text:
Apple launches App Store in 32 new countriesApple flipped the switch on the App Store in 32 new countries on Thursday, making good on a promise made by CEO Tim Cook during WWDC 2012 that was slightly overshadowed by the unveiling of the MacBook Pro with Retina display and a host of other product launches.
The App Store further extends it reach and is now available in a total of 155 countries with new users expected to add to the over 400 million active accounts with credit cards now on iTunes.
Full list of countries that gained App Store access on Thursday:
Albania, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Fiji, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritania, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Palau, Papua New Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Zimbabwe.
Cook announced during the Worldwide Developers Conference earlier in June that iOS App Store had reached the 30 billion download mark with over $5 billion paid to developers of the iDevice apps. With over 650,000 apps available, 225,000 of which are designed for iPad, customers in the 32 new countries will have a plethora of offerings to choose from.
On Topic: iTunes
- No charges filed in alleged gun threat involving Apple's Dr. Dre
- Apple buys out cloud music provider Omnifone [u]
- Rapper Travis Scott confirms Apple Music deal ahead of new album release
- Apple releases iTunes 12.4.2 with fix for Apple Music short song playback issues
- Apple Music shifting to iTunes Match 'acoustic fingerprinting' method of song ID


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 11, 2007
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 2005
|Priority date
|Jun 7, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Clark J. Radcliffe
|Original Assignee
|Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (5), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/577,939, filed on Jun. 7, 2004 The disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference
The present invention relates to noise measurement equipment and, more particularly, to equipment configured to repeatably measure noise from a moving object at variable distance.
Excessive noise levels on lakes are the source of many community problems. Given the increasing numbers of boats on lakes, shoreline residents who wish to maintain a peaceful environment have a vested interest in controlling noise pollution.
Current standards for measuring noise levels of boats are written in various State Acts. The current standards often cited are testing procedures SAE J2005 (SAE 1991b) and SAE J1970 (SAE 1991a), which tend to discourage the state law officials who try to apply and enforce them. The SAE J2005 standard requires that the target boat be tethered to either another boat or a dock. The engine motor is set to idle, and the measurement is taken three feet away. This requires extraordinary cooperation not only from the vehicle operator, but also from all other boats in the immediate environment. The SAE J1970 standard is a shoreline-based measurement of the boat noise. The measurement is taken from the shore, as long as the boat is not within 30 seconds of leaving or returning to shore. SAE J1970 can only be used when the offending boat is alone on the water and near to shore, thus making citation of the offending vehicle operator difficult.
The J2005 standard is intended as a stationary test for motorboats. This test is designed to determine whether a boat's muffling system is adequate to reduce the sound power of the boat. The basic procedure is as follows:
The J1970 standard is meant to test the sound level of boats as perceived on the shoreline by riparian owners, the originators of most of the complaints. The basic procedure in this test is:
The SAE J34 standard (SAE 2001) is referred to in the laws of fourteen states. It seeks to provide a comprehensive test to determine the maximum sound level of the boat in use. A summary of this test is as follows:
The J34 standard successfully measures the peak in-use noise level of the boat as it traverses the course. However, the complexity of setting up a course, and the range of variables which must be recorded, necessitate that there must be an officer in the boat as well as on the dock. It requires skillful piloting, extremely calm conditions, and patient and qualified officers to administer the test. This standard is meant as a way for boat manufacturers to certify their boats are compliant with noise standards, rather than as an on-lake test for noisy boaters. The J34 test provides a measured value that is related to the sound power of the boat. However, the difficulty in administering this test limits its usefulness for enforcement of noise statues.
The solution to the noise standards enforcement problem lies in the creation of a noise measurement standard, which allows the accurate measurement of the in-use noise level of a boat or vehicle. The goal of the standard is to compute a value representative of the acoustic power of the noise source without requiring operator cooperation. Enforcing this standard would require a device that would compute a value representative of the noise level of a boat unaffected by distance, background noise level of other boats, and weather. In order to compute this representative value of acoustic power, a model of sound propagation is needed. With this model, and a distance measurement, the point sound pressure (dB) measurement can be related to the sound power of the boat. A measure of the background noise level is also needed so that the influence of other noise sources can be removed from the measurement. The purpose of this work is to create such a "sound measuring device." This device, coupled with redrafted statues, would finally allow law enforcement officers to enforce a reasonable noise level standard not only for boats, but for ATV's, snowmobiles, and other vehicles.
A noise measurement device that is more advanced than a standard noise meter is required by the new standard. The meter will need to output a predicted minimum possible sound level of the boat at a standard distance away, after compensating for various possible measurement errors including, but not limited to, background noise and noise propagation characteristics. This will allow for measurements to be compared to other boat measurements no matter how far the meter operator is from the boat. Sound propagation and measurement techniques need to be reviewed in order to make this prediction.
The noise measurement device will need to do these predictions in an invisible manner from the operator. The corrected noise level at a standard distance away will eliminate the problems of reliability of the measurement. The integration of this procedure into a single electronic instrument will eliminate the difficulty in use that plagues the other standards. With this device, the new noise measurement standard can be used easily for law enforcement.
The noise measurement device utilizes how sound propagates over water for noise level calculations. As such, it is an object of the invention to measure the sound level at the position of the observer, and convert it into what the equivalent sound level would be at a standard distance from the source. Two models of how sound propagates are used to develop the noise measurement device, a point source and an infinite plate source. The affect of background noise on the measurement of sound level is determined.
Spherical sound propagation is one way to idealize the acoustic propagation field produced by a boat. The point produces a level of acoustic power, which then propagates uniformly away from the point over a sphere. The acoustic power is assumed constant at any distance from the point. The energy is spread over the sphere of radius r from the sound origin. This derivation is based on standard sound propagation theory.
The acoustic intensity (I) is an energy flux (W/m2). The acoustic power (Psource) is the integral of that flux over some sphere (radius r, surface area A) surrounding the source,
P source =∫IdA=I(4πr 2) (1)
Acoustic intensity is related to the square of the acoustic pressure (p), where ρ is the air density, and c is the speed the wave (sound),
Relating the acoustic power to the acoustic pressure with (1) and (2),
The relationship between the ratios of pressures to the ratio of distances is determined using:
Sound pressure level is a function of acoustic pressure. It is specified in decibels, defined as
where pref is a reference pressure (2�10−5 Pa),
The change in sound pressure level for two points is
For a doubling of distance, r1=1 and r2=2, the ΔSPL is −6 dB.
