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Unacknowledged Urbanisation New Census Towns of India
Kanhu Charan Pradhan
The unexpected increase in the number of census towns in the last census has thrust them into the spotlight. The new CTs account for almost 30% of the urban growth in the last decade. The estimated contribution of migration is similar to that in previous intercensal periods. Further, the data indicates a dispersed pattern of in situ urbanisation, with the reluctance of state policy to recognise new statutory towns partly responsible for the growth of new CTs. A growing share of India's urban population, living in these CTs, is being governed under the rural administrative framework, despite very different demographic and economic characteristics, which may affect their future growth.
he release of urbanisation figures from the 2011 Census has evoked several reactions. For the first time the absolute growth in urban population (91 million) is more than its rural counterpart (Figure 1a, p 44) and slightly higher than expected (Kundu 2011; Bhagat 2011). The urban growth rate, which fell in the last two decades, also rose in this census. But the major surprise came with the number of census towns (CTs) rising from 1, 362 to 3,894, while the number of statutory towns (STs) increased marginally from 3,799 to 4,041 (Figure 1b, p 44). Up to 2001, the focus on CTs was limited; as their share in the total urban population was low (7.4% in 2001) and their numbers were growing gradually. However, the sudden increase in the number of CTs has highlighted the need for more attention to this class of settlements. This paper uses a hitherto unexploited data set to examine the nature of these new CTs, their size and contribution to population and their location in relationship to existing urban centres.
Definition of Census Towns
Urban areas in India are of three broad types: STs, CTs and outgrowths (OGs). STs are administratively declared urban areas by a state law which includes all manner of urban local bodies (ULBs), such as municipalities, town panchayats, cantonment boards, etc, CTs are complete settlement units that are classified as urban areas by the Registrar General of India (RGI), as part of the census operations, if they cross the threshold on three specific urban characteristics, viz, size (population of at least 5,000), density (at least 400 persons per square kilometre) and non-farm nature of workforce (at least 75% of male workforce in non-farm sector). However, settlements declared as CTs continue to be administered as rural areas. OGs are viable units which emerge adjacent to, but outside the administrative limits of STs. These are, however, not complete settlement units, like an entire village.1 Since the census schedules for urban and rural areas are different, settlements are identified as CTs before the start of the census operations. This has led some commentators to speculate that the urbanisation for 2011 may have been artificially inflated (Kundu 2011).
The guidance of S Chandrasekhar is gratefully acknowledged as are the invaluable inputs of Shamindra Nath Roy for GIS data analysis. The author is also thankful to colleagues at the Centre for Policy Research for comments and suggestions. However, the author is solely responsible for all remaining errors. Kanhu Charan Pradhan (firstname.lastname@example.com) is at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi.
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Data and Methodology
The census provides a unique code for all settlements in India, with separate groups of code for the urban and rural sector, to facilitate a comparison between censuses. But for some settlement units, there is also a change in the sector between census periods, i e, some rural units have become urban or vice versa.
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Figure 1a: Rural and Urban Population Growth (1961-2011)
(in %) 4.5
49 158
30 109
Urban growth
58 216 70 286 91.0 377
CAGR of population
17 79 439 360 62 79
526 87
Rural growth
631 743 105 112 833 90.5
data set, but it is not useful to match the CTs in 2001 that were merged into other units. For this, we use publicly available information. Even though the attempt was to use official sources like ULB websites, city development plans, state government notifications and other official documents, there are 35 such CTs for which news articles and other sources from internet were used, which could not be independently verified.5
Origin of Census Towns
0.5 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 The outer bubble shows the total population (in million) and the inner bubble shows the increase of population (in million) with respect to the previous census. CAGR is the compound annual growth rate. Source: Census of India 2011.
The changes in the number of CTs between census periods can happen in many ways, e g, an increase due to reclassification of villages and OGs, and, rarely, STs into CTs,6
Figure 1b: Types of Urban Settlements (1981-2011)
5,000 No of Towns 4,000 2758 3,000 CTs 2,000 1,000 0 1981 1991 1271 1693 1362 2996 STs 3799
Table 1: Dynamics of Census Town between 2001 and 2011
Sl No State Total Change in 2001 CT New CT in 2011 Total CT in De- Upgraded/ Not Other From Not CT in 2001 noti fied Merged Known Urban Village Known 2011 to Village with ST Area to CT to CT
Source: Sivaramakrishnan, Kundu, Singh (2005) and Census of India 2011.
As these units move from one group to another, their census code changes from one group to another. A common classification across census periods for such units is needed to make them comparable across census periods. Such a classification is available at the e-Governance Standards portal,2 part of the Government of India's National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), which provides lists of all settlement units in 2011 and their correspondence with the 2001 Census. This list has been prepared by the Census of India. The portal provides state-wise lists of all settlement units for 2011, separately for rural and urban areas, and their corresponding 2001 Census code. This database could be considered as a rich source for comparative study between 2001 and 2011.3 This analysis covers all the states of India, but it should be noted that Mizoram had no CT in either 2011 or 2001.
Matching of Settlements
The e-Governance data set facilitates matching of 2011 CTs with the corresponding 2001 settlement units. Of the 3,894 CTs, 48 could not be matched, of which 44 are in Tamil Nadu.4 But there are other units which are also important for this study. Some units which were classified as CT in 2001 no longer exist in 2011 because either they have been de-notified to villages or reclassified as statutory towns or merged with other units. The first two types of issues (de-notification to villages and reclassification into sts) can be addressed with the e-Governance
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
All India 1,362 Andhra Pradesh 93 Arunachal Pradesh 17 Assam 45 Bihar 5 Chhattisgarh 22 Goa 30 Gujarat 74 Haryana 22 Himachal Pradesh 1 Jammu and Kashmir 3 Jharkhand 108 Karnataka 44 Kerala 99 Madhya Pradesh 55 Maharashtra 127 Manipur 5 Meghalaya 6 Nagaland 1 Odisha 31 Punjab 18 Rajasthan 38 Sikkim 1 Tamil Nadu* 111 Tripura 10 Uttarakhand 12 Uttar Pradesh 66 West Bengal 252 Andaman and Nicobar 2 Chandigarh 0 NCT of Delhi 59 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 2 Daman and Diu 0 Lakshadweep 3 Puducherry 0
55 6 2 2 1
144 18 17 3 1 13 24 4 1 23 11 4 8
3 11
1 1 3 3 6 1 1 4 4 1 2 1 6 3 1
3 2
141 2,553 48 3,894 22 137 228 1 1 6 80 126 4 52 60 0 10 14 1 25 56 21 83 153 8 49 1 74 3 3 6 27 36 107 188 13 81 127 16 346 461 18 46 112 171 279 18 23 6 12 6 1 7 86 116 5 55 74 4 76 112 1 1 227 44 376 23 26 2 29 42 2 204 2 267 11 526 780 2 4 5 5 55 110 5 5 6 6 3 6 2 2 4
Mizoram had no CT in either 2011 or 2001. Source: Based on author's calculation.
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Estimation of Population: Since the detailed population figure for 2011 is not yet available, the population in 2001 is used Characteristics of New Census Towns to estimate the current population of a new CT. If one assumes As CTs are identified prior to the census operation, information zero population growth between 2001 and 2011 (unlikely for a from the last census is used to examine the process of identifi- large number of units in a country growing at 17.6% per deccation. A priori, all the new CTs should be on the "threshold" of ade), the 2001 population can be considered as a lower bound, CT criterion, though such a threshold itself is somewhat sub- though it is possible that some settlements may experience jective. Figures 2a and 2b show the number of the new CTs that negative growth, as in some Class I cities in Kerala. An alternative "Base Estimate" is constructed by assuming Figure 2a: Characteristics of New CTs Figure 2b: Characteristics of New CTs (Village population threshold of 5,000) (Village population threshold of 4,000) that these settlements have grown at a rate similar to the total state population (both urban 0 2 and rural) growth rate. Male non-agricultural Male non-agricultural worker ( > 75%) Table 2 (p 46), shows that 29.5% of the urban worker ( > 75%) growth (26.8 million people) between 2001 and 2011 at the all-India level is due to reclassifica6 691 2 0 tion of rural areas into CTs. If one assumes zero 1793 2478 population growth of these new CTs in this peDensity Village population Density Village population riod, this would be 26% (23.7 million people), 4 ( > 400/sq km) ( > 4,000) ( > 400/sq km) ( > 5,000) 2 1 the lower bound referred to above.8 This share 2 0 of growth attributable to reclassification varies widely between states. Among the major states None: 5 None: 4 (represented in descending order of this share The analysis is limited to 2,497 new CTs and excludes 37 new CTs as information on their area of settlement was in Figure 3, p 46), the share is the highest for unavailable. Another nine villages in 2001 became 19 CTs in 2011 by partition and all these nine villages satisfied Kerala (93%) followed by West Bengal (66%). the three conditions in 2001. Source: Based on the Primary Census Abstract and Village Directory, Census of India 2001. Thus, almost the entire jump in the share of ursatisfied the three criteria, i e, population, density and male ban population in Kerala, from 26% to 48%, and two-thirds of non-agricultural workforce in 2001. Figure 2a shows that 1,793 the increase in West Bengal, from 28% to 32%, can be attributed settlements that have been declared as new CTs fulfilled all to reclassification. It is the lowest for Chhattisgarh (4%) and the three conditions in 2001, and indeed, were qualified to be Madhya Pradesh (9%). Similarly, among the smaller states/, CTs at that time itself. Similarly, another 691 new CTs fulfilled union territories, it is 93% for Lakshadweep, 73% for Goa, 63%
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and a decrease due to de-notification of existing CTs to villages, reclassification or amalgamation of existing CTs into STs. As can be seen from Table 1 (p 44), while the absolute increase of CTs between 2001 and 2011 for the country is 2,532, the number of settlements reclassified from village to CT (henceforth new CTs) is 2,553 and an additional 141 settlements have been reclassified from OG or ST to CT. Since 48 CTs could not be matched between 2001 and 2011, the actual number might be slightly higher. Concomitantly, 55 CTs have been de-notified to villages and 144 CTs have been recognised as STs or merged with other STs in this period. In terms of distribution of the new CTs across states, the state with maximum number of new CTs is West Bengal (526) followed by Kerala (346), Tamil Nadu (227) and Uttar Pradesh (204). Along with Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, these six states have more than 60% of the new CTs. Arunachal Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are the only states where the total number of CTs has reduced over this period. In Arunachal Pradesh, all 17 CTs of 2001 were converted into notified towns in 2011 and one new CT was created in this period. In Chhattisgarh, 13 out of 22 CTs in 2001 were merged into other STs even as 10 new CTs were added in this period. It appears from this analysis that most of the new CTs (more than 90%) were former villages, and further, very few of the CTs existing in 2001 (about 15%) were given statutory status whether by recognition or merging. If this trend continues, a progressively smaller share of urban settlements will be governed as urban areas.
