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Sateen Sunday: Take 15% off 1+ Yards of Organic Cotton Sateen Ultra fabric through 11:59 p.m. EDT July 24th.
Preview scale: 8.0 x 8.0 inches

Change DPI Base size is 150
Collection: Season: Autumn Fairy
nature (38898),
whimsical (23500),
leaves (11942),
autumn (4310),
fall (3575),
mushroom (1204),
fairy (1002),
season (542),
acorn (436),
pine cones (56)
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amy_g says:
This is the cutest design ever....love!
Posted over 2 years ago.
nimochka says:
Wonderful! My little girl loved it too!
Posted over 4 years ago.
amy_frances_designs says:
So cute!
irrimiri says:
Thanks so much for the sweet comments everyone. It always makes my heart float a little *^^*

A bit of a late reply since I have been away for a couple of weeks. But every comment is very much appreciated. xx
Posted almost 5 years ago.
paragonstudios says:
Wonderful design very sweet
prettyroses says:
glanoramay says:
Absolutely gorgeous, probably my favourite x
leolietje says:
inscribed_here says:
How charming! I love how your sweet autumn fairy is wearing a leaf dress and she appears to be drifting on the breeze, like a leaf, as well.
pinksodapop says:

heatherdutton says:
Fun... all the way around!!
rhondadesigns says:
Miriam, your dear Autumn Fairy appears to be bestowing her generous bounty on the earth! It is an enchanting design with lots of potential use for children's apparel and quilting!
natitys says:
She's so cute!! Love her, love the colors too!!!
jazzypatterns says:
Awesome! Love it!
scrummy says:
awww great minds think alike haha! loving your autumn fairy xxx
cjldesigns says:
What a sweet Autumn fairy. Your illustrations are lovely!
nezumiworld says:
I love your cute little acorns, mushrooms & pine cones. All the elements floating in the wind :)
mayabella says:
Very pretty!
mariao says:
definiltly different and so lovely
catru says:
soo adorable!! :)
oksancia says:
pond_ripple says:
I really love the weightless feel to the design.
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Las Vegas Newswire
Comprehensive Real-Time News Feed for Las Vegas, NV.
Results 1 - 20 of 3,369 for "u:lasvegassun.com" in Las Vegas, NV
Hyperloop One announces opening of North Las Vegas manufacturing plant w/Photo
Hyperloop One announced today the opening of a 105,000-square-foot manufacturing plant in North Las Vegas, where the company is testing its transportation platform that propels high-speed pods down pneumatic tubes. The company, which calls the plant Hyperloop One Metalworks, expects to use it for testing and producing some parts for its prototype. Comment?
Las Vegas fire captain gathers petitions to reinstate previous solar rates w/Photo
Las Vegas Fire and Rescue Capt. Richard Birt is petitioning to "bring back solar" in the wake of changes to NV Energy's rates for customers equipped with rooftop panels. Comment?
Missing man, 74, found dead at Las Vegas park w/Photo
A 74-year-old Las Vegas man reported missing earlier this week was found dead today at a city park in the west valley, according to Metro Police. Harold Shields, who was listed Monday as an endangered missing person, was found dead at All American Park on South Buffalo Drive, police said. Comment?
Fate of the Raiders: 5 big questions about Las Vegas stadium project w/Photo
NFL Raiders fans were decked out in Raiders memorabilia for the Raider Nation hosted pub crawl in Downtown Las Vegas Friday, July 22, 2016. It is still far from clear whether Southern Nevada will become the home of a 65,000-seat stadium that could bring the Oakland Raiders to the area. Comment?
Excessive heat, air quality warnings issued for Las Vegas area w/Photo
Las Vegas is under heat wave and air quality warnings as the hottest month of the year comes to a close. Concerns about elevated levels of ozone and smoke have been noted since Monday, as smoke from wildfires in California clouded the skies over southern Nevada. Comment?
Gas company deploys crews restore service after fire w/Photo
A gas company official says crews are deploying door-to-door in a northwest Las Vegas neighborhood to restore service cut off to quell a fire sparked by a backhoe operator digging in the street. Southwest Gas Co. Comment?
Photo: Judge Cynthia Cruz presides as lawyers David Chesn
Judge Cynthia Cruz presides as lawyers David Chesnoff and Richard Schonfeld appear for client Vince Neil of Motley Crue within Justice Court in Las Vegas for his arraignment on a misdemeanor battery charge Wednesday, July 27, 2016. Comment?
Photo: Lawyers David Chesnoff and Richard Schonfeld appea
Lawyers David Chesnoff and Richard Schonfeld appear for client Vince Neil of Motley Crue within Justice Court in Las Vegas for his arraignment on a misdemeanor battery charge Wednesday, July 27, 2016. Comment?
Mountain West commissioner weighs in on expansion talks w/Photo
Mountain West Conference commissioner Craig Thompson, right, presents Boise State head coach Gordy Presnell with the tournament championship trophy after Presnell's team defeated New Mexico in an NCAA college basketball game Friday, March 13, 2015, in Las Vegas. Boise State defeated New Mexico 66-60. Comment?
Las Vegas natural gas line catches fire after backhoe accident w/Photo
Officials monitor a natural gas fire in a residential neighborhood in Summerlin Tuesday, July 26, 2016. The fire was apparently started when backhoe hit a natural gas line during construction. Comment?
Firefighters, police officers converge on Las Vegas for competition w/Photo
Hundreds of police officers, firefighters and military personnel from around the country are in Las Vegas this week for the 40th annual Nevada Police & Fire Games. The games, which are annually hosted here, originated in 1976 with about 300 participants. Comment?
Police investigate medical waste found at Las Vegas apartments w/Photo
Officials are investigating medical waste discovered late Monday in an apartment complex dumpster on Swenson Street near Flamingo Road, according to Metro Police. Blood vials, cotton balls, gloves and other medical materials were found, said Stephanie Bethel, spokeswoman for the Southern Nevada Health District. Comment?
Grocery chain expanding to North Las Vegas, Henderson w/Photo
In this May 23, 2014 file photo, grocery and dairy assistant Reyna DeLoge stocks dairy products that only use milk from pasture-raised cows, at Vitamin Cottage Natural Grocers, in Denver. As Americans continue turning away from milk, an industry group is pushing back at its critics with a social media campaign trumpeting the benefits of milk. Comment?