An infinite plane source is the other limiting case of a boat sound propagation field. This approximation can be used very close to the boat. In this case, an infinite wall radiates sound at the same intensity at every point on the wall. Since the sound wave travels linearly away from the wall and does not expand, the sound intensity from an infinitesimal patch radiates over a rectangle. The acoustic power remains constant since the area is constant, and therefore the sound level at any point away from the wall is constant.
The acoustic intensity (I) is an energy flux (W/m2). The acoustic power (Psource) is the integral of that flux
P source =∫IdA=I(A) (7)
Acoustic intensity is related to the square of the acoustic pressure.
Relating the acoustic power to the acoustic pressure with (7) and (8),
The relationship between the ratio of pressures to the ratio of areas is determined by:
Since the surface is infinite, the acoustic energy radiates outward into the same area at every radius from the surface. So A1=A2, and
The change in sound pressure level for two points is
The change in sound pressure level, ΔSPL, is always 0 dB.
The National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA 1987) set out to measure the sound propagation field from motorboats. A boat is neither a point source nor an infinite wall source; its decay is somewhere between these two cases. These tests measured the propagation decay of a group of actual boats. Sound level meters were placed on poles at 50, 75, 100, and 200 feet away from a straight buoy course that the boat traversed. This allowed simultaneous readings of the boat noise at different distances. This test was conducted for a wide range of boats (with horsepowers from 10 to 370) in a single set of conditions.
The Marine Manufacturers Association study determined experimentally that on average boats had a 5 dB drop per doubling of distance. Further testing is needed to determine the average sound level decay for most watercraft, since this set of testing was not as rigorous and complete as is needed to stand up to court challenges. The data shows that most vehicles exhibited a decay value of between 4 and 6 dB per doubling of distance.
Background noise is key to making a precise noise measurement. A noise source can only be measured when it is louder than the surrounding noise level. Even when the source is above the background, the reading taken from a source is a combination of the source noise and the background noise. The SAE noise standards only allow measurements when the measured source is 10 dB higher than the background. Because of this, the sound measuring device must correct for the background sound level.
Since the noise reading is a linear combination of the sound intensities from the background and the source, we can subtract the background contribution. The total mean squared measured sound ym is the sum of the source ys and background noise yb, for a broadband random noise,
y m =y s +y b (13)
This total measured sound Ym is expressed on a decibel (dB) scale as
Y m=20log10(y m)=20log10(y s +y b) (14)
where the measured background level Yb
Y b(dB)=20log10(y b) (15)
and the desired sound source level Ys
Y s(dB)=20log10(y s) (16)
Solving for the source and background levels in (13) yields
y b=10(Y
y s=10(Y
These results can now be substituted into (16) and (13) to solve for the source pressure ys and source level in decibels
Rearranging (19) to collect terms and compute compensation in dB,
This compensation equation (20) can now be written as
Y s(dB)=Y m +C (21)
where the compensation C=20log10(1-10[(Y
The graph shows the required correction given the difference between the measured noise source value and the background noise. When the difference between the measurement and the background is 10 dB, the measured value is about 3.3 dB too high. Thus, if the background is 70 dB, and the measured source value is 80 dB, the real source level is about 76.7 dB. This correction is not valid when the source sound level and the background sound level are very close in value.
Directional measurement is an important factor in the measurement of boat or vehicle noise. The sound measurement must discriminate between the target object and other objects in the vicinity. There are two types of microphones that are generally used for directional pickup—a parabolic microphone or a shotgun microphone.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.
The noise detection apparatus 30 according to the teachings of the present invention shown in
100 dB SPL=(2 Pa)(11.2 mV/Pa)=22.4 mV (22)
In one embodiment of the invention, a Contour LaserRangefinder XLR is used as rangefinder 32 to handle the distance measurement. Rangefinder 32 device sends out a pulsed infra-red laser and measures the amount of time it take for the beam to return the reflection of the beam, at a resolution of 0.1 foot. The time it takes for the beam to return, multiplied by the speed of light (approximately 983,571,056 feet per second), is twice the distance to the target. This means that for a 10 foot measurement, rangefinder 32 would measure a time of 2�10−8 seconds. The difference between a 10 foot measurement and a 10.1 foot measurement would be 2�10−10 seconds. The ease of use and the built-in computer interface made this device an easy choice for the prototype. However, in a production model of the boat sound measuring device, it is envisioned a customized version would be designed to remove much of the bulk of the current device.
Noise measuring device controller 36 can be a basic stamp microcontroller. This controller 36 takes sound level and distance inputs, computes all relevant corrections, and controls the output displays as specified in its custom program. It is interfaced with analog circuitry that does the signal processing. The use of a microcontroller allows controller 36 simple software updates to change the operation of the device.
The signal into A in
The input signal must first be filtered of low frequency noise. C2 forms a high pass filter with the input resistance of 6.7 kΩ for the MX636 to remove low frequency bias. In order to be converted from an AC signal to a DC signal, the signal frequency must be above 10.8 Hz.
The time period over which the RMS value is measured is defined by the averaging capacitor, Cave. Cave=1 μF corresponds to a settling time of 115 msec at an input voltage level of 100 mV. Smaller input voltages take longer to settle. At an input of 1 mV, the settling time is ten times longer (about 1.1 seconds). The RMS calibration on Pin 5 is −3 mV/dB. As the input RMS level changes by 50 dB, the output voltage (Pin 5) should change by −150 mV from the 0 dB reference value set by the variable resistor on the pin.
Microphone amplifier circuit 40 in
Optionally, microphone 34 can be a parabolic microphone using a large parabolic reflector to reflect sound waves into the microphone. This reflector only reflects wavelengths of sound less than the radius of the dish. This requirement means that for a frequency of 1000 Hz, the radius of the reflector must be at least 0.33 meters. For a frequency of 100 Hz, the microphone must have a radius of over 3.3 meters. This type of microphone 34 provides 20-40 dB of discrimination between the target and other noise sources in the general direction of the target.
Shotgun microphone 34 uses a long tube that reinforces the sound wave as it travels both down the tube and on the outside of the tube. The length of the tube is important to increase the directionality of the microphone 34. However, the length does not play a direct role in the frequency response of the microphone. This type of microphone 34 provides 15-20 dB of directional discrimination. A response pattern for an Audio-Technica AT815b microphone is shown in
For the directional sound measurement, shotgun microphone 34 was chosen. The parabolic microphone offered better directionality of sound measurement, at a cost of its large cross section. Shotgun microphone 34 offered only slightly inferior directionally of sound measurement and a much reduced cross-section. The length of the microphone 34 can also be reduced if less directionally at low frequencies is required.