the density and workforce conditions. In addition to this, there were another nine villages in 2001 which became 19 CTs in 2011 which qualified all the three conditions. Figure 2b relaxes the population threshold to 4,000, which is used by the RGI under the presumption that such a settlement is expected to have a population of 5,000 in 2011.7 Figure 2b shows that, with this modification, almost all new CTs fulfilled all three conditions in 2001. This indicates that the settlements designated as CTs in the 2011 Census are very likely to satisfy the definition of a CT. If anything, the fact that 1,812 of them already met the criterion in 2001 and were not recognised indicates that there may be more such settlements in 2011. The concerns over inflated urbanisation therefore may not be warranted. Indeed, it would appear that in both years, the extent of urbanisation may be underestimated, e g, including the population of the 1,812 settlements in 2001 would add 20.3 million people to the urban population in 2001 raising the urbanisation rate by 1.97% to 29.8%. It is therefore conceivable that such an adjustment, after the Census 2011 settlement-wise figures are available, could increase the urbanisation rate even further.
Contribution of New CTs to Urban Growth
So, if India has added roughly twice the number of new CTs in the last decade than in its history, what is their contribution to the total urban growth in this period?
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Table 2: Share of New CTs to Total Urban Population Growth between 2001 and 2011
Sl No State New CTs Reclassified from Villages Absolute Share Share Number Population Population Change in of New of New 2001 2011 (Est) Urban CTs (Low) CTs (Base) (mn) (mn) Population 2001-11 (mn)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
All India 2,553 Kerala 346 Lakshadweep 3 Goa 25 West Bengal 526 Daman and Diu 6 Tripura 23 Andaman and Nicobar 2 Manipur 18 Assam 80 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 5 Jharkhand 107 Odisha 86 Meghalaya 6 Andhra Pradesh 137 Tamil Nadu 227 NCT of Delhi 55 Uttarakhand 29 Jammu and Kashmir 27 Himachal Pradesh 3 Punjab 55 Rajasthan 76 Nagaland 6 Haryana 49 Uttar Pradesh 204 Maharashtra 171 Chandigarh 5 Bihar 52 Puducherry 2 Gujarat 83 Karnataka 81 Madhya Pradesh 46 Arunachal Pradesh 1 Sikkim 1 Chhattisgarh 10
23.68 6.80 0.02 0.16 3.89 0.05 0.22 0.01 0.12 0.46 0.03 0.71 0.50 0.04 1.75 1.62 0.70 0.19 0.17 0.02 0.39 0.64 0.05 0.40 1.42 1.37 0.03 0.34 0.02 0.66 0.56 0.30 0.01 0.01 0.06
26.82 7.13 0.02 0.17 4.43 0.08 0.25 0.01 0.14 0.54 0.05 0.86 0.57 0.05 1.95 1.87 0.84 0.22 0.21 0.02 0.44 0.78 0.05 0.48 1.70 1.59 0.03 0.42 0.03 0.78 0.65 0.36 0.01 0.01 0.07
90.99 7.67 0.02 0.24 6.71 0.13 0.42 0.02 0.25 0.95 0.11 1.94 1.48 0.14 7.54 7.47 3.43 0.91 0.90 0.09 2.12 3.87 0.23 2.71 9.93 9.73 0.22 3.05 0.20 6.78 5.62 4.09 0.09 0.09 1.75
26.0 88.8 87.3 67.7 57.9 40.9 52.7 55.2 48.7 48.5 30.3 36.5 33.6 25.2 23.2 21.7 20.3 20.5 19.0 19.5 18.2 16.6 19.7 14.6 14.3 14.1 13.5 11.1 10.9 9.7 10.0 7.2 6.3 5.7 3.4
29.5 93.1 92.8 73.3 66.0 62.8 60.5 58.8 57.7 56.7 47.0 44.7 38.3 32.2 25.8 25.1 24.6 24.4 23.6 22.0 20.7 20.2 19.6 17.6 17.2 16.3 15.8 13.9 13.9 11.5 11.5 8.7 8.0 6.4 4.2
of rural settlements into CTs and STs and incorporation of rural settlements into existing STs by expansion of their boundaries. Bhagat (2011) estimates that 44% of the urban growth between 2001 and 2011, is natural growth, and the remaining 56% is due to net reclassification, expansion of boundaries and migration. As shown earlier, 29.5% of the growth is because of reclassification of rural settlements into CTs, implying the remaining 26.5% is attributable to net reclassification of rural settlements into STs, the incorporation of such settlements into existing STs by expansion of their boundaries and migration.9 The net change in STs happens because of declassification of STs or merging of one or more STs into other STs (decrease) or reclassification of rural and other urban areas (CTs and OGs) into STs (increase). While merging of STs and reclassification of other urban areas to STs will have no impact on the total urban population, declassification of STs and reclassification of rural areas into STs will affect the urban population. Estimating the extent of urban growth due to net change in STs is difficult till detailed information on their 2001 constituent units is released. A preliminary attempt to compare the 2011 STs with 2001 STs suggests that 98.5% of the STs in 2001 (3,741 out of 3,799) remain as ST in 2011. The remaining STs in 2001 have either been de-notified into rural areas or merged with other STs, with a major share of the population expected to be in the latter category since it is the smaller STs that are de-notified. Out of the 58 STs in 2001, which are not STs in 2011, the 35 STs that were merged with eight large ULBs account for 93% of total population.10 This implies that conversion of urban area into rural area due to de-notification of ST would be very small. Similarly, there are 55 CTs of 2001 which became STs in 2011. Out of the 243 STs in 2011 which were rural areas in 2001, the 2001 population
Figure 3: Contribution of New CTs to Urban Population Growth (Major states)
0 Kerala West Bengal 57.9 Jharkhand Odisha Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu NCT of Delhi Punjab Rajasthan Haryana Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Bihar Gujarat Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh 25.8 23.2 25.1 21.7 24.6 20.3 20.7 18.2 20.2 16.6 17.6 14.6 17.2 14.3 16.3 14.1 13.9 11.1 11.5 9.7 11.5 10.0 8.7 7.2 4.2 3.4 44.7 36.5 38.3 33.6 Base estimate Low estimate 66.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 93.1 88.8
Est: Estimated population using the growth rate of total state population. Source: Based on author's calculation.
for Daman and Diu and 61% in Tripura, while Sikkim (6%) and Arunachal Pradesh (8%) have the lowest share of increase due to reclassification. This implies a doubling in the share of CTs, assuming that the old CTs have grown at the same rate as overall urban population. While the share of CTs in the total urban population was 7.4% in 2001, the share of CTs in 2011 would be between 13.7% and 14.5% of the urban population. This is a form of in situ urbanisation (Zhu 2002) that is occurring without substantial migration between settlements and as such is contrary to the usual perception of the process of urbanisation.
Estimate of the Contribution of Migration
India: Base estimate: 29.5% Low estimate 26.0%
The estimation of the contribution of CTs to urban population growth helps in estimating the contribution of migration to this growth. This is estimated as a residual, after removing the estimated contribution of natural growth, net reclassification
This is limited to states with growth of at least one million in absolute urban population between 2001 and 2011.These 17 states together account for 94% of the total urban growth. "Low Estimate" assumes no growth in 2001 population and "Base Estimate"uses the growth rate of total state population to estimate population in 2011.
