text:
See shells for an introduction to the shell syntax.
There is (almost ?) no difference between the syntax of csh and tcsh statements used in scripts; the two shells differ mostly in their interactive features (such as capabilities of command completion). There are UNIX/Linux systems which contain csh but not tcsh. Every UNIX/Linux system that contains tcsh, either also contains csh, or csh could be added to it just by creating a symbolic link called csh that points to tcsh. tcsh is an extension of csh, compatible with csh. (When tcsh is invoked through a link called csh, the tcsh notices this fact and assumes the exact behavior of csh. ???) For these reasons most programmers write just csh scripts, not tcsh scripts.
The syntax of csh, unlike bash, is somewhat similar to that of the C language.
The first line of every csh script should
#!/bin/csh -f
preceded by no spaces or tabs. This is more than just a comment -- this line tells the system how to call the interpreter which will execute the script. The -f option causes that the csh shell that executes the script does not read (any or user's ???) initialization files.
The following statements, individually or together, are useful during the development of a script:
set echo
set verbose
When the script is executed, they will cause that a trace of execution will be printed on the screen.
Line breaks and spaces in csh scripts do matter! If a construct you typed does not work, check again if it is formatted the same way as in the examples below.
The only type of scalar data is string. There are no integers, floats, etc. Whenever we use something that looks like an integer, a string that contains decimal digits is created. There is a way to create an arithmetic context, in which integer-like strings are converted to actual integers and arithmetic operations can be performed; the result of such operations are strings containing decimal digits. Besides strings, list-arrays of strings are available.
Shell variables.
By convention names of shell variables are not capitalized."
Remember to put spaces around the = symbol.
set VARNAME = VALUE
set aa = Hello
set bb = 'Hello world'
set aa = "$aa my friend"
set outputFile = ~/csc319/out.txt
set user1 = abcd1234
set nn = 345
unset bb
The following are
set ee
set ee = ''
Shell list-array
There are only lists of strings; there are no lists of lists -- no nested lists.
set users = ($user1 bcde2345)
set users = (root $users cdef3456 ghij7890)
set $users[0] = defg4567
set numberOfUsers = $#users
set users2to4 = "$users[2-4]"
set allUsers = "$users[*]"
set lastUser = $users[$] # last element
Command line parameters
$0 -- the name through which the script was invoked (test what happens if you invoke a script through a symbolic link)
$1, $2, ..., $9 -- the first, second, ..., ninth parameter with which the script was invoked.
$* -- the list of all command line parameters, (excluding the name of the script).
$#argv -- the number of command line parameters.
It is useful to use :q operation, in case if the parameters escaped contained white space.
If the user of a script wants to specify a parameter string which contains white space, every white space character must be preceded by \.
If the user typed myscript fff\ ggg, in the script the following values would be received:
$1 would have value fff
$2 would have value ggg
$* would have value (fff ggg)
$1:q would have value 'fff ggg'
$*:q would have value ('fff ggg')
Every time user presses Enter, special variable $< is updated to store one line of users input; the line break is not a part if the string in $<.
echo 'cc = $cc'
echo "cc = $cc" -- echo adds a line break after the string.
echo "$bb\n $cc" -- Use \n to specify an additional line break.
echo -n "$aa $bb $cc" -- With -n, echo will not add a line break.
echo $aa > $outputFile
echo $cc >> $outputFile
echo "$nn+$nn" -- addition not performed.
cat << ENDLABEL
-- this outputs all the text up to but excluding ENDLABEL.
... You can use MESSAGE1_END, etc as the end label.
... This feature is called a "here document"
String operations
There is no concatenation operator. To concatenate strings, put them one next to the other.
set newstring = aaa$string1${string2}bbb
Notice that curly braces can be used to delimit the variable name (so that the shell does not think the variable name is string2bbb.)
set myfile = /usr/users/abcd1234/sorter.c
set head = $myfile:h -- gets value /usr/users/abcd1234
set tail = $myfile:t -- gets value sorter.c
set root = $myfile:r -- gets value /usr/users/abcd1234/sorter
set extension = $myfile:e -- gets value c
Boolean expressions
$?VARIABLE -- test if VARIABLE is defined
== -- test if two strings are equal
!= -- test if two strings are different
=~ -- test if the string on the left matches the string pattern on the right (the expression can contain *, meaning "any string of 0 or more characters.")
!~ --test if the string on the left does not match the string pattern on the right
-e $file -- test if $file exists
-d $file -- test if $file exists and is a directory
-f $file -- test if $file exists and is a regular file
-r $file -- test if $file exists and is readable by the current process
-w $file -- test if $file exists and is writable by the current process
-x $file -- test if $file exists and is executable by the current process
0 and empty string both serve as value false (although they are not equal); 0 is the default value for false; 1 serves as value true.
Boolean expressions can be combined using && (conjunction), || (disjunction) and ! (negation).
Integer arithmetic operations
set aa = 2+2 -- variable aa gets value '2+2'
@ aa = 2+2 -- variable aa gets value 4
@ a++ -- now, aa has value 5.
Arbitrary arithmetic expressions with +, -, *, /, ++, --, % (remainder) and parentheses are allowed.
One-line conditional statement
if (BOOLEAN-EXPESSION) COMMAND
if (-r comments.txt) cat comments.txt >> summary.txt
Notice that there are no words "then" or "end".
Notice that the statement must be on a the same line (unless line breaks are escaped).
If-then-else statement
if (
) then
else if ( EXPR2 ) then
There can be any number else-if parts.
Else-if and else parts are optional.