Man killed in high-speed street crash identified w/Photo
Authorities have identified a 28-year-old North Las Vegas man killed in a pickup truck crash that injured three other people during what police say may have been a weekend street race on a road northwest of Las Vegas. The Clark County coroner says James Leon Dailey died of multiple injuries in the early Sunday morning wreck on Corn Creek Road not far from U.S. 95. Las Vegas police say a 19-year-old male passenger in the 2007 Chevrolet Silverado that Dailey was driving was hospitalized with serious injuries. Comment?
Chinese tech firm LeEco agrees to buy Vizio TV maker for $2 billion w/Photo
Chinese video streaming company LeEco is breaking into the U.S. TV market by buying Vizio, a manufacturer of budget-priced sets. The combination promises a marriage of hardware and content as tightly linked as your smartphone is to your monthly voice and data plan. Comment?
Police: Teen faces robbery count in shootout with Pokemon Go player w/Photo
An 18-year-old man wounded in an exchange of gunfire with a Pokemon Go player Monday at a Las Vegas park is behind bars on counts of robbery, battery, assault and conspiracy to commit robbery, according to Metro Police. Elvis Campos was treated at University Medical Center for nonlife-threatening injuries before he was booked at the Clark County Detention Center, where he was being held on $60,000 bail. Comment?
MGM vows to make changes after T-Mobile snafu caused long lines and waits w/Photo
Thousands of people wait outside the T-Mobile Arena half an hour before the start of the USA Basketball exhibition game against Argentina Friday, July 22, 2016, in Las Vegas. Since opening in April on the Strip, T-Mobile Arena has had a relatively smooth entry into the event game in Las Vegas. Comment?
Authorities: Van in crash with Cowboys bus failed to yield w/Photo
Authorities say a van that collided with a Dallas Cowboys staff bus at an Arizona highway intersection failed to yield the right of way at a stop sign. The Arizona Department of Public Safety says the van's four occupants who were all killed in the Sunday afternoon collision on U.S. 93 north of Kingman were Chinese nationals. Comment?
House members discuss red tape on Las Vegas-area federal lands w/Photo
Congressional officials meeting in North Las Vegas are discussing how to reduce hurdles to developing federally owned lands in urban areas. Members of the House natural resources committee, including Republican Rep. Cresent Hardy, met Tuesday at North Las Vegas City Hall. Comment?
Tony Bennett, Wayne Newton to help trumpet Caesars' 50th anniversary w/Photo
Fireworks, food and fame - led by singing legend Tony Bennett - will be the order of the weekend as Caesars Palace celebrates its 50th anniversary Aug. 5 and 6. Announced today is a fireworks show at 10:20 p.m. Aug. 5, 50 years to the night that the Strip's first themed hotel-casino opened for business. Star chef Gordon Ramsay is hosting a birthday pool party at Garden of the Gods, exclusive to invited and hotel guests . Comment?
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CHOKING HAZARD -- Small parts. Not for children under 3 yrs.
|$10.49 & FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details
- Enter your model number to make sure this fits.
- Two non-skid wheels for added stability
- Easy-grip handles to prevent slippage
- Strengthen and tone abs, shoulder, arms and back
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Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
Product Description
Product Details
Customer Reviews
Top Customer Reviews
Shoulders, arms, upper and lower back, abs (all sections)
The quality on these things doesn't have to be fancy - it has a simple use and just has to be functional. Two wheels are better than one, however. The wheels are solid plastic/rubber and the grips are similar. Are the grips terribly comfortable? No, but they're not bad either and you aren't using it for hours at a time -just minutes. Wrap some tennis racquet grip around them for added comfort if you want more, but it's really not needed. This is a basic tool and doesn't need to be made of expensive materials. The bar through the middle is solid metal (not sure if there is a weight limit but I'd guess at about 200lbs).
It arrives in a box as two separate wheels, a metal bar, two rubber handles and a single sheet of instructions. Place the bar through the wheels and center them as best as you can. Then slide/wiggle/twist one handle all the way onto one end of the bar (I didn't need grease - it went on pretty easily, yet snug). Then try to line up the grip of the other handle and slide that onto the other side of the bar with the wheels in the middle. Push on the ends of the handles to make sure they're on all the way. You will be able to twist the grips a little to line them up perfectly. Putting it together took me only a couple of minutes.Read more ›
Be sure to use something (maybe gloves or stick something on the grips) to make them more comfortable. This helped me so much after the first week, and I couldn't believe the difference.
Watch the videos! Go on YouTube and you will find videos that will instruct you on how to use it. Just because it's a simple machine doesn't mean you won't injure yourself if you use it improperly.
Keep your posture intact, and your breathing regular. I think that this tool is most effective when you have a very straight back, as it forces you to contract from your diaphragm and it will be most effective with deep inhales and rewarding exhales.
Cool down after! After I finish using this machine, I totally do a series of cool down exercises (this one is my favorite: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ar3BGF8do7I) and then I use my favorite pain reliever roll on, ThermaChill Pain Relief Roll On Cold Therapy, 3 fl oz. - Top Choice for Arthritis, Migraine Relief, Joint & Muscle Pain - Limited Time Offer: Buy 1 Get 1 Free!, to warm and then cool the areas that are going to be sore. This makes me feel great because I can usually tell just a few minutes after which areas are going to be sore the next morning.Read more ›
I've been eating well and exercising (light weights, a couple sets of pull-ups/chin-ups and resistance cables) five to ten minutes a day--along with 1-1.5 hours of cardio once or twice a week--but wanted a little more strength and definition in my core. I started doing sit-ups once or twice a day--50-100 at a time--which felt pretty good but I was worried about not working all of my abs equally. I was also curious as to other methods because my back or shoulders seem to click when I do full sit-ups. Additionally, it was hard to anchor myself unless I put my feet under the bottom edge of the couch, which involved putting shoes on due to the sharp wooden frame. All in all, it was a bit of a production just to do some sit-ups.
I found the Valeo Ab Wheel on Amazon and ordered it based on the other reviews, and the fact that it seemed such a simple solution compared to my sit-up/crunches ritual. It is a pleasure to use, but make SURE that you read the instructions on proper use so that you do not hurt your back. Keep it STRAIGHT through the whole repetition. I recommend using the Ab Wheel on carpet for the added friction--it helps you control how far you extend yourself and prevent self-injury--but it will operate smoothly on a solid floor. I keep the wheel right next to my bed so that one of the first things I do when I get up (other than kill the alarm) is to do a set. I start my coffee, have a banana, and then do another set when I come back into the bedroom to get my clothes before showering. If I'm feeling particularly adventurous that day, I'll do a third set of 15 in the evening before dinner.Read more ›
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
Nice product. Reasonably priced. It was easy to assemble, took just minutes. I tried it, and boy am I out of shape! Read morePublished 2 days ago by Ridaa Laras
Easy to put together. Works just fine making my abs more defined and sore. Small enough to take it to the gym and store easilyPublished 3 days ago by Pamela Tran
I really like the Valeo ab wheel...I'm a very active person (tough mudders, insanity, p90x, half marathons, skiing, and general debauchery) and though it would be a nice little... Read morePublished 4 days ago by Roberto Kleckner
Who doesn't love the Ab Wheel? Very sturdy and can hold me (200+ lbs)Published 5 days ago by Jordan B
Ignore the more expensive options, this is all that you need to absolutely destroy your abs. I have noticed more results in my abdominal progress with this than ANY OTHER ab... Read morePublished 6 days ago by Danijela Sandberg
It's very light weigh and strong, excellent grip on wood floor too.
