stories of the past. For Mandela, it was a land as rich in beauty as it was in myth
and history.
His ancestral roots were buried in the Thembu people and the Madiba clan. According to
custom, the line of succession to the Thembu throne passed through the Right Hand House
while those in the Left Hand House - or Ixhiba - acted as counselors to the rulers of the tribe.
Although he was a member of the royal household, Mandela was a descendant of the Ixhiba
house on his father's side, while his mother belonged to the Right Hand House. His father was a respected chief,
renowned for his strictness and stubbornness, but he was also valued as a counselor and adviser - an unofficial prime
minister of Thembuland, a custodian of Xhosa history. He could be outspoken and rebellious when faced with situations
he considered unfair and was not cowed by white authority. These were characteristics Mandela would later come to
acknowledge in himself.
About a year after Mandela's birth, his father had a dispute with the local white magistrate and was found guilty of
insubordination. He was deprived of his chieftainship, losing most of his cattle, land, and income. The family moved to
a kraal of three rondavels in the nearby village of Qunu where they had the support of relatives and
friends. It was here that Mandela grew up surrounded by family, running in the veld with his friends, herding
cattle, moving between his father's wives who were all "mothers" to him, as the Xhosa language has no words for
stepmother or half-brothers and -sisters. To the mail writing in his cell, his childhood years must have seemed
Although Mandela's father never wavered from his traditional religious beliefs, his mother became a Christian and
had their son baptized a Methodist. The men who officiated at the local Wesleyan church saw promise in the young
Mandela and suggested that he be educated. As no one in the family, had received formal education, the day that the
seven-year-old Mandela walked to the single-roomed school on the hill was auspicious. He was wearing a pair of his
father's trousers that had been cut off at the knee and were tied at the waist with string. "I must have been a comical
sight, but I have never owned a suit I was prouder to wear than my father's cut-off trousers," Mandela would write
years later in his island cell. That first day at school Mandela was given the name Nelson by his teacher. Her choice
of name was probably arbitrary, although at the time mission-educated children were often named after British imperial
heroes. That an English name was necessary at all had as much to do with the English bias in the education system as
with the then reluctance or inability of most whites to pronounce African names.
Two years after he started school, in 1927, Mandela's father died of a lung disease that was undiagnosed but might
have been tuberculosis. He had been ill for some time and, with prescience, had asked his friend Chief Jongintaba, the
regent of the Thembu people, to take care of his son. A few days after the funeral, Nosekeni Fanny packed a small tin
trunk for Mandela and the two of them set out for Mqhekezweni, the regent's Great Place. The quiet, shy boy was taken
to the small whitewashed rondavel he was to share with Jongintaba's son Justice. Four years his elder, Justice
was in every way Mandela's opposite: cheerful, outgoing, a sportsman, but also already something of a dandy and a
playboy. All the same, they were soon firm friends. Equally quickly, the family "adopted" Mandela, calling him
Tatomkhulu - grandpa - partly because of his serious disposition and partly because they thought he
looked like an old man.
Jongintaba was renowned as a powerful and just leader, and a committed Methodist, yet he was also
steeped in history and tradition. Mqbekezweni was regularly visited by old chiefs and headmen, and the
stories of the great heroes of Xhosa history, and those of other African nations were constantly in the air.
This sense of history as a living force and the pervading philosophy of ubuntu, that is "humanness," the
idea that one's humanity derives from the way in which one interacts with others, entrenched themselves
in the boy's forming personality. At Mqhekezweni, too, he learned about the coming of the white people
and the battles that had led to the subjugation of the indigenous peoples they encountered. Jongintaba's
Great Place was also the judicial center for the region, and it was here that the tribesmen came to express
their grievances. On many occasions Mandela heard complainants being highly critical of the regent, yet
always Jongintaba listened without interruption, and, in the end, sought consensus. This was democracy,
a form of leadership that insisted on everyone's right to be heard, and the regent's self-control and fairness
greatly impressed his young ward. Many decades later, as president, Mandela would adopt the same
technique to seek consensus in his cabinet.
Of equal impact, if lesser importance, to the young boy was the regent's attention to his image. In his
wardrobes hung a number of suits, and Mandela spent many happy hours pressing creases into the trousers.