Switch-case statement
switch (
case STRINGPATTERN1:
case STRINGPATTERN2:
case STRINGPATTERN3:
Foreach loop
foreach VARNAME LIST
For instance:
users = (aaaaa111,
bbbbb222, ccccc333)
foreach user ($users)
grep $user /etc/passwd
foreach file (
if (! -d $file) chmod o-r $file
While loop
while (
Other features
If you use a file pattern with a wildcard (e.g. csc*), the pattern will expand to a list of files in the present working directory whose names match the pattern.
There are no functions, procedures, methods, subroutines in csh or tcsh. Instead, one can use aliases with parameters or goto statements.
To obtain
output of a
to process
it in the script, enclose the
command in back-quotes:
set fileInfo = `ls -l project.java`
C and TC shell initialization
There are login and non-login shells and interactive and non-interactive shells, as explained in the chart below.
Users can customize their shell behavior by placing shell commands in files ~/.cshrc and ~/.login. The commands in these files are executed by new shells, as described in the chart. Executing commands in these files should is not the same as executing the files themselves -- executing the files would mean that the shell forks and spawns a child shell that executes the commands in file -- these would not initialize the parent shell. Executing commands in a file by a shell is called sourcing the file.
|Interactive shell
(one that displays a prompt)
|Non-interactive shell
(one that executes commands in a script)
|Login shell
(the first shell in a new session)
|sources ~/.cshrc
then sources ~/.login
|sources ~/.cshrc ??? TEST IT
|Non-login shell
(any subsequent shell in a session)
|sources ~/.cshrc
|sources ~/.cshrc -- if specified as #!/bin/(t)csh
does not source it if specified as #!/bin/(t)csh -f
After you edit ~/.cshrc and /.login to test the changes in the login shell, you need either to logout and login again, or force the login shell to source them:
login_shell% source ~/.cshrc
Environment variables are inherited by every child process. In particular, environment variable definitions sourced by the login shell will be known in all the subsequent interactive and non-interactive shells -- it is enough to define environment variables in ~/.login file, which is sourced only by the login shell.
Aliases and shell variables sourced by the login shell are not inherited by
subsequent shells. It is recommended to place
for alias and shell
variable definitions
in ~/.cshrc,
and it is recommended to
use #!/bin/(t)csh -f
at the top of all csh
scripts to prevent them
from sourcing ~/.cshrc.
Changing shell
Your default shell is specified in your entry in file /etc/passwd
To change your default shell, use the chsh command.
Next see: Defining and redefining commands.


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Phone Finder and Compare
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Motorola Moto X Pure Edition (2015)Compare9.1 reviewThe Moto X Pure Edition comes with a 5.7-inch LCD display, protected by Gorilla Glass 3. A resolution of 1440 x 2560 gives the screen a pixel density of 520ppi. Under the hood is a Snapdragon 808 SoC, which includes a hexa-core 1.8 GHz CPU and the Adreno 418 GPU. 3GB of RAM is inside with 16GB/32GB/64GB of internal storage. Those requiring additional memory can use the 128GB capacity microSD slot on board. Motorola says that the 21MP rear-facing camera on the Moto X Pure Edition is the best camera that it has ever produced. Both the back and front-facing shooters feature an aperture of f/2.0, and the camera on front is equipped with a wide angle lens. The phone supports 4G LTE (Cat.6, 300Mbps) connectivity, and is covered with a nanocoating that protects the phone from accidental spills and light rain.+ View Specs
9.1Motorola Moto X Pure Edition (2015)
Motorola Moto G4CompareWhat a great time to be alive! Even affordable phones now come with decent specs and deliver a satisfactory user experience. The Moto G4 is a great example of this. It is packed with a large screen, moderately fast processor, and a sufficient amount of RAM to run relatively smoothly. And if that's not enough, Moto Maker is available in major markets, allowing buyers to make their Moto G4 even more personal with colored backs and accents. The near-stock, uncluttered version of Android 6.0 helps with keeping things running fluidly.+ View Specs
Motorola Moto G4
honor 5CCompareThe Honor 5C has a 5.2-inch IPS LCD screen with 1080p resolution and is powered by Huawei HiSilicon's Kirin 650 chipset, built on the 16nm. A mid-range unit, it's got eight low-power Cortex-A53 cores running at 1.7 GHz and 2 GHz per cluster of four, supplemented by the ARM Mali-T830 GPU (a cost-efficient design capable of reasonably complex 3D graphics) and 2 GB of LPDDR3 RAM, along with 16 GB of expandable storage.+ View Specs
honor 5C
Xiaomi Mi MaxCompare6.5 reviewThe Xiaomi Mi Max is a huge, unibody phablet, carrying a 6.44-inch screen with a resolution of 1080 x 1920. The Snapdragon 652 chipset is under the hood carrying a octa-core 1.8GHz CPU, and the Adreno 510 GPU. There is a 16 megapixel main camera with PDAF on the back, as well as a 5 megapixel front shooter. The phablet is powered by 4850 mAh battery and runs MUIU 8 based on Android Marshmallow 6. Three different variants of the device will be available.+ View Specs
6.5Xiaomi Mi Max
