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This brush was created to apply pigment directly to the outer corner of the eye in a "V" like shape, otherwise known as the 'Outer V'. The small dome like shape of the bristles are perfect for adding defined lines, as well as creating depth and dimension to your look. This multi-talented brush also works great in the crease, blending and feathering eyeshadows to create the smokey eye look, and for adding color under the lower lashline.
Our new design features a bronze gunmetal ferrule, and an espresso tinted handle with a beautiful pearl finish for a sleek and elegant look. The bristles include all synthetic fibers for a cruelty free (& guilt free) makeup application!
- Brush Bristles: Synthetic (cruelty free)
- Seamless Ferrule: Tightly holds bristles in place to eliminate shedding
- Brush Handle Colors: Gunmetal bronze, espresso w/pearl finish
- Estimated Brush Length : 6.25"
Easy to use Review by Allyson
I'm still working on improving my eyeshadow skills, but this brush has done a pretty nice job even for me. It's a nice size, not too big or small. It applies neatly and blends well on its own, though I like to go back over it with a brush meant for blending to soften the look even more. I'm very glad to have added this to my collection (Posted on 11/20/15)
In Love!!! Review by trista_lou
I bought this brush a while back to try and finally used it for the first time the other day and was amazed by how easy it was to apply eyeshadow to the outer half of my lid and how well it blended. It's also a great brush to line your lower lash line with some shadow. I'm going to have to buy another one of these brushes!! (Posted on 7/16/15)
Perfect brush Review by Elizabeth
This "outer v" brush is the perfect way to apply shadow and to use with beneath the brow highlight powders/creams. I have found this to be a versatile tool and must have another! It is a handy item and great quality brush! LOVE IT! (Posted on 4/20/15)
The best brush Review by Andrea
I've always had a hard time with the placement of color in the "outer v" and now I know why. I was using the wrong type of eyeshadow brush which created uneven color placements on both sides of the eyes. After watching Marlena's review on must have makeup brushes, I decided to give this MUG Outer V brush a try and I have to say I absolutely love it. With this brush it seems so much easier to create symmetrical V shapes and it picks up the right amount of color to get the job done. I LOVE IT! (Posted on 4/17/15)
Perfection Every Time Review by Bobbie (ThinkTalkBlog)
I bought this brush because it was mentioned in a You Tube tutorial, but this was also the first I had heard of an outter corner V brush. I was pleasantly surprised and happy when I got it. True to what I was told, it makes the PERFECT V corners. My eye looks are amazing because of this brush! (Posted on 2/10/15)
Great, Is a must have if......... Review by Dianna
You are new to makeup and don't have the money or don't want a thousand brushes on your bathroom sink. You want the top 5 brushes that does what they say it does. If it saids outter V then it fixs into the outter V....heck I did not even know what an outter V was. This is one of the top 5 brushes to have. I like makeup, I want to look great, not like a clown but I am not in love with makeup so when I say this is a brush that works....it really works...keep up the great work and stay humble makeup geek crew and you will go far. (Posted on 1/19/15)
I love it!! Review by Nedra
I have always had trouble with blending dark colors to my outer v. But this brush has helped me with that. My eyeshadow looks so professional using the Makeup Geek brushes. I can't say enough about this brush and the others I have. I will be buying another Outer V brush for back up! (Posted on 1/11/15)
LOVE IT! Review by Jeannie
I was skeptical, because of all these reviews here, but I know everyone likes different things. I have mostly all Sigma and BareMinerals brushes, and this was the first MUG brush I tried! LOVE IT! Seriously, I've never been good at doing the outer V, but this brush makes it so easy! Love that it's cruelty free and the price is outstanding for the quality. (Posted on 10/14/14)
Nice, but not a must have Review by Julia
Personally I regret buying this brush because when I got it, I realized it's almost exactly the same as my ELF 'contour crush.'
Like the ELF brush, I wish it was a bit more tapered for work in the outer v, but it does work nicely for highlighting the inner eye.
It's a nice brush, but I wish I would have invested in a different one, perhaps the pointed crease brush. (Posted on 8/19/14)
Really unique Review by NH
So yes, it's a bit scratchy to start with. After washing it a few times it gets a lot better though.