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Figure 4a: Urbanisation and Average Number of New CTs Per District (Districts with at least One New CT)
12 Average new CTs/district 10 8 6 4 2 0 U5(70) 3.1 5.0 5.6 6.3 10.3 Average new CTs/district
Figure 4b: Urbanisation and Average Number of New CTs Per District (All Districts)
10 8 6 4 2 1.9 3.7 3.2 7.9
0 U4(74) U3(80) U2(92) U1(91) U5(118) U4(118) U3(119) U2(119) U1(119) Level of Urbanisation Level of Urbanisation The first quintile (U1) represents the highest level of urbanisation and fifth quintile (U5) represents the lowest level of urbanisation. U5 (<8.7%), U4 (8.7-15.1%), U3 (15.1-21.8%), U2 (21.8-34.9%).
of 214 units, without accounting for other rural areas which could also have merged in these units, was 2.1 million or 2.3% of the total urban growth in the last decade.11 A figure of 2.3% of urban growth due to reclassification of rural areas into STs would imply that the remaining 24.2% of the urban growth could be because of migration and expansion of boundaries. Expansion of boundary, which is to a large extent limited to STs, is a process of urbanisation where smaller ULBs and villages come within the city limits over time. When expansion includes existing urban areas, it does not change the aggregate urban population, but if the expansion also includes villages, a phenomenon which can be seen for a number of cities in the last decade (e g, 111 in Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palika (BBMP) in 2007, 23 in Pune Municipal Corporation, 53 in Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation, etc), it reclassifies such rural areas into urban areas.12 The magnitude of expansion of boundaries in India varies with time. It was 11.9% in 1971-81, 2.1% in 1981-91 and 9.9% in 1991-2001 (HPEC 2011). Even an assumption of 2% of urban growth due to expansion of boundaries, which is the lowest in last three decades, would imply that 22.2% of urban growth in the last decade is due to migration. This is similar to the contribution over 1971-81, 1981-91 and 1991-2001, of 19.9%, 22.6% and 21.1%, respectively (ibid), suggesting that the contribution of migration has not changed significantly.13 A comparison of the extent of migration with the share of new CTs to urban growth suggests that the extent of the latter (29.5% of urban growth) is larger than the extent of migration (22.2% of the urban growth). Since migration is a residual here, even the lower estimate of the new CTs (26% of urban growth) would imply the extent of migration (25.7% of urban growth) would be at best as large as the new CTs. So, it would be interesting to see whether this is the first time when the extent of urbanisation due to change in classification (in situ urbanisation) is more than the extent of urbanisation due to migration. Hence, this pattern hints towards a shift in the pattern of urbanisation in India with an increasing share of ruraladministered urban areas in India.
Location of New Census Towns
CTs constituents of existing built-up agglomerations? For the last inquiry, a novel method of agglomerating built-up areas used by Denis and Marius-Gnanou (2011) is used.
New CTs and District Characteristics
It can be expected that urbanisation of a district would have some positive bearing on the formation of new CTs. As a district becomes more urbanised, its employment pattern concentrates more on non-farm sectors and if this share for a particular village crosses the specified limit, it would meet one condition for becoming a CT. Figures 4a and 4b show the average number of new CTs per district when all 2001 districts are divided into quintiles based on urbanisation rate, for those districts with at least one new CT (4a) and all 2001 districts (4b). This appears to indicate that the average number of new CTs increase with a move to a higher quintile, indicating some association of new CTs and urbanisation. In order to further verify the above relationship, a simple multivariate regression analysis was conducted with the following form. (No of New CTs in 2011)ij = Constant + (No of Existing CTs in 2001)ij + (Other District Characteristics)ij + γ (State Dummy)j+eij for district i in state j The inclusion of the number of existing CTs as a determinant of the number of new CTs is similar to the specification in Bhoumik et al (2009) on the number of new firms in an area. It
Table 3: Relationship between New CTs and District Characteristics
Independent Variable (I) (II) (III)
No of existing CTs in 2001
After the contribution of new CTs to urban growth and their interstate variations, another important question is about the location of these new CTs. This is examined in three ways. First, is the number of new CTs in a district associated with its district characteristics? Second, what is the proportion of new CTs that are located around existing cities? Finally, are new
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0.890*** 0.700*** (0.21) (0.18) Urbanisation rate in 2001 0.084** 0.007 -0.109*** (0.03) (0.02) (0.03) No of large villages in 2001 (population > 4,000) 0.055*** (0.02) Share of non-agricultural male workforce in 2001 0.149*** (0.03) Metropolitan district (Yes = 1) 4.299* (1.87) Constant -0.712 0.023 -9.448*** (1.40) (0.81) (2.02) N 593 593 593 0.39 0.57 0.66 Adjusted R2
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 The figure in the parentheses represents the robust standard error. The metropolitan districts include 45 districts in 2001 including 23 from seven metropolitan regions (Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune) and 22 from the NCR. All models are controlled for state effects.
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Figure 5: District-wise Distribution of New CTs in India
Figure 6: Share of New CTs to Total Large Villages
No of New CTs More than 10 Six to 10 Three to five Less than three Nil 960 Kilometres For NCT of Delhi, the whole state is shown as one unit and the average number of new CTs per district is shown. 0 120 240 480 720 0 120 240 480 720
Percentage of New CT to Large Villages More than 50% 30% to 50% 20% to 30% 10% to 20% Less than 10% No New CT 960 Kilometres
For NCT of Delhi, the whole state is shown as one unit and the average of all districts is taken. Large villages are those with population more than 4,000 in 2001.
reflects the state's reluctance to recognise large villages with urban characteristics as statutory urban areas. In addition, the number of new CTs in a district is a function of other district characteristics such as its urbanisation rate, number of large villages (having a population greater than 4,000), the share of non-agricultural male workforce and whether or not the district is part of a major metropolitan region.14 The state dummies control for other state-specific characteristics. The results of OLS regression are reported in Table 3 (p 47). The statistical significance of district urbanisation rate in the first model does not survive controlling for existing CTs (see Model II). The number of existing CTs is statistically significant and positively associated with the number of new CTs in a district. The third model shows the continued statistical significance of the number of existing CTs, the number of large villages, the share of non-agricultural male workforce and the major metropolitan district dummy variable. The positive coefficient on the number of existing CTs implicitly reflects the nature of state policy and the reluctance of the state to declare them as STs. It is interesting that the urbanisation rate now has a negative and significant coefficient. This is consistent with a dual urbanisation process where the growth of CTs occurs both in the proximity of the major centres of urbanisation, as reflected in the major metropolitan district dummy variable, as well as in a more dispersed manner, as is shown later in the discussion on the proximity of the new CTs to existing large towns (see also Denis et al 2012).
New CTs in the Proximity of Large Towns
Following on from the previous analysis of the determinants of new CTs a number of questions arise about their spatial distribution. Do rural areas close to an existing city transform faster
in terms of criteria for becoming a CT? Are these new CTs spread more or less evenly across space or are they concentrated near particular areas? In this regard, it is important to note that if one village is important for its surrounding villages for socio-economic reasons (for marketing their products, education, health, banking, etc) it can become a CT over time with the growth of its surrounding areas, without proximity to a city (Rondinelli 1983; Gupta 2010). Figure 5 shows the number of new CTs in each district. A visual inspection of the map confirms the impression of the previous section that while a large number of new CTs are concentrated around major metropolises, many of them are also geographically dispersed.15 However, the share of new CTs to total number of large villages (more than 4,000 populations) has a somewhat different spatial picture from that of the number of new CTs (Figure 6). It shows a more limited effect of proximity to large cities, and the share is also high in some districts in north-east states and Odisha. This is possibly due to variations in the size structure of settlements by districts, e g, the higher number of large villages for districts with more than 10 new CTs (an average of 118) and smaller number of large villages in districts with ratio of new CTs to large villages greater than 50% (an average of 10). In order to address this phenomenon, more precisely, the number of new CTs that come within a certain radial distance (not road distance) of the larger cities is calculated. Some caveats are necessary. First, each city has a unique shape and a radius for one city may not be applicable to another city of the same size. Second, a single radius may not be appropriate for even the same class of cities, for example, in a hilly state vis-à-vis a plain state. Taking care of such issues requires detailed city-specific study, which is outside the scope of this paper. However, in
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order to partially address these issues, buffers are differentiated by city size and a robustness check is carried out. All towns with more than one lakh population, i e, Class I towns, in 2011 are grouped into four classes on the basis of population, viz: 1-5 lakh, 5-10 lakh, 10-40 lakh and more than 40 lakh. A base radius of 10 km for 1-5 lakh towns, 15 km for 5-10 lakh towns, 20 km for 10-40 lakh towns and 25 km for more than 40 lakh towns was considered and then the number of new CTs under this area was estimated. If one CT comes under the radius of multiple cities, it is only counted once and attributed to the buffer of the city with largest population. For robustness, the above exercise was repeated by changing the
Table 4: New CTs and Proximity to Large Towns
Sl State
No Case-I (Base) (% of Total CTs in State) Case-II (+25%) Case-III (-25%) CTs Under (% of Total (% of Total Analysis CTs in State) CTs in State) (No Pop in Million)
Table 5: Proximity of New CTs by Size Class of Towns
Size Class of Towns (2011) Case-I(Base) Number (Population) Case-II (+25%) Number (Population) Case-III (-25%) Number (Population)
100,000 to 500,000 500,000 to 1,000,000 1,000,000 to 4,000,000 More than 4,000,000 Total in the Proximity of large towns Not in the Proximity of large towns
45.1% (42.3%) 41.9% (41.1%) 51.7% (49.4%) 14.8% (18.6%) 14.9% (18.3%) 14.7% (17.5%) 18.4% (15.6%) 17.1% (14.3%) 19.5% (16.5%) 21.7% (23.4%) 26.1% (26.3%) 14.1% (16.7%) 926 (7.8mn) 1115 (9.5mn) 735 (6.2mn) 1,563 (15.4mn) 1,374 (13.7mn) 1,754 (16.9mn)
If a CT comes under multiple classes of city proximity, then it is considered under the proximity of larger city class.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Chandigarh NCT of Delhi Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry All India