BlackBerry PrivCompare7.2 reviewThe Priv is BlackBerry's first Android-based smartphone, and is presented as a secure handset. It comes with a new BlackBerry app called DTEK, which reportedly "lets you know when your privacy could be at risk so you can take action to improve it," while at the same time offering access to the Android ecosystem. The Priv has a sliding QWERTY keyboard (a rarity these days), in addition to a 5.4-inch dual-curve Quad HD (1440 x 2560 pixel) display. Other features include LTE connectivity, a six-core Snapdragon 808 processor, 3 GB of RAM, 32 GB of expandable internal memory, and a 3410 mAh battery. An 18 MP rear camera (with OIS and 4K video recording) and a 2 MP front-facing camera complete the specs list.+ View Specs
7.2BlackBerry Priv
Xiaomi Redmi 3CompareThe Xiaomi Redmi 3 is equipped with a 5-inch screen carrying a 720 x 1280 resolution. Under the hood is the Snapdragon 616 SoC, featuring an octa-core CPU and the Adreno 405 GPU. 2GB of RAM is inside, along with 16GB of native storage. If additional memory is required, a 128GB capacity microSD slot is available. You will find it inside the hybrid Dual SIM slot. The 13MP rear-facing camera includes an aperture of f/2.0 and PDAF, which allows the camera to focus in just 0.1 second. A 5MP front-facing snapper takes selfies and handles video chats. The 4100mAh battery increases talk time on the phone by 80% over the model's predecessor.+ View Specs
Xiaomi Redmi 3
Samsung Galaxy CoreCompare8 reviewThe Samsung Galaxy Core will be a low- to mid-range model with a 4.3" WVGA display, 1.2GHz dual-core processor (possibly a MediaTek or something like that), 5MP camera and Android 4.1 Jelly Bean. One of its more interesting features is that it will come in a Dual SIM variant, where the two SIM card slots will be able to remain active simultaneously. The Galaxy Core will come with the lovely TouchWiz Nature user interface and all of its useful features like Smart Stay, S Voice and Smart Alert, with the last one alerting you to missed calls and messages once you pick the phone up.+ View Specs
8Samsung Galaxy Core
OnePlus 2Compare5.8 reviewThe OnePlus 2 is an incremental step in terms of overall design language. The frame is a magnesium and aluminum alloy, which should keep weight in check, and provide a high-quality feel to the physical build of the device. On its left side is a new hardware feature called the "alert slider." It's a 3-stop sliding button allowing for quick switching between sound and notification profiles, making it easy to silence your phone in a hurry. The OnePlus 2 is a dual-SIM device, and it features a USB Type-C plug. The larger male USB plug is also reversible, and is patented by OnePlus. Switching out back plates is easier now with "StyleSwap" covers. OnePlus will have four new StyleSwap options available should you not prefer their signature Sandstone cover.+ View Specs
5.8OnePlus 2
Samsung Galaxy S4 ActiveCompare8.5 reviewWith the Samsung Galaxy S4 Active we get a 5" 1080x1920 pixels Full HD LCD display in a 9mm thin phone, a quad-core 1.9 GHz processor, 2 GB of RAM, an 8 MP camera on the back, LTE/HSPA+ radio, infrared beamer, 16 GB of internal memory plus a microSD slot, a decent 2600 mAh battery, and Android 4.2.2 to run it all, with all the goodies of the latest TouchWiz Nature UX. The outdoorsy features don't stop with the IP67 certification, making the phone dust- and water-proof up to three feet deep for up to 30 minutes. Samsung has thrown in the "Glove Touch" mode, which lets you operate the display with mittens on, and the "Aqua Mode" in the camera app interface, which helps make better underwater pictures and video. Long-press the volume key up, and the powerful LED light becomes a torch, and that same volume rocker down can be used as a camera shutter key directly from locked mode.+ View Specs
8.5Samsung Galaxy S4 Active
Microsoft Lumia 640 XLCompare8 reviewThe Microsoft Lumia 640 XL comes with a 5.7-inch display (versus a 5-inch display on the Lumia 640), and it runs on Windows Phone 8.1 with the promise to get upgraded to Windows 10. Its features include a 1.2GHz quad-core procesor, 1GB of RAM, 8GB of storage, 13-megapixel main camera and a 5-megapixel shooter on the front.+ View Specs
8Microsoft Lumia 640 XL
Samsung Galaxy SCompare8.5 reviewSamsung Galaxy S GT-I9000 looks very similar to the Samsung Beam. It utilizes a large 4-inch WVGA Super AMOLED screen, a 1GHz processor and the Android 2.1 operating system. The camera is 5MP with option for 720p HD video recording at 30 frames per second. Other goodies include 3G, Wi-Fi, A-GPS, HD video playback, as well as playback for many other formats like FLAC, and MKV.+ View Specs
8.5Samsung Galaxy S
Samsung Galaxy Trend LiteCompareThe Samsung Galaxy Trend Lite sports 4-inch screen, Android Jelly Bean, CMOS 3-megeapixel rear camera with no flash and 1 GHz single core processor.+ View Specs
Samsung Galaxy Trend Lite
Google Nexus 7Compare9 reviewThe Google Nexus 7, manufactured by Asus, is an Android slate with 7-inch 1280x800 screen and a 1.3GHz NVIDIA Tegra 3 quad-core processor. The tablet runs Android 4.1 Jellybean.+ View Specs
9Google Nexus 7
Motorola DROID UltraCompare8.7 reviewThe Motorola Droid Ultra comes with a 5-inch HD display. The device is both thinner and more durable than earlier devices thanks to a new unibody kevlar construction. Thickness comes at the slim 7.18mm making this the thinnest 4G LTE phone out there. A brand new dual-core X8 Mobile Computing system is powering the device allowing exciting new features like 'Touchless control' that has your phone listening to you at all times, something we saw on the Moto X leaks. There's also the 'active display' technology that only lights up a part of the screen to conserve battery. Technically, a dual-core processor is what's under the hood, don't get fooled by the '8-core' talk in the event. The Droid Ultra features an f/2.4 10-megapixel camera and chances are this is the same unit we'll see on the Motorola Moto X.+ View Specs
