text:
The weekend is here and so are the scorching temperatures.
Temperatures could reach the high 90s throughout the weekend, according to the National Weather Service. So make sure to take extra precautions and stay cool and hydrated this weekend.
There will be some outdoor activities this weekend in and around Arlington such as the Crystal Twilighter 5K and a bike ride along George Washington Memorial Parkway. See our event calendar for more listings. Or, if you'd rather stay inside and keep cool, check out some of the open houses happening Saturday and Sunday afternoon.
Feel free to discuss the heat wave or any other topic of local interest in the comments.]]>
Update at 8:15 p.m. — "We traced the discoloration to an active construction site, which is the likely source," said Arlington DES spokeswoman Jessica Baxter. "A light-colored sediment had discharged from the site and into the storm drain system."
Why did this stretch of Four Mile Run turn yellow?
That's a question officials with Arlington County's Dept. of Environmental Services are trying to answer.
The Arlington County Fire Department was called to investigate a yellow substance in a portion of the stream behind The Brittany condominium complex at 4500 S Four Mile Run Drive around 2:35 p.m. this afternoon.
Though the firefighters concluded the mysterious discoloration is not hazardous, the substance has county officials scratching their heads.
"We don't know how long it had been there," said DES staffer Mark Wisdom. "We can't make a determination until we can find the source."
Wisdom said he planned to search for discarded paint cans or other substances near the creek.
Photos and additional reporting by Lindsay Smith]]>
A modern-looking plaque across the street from the Madison Community Center and Fort Ethan Allen Park is sporting some seriously outdated lingo.
The plaque reads:
Of particular interest is the phrase "War of Northern Aggression." It's safe to say that this term, used by some southerners to refer to the Civil War, has been out of favor in Arlington for some time.
The plaque is attached to a large stone on the corner of N. Richmond and Stafford streets, near where the fort once stood. Behind it is a small but lush green space, surrounded by a wood rail fence. But "the Sanctuary," according to neighbors, is the name a housing developer gave to the homes he built in the area.
Many residents of this 18-home community, who say their homes were built on land owned and developed by the Caruthers family, find the plaque near the entrance to their neighborhood a little strange. (We were unable to reach the Caruthers family to comment on the plaque.)
"The thing that mentions the War of Northern Aggression?" said Maxwell Denney. "I mean, it's just ridiculous."
Other locals also find the terminology out of place.
"I thought this plaque… was rather odd," said a tipster who emailed ARLnow.com. "While I recognize that Virginia seceded at the Civil War, a modern-day reference to the 'War of Northern Aggression' (at the site of a Union fort) strikes me as somewhat peculiar."
Officials we talked to said they are not sure of the story behind the plaque.
The Arlington County Historic Preservation program, Arlington Public Schools, the Arlington Department of Parks and Recreation, and even the people at the Madison Community Center — none knew anything about the plaque. Arlington historic preservation officials said the plaque does not belong to the county and they had no record of its installation.
Update at 5:05 p.m. — Commenter AnonymousArlingtonian linked to a 2011 Arlington Connection article that points to Preston Caruthers as the plaque's builder. The plaque also was mentioned in a Falls Church News-Press column in 2011, but the author of that column, Charlie Clark, told us today he doesn't believe Caruthers installed it.
Update at 6:45 p.m. on July 24 — Clark has updated his previous assertion, saying he has since confirmed the plaque was indeed installed by Caruthers.]]>
A "Junior Park Ranger Ride" is set to kick off this Sunday at 9:30 a.m., according to Kidical Mass Arlington, the event's organizers.
During the 60-90 minute trip, riders will hit several stops along George Washington Memorial Parkway, including the U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial, the Netherlands Carillon and Lyndon B. Johnson Memorial Grove. The ride will end up at Theodore Roosevelt Island, according to Kidical Mass.
The event will also include activities from BikeArlington and the U.S. National Park Service. All young riders will earn Junior Park Ranger credentials for the GW Parkway once the ride is complete, according to event organizers.
Photo via Facebook / Kidical Mass]]>
Check out our recently-relaunched real estate section for a full listing of open houses this weekend. Here are a few highlights:
1800 Key Boulevard
1 Bed/1 Bath Condo
Agent: Amanda Carter
Listed: $285,000
Open: Saturday from 1-3 p.m.
2102 Quincy Street South
3 Bed/2.5 Bath Condo
Agent: M. Delia Hankin
Listed: $458,000
Open: Sunday 1-4 p.m.
3327 Kemper Road
2 Bed/2.5 Bath Condo
Agent: Patricia Brosnan
Listed: $599,000
Open: Sunday 1-4 p.m.
2674 Upshur Street North
3 Bed/3 Bath Single Family Detached
Agent: David Lloyd
Listed: $859,900
Open: Sunday 1-4 p.m.
1820 Herndon Street
3 Bed/ 2.5 Bath Single Family Detached
Agent: Billy Buck
Listed: $1,500,000
Open: Saturday 1-3 p.m.
Real estate agents, if you don't see your listings in our real estate section shoot us an email and we'll let you know what your office needs to do to get listed.]]>
Who will presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton choose as her running mate? Virginia Sen. Tim Kaine (D) is reportedly on the top of her resume pile.
Kaine, 58, is said to be the frontrunner among the people Clinton is considering as the Democratic National Convention nears its opening in Philadelphia next week.
So far, Kaine hasn't given much indication as to whether Clinton might choose him, but there are signs that such a pick would make sense. Additionally, White House press secretary Josh Earnest said earlier this week that Kaine is someone President Obama would recommend for the job.
Kaine, who speaks Spanish, attended Harvard Law School and was a Catholic missionary before entering the political realm. He has served as Mayor of Richmond, Governor of Virginia and was elected to the senate in 2012.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack is the other top candidate for the job, the Washington Post reported.
Clinton is expected to choose her running mate "soon," according to Hillary for America director Adam Parkhomenko:
Hillary will announce her running mate soon! Text VP to 47246 and be the first to know who she picks.
— Adam Parkhomenko (@AdamParkhomenko) July 22, 2016
Slowly but steadily, the former DoD Inspector General's Office in Pentagon City is being demolished floor-by-floor.
Also known at the "Paperclip building," the structure is being torn down to make way for a new 20-story condo tower known at "The Altaire."
"Bordering Crystal City and Pentagon City, The Altaire, referencing the double star in the constellation Aquila, will offer 450 condominium homes to the growing region," says an older website for the forthcoming development. "With expected unobstructed views of The District, The Altarie will be one community to not miss."
The website pegs the price range of Altaire condos at $300,000 to $2.5 million. It's unclear if those prices have since been updated.
A groundbreaking for the project is expected to be held later this year.
At its meeting on Wednesday, the Arlington County Board unanimously approved a permit for use of the county-owned "teardrop parcel," adjacent to the property, for temporary construction storage, staging and parking.]]>
The fire began near the Boundary Channel Drive exit on southbound I-395 just after 8:30 a.m. White smoke could be seen pouring from a black Nissan for a period of about ten minutes this morning.
Arlington County firefighters extinguished the blaze shortly after arriving on the scene. No injuries were reported in the incident, according to scanner traffic.
Screen shot via VDOT]]>
Military Base: No Pokemon Players, Please — Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall is advising visitors that hunting Pokemon is not a valid reason for visiting the base, even though Pokemon supposedly abound there. "There's multiple Pokestops and gyms on post," noted a military police officer, who added that she has played the game "to learn more about it." [Pentagram]
'Oasis' For Runners Near Key Bridge — Amid sweltering temperatures, local running store Pacers is setting up an "oasis" Saturday morning from 7-10 a.m. near the Key Bridge and the Mt. Vernon and Custis trails. The oasis will offer "nutrition, hydration, and a shady place to take a break." [Pacers]
Twilighter 5K Saturday — Crystal City will hold its annual Twilighter 5K race Saturday evening. The race starts at 8:30 p.m. Expect lane and road closures in the area. [ARLnow]
Flickr pool photo by xmeeksx]]>
Just Listed highlights Arlington properties that just came on the market within the past week. This feature is written and sponsored by Team Cathell, "Your Orange Line Specialists."
There's been some good inventory come into the market this week in Arlington. Some 68 fresh listings were posted in MRIS this week, while 65 homes went under contract, including a $2.9m home in Country Club Hills. There is a good selection this week of single family homes priced in the mid-range of $650,000 to $900,000.
Mortgage rates dropped again this week to an incredible 3.44% for a 30-yr fixed rate, and they may keep dropping.
Listing of the week: 3024 4th St.N. in Lyon Park – Be sure to check out the 3D virtual tour.
Click to see all the fresh new inventory in MRIS and call Team Cathell (703-975-2500) when you find a home you like.]]>
A plan to put a 16-bike Capital Bikeshare station at Westover Library has been delayed, according to Arlington County.
The bike rental service delayed installing the Westover Library station because construction crews are using the site as a staging area while they renovate the Westover Branch Library's windows, according to Arlington County spokesman Peter Golkin.
"Instead, we'll be installing this station at Westover Park over the next month and installing at the Library in the fall when construction is supposed to be completed," a Bikeshare representative said in a statement Golkin shared with ARLnow.com.
Three Capital Bikeshare stations are planned for Westover, according to county staff. In addition to the Westover Libary and Westover Park stations, another hub is slated to be installed at the intersection of Washington Boulevard and Patrick Henry in 2018.]]>
The crime occurred at the Metro station just after 11:30 p.m. last night, police said.
Two men shot a pellet gun at a kiosk window at the Metro station, puncturing the glass three times, police said. They also allegedly fired the pellet gun at a bus stop on North Sycamore Street, breaking its glass enclosure.