Loved it .


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Anthony Swartz was a wonderful and passionate man. Sadly he passed away in a fatal car accident. Anthony was a joy to have around. His sense of humor always lightened up the room. He was a great employee here at Mountain Challenge and was passionate about his job and the students at Maryville College. He fit right in with our staff here immediately, always smiled and connected well with everyone. In honor of Anthony, Mountain Challenge and the Cross Country Team are planning on honoring him with a tree planting or silent walk in the woods. The ceremony is to be announced. This will take place the weekend of homecoming this year. All alumni, students, and communities members are welcome to join us as we honor the life of an amazing, talented, driven, and joyful young man. More information later to come. Rest easy Anthony!https://www.facebook.com/MountainChallenge/photos/a.388631743767.167920.285897698767/10153962027043768/?type=3
A master and his young grasshopper.https://www.facebook.com/MountainChallenge/photos/a.388631743767.167920.285897698767/10153961999843768/?type=3
Great group of students came by Mountain Challenge today! With their fears high, all were able to conquer our Alpine Tower. The heat had no chance of slowing them down!https://www.facebook.com/greatsmokiesexperience/photos/a.1399608533648104.1073741828.1393442094264748/1764655597143394/?type=3
All smiles from the GSE crew! Everyone is soaring above the trees as we climb on towards the end of day 2. We have conquered fears and crushed our comfort zones climbing to the top of the 60 ft. tall beast (also known as the Alpine Tower). Students learned how to climb, belay, and trust each other while conquering the tower with the Mountain Challenge staff. They also made connections with the tower to their our overall goal of learning about environmental studies. With bellies full we march onward into our day with more great activities and clases.https://www.facebook.com/greatsmokiesexperience/photos/a.1399608533648104.1073741828.1393442094264748/1764655597143394/?type=3
Troop 20275 had a blast today! A BIG thank you to your fantastic staff! We learned so much about climbing and ourselves. Thank you for encouraging these girls to always go one step further!https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10209668103330525&set=o.285897698767&type=3
What does Mountain Challenge mean to you? Here are what some alumni, students, and staff have to say. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tAL9cmB-DHUhttps://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tAL9cmB-DHU
Check out this story. Thanks Knox News!http://www.knoxnews.com/business/journal/core-of-the-course-sustainability-at-heart-of-maryville-college-2facdf77-268d-595c-e053-0100007fbce9-377617741.html
Caitlyn Hogg and Brad Hampton will both be presenting Mountain Challenge this Friday!http://www.maryvillecollege.edu/academics/learn-by-experience/research/symposium/


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I shoot so often in Central Park, I love getting the chance to photograph in some of the other beautiful green spaces in the city. When Rohini and Doug told me they were getting married in Fort Greene Park, I was especially excited as Fort Green is one of my favorite neighborhoods in Brooklyn. I met up with them by their Airbnb and then we wandered through the brownstone streets to the park to meet their family and friends.
They were married by the always wonderful Judie Guild under a huge oak in the park surrounded by their loved ones. After the wedding they all walked through Fort Greene to an adorable new little restaurant for dinner.
Congratulations to Rohini and Doug! I wish you all the best!


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The first step in makeup application is obviously to start with a clean face. Women with dry skin should also wear moisturizer under their foundation (preferably a moisturizer with a good SPF if the foundation doesn't contain one). Women with normal to oily skin should avoid wearing moisturizer under their foundation.
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A good way to judge whether your skin needs moisturizer during the day is to notice how long your skin feels dry after you wash your face. A slight amount of dryness immediately after you wash your face is typical. However, if this feeling lasts longer than 15 or 20 minutes, you should wear a lightweight moisturizer under your foundation.Make sure that either your daytime moisturizer or your foundation is rated SPF 15 and contains UVA-protecting ingredients avobenzone, titanium dioxide, or zinc oxide. There is no reason to wear two products, a sunscreen and a moisturizer, when so many products combine both beautifully. An exception to this point is if you opt to use a foundation with effective sunscreen and intend to spot-apply or use it minimally; it is essential to pair this with a sunscreen for proper UV protection.Tags: beautyCommentsCopyright © 2016 Rodale Inc.


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May 6, 2014 - Industry News
Clean Energy Fuels has announced fueling and station construction agreements with multiple fleets representative of Clean Energy's growing portfolio of natural gas fuel customers.
Tags: Natural Gas, Clean Energy Fuels, Natural Gas Fueling Station, CNG, LNG, Compressed Natural Gas, Liquified Natural Gas
April 3, 2014 - Industry News
Clean Energy Fuels continues to grow its natural-gas fueling network, with expansions in Texas, Pennsylvania and New York, and more fleets signing on to fuel at the nationwide network.
Tags: Clean Energy Fuels, Natural Gas Vehicles, Alternative Fuels, Compressed Natural Gas, CNG, LNG, Liquified Natural Gas
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
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WATCH: Royce Da 5'9″ Visits The Breakfast Club
Royce Da 5'9″ stops by the Breakfast Club to talk the new Layers album. Watch it after the jump.
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Get the new Royce Da 5'9″ album, Layers, now on iTunes.
This Week on Shade 45
Tune in for a town hall with the cast of Barbershop: The Next Cut, and an exclusive listening session of Layers, with Royce Da 5'9″. More info after the jump.
Big Proof Forever
10th Anniversary of his passing. More after the jump.
LISTEN: Royce Da 5'9″ Layers
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With students heading back to school or campus, it might be time to start thinking about money. U.S. News & World Report put together a list of "10 Money-Smart Ways Freshman Can Prepare for College." Click through to see the tips.
Think you know it all? Even smart people can make big health mistakes.
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Here are some of the not-so-secret code names White House seekers and those close to them have received over the years from the Secret Service.