8.7Motorola DROID Ultra
Sony Xperia Z3+Compare7 reviewRight off the bat, the new Sony Xperia Z3+ looks very much like the Sony Xperia Z3, down to the 5.2-inch, 1080 x 1920 resolution screen. Inside, though, Sony has opted to go ahead and power the device with the 64-bit Snapdragon 810 SoC which features an octa-core CPU and the Adreno 430 GPU. 3GB of RAM is inside. The rear camera is the same 20.7MP snapper employed on the Xperia Z3 (still no OIS) but the front camera has been bumped from 2MP to 5MP in order to take better selfies. Sony has trimmed the sails on the battery, choosing to enlist a 2900mAh juicer rather than the 3100mAh cell that powered the Xperia Z3. But the smaller battery allowed Sony to cut the thickness of the phone to a svelte 6.9mm from 7.3mm.+ View Specs
7Sony Xperia Z3+
Motorola DROID MAXXCompare8.5 reviewMotorola DROID MAXX has a 3500 mAh battery, which is 200 mAh more than its predecessor, and the kind of capacity only phablets get equipped with nowadays, and cited for up to 48 hours of battery life. That capacity is keeping the lights on a very interesting set of specs - 5" HD OLED display (not PenTile), 1.7 GHz homemade processor, 2 GB of RAM and 32 GB of internal memory. Exact dimensions go as follows: 137.5x71.20x8.5 mm, so pretty thin despite the giant battery, and fairly light for a 5-incher at 160 grams, or 5.6 ounces. The "Motorola X8 Mobile Computing System" SoC sports 1.7 GHz dual-core application processor, 400 MHz quad-core GPU, natural language processor, and a contextual computing processor, for an octa-core concoction, claims Moto. The 10 MP camera on the back sports the new ClearPixel technology, which applies different RGBC color filter than the traditional Bayer RGBG one, bringing in more photons at low-light scenarios thus dealing better with blur and noise, at least on theory.+ View Specs
8.5Motorola DROID MAXX
Sony Xperia Z5 CompactCompare7 reviewThe Sony Xperia Z5 Compact is a no-compromise compact phone that features the top of the line Snapdragon 810 system chip and the ultra-fast 23-megapixel Exmor RS camera that the Xperia Z5 family has. The Z5 Compact sports a 4.6-inch 720 x 1280 pixel (HD) display and is actually narrower than phones like the iPhone 6, but it's also a fairly bulky phone. We're happy to see that it also packs a fingerprint scanner built in the side positioned lock screen.+ View Specs
7Sony Xperia Z5 Compact
HTC Desire EYECompare8 reviewThe HTC Desire EYE marks the company's foray into "selfie-centric" smartphones. The two-color unibody device sports a 5.2-inch 1080p display with a pixel density of 423ppi. As a whole, it's a pretty power-laden device, as it totes a pretty large dual LED-enabled 13MP front-facing camera with an f/2.2 sensor aperture and a wide 22mm lens. Under the hood one can find a quad-core Snapdragon 801 humming at 2.3GHz, 2GB of RAM, 16GB of on-board storage, microSD card slot, 2,400mAh Li-Polymer battery, and another 13MP camera at the back. It's running Android 4.4.2 KitKat out of the box with HTC's Sense 6 atop.+ View Specs
8HTC Desire EYE
Asus ZenFone 5CompareThe Asus ZenFone 5 is a phone powered by a 2GHz Intel Atom chip along with 2GB of RAM. Its 5-inch IPS display has a resolution of 1280 by 720 pixels and can be operated while the user is wearing gloves. The phone's main camera can snap photos at 8MP and the PixelMaster tech is present. There are several colors to pick from – Charcoal Black, Pearl White, Cherry Red, and Champagne Gold.+ View Specs
Asus ZenFone 5
Samsung Galaxy Note 3 NeoCompare8.5 reviewThe Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo, a slim-sized Note 3, is a 5.5-inch phablet, distinguished by its S-Pen stylus and hexa-core Exynos prcoessor. The Note 3 Neo runs a customized version (TouchWiz) of Android 4.3 Jelly Bean, and comes with an 8-megapixel camera, 2GB of RAM, and a large 3100mAh battery.+ View Specs
8.5Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo
Google Nexus 7 (2013)Compare9.5 reviewThe second generation Google Nexus 7 tablet contiinues with the tradition of the first to offer great specs at cost, which ballooned the Android tablets market share, chipping away at the archrival's iPad domination. The 2013 iteration of the Nexus 7 comes with the record for a tablet 323ppi pixel density, quad-core processor, 2 GB of RAM and 5 MP camera on the back, all for the low starting price of $230, cementing its place in the tablet hall of fame.+ View Specs
9.5Google Nexus 7 (2013)
Microsoft Lumia 535Compare7 reviewThe Microsoft Lumia 535 doesn't offer high-end specs, but it's certainly a step up from the slightly older Lumia 530. Powered by a quad-core 1.2 GHz Snapdragon 200 processor, the phone features a 5-inch IPS display with 540 x 960 pixels, HSDPA, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.0, 1 GB of RAM, 8 GB of expandable internal memory, and a 1905 mAh battery. On the back, the Lumia 535 has a 5 MP camera with LED flash, while its front-facing shooter is the same 5 MP one that we can find on the selfie-centric Lumia 730 / 735.+ View Specs
7Microsoft Lumia 535