The direct connection to microphone 34 is a balanced input. The output from microphone 34 is sent on two wires, and difference between the voltages on the wires is the microphone signal. The ground wire is kept separate to minimize noise pickup from magnetic/electric fields. The input is impedance balanced on each wire with the output impedance of microphone 34.
First op amp 44 is an inverting amplifier. The gain is determined as follows: First we record the fundamental laws of an op-amp V+−V−=0, which is a statement of the infinite gain of the amplifier, and iin +=iin −+0, which is a statement of the infinite input impedance of op amp 44.
The current through R2 is
i 1=(V in − −V out)/(R 1 +R 2) (23)
and into the reference source,
i 2=(V in + −V ref)/(R 3 +R 4) (24)
Using the fundamental laws of an op amp,
V + =V − =[V in + −R 3 i 2 ]−[V in − −R 1 i 1]= (25)
Substituting the equations for i1 and i2 into the last equation,
This result can be rearranged to form,
If R1=R3 and R2=R4,
Equations 27 and 28 illustrate the importance of R1, R3 and R2, R4 being matched pairs. If these resistors are not equal the gain of the amplifier is not a simple ratio. The gain would be affected differently by changes in Vin + or Vin −. Equation 28 defines the differential gain of the amplifier. Also note that this differential gain is defined about Vref because when (Vin +−Vin −)=0, Vout=Vref�Vref as 2.5 V as required by the MX636 chip.
The input impedance of the circuit is the ratio between changes in each of the input voltages Vin + and Vin − and associated changes in currents i1 and i2. Using (25),
V in + =R 3 i 2 +V in − −R 3 i 1
The input impedance of this amplifier is strictly controlled by the two identical input resistors R1 and R3. If R1=580 Ohms, and R2=6.8 k Ohms, the desired low microphone impedance with an amplifier gain is achieved, (R2/R1)=11.7. With this gain, the RMS output voltage at a sound pressure level of 100 dB is (22.4 mV)*11.7=262.6 mV. Second op amp 46 is also an inverting amplifier, which a variable gain. This is used to trim the output to the exact requirements of the MX636.
The A/D stage measures the analog voltage and converts it into a digital representation of the value in terms of two limiting values. This digitally represented value is an 8-bit value. This is also a standard circuit. R1 and R2, and similarly R3 and R4, are voltage dividers, which define the limiting values.
V3 defines the bottom of the range of voltage, and V5 defines the span of voltages.
The digital output, x, is defined as
The ADC0831 provides x as the output of its serial interface. This serial output is a digitally scaled (0-255) RMS microphone level in dB.
When Vin=V3, x=0. When Vin=V3+V5, x =255.
Controller 36 converts the raw digital level from microphone 34, and computes an equivalent noise level at the measured distance. It computes a dB level from this number. Controller 36 then inputs the distance and computes a log correction to get the estimated noise equivalent noise level at a predetermined desired distance (50 feet). Controller 36 then uses the background noise and computes a reduction factor. This process is diagramed in
In the initialization block, the device makes a measurement of the ambient sound level. It uses the microphone 34, amplifier 40, MX636, and A/D converter 42 stage to get a digital representation of the ambient sound level. The sound level data is inputted into basic stamp controller 36 as an 8-bit number, which is a representation of the decibel level at microphone 34. In order to overcome any noise on this 8-bit number, an infinite impulse response filter is used. This filter is used to obtain a 12-bit number by multiple sampling of the 8-bit output of the A/D converter. As long as the noise on the input is randomly distributed, this type of filter is accurate. The 12-bit number is converted into a dB value by interpolation. Since there is a linear relationship between the 12-bit number and the actual dB level at the microphone, tests are conducted to find this relationship. A lookup table is constructed to find the dB level from the 12-bit number.
In the first loop, sound measuring apparatus 30 uses the same noise sampling techniques to measure the noise value that the device is pointed at. It then gives a running display of this value and the background value. This is holding stage where the device is ready to make a calibrated measurement.
When the operator points device 30 at target boat 38 and pulls the trigger, controller 36 moves into the second loop. The device displays the distance to the target and the sound level in that direction updated continuously as long as the trigger is depressed. Upon the release of the trigger, controller 36 begins to make the corrections for ambient noise and distance to boat 38 or a moving sound generating target.
The ambient level correction is a logarithmic correction, and is pre-calculated for the difference between the background and the source. This log curve is then broken into linear segments, which the controller can make an interpolation between. The background noise level is stored in a memory location associated with the controller. As shown in the Sound Propagation Section, the background correction is:
The distance calculation is also a log correction. Controller 36 must know the log of the ratio of the distances in order to find the correction. However, in this case the log is calculated on the fly in the software. As shown in the sound propagation section, the SPL correction is:
The output of the device (Mcorr) is thus the measured sound level (M), minus the corrections for ambient noise (C) and the corrections for distance (D).
M corr =M−C−D (34)
In calculating Mcorr, the system can use a first correlation factor for noise from measure distances greater than the desired measurement distance, and a second correlation factor for noise from measured distances less than the desired measurement distance. As an example, the system can use a factor of 6 dB for measure distances greater than 25 m and 4 dB for less than 25 meters.
This value Mcorr is then displayed as an output in the final leg of the flowchart. It is displayed on a 3 digit 7-segment LED screen or an LCD screen. The sound measuring device holds at this point until the trigger is depressed again, which will move the device back into the first loop. At this point the whole process begins again.
Sound measuring device 30 was tested in an anechoic chamber. Since the directional sound measurement amplifies the boat noise, a calibration must be done to equate the level microphone 34 records with the actual dB level at the point of the observer. This calibration is done by comparing the microphone readings with standard B&K Type 2230 Microphone 34 readings in an environment with no reflections or other distortions of the sound propagation. This anechoic chamber has no reverberation below 30 Hz. The sound that hits the microphone is only from the source and not as reflections from any another surface. The Sound Source used was a B&K HP1001 at octave bands of 8 kHz, 4 kHz, 2 kHz, 1 kHz, 500 Hz, 250 Hz, 125 Hz, and for white noise.