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After multiple calls and Facebook posts from News 5 viewers wondering about a woman walking around the area in a black shroud, we have learned more about her identity.
A Tennessee man is lucky to be alive after being picked up and dumped into a trash truck.
A cook from Quaker Steak & Lube in Bristol, Virginia stopped a driver suspected of driving under the influence before the situation could have become much worse.
A Carter County deputy goes undercover as a high school student as part of a drug sting called "Operation Jump Street."
Many locally and around the world are sharing a story on social media about a Carter County pastor that is coming under fire after a sermon he preached in 2013 was put online.
Emergency crews credit a Greene County toddler with saving her mother's life.
The Tennessee Highway Patrol says a 1966 Ford GT-40 crashed in Interstate 26.
A local woman said she was arrested for praising the Lord too loudly, but police said her music and singing was disturbing her neighbors.
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"'Three Cups of Tea,' by Greg Mortenson. It's basically about a man who tried to summit K2 but stumbles upon a nearby village and falls in love. Then he returns with supplies over the next year to build a school for the children there."
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"I just read 'Heart of Darkness,' by Joseph Conrad. It's about the descent of the characters into insanity. It's the novel 'Apocalypse Now' was based on, but it's set in the late 1800s."
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Book your room at Villa Alessandra
Located in 17th Arrondissement within a short walk of Arc de Triomphe, Villa Alessandra is within a mile (2 km) of other popular sights such as Palais des Congres de Paris. This 49-room, 4-star hotel has a bar/lounge, free in-room WiFi, and a rooftop terrace. Also close to this Paris hotel are Eiffel Tower and Roland Garros.
For your convenience, a full breakfast is served each morning for a fee. Savor a meal from the comfort of your room with room service, or make new friends over drinks at the bar/lounge.
All 49 air-conditioned rooms feature minibars, free newspapers, and safes. Guests can enjoy satellite TV and stay connected with wired Internet and free WiFi. Bathrooms offer hair dryers, bathrobes, and slippers. Phones and desks are other standard amenities.
Property features
Guests of Villa Alessandra enjoy a rooftop terrace, free WiFi in public areas, and a meeting room. Self parking is offered for EUR 23 per day. Multilingual staff at the 24-hour front desk can assist with dry cleaning/laundry, concierge services, and luggage storage. Additional amenities include free newspapers and laundry facilities.
- Walking distance to Arc de Triomphe
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Bar/lounge
- Rooftop terrace
Villa Alessandra9 Place Boulnois Paris Paris 75017
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Guests at the Villa Alessandra Hotel can relax with a drink in the hotel bar and browse the complimentary newspapers in the hotel lobby. Those on business will benefit from the hotel's meeting room and complimentary wireless Internet access, and guests with cars will find public parking near to the hotel. The hotel is also near the shopping district and convention center. Practical amenities include a 24-hour front desk, laundry facilities and a multilingual concierge service, on hand to offer sightseeing and booking assistance. A full breakfast is served daily. Pets accepted (some restrictions apply).
- Bar/lounge
- Concierge services
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Multilingual staff
- Total number of rooms - 49
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Elevator/lift
- Smoke-free property
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- One meeting room
- Rooftop terrace
- Luggage storage
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Free WiFi
- Minibar
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Pay movies
- Room service (limited hours)
- Free newspaper
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Bathtub only
- Satellite TV service
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Desk
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
Where to Eat
The hotel does not have its own restaurant, but there are several dining options within the surrounding area.
Nearby restaurants:
Bistrot d'a Cote
Tante Jeanne
Bar Le Dada
You can order up room service during limited hours.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or near the hotel; fees may apply.
- Bicycle rentals nearby
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets allowed
- Restrictions apply
- For more information contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 2.48 per person, per night
Optional extras
- Fee for full breakfast: EUR 15 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: EUR 23 per day
Hotel Name
- Alessandra Villa
- Villa Alessandra
- Villa Alessandra Hotel
- Villa Alessandra Hotel Paris
- Villa Alessandra Paris
- La Hotel Alessandra
- La Villa Alessandra Hotel Paris
We should mention
Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
National Rating
This hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


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Edited and with an Introduction by PAUL YOUNGQUIST AND GRÉGORY PIERROT
Historical Account
of the
Black EmpirE of Hayti
marcus rainsford
Edited and with an Introduction by
PAul Youngquist And grégorY Pierrot
Duke University Press Durham and London 2013
This Edition, Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography © 2013 Duke University Press Frontispiece: Portrait of Toussaint Louverture. Collection of the New-York Historical Society, accession number 1956.123. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ♾ Designed by Cherie Westmoreland Typeset in Whitman by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rainsford, Marcus, fl. 1805. An historical account of the black empire of Hayti / Marcus Rainsford ; edited and with an introduction by Paul Youngquist and Grégory Pierrot. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8223-5278-5 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5288-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Haiti—History—To 1791. 2. Haiti—History—Revolution, 1791–1804. I. Youngquist, Paul. II. Pierrot, Grégory. III. Title. f1923.r15 2013 972.94′03—dc23 2012044752
PAul Youngquist is a professor of English at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is the author of Cyberfiction: After the Future (2010), Monstrosities: Bodies and British Romanticism (2003), and Madness and Blake's Myth (1989). GrégorY Pierrot is a visiting assistant professor of English at Bucknell University.