With that being said, I really like it - it gets the job done wonderfully, applying and blending color on the outer v. It's so unique, which is kind of stupid in my opinion - how come most brush companies don't have a brush like this for sale? (Posted on 6/25/14)
Can't figure it out Review by Shannon
I'm just not so sure about this brush yet. Maybe because I haven't had it very long yet, but so far it's just not working for me. I have pretty loose skin on the eyelids, so firm bristled brushes like this one tend to "skip" over my skin and cause a lot of jaggedness. It still doesn't help even if I try to pulling outwards to make the skin more taught. I REALLY wanted to like this brush too, because I still haven't been able to figure out how to do the perfect outer-v, and was hoping this would solve my problems. I think I might just need to succumb to the fact that I cannot do any precise work with firm brushes, because of my loose skin, and that will need to stick to really soft brushes for a softer (boring) look. Boo hoo :-( (Posted on 6/19/14)
Fabulous! Review by Mary
Used it for the first time today and it's perfect for not only the outer V but getting into the crease really precisely as well. Two thumbs up! (Posted on 6/14/14)
Excellent product Review by JJ
I am new also to eyeshadow & just started on makeupgeek collection & I must say this brush is perfect in every way. I will definitely get more. (Posted on 6/7/14)
Life saver Review by Yessenia
I'm pretty new to using eyeshadow and everytime i have tried applying darker colors to my outer corner it has always been a fail! No matter what i did or what brushes i would use i could never do a nice dark smokey outer v :( i even went ahead and tried using "high end" brushes such as sigma, i got the exact blend brush thats meant for the outer v but it was WAY too big for my eyes to do the outer v. This makeup geek outer v brush when i recieved it looked a little bigger than i expected but it was still smaller compared to the exact blend from sigma & once i started using it i fell in love. Makes doing the outer v soooooo much easier for me now & i don't have to struggle taking forever & makes my eyeshadow look like a makeup artist did it when i apply dark colors at the end. Thank u marlena for affordable life saving makeup and brushes will be buying more, i'm now a forever makeup geek (Posted on 6/1/14)
Real outer v brush Review by Apiradee
I struggled to find a brush that can really make the outer v easily but hadn't find one so i give it a try for this makeup geek outer v brush and it amazingly great , i find no more. (Posted on 6/1/14)
The crown jewel of the MUG eye brushes Review by Linda
Out of my five MUG eye brushes, this one is my favorite. Let me count the ways this brush could be used. It could be for the outer v, all over lid, crease, blender, and brow highlighter. I got the MUG eye brushes to go along with two Sigma brushes I own. Regarding comparison, the MUG eye brushes are a touch lighter in weight and smaller in overall length by about 3/8 of an inch. However, I think the handle circumference of the MUG eye brushes are very comparable to Sigma and just as attractive only MUG has a slightly darker gunmetal ferule and lighter greyish brown handle. I would recommend this brush. (Posted on 3/6/14)
Fantastic Product Review by Jessica
I have been following Marlena's channel on Youtube for years and years. I finally decided to purchase some of her product:) I got this brush and one other one, and I love them both. (I believe the other is the eyeliner smudge brush) and the bristles are soft and make it easy to apply my eyeshadows. I especially love this brush for smoking out the outer V, or for adding shadow to my under eye area. I recommend this to anyone. The price is fantastic too! (Posted on 1/30/14)
fantastic!! Review by Lesley
This brush is amazing! Picks up colours so well, great for blending, so soft and such good value for money, cant go wrong! :) (Posted on 1/28/14)
Great and super soft bristles! Review by Joana
It's great for the price! Super soft bristles and the new design it's beautiful! (Posted on 12/3/13)
Fantastic Review by Taylor
This is an amazing brush! It picks up color very well and it's easy to handle. It doesn't scratch my eyes either, which is a major plus. Can't go wrong with this brush! (Posted on 5/3/13)
great Review by Ravid
I received my package all the way across the Atlantic to Israel! The products were well packaged and labeled. Everything (including eyeshadows) arrived in perfect condition and I received a hand written card!!! Thanks so much. (Posted on 4/14/13)
Love. This. Brush. Review by Melissa
Great brush, good quality, makes outer v work a breeze!