The first test (
The second set of anechoic chamber testing (
Tests were conducted to test the directionality of the microphone as listed in its data sheet. Tests were done in the anechoic chamber at octave bands of 8 kHz, 4 kHz, 2 kHz, 1 kHz, 500 Hz, 250 Hz, 125 Hz, and for white noise (App. F). The sound source was set and recorded at 78.1 dB, and the sound measuring device has a noise floor of 46 dB as shown previously. The total possible directionally that could have been found was 78.1 −46=32.1 dB. The specifications of microphone 34 claimed the directionality of the device at 25 dB, but this test showed a value of 15 dB. Since the sound measuring device can detect a gain of over 25 dB if it was present, the microphone characteristics must account for this difference. The radial shape pattern generally matches the manufacturer data.
Preliminary instrument testing was conducted on a local lake. A boat passed by the measurement location at approximately 40 mph to provide a consistent level of boat noise at various distances. Data recorded by the sound measuring device included a background noise measurement, directional raw noise measurement, distance measurement, and corrected noise measurement for each boat pass. One set of data was collected when boat 38 passed a line of premarked buoys perpendicular to the measurement location. This set of data is called broadside, because the side of boat 38 faced the observer. The second set of data was recorded after boat 38 had passed the buoys, when the sound measuring device operator subjectively determined that the boat noise level was at its peak. This set of data is called peak. Each set of data has two subsets, when the boat was running with and without its muffler turned on. These variables make four separate categories of boat runs. The data plotted in
The tests (
The dB decay for the doubling of distance xd used by the sound measuring device is variable, but can be set at 5 dB. This best estimate was derived from the NMMA study results. Since the exact optimal xd is unknown, this parameter for the test lake raw data was varied to determine the value of xd yielding the lowest standard deviation in the distance corrected data for each dataset. For each dataset, xd was varied from −3 to 9 dB and the standard deviation of each set was plotted. The lowest standard deviation for each dataset is the optimal decay rate xd for that test case. The best fit decay rate xd (
The broadside vs. peak sound propagation pattern is shown by resolving the 4 cases into 2 cases. The RMS of the standard deviation of the peak cases is computed as
Similarly for the broadside cases
Sound detecting apparatus 30 meets the requirements of a directionally dependent noise measurement that is distance independent. The challenges of background and distance compensation have been solved, and these corrections have been implemented in a way that allows changes to be made easily. Functionally, sound detecting device 30 makes a background noise measurement, a directional noise measurement, and a distance measurement. From these three pieces of data it constructs an estimate of the loudness of boat 38 at a standard distance of 50 feet away (25 meters).
The propagation of sound affects changes to the design parameters of sound measuring device 30. If xd depends on orientation of the observer to boat 38, then that information would also have to be sensed for a distance correction to be made. If this difference can be resolved to a simple change between peak and broadside measurements, then a switch could be incorporated into the device to change the operational mode (xd of 0 or 6 dB). If the propagation pattern changes radially around the boat a measurement of the angle of the observer to the boat would have to be made. In any event, it is envisioned a device used by law enforcement could be configured to provide a displayed value of the minimum possible noise from a sound source, irrespective of propagation model, or sound detecting hardware used.
The description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 26, 1973
|Oct 29, 1974
|Hixson E
|Noise source level detection
|Jun 2, 1978
|Dec 25, 1979
|Ocean Ecology Ltd.
|Sound measuring device
|Jul 26, 1979
|Mar 24, 1981
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Sound pressure level meter
|Aug 20, 1984
|Jan 7, 1986
|Haden Drysys International Limited
|Separation system including a floatation tank having level control means
|Nov 14, 1983
|Mar 11, 1986
|Shell Oil Company
|Method and apparatus for sound level determination
|Apr 25, 1983
|Apr 8, 1986
|West Electric Co., Ltd.
|Ultrasonic distance measuring apparatus
|May 28, 1985
|Apr 26, 1988
|Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
|Ultrasonic rangefinder
|Nov 30, 1994
|Jun 3, 1997
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Apparatus and method for the active control of air moving device noise
|Dec 22, 1997
|Jul 4, 2000
|Audio Technica U.S., Inc.
|Digital and analog directional microphone
|Oct 3, 1997
|Aug 13, 2002
|Deluca Michael Joseph
|Anti-sound beam method and apparatus
|Aug 12, 2002
|Aug 14, 2003
|Ford Motor Company
|Method and apparatus for objective measurement of noise
|Jun 28, 2002
|Feb 24, 2005
|Michael Schliep
|Method and device for determining a stationary and/or moving object
|May 19, 2006
|Sep 7, 2006
|Sonic Solutions
|Ultra-directional microphones
|"Boat Noise Abatement Project Moves Forward, Sound Gun Demonstration Successful at Higgins Lake Tests," C. Radcliffe et al., The Michigan Riparian, vol. 38, No. 3, Aug. 2003, pp. 8-11.
|Document related to use entitled "Testing on Higgin's Lake," C. Radcliffe, Jun. 20, 2003, 2 pgs.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 29, 2008
|Oct 15, 2013
|Scott Taillet
|Sound measuring device
|Oct 15, 2013
|Jul 12, 2016
|Scott Taillet
|Sound measuring device
|Dec 29, 2008
|Jul 30, 2009
|Scott Taillet
|Sound Measuring Device
|Feb 5, 2008
|May 13, 2010
|Frederic Louis Christian Devinant
|Device and method for evaluating the sound exposure of an individual
|Oct 15, 2013
|Jul 3, 2014
|Scott Taillet
|Sound Measuring Device
|U.S. Classification
|73/647, 381/71.1, 367/127, 367/99, 73/597
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 14, 2005
Owner name: BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, MI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RADCLIFFE, CLARK J.;REEL/FRAME:016994/0936
Effective date: 20050907
|May 11, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 11, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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Legendary Voice of Supertramp, Roger Hodgson, at Ravinia Festival
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With his distinctive tenor, Roger Hodgson was the primary voice for prog rock band Supertramp, writing and singing on most of the band's biggest hits, including "Breakfast in America," "Dreamer" and "Give a Little Bit." Hodgson is back on the road, and will bring his deep catalog and a few new songs to the Ravinia Festival for an up-tempo show under the stars. Since leaving Supertramp, Hodgson has released five albums, including two live recordings. Jam along with this remarkable talent in a concert you'll surely remember.
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The last date listed for Roger Hodgson was Thursday August 23, 2012 / 8:00pm.
Currently at Ravinia Pavilion
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One of the world's most famous and honored classical musicians, Grammy-winning cellist Yo-Yo Ma and… More
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Watch a live performance of Roger Hodgson's "Give a Little Bit."