Sony Xperia M2Compare5 reviewThe Sony Xperia M2 has grown considerably, and its display now measures in at 4.8-inches. In comparison, the amount of pixels went through only a minor update - a 540x960 qHD resolution. The processor, now a respectable 1.2GHz quad-core Snapdragon 400, has also seen an upgrade, and allows the Xperia M2 to hook up to a 4G LTE network. While on the topic of connectivity, its worth pointing out that the M2 will also come in a dual SIM version. The rest of the hardware highlights include an 8-megapixel camera, with Sony's proven Exmor RS sensor, 1GB of RAM and 8GB of internal storage, and a fairly large, 2300mAh battery. The M2 will come in the three signature Xperia colors: black, white and purple, and will see a global launch starting April 2014.+ View Specs
5Sony Xperia M2
HTC One maxCompare8.3 reviewClad in an aluminum body, the HTC One Max looks like a natural addition to the One and One mini - three's a family, and now HTC has most every market niche covered. It's not a unibody design, though, so thankfully you can pry off the battery cover and add a microSD card for more storage to load all those movies you are going to carry. The battery compartment is sealed, but it's a 3300 mAh unit, so no sweat, at least until we do the first battery tests. The phablet is not for the faint of heart, though, as with its 164.5 x 82.5 x 10.29 mm dimensions and 217g of weight, it is one "supersized" handset, as HTC itself is calling it in the description. You get your excellent BoomSound speakers at the front, but the back strays away from the One portfolio design paradigm, adding a flat and square fingerprint scanner, which can unlock your handset or start up to three favorite applications immediately upon touching it with three different fingerprints - a pretty svelte idea.+ View Specs
8.3HTC One max
Motorola Moto ECompare9 reviewThe Moto E continues on the design legacy of the Moto X and Moto G, with a similar slightly chubby, curvy form with a dimple on the back. The handset comes with a 4.3-inch display with a resolution of 540 x 960 pixels (qHD). This might sound low on paper, but on this small screen, it works out to the very sharp pixel density of 256ppi. Best of all, the Moto E runs on the latest Android 4.4 KitKat. The little new Moto features a Snapdragon 200 system chip with 1.2GHz dual-core Cortex A7-based processor and an Adreno 302 GPU. There's 1GB of RAM, and a scarce 4GB of internal storage (only 2.2GB available to end users!) that you can, luckily, expand via microSD cards. It's also got a 5-megapixel camera (no flash in sight) capable of recording videos with 480 x 854-pixel resolution at 30 frames per second.+ View Specs
9Motorola Moto E
Huawei Ascend P7Compare8.8 reviewThe Huawei Ascend P7 is built of premium materials – a metal rim surrounds its sides while the front and back are both made of Gorilla Glass 3. A 5-inch in-cell LCD display graces the front of the phone, with resolution of 1920 by 1080 pixels (445 ppi). Under the hood we find a HiSilicon Kirin 910 SoC with Mali 450 GPU and a quad-core CPU running at 1.8GHz. With 2GB of RAM on board, Huawei's handset should have no problems keeping a bunch of apps loaded in memory. On-board storage is limited to 16GB, but there is a microSD card slot. On the back of the Huawei Ascend P7 resides a 13MP camera with LED flash. An 8MP camera is placed on the smartphone's front, which features "Panorama Selfie". Connectivity-wise, the phone supports LTE, as well as Wi-Fi, GPS, NFC, and Bluetooth 4.0. The lithium-polymer cell inside the device has a capacity of 2500mAh. Android 4.4.2 KitKat runs on the Huawei Ascend P7, but in a heavily customized form.+ View Specs
8.8Huawei Ascend P7
Motorola Moto G4 PlayCompareThe Moto G4 Play is the most affordable smartphone in the new Moto G4 series. It is also the weakest, however, with a slower processor, a smaller screen, and a less capable camera. It is also missing features like Moto Maker customization and a fingerprint scanner. Still, a near-stock Android 6.0 build help with keeping things running smoothly.+ View Specs
Motorola Moto G4 Play
LG L70CompareThe L70 is coming with a 4.5-inch WVGA (400 x 800) display, HSPA+, 8MP or 5MP rear camera (depending on market), VGA front-facing camera, 1.2GHz dual-core processor, 1GB of RAM, 4GB of internal memory, and a 2.100 mAh battery.+ View Specs
Apple iPod touch 4th generationCompareApple iPod touch 4th generation is a portable media player running Apple`s iOS 4.3. It has 3.5" Retina display, Apple A4 processor, 0.7MP rear camera, 0.3MP front camera, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.+ View Specs
Apple iPod touch 4th generation
LG Optimus G ProCompare8.5 reviewThe LG Optimus G Pro is a high-end Android smartphone offering one of the largest screens to ever grace a handset's front. Its 5.5-inch IPS-LCD display has a resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels, which translates to excellent pixel density and impressive level of image detail. But at the same time, LG has made the phone as narrow as possible by minimizing the width of the bezel surrounding its screen. Under the hood of the LG Optimus G Pro we see a powerful quad-core Snapdragon 600 SoC running at 1.7GHz alongside 2GB of RAM for seamless multitasking - specs that place it pretty high in the hierarchy of current Android smartphones. The main camera offers 13MP of resolution while the 2MP front-facing camera can take 1080p videos. Further specs include a massive 3140mAh battery, 32GB of internal storage, and a microSD card slot.+ View Specs
8.5LG Optimus G Pro
HTC ThunderBoltCompare8.5 reviewHTC ThunderBolt brings LTE connectivity, a 4.3-inch touch screen packed in aluminum body and features a 1GHz Snapdragon processor, 8MP camera with dual-LED flash and 720p video recording and 802.11n WiFi also on board.+ View Specs