30.4 (24.3) 0 (0) 18.8 (18.4) 36.5 (34.0) 30.0 (33.1) 0 (0) 37.3 (33.9) 67.3 (66.7) 0 (0) 46.2 (49.8) 32.7 (30.7) 37.5 (35.7) 14.1 (14.2) 24.4 (24.3) 45.5 (42.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 50.0 (47.3) 8.2 (9.7) 43.6 (50.5) 18.4 (13.9) 0 (0) 44.9 (45.4) 28.6 (36.0) 62.1 (60.9) 63.2 (66.2) 43.1 (45.0) 50.0 (61.0) 100 (100) 89.1 (95.0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 50.0 (51.1) 37.2 (33.6)
34.1 (25.8) 0 (0) 23.2 (23.2) 42.3 (46.4) 30.0 (33.1) 0 (0) 44.6 (43.2) 69.4 (68.3) 0 (0) 50.0 (54.1) 40.2 (36.9) 47.5 (43.5) 22.4 (22.9) 31.1 (32.2) 48.5 (45.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 50.0 (47.3) 12.9 (13.1) 56.4 (62.6) 21.1 (15.5) 0 (0) 53.7 (54.7) 38.1 (47.8) 72.4 (69.8) 68.6 (70.0) 55.8 (57.2) 50.0 (61.0) 100 (100) 96.4 (98.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 100 (100) 44.8 (41.0)
28.1 (21.4) 135 (1.72) 0 (0) 1 (0.01) 14.5 (14.3) 69 (0.39) 32.7 (29.8) 52 (0.34) 20.0 (25.1) 10 (0.06) 0 (0) 25 (0.16) 34.9 (30.4) 83 (0.64) 57.1 (54.7) 49 (0.40) 0 (0) 3 (0.02) 26.9 (29.2) 26 (0.17) 27.1 (26.4) 107 (0.71) 21.3 (18.2) 80 (0.56) 7.9 (8.7) 340 (6.69) 13.3 (15.7) 45 (0.29) 41.9 (38.5) 167 (1.35) 0 (0) 15 (0.10) 0 (0) 0 (0) 50.0 (47.3) 6 (0.05) 4.7 (5.4) 85 (0.49) 36.4 (45.0) 55 (0.39) 14.5 (11.2) 76 (0.64) 0 (0) 1 (0.01) 38.0 (38.6) 216 (1.57) 19.0 (24.1) 21 (0.20) 58.6 (58.2) 29 (0.19) 53.9 (58.1) 204 (1.42) 29.9 (32.5) 511 (3.76) 50.0 (61.0) 2 (0.01) 100 (100) 5 (0.03) 80.0 (90.8) 55 (0.70) 0 (0) 5 (0.03) 0 (0) 6 (0.05) 0 (0) 3 (0.02) 50.0 (51.1) 2 (0.02) 29.5 (26.8) 2,489 (23.16)
Case-I (Base) :One to five lakh towns-10 km radius, five to 10 lakh towns-five km radius, 10 to 40 lakh towns-20 km radius, >40 lakh towns-25 km radius; Case-II (25% more) :one to five lakh towns-12.5 km radius, five to 10 lakh towns-18.75 km radius, 10 to 40 lakh towns-25 km radius, >40 lakh towns- 31.25 km radius; Case-III (25% less): one to five lakh towns-7.5 km, five to 10 lakh towns-11.25 km, 10 to 40 lakh towns- 15 km, >40 lakh towns18.75 km. The first number in a cell shows the total number (or share) of new CTs and the figure in the parentheses shows the total (or share) of 2001 population. This analysis is based on 2,489 out of 2,553 new CTs for which it was possible to find the geo-reference. The 64 new CT, not included in the analysis, are distributed over the following states: two in Andhra Pradesh, 11 in Assam, one in Jammu and Kashmir, one in Karnataka, six in Kerala, one in Madhya Pradesh, three in Manipur, six in Meghalaya, four in Maharashtra, one in Odisha, 11 in Tamil Nadu, two in Tripura and 15 in West Bengal.
Economic & Political Weekly EPW
radius of each class of cities by 25% to see how the result changes with the change in the radius.16 The result is reported in Table 4. The last (sixth) column shows the total state-wise number of new CTs studied under this exercise and the corresponding 2001 population (figure in parenthesis) of these new CTs. The third to fifth column shows the proportion of new CTs around large towns based on three combinations of distances and the corresponding 2001 population. For all the states together, 37% of the new CTs are within the buffer of large towns and it accounts for 34% of the total population of new CTs. Thus, about two-thirds of the population of the new CTs is outside the buffer area of the Class I towns. If the radius is increased by 25%, it goes up to 45% and 41% for the number of CTs and population, respectively. Similarly, a 25% reduction in distance would bring it down to 30% and 27%, respectively. However, there is a wide interstate variation of the share of new CTs in the proximity of large towns. The share for Kerala, which has the second largest number of new CTs in India, is very low compared to the national average. Similarly, Assam, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are other states in which the share of new CTs in the proximity of large towns is very low. On the other hand, states with a large share of new CTs in the proximity of large towns are Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Table 5 shows the distribution of new CTs in the proximity of large towns by the size-class of towns. It indicates that, among the new CTs in the vicinity of Class I towns, 45% of the number of CTs and 42% of population are in the proximity of towns with population of 1-5 lakh. Similarly, another 15% of the number of CTs and 19% of population are in the proximity of towns with population of 5-10 lakh. This means that even among the new CTs in the vicinity of Class I towns, only 39% of their population is in the vicinity of million plus cities, i e, only 13.1% of the population of the new CTs is in the vicinity of the million plus cities. It confirms the initial observation that while there are a large number of CTs in close proximity to Class I towns, many of them are not around the megacities and there are many more that are widely spread across the countryside. This appears to indicate that there may be multiple urbanisation processes at work.17
New CTs and Built-up Agglomerations
Denis and Marius-Gnanou (2011) have recently constructed a new measure of agglomeration based on proximity of built-up area. According to their methodology, if the built-up area of one settlement, irrespective of the classification by the Census
vol xlviii no 36
Table 6: New CTs by Size of Settlement Agglomerations (SA)
Less 10,000 30,000 50,000 100,000 200,000 Greater Total Size of Size of SA than to to to to to than in New CT (2001) (2001) 10,000 30,000 50,000 100,000 200,000 500,000 500,000 SA Not in SA
Less than 5,000
52 99 23 3 177 (8.30)
41 67 28 6 1 143 (6.7)
341 376
5,000 to 10,000 413 138 36 86 10,000 to 20,000 158 23 30 20,000 to 50,000 19 11 8 More than 50,000 1 Total 425 367 92 159 (Per cent) (20.0) (17.3) (4.3) (7.5)
280 1,119 35 189 451 11 162 209 4 5 7 764 2,127 426 (36) (100)
of India as rural or urban, is within 200 m of the built-up area of another settlement, both settlements are part of the same settlement agglomeration (SA). Using a threshold population of 10,000 for SA, they have estimated that the share of people who live in such SAs in India as 37.5% in 2001, versus the official urbanisation figure of 26.6% for urban population in settlements above 10,000 in population. Using their database for SAs with a population of 5,000 or more, Table 6 examines whether the new CTs form part of such SAs. It shows that a large number of new CTs in 2011 (83% of all CTs and 97% of CTs with a population above 5,000) were already part of a SA in 2001. Many of these CTs (884 or 42%) are in SAs with a population of 50,000 and less, indicating that they are not around large population centres. It also shows that many of these new CTs are not stand-alone settlements but part of a cluster of settlements which are relatively proximate to each other, even if they are relatively distant from Class I towns.
Governance Implications
either for rural or urban areas. We lack an approach to such trishanku (middle world) areas".19 In this context, the centrally-sponsored scheme for the Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) is being restructured and is eventually intended to cover non-municipal block headquarters and rural areas with potential growth centres and 3,000 CTs.20 PURA, however, focuses only on certain services; it is also important to think about proper governance systems in these areas. Given current practice, where few CTs get statutory recognition, it is likely their governance arrangements would continue to be rural for some time to come. At times, this is a part of a deliberate strategy of the state government to access central government funds. On 11 June 2004, the Government of Tamil Nadu directed the "reclassification of 566 town panchayats as village panchayats". The government determined that since "most of the town panchayats are financially weak, and rural in character ...town panchayats having a population of less than 30,000 may be reclassified as village panchayats so as to enable them to receive more funds from the Government of India and State Government under various grants and assistance" (emphasis added).21
The CTs near and away from metropolitan areas have distinct sets of challenges for urban governance. Though population growth within the administrative limits of large metropolitan cities in the last decade has shown a downward trend, their peripheries have shown higher growth and some of this is due to the growth in CTs as well. The interaction between the core city and the peripheries is crucial for the growth and development of both types of entities. It is an open question as to whether the growth of such units happened because of the lack of land use planning and building restrictions; but it is difficult to dispute that these units are vital for the growth of the main cities and require proper governance arrangements. Expansion of municipal boundary is one of such process by which these units become part of the formal governance arrangement. At times such expansion may be resisted by such settlements.18 However, as seen above, not all CTs are near large towns. Depending upon the combinations of radii chosen, the number of new CTs in the proximity of large towns may vary, but it is clear from the above that a large share of the population of new CTs is not around the large towns. These CTs could have different characteristics than the CTs near large towns and the nature of interaction of these units with their surrounding areas (mainly villages) and within them may be very different from the latter. However, ignoring them from a governance point of view, as currently the case, is not a solution. Jairam Ramesh, the union minister of rural development, remarking on the growth of such CTs, said recently: "Our policies have been
The urban population growth of 91 million between 2001 and 2011 is for the first time higher than the absolute rural growth. Using a novel census data set, this paper finds that the 2,553 new CTs, which were rural areas in 2001, accounted for 29.5% of the urban growth in the last decade. From this, it can be calculated that the extent of the urban migration in the last decade is similar to the migration rate of the last three decades, i e, 22.2% despite the growth in the rural-urban differential. Further it shows that, the extent of urbanisation due to reclassification is more than urbanisation through migration, which is unusual. Further, it finds that only 37.2% of these new CTs are in the proximity of Class I towns. There is also large interstate variation in these findings. West Bengal has the maximum number of new CTs followed by Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. While 93% of total urban growth in Kerala is due to new CTs, it is only 4% for Chhattisgarh. Similarly, proximity of new CTs near large towns is higher in Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and lower in Assam, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. Since it is estimated that about a third of the population in these new CTs are in the proximity of Class I towns, it could be argued that they may come under the city jurisdiction through the process of future boundary expansion and would be governed by the formal urban system. However, there are a large number of the new CTs which are away from major urban centres and part of smaller SA and are governed under the rural administrative framework. Indeed, the empirical analysis seems to indicate that reluctance of state policy to recognise new STs is partly responsible for the growth of new CTs. Since these units are different from other rural areas by their economic characteristics and have the potential for future growth, proper governance arrangements would be crucial. Contemporary urban studies in India put a great deal of effort in understanding migration and migrants in one hand,
SEPTEMBER 7, 2013 vol xlviii no 36
EPW Economic & Political Weekly
and larger urban areas on the other hand. However, the existence of a large number of rural settlements with urban characteristics is not seriously acknowledged and their economic importance is hardly understood. This paper tries to give
some basic picture about the new CTs in the last decade but there are many unexplored areas and unanswered questions in the field which will hopefully be addressed by future academic debate and research.