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Tara Lucchino, Casey Hoekstra and Joanna Harmon in "Summer and Smoke." Photo by Act One, Too, Ltd.
The headline might read: "Zombies attack TRP."
This weekend's Zombie Pub Crawl in the Twin Cities has led to at least one cancellation of a theater performance. The Saturday show of "Summer and Smoke," directed by Randy Reyes at Theatre in the Round Players, has been scotched because of the expected outbreak of drunken undead.
The Tennessee Williams drama stars Tara Lucchino, Casey Hoekstra and Joanna Harmon. Lucchino is a Penn State grad while Harmon and Hoekstra are both alums of the University of Minnesota/Guthrie Theater BFA program.
Other venues in Minneapolis' West Bank neighborhood, a ZPC hotspot, are not fearing for their lives. At Mixed Blood Theatre, Jack Reuler's production of "Next to Normal" will be go on as normal Saturday. That effort stars Aditi Brennan Kapil as a mother with tragic grief and Thomas Jones II as her husband.
At the Southern Theater, Karen Charles' Threads Dance Project (below) will present its "Dance Rhapsody" program, which includespost-performance talkbacks on Saturday and Sunday.
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- Obama passes baton to Clinton and takes aim at Trump's vision
- Minn. test scores remain flat; achievement gap stays open
- Donald Trump urges Russia to hack Hillary Clinton's emails
- Making baseball history: Sano striking out at all-time record rate
- Trump dings both Clintons in rollicking press conference
- Readers Write (July 28): Protests, presidential race, trade deals, south Minneapolis 'Urban Paradise' proposal


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Reese Witherspoon Teleports From Stage To Seat And Back Again At The Film Independent Spirit Awards
I guess that's what they call TV magic?
Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com!
More News About Reese Witherspoon
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- Athletes probably won't break records at the Rio Olympics. Scientists say most top performers have reached the limits of human biology.
- Bernie Sanders' former press secretary says she experienced repeated incidents of blatant racism while on the campaign trail.
- Sixteen people died after a hot air balloon caught fire and crashed in Texas Saturday.


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Drop in last minute fares only to fill empty seats: Air IndiaIn a move that check-mated its rivals like Jet Airways and Vistara on the pricing front, the national carrier had early this month announced dropping its last minute fares to the level of AC II tier ticket prices of Rajdhani trains to four key destinations ... Money Control, 2 days ago
Jet Airways to follow Air India in rolling out new ticket pricing structure - Business Insider India, 1 week ago
Jet Airways will soon roll out more offers for flyers - Business Today India, 1 week ago
7 images for rival jet airways
SpiceJet No. 1 in brand reputation score
BRIFFLY Chandigarh Private carrier SpiceJet leads in domestic airlines followed by Jet Airways with a 34% lower brand reputation score while Indigo trails Jet with a brand reputation score 9% lower, according to India's Most Reputed Aviation ...Chandigarh Tribune, 1 week ago
Qatar Airways Plans Latam Stake Amid Delta, United Tensions
Gulf carrier Qatar Airways said it would take up to a 10% stake in Latam Airlines Group ( LFL ), a move that rivals biginternational investments madeby competitors Delta Air Lines ( DAL ), American Airlines ( AAL ) and United Airlines ( UAL ). ...Investor's Business Daily, 2 weeks ago Qatar Airways to buy 49% stake in Italy's No. 2 carrier USA Today, 2 weeks ago Few Qatar Airways Travelers Are Actually Going to Qatar, but Does It Matter? Global Atlanta, 1 month ago Qatar Airways makes inaugural flight to Atlanta from Doha NewsGrio, 1 month ago
Jet Airways increases capacity to challenge Emirates, Singapore Airlines
Jet Airways is deploying wide body Boeing 777 aircraft on Dubai, Singapore and Amsterdam routes to grow its international business. The move will intensify competition on Dubai and Singapore routes dominated by Emirates and Singapore Airlines and ...Business Standard India, 3 weeks ago Jet Airways to deploy Boeing 777s on Dubai, Singapore routes Business Standard India, 3 weeks ago
Qatar Airways Quadruples Profit on Lower Fuel Costs, New Routes
Qatar Airways Ltd. full-year profit more than quadrupled as the carrier expanded its wide-body jet fleet, added routes and benefited from a drop in fuel costs along with oil prices. Net income rose to 1.6 billion Riyals ($439 million) in the 12 ...Bloomberg, 2 weeks ago
Airlines in low-fare war: Flyers' body complains about 'bogus' schemes
Domestic carriers such as SpiceJet, Indigo and Jet Airways offered new round of all-time-low discount fares on Wednesday. Following the announcement, the Air Passengers Association of India (APAI), a body representing air fliers, wrote a strong ...International Business Times India, 1 month ago
Qatar Airways cancels A320neo over delays
Reuters/Dublin Qatar Airways has cancelled its first Airbus A320neo jet and remains at an impasse with the European plane maker over delays in deliveries caused by engine problems, its chief executive said yesterday. Akbar al-Baker said the ...Gulf Times, 1 month ago Qatar Airways Cancels Delivery of First A320 Neo Equilibrio Informativo, 1 month ago United Technologies' Pratt Struggles With Supply Chain for New Jet Engine ADVFN India, 1 month ago United Technologies' : Pratt Struggles With Supply Chain for New Jet Engine 4 Traders, 1 month ago
How Jet Airways plans to strike it big
With a Rs 20-crore campaign the airline hopes to lure fliers with in-flight and airport services, not just bargain fares Jet Airways is launching its first large scale multi-media campaign in nearly a decade, as it looks to position itself as a carrier offering the best customer experience. The campaign expected to cost close to Rs 20-crore (Rs 200-million) and tag-lined, "Get More" is a corporate branding initiative and a move away from the 'special offers and cheap ...Rediff.com, 2 months ago
Boeing mulls 777 jet stretch to fight rival Airbus A380
Boeing Co. is proposing to stretch its largest 777 model to create a twin-engine behemoth aimed at delivering a knock-out blow to Airbus Group SE's struggling A380 superjumbo, said people familiar with its plans. The US planemaker has approached ...Manila Bulletin, 3 weeks ago Boeing (BA) May Stretch Its 777 Model To Rival Airbus (AIR) A380 Superjumbo Jet: Report International Business Times, 4 weeks ago
Jet Airways gets time till December 30 to hold AGM
Pottery barn organic towels $9.99 FAR Items: 25' Rosewill Power Extension Cord, 120mm Teflon Fan Free after Rebate + Free S/H 2 Purex 150oz Laundry Detergent + $5 GC for $9.58 @Target B&M VIDEO: 'Difficult People' Star Julie Klausner Recounts ...NewsFlow24, 4 weeks ago
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Leightronix will introduce NEXUS, a new specialized automation system that delivers an all-in-one solution for local cable and broadcast television operations that require digital playback capabilities and support for legacy equipment, at this year's NAB convention.