8.5HTC ThunderBolt
Sony Xperia LCompare6.5 reviewSony Xperia L is a stylish mid-range device that stands out primarily with photographic skills. There's an 8MP camera on its back with an Exmor RS sensor that enables cool features like HDR mode while shooting photos or video, just like on the Xperia Z flagship. In addition, you get a dedicated shutter key that can snap a photo in under a second straight from the lock screen. Other than that, the Sony Xperia L is your typical mid-range device. It is powered by a dual-core Snapdragon S4 Plus SoC - the Qualcomm MSM8230 running at 1GHz. The 4.3-inch screen has a resolution of 854 by 480 pixels so it isn't quite HD, although it should meet the needs of the average consumer. You can have the smartphone in any color, as long as it is black, white, or red. The exact capacity of the Xperia L battery has not been disclosed, but it should be capable of delivering up to 8 hours and 30 minutes of continuous talk time, or 7 hours and 36 minutes of video playback. Android 4.1 Jelly Bean comes out of the box, sprinkled with a number of interface tweaks on top.+ View Specs
6.5Sony Xperia L
Samsung Galaxy Grand NeoCompare5 reviewWhat we're dealing with is an Android 4.2 device with a fairly large screen, yet rather modest hardware specifications. Its 5-inch TFT display has a resolution of only 480 by 800 pixels and its quad-core Cortex-A7 processor maxes out at 1.2GHz. You also get 1GB of RAM, 8GB of storage, and a 5MP auto-focus camera with LED flash. Behind the phone's back plate is placed a 2100mAh battery. The Samsung Galaxy Grand Neo is 9.6 millimeters thick.+ View Specs
5Samsung Galaxy Grand Neo
HTC One (E8)Compare8.7 reviewThe new HTC One (E8) is a lower priced version of the HTC One (M8), which retains most of its premium specs, but the metal sheen is replaced with that of polycarbonate. The main duo-camera gives way to a no-frills 13MP single rear cam with a BSI sensor and f/2.2 aperture, capable of 1080p video recording. The One E8 has the same 5-inch 1080p display and runs on the same Snapdragon 801 quad-core CPU with 2GB of RAM. It has 16GB of storage on-board, along with a microSD slot with support for up to 128GB cards. The front camera remains the same 5MP selfie champ. The battery capacity is a decent 2600mAh, and since the E8 is a unibody phone, it won't be user-replaceable. The phone runs Android 4.4 KitKat with HTC Sense 6 on top and has two nano SIM slots.+ View Specs
8.7HTC One (E8)
Lenovo Phab 2 ProCompareThis is more than a phone. This is a ticket to the future, or at least the future envisioned by Google's Tango specialists. The Lenovo Phab 2 Pro is to be the first mass-market phone with Tango support, meaning that it can deliver virtual reality experiences straight on its display, while an array of cameras enable augmented reality features. We should note that the handset is huge, standing well into phablet category with its 6.4-inch display.+ View Specs
Lenovo Phab 2 Pro
Nokia Lumia 830Compare7 reviewThe successor to the Lumia 820 is another colorful Windows Phone with signature characteristics like a Lumia 1020-like 10MP PureView rear camera with OIS, a removable back cover, and hardware capacitive buttons. Designed as an affordable high-end device, the Lumia 830 houses a 5-inch 720p panel, and it's powered by a quad-core Snapdragon CPU. It runs on Windows Phone 8.1 with the Lumia Denim update.+ View Specs
7Nokia Lumia 830
Phone Finder and Compare - page 5

subset: commoncrawl


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Homebrewed CCW 10 Meter Beacon AK2F/WN2A/B
Frequency: 28.2082 MHz
Mode: Coherent CW (Morse)
Power: 4 watts
Transmitter Type: MOSFET IRF510 (similar to MOuSeFET Article)
Frequency Control : XTAL Oven-Controlled
Antenna: 10 Meter Folded Dipole Fed with 300 Ohm Ladder Line.
Original Controller: PROM with Program by AK2F
New Controller for CCW: PIC16F84 .
12.00 WPM within +/- 0.1%
Elevation: 1060ft A.S.L.. QTH FN20ou
Keying circuit improved to eliminate key clicks---October 2002
This beacon has been in service since April 1997. Useful for propagation conditions, checking out your receiver sensitivity ,and to verify if your beam is doing its job. All reports gratefully accepted!!
The beacon and antenna are 100% Homebrew
To Receive CCW , use CWLab (downloadable at this site) or MULTIPSK by Patrick LINDECKER (F6CTE)
To qsl via e-mail, please use the address..
New pix: October 2002:
A Look Inside:
Beacon Installed:


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Jun 2, 2008 11:00 AM
Love, love, love! How else can we express our enthusiasm for this effortlessly elegant Kelly Clutch ($149) from Junior Drake's 2008 summer collection? This lightweight bag is deceptively roomy inside and features charming extras, like a detachable change purse and built-in card holders. In every must-have color of the season, from shimmery metallics to sunny sorbets.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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Famous people versus gravity
People get older every day - that's a given. But everybody deals differently with the process of ageing. In the case of famous people, some carry it with dignity while others go grey kicking and screaming. Many grow fat while a few drink themselves thin, and some people never stop pretending they're still in their early twenties - while behaving accordingly, much to the annoyance (or malicious pleasure) of the audience they force their wrinkled personalities on. Here's a few (mostly Dutch) celebs and their battle against gravity.