Officers originally responded to a report of two suspicious men looking into vehicles on the 2200 block of N. Somerset Street. When they arrived, they heard a gunshot and located the two suspected shooters.
In addition to the pellet gun, one of the men had a loaded gun in his possession at the time of arrest, police said.
From an ACPD crime report:
POSSESSION OF CONCEALED WEAPON (Significant), 160721003, 2200 block of N. Somerset Street. At approximately 11:38 p.m. on July 20, officers responded to the report of suspicious males looking into vehicles. Arriving officers heard the discharge of a firearm and located two suspects. Nico Wilson, 32, of Fort Washington MD, was arrested and charged with possession of a concealed weapon and discharge of a firearm. Carlos Parker, 18, of Temple Hills MD, was arrested and charged with destruction of property and possession of a concealed weapon.


text:
Can anyone explain me about Annotation
@FindBy in
Where and why it is used?
We started with Q&A. Technical documentation is next, and we need your help.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, you can contribute.
Can anyone explain me about Annotation
Where and why it is used?
Can I cite API-documentation?
So, if you use
I strongly recommend to follow this link and read about
It's to assist with the construction of locators when using the Page Factory to support your Page Objects
However I'm discovering that I find it more useful to store your locators as By objects rather than WebElements as they are more flexible and you tend to avoid running into the StaleElementException.
instead of
This way you can also use your locators when asserting the absence of an element or use it in the ExpectedConditions helpers.
You can also use Pagefactory, and have something like:
Now, as for How., you can have:
Or you can use your own DOM Search plus Xpath, that would be outside of WebDriver API , but it should work.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"CHOCOLAT," by Eric Lanlard, Octopus Publishing Group, $24.99, 170 pages
From cover to cover, "Chocolat" is a beautiful book dedicated to lovers of chocolate from the home chef to the dedicated professional, and it delivers on every page.
"Chocolat" is the creation of celebrity chef and French patissier Eric Lanlard, a French native who currently lives in the United Kingdom and owns the shop Cake Boy. He credits his love of chocolate to family visits to a local boulangerie (bakery) where they would purchase brioche and "Chocolat Poulain." As he moved into his career, he continued to study chocolate, and this cookbook is one of the results of that passion.
The first several pages of "Chocolat" are dedicated to the understanding of chocolate in general, giving some of the history of the plant-based sweet and instruction for working with various varieties. Once this base of information is created, the rest of the volume is broken into four sections highlighting decadent flavors and recipes for baked goods, desserts, truffles and confections, and drinks, spreads and sauces.
Each recipe is preceded by a line or two of story relating why the author chose the particular recipe and many recipes include tips to make preparations easier or to add variety. Most of the entries include mouth-watering photos of the finished products, and in several cases there are photographic step-by-step instructions to highlight a particular technique. While the end products are beautiful and rich, the recipes and instructions are simply enough presented that a novice chef can be comfortable trying their hand at anything in the book. As well, the ingredients used are generally available at any grocery store, with only a few requiring a visit to a baking shop or speciality store.
"Chocolat" is hard-bound and sturdy and would be a beautiful addition to any cookbook collection and the results of the recipes welcome on any table.
Chocolate Waffles
As kids, we used to love going to Belgium for two reasons — first, the light, fluffy waffle, and second, the famous chocolate. This is my homage to these great trips — a combination of both waffle and chocolate.
Makes: 12–16
Preparation time: 5 minutes
Cooking time: 5 minutes per waffle
2 ounces cocoa powder
2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
8 ounces butter, melted
10 ounces golden caster sugar
4 eggs, beaten
8 ounces plain flour
2 tablespoons milk
2 teaspoon vanilla paste or extract
icing sugar and cocoa powder, for dusting
Preheat a waffle iron. Sift the cocoa powder into a large bowl and stir in the cinnamon and melted butter. Add the sugar, eggs and flour, then whisk in the milk and vanilla until smooth.
Fill the waffle iron with some of the mixture and cook according to the manufacturer's instructions. Repeat until all the mixture is used.
Dust the waffles with icing sugar and cocoa powder and serve warm. These are great served with chocolate sauces.
— "Chocolat," by Eric Lanlard
Jana Brown is a writer, wife and mother. She is an excellent cook and chocolate lover. She blogs at kitchwitchesblog.com. Twitter: kitchenwitchesblog
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text:
Vandemark's Follyby Herbert Quick
View All Available Formats & Editions
"[...]Then I saw through him. He never wanted my history of the township. He just wanted to swindle me into buying a lot of copies to give away, and he wanted most to bamboozle me into having a picture made, not half so good as I can get for a few dollars a dozen at any good photographer's, and pay him the price of a good team of horses for it. He thought he could gull old Jake Vandemark! If I would pay for it, I could get printed in the book a few of my remarks on the history of the township, and my two-hundred-and-seventy-five-dollar picture. Others would write about something else, and get their pictures in. In that way this smooth scoundrel would make thousands of dollars out of people's vanity--and he expected me[...]".
Product Details
- 9781530564941
- Publisher:
- CreateSpace Publishing
- Publication date:
- 04/01/2016
- Pages:
- 322
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In this study, we present a novel, safe method for how to remove inorganic components from soil samples studied for archaeological purposes, in order to improve studies of the distribution of black carbon in the sedimentary record. As the depositional history of this material depends on the interaction between humans and the natural environment, this method can be widely used in archaeology, landscape archaeology, palaeoecology, environmental geology and sedimentology. Our method does not require the use of dangerous hydrofluoric acid, which is commonly used for the removal of silicon oxide from such samples; therefore, this procedure allows even less chemically trained scientists to analyse soil samples with an increased level of work safety.]]>
The prehistoric sherds recovered from the North Mound of Tepe Sialk were investigated using XRF, XRD and SEM/EDX analyses. These studies showed the occurrence of a gradual evolution in pottery-making from the Sialk I to Sialk II periods, eventually leading to the production of bulk red pottery at the final phase of Sialk II. The relative similarity of compositions, homogeneous microstructures and the presence of high-temperature phases demonstrated a high degree of specialization in the selection of raw materials and control of the firing temperature and atmosphere among the potters of Sialk in the sixth millennium bc, peaking at the final phase of Sialk II.]]>
At the end of the fifth millennium bc, the development of a specialized lithic industry in the Chassey societies of south-eastern France and its dissemination as far as Catalonia and Tuscany attest to important socio-economic changes in the Mediterranean Neolithic societies. The lithic production was made on barremo-bedoulian flint that was heat-treated to improve the sharpness of the tools produced. Microscopic observations of archaeological and geological, heated and unheated barremo-bedoulian flint samples allowed us to highlight the heat-induced formation of fluid inclusions. Microthermometry analyses showed that these inclusions contain pure H2O, most probably resulting from the dehydration of length-slow (LS) chalcedony and the closure of narrow pores, according to the model proposed by Schmidt et al. (). Our results enable us to estimate the heating temperatures used by Chassey artisans to ≈ 230°C. We also propose the 'pressure cooker' model to explain the migration of liquid water in flint nodules heated to 230°C. Then, we discuss the ability of a particular type of flint to be heat-treated, and hence its value for Neolithic society, which depends on: (1) the amount of LS chalcedony that ensures the water release at relatively low temperature; and (2) on the total volume of porosity available to store the dehydration water.]]>
A sample of the Vinland Map remaining from the radiocarbon dating was analysed with the purpose of identifying the post-1950 contaminant and establishing other evidence on the material composition, identity and condition. The analyses revealed that the parchment originates from a bovid and contains hair remnants. The fibre structure was in poor condition, with fragmented collagen fibres and a low hydrothermal stability. Greenish and reddish particles were observed on the parchment. The greenish particles were identified as basic copper(II) chloride, most probably atacamite, and the reddish particles as rust; that is, various iron(III) oxides. The extracted modern contaminant was identified as being naturally produced glycerol monostearate.]]>
Fifty-seven glass samples from Carthage dating to the fourth to sixth century ad were analysed using the electron microprobe. The results show that these samples are all soda–lime–silica glass. Their MgO and K2O values, which are below 1.5%, suggest that they were made from natron, a flux that was widely used during the Roman period. The major and minor elements show that these samples can be divided into four groups, three of which correspond to the late Roman period glass groups that were found throughout the Roman Empire: Levantine I, and 'weak' and 'strong' HIMT. Of particular interest is our Group 2, which is technologically and compositionally similar to HIMT glass and the CaO and Al2O3 values of which are similar to those of Levantine I. Glass of similar composition has been reported by several authors and is predominantly found dating from the late fifth to seventh century. This could represent a 'new' glass group; therefore further study is needed to determine its origin. Also, this study suggests that the Vandal invasion in North Africa did not disrupt the glass trade between Carthage and the Levantine coast.]]>
The paper describes the analysis of a particular kind of plaster from the walls of the Roman Sanctuary (first half of the first century bce) in the centre of Brixia (now Brescia, Italy), which is an outstanding example of Roman Republican architecture. The walls were plastered and painted with different patterns, imitating marble panels and curtains. Optical microscopy on thin sections, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were performed on several samples of the plaster in order to reveal the execution technique. The palette consisted of glauconite, celadonite, Egyptian blue, and red and yellow ochres. In some cases, an organic compound, possibly a lipidic compound, was present in the external paint layer, as a surface treatment. The plaster contains two superimposed coats: the render coat with lime binder and sandy aggregate; the finish coat with a clay fraction (illite, chlorite, kaolinite), together with calcite from slaked lime and grains of quartz, silicate and carbonate rocks. Although Vitrivius' De architectura reported the use of creta (clay) as daub smeared on reed vaults, the Sanctuary of Brixia represents the first documented use in Roman buildings in a painted plaster laid on a stone masonry wall.]]>
This study characterizes the opacifiers and colouring agents used in the glazed bricks of Persepolis (mid-first millennium bc) and the Mannean site of Tepe Rabat in north-western Iran (eighth to seventh centuries bc). Various analytical studies show that lead antimonate and brizziite (NaSbO3) were used as the yellow and white opacifiers in the glazes of Persepolis and Tepe Rabat. Brizziite is shown to be incorporated in the white, green and turquoise glazes, and is also associated with lead antimonate and CaSb2O6 in some yellow and white opacifiers. The simultaneous formation of these opacifiers in one glaze might have been accidental. A possible connection between the Achaemenid glaze industry and the Mannean glaze production at Tepe Rabat is discussed.]]>
The Arch of Augustus in Susa (north-western Italy) was built in 9–8 bc by King Cottius, to celebrate the treaty between the Romans and the Gauls. It is made of white marble, which was considered for a long time to be locally extracted, but no archaeometric studies have been performed up to now. Therefore, a multi-analytical study based on petrographic (optical and scanning electron microscopy), electron microprobe and stable isotope analyses was carried out on the marble from the arch and from reference samples, with the aim of defining the provenance. All the data confirmed that white marble belonging to the metamorphosed carbonate cover of the Dora Maira Massif, known as Foresto marble, was used for the Susa Arch. This choice was probably made for economic reasons, but also due to the relative independence of the ruling family of the Alpes Cottiae, which was obviously interested in promoting a local marble.]]>
Absolute Thellier–Thellier archaeointensity determinations were conducted on 137 tiles and sedimentary blocks from five different structures from the 'Site de la Molère', southern France, to constrain the archaeological interpretation of a relative age difference between structures and add new data to the French secular variation database. We present 89 new archaeointensity and 20 new directional results, with averages of 57 (±8) μT in the second century ad and 68 (±7) μT in the third century ad. The overall data trend is consistent with the limited available data, indicating rapidly increasing field intensity from the second to the third century ad.