1 Apart from OGs, there are instances where a part of the village is considered as a unit to declare it as a CT. For example, Gunduuppalavadi was a village in 2001 in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. In the census of 2011 part of the settlement remains as village and other part has become a CT. 2 http://egovernance.gov.in/location-code-directory 3 There are some instances of wrong matching, for example, Barki Saraiya, a CT in 2011 in Giridih district of Jharkhand, has been matched with Sahibganj municipality of 2001. However, the urban directory shows that Sahibganj has been reclassified from municipality to nagar parishad and it is situated in a different district (Sahibganj district). Since there was only one settlement by the name of Barki Saraiya in the whole state and in one district in 2001 and in 2011 with a population of more than 15,000 population matching of Barki Saraiya CT from 2011 with Barki Saraiya village in 2001 seems more appropriate. This is only one of possible type of error in the database presented here, but there would be other issues like missing codes, where personal judgments are needed. 4 For nine other CTs, when the settlement in 2001 is divided into multiple CTs, the 2001 population is equally distributed among the new CTs. The data for Tamil Nadu, a state with a large number of new CTs is especially problematic. First, the 2001 code is missing for a large number of CTs. Second, there are instances where villages have been divided into multiple parts and a portion of them have been identified as urban and the other as rural, making it difficult to allocate the population in 2001 between rural and urban areas. 5 The 35 CTs are distributed in the following states, viz: Andhra Pradesh (3), Jammu and Kashmir (3), Gujarat (15), Haryana (2), national capital territory (NCT) of Delhi (1), Maharashtra (1), Punjab (1), Rajasthan (1), Sikkim (1), Tamil Nadu (3), Uttar Pradesh (1) and West Bengal (3). 6 Sadaura, in Yamunanagar district of Haryana is one such example. It was a municipal committee (MC) in the census of 2001 with 2,398 households. It was reportedly converted to a village panchayat in 2001 and back to an MC in 2006. In 2007, due to protests from residents, it was reverted back to a village panchayat. Since it possesses all the urban characteristics, it was classified as CT in 2011, with 3,075 households. See "Sadhaura to Have Panchayat, Not MC: Poll Cancelled", The Tribune, 28 February 2007 (accessed at http://www. tribuneindia.com/ 2007/20070301/haryana.htm#9 on 25 July 2012). 7 http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Circulars/ Circulars/11-31-10-Circular-02.doc (accessed on 10 January 2013). 8 Since the household data of all CTs for 2011 is now available, the 2011 population was estimated by applying the average district household size into these CTs. According to these estimates, these new CTs account for 32.6% of the total urban growth if either the total district or the rural district household size is used and 32.8% if the urban household size is used.
Economic & Political Weekly EPW
Further, it is important to note that since a large number of CTs in Tamil Nadu could not be matched and some of them are classified from villages to CT; the actual figure could even go up marginally. Though 55 CTs in 2001 were de-notified to villages, relatively smaller size of these settlements would imply that its impact would be insignificant. Out of the 35, one ST each has been merged with Visakhapatnam, Junagarh and Jamnagar, two with Vasai-Virar, four with Dhanbad, six with Bengaluru, nine with Hyderabad and 11 with Ahmedabad. Since the 2001 population for 29 STs could not be estimated, because the corresponding settlement in 2001 could not be identified, the actual figure at 2011 population could be higher than this. "Vasai-Virar Civic Body Not a Good Idea, Say Villagers", The Indian Express, 21 July 2009 (accessed at www.indianexpress.com/news/vasaivirar-civic-body-not-a-good-idea-say-villagers/491940/on 25 July 2012); "Draft Development Plan For The Newly Merged 23 Villages", Pune Municipal Corporation (accessed at www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/dp23 vill.aspxon 25 July 2012); "BBMP Jurisdiction is Vast But Resources Are Limited", The Hindu, 17 March 2012 (accessed at www.hindu. com/2010/03/17/stories/2010031763290400. htm on 25 July 2012). Chandrasekhar (2011), on the basis of NSS data for 2009-10, estimates that 8.05 million rural non-agricultural workers commute to urban areas for their work. This is 9.1% of the total urban non-agricultural workforce. Though these people are an active part of the urban economy, the present system does not recognise them under urban areas. The metropolitan districts include 45 districts in 2001 including 22 from the National Capital Region in and around Delhi and 23 from seven other major metropolitan regions, viz, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune. Few examples of such districts where the number of new CTs is more than 10 are northwest, south, south-west and Ghaziabad in NCR; Hugli, Haora, Nadia, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas in Kolkata Metropolitan Region; Mahbubnagar, Medak and Rangareddy in Hyderabad Metropolitan Region; Raigarh and Thane in Mumbai Metropolitan Region; Kancheepuram and Thiruvallurin Chennai Metropolitan Region; Coimbatore district, Nagpur district, Pune district, etc. The radius combination which is 25% more than the base radius is 12.5 km for 1-5 lakh towns, 18.75 km for 5-10 lakh towns, 25 km for 10-40 lakh towns and 31.25 km for more than 40 lakh towns. Similarly, the radius combination which is 25% less than the base radius is 7.5 km for 1-5 lakh towns, 11.25 km for 5-10 lakh towns, 15 km for 10-40 lakh towns and 18.75 km for more than 40 lakh towns. Denis, Mukhopadhyay and Zérah (2012) also seem to suggest that multiple urbanisation processes may be at work in India, such as metropolitan agglomeration and what they term subaltern urbanisation.
18 See note 12. 19 "New Scheme to Uplift Semi-urban Settlements", Hindustan Times, 7 June 2012 accessed at http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/ NewDelhi/New-scheme-to-uplift-semi-urbansettlements/Article1-867589.aspx on 25 July 2012. 20 The final Report of the Working Group on "Scheme for Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA)", Ministry of Rural Development (accessed on 25 July 2012 at http:/ / planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/rd/wgrep_pura.pdf). 21 Government of Tamil Nadu, GO No 270 dated 11 June 2004. Prior to this, "according to section 3-B of the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act,1920, any local area having a population of not less than 5,000 and an annual income of not less than 1 lakh of rupees shall be constituted as a town panchayat", accessed on 25 July 2012 at http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/ maws/maws-e-270-2004.htm on 25 July 2012. This was subsequently overturned by the Government of Tamil Nadu, GO No 55 dated 14 July 2006 (accessed at http://www.tn.gov.in/ gorders/maws/maws _e_55_2006.htm).
Bhagat, R B (2011): "Emerging Pattern of Urbanisation in India", Economic & Political Weekly, 46(34): 10-12. Bhaumik, Sumon Kumar, Shubhashis Gangopadhyay and Shagun Krishnan (2009): "Reforms and Entry: Some Evidence from the Indian Manufacturing Sector", Review of Development Economics, 13(4), 658-72. Chandrasekhar, S (2011): "Workers Commuting between the Rural and Urban: Estimates from NSSO Data", Economic & Political Weekly, 46 (46): 22-25. Denis, Eric and Kamala Marius-Gnanou (2011): "Toward a Better Appraisal of Urbanisation in India", Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, 569, available at: DOI: 10.4000/cybergeo.24798. Denis, Eric, Partha Mukhopadhyay and MarieHélène Zérah (2012): "Subaltern Urbanisation in India", Economic & Political Weekly, 47(30): 52-62. Gupta, Anima (2010): "What Is an Urban Area?", M Plan thesis, Department of Regional Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. HPEC (2011): "Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services", National Institute of Urban Affairs, April, available at http://www.niua. org/ projects/ hpec/finalreport-hpec.pdf Kundu, Amitabh (2011): "Method in Madness: Urban Data from 2011 Census", Economic & Political Weekly, 46 (40): 13-16. Rondinelli, D A (1983): "Towns and Small Cities in Developing Countries", Geographical Review, 73(4): 379-95. Sivaramakrishnan, K C, Amitabh Kundu and B N Singh (2005): Handbook of Urbanisation in India: An Analysis of Trends and Processes (New Delhi: Oxford University Press). Zhu, Y (2002): "Beyond Large-city-centred Urbanisation: In situ Transformation of Rural Areas in Fujian Province", Asia Pacifi c Viewpoint, 43(1): 9-22.