Christina Aguilera is going Adčle on us. Or is she, deep down, really actually a black woman trying to fight her way out? If so: you're doing a good job, Tina.
Patty Brard: It used to be Luv, but it's over now...
From skinny singing sweetheart to self-conscious woman who wasn't afraid to go nude for Playboy at age 60: Patricia Paay is a woman who faces the climbing of the years with dignity. We say this without irony because we didn't actually see the Playboy pics.
The old woman on the left is the recently deceased Sylvia Kristel. The young beauty on the right is het silver screen alter ego Emanuelle. Who is more likely to live on in people's memories?
After seeing recent pictures Christina Aguilera, we suspect Mariah Carey has donned a fat suit to follow the trend. Or no, wait. She's in her forties. Finally, she's taking on some all natural body weight.
Bombshell brunette Katja Schuurman was often named in one breath with the word 'oyster'. Today, 'clam chowder' comes to mind first.
Most famous Dutch nude model from the eighties and early nineties: Tatjana Simic. Pic on the left is from one of her much desired nude calendars. On the right is how she looks today: like the wife of an Eastern European president. She's taking that body to the pages of Playboy again soon, though.
Monique van de Ven. Famous for many roles, but especially remembered for Turkish Delight. The picture on the right is taken from that movie. It was actually pretty hard to find one in which she had her clothes still on.
Erica Terpstra, once an Olympic gold medalist (4x100 freestyle), now a much liked television personality and sports promotor.
Clown and acrobat brothers Bassie and Adriaan, forever world famous in the Netherlands. Both in their seventies now and still hugely popular as cult figures.
Gerard Joling: from fancy gay wedding singer to ageing gay hipster. His hairdo has actually improved, though.
Gordon: from inconspicuous folk singer to ageing gay wedding singer.
Bonnie St. Claire. Former singer, professional alcoholic.
Once Conny Breukhoven was a real vamp with strong body language and smokey bedroom eyes, now a real vampire with strong thirst for silicone and an ability to scare anyone out of her bedroom.
For years and years (and years, and years), Linda de Mol didn't seem to age a day. Skin preservation runs in her family - and in her plastic surgeon's skills. But slowly, the gap between girly and granny is starting to show.
From limber showgirl in a sparkling outfit, to orange baby whale. Or is it just Caroline Tensen's poor choice of dress?
Ton Elias. Born this way.


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Pope Francis celebrated Mass and delivered a homily Sunday evening at the parish of St. Gregory the Great, just south of the city of Rome, in a diocesan parish visit. The Holy Father's message was one of learning to detach from sin through the power of Christ's grace, which brings healing and forgiveness. "All of us, we are sinners, but let's not finish our lives attached to sin. We have the power to feel that which Jesus said to Lazarus, crying out in a loud voice, 'Lazarus, come forth!' Today I invite you to think for a minute here in silence… 'where is the dead part of my soul? Where is my tomb?,'" the Pope pointedly asked the congregation at St. Gregory. "Take the stone in your heart, and allow the Lord to do what he says, as he said to Lazarus, 'come forth!' so that all of our hearts might be healed, might be resurrected by the power of Jesus," said the Pope, reminding the parishioners that everyone has within their heart what he called a "tomb," or a place in the heart that is in need of new life.
Since all of us are sinners, the Holy Father said that there is "something really small, really small, something internal, some parts of our heart that are not living. They are dead," Francis explained. The Pope acknowledged that yes, we are all sinners, and many well-meaning and otherwise believing people find it very difficult to be free of sin. "We want to get out of it, but we can't. Only the power of Jesus is able to help us leave this dead part of the heart, this tomb that we all have," said the Holy Father, "We're all sinners," reminded the Pope, "but we have to be attentive not to be corrupted by sin."
Continuing a theme launched earlier on Sunday at his Sunday Angelus Audience in St. Peter's Square, Pope Francis told St. Gregory parishioners that he wanted them to read the Gospels regularly, and that just as he had done with those in the square earlier in the day Sunday, he gave the congregation pocket copies of the Gospels. "I want to give you a little copy of the gospels, and you bring it home to your house," the Pope said.


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Before you allow yourself that cheat day and eat your heart this Valentine's Day, run 5 K's. Cupid's Chase is held by Community Options, Inc. benefiting those with developmental disabilities with support of housing and employment.
The race will take place on February 13, 2010 at The University of Hartford located at 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, CT. Start time for the race is 8:30 am. The fee to enter is 20 dollars. Prizes will be awarded to the winners. So feel great this V-day. Run for your heart and a good cause.
After the race, head over to West Hartford Center or Blue Back Square for some eats and treats at one of the many fine dining locations.


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Are Shannon entropy and Boltzmann entropy mutually convertible, much like mass and energy according to Einstein's formula?
Sign up
- Anybody can ask a question
- Anybody can answer
- The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
In practice the only difference is that Boltzmann entropy deals with a thermodynamical constant $K_B$:
$ H = -K_B\sum_{i=1}^{N} P_i log_e\ P_i $
i assume you already know that if $K_B=1$ you have Shannon entropy in a different base. However the conceptual backgrounds are important; probability of events (Shannon) and probability of a particle being in one of $N$ states (Boltzmann) under a thermodynamical context.
There is theoretical work in making the formal link between the two notions of entropy. Take a look at the work of Edwin Jaynes.
As has already been answered, Shannon entropy and Boltzman entropy are the same thing, although they are measured in different units. You also asked whether there is a practical link. It may not be practical yet, but the idea of algorithmic cooling uses the link between these two concepts, and has indeed been experimentally demonstrated.