In bone, the spacing between δ13C in collagen and bioapatite carbonate is greater in herbivores than carnivores, with implications for understanding animal dietary ecology from surviving hard tissues. Two explanations have been proposed: varying diet composition or differences in physiology between herbivores and carnivores. We measured the isotopic effects of carnivorous and herbivorous diets on a single species, to test the effect of diet composition alone. Protein δ13C and δ15N and carbonate δ13C were measured on egg and bone from hens on different diets. Herbivorous hens had a +14.3‰ spacing between egg albumen and shell δ13C, compared to +12.4‰ for omnivorous hens, and +11.5‰ for carnivorous hens. The bioapatite–collagen Δ13C spacing was measured as +6.2‰ for herbivorous hens, and calculated as +4.3‰ for omnivorous hens, and +3.4‰ for carnivorous hens—similar to observed mammalian herbivore and carnivore bioapatite–collagen Δ13C differences. We conclude that a shift in diet composition from herbivory to carnivory in a single species does alter the bioapatite–collagen carbon isotopic spacing. Our data strongly suggest that this results from differences in the Δ13Cbioapatite–diet spacing, and not that of Δ13Ccollagen–diet.]]>
The glaze chemistry of a group of rustiques figulines attributed to the renowned French potter Bernard Palissy (1510–90), or to his followers and imitators, has been determined non-destructively using PIXE and PIGE analyses. The glazes are all lead silicates, the colourants being transition metal oxides—CuO, CoO, MnO and Fe2O3—with a small addition of SnO2 to some of the glazes being common. Some distinction can be made between the various fabricated objects based on details of the overall composition and on the concentrations of the various colourants. The presence of B2O3 in any glaze, even in quantities as small as 0.1–0.3%, indicates a post-16th century production. Additionally, B2O3 in larger quantities, a few per cent or greater, very probably indicates an 18th–19th century production. However, at least one object known to be of 19th century production contains no B2O3.]]>
The bronze wares of the Han Dynasty excavated in Chongqing are decorated with plating patterns, maintaining an exquisite lustre right up to modern times after the covering patina is cleared away. In this paper, a plated fragment of the Han Dynasty from the Wushan County Museum was characterized by combining optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the bronze fragment was gilded with a ~ 3 μm thick gilded layer and a ~ 20 μm thick silvered layer. The high concentration of Hg and Hg-rich intermetallic compounds confirmed the existence of mercury gilding/silvering technology, for example, Au9Hg in the gilded layer and Ag13Hg7 in the silvered layer. An ordered stripe structure was observed in the gilded surface, corresponding to the formation of rod-like, intermetallic Au–Hg compounds. Specifically, a high concentration of Au was detected in the silvered layer. The exploration of gilded/silvered bronze casts light on this ancient technology and the benefit of identifying, protecting and reproducing it.]]>
Archaeomagnetic dating based on the full geomagnetic field vector was carried out on a limekiln excavated at Pinilla del Valle archaeological site (Madrid, Spain). The limekiln tradition in this area is largely documented by historical sources for recent centuries but the date of the studied kiln's last use was unknown. The combination of mean archaeomagnetic directional and absolute archaeointensity results shows that the kiln was last used between ad 1296 and 1413, in good agreement with two independent radiocarbon dates. This study provides the first archaeomagnetic evidence that the local limekiln tradition dates back to at least late medieval times. Furthermore, the inclusion of these data in the Iberian secular variation curve and geomagnetic field models will help to improve the archaeomagnetic dating technique.]]>
This study concerns the microfacies characterization of white and black limestone tesserae from selected Roman floor mosaics in Slovenia, with the aim of defining their provenance. We investigated 42 tesserae from 15 different mosaics from the archaeological sites of Ljubljana, Izola, Mošnje, Ptuj, Črnomelj and Šentpavel, dated from the first century bc to the fifth century ad. Among the studied tesserae, 13 different microfacies were identified: eight black and five white. The most common were mudstones with ostracods (65% of black tesserae) and wacke-packstones with miliolids (85% of white tesserae). The majority of the identified facies can be found in the Cretaceous successions of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform in south-western Slovenia, north-eastern Italy and south-eastern Croatia, suggesting a regional or imported origin of the tesserae.]]>
The legacy of vandalism and almost a century of continuous focus on drystone wall masonry is that little is known about metal craft production and consumption activities at Great Zimbabwe. Within these limitations, this paper attempts to explore the metallurgy of Great Zimbabwe, guided by the framework of archival, chronological and fieldwork- and laboratory-based studies. The paper contends that residents of various components of Great Zimbabwe worked and processed their own metal, pointing to homestead-level production and consumption. Metal from local and regional sources sustained long-distance trade with the Indian Ocean rim.]]>
Thirty-two glass objects (third to ninth centuries ad) have been investigated by means of SEM–EDS, EMPA, ICP–MS and LA–ICP–MS. Siliceous sands and natron were identified as the vitrifying and the fluxing agents, respectively. Colouring agents were iron for yellow/–green, aqua blue and blackish glass; cobalt for blue and, combined with iron, for brownish glass; and copper and lead antimonates for one emerald green glass. Antimony was the main decolourizer, while manganese was rarely used or effective. Half of the collection was probably of Levantine origin, while the other half was assigned to the North African coast (Egypt?). The reliability of the CaO-rich HIMT glass group has been consolidated.]]>
Synchrotron-based standard X-ray fluorescence imaging can be a sophisticated tool for mapping distributions of trace elements in archaeological bone; however, thin samples are normally required to achieve high-spatial-resolution results. Poorly preserved or fragile archaeological samples can be challenging to measure using this standard technique, since the production of a sufficiently thin section may be difficult. We discuss the implementation of confocal X-ray fluorescence imaging as a successful strategy for high-resolution elemental mapping in poorly preserved archaeological bone. The implementation of the confocal method additionally can facilitate localized quantification and speciation of elements, which are also discussed.]]>
End-member mixing analysis (EMMA) was conducted on the grain size distributions (GSD) of 13 sediment samples collected from the main excavation block, Unit 2, of the Rimrock Draw Rockshelter, a deeply stratified, multi-component Palaeoindian rockshelter in the Harney Basin of eastern Oregon, USA. EMMA confirmed the three stratigraphic units (SU) observed in the field and identified three sedimentary end-members (EM) that account for 95.52% of Unit 2 site formation. EM 1 comprises 70.72% of the total measured grain-size variation and represents fluvial deposition, correlating with the bottom stratigraphic unit, SU 3. EM 2 comprises an additional 17.74% of the total measured grain-size variation and represents fluvially reworked aeolian deposition, correlating with the upper stratigraphic unit, SU 1. EM 3 comprises the remaining 7.06% of the total measured grain-size variation and represents possibly a two-component aeolian deposition of suspension and short-term saltation, correlating with the middle unit, SU 2. The results presented demonstrate the ability of EMMA as a technique to (1) unbiasedly distinguish between the SUs identified in the field using only the measured grain size distributions, (2) provide genetically meaningful and quantitative grain-size end-members to identify multiple major depositional processes of site formation, and (3) provide a geologically meaningful interpretation of site formation that is capable of facilitating the formulation of more focused hypotheses regarding human and environment interactions at the site.]]>
The medieval pavement found in its original state and place at the Breton castle of Suscinio is an interesting case study for answering questions about the origin of the tin-glazed earthenware technique in France. Twenty-eight decorated tiles (with transparent and tin-opacified glazes) and eight clayey raw materials were examined using chemical and microstructural approaches involving petrographic, SEM–EDS and XRD analyses. By combining the results of provenance and technological studies with historical and archaeological data, it was possible to conclude that the pavement was a local product, made with imported technological skills, rather than an imported product or the result of local experimentation.]]>
This work characterizes both tanning and colouring materials found in ancient Egyptian leather objects from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The analytical investigations focused on assessing the development of the technology of ancient tanners using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), X-ray radiography and a scanning electron microscope connected to an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM–EDX). Reference leather samples and archaeological leather objects were investigated to identify the animal skin species and the early use of hydrolyzable vegetable tannins for leather tanning. Different methods were used to colour th leather, including madder dying and staining with hematite, or painting with Egyptian blue and Egyptian green.]]>
The aim of this paper is to present the results of the analysis of a gunflints sample from two Colonial archaeological sites located in Patagonia (Argentina). The questions that guided the investigation were related primarily to determination of their origin and the context of their use, as well as the possibility of recycling and reclamation after they were discarded. We perform techno-morphological, raw materials and use-wear analyses. The results indicate that, given their form, the raw materials, an important amount of edge scarring and evidence of contact with metal, all of the pieces were used as gunflints and are of European origin.]]>
Neutron activation analysis was conducted on Late Bronze IIA pottery from Tarsus-Gözlükule and compared with archival data from contemporary sites in Cilicia and Cyprus. The results provide a model for the organization of pottery production at Tarsus-Gözlükule when the settlement was under the rule of the Hittite Empire. It is proposed that multiple contemporary pottery workshops provided the community of Tarsus-Gözlükule with both Hittite-style pottery and other wares. It is further suggested that these workshops may have differed in the extent to which they were attached to the imperial administration.]]>
Seven Hellenistic stelae with Greek inscriptions found in the ancient city of Naples were examined minero-petrographically (by optical microscopy on thin sections and XRD on powder) and geochemically (by stable isotope ratio analysis) in order to determine the provenance of the constituent marbles. Based primarily on epigraphic evidence, all stelae appear to date from the first century bc and the Early Imperial period, so they are later than those of Ancona, which are the only possible comparison in Italy. Archaeologists have compared the stelae of Naples and Ancona to the products of Greek Delian workshops. The results of the laboratory analyses demonstrate the use of Parian marbles (from Lakkoi and Stephani) only for three stelae, whereas the Lunense marble from Carrara was employed for the remaining four reliefs. The research outcomes suggest that local workshops used small imported blocks of Aegean and Apuan marble. The use of reliefs of a Hellenistic type can be put in the context of a more general response of the community of Naples to the city's new status as a Roman municipium and as part of its cultural strategy to be regarded as an 'authentic' Greek city. By emphasizing its Hellenic origin, at both the private/funerary and institutional/public level, the city of Naples was able to differentiate itself from other Campanian centres and to promote itself in relation to Rome.]]>