The NEXUS provides multichannel digital video playback and recording, digital messaging/signage, DVD/VCR machine control and video/audio signal routing. It operates as a stand-alone device and is managed via network using provided WinNEXUS software. A built-in, high-speed Ethernet port and simplified front panel setup allow for quick and easy connection to a local or wide area network (LAN or WAN) or the Internet.
For more information, visit booth SU11223 or go to www.leightronix.com.
Back to the top
AT&T Says FCC Proposed E-rate Fine Off Base
Bounce TV Plans to Broadcast Town Hall on Race Violence
VH1 Bringing Back 'Hip Hop Squares'
Zuckerberg: Video At 'Heart' Of Facebook's Apps And Services
ITV looks to cut costs following Brexit
BBC trialling live iPlayer subtitles
Sky offering 'Buy and Keep' box sets
Creepy or Art? This Live Internet Film Is Made from Open Webcam Feeds
White House to Host Drone Workshop on August 2nd
'Stranger Things' Creators on Going Back to an '80s Style of Storytelling


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LAS VEGAS – Apr 12, 2011 - The National Association of Broadcasters today released its attendance figures for the 2011 NAB Show.
Total registered attendees: 92,708
International attendees: 25,691
Countries represented: 151
News media attendees: 1,314
The 2010 NAB Show final attendance was 88,044.
International and news media attendance figures are included in the overall registration number. The figures are based on pre-show and onsite registration.
Aug. 4, Columbia, Mo.
Aug. 5–15, local chapters
Aug. 9–11, Atlanta
Aug. 10-11, Austin, Texas
Klotz Communications Partners with Pacific Live Media
BRS Laments Dot-Radio Outcome
Jim Carnegie Dies, Age 66
RTW to Highlight Range of Loudness Solutions at IBC 2016
Harmonic to Demo VR, UHD OTT Distribution Solutions at IBC Show
Dejero to Highlight IP Newsgathering Solutions at IBC 2016
SCN's Annual Audio Networking Survey Results
Shure Names Excellence Marketing 2015 Rep of the Year
Winter Garden At Brookfield Place Equipped With Martin Audio MLA
Tribune Names Ulmer Chief Technology Officer
Meredith TV Station Revenue Up 9% in Q2
CBS Increases Stock Dividend By 20%


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Glamour columnist Andre Pomerantz Lustig encourages readers to try an "artsy mani" by putting mini kids' stickers on nails. Seal with top coat for quick and easy nail art.
Wash-ful Thinking8 photos
2016 Nail Tech Event of the Smokies23 photos
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Keppel FELS Limited has secured a contract worth about $416m from Discovery Offshore S.A. to construct two harsh environment jackup rigs based on the proprietary KFELS Super A Class design. The rigs are scheduled for delivery in 1H and 2H 2013 respectively. The construction, marketing and operation of both units will be managed by NASDAQ-listed Hercules Offshore, Inc., which is a leading global operator of jackup and liftboat assets.
Discovery Offshore has options to order two additional jackup units as part of its contract with Keppel FELS. If exercised, the options for the additional units will bring the total contract value to above $840m. The new KFELS Super A Class brings together winning features of the company's proven jackup rig designs to provide operators with a viable and cost-effective solution for harsh environments and cold climate areas.
Mr Wong Kok Seng, Managing Director of Keppel FELS, said, "The KFELS Super A Class debuts at an opportune time when the industry is looking for newer and higher performance assets, which offer improved safety and better efficiency.
"This North Sea-compliant rig would be able to operate efficiently in virtually all parts of the world outside Norway and the Arctic. Discovery Offshore's acceptance of the KFELS Super A Class design attests to its potential, as well as our ability and commitment to deliver.
Customised to meet the requirements of Discovery Offshore for high-specification jackups that can be safely deployed in most areas worldwide, the rigs will be capable of operating in water depths of 400 feet and drilling depths of 35,000 feet.
For greater operational safety, the KFELS Super A Class is equipped with the latest pinion overload detection, rack phase difference detection, and brake failure and overload protection devices, thus even meeting the stringent Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) standards of the UK sector in the North Sea.
In addition to having strong drilling capabilities and cantilever load performance, the KFELS Super A Class includes a spacious deck and amenities to accommodate 150 men.
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
The newly built ferry M/V Woods Hole has been delivered to serve Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
Built by Conrad Industries of Morgan City, La.
Alaska Marine Lines celebrated the launch of its newest barge, Skagway Provider, at a ceremony July 7 at Gunderson Marine in Portland, Ore. where the vessel was constructed.
U.K. winch maker Romica said it is to "redouble its exports drive" after its Romania-based manufacturing partner successfully acquired accreditation with DNV GL.


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Michael Jose Aguilar
here's a quick video of me catching my first small mouth bass.
this fish also happens to be my first top water Rat Fish, caught on a "Trap Rat"
please contact @bassindaily on instagram for pricing and availability.
this lure is approved for BASS BRIGADE use.
thank you for watching, please "Cast and Destroy"
- aggs the angler - FishWell - Bass Brigade


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The Bursting Sky :: HDR
Explore Frontpage | 09.10.2008
(Thank you so much! | Thanks to Jaciii & Sue too for the explore links :))
Highest Position - Explore #2
Its Friday alas! My work motivation is already winding down but the anxiety is gearing up for the weekend. Brain is a bit slow in reaction today & can't really think of a good title for this shot. Enjoy a great friday & cheers to the weekend!
The Jetty at the Glenelg Beach
The Shot
Standard 3 exposure shot (+2..0..-2 EV) with tripod using Sigma DC HSM 10-20mm lens
- Tonemapped generated HDR using detail enhancer option
- Added 1 layer mask effect of 'curves' to increase the contrast
- Added 1 layer mask effect of 'saturation' (yellows & reds) to tone up part of the sky
- Added 1 layer mask effect of 'saturation' (master) to slightly decrease overall saturation
- Used 'unsharp mask' (as always) on the background layer
All comments, criticism and tips for improvements are (as always) welcome.