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NEW YORK -- New York Army National Guard Maj. Sergio Hidalgo, a native of the Dominican Republic, received a promotion to the rank of lieutenant in the New York City Police Department (NYPD) March 26 at One Police Plaza.
Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly acknowledged Hidalgo for his outstanding work with the New York City Police Department.
Fellow Army Guard officers from the 369th Sustainment Brigade congratulate Maj. Hidalgo following his promotion to police lieutenant with the NYPD. From left, Majors Daniel Harris, Sergio Hidalgo, Miguel Castillo and James Gonyo from the 369th Sustainment Brigade.
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NationalGuard.mil -- Wed, 27 Jul 2016 New York Army Guard records expert helps National Guard vets prove service WATERVLIET, N.Y.--If you served in the New York Army National Guard after 1950, Stephen Essex has your numberalong with lots of other information about you.
Army.mil -- Wed, 27 Jul 2016 New Yorks 'Fighting 69th' faces off against opposing force and tests skills With the sound of rotor blades echoing in the central Louisiana night, hundreds of Soldiers from the New York Army National Guard's 1st Battalion, 69th Infantry conducted an aerial movement... (more)
Defense.gov -- Wed, 27 Jul 2016 Soldiers Participate in Live-Fire Training at Fort Polk, La. Soldiers participate in live-fire training at the Joint Readiness Training Center in Fort Polk, La., July 25, 2016. The soldiers are assigned to the New York Army National Guard.


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Russian sports minister says ctaff reshuffles possible after OlympicsSport July 28, 22:01
Russia's FSB head says trust between special services on rise in fight against terrorismRussian Politics & Diplomacy July 28, 21:43
Russian Defense Ministry explains approaches to operation in SyriaRussian Politics & Diplomacy July 28, 21:22
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MOSCOW, December 5. /TASS/. Russia's Defence Ministry believes that U.S. officials' recent statements on Syria are based on double standards, the ministry's spokesman, Maj Gen Igor Konashenkov said on Saturday.
"It appears that recent statements of officials of the Pentagon and Department of State remind of the 'theatre of the absurd' based on double standards and quibbling," Konashenkov told a briefing in Moscow. "They either see it or not. They do divide the opposition - either it is moderate or immoderate. Even terrorists they regard as bad and very bad.".
Also, Konashenkov noted that Russia had repeatedly warned of a danger to 'flirt' with terrorists.
"Moreover, we have pointed out that this short-sighted position might echo with blood in the streets of your and our cities," the Russian general said. "We are certain that terrorism has neither comparative degrees nor nationalities. Terrorism is an absolute evil which must be fought in any its manifestations."
"It appears to be the same fundamental truth as the evidence we released at the December 2 briefing - to where the stolen oil was flowing from the areas controlled by international terrorism, who patronises them and where the ISIS (former name of the Islamic State, outlawed in Russia) takes money for deadly terror acts," he said.


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|By Marketwired .
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|January 28, 2013 07:05 PM EST
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA -- (Marketwire) -- 01/29/13 -- Petro Vista Energy Corp. (TSX VENTURE:PTV) ("Petro Vista" or the "Company") has filed today its reserves data and other oil and gas information for the year ended September 30, 2012 as mandated by National Instrument 51-101 Standards of Disclosure for Oil and Gas Activities. Copies of these filings can be found on the Company's SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com.
About Petro Vista Energy
Petro Vista Energy Corp. is an oil and gas exploration and development company with near-term production opportunities in South America. The Company has the rights to acquire an interest in an exploration, development and production property in Brazil.
Keith Hill, Chairman
This press release includes "forward-looking statements" including forecasts, estimates, expectations and objectives for future operations that subject to a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the control of the Company. Statements regarding future production, reserve additions and capital expenditures are subject to all of the risks and uncertainties normally incident to the exploration for and development and production of oil and gas. These risks include, but are not limited to, inflation or lack of availability of goods and services, environmental risks, drilling risks and regulatory changes. Investors are cautioned that any such statements are not guarantees of future performance and that actual results or developments may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking information represents management's best judgment based on information currently available. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed and actual future results may vary materially. The Company does not assume the obligation to update any forward-looking statement, except as required by applicable law.
Petro Vista Energy Corp.
Darren Devine
+1 (604) 638-8067
[email protected]
Using new techniques of information modeling, indexing, and processing, new cloud-based systems can support cloud-based workloads previously not possible for high-throughput insurance, banking, and case-based applications. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, John Newton, CTO, Founder and Chairman of Alfresco, described how to scale cloud-based content management repositories to store, manage, and retrieve billions of documents and related information with fast and linear scalability. He addres...
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Aspose.Total for .NET is the most complete package of all file format APIs for .NET as offered by Aspose. It empowers developers to create, edit, render, print and convert between a wide range of popular document formats within any .NET, C#, ASP.NET and VB.NET applications. Aspose compiles all .NET APIs on a daily basis to ensure that it contains the most up to date versions of each of Aspose .NET APIs. If a new .NET API or a new version of existing APIs is released during the subscription peri...
Jul. 24, 2016 10:00 AM EDT Reads: 544
SYS-CON Events announced today that LeaseWeb USA, a cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider, will exhibit at the 19th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. LeaseWeb is one of the world's largest hosting brands. The company helps customers define, develop and deploy IT infrastructure tailored to their exact business needs, by combining various kinds cloud solutions.
Jul. 24, 2016 09:30 AM EDT Reads: 1,054
As companies gain momentum, the need to maintain high quality products can outstrip their development team's bandwidth for QA. Building out a large QA team (whether in-house or outsourced) can slow down development and significantly increases costs. This eBook takes QA profiles from 5 companies who successfully scaled up production without building a large QA team and includes: What to consider when choosing CI/CD tools How culture and communication can make or break implementation
Jul. 24, 2016 09:00 AM EDT Reads: 1,500
Adding public cloud resources to an existing application can be a daunting process. The tools that you currently use to manage the software and hardware outside the cloud aren't always the best tools to efficiently grow into the cloud. All of the major configuration management tools have cloud orchestration plugins that can be leveraged, but there are also cloud-native tools that can dramatically improve the efficiency of managing your application lifecycle. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, ...
Jul. 24, 2016 09:00 AM EDT Reads: 805
The best-practices for building IoT applications with Go Code that attendees can use to build their own IoT applications. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Indraneel Mitra, Senior Solutions Architect & Technology Evangelist at Cognizant, provided valuable information and resources for both novice and experienced developers on how to get started with IoT and Golang in a day. He also provided information on how to use Intel Arduino Kit, Go Robotics API and AWS IoT stack to build an application tha...
Jul. 24, 2016 08:45 AM EDT Reads: 879
It's 2016: buildings are smart, connected and the IoT is fundamentally altering how control and operating systems work and speak to each other. Platforms across the enterprise are networked via inexpensive sensors to collect massive amounts of data for analytics, information management, and insights that can be used to continuously improve operations. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Brian Chemel, Co-Founder and CTO of Digital Lumens, will explore: The benefits sensor-networked systems bring to ...
Jul. 24, 2016 08:30 AM EDT Reads: 1,458
Whether your IoT service is connecting cars, homes, appliances, wearable, cameras or other devices, one question hangs in the balance – how do you actually make money from this service? The ability to turn your IoT service into profit requires the ability to create a monetization strategy that is flexible, scalable and working for you in real-time. It must be a transparent, smoothly implemented strategy that all stakeholders – from customers to the board – will be able to understand and comprehe...
Jul. 24, 2016 08:30 AM EDT Reads: 2,052
Identity is in everything and customers are looking to their providers to ensure the security of their identities, transactions and data. With the increased reliance on cloud-based services, service providers must build security and trust into their offerings, adding value to customers and improving the user experience. Making identity, security and privacy easy for customers provides a unique advantage over the competition.
Jul. 24, 2016 08:15 AM EDT Reads: 1,050
SYS-CON Events announced today that Venafi, the Immune System for the Internet™ and the leading provider of Next Generation Trust Protection, will exhibit at @DevOpsSummit at 19th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. Venafi is the Immune System for the Internet™ that protects the foundation of all cybersecurity – cryptographic keys and digital certificates – so they can't be misused by bad guys in attacks...
Jul. 24, 2016 08:15 AM EDT Reads: 1,150
"Tintri was started in 2008 with the express purpose of building a storage appliance that is ideal for virtualized environments. We support a lot of different hypervisor platforms from VMware to OpenStack to Hyper-V," explained Dan Florea, Director of Product Management at Tintri, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
Jul. 24, 2016 08:15 AM EDT Reads: 1,812
Is your aging software platform suffering from technical debt while the market changes and demands new solutions at a faster clip? It's a bold move, but you might consider walking away from your core platform and starting fresh. ReadyTalk did exactly that. In his General Session at 19th Cloud Expo, Michael Chambliss, Head of Engineering at ReadyTalk, will discuss why and how ReadyTalk diverted from healthy revenue and over a decade of audio conferencing product development to start an innovati...
Jul. 24, 2016 08:00 AM EDT Reads: 888
SaaS companies can greatly expand revenue potential by pushing beyond their own borders. The challenge is how to do this without degrading service quality. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Adam Rogers, Managing Director at Anexia, discussed how IaaS providers with a global presence and both virtual and dedicated infrastructure can help companies expand their service footprint with low "go-to-market" costs.