for CAitlin And Chloë
Acknowledgments ix Chronology xi Introduction xvii A Note on the Text lvii
An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti 1
Editorial Notes 277 Bibliography 321 Index 331
This edition of Marcus Rainsford's An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti is the work of a crew of formidable sleuths and scholars. Grégory Pierrot has been a close friend and collaborator throughout. Without his spirited conversation and relentless curiosity, Rainsford's book may have remained entombed in the mausoleum of history. Annotations by him and Scott Hagle helped resurrect it. Preparing and correcting the typescript required the labor of a spirited team: Dana Van Kooy, John C. Leffel, Krystal McMillen, and Michele Speitz. I received generous support from the Center for Humanities and the Arts at the University of Colorado for travel to collections in Kingston, Jamaica, and London. In both places I benefited from the immense cunning of many archivists, researchers, and activists, among them James Robertson, Julia Gaffield, Kesia Weise, Jillian Pazereckas, Jack and Maren Youngquist, Charles Campbell, Colonel Frank Lumsden, and Evan Williams. Timely historical help came from Roger Norman Buckley, David Patrick Geggus, Carolyn E. Fick, and Laurent Dubois. Sara Arnold of the Gibbes Museum conjured Toussaint Louverture's miniature image from oblivion. Carol Aiken made it permanently visible. Ken Wissoker and Leigh Barnwell at Duke University Press gave this book its lease on life. The press's anonymous reader brought it strength and beauty. Finally, nothing would ever get done without the love and support of a few wondrous people: Jeffrey N. Cox, Frances Botkin, Sajay Samuel, Samar Farage, Erika Polson, Joanne Youngquist, and Caitlin Rose.—PAul Youngquist An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti was the topic of countless conversations with Paul Youngquist before he had the idea to propose this edition. For this and the journey that followed I am very grateful to him. Thanks to Aldon Nielsen for his continual and crucial question, "Why is Haiti always being rediscovered?" Alain Bernheim, Gerard Besson, and Jacques de Cauna provided invaluable information regarding the intriguing life of Philippe-Rose Roume and his descendants, who deserve more attention than we could give them here. Thanks to Marie-Lucie Vendryes for her help in locating the Toussaint Louverture miniature attributed to Rainsford. Sara Marzioli's translation helped us follow Rainsford throughout European news. In my work for this edition I have been supported by several institutions at
x ACknowledgments the Pennsylvania State University: I received a research grant from the Africana Research Center; a travel grant from the Center for American Literary Studies, and a George and Barbara Kelly Fellowship from the English Department. This book would not have seen the light of day without the help of the librarians of the Rare Books and Manuscripts, Special Collections Library, Pennsylvania State University Libraries, with a special mention to Sandy Stelts, and to Curt Krebs at the Digital Preservation Department. Thanks also to James Capobianco at the Houghton Library, Harvard University, for his assistance and diligence. Le meilleur pour la fin: many thanks to Kate and Chloë Pierrot for putting up with this project and supporting me throughout; to Germaine and François Pierrot for indulging for so many years my obsessive and often obnoxious interest in Napoleonic history; and a special dedication to the late André Guillemin, for teaching me a most crucial lesson in history, a long time ago.—grégorY Pierrot
Paul Youngquist and Grégory Pierrot
On October 24, 1797, an aging captain of the Third West India Regiment stepped ashore from hms Hannibal at Mole St. Nicholas, the "Gibraltar of the Antilles" and bastion of the British occupation of St. Domingo.1 A sojourn of several months would change his life and inspire An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti (1805), the first complete account in English of the Haitian Revolution. Captain Marcus Rainsford had been in St. Domingo before, in 1796. Then he was mustering black troops for the British army, there to prop up and grab the colony. Rainsford returned at a difficult time. The occupation had proven a magnificent waste of soldiers' lives and British pounds Sterling, and life at the Mole was turning precarious. The "brigands," as the British called revolutionary blacks, were pounding at the door. "So closely were we surrounded by the Brigands, at all points," wrote Rainsford, "that it was not possible to move half a mile from the town, without extreme danger while all within was wretchedness of every description!"2 A hard destiny came calling. In 1798 those black freedom fighters would evict the British and with them slavery from the French colony of St. Domingo. Five years later they would proclaim to the world the free and independent nation of Haiti.
Occupational Hazards
Rainsford's account of the Haitian Revolution is the creature of a convulsive period of Atlantic history.3 As the eighteenth century drew to a close Britain was waging war with Republican France to defend its vaunted liberties and to buttress its sagging empire. The loss of its thirteen North American colonies in 1783 had delivered England an economic and moral blow. With the eruption in 1789 of revolution in France, which scattered sparks of insurrection throughout the Atlantic world, the 1790s would become a time of opportunity for both the empire and its enemies. The West Indies would witness a struggle between the forces of slavery and freedom. Europe's great colonial powers—England, Spain, and France—jockeyed for advantage and superiority. The focus of their rivalry: the sumptuous French colony of St. Domingo on the island of Hispaniola. The insurrection that blazed up there in August
xviii introduCtion 1791 ignited dreams not just of freedom but of colonial dominion, too. During the thirteen years of fighting that followed, England, Spain, and France would all make military bids to possess the richest colony in the Caribbean.4 The British bid was driven by economic opportunism. By the late eighteenth century Great Britain seemed to many Britons an island of freedom in a sea of slavery. The Somerset decision of 1772 had declared it a crime to return Africans to slavery in the Caribbean colonies against their will. An insurgent abolitionist movement was gaining popularity, driven by doubts about empire that came with American independence.5 In the colonies of the West Indies, however, slavery was still a way of life. In 1791, for instance, one quarter of a million enslaved Africans inhabited Jamaica. Throughout the 1790s their ratio to whites remained just under ten to one.6 Sugar production required those numbers. It was labor intensive and uniquely specialized, a harbinger of a coming industrialization. Along with other exotic commodities (coffee, indigo, and cotton), sugar was an engine of Britain's imperial and cultural expansion.7 Revolutionary unrest in St. Domingo, only 257 nautical miles east of Jamaica, made the richest sugar colony in the Caribbean seem ripe for the picking. With Republican France's declaration of war in 1793, Britain had the excuse it needed to add this prize to its colonial possessions. "Rule Britannia! rule the waves: / Britons never will be slaves": the famous lines from the de facto anthem of the British empire proclaim its complicated relationship to African slavery. Britons may never have been slaves, but many a British merchant bought and sold them, trafficking in Africans across the Atlantic with the indifference that comes with habit and huge profits. The years 1793 to 1798 mark a curious interlude in the mythology of British liberty. While abolitionists at home fought to outlaw the slave trade and deal slavery a deathblow, British soldiers in St. Domingo fought even more fiercely to perpetuate them. Such was the Janus face of slavery. However questionable, the slave system appeared too profitable to stop. So when in January of 1793 French planters from St. Domingo, their fields smoldering and their future dim, appealed for relief to William Pitt's government, an opportunity arose that was too promising to resist. Intervene in St. Domingo. Hoist the Union Jack over the charred and stubbled cane fields. Enter its ports to tame a brigand horde bent on destroying property and achieving freedom. Rescue a desolate plantocracy and replace the rule of France. A prize beyond imagining: French St. Domingo, jewel of the Antilles, by far the most opulent colony of the West Indies. There were of course other motives for intervention: the menace of rebellion in nearby Jamaica, Britain's most profitable slave colony, and the necessity of victory in the war with France. St. Domingo was a chance Pitt and his secretary of state for war