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Susan Walsh, Associated Press
LONDON — Britain plans to share previously secret expertise on detecting the illegal trafficking of radiological material and halting potential nuclear terrorism, the country's deputy prime minister told a security summit Tuesday.
Speaking at an international nuclear security conference in Seoul, South Korea, Nick Clegg said Britain would work with law enforcement agencies from across the world to offer help on limiting the spread of illicit nuclear material.
Disclosing previously classified details of Britain's work against nuclear terrorism, he said that since 2001 the country had used high-tech equipment to detect radiological and nuclear material being moved into the U.K. — though he did not offer specifics on the type of technology used.
Clegg also told delegates that Britain's military maintains emergency teams ready to respond to dirty bombs — crude weapons intended to create a radioactive cloud in an urban setting — or other improvised nuclear devices which could potentially be used by terrorists.
"We have for some time had specialist teams ready to deploy, detect and ... defuse a terrorist nuclear device," Clegg said.
Clegg told the summit that he was publicizing the previously secret work because Britain planned to open a new nuclear forensics laboratory aimed at sharing techniques with allies.
Britain had "been using cutting edge technology for over a decade to guard our borders against a nuclear terrorist threat. It is time to share that information so we can all raise our game," he said.
The Home Office, which is responsible for border security, said that under a program code-named Cyclamen staff at airports and ports use scanners to detect unusual radiation and fissile nuclear material.
The ministry declined to discuss whether any significant cases had been detected, though Britain has not seen any major prosecutions for offenses linked to attempts to smuggle nuclear material into the U.K.
Although he did not offer specifics on the type of technologies involved, Clegg said Britain would share research with allies at a laboratory based at the U.K.'s main atomic weapons research center in Aldermaston, southern England.
Clegg said Britain is regarded as a world leader in work to trace the source of nuclear or radiological material from so-called fingerprints gleaned from specific chemical or physical characteristics.
The new center will advise other countries on the techniques, and on how to recover conventional forensic evidence — such as fingerprints or DNA — from radiologically contaminated items.
"Nuclear terrorism is a very real and global threat. Dangerous material must never be allowed to fall into the hands of terrorists — a successful attack would have catastrophic human and environmental consequences," Clegg told the summit.
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PurseDream dictionary Purse - what does Purse dream mean?
To dream that you are carrying a purse foretells the presence of closely-held and guarded secrets.
To dream that you lost your purse suggests loss of command and power over your treasures. It likewise implies that you may have lost touch with your true individuality.
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Tuesday, April 5, 2011
Formation of small, shallow depressions
Blushing of a topcoat
Formation of an orange peel effect
A network of intersecting checks or cracks in a dried paint film
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Friday, April 1, 2011
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Thursday, March 31, 2011
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Wednesday, March 30, 2011
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Tuesday, March 29, 2011
An individual using power tools to remove lead-containing paint is wearing a full face respirator with P100 (HEPA) filters and has been fit-tested using the banana oil method. What is the allowable lead exposure level for this worker, according to OSHA Standards?Arnold Ferguson, CIH, CSP
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2013 SAG Awards Fashion Misses
Kristin Koch
| January 28, 2013 - 12:06 pm
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This property allows you to book online with a credit card. After submitting a reservation request, the owner or manager has 24 hours to accept, at which time your card will be charged and you will receive an email confirmation
2 BR 3 BA Sleeps 10$315 avg/night5-7 night min stay
2 BR 2 BA Sleeps 5$284 avg/night5 night min stay
2 BR 2 BA Sleeps 6$237 avg/night3-5 night min stay
2 BR 2 BA Sleeps 8$239 avg/night4-6 night min stay
2 BR 3 BA Sleeps 8$281 avg/night3-5 night min stay
2 BR 2 BA Sleeps 8$264 avg/night3-4 night min stay
1 BR 1 BA Sleeps 4$206 avg/night2-5 night min stay
2 BR 3 BA Sleeps 10$245 avg/night2-5 night min stay
Recent Snowspruce reviews
"The condo was in a great location with easy short walk to lifts and to town. The covered parking was a bonus as it snowed the entire week we were there. The condo was very roomy and clean. It was extremely well stocked with everything we could need - best we have encountered with full pantry upon arrival. We greatly enjoyed our stay at the condo - the only minor down side was the lack of real shower in the back bedroom so our teenage boys had to shower in the extra bathroom off the living room which did have a shower and the front bedroom did get hot at night even with the thermostat turned down but overall it was an excellent condo which we would recommend for a great ski vacation."Guest: Deborah S. Date of Stay: March 2016 Review Submitted: April 30, 2016View listing
"This is the second time I have booked a property with Mike and Joy. The reason we came back to them is they listen to what we need, they offer a number of properties for us to choose from and similar to last year it is exactly what we needed. It is in a great location within easy access to the Quicksilver and the town. Near the restaurants and night life. We love Breckenridge, it is the second year running we have traveled from Ireland and dealing with Mike and Joy makes everything so simple, thank you once again."Guest: Aidan D. Date of Stay: December 2015 Review Submitted: January 2, 2016View listing
"We had one of the best vacations in a long time. The condo was perfect and walking distance from almost everything. We did the Vail Pass Bike Path and that was such a fun day. We were a short drive from Hoosier Pass and drove there and walked to the top one day and drove back twice in the middle of the night to watch the Perseid Meteor Shower. That was the main reason we went to Breckenridge."Guest: Judy C. Date of Stay: August 2015 Review Submitted: August 29, 2015View listing
"My buddy and our adult sons (5 total) found this property to be a great fit for our skiing adventure. The condo had everything we needed; all appliances and bathrooms were up to date. It's a 5 minute walk to Quicksilver lift, 5 minute walk to south end of town. The community pool is right next door. Everything in description is accurate. I would rent again."Guest: bob L. Date of Stay: February 2016 Review Submitted: February 10, 2016View listing
Featured Destinations: Breckenridge Lodging, Lake Nacimiento, Smoky Mountain Cabin Rentals, Black Butte Ranch


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Featured Slideshow
Arts 2016: SMV Strawberry FestivalView All Slideshows
Special Features
Santa Maria Sun / School Scene
The following articles were printed from Santa Maria Sun [santamariasun.com] - Volume 14, Issue 46
Capps speaks at Santa Maria graduation
By CAMILLIA LANHAM
On Jan. 18, Rep. Lois Capps (D-Santa Barbara) spoke at the graduation ceremony for Educational Center United Nations, where students were recognized for completing elementary and middle school education certifications.