Jul. 24, 2016 08:00 AM EDT Reads: 2,278
Security, data privacy, reliability and regulatory compliance are critical factors when evaluating whether to move business applications from in-house client hosted environments to a cloud platform. In her session at 18th Cloud Expo, Vandana Viswanathan, Associate Director at Cognizant, In this session, will provide an orientation to the five stages required to implement a cloud hosted solution validation strategy.
Jul. 24, 2016 08:00 AM EDT Reads: 733


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PDP flays JK govt on Sophian incident
Srinagar: Opposition PDP on Saturday rejected Jammu and Kashmir Police`s statement that the fourth man killed in CRPF firing at Shopian on September 7 was a militant, saying it amounts to a "clean chit" to the paramilitary force before any probe has taken place.
PDP president Mehbooba Mufti said the latest government version on September 7 incident is "revulsive".
Inspector General of Police Kashmir Abdul Gani Mir yesterday said it has been established that the fourth person killed in the September 7 firing incident was Lashkar-e-Toiba militant Abdullah Haroon.
"The statement of Inspector General of Police amounts to a clean chit to the CRPF even before any investigation has taken place.
"The police have acted as judge, jury and the prosecutor; burying another tragedy under unrelated and un-established accusations against the victims," she said in a statement.
Mehbooba claimed that the police version of the incident has eliminated any possibility of further investigation into the incident.
"Though, over few days, the (ruling) National Conference leaders have been making demands that the Centre should take action against the CRPF, but it is their government which gave the CRPF clean chit," she said.
The PDP president said on the one hand, the police very recently claimed that they had contacted Bihar police to establish the antecedents of the unidentified fourth victim.
"But without taking people into confidence on the progress of that reference, it virtually brought the rabbit out of the magic hat by giving a name to the dead body and tagging it as that of a terrorist," she said.
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روبط سكس This allows the animators and directors to work out any script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. Inoues attention is drawn to the blood dripping from her hand. A drama program usually features a set of actors in a somewhat familiar setting. A television program USA, television programme UK, or television show USA/UK is something that people watch on television. Editing the film at the animatic stage prevents the animation of scenes that would be edited out of the film; as traditional animation is a very expensive and time-consuming process, creating scenes that will eventually be edited out of the completed cartoon is strictly avoided. While television series appearing on TV networks are usually commissioned by the networks themselves, their producers earn greater revenue when the program is sold into syndication.
There are also two main categories of hentai: works that feature mainly heterosexual interactions often abbreviated as het, and those that feature mainly homosexual interactions. High school student Kurosaki Ichigo is not unlike any ordinary kid. سكس اخ ينيك اخته الصغيره A one-off broadcast may, again particularly in the USA and USA-influenced countries, be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. سكس عربى منقابت However, beginning in the 1990s some shows began with a cold open, followed by a title sequence and a commercial break. روبط سكس .. The characters in yuri are not known as bishojo, meaning beautiful girl.


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Sheriff: Officers fired after excessive force, cover up
by: Mark Winne Updated:JONESBORO, Ga. —
Channel 2 Action News has learned of new accusations of excessive force inside a local jail after surveillance video caught several officers in the act
, and the sheriff tells Channel 2 investigative reporter Mark Winne the cover-up cost three officers their jobs.
Clayton County Sheriff Kem Kimbrough said the video shows officers taking things too far with an inmate.
"Officer (Enrique) St. Louis apparently was provoked by some statement that the inmate made and he came up and took the inmate away from
Officer (Herbert) Feemster and forced the inmate to the ground," Kimbrough said.
"Is it clear to you the inmate was not resisting or posing a threat in any way at that point?" Winne asked the sheriff.
"That's absolutely clear from the video," Kimbrough said. "The reporting of it after the fact and the creation of the cover up are certainly things that are intolerable. They speak directly to the integrity of our
Kimbrough said the inmate had been combative in an earlier situation in his cell but settled down. He was not resisting but still spouting off when
St. Louis suddenly came up from behind and took him hard to the floor, Kimbrough added.
"Our initial complainant was the inmate's mother," Kimbrough said.
The sheriff said
Feemster and Officer Ronnie Wyatt, who were both present but did not use excessive force, and St. Louis were all fired.
Documents suggest five rule violations were sustained against St. Louis, three against
Wyatt and two against Feemster.
"Ron told the truth best of his recollection. He accurately related the facts of which he was certain," attorney Keith Martin said.
Martin said Wyatt did not cover anything up and did nothing wrong.
going to file an appeal to the Civil Service Board to protect his rights, try to get his job back," Martin said.
The sheriff says the excessive force by itself might have brought lesser disciplinary action, but the issue is what the officers did or didn't say afterwards.
Sheriff: Officers fired after excessive force, cover up
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Kansas court upholds death sentence for sheriff's killing
Woman accused of stealing from housing authority to pay for car, breast implants


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I don't know what this is. It seemed smaller than an Indigo Bunting and I can't make anything else fit.
It was photographed today in Galveston, Texas.
CLOSED: Blue bird
DonnaB Vancleave, MS(Zone 8b) Apr 30, 2013
Indigo Bunting
Thanks Donna! I thought it was way too small, but it is hard to estimate size.
Post a Reply to this Thread
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It's inexpensive but looks okay. gave as a stocking stuffer
I ordered about 3 to give out as bridesmaids gifts. They were even more beautiful than I expected. I really debated keeping one for myself.
An unusual and striking bracelet, with the multiple tones. Flattering on my wrist. Classy-looking.
Colors are rich, the bracelet is beautiful
this was received on time girlfriend very very satisfied , looks just like picture. good purchase
never received bracelet, my wife is very disappointed, she did receive the ring,,, what can you do to help me???, # 14238147, the ring was delivered on Fri set 12, thanks
The colors are beautifully muted and blend timelessly together. It is constructed of strong yet resillient cord and the crystal accents add softly to the overall classic nature of this bracelet. Well worth the price and looks much more expensive!
I purchased this for a gift, but wish I had bought an extra for myself. It's very pretty and versatile as far as colors. It stretches to fit most wrists and looks like you paid more! Definitely a good accessory to have.
I purchase this because I thought the mauve color look like purple but it is not. The bracelet is very nice and I ordered the black and white also.
- How did the image on site compare with the actual product? the mauve appears to be a lavender color in the photo but it is a mauve color
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? exact
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. good


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The best way to stop terrorist plots is to frustrate them before they get started. Here is short "to do" list of measures on which the Administration could take immediate action. Read More.
Several factors have contributed to this success. Sheer luck has played a role in some of these thwarted attacks, while in other instances, Americans have helped stop attacks by putting their own lives at risk. Read More.
Solutions 2016 provides candidates for elected office the ability to quickly identify the key issues of the day and present clear policy recommendations, supported by facts, for addressing them. Read more.
To win the long war against terrorism, America must adapt to ever-changing threats. Congress and the Administration must provide continued support for terrorism-fighting tools, to increase information sharing and collective security efforts, and to expand vital law enforcement partnerships with local and state law enforcement and cooperation with other countries.
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Director, Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom
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Manager, National Security Law Program and Senior Legal Fellow
A book event co-hosted by ADF InternationalIn the second edition of his book Censored – How European Hate Speech Laws are Threatening Freedom of Speech, — Read more
Over sixty years ago, Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman challenged the educational status quo by introducing the idea of the school voucher. Friedman argued — Read more
Co-hosted by the National Review Institute College students today face a university environment that is largely hostile to the principles of a free society. University administrators — Read more
Click here to RSVPCo-hosted by the GI Film FestivalChaplain Justin David Roberts served 6 years active duty as an Army Chaplain. Before he left the — Read more
The Heritage Foundation is the nation's most broadly supported public policy research institute, with hundreds of thousands of individual, foundation and corporate donors. Heritage, founded in February 1973, has a staff of 275 and an annual expense budget of $82.4 million.
Our mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. Read More
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Integration with Oracle Fusion Financials Cloud Service
Greater flexibility, improved performance, lower costs – the list of cloud benefits goes on and on. While moving your financial system to the cloud may seem straightforward, truly realizing the advantages of the cloud requires a complete understanding how it will integrate with existing applications and systems. This valuable resource explores the need for seamless integration when adopting a cloud strategy, and introduces an approach that can ease your integration woes. Read on to learn more now.
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|By Corey Roth
Article Rating:
|November 12, 2012 01:10 PM EST
When I first heard about an app store coming to SharePoint, I was excited. I knew I wanted to be a part of it. Today, I am excited to announce the release of three new apps for SharePoint 2013. SP2 apps seek to help increase user adoption by providing engaging functionality to your users. I have developed a useful free app that will help you test your list queries from Apps. I'm also proud to say I have the first paid app offering in the Office Store, but there are more to come from developers all over the world. Apps are a great new way to deploy a ton of functionality in SharePoint and I encourage you to taking a look at the sessions on building apps this week while at SPC.
SP2 CAML Query Tester
I want to tell you about my free app, SP2 CAML Query Tester first. I built this app while in the process of building one of my other apps for the purpose of debugging CAML queries. If you have ever messed with CAML, you know it can be picky and the syntax is brutal. While I was developing the app, every time I wanted to try a new query, I had to stop debugging, change the query, and redeploy the app. That process takes over a minute or more. So I thought, what if I just made an app that could do this for me and I could type whatever query I wanted to test right in a textbox. Then SP2 CAML Query Tester was born. The app is simple. You can run it as an app by clicking on the link after you install it or you can add the app to an existing host web site and then use the App Part to test queries against lists on that site. If you're interested in developing apps, this utility will definitely help. I'll be adding functionality to it from time to time, so if you see bugs or have feature requests, let me know.