introduCtion xix Henry Dundas had to take. When a hundred more French planters joined the call for aid the British government signed a set of propositions authorizing the occupation of St. Domingo. By September 1793 redcoats were disembarking at Jérémie, welcomed ashore by inspiring strains of "Long live the English!"8 Britain's most determined defense of slavery had begun. At first things went well. Within eight months of landing, the British occupied one-third of the island, securing not only Mole St. Nicholas in the north, but also the port towns of Saint Marc, Port-au-Prince, Léogane, and Tiburon. The French colony of St. Domingo wore a fringe of British invaders. Their hold over this territory was, however, tenuous. In the estimation of J. W. Fortescue, the invasion force itself "never numbered more than nine hundred effective soldiers."9 Lacking the numbers needed to secure the colony, the occupiers played a military shell game, sending troops here and there in groups of varying size to shore up shaky defenses. The arrival of reinforcements swelled the ranks in Port-au-Prince to 3,500, with 1,800 more soldiers, mostly cavalry, distributed up and down the coast. But a promise of 2,000 more troops from England failed to materialize until 1796, bad planning and worse weather hampering their departure.10 Although the redcoats could boast impressive early success, they remained outnumbered and hemmed in throughout St. Domingo by a patchwork of determined enemies: French revolutionaries, Spanish auxiliaries, and those so-called brigands, formidable black insurgents fighting for a freedom the British had come to deny them. Events contemporary with the occupation ensured that slavery would be its raison d'être. Just weeks before the British arrived, the Jacobin commissioner at Cape François, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, issued a decree abolishing slavery throughout St. Domingo. In February 1794 the National Convention in Paris followed suit, declaring that "all men, without distinction of color, domiciled in the colonies, are French citizens, and enjoy all the rights assured under the Constitution."11 Blacks were no longer brigands savagely torching their masters' property. They were free people fighting for their rights as French citizens. Armed with musket, bayonet, and cannon, the British stood between them and liberty, a fortified line dividing slavery from freedom, black slaves from white masters. That the British government was comfortable defending the white side of that line appears most clearly in the notorious fourth clause of the Capitulation that was required signing for all French who committed themselves to the arms of their protectors: "Men of color will have all the privileges this class enjoys in English colonies"—which is to say no privileges at all.12 If that could be said of racially mixed people of color, then blacks obviously stood beyond the pale of British citizenship. To defend slavery on St. Domingo was to live or die for white privilege.
xx introduCtion The British thus faced a formidably motivated adversary, and it wasn't long before military momentum shifted toward the French revolutionaries with their newly emancipated black troops. Marcus Rainsford played a small but revealing part in this dubious military drama. The book that came out of it, An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti, is remarkable for acknowledging the intelligence and effectiveness of those black soldiers. A career officer who had been stationed in Jamaica between actions in the American War for Independence and the horrific winter campaign of 1793–94 against France in the Netherlands, Rainsford was appointed captain in June 1795 to the Third West India Regiment, one of six new units destined for action in the West Indies.13 A British—which is to say white—officer, he would recruit black rank and file. The fierce resistance of mulatto and black fighters in St. Domingo convinced military leadership to fight fire with fire, blacks with blacks. Rainsford would muster them to the British cause. The scheme was not without precedent. African loyalists fought during the Revolutionary War, drawn to serve by the promise of freedom. Blacks were used in Jamaica as military pioneers, laborers, and artificers attached to white companies. But what the historian Roger Norman Buckley calls "the Africanization of the British military" began in earnest during the occupation of St. Domingo.14 There were other motives too for mustering black troops: the belief that Africans were better suited than Europeans to the demands of warfare in tropical climes, not to mention the simple need to maximize numbers where the British army was outgunned. Rainsford would help build the black West India Regiments, which military leaders believed would carry the day against seasoned rebels throughout the West Indies. These regiments would be nearly 9,000 strong, trained and equipped like Europeans.15 They would not of course be paid like Europeans. They would serve according to terms Britain traditionally granted their kind: room, board, and a decent burial. The war secretary Dundas opposed granting blacks freedom for military service. The Africanization of the British military followed, at least initially, plantation logic: the West India Regiments would be mobilized plantations of soldier-slaves, free only to serve and die. Black recruits in St. Domingo, however, so frequently deserted to the freedom-granting French that Dundas was forced grudgingly to offer them freedom for five years of service. His attachment to the plantation model persisted nevertheless. In 1798 he supported a simpler method of mustering than recruitment: "Negroes should be procured at the expense of the Government."16 To advance British interests in the West Indies, Dundas was ready to purchase an army of enslaved Africans. The Third West India Regiment, also known as Keppel's, was destined for St. Domingo. As captain and recruiter, Rainsford would be in regular, direct
introduCtion xxi contact with black troops.17 He would also witness the withering of Britain's dream to possess the colony. For every soldier who arrived by ship in St. Domingo, it seemed, another departed—in a coffin. Battle casualties were a secondary cause. Yellow fever stalked unseasoned European recruits implacably, striking quick and fell. Although quiescent during the early months of the occupation, it woke with fury as redcoats took up positions in the miasmic flats around Port-au-Prince. With the disembarkation in early June 1794 of infected troops from Martinique, an epidemic was in the making. Over 2,000 soldiers died that year in St. Domingo, the majority from disease; in 1795, more than 3,000. Numbers climbed steadily, until by the end of the occupation in 1798, of over 20,500 men sent to St. Domingo, 12,500 were dead, some from bullets and grapeshot, some from fatigue, but over half from yellow fever.18 It was a nasty death. Thomas Phipps Howard, a lieutenant in the York Hussars stationed in St. Domingo from 1796 to 1798, gives a grisly description in his journal. To redcoats in the vicinity of the port of Saint Marc, death became grimly familiar:
The Dead Carts were constantly employed, & scarcely was one empty, tho' they held from 8 to 12 each, but another was full. Men were taken ill at dinner, who had been in the most apparent Health during the Morn:, & were carried to their long Homes at Night. In short, the putridity of the Disorder at last arose to such an h[e]ight that hundreds, almost, were absolutely drowned in their own Blood, bursting from them at every Pore. Some died raving Mad, others forming Plans for attacking, the others desponding; in fact, Death presented itself under every form an unlimited Imagination could invent. To sum up this Picture of Horror, by a Return made from the 3th [sic] to the 13th, our Regiment alone had lost eight Officers, three Quartermasters, thirteen Serjeants and Corporals, and one hundred & fifty Hussards.19
The York Hussars numbered 693 men at the beginning of that return, 465 by its bleak finish in July 1796.20 After another year in St. Domingo only 234 Hussars would be alive. Some fell honorably in the field. But like too many of their brothers in arms, many died miserably from disease. Edmund Burke's mordant quip rang true: "it was not an enemy we had to vanquish but a cemetery to conquer."21 Yellow fever struck a big blow, but strangely, on behalf of freedom. It would be wrong, however, to conclude that disease beat the British out of St. Domingo.22 There were other strong reasons to leave. If the British were bleeding men, they were hemorrhaging money. The first eight months of the occupation drained £120,000 pounds from Pitt's coffers.23 Costs soared
xxii introduCtion after that. French planters did their best to profit from the presence of their saviors. British hopes of handing them the bill faded fast. They dodged taxes and pocketed the price of outfitting colonial militias. Many of the municipal officials charged with collecting poll and slave taxes did the same. The local economy was a wreck. Exports were scarce, and duties negligible. By 1795 it was becoming clear that planters in St. Domingo might capitulate to British rule, but they weren't about to pay for it. They were not alone in making colonial adventurism expensive. The occupiers bore responsibility too. Most of the blame fell on Sir Adam Williamson, the governor of St. Domingo from October 1794 to March 1796. He was a generous man with a penchant for fine living. Every war has its refugees. This one drove them into occupied cities in large numbers. Williamson treated them with exorbitant kindness, adding cash to their free rations.24 His delight in good company inspired frequent visits from many guests: five, ten, sometimes twenty at a time for an evening of wine and banter. He lavished similar luxuries on his troops, quartering them in style whenever possible. He created new corps at the drop of a captain's hat. Costs for officer pay, costume, and equipment spiked. In the words of David Patrick Geggus, "Williamson was incapable of saying no to anyone."25 Nor was he alone guilty of such magnanimity. The agent-general for St. Domingo took a whopping 5 percent commission on all expenditures. It made him a rich man, earning him £86,000 in just two and a half years. When Williamson was replaced in 1796 it was reported in the House of Commons that the costs of occupation had reached £4,300,000. It fell to his successors to reduce expenditures to a mere £25,000 per month.26 That never happened. St. Domingo continued to suck money from the British treasury: £5,765,000 all told, not including military pay to rank and file.27 By 1798 evacuation was beginning to make as much economic as military sense. The redcoats were faring badly. Pitt and Dundas tried desperately to salvage the occupation during 1795–96 with the largest naval expedition hitherto mounted—a projected 30,000 men and an astonishing 100,000 tons of shipping—but bad winds scattered the flotilla and forced a scale-back in the operation.28 Even had the expedition landed in St. Domingo, however, its success remains doubtful. Over the course of the occupation a storm of another kind had been gathering. Blacks were honing their military skills in armies of the French Republic or the Spanish king. Mulattoes were doing the same, sometimes forming armies of their own. British troops provided opportunity for those tenacious soldiers to prove their mettle and improve their tactics. Scattered attacks all across St. Domingo—in Mole St. Nicholas, Saint Marc, Léogane, Tiburon—turned the formerly enslaved into freedom fighters. It is
introduCtion xxiii one of history's happier ironies that an occupier come to preserve slavery advanced its undoing. Armies of free blacks, not disease or expense, drove the British from St. Domingo. In this the name of Toussaint Louverture serves as a memorial, symbolizing thousands inspired by freedom to take up arms against slavery. "I am Toussaint Louverture. My name is perhaps known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in Saint-Domingue. I work to bring them into existence. Unite yourselves to us, brothers, and fight with us for the same cause."29 Toussaint made this declaration on the very day Sonthonax proclaimed slavery abolished in August 1793 and just a month before the British landed. It does not simply announce the emergence of a great leader. It testifies to the readiness of a multitude of men and women— from different plantations and for diverse ends—to fight for freedom. An early measure of their success was the expulsion of one eighteenth-century superpower—Great Britain—from the colony it came to master. Another— France—would follow after five more years and some desperate fighting. The British were equal neither to Toussaint nor the multitude that, in a variety of ways, heeded his call to arms. Buckley's observation remains astute: "The British army's ventures into the once rich heartland of the ravaged colony, against an alert, tough, and at times elusive foe, were little more than puny and indecisive operations which were destined to fail."30 Such are the wages of mastery. The British came to enslave. They left beaten by the free. Marcus Rainsford had the strange fortune to witness and play a small part in these events. He mustered black troops in St. Domingo and came to admire their prowess. He later met Toussaint and experienced his magnanimity firsthand. Behind An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti hangs the tattered backdrop of the British occupation. At first Rainsford himself preferred not to notice it. In an earlier pamphlet on St. Domingo, he writes, "Enough has been professionally told of this disastrous enterprize by those so much more adequate to the task than myself, that I shall presume to add nothing more on the subject."31 Three years later, however, he unfurled a full history of the Haitian Revolution—including the occupation—from the vantage of a career soldier who witnesses not just the weakness of the power he serves but the strength of its inspired adversaries. This white captain learns to respect the black troops on both sides of the revolutionary struggle. His initial dismissal of the British occupation registers its importance in the annals of embarrassed imperialism. St. Domingo was for a time in the 1790s the desideratum of three colonial powers. That none came to possess the colony proves the indomitable force of the free blacks who would after thirteen years of struggle declare Haiti an independent state on January 1, 1804. Their vic-
xxiv introduCtion tory, the great legacy of the Haitian Revolution, makes Rainsford's history a complex contemporary commentary on the high cost of colonial slavery.