Speleothem inclusions have been identified in a ceramic class, 'flared rim and flat lip' pottery, that is widespread in the Friuli – Venetia Giulia and Veneto regions (north-eastern Italy) between the Final Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Textural analysis of speleothem inclusions revealed small rounded pores occurring along annual growth laminae, interpreted as the result of partial calcite decomposition during firing. Their size, number and diffusion at increasing temperatures were monitored during a set of firing experiments following heating and cooling rates, soaking times and redox conditions typical of open-firing kilns. The textural features of the speleothem inclusions turned out to represent a powerful thermometric tool to precisely determine firing temperature which, in the case of the 'flared rim and flat lip' pottery studied here, reduced the thermal interval to a greater extent than that obtained from mineralogical associations.]]>
This study focuses on microinclusions of platinum group minerals (PGMs) in gold objects from the South Urals and North Black Sea archaeological sites. We demonstrate for the first time that melting of gold during archaeometallurgical work affects PGM microinclusions. Desquamation of primary PGM microinclusions with 28–55 wt% Os in the melt and their oxidation by hot air microbubbles results in the formation of secondary particles with 1–20 wt% Os around the primary inclusions. We conclude that the composition only of primary PGM microinclusions in ancient gold products is comparable to the composition of those from natural sources.]]>
South African rock art provides a window into the Bushman worldview. For a better understanding of Bushman history and beliefs and the conservation of rock art sites, a better knowledge of the materials making up the paints, the mineral accretions and their alterations is required. A conjunction of imaging techniques (optical microscopy, SEM–EDX, Raman spectromicroscopy and synchrotron FT–IR) allowed us to describe the complex layered fabric that evidences a history of accretion, painting and alteration in eight samples of painted rock. Two types of paints are identified and the distribution of calcium oxalates is discussed in terms of conservation and dating potential.]]>
As discussed in Part I, a large accumulation of mammalian faeces at the mire site in the upper Guil Valley near Mt. Viso, dated to 2168 cal 14C yr., provides the first evidence of the passage of substantial but indeterminate numbers of mammals within the time frame of the Punic invasion of Italia. Specialized organic biomarkers bound up in a highly convoluted and bioturbated bed constitute an unusual anomaly in a histosol comprised of fibric and hemist horizons that are usually expected to display horizontal bedding. The presence of deoxycholic acid and ethylcoprostanol derived from faecal matter, coupled with high relative numbers of Clostridia 16S rRNA genes, suggests a substantial accumulation of mammalian faeces at the site over 2000 years ago. The results reported here constitute the first chemical and biological evidence of the passage of large numbers of mammals, possibly indicating the route of the Hannibalic army at this time. Combined with the geological analysis reported in Part I, these data provide a background supporting the need for further historical archaeological exploration in this area.]]>
Controversy over the alpine route that Hannibal of Carthage followed from the Rhône Basin into Italia has raged amongst classicists and ancient historians for over two millennia. The motivation for identifying the route taken by the Punic Army through the Alps lies in its potential for identifying sites of historical archaeological significance and for the resolution of one of history's most enduring quandaries. Here, we present stratigraphic, geochemical and microbiological evidence recovered from an alluvial floodplain mire located below the Col de la Traversette (~3000 m asl—above sea level) on the French/Italian border that potentially identifies the invasion route as the one originally proposed by Sir Gavin de Beer (de Beer 1974). The dated layer is termed the MAD bed (mass animal deposition) based on disrupted bedding, greatly increased organic carbon and key/specialized biological components/compounds, the latter reported in Part II of this paper. We propose that the highly abnormal churned up (bioturbated) bed was contaminated by the passage of Hannibal's animals, possibly thousands, feeding and watering at the site, during the early stage of Hannibal's invasion of Italia (218 bc).]]>
The Changsha region was an important place in China during the heyday of lacquerwares, from the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty (476 bc – ad 9), when lacquerwares were used with varied styles and beautiful ornamentations. However, the process used to make lacquerware was previously unknown. By analysing samples of fragments of lacquerware found in the Changsha region dating back to between the Mid-Warring States Period and the Mid-Western Han Dynasty (390–87 bc), this paper demonstrates the varied constitution of the ground layer by analysing the features of the technique using non-destructive methods. It also shows that the use of potassium alum, gypsum, carbon and brochantite as fillers in the ground layer can be dated back to the Mid-Warring States Period. Furthermore, a comparison of techniques for ground layers from the Changsha region and other areas in China during this period is proposed on this basis.]]>
The objective of this study is to compare landmark-based assessment of hominin mandible morphological variation with that from a high-density point cloud, using 3D models constructed from structure-from-motion (SfM) surface capture techniques. Surface models of nine hominin mandible casts were created using SfM photogrammetry. The morphology of these models was described using traditional geometric morphometrics based on identification of landmarks. This was compared to the morphological variation described by the differences between high-density point clouds, which do not rely on anatomical landmarks, using an iterative closest point algorithm. The landmark-based approach grouped the anatomically modern human and Neanderthal mandibles with reasonable success. The high-density point cloud approach also grouped these successfully, but was able to incorporate information from a specimen that was insufficiently preserved to be included in the landmark data set. This improved the accuracy of the grouping. The use of high-density point clouds from surface capture to analyse hominin mandible morphology allows for greater amounts of information to be included and offers a potential method to identify shape affinity that is as successful as landmark-based geometric morphometrics.]]>
The examination of isotope ratios from multiple tissues offers new life to interpretations of commingled assemblages where information regarding individual biological history has been lost. Here, life histories from a commingled sample of Byzantine monks were reconstructed using enamel and bone δ13C and δ15N values. The δ13C values suggest a diet dominated by C3 products, while the δ15N ratios indicate variable contributions of animal protein. After correcting for tissue-specific enrichment factors, bone δ13C values were significantly enriched over enamel; this may be due to an increase in protein consumption, but could also reflect structural differences between tissues or correction factors used to compare these data.]]>
Tabia was a very popular construction material with high mechanical strength, great tenacity and good impermeability, which was widely used in ancient China. It is one of the greatest inventions of ancient China. Organic additives, such as sticky rice, egg white and sugar, were believed to be added to some tabia, according to many ancient documents. However, the detection of these organic additives is not easy, because the soil and pigments in tabia can interfere with the analytical observations. In this paper, a simple and economical method to detect sticky rice composition in tabia is presented. Starch, the main component of sticky rice, can be extracted by acetic acid aqueous solution, using a microporous membrane filter and an ultrafiltration method to get rid of the interference of soil particles and pigment, and finally it can be detected by an iodine–starch chromogenic reaction. A number of ancient Chinese tabia samples were analysed using this method and starch was found, which proved that sticky rice was added during the preparation process of tabia.]]>
To continue the enquiry into strontium isotope compositions in southern Chinese glazes, this study determines the strontium isotope compositions of porcelain glazes of Dehua 'Blanc De Chine' porcelain and blue-and-white porcelain, and Tai Po blue-and-white porcelain. Mixing lines are displayed in the strontium isotope compositions of the Dehua glazes, suggesting that raw materials of different natures were used to make the two glazes. By referring to the historical resources, a high-calcium plant ash and a mixture of limestone and high-silica ash can be suggested as the fluxes used in the recipes for 'Blanc De Chine' glaze and blue-and-white glaze respectively. The strontium isotope compositions of Tai Po blue-and-white porcelain glazes separate into two groups, suggesting that different recipes were used to make the same glaze. The group A includes too few samples to allow an identification of the raw materials used, while the strontium isotope compositions of group B samples suggest that a high-calcium plant ash was added as the flux.]]>
Multiple petrological and geochemical analytical techniques revealed significant similarities in element and mineral distribution between the 47 ceramic samples from Chillo (southern coast, Peru), a Late Intermediate Period (ad 1000–1400) archaeological site. The similarity indicates a common raw material source. The analytical results of Holocene fluvial sediment samples, Cretaceous clay layers and fired and non-fired bricks, only eliminated the Cretaceous clay layers as a potential source material. Applying Raman spectroscopy, the red and violet colour of the slip is due to hematite, the yellow colour to a mixture of hematite, graphite and gypsum, and the black colour is either graphite or jacobsite.]]>
This paper focuses on the characterization of materials from fragmented pieces of an imperial lacquer plate in the Luozhuang Han tomb, which dates to the early Western Han dynasty. Various non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques were performed, including optical and electron microscopy, XRF, Raman spectromicroscopy, FT–IR, XRD and THM-Py–GC/MS. The lacquerware pieces consist of a five-layer structure, which includes (from the top): a red pigmented layer, two lacquer finish layers, a ground layer and a canvas/wood foundation layer. The red layer consists of ground cinnabar mixed with urushi. The lacquer finish layers are made of urushi mixed with perilla or tallow tree oil, without any pigment. The ground layer is a mixture of organic materials including urushi, tree oil and amorphous carbon (possibly burned ashes) and inorganic fillers such as quartz, albite and potassium feldspar. Urushi was also identified in the canvas/wood foundation layer. Though highly degraded, the canvas is probably made of hemp (bast fibres). The identification of high concentration of drying oil indicates an intentional addition of oil into the urushi to retard the rate of hardening and to increase gloss.]]>