SP2 Feedback
The premise behind this web part is simple. I wanted to provide a way for users to be able to provide feedback on a given page or site. This allows you to collect feedback from users quickly. This allows you to correct issues on your site that otherwise you might not know about. The end user simply fills out their comment in a text box and it the information gets saved to a list for you to review. It captures the URL of the current page they are on automatically. All text in the web part is configurable so you can localize it. Plus the form is collapsible so it takes up less screen real estate if desired. The web part lets yours users feel engaged. If users feel they can contribute to the site and that they can make a difference, it leads to better adoption.
SP2 is available in the Office Store for $19.99 per user or $199.90 for a site license. A single user license is a great way to try it out and see if the app works for you.
SP2 Daily Menu
In my experience building Intranets, I have seen a lot of companies invest time in updating the menu of their corporate cafeteria using SharePoint. It seems simple, but it is a huge driver of adoption. Users get hungry. They want to know what is to eat. They go to the Intranet site to see the menu. Then while they are there, they click on a few news articles or respond to some discussion boards. It's simple, cost effective way to drive adoption and you would be surprised how well it works.
The app is driven by a custom calendar. The owner of the app just edits the calendar and specifies breakfast, lunch, dinner, snack, and a description. All fields are optional and you can choose to display only the ones desired. All of the text is configurable as well so you can localize it if desired.
SP2 is approved but not yet in the Office Store. Pricing will be announced when it is available but is comparable in pricing to SP2 Feedback.
If I am going to offer apps, I need a site to go with it. More information about my apps can be found at sp2apps.com powered by Office 365 and SharePoint Online. This site will have the latest information on my apps and serve as a support portal.
You can also follow @sp2apps on twitter.
Read the original blog entry...
The 19th International Cloud Expo has announced that its Call for Papers is open. Cloud Expo, to be held November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, brings together Cloud Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things, DevOps, Digital Transformation, Microservices and WebRTC to one location. With cloud computing driving a higher percentage of enterprise IT budgets every year, it becomes increasingly important to plant your flag in this fast-expanding business opportuni...
Jul. 25, 2016 12:15 AM EDT Reads: 2,472
"We've discovered that after shows 80% if leads that people get, 80% of the conversations end up on the show floor, meaning people forget about it, people forget who they talk to, people forget that there are actual business opportunities to be had here so we try to help out and keep the conversations going," explained Jeff Mesnik, Founder and President of ContentMX, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
Jul. 24, 2016 11:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,251
"delaPlex Software provides software outsourcing services. We have a hybrid model where we have onshore developers and project managers that we can place anywhere in the U.S. or in Europe," explained Manish Sachdeva, CEO at delaPlex Software, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at @ThingsExpo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
Jul. 24, 2016 11:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,479
From wearable activity trackers to fantasy e-sports, data and technology are transforming the way athletes train for the game and fans engage with their teams. In his session at @ThingsExpo, will present key data findings from leading sports organizations San Francisco 49ers, Orlando Magic NBA team. By utilizing data analytics these sports orgs have recognized new revenue streams, doubled its fan base and streamlined costs at its stadiums. John Paul is the CEO and Founder of VenueNext. Prior ...
Jul. 24, 2016 10:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,969
IoT is rapidly changing the way enterprises are using data to improve business decision-making. In order to derive business value, organizations must unlock insights from the data gathered and then act on these. In their session at @ThingsExpo, Eric Hoffman, Vice President at EastBanc Technologies, and Peter Shashkin, Head of Development Department at EastBanc Technologies, discussed how one organization leveraged IoT, cloud technology and data analysis to improve customer experiences and effi...
Jul. 24, 2016 10:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,948
The Internet of Things will challenge the status quo of how IT and development organizations operate. Or will it? Certainly the fog layer of IoT requires special insights about data ontology, security and transactional integrity. But the developmental challenges are the same: People, Process and Platform and how we integrate our thinking to solve complicated problems. In his session at 19th Cloud Expo, Craig Sproule, CEO of Metavine, will demonstrate how to move beyond today's coding paradigm ...
Jul. 24, 2016 09:45 PM EDT Reads: 2,117
Internet of @ThingsExpo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with the 19th International Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world and ThingsExpo Silicon Valley Call for Papers is now open.
Jul. 24, 2016 09:00 PM EDT Reads: 2,461
Big Data engines are powering a lot of service businesses right now. Data is collected from users from wearable technologies, web behaviors, purchase behavior as well as several arbitrary data points we'd never think of. The demand for faster and bigger engines to crunch and serve up the data to services is growing exponentially. You see a LOT of correlation between "Cloud" and "Big Data" but on Big Data and "Hybrid," where hybrid hosting is the sanest approach to the Big Data Infrastructure pro...
Jul. 24, 2016 07:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,849
"My role is working with customers, helping them go through this digital transformation. I spend a lot of time talking to banks, big industries, manufacturers working through how they are integrating and transforming their IT platforms and moving them forward," explained William Morrish, General Manager Product Sales at Interoute, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
Jul. 24, 2016 07:30 PM EDT Reads: 2,051
A critical component of any IoT project is what to do with all the data being generated. This data needs to be captured, processed, structured, and stored in a way to facilitate different kinds of queries. Traditional data warehouse and analytical systems are mature technologies that can be used to handle certain kinds of queries, but they are not always well suited to many problems, particularly when there is a need for real-time insights.
Jul. 24, 2016 07:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,691
With 15% of enterprises adopting a hybrid IT strategy, you need to set a plan to integrate hybrid cloud throughout your infrastructure. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Steven Dreher, Director of Solutions Architecture at Green House Data, discussed how to plan for shifting resource requirements, overcome challenges, and implement hybrid IT alongside your existing data center assets. Highlights included anticipating workload, cost and resource calculations, integrating services on both sides...
Jul. 24, 2016 07:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,929
"We are a well-established player in the application life cycle management market and we also have a very strong version control product," stated Flint Brenton, CEO of CollabNet,, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
Jul. 24, 2016 06:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,759
Unless your company can spend a lot of money on new technology, re-engineering your environment and hiring a comprehensive cybersecurity team, you will most likely move to the cloud or seek external service partnerships. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Darren Guccione, CEO of Keeper Security, revealed what you need to know when it comes to encryption in the cloud.
Jul. 24, 2016 05:00 PM EDT Reads: 2,354
We're entering the post-smartphone era, where wearable gadgets from watches and fitness bands to glasses and health aids will power the next technological revolution. With mass adoption of wearable devices comes a new data ecosystem that must be protected. Wearables open new pathways that facilitate the tracking, sharing and storing of consumers' personal health, location and daily activity data. Consumers have some idea of the data these devices capture, but most don't realize how revealing and...
Jul. 24, 2016 05:00 PM EDT Reads: 2,028
What are the successful IoT innovations from emerging markets? What are the unique challenges and opportunities from these markets? How did the constraints in connectivity among others lead to groundbreaking insights? In her session at @ThingsExpo, Carmen Feliciano, a Principal at AMDG, will answer all these questions and share how you can apply IoT best practices and frameworks from the emerging markets to your own business.
Jul. 24, 2016 04:15 PM EDT Reads: 1,549
Ask someone to architect an Internet of Things (IoT) solution and you are guaranteed to see a reference to the cloud. This would lead you to believe that IoT requires the cloud to exist. However, there are many IoT use cases where the cloud is not feasible or desirable. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Dave McCarthy, Director of Products at Bsquare Corporation, will discuss the strategies that exist to extend intelligence directly to IoT devices and sensors, freeing them from the constraints of ...
Jul. 24, 2016 03:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,725
You think you know what's in your data. But do you? Most organizations are now aware of the business intelligence represented by their data. Data science stands to take this to a level you never thought of – literally. The techniques of data science, when used with the capabilities of Big Data technologies, can make connections you had not yet imagined, helping you discover new insights and ask new questions of your data. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Sarbjit Sarkaria, data science team lead ...
Jul. 24, 2016 03:30 PM EDT Reads: 904
Extracting business value from Internet of Things (IoT) data doesn't happen overnight. There are several requirements that must be satisfied, including IoT device enablement, data analysis, real-time detection of complex events and automated orchestration of actions. Unfortunately, too many companies fall short in achieving their business goals by implementing incomplete solutions or not focusing on tangible use cases. In his general session at @ThingsExpo, Dave McCarthy, Director of Products...
Jul. 24, 2016 03:15 PM EDT Reads: 1,673
Traditional IT, great for stable systems of record, is struggling to cope with newer, agile systems of engagement requirements coming straight from the business. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, William Morrish, General Manager of Product Sales at Interoute, outlined ways of exploiting new architectures to enable both systems and building them to support your existing platforms, with an eye for the future. Technologies such as Docker and the hyper-convergence of computing, networking and sto...
Jul. 24, 2016 03:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,012
WebRTC is bringing significant change to the communications landscape that will bridge the worlds of web and telephony, making the Internet the new standard for communications. Cloud9 took the road less traveled and used WebRTC to create a downloadable enterprise-grade communications platform that is changing the communication dynamic in the financial sector. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Leo Papadopoulos, CTO of Cloud9, discussed the importance of WebRTC and how it enables companies to focus...
Jul. 24, 2016 02:30 PM EDT Reads: 776