An Officer's Life
Marcus Rainsford, son of Edward Rainsford, was born in 1758 in County Kildare, Ireland.32 The Rainsford family had moved from England to Ireland in the seventeenth century, rising socially when Oliver Cromwell rewarded William Rainsford handsomely for his political allegiance by granting him considerable tracts of land.33 The family's fortunes did not end with Cromwell: William's son, Sir Mark Rainsford, was made High Sheriff of Dublin in 1690 and Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1700. Among the Rainsford properties was a brewery at St James's Gate in the Irish capital. Its lackluster success led the Rainsfords to lease it in 1759 to a young brewer named Arthur Guinness—at £45 per annum for 9,000 years. The Guinness brewery sits today at the corner of St James's Gate and Rainsford Street. Marcus was the third of three children, preceded by his sister Frances and his brother Edward. He attended Trinity University in Dublin, receiving a master's degree in 1773.34 The following year, Frances married an officer in the British army, Welbore Ellis Doyle. Edward grew up to be a Dublin barrister who, in his brother's phrase, came to "enjoy the liberal fortune of our ancestors."35 This comment was more than slightly sardonic. As second son, Marcus expected the smaller share of his father's inheritance, but Edward Jr. apparently kept for himself everything bequeathed his siblings.36 Doyle would prove a better brother to Rainsford than Edward, always ready if need be with a place to stay or a few pounds. In the late 1770s, Rainsford followed him to fight against the North American colonies in the American War for Independence. When Rainsford arrived, his brother-in-law had been serving for several years as an officer in the Fifty-fifth Regiment of Foot, bringing Frances with him to the colonies. Irishmen were heavily represented on both sides of the battlefield, and the British commander in chief, General Henry Clinton, soon thought of creating a regiment out of Irish deserters from American units. He put Francis Hastings, Lord Rawdon, in charge of forming the Volunteers of Ireland in New York and Philadelphia in the winter of 1778. Rawdon was a young Anglo-Irish aristocrat whose courage in battle propelled him swiftly up the military hierarchy. As the colonel of this regiment he chose exclusively officers born in Ireland, appointing Welbore Ellis Doyle as lieutenant-colonel. Marcus Rainsford likely purchased his commission as ensign in the regiment
editoriAl notes
1. Hannibal muster, Adm 36/13670, The National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom. "St. Domingo" is the name the British used for the French colony of Saint-Domingue. "Hispaniola" refers to the island as a whole, and "Santo Domingo" to the eastern Spanish colony (ceded to France in 1795). 2. Rainsford, St. Domingo, 2d ed., 25–26. 3. Modern accounts of the British occupation of St. Domingo vary in depth and nuance. The most complete remains Geggus, Slavery, War, and Revolution, but see also Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar, and Seapower; James, The Black Jacobins, 199–223; Fick, The Making of Haiti, 183–203; Dubois, Avengers of the New World, 184–93, 215–19; and Geggus, "British Opinion and the Emergence of Haiti, 1791–1805," 123–49. For contemporary views, see Rainsford's various narratives as well as the anonymous A Particular Account of the Insurrection of the Negroes in St. Domingo, which began in 1791; An Inquiry into the Causes of the Insurrection of the Negroes in the Island of St. Domingo; Edwards, An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo; Stephen, The Crisis in the Sugar Colonies and The Opportunity; Or, Reasons for an Immediate Alliance with St. Domingo; Chalmers, Remarks on the Late War in St. Domingo; and de Coulon, Rapport sur les Troubles de Saint-Domingue. 4. See Geggus, "The Great Powers and the Haitian Revolution," 171–78. For the general history of the Haitian Revolution see especially Dubois, Avengers of the New World, and James, Black Jacobins. Three factions were involved in the fighting: white planters, enslaved Africans, and propertied men of color. Alliances among them were complex and shifting, particularly when class and ideological interests are taken into account. 5. See Brown, Moral Capital. 6. Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica, 1770–1820, 151–52. 7. See Mintz, Sweetness and Power; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves. 8. Dubois, Avengers of the New World, 166. See Edwards, An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo, for an eyewitness account of the initial rebellion's smoldering aftermath near Cape François. 9. Fortescue, A History of the British Army, vol. 4, pt. 1, 336. 10. Geggus, Slavery, War, and Revolution, 118, 192. As Geggus notes, 1796 saw the arrival of over 10,000 additional troops in St. Domingo. 11. Quoted in James, The Black Jacobins, 141. The great black General Toussaint Louverture famously changed allegiances from the Spanish crown to the French Republic after this declaration, although the extent to which it motivated his decision to do so remains unclear. See Geggus, "The 'Volte-Face' of Toussaint Louverture," 119–36.
278 editoriAl notes
12. Geggus, Slavery, War, and, Revolution, 397. To appreciate the racial complexity of the revolution in St. Domingo, see Fick, The Making of Haiti, 15–45; Geggus, Slavery, War, and Revolution, 1–32; James, The Black Jacobins, 27–45; Paquin, The Haitians, 12–27. 13. The Third, Fourth, Fifth, and eventually the Seventh West India Regiments were to be raised from among French blacks in St. Domingo. See Buckley, Slaves in Red Coats, 164 n19. 14. Ibid., 4. See also Brown and Morgan, eds., Arming Slaves, and Voelz, Slave and Soldier. 15. Buckley, Slaves in Red Coats, 24. 16. Dundas to Abercrombie, January 18, 1798, Co 153/31, f.234. 17. Most would come from the ranks of the enslaved, but it is important to remember that mustering in the king's service held a deep appeal for some among them who took pride in the soldier's status and regalia. See Geggus, "The Arming of Slaves in the Haitian Revolution." 18. Geggus, Slavery, War, and Revolution, 362. 19. Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796–1798, 49–50. 20. Ibid., 177 n134. 21. Burke, Two Letters Addressed to a Member of the Present Parliament, 155. 22. The favorite defense of not only contemporary commentators on the British occupation of St. Domingo (Edwards, Stephen, and Chalmers), but modern historians, too, including Fortescue and Geggus. Buckley resists this questionable trend. 23. Geggus, Slavery, War, and Revolution, 142. 24. Ibid., 172. 25. Ibid., 174. 26. Ibid., 212, 206. 27. Ibid., 382. 28. Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar, and Seapower, 184. 29. Quoted in Dubois, Avengers of the New World, 176. 30. Buckley, "postscript," in Howard, The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796–1798, 138. 31. Rainsford, St. Domingo, 2d ed., 25. 32. Edward Rainsford's will of 1795 states his son Marcus's birth as "about 1755." See Buckland, The Rainsford Family, 228. The parish register from St. Giles in the Fields, Middlesex, lists the date of his burial as November 4, 1817, and gives his age as fiftynine. Rainsford was thus born in 1758 or possibly late 1757. See London Metropolitan Archives. The name of Rainsford's mother remains unknown. 33. See Buckland, The Rainsford Family, 219–44. 34. Alumni Dublinenses, "Rainsford (Ransford) Mark," 691. 35. Rainsford, St. Domingo, 3d ed., 28. 36. In his will, W. E. Doyle declares that "the present Mr Rainsford has withheld everything left to his brother and sister by which me and Mrs Doyle had been forced to support them." Will of Welbore Ellis Doyle, Major General of His Majesty's Forces of Ceylon, East Indies, 11 September 1798, Prob 11/1312. Buckland's information about Marcus Rainsford is at points counterfactual. The Rainsford family tradition of
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Ricky Radio
The First Story
Introduced to The DJBooth via March's reader-approved Giving My Love, Rone returns for a lightning-fast victory lap with new single Roadrunner. Here, the surprisingly laid-back synth grooves of Rick "Ricky Radio" Friedrich (who also steps out from behind the boards to deliver the record's hook) bang in the back as the Philadelphia native tells wannabe Wile E.Coyotes just how little hope they have of catching up to him. For more, check out Rone's The First Story LP when it hits record stores and online retailers June 19, via Raw Life.
Written by richard
Posted 4 years ago
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