This attention to clothing, however, was not simply one of vanity; it was about dignity and self-worth and
became a theme that was to resonate
throughout Mandela's life: during his
penurious days as a young lawyer, on
Robben Island, finally manifesting itself
in the celebratory Madiba shirts that
became a hallmark of his presidency
and retirement.
When Mandela turned sixteen, the
regent decided it was time for him to
undergo the circumcision ritual. It was
a sacred rite of passage that marked the
end of youth and the beginning of
manhood, in short, acceptance into
Xhosa society. Together with twenty-five
boys led by Justice, he went to a
secluded lodge in an isolated valley
through which the Mbashe River
flowed. In the preparatory days, the
boys talked, played at stick fighting,
and, in a symbolic act of daring float in
earlier times might have involved a
battle or a cattle raid, stole and
slaughtered a pig. On the night before
the ceremony, women from the nearby
villages came to sing and clap while the
initiates danced. The next morning the
boys washed in the river's cold waters,
wrapped themselves in blankets and
paraded before the elders and the
regent. At midday the old incibi appeared with his assegai
to perform the circumcision. Mandela waited in line,
tense and anxious. The old man approached and knelt,
looking into Mandela's eyes. Then, with a single pass of
the spear's blade, the incibi severed the foreskin. Pain
burnt through Mandela's veins like fire. For a moment he
closed his eves, his bead bowed, then he cried out,
"Ndiyindoda" - "I am a man." There followed a time of
seclusion in the lodges while the wound healed. The
initiates painted their bodies with white ochre, symbolizing
purity. At midnight they buried their foreskins.
According to custom this was to hide them from wizards
who might use the flesh for evil purposes. On a sacred
level, they were burying their youth. Similarly, when the
seclusion was ended, the lodges were burnt to destroy the
young men's last links to childhood.
At the ceremony welcoming them as men, Mandela
received two heifers and four sheep to honor his new
status. "I remember walking differently on that day,
straighter, taller, firmer. I was hopeful, and thinking that
I might some day have wealth, property and status," he
wrote in his autobiography. He had a new name too:
Dalibunga, meaning founder of the council, the bunga
being the traditional ruling body of the Xhosa.
Yet on this day of celebration, the main speaker,
Chief Meligqili, cast a shadow. For the chief reminded
them that although they might now be men, they had
neither freedom nor independence while they remained a
conquered people. At first Mandela felt the chief's
remarks were wrong and ignorant. Years later he was to
fight for their truth.
Not long after his initiation, Mandela was admitted to a highly regarded school, Clarkebury, the oldest
Wesleyan mission and the biggest educational center in Thembuland. A sheep was slaughtered at the Great
Place to mark the occasion and Mandela took great delight in a celebration of singing and dancing that was
solely for his benefit. The next day the regent drove him to the boarding school, cautioning his ward that
the governor, Reverend Cecil Harris, was closely involved with the local communities and their chiefs and
should be treated with respect. Intimidated, Mandela was ushered by his patron into the governor's study.
Harris warmly shook the young man's hand and said he would make arrangements for Mandela to work in
his garden, as some manual labor after school hours was mandatory. Somewhat in awe, Mandela nodded
and released the first white hand he had ever shaken.
He adapted quickly to life at Clarkebury, performing so well in class that he completed the junior
certificate in two years instead of three. On the playing fields his performance was, by his own admission,
mediocre, but the hours he spent with Harris and his wife in
their garden were happy and memorable. Most importantly,
he came to love gardening and growing vegetables, a pastime
that would distract him and comfort him during his long
years of imprisonment.
Clarkebury, too, opened Mandela to a wider world.
Among his contemporaries were young people from the
distant metropolis of Johannesburg, and from other parts of
the country and the neighboring British protectorate of
Basutoland (Lesotho). Many of them he found sophisticated
and cosmopolitan, which made him feel every bit a country
boy, despite the new boots the regent had given him. Yet he
was content with his lot. He believed his roots were his
destiny and his ambition was to fulfill the regent's plans for
him and become a counselor to the Thembu king. All this
was soon to change.