The Mexican Department of Education works jointly with the center to help students of all ages receive a basic education. It helps pave the way for completing a GED or finishing English as a Second Language programs.
The certificate is equivalent to completing a basic education in Mexico, which many of the programs' participants never had the opportunity to do or to even attend school.
Capps' office sent out a press release before the ceremony.
"This ceremony will be a celebration of a lot of hard work by each and every one of these students," Capps said. "I look forward to acknowledging their accomplishments at the graduation ceremony Saturday."
The ceremony took place at the Radisson Hotel in Santa Maria.
CalCoastNews turns to crowdfunding for libel suit Get dirty: Use your hands, your backyard, and the right tools to plant something you can eventually devour First growth: Locals split as SLO County passes native tree and ag pond ordinances SLO Supes to talk medical marijuana ordinance Grover beach green-lights marijuana tax ballot measure Paso wastewater too high in chemicals, says water board SLO makes public box art program permanent


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Fujifilm FinePix Z200fd Cam
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Fujifilm has unveiled its 10 Megapixel FinePix Z200fd. Only 19.8mm thick, the cam has a 5x Fujinon optical zoom lens, 52MB internal memory plus xD-Picture card, SD and SDHC compatibility, and a 2.7-inch high resolution screen. It also has dual image stabilization, face detection technology, VGA movie capture, PictBridge for direct printing, and the new mode of Folder Select for categorization. No price has yet to be announced, but availability is expected this fall.
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|By Marketwired .
Article Rating:
|July 11, 2014 01:07 PM EDT
MISSION, KS -- (Marketwired) -- 07/11/14 -- (Family Features) Whether it's sharp or dull, off and on or constant, pain can be a real pain at times. With the ability to interrupt time with family, lessen productivity at work and create many sleepless nights, understanding the source of your pain is essential for relief.
The ache and its sources
As a source of discomfort, it may be hard to view pain in a positive light. But this natural, protective tool is used by the body as an alert of present or potential harm to tissues. While pain usually ceases once the stimulus has been removed and the damage to tissue has healed, there are many different factors involved for the amount of time the process takes. One thing is certain -- whether it takes an hour or several months, relief is the main focus for those who suffer from any type of pain.
According to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, approximately 100 million Americans deal with chronic pain, which is classified as discomfort lasting six months or longer. While this type of pain can range from minor to debilitating, it can disrupt the social and physical aspects of life in a major way. Those that suffer from this condition often experience headaches, backaches and neck pain, though it can aggravate other areas within the body. Due to its lengthy nature, chronic pain can often lead to emotional issues, such as depression and stress, which can exacerbate the healing process.
The best way to identify chronic pain is to be aware of its symptoms. This pain is persistent and can often be described as aching, burning or shooting. The area where the pain is located is often defined by patients as sore, tight or stiff. Because this type of pain can affect so many areas of life, many in the health community recommend a comprehensive mind and body approach for its management. This can include medication, injections, acupuncture and other holistic treatments.
Here are some of the common types of chronic pain and a few ways to end the discomfort, so you can get back to enjoying life.
Back and neck pain
What causes nearly 40 percent of missed work days in the U.S. and is the fifth most common cause for doctor visits? Running from the top of the neck to the bottom of the spine, back pain is a common complaint among many people. While back pain is typically divided into the most common areas of neck, middle back, lower back and tailbone, its symptoms can also be felt in other parts of the body, including arms, hands, legs and feet.
Some of the common remedies for back and neck pain include everything from massage therapy, acupressure, acupuncture, back conditioning exercises and medication. Due to the controversy surrounding the last remedy, many patients prefer a more natural way to ease back pain with hot and cold therapy, such as Thermal-Aid Large Sectional Pack, which helps eliminate swelling and eases pain on any area of the back.
Headache pain
Though there are many factors that can trigger its unpleasant feeling; headaches can range from a minor sinus headache to a severe migraine. Though it may feel that your brain is the source for the pain, the discomfort is actually caused by a disturbance to the structures surrounding it, and not within the tissue itself.
Some headache symptoms can be as minor as sensitivity to light or noise to the extreme conditions of fever and vomiting. While most physicians typically recommend the use of over-the-counter medications, there are also new natural treatments available. One natural product, the Thermal-Aid Headache Relief System provides fast, safe pain relief and is clinically proven to relieve headache pain in over 90 percent of sufferers.
If you suffer from persistent body and head pains, it's important to understand the source of the pain. For more ways to stop the pain, visit http://thermalaidproducts.com.
Important Questions to Consider
When consulting your medical professional about pain, he or she will likely ask you a set of questions similar to those listed below. It is essential to prepare before you visit the doctor so you can help pinpoint the pain for the best diagnosis and treatment:
- Where is the location of the pain?
- When did it start?
- What kind of pain is it? (Some descriptions include burning, dull, sharp, etc.)
- Do certain activities alleviate or worsen the feeling?
- What treatments have you used? Have you experienced any side effects?
Helping Children through Pain
Whether they're visiting a physician to receive a routine shot or undergoing treatment, it can be difficult for parents to watch their children experience pain. Here are some tips from the American Medical Association for helping your little ones cope:
- Stay close during the pain. Regardless of their age, your presence is comforting to your child.
- Make contact with your child. If you can, hold or touch your child throughout the process.
- Take notes from nature: Some animals, such as kangaroo mothers, carry their young close to them. If you have an infant in pain, hold your baby close to your chest wearing only a diaper. This tactic is used worldwide and research shows that it can reduce pain during a procedure.
- Offer distractions. Focus the attention on things your child enjoys to help them relax. Some helpful diversions include singing a song together, reading a book out loud or telling their favorite story. Or, give them a playful stuffed toy that also helps ease pain, such as the Thermal-Aid Zoo animals, which offers a 100 percent natural, therapeutic heating and cooling treatment.
- Be truthful. Tell your child up front the procedure will cause discomfort but you will be there for support.
About Family Features Editorial Syndicate
This and other food and lifestyle content can be found at www.editors.familyfeatures.com. Family Features is a leading provider of free food and lifestyle content for use in print and online publications. Register with no obligation to access a variety of formatted and unformatted features, accompanying photos, and automatically updating Web content solutions.
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The Top 50 Up-and-Comers of L.A. Tech, Per SoCal Tech Site
Michael Rubin sells razors
Dollar Shave Club
L.A. is starting to take itself seriously as a hub for tech innovation. Seems a day doesn't go by that we don't get pitched on some new sharing-economy concept or celebrity-stalking app.
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