We report analytical results for stoneware samples from four excavated Angkor-period kilns in the Greater Angkor area. Previous work has suggested that establishing distinct chemical signatures for kiln complexes in this region is problematic. The current study highlights the effectiveness of neutron activation analysis (NAA) for differentiating the products of Angkorian kiln complexes; it also confirms the viability of a larger-scale research programme to understand the relationship between Khmer stoneware production and patterns of distribution across the wider Angkorian territory. Evidence of ceramics excavated at kiln sites but produced elsewhere highlights the complexity of consumption patterns during the Angkorian period.]]>
Age estimation is a relevant field of application in archaeology, which is often limited by the fragmentation of recovered skeletal remains. There is therefore an urgent need for the development of novel methods. A potentially useful bone district is the sella turcica. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metrical standards of three different measurements of the sella turcica (length, depth and diameter) in 177 lateral cephalometric radiograms belonging to male and female individuals aged between 7 and 13 years, in order to find standards useful for age estimation. The results were evaluated by two-way ANOVA. There was no significant interaction between sex and age in any variable. The linear regression model fitted to the age and diameter measurements yielded the following equation: age (years) = 4.14*diameter (cm) + 5.76. Slope and intercept 95% CIs were, respectively, 4.64–7.61 years per centimetre and 2.34–5.28 years. The relevant coefficient of determination was R2 = 0.15, while the root mean square error was 1.74 years. The present results provide a novel method that is useful for the age estimation of skeletal remains recovered in archaeological contexts: further studies are needed in order to improve the method on a larger sample.]]>
Lead isotope analysis was combined with an investigation of style and technology in a study of pewter mounts from the Viking ship burial at Gokstad, Norway. The different methods reinforced one another and yielded a detailed picture of a ninth-century working process, demonstrating the potential of applying lead isotope analysis to artefact studies independent of the question of provenance. They provided evidence of the mounts being produced as a set, and signs of mixing demonstrate that it is important to be cautious when discussing provenance. England and Melle, France are indicated to be the most likely origin of the lead.]]>
The collection of early medieval window glass found in the abbey of Baume-les-Messieurs (Jura, France) is exceptional because it dates to the end of the eighth century, and due to the number of fragments as well as their state of conservation. Different colours and forms have been identified. These pieces are a rare opportunity to address the glass craft, its recipes and techniques for a phase of its history that has remained little known. Analyses in PIXE–PIGE prove that, in addition to fragments from two soda glass items, the pieces are made from wood-ash glass. Most of them probably came from the same production and the raw material is present in the region. At this early stage of wood-ash glass production, the glassmakers had mastered the glass as well as the colour processes.]]>
In the framework of the archaeometric research on Apulian Late Antique glass, a collection of 24 glass vessels (third to seventh centuries ad) and production indicators found at Herdonia (Foggia, Italy) was examined, by means of SEM–EDS, EMPA, ICP–MS and LA–ICP–MS. A fragment of crucible was further investigated by SEM–EDS and EMPA. The results obtained were discussed together with another glass collection from Herdonia previously investigated. The full set of 48 samples was made of siliceous sands mixed with plant ashes (two samples: a dark green slab and a colourless beaker/lamp) or natron (all the other 46 samples). The latter were assigned to the following compositional groups: HIMT, Levantine 1, RNCBGY1, RNCBGY2, RC/LAC-Sb, intermediate HIMT/RNCBGY1, intermediate RNCBGY1/HIMT, intermediate Levantine/RNCBGY2 and two other groups, the CaO-rich HIMT and the CaO-rich/Na2O poor HIMT, which showed a prevailing Adriatic distribution and a close similarity to the weak HIMT glass group. Most Herdonia samples were similar to the HIMT productions, and thus of likely Egyptian origin, while a smaller number of samples referred to the Levantine productions.
Slipped and unslipped wares from Kampyr Tepe dated to the Hellenistic–Seleucid and Greco-Bactrian periods stylistically resemble tableware from the Greek tradition. Since two pottery workshops have been recovered at the site, the aim is to shed light on the provenance and the production and consumption patterns of the tableware, as well as on the degree of technological influence from Hellenistic–Mediterranean traditions. The archaeometric characterization, consisting of thin-section petrography, XRF, XRD and SEM–EDS analysis, was performed on 44 wares and three unfired locally made pondera, which were used as reference local elemental patterns. The study demonstrated the local origin of most of the wares, which were produced using a similar clay paste, following standardized techniques in modelling and firing, while surface treatments appear to be more diversified.]]>
The lead isotope composition of 45 sherds of six different pottery wares from the Eastern Mediterranean and dating from the Late Hellenistic – Late Roman period is analysed and compared to data obtained on ceramics and clays from the Eastern Mediterranean. These sherds were previously analysed by neutron activation and the origin and relationship between the wares has been debated in the literature. The results show that lead isotopes support earlier hypotheses proposed based on NAA or answer questions left unanswered by NAA concerning the origin and relationships between these wares. The lead isotopic data complement the NAA and the results also confirm the effectiveness of lead isotope analysis in discriminating among different wares from production centres in the Eastern Mediterranean.]]>
In situ rapid electrostatic investigations on calcareous stones of monuments provide information that strongly correlates with the geological characteristics of the stone and proves to be efficient for provenance identification and successive restoration. With a portable device, it is now possible to scan several thousand blocks on a face of a monument in a few hours. The evolution of the religious building construction practices between the 13th and the 17th centuries is studied. From the petrophysics point of view, the results clearly indicate a marked linear correlation between electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity. This fact, which agrees with Maxwell–Wagner polarization modelling, confirms the part played by the clay content in the electric properties of the dry carbonate rocks constituting the monument stones. A first test using X-ray scattering analysis shows the part played by the relative content of illite, which is correlated with a decrease of the resistivity.]]>
As the apparently simplest of all petroglyphs, cupules are shown to be scientifically and culturally very complex phenomena. Despite being the most common motif in rock art, their meaning or purpose remains largely unknown. This paper explores their physical and production properties, including their technology, taphonomy, morphology, biomechanics and energy investment involved, leading to the formulation of the production coefficient. The various quantifiable factors involved in cupule production are examined, including the phenomenon of kinetic energy metamorphosis (KEM). The tribological products, tectonite laminae, a new geological phenomenon first identified in cupules, offer the possibilities of developing a direct dating method as well explaining several related geological features.]]>
The Yuan Qinghua porcelain produced in the city of Jingdezhen, in China, mainly includes the gaudy blue type, a blue–grey or grey-coloured type and the type featuring a blue colour with a slight amount of grey. For a long time, only the gaudy blue type was focused on and discussed, while the other two types, which contain equally important information with regard to recovering the manufacturing technology of Yuan Qinghua, were always ignored by scientific researchers. In this paper, by using micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF), spectrophotometry and optical microscopy, all three different types of Yuan Qinghua porcelain are analysed systemically and, based on the analyses of the body, the glaze and the blue decoration, the differences in the materials and the manufacturing technologies of the three different types are discussed. This not only provides a good basis for the reconstruction of the whole picture of the manufacturing process of Yuan Qinghua porcelains in Jingdezhen, but also contributes to database-building for the identification of Qinghua porcelain.]]>
The most crucial parameter to be determined in an archaeological ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey is the velocity of the subsurface material. Precision velocity estimates comprise the basis for depth estimation, topographic correction and migration, and can therefore be the difference between spurious interpretations and/or efficient GPR-guided excavation with sound archaeological interpretation of the GPR results. Here, we examine the options available for determining the GPR velocity and for assessing the precision of velocity estimates from GPR data, using data collected at a small-scale iron-working site in Rhode Island, United States. In the case study, the initial velocity analysis of common-offset GPR profile data, using the popular method of hyperbola fitting, produced some unexpectedly high subsurface signal velocity estimates, while analysis of common midpoint (CMP) GPR data yielded a more reasonable subsurface signal velocity estimate. Several reflection analysis procedures for CMP data, including hand and automated signal picking using cross-correlation and semblance analysis, are used and discussed here in terms of efficiency of processing and yielded results. The case study demonstrates that CMP data may offer more accurate and precise velocity estimates than hyperbola fitting under certain field conditions, and that semblance analysis, though faster than hand-picking or cross-correlation, offers less precision.]]>
In the Iberian Peninsula, the copper metallurgy from the Chalcolithic to the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) was mostly characterized by low arsenic contents. A collection of 53 MBA artefacts from southern Portugal was analysed by micro-EDXRF, optical microscopy, SEM–EDS and Vickers to investigate the metal composition and manufacture. No technological distinction was found between artefacts from domestic and funerary contexts, which were radiocarbon-dated to 2000–1500 cal bc. The arsenic contents of almost 100 MBA artefacts from this region, including the above-mentioned set, have a Gaussian distribution with a high average (3.9 wt% As). Possible explanations are discussed for this distinctive metallurgy at the south-western end of the Iberian Peninsula.]]>