I just found the following paragraphs from J. R. Pierce, An Introduction to Information Theory, p.206, which I surmise would also support the thinking that one could practically use a computer and a deterministic program to turn a string A into a string B of higher Shanon entropy:
"We can regard any process which specifies something concerning which state a system in in as a message source. This source generates a message which reduces our uncertainty as to what state the system is in. Such a source has a certain communication-theory entropy per message. This entropy is equal to the number of binary digits necessary to transmit a message generated by the source. It takes a particular energy per binary digit to transmit the message against a noise corresponding to the temperature T of the system."
"The message reduces our uncertainty as to what state the system is in, thus reducing the entropy (of statistical mechanics) of the system. The reduction of entropy increases the free energy of the system. But the increase in free energy is just equal to the minimum energy necessary to transmit the message which led to the increase of free energy, an energy proportional to the entropy of communication theory."
"This, I believe, is the relation between the entropy of communication theory and that of statistical mechanics. One pays a price for information which leads to a reduction of the statistical-mechanical entropy of a system. This price is proportional to the communication-theory entropy of the message source which procudes the information. It is always just high enough so that a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is impossible."


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Advertise with us
When you advertise with jAlbum you'll get access to our community of highly engaged photo enthusiasts and hobbyists. jAlbum offers a broad service with many advertising options for customized, targeted or general campaigns.
Contact us for prices and more information on advertising opportunities with jAlbum:
Our visitors
The jAlbum community attract professional photographers, serious amateurs and creative hobbyists. Our community users focus on domestic photography in landscape and events and spend a lot of time managing and sharing photos. Most community members are between 25 and 45 years old. 75% are men and 25% are women.
jAlbum users mainly reside in Europe and the US.
Top 10 cameras among jAlbum users are all priced $800 or higher.
- Canon EOS 400D / DIGITAL REBEL Xti
- Nikon D90
- Canon EOS 350D / DIGITAL REBEL XT
- Canon EOS 450D / DIGITAL REBEL Xsi
- Canon EOS 5D Mark II
- Nikon D80
- Canon EOS 40D
- Nikon D300
- Canon EOS 50D
- Nikon D40
On top 30 of most used cameras, 27 are advanced DSLR cameras.
Traffic stats
Active jalbum app users: 350 000/month
Active community users: 500 000/month
Community Page Views: 3 000 000/month
User photo album Page Views: 105 000 000/month
Widget bar views: 20 000 000/month
Google page rank: 8/10
According to SEOmoz jalbum.net is one of the 500 most important websites on the Internet.
Advertising possibilities
Banner advertising on jalbum.net
Full width: 940 x 90
Leaderboard: 728 x 90
Medium rectangle: 300 x 250
Full banner: 468 x 60
Square button: 125 x 125
Big square button: 200 x 200
Advertising in photo albums
Banner in albums (468x60, 728x90)
Promotional/Branded campaigns
If you have a photo related product or service we want to talk to you! The same goes if you are creating a really impressive skin or plugin with the jAlbum application API.
We can promote your creation in our Newsletter, Blog or through Site editorial.
A propos de jAlbum
Récompenses (par SI)
Entrez en contact
Les options de paiement


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Ted Noten creates compelling, high-profile jewelry that strays from the beaten path of accessories design. The Amsterdam-based designer creates conceptual pieces including pearl adorned mice, pill-shaped wedding rings that are swallowed rather than worn, brooches made from a cut-up Mercedes-Benz and animals cast in acrylic handbags. As his manifesto declares: "Jewelry must be shamelessly curious."
Defying the self-promoting purpose of "bling" culture, Noten creates art by finding beauty in the obscure. His design Chew Your Own Brooch, for example, requires that gum be chewed into a one-off personal piece that is then cast in silver and gilded.
These unique pieces parody greed and vice, turning the wearer into a mobile exhibition and vehicle for social commentary. Noten combines contrasting elements to produce unexpected creations. His recent Limited Edition series, for instance, featured acrylic-encased objects such as cocaine and guns in an absurdist attempt to disempower the items themselves.
For more information, see www.tednoten.com.
—Candice Rafferty


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Visa and Document Overview for Students in F-1 Status
Your Legal Obligations
It is essential to remember that you must take full responsibility for maintaining your status with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). That is, you are responsible for finding out, knowing, and following pertinent regulations.
If you take time early on to familiarize yourself with your obligations to the Department of Homeland Security, you should find it easy to maintain your legal status. If, however, you allow yourself to fall "out of status", it may be extraordinarily difficult to be reinstated to legal F-1 status.
The best resources to assist you in maintaining your status are this Web site, Coming to Columbia online, and the staff of the ISSO, at 524 Riverside Drive or the International Affairs Office at the Medical Center, Room 1 126B Black Bldg., 650 West 168th Street. Every effort has been made to provide reliable and accurate information on rules that govern student immigration classifications. When regulations change - as is frequently the case - the ISSO and the IAO will have current information. Feel free to come in and ask questions anytime.
Note that there are
two offices that handle the immigration documents for Columbia University
students. You can determine which office to contact by looking at your
Form I-20. The name and address of the appropriate office is on your form.
A Few Words of Advice for Students
Last Reviewed: 21 February 2011 Last modified: 21 February 2011


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Jason Wesley Phillips
Position: LB
Height: 6-1 Weight: 236 lbs.
Born: February 14, 1986 in Waller, TX
High School: Waller
College: TCU (school history) (Phillips college stats)
Drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the 5th round (137th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 3 (10660th overall since 1950)
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Output includes all games from 1920 to 2015.