After Clarkebury, Mandela was enrolled at Healdtown,
a Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort, some two hundred and
fifty kilometers from the regent's Great Place. The town's
name resonated with the battles that had been fought
between the British settlers and the Xhosa in the previous
century, and the Victorian college buildings covered in ivy spoke of a "privileged academic oasis" to the
young man. Once again the education was uncompromisingly British and flavored with a Methodist bias.
However, while the religious tenets did not move Mandela, he was influenced by the strict ethical standards
of the Wesleyans and their mental discipline of honing an idea to its essential ingredients. Both these
elements, and the self-reliance demanded by life at a boarding school, went to fortify a character that was
already principled and stubborn.
Healdtown further broadened Mandela's horizons. He became friendly with Zachariah Molete, a
Sotho, which struck him as "quite bold" as he was venturing beyond the tribe. He witnessed a black
housemaster stand up to the white principal and realized that white authority could be challenged. In his
final year, Krune Mqhayi, a Xhosa praise singer resplendent in a leopard-skin kaross, matching hat, and
wielding assegais in each hand, came to recount a poem that eulogized the Xhosa as a proud and powerful
people. The poet's performance was electrifying: the themes of African unity excited Mandela, but, equally,
so did the strident nationalism.
After graduating from Healdtown in 1938, Mandela went on to Fort Hare, the only black university
in South Africa, and the alma mater of the revolution to come. He was twenty-one years old and dapper
and confident in a grey double-breasted suit bought for him by the regent. For Mandela and his
contemporaries, the university was at once Oxford and Cambridge, Harvard and Yale. It had been
established in 1916 by white missionaries and black educationalists and was the focal point of the black
intelligentsia. Nevertheless, it remained a small college of one hundred and fifty students, only a handful
of whom were women. In his first year Mandela studied English, anthropology, politics, native administration,
and Roman Dutch law. He took to the sports fields, excelling in the long-distance running and
boxing he had taken up at Healdtown. Team sports were not Mandela's forte: he was a loner, in many ways
Among the first people he befriended was Kaiser (K. D.) Matanzima, actually his nephew from the
Thembu royal family although K. D. was four years older. Unlike Mandela, Isis line descended through the
Right Hand House and he was destined to be a king or paramount chief. Mandela hero-worshiped him
and the two became inseparable. In fact, K. D. even shared his allowance with the younger man as the
regent did not believe in sending his ward pocket money. Despite their friendship and Mandela's
admiration for K. D., politics would drive them apart as Matanzima's later alliances with the apartheid
government drew him into the Bantustan policy of separate homelands for blacks. When Transkei was
declared self-governing in 1963, Matanzima became its chief minister. However, Mandela would always
acknowledge that K. D. had once been his idol.
Many of Mandela's friends at Fort Hare were already politically active and, in
some cases, members of the African National Congress (ANC). Invariably they
were far more politically astute than the self-styled country boy. It was at Fort Hare
that he first encountered Oliver Tambo with whom he was to form Isis legendary
friendship. They met while teaching Bible classes in neighboring villages and the
somewhat reserved young man impressed Mandela with his intelligence, his
scholarship, and his expertise as a political debater.
Perhaps unsurprisingly given Mandela's ideas about fairness and democracy,
the first incident that moved him into the political arena concerned his
house committee. As there were no freshmen represented on the body, Mandela
led a referendum to reconstitute the committee along more equitable lines. He
and his cohorts were duly elected, much to the chagrin of one of the seniors
who laid an official complaint. The warden of the college was called in to
mediate but decided against intervening. "This was one of my first battles with
authority, and I felt the sense of power that comes from having right and justice
on one's side," the prisoner would write many years later on Robben Island.
Excerpted from MANDELA
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson R. Mandela.
Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Meet the Author
Mandela: The Authorized Portrait was created by a team of award-winning writers, photographers, and researchers in collaboration with Mandela's closest living comrades from Robben Island, Mac Maharaj and Ahmed Kathrada. Among the narrative contributors are biographer Mike Nichol and three interviewers personally selected by Nelson Mandela: Ros Coward, Professor Tim Couzens, and Amina Frense.
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