With the introduction of commercially available handheld XRF analysers, there is a growing problem that the results, simply taken at face value, are regarded as representative of the bulk gold alloys of the objects analysed in museums and used for treasure analysis. It is well known that surface analysis is problematic, and the aim of this study was to test whether non-destructive surface analysis could be useful in grouping the very large numbers of fragmentary pieces in the Anglo-Saxon Staffordshire Hoard. Surface and subsurface analyses of 16 objects from the Hoard were carried out by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX). The results indicate that there are significant but inconsistent levels of enrichment of the gold at the surface of many of these objects, due to the loss of both copper and silver. The significant loss of silver (up to 50% relative in some cases) suggests that some form of deliberately induced depletion gilding was carried out during manufacture to remove both silver and copper from the surface. In three cases, an increase in silver at the surface compared to the core metal was detected: this might tentatively be explained by redeposition from contact with silver objects during burial. These results have clear implications for the reliability and interpretation of surface analysis data of gold alloys from this period.]]>
From the earliest Neolithic in the Near East to the last Chalcolithic cultures in Western Europe, certain flint tools have been used as sickles to harvest cereals. Such harvesting tools can be identified through use-wear analyses, because the cutting of herbaceous plants produces specific wear-traces on the working edge of flint blades. The aim of this work is to explore harvesting-driven microwear variability and, more particularly, intensity of use as a governing factor. To achieve this objective, an experiment was designed consisting in the production of flint replicas to be used as harvesting tools, in various controlled conditions. A simple, cost-effective method of quantifying wear-traces by measuring polish extent is developed, requiring only classical use-wear observation equipment. The polish extent shows monotonic correlation with the amount of work, expressed either in terms of time or as the quantity of cereals harvested. Polish extent measurement is therefore proposed as a reliable and powerful descriptor of use intensity.]]>
This paper deals with the description of the analysis performed to characterize the state of preservation of the wooden artefacts recently discovered at the site of Herculaneum, Italy. During 2009, several wooden artefacts were brought to light during maintenance work at Herculaneum. They were attributed to both the roofing elements and the ceiling of the House of the Relief of Telephus. The roof was found mainly disassembled; nevertheless, it was an extraordinary archaeological find, because it represents a unique vestige of a Roman roof and, moreover, the aspect of both the structural and the decorative panels, where portions of the original polychrome decoration and traces of gilding were still preserved, appeared almost intact. Within the framework of the Herculaneum Conservation Project, a diagnostic study was undertaken to characterize the state of preservation of the wood constituting the roof, and also including the decorated panels of the ceiling, in order to determine a consolidation process able to structurally support the decayed wood without damaging the residual polychrome decoration. The results of the micromorphological, chemical and physical characterization of the wood, as a combined diagnostic process, are reported. A first proposal of a possible consolidation methodology based on the analytical results is also suggested.]]>
The very rare find of the relic of the original lustre pigment attached to the glazed surface of a sherd of 13th century ad Raqqa type lustreware from Syria has been analysed using a combination of analytical scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). The composition of the pigment relic inferred from these analyses is shown to match those of recipes for lustre production given in the early treatises by Jazbir Ibn Hayyan (c. ad 721–c. ad 815) and Abū'l Qasim (ad 1301). Similarities and differences between this 13th century ad Syrian pigment and pigments used in the ninth century ad in Iraq, in the 14th century ad in Islamic and Hispano-Moresque Spain, and in the 16th century ad in Renaissance Italy are discussed.]]>
The ancient Chinese barium copper silicate minerals mainly comprise Chinese purple (BaCuSi2O6) and Chinese blue (BaCuSi4O10), which were widely used from the late Warring States Period to the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In order to clarify the raw material of the pigment, a series of simulation experiments was conducted to produce Chinese purple pigment under varying mineral conditions. The minerals that we applied in the experiment were quartz as the source of silicon, malachite and copper oxide as the sources of copper, barite and witherite as the sources of barium and lead oxide as the source of lead. Simulation experiments showed that the barium copper silicate minerals and the purple pigment can be produced easily when witherite is used as the barium-containing raw material. From the perspective of mineral resources, the birth of the ancient Chinese pigment associated with a unique barium mineral resource. The Chinese copper-based pigments are assumed to have been developed independently and are presumably an outcome of historical developments in glazing techniques.]]>
The south-east of the Iberian Peninsula saw deep social and political changes at the dawn of the second millennium bce. The emergence of important economic asymmetries inside communities was apparently based to a large extent on control of the secondary metallurgical production process; namely, forging. In this sense, the recently excavated architectural complex at the Argaric site of Tira del Lienzo constitutes an exceptional finding. At this site a series of macrolithic artefacts were recorded, which were related to the forging of metals and, more specifically, to the working of silver, according to morpho-technological and functional studies (use-wear and residue analysis).]]>
During the excavations of the graveyard at the site of Deh Dumen in south-western Iran, 15 graves from the Early/Middle Bronze Age were uncovered that contained a variety of metallic artefacts. This paper reports on the analysis of nine metal artefacts, including eight broken vessels and a decorative strip that covered the handle of a dagger. The ICP–MS results showed that the bodies of the vessels are made of tin bronze alloy with variable amounts of tin, while the internal piece of the base of one vessel is made from an arsenical copper alloy. Further, the metallic strip is a thin sheet manufactured with partially pure silver. Microanalytical and microstructural information yielded by SEM–EDS revealed elongated Cu–S inclusions and lead globules as various phases formed in bronze solid solution. This study presents some information about the transition from arsenical copper to bronze metallurgy in the third millennium bc in south-western Iran.]]>
The 'quimbalete' is a kind of grindstone used notably in Potosi (Bolivia) during the Spanish conquest of South America. It was used to grind pieces of ore gravel from centimetric sizes to the size of sand. Its physical functioning, as well as the reason why this strictly Andean tool occupied a central place in a mainly European production chain, have never been addressed. This study is aimed at answering these questions as a result of physics-based modelling. After introducing the historical context, we address geometrical and physical parameters relevant for understanding how this oscillating grindstone was used and what one can expect in terms of grinding. Then, a suitable approach for estimating the yield makes use of the modern industrial empirical estimator: the 'power index'. We offer our conclusions about the position of this tool, which appears as an ideal intermediate tool between the roughening process of the ore at the centimetre scale, and the suitable size for the material to be sorted by the subsequent methods in the chain (such as washing), which involve sandy-sized grains. The study also shows how classical physics can help in addressing questions concerning minerallurgy.]]>
The grounds of 51 post-Byzantine icons (Eastern Orthodox panel paintings) were studied by means of analytical techniques. The artefacts cover the period from the mid-15th to the mid-19th century and originate mainly from western (Epirus and the Ionian Islands) and southern Greece (Crete). The findings are examined in the light of technical recipes from related areas and eras, while special insights are gained from the exploration of a gypsum processing recipe by Dionysius of Fourna. A spectrum of ground fabrication practices that is richer than that reported so far or can be deduced from surviving Greek recipes is documented; three instances of 'grosso-sottile' type grounds and a case of 'inverse grosso-sottile' ground are among the reported novel, for post-Byzantine icons, findings. Moreover, a case of an early icon restoration intervention is documented.]]>
Usually referred to in archaeological contexts simply as 'ochre', ferruginous rocks were commonly used during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in South Africa. While ochre use by early modern humans has often been interpreted as reflecting complex behaviours, related procurement strategies and selection criteria remain poorly documented. Eight ochre sources from the surroundings of Diepkloof rock shelter in South Africa and 28 ochre pieces from the site's MSA levels were studied by XRD, ICP–OES and ICP–MS. Mineralogical and geochemical data demonstrate that ochre was both locally procured and transported to the site from more distant sources. Here, we investigate the reasons underlying the choice of particular local and non-local ochre sources exploited at Diepkloof, emphasizing differences in their physico-chemical properties. Regardless of the motivations behind ochre selection, our data shed new light on the behavioural complexity of MSA societies and suggest that ochre procurement strategies may be independent of subsistence concerns.]]>
Bayesian statistics has now demonstrated its strong utility in archaeology, specifically through software that conditions radiocarbon data. Only recently has this technology been applied within Maya archaeology, however, in part because the Maya calendar provides a much greater resolution in dating archaeological events than is possible with radiocarbon data. The Long Count in particular allows for the assignment of some events relative to each other, accurate to the day. In this paper, a new approach is presented to incorporate robust records of both in the same Bayesian analysis through the OxCal software. The results do call for a reconsideration of the earliest radiocarbon studies in the Maya area from the 1960s, as well as the latest attempts to corroborate the currently popular calendar correlation known as the GMT. This new study demonstrates the value of the approach and corroborates the 1σ accuracy of the GMT, while at the same time opening up the possibility of revision by 20 or more years.]]>
The region of the Central and South Andes was, in about the ninth and 15th centuries ad, the stage for the development of political systems tending towards demographic centralization in villages with defensive structures, known as Pucará. The chronological accuracy for these phenomena still remains uncertain, mainly because it involves intervals of long and superimposed occupations, masked by the Inca domination. Thus, this paper analyses the history of the occupation at Pucará de Tilcara, one of the biggest populated centres of the Humahuaca Gorge (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina). Twenty-five radiocarbon dates are critically evaluated to judge its reliability. The Bayesian statistics show that all the dated spaces were used on a long-term basis. The most ancient signs are in the middens and relate at least to the 10th century ad, and the occupation of the housing areas could be calculated to the 13th and 16th centuries. A phase of higher intensity of occupation is observed during the Inca period. This redefinition of this site occupation shows the need to statistically analyse the dates in order to differentiate the phases of occupation.
The aim of this work is to present the results of the archaeometric characterization of amphorae recovered at the Late Antique city of Emporiae, currently Sant Martí d'Empúries (Catalonia, Spain). A total of 53 amphora samples have been analysed using a combination of techniques, including X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy by thin-section analysis. The integrated results shed light on the provenance of these materials, providing evidence for the study of the commercial trends of Emporiae mainly for the fifth and sixth centuries ad. The majority of the imports were related to Tunisian amphorae, for which a diversity of compositions was revealed, evidencing a shift from northern to central Tunisian production centres supplying the city from the sixth century. A number of Eastern Mediterranean, South Hispanic and Italic products were also identified, associated with a large variety of compositional groups. This diversity is also evident within the same production region and for amphorae of the same typology, indicating the arrival of similar products from different workshops, as has been observed especially for the Eastern Mediterranean LRA 1 amphora type.]]>
The Longola protohistoric village (spanning from the late Middle Bronze Age to the sixth century bc) is a perifluvial settlement located in the Sarno River floodplain to the north-east of Pompeii (southern Italy) and east of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano. A great abundance of artefacts have been found at Longola and in the neighbouring areas, including a variety of volcanic stone objects, mainly related to building and to the manufacture of ordinary tools and instruments. The aim of our work is to characterize lithic objects (lava pebbles and millstones) and to understand their geological provenance by petrographic and geochemical studies. Compositions of millstone samples (porphyritic phonolitic tephrites) and of a set of pebbles (mainly phonolitic tephrites, leucite–shoshonites and trachytes) are compatible with the Somma-Vesuvius magmas erupted before 8 ka bp. For the trachyte lithics, an additional source from the Accademia lava dome (Phlegrean Fields) cannot be ruled out. Among the pebble samples, a rhyolite and a poorly evolved trachyte clearly lie outside the compositional variation of the Somma-Vesuvius and other volcanoes of the Naples area (e.g., Ischia and the Phlegrean Fields) and emphasize an extra-regional provenance. Ponza Island is the best candidate for the provenance of the above two outlier samples.]]>
We present the results of instrumental neutron activation analysis of ceramics recovered from the Solomon Islands, associated with Alvaro de Mendaña y Neira's 16th century colonizing expedition to the region (c.1595–6). Based on the chemical and typological data and previously published petrological and geochronological research, this study assigns the provenance of the ceramics variously to Peru, Panama, Spain, China and Thailand. A comparison of the provenance results with historical records related to Mendaña's voyage also shows the value of the archaeological assemblage in providing a detailed picture of provisioned ceramic types and their provenance.]]>
Dubrovnik was an important trade city throughout the medieval and post-medieval time period, maintaining its own glass production from the 14th to the 16th century. Unfortunately, Dubrovnik glass discoveries have not been well investigated up until now, except via archival data in large data analyses. In the following work, we will shed new light on the glass material found in this region, which has diverse origins, chronology, typology and style. Medieval and post-medieval glass finds (10th/12th–18th centuries) discovered during archaeological excavations in Dubrovnik and the Dubrovnik region were analysed using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE), which revealed three main compositional groups: natron glass, plant-ash glass and potash glass. This demonstrates the important commercial links present between Dubrovnik and other major glass-making centres.]]>
Metals from a votive deposit at Moita da Ladra (Tagus Estuary) dating to the eighth century bc were studied by micro-EDXRF, optical microscopy and Vickers testing to investigate the adoption of Phoenician innovations by indigenous communities. Artefacts are made of bronze alloys with suitable tin contents (11.6 ± 2.3 wt%) and very low iron impurities (<0.05 wt%), and were often manufactured using the long post-casting sequence. Comparisons with indigenous and Phoenician metallurgies from western Iberia revealed a conservative technology suggesting that the spread of Phoenician innovations was very slow. In this region, the adoption of a diversified copper-based metallurgy and reduction furnaces only seems to occur during the Post-Orientalizing Period, c. sixth to fourth centuries bc.
Metallurgical analyses and chemical characterizations were carried out on historical cannonballs from the Fortress of San Juan de Ulúa, Veracruz, México. Cannonballs dating from the 18th and 19th centuries share metallurgical characteristics similar to those of material coming from a shipment of ammunition found in the wreck of a sunken French ship from the battle of Trafalgar. The analyses show that the base material is grey cast iron with a carbon equivalent of 4.94 and a ferritic–perlitic matrix, in which the high phosphorus content has led to the formation of iron phosphide compounds in conjunction with a homogeneous distribution of carbon graphite flakes of Type C. In addition, corrosion products from samples revealed the presence of various crystalline iron compounds (X-ray diffraction), mostly highly chlorinated iron compounds identified as akaganeite. X-ray fluorescence identified various characteristics of the corrosion products as a function of the sampling depth. FT–IR spectroscopy revealed that the main difference between the corrosion products (internal and external) is determined by the number of organic species. Differential scanning calorimetry corroborated that these corrosion products are thermally stable compounds at elevated temperatures.]]>
In contrast to Western Europe's well-documented contribution to global industrialization, Eastern Europe has not received adequate attention. This paper addresses this asymmetry by defining a secure socio-technical framework for the development of metallurgical technology in one of the most important mineralized zones in Eastern Europe, namely the uplands of north-eastern Greece. The interplay of technological innovation, geography and social process has made this region central in European political history from the Classical and Roman periods up to recent times. Metal procurement has been crucial particularly between the 15th and 19th centuries ad, when armed conflicts escalated across the Balkans and the high inflation throughout Europe increased the demand for raw materials from the East. Field data from north-eastern Greece and instrumental analysis corroborate the concept of iron extraction during this period from complex ores that were potentially used for their precious metals contents as well. Chemical analysis of slag points to iron bloomery processes, while analysis of respective residues (speiss) reveals significant concentrations of silver and thus testifies to the extraction of precious metals. This study addresses concerns that preoccupy political and technological minds today, and provides a context for understanding the effects of changing attitudes to the environment, social development, consumption and natural resources.]]>
Mining in Falun, Sweden, was first mentioned in a deed from ad 1288, but previous studies of peat and lake sediments inferred that mining began during the fifth to eighth centuries. In order to reassess these findings, we performed new geochemical analyses on new samples from three key sites: Tisksjöbergets myr, a buried mire alongside the mine; Tisken, a small lake in Falun; and Runn, the main recipient for waters draining through Falun. At Tisksjöbergets myr, the peat contains up to 6% copper, giving it the characteristics of a cupriferous bog. Hence, this record is not useful for tracing early mining. The sediments of Tisken—upon which many of the old interpretations have relied—contain numerous cut wood fragments, and two of those gave young and reversed radiocarbon dates (19th and 16th centuries for 192 and 187 cm, respectively). This indicates that the sediment was derived from infilling and, thus, has little value as a historical record. Runn's sediment—the only reliable record—provides clear evidence of a rapid onset of large-scale mining from c. ad 1245, with abrupt increases in ore-related elements—for example, a 34-fold increase in copper—this increase is consistent with the mid-13th century burial of the mire at Tisksjöberget.]]>
This paper presents the results of analyses carried out on the paintings on the rock-hewn walls of the Forty Martyrs church at Şahinefendi in Cappadocia (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), a central region of Turkey, performed during conservation work from 2007 to 2012. The micro-samples were investigated by spectroscopic, micro-stratigraphic and scanning electron microscopy analysis in order to study the painting technique, the materials and the degradation products. The micro-stratigraphic analysis showed a white, sometimes pinkish, plaster. Micro-Raman analysis, performed on cross-sections of the mortars, enabled the detection of calcite, gypsum, anhydrite and calcium oxalate. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed a similar composition among all investigated phases, aside from minor differences such as the presence of diatoms in the second and third phases and of biotite, lime lumps and plants fragments in the fourth one. Apart from traditional pigments of medieval wall paintings, micro-Raman analysis revealed the presence of lead-based compounds and jarosite.]]>
Radiogenic lead and strontium isotope data are presented for lead- and calcium carbonate/barium sulphate-containing paint and ground samples from 15 paintings, executed between 1844 and 1871, by 19th-century Canadian artist Cornelius Krieghoff. Like many artists of this era, Krieghoff used lead-based pigments such as lead white, chrome yellow and Naples yellow, and extenders such as calcium carbonate and barium sulphate. The lead isotope analyses of the majority of these pigments are consistent with the isotopic compositions of lead mined from European lead deposits in England and/or Germany. However, three samples from Krieghoff's early career yield lead isotope compositions that are much more radiogenic than European sources. The lead isotope compositions of these three samples are consistent with the addition of a more radiogenic lead component that is similar to the lead derived from North American lead deposits in Missouri and Illinois (Mississippi Valley Pb–Zn type deposits). The strontium isotope compositions of the extenders suggest that the raw materials for calcium carbonate or barium sulphate extenders were largely derived from Palaeozoic to modern-day marine environments. This study shows that pigments manufactured from North American lead were being incorporated into Canadian paintings as early as 1844.]]>
Bones from Tlatelcomila (Tetelpan, México D.F.) were characterized by several complementary physical and chemical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy, to determine whether they were boiled or grilled. The usual correlation between thermal treatment and colour is revisited in terms of microscopic structure, morphology and texture. At temperatures less than 100°C, it is shown that colour depends not only on temperature or diagenesis but also on the cooking procedure; that is, on the presence of spice dyestuffs such as axiote (Bixa orellana) or chilli (Capsicum).]]>


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Italian 10-Year Bonds Advance With Yields Declining to 4.69%
Italian 10-year government bonds advanced, with the yield declining three basis points, or 0.03 percentage point, to 4.69 percent at 8:21 a.m. London time.
Spanish 10-year yields also fell five basis points to 5.41 percent.
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How has insurance coverage and health care changed for people going through gender transition? And golf is back in the Olympics for the first time since 1904.
Cost of Powerball tickets doubling
One of the state's most popular lottery games is going to cost more starting Jan. 15 . Lottery officials say winning tickets will pay more too. KJZZ's Al Macias reports.
AL MACIAS: A ticket for the Powerball lottery will now cost $2. Since 1994, Powerball tickets have cost a buck. Officials say the higher price will mean more revenue for the 44 states in the multi-state lottery. The Power ball generated a little over $26 million for Arizona last year. Kim McGlaughlin is with the state lottery, she says surveys show the new prices will not scare off buyers.
KIM MCGLAUGHLIN: 83 percent of our regular powerball players said they would continue to play at the $2 price…that was encouraging news for us.
AL MACIAS: Some critics say that many people who play the lottery are those who can least afford to gamble. McGlaughlin says even with the new price the lottery encourages responsible playing.


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Traffic curbs imposed on Lower Tank Bund roadHyderabad: In view of the Bonalu celebrations at Kattamaisamma temple, Lower Tank Bund, and Mahankali temple at Amberpet, Hyderabad Police imposed traffic restrictions for Sunday and Monday. At the Kattamaisamma temple the curbs will be in effect ... Deccan Chronicle, 2 hours ago
17,540 images for temple
Dalits firm on taking part in temple event; threaten to convert
Talks initiated by officials inconclusive; O.S. Manian likely to hold meeting today A section of Dalits of Pazhag Kallimedu has reiterated its decision to convert to Islam if the State government failed to get them the right to host mandagapadi ...The Hindu, 8 minutes ago Dalits of Pazhag Kallimedu threaten to embrace Islam The Hindu, 2 days ago Dalits' threat triggers tension The Hindu, 2 days ago
Jagannath Temple issue: Routray wants lasting solution
Congress leader and former Minister Suresh Kumar Routray demanded that the State Government come out with a permanent solution to the frequent disputes involving the Jagannath Temple in Puri. Condemning the behaviour of some unruly servitors on ...New Delhi Pioneer, 2 hours ago
Maheshwar moves HC against govt takeover of Raghunath temple
The chief caretaker of Raghunathji temple in Kullu today filed a petition in the Himachal Pradesh High Court challenging the state government's decision to take over the shrine. Maintaining that the decision to take over the temple was ...Business Standard, 6 hours ago HP chief minister justifies Raghunath temple takeover HT Syndication, 21 hours ago HLP chief to move HC over takeover of Raghunathji temple Press Trust of India, 1 day ago HLP chief to oppose temple takeover Chandigarh Tribune, 3 days ago
The Connection Between Shaolin Temples Of China & India!
Dhanurved is an Indian granth which has all the fighting techniques of India . The shaolin temples of china are best known for places to learn and adapt Kung-Fu. The shaolin monks are known for their tough lifestyles and their sharp techniques of ...Daily Bhaskar, 11 hours ago 9 breathtaking temples in India Business Insider UK, 6 days ago
Indian Temples Where 'Men' Are Prohibited To Enter!
Brahma Temple, Pushkar Indian women have been facing gender discrimination since ancient ages whether it is about rituals or rights. Women are made to feel that they cannot do certain things & are always seen as a liability and house makers. But ...Daily Bhaskar, 11 hours ago
Discrimination over temple rights not new, claim Dalits
Emotive topic:A team of people from the Muslim community holding a discussion with the Dalits of Pazhag Kallimedu. The current controversy has turned the focus on the discrimination faced by Dalits in many parts of the State. —Photo: Special Arrangement ...The Hindu, 23 hours ago
Temple takeover on public demand, it's not a private property: Himachal CM Virbhadra SinghIndian Express, 22 hours ago Raghunath temple a public property: CM Chandigarh Tribune, 1 day ago
Court thwarts another bid to usurp Palani temple lands
The Madras High Court Bench here has thwarted yet another attempt made by a group of shopkeepers who were repeatedly criticised by the court for making incessant attempts since 1974 to usurp lands be...The Hindu, 23 hours ago Another attempt to usurp temple lands thwarted The Hindu, 1 day ago Another bid to usurp temple lands thwarted The Hindu, 1 day ago
Changes in darshan timings of Rameswaram temple announced
The famous lord Ramanathaswamy temple here, which is thronged by devotees from acros the country, will remain closed for darshan during daytime on August 6 and 12, in view of annual festivals. On August 6, on the occasion of Adithapasu festival, ...Business Standard, 13 hours ago
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Arizona Cardinals
Antonio Cromartie highlights Cardinals debut with first-quarter interception
Arizona Cardinals general manager Steve Keim signed cornerback Antonio Cromartie to a one-year deal back in March primarily because of the veteran's ball-hawking skills in the secondary.
While Cromartie's Arizona debut was short-lived Saturday night at University of Phoenix Stadium, the three-time Pro Bowl still managed to make an impact in the preseason opener.
With the Cardinals already leading 14-0 behind touchdown receptions by Larry Fitzgerald and Jaron Brown, Todd Bowles' unit had the Texans' offense pinned back at their own 12 facing a 2nd and 12.
As Houston quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick sent his pass downfield, though, middle linebacker Kevin Minter was in perfect position to tip the attempt.
Like clockwork, the ball fell right into the arms of Cromartie, who corralled it to give the Cardinals both their first turnover and best field position of the night.
Following Cromartie's first pick as a Cardinal, Arizona settled for a 32-yard Chandler Catanzaro field goal to extend its lead to 17-0.
In his eight-year career, Cromartie has 28 career regular season interceptions.
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WATCH Disney ChannelUniversal App – Optimized for iPhone and iPad.
Published by: Disney Electronic Content, Inc.
Price: Free
- Current Version 5.2.1
- Size 63.14 MB
- Released Jun 13, 2012
- Age 4+
- Category
- User Ratings 3.50 (5 votes)
App Description
K.C. Undercover, Liv & Maddie, Bunk'd and more. Never miss an episode of your favorite Disney Channel shows or watch live TV. Short on time? Check out clips and music videos or play some games.
Here's just a handful of things you get with the FREE* app!
-FULL EPISODES: Missed an episode of Girl Meets World? Catch up wherever, whenever*
-GAMES: Join in on the fun with cool games and trivia!
-LIVE TV: Away from home? Watch live TV, right in the app.*
-MUSIC VIDEOS & MORE: Watch the latest music videos and original movie trailers.
-TAKE A BREAK: Check out silly shorts, cool clips, and new music videos.
U.S. based Internet connection required. Before you download this experience, please consider that this app contains advertising for The Walt Disney Family of Companies and some third parties.
*Certain restrictions apply. Live TV and select episodes require participating TV provider subscription.
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What's new in version 5.2.1
-You asked. We listened. Extend playback on an external screen using a tethered cable. -Bug fixes
WATCH Disney Channel is a universal app, and is available on the iTunes App Store for free with in-app purchases. The app is compatible with all devices running iOS 7.0 or later, including the new iPhone 6 and iPad Mini. To download the WATCH Disney Channel app click the button below to go to the app's download page.
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Customer Reviews
Okay game..... The games are not good quality. They are okay games. The shows are nice. Watching TV is better.
Lol. OMG SO U FROGOT TO POST THAT FOR 3 YEARS ROFL
Fix this ??. I tried looking for Time Warner Cable on the provider option, but it's not there. Please fix this.
Love it. It works amazing! I would highly recommend it
Awesome...Kinda. I love getting to watch the episodes I miss on tv. But not everyone can watch some of the episodes unless you enter a password.
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This review of WATCH Disney Channel was written by Carol Swift
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