MUG customer service department is amazing, very responsive and they ship fast. In the unlikely event that there is a problem with your purchase, they are quick to correct the issue. (Posted on 3/12/13)
Amazing brush Review by Mahsa
I love this brush
Especially that i'm a beginner in eye make up and that i can easily do my outer V using this guy
(Posted on 1/27/13)
amazing! Review by Tiffany
Very nice brush! Good quality bristles that apply eyeshadow evenly and it creates the perfect outter V! (Posted on 1/21/13)
A must! Review by Britney
I don't know how I managed without this brush! I'm planning on buying a second one for my clients! I received it within 3 days! Just amazing! (Posted on 10/18/12)
pure love.... Review by Judith
bristles are very soft, but dense... picks up color beautifully, and applies to the crease and outer V perfectly... would have liked the handle to be longer... (looks like a mini brush) ... but overall.. great buy.... (Posted on 9/26/12)
Another AMAZING Brush!!! Review by Alexiss
This is definitely a must have. Great for defining the outter V and smoking out a look. Love it ♥♥♥ (Posted on 9/7/12)
Worth the reasonable price! Review by Larissa
This is one of the first MUG brushes I bought and I am so glad I did! I am working hard to.perfect the smoky eye and this brush helps. We all know the outer v is a key part of the smoky eye, this brush helps you to easily define it.
This is a must have for all Geeks!
Take care of you! (Posted on 8/15/12)
amazing brush! Review by Kriszti
perfect for small eyes and defining the crease and outer v! Definitely a must have!!! (Posted on 7/18/12)
loooove this brush Review by cheri-lee
love this brush, it works like a dream, i have small oval shaped eyes so its not always easy to get brushes to work well on my eyes, but this brush gets in to the crease and lets me shade beautifully and creates amzing looks. love love love this brush. (Posted on 6/26/12)
Great quality brush! Review by Maria
Love this brush, and you can't beat the price! (Posted on 6/8/12)
My favorite MUG brush!! Review by Maggie
I have all different kinds of brushes and I haven't seen a brush like this one anywhere else. It apply's color in the crease and outer V effortlessly and even vertically on the lid creating an amazing dimensional look. It does shed a little when washed but never has while I've used it on my eyes, and all brushes will shed a little even my MAC ones. But overall it's amazing a great deal and an awesome brush!!!! (Posted on 6/4/12)
Good brush Review by Jasmine
This brush is much stiffer than the MAC 217 but that probably has to do with the size of the bristles. It is a great tool for creating a smokey look in the outer part of the eye. Picks up a great amount of product without any wastage. It does shed quite a bit when washed, but a great brush for the price. (Posted on 5/22/12)
Best brush EVER! Review by Dana
I love this brush! I received this and a few other brushes thinking that they would be ok for what I was trying to achieve but did not expect the quality that these brushes have! Perfect size, GREAT price! The one downside is that this brush is shedding. I have washed it once so I'm hoping that once it's washed a couple of more times the shedding stops as it seems that most brushes will shed (at least a little) until they are washed. I will be purchasing more brushes in the future! (Posted on 4/27/12)
Fantastic brush - great service! Review by Cathryn
I'm a uk buyer & was searching for good quality budget brushes, to no avail! I really wanted to try mac but I just can't justify the prices. So i bought a few brushes from here, and most of them are great and the service was brilliant. They arrived in 6 days from point of purchase - considering they came from America I think that's great! They were also packaged extremely well to avoid transit damage. This particular brush makes applying eyeshadow to the outer v soooo much easier. I'm a complete beginner but I'm already getting far better results than the rubbish brushes I was using before. I really recommend buying it at a price like this this! I'll be using it everyday :)
Only down side to packaging - I felt the little plastic slips they come in could be slightly better quality & look more professional. However this is a minor quibble and obviously doesn't effect the brush lol.
Overall really pleased! Will use MUG again in the future. (Posted on 4/26/12)
Not what I expected - but excellent customer service! Review by Sharon
I would not compare this to a MAC 217...It doesn't seem to blend and apply color effortlessly. Also, the bristles are cut unevenly, instead of being a domed tip, mine is flat like a pancake and the tip actually makes a straight line.
It is also very scratchy and doesn't feel nice on the skin. I wouldn't recommend this brush if you are used to more high-end brushes. May be good for a beginner? I contacted them and they offered me a product replacement though. So I can't really complain. Love Makeup Geek though, just not impressed with the brush quality... (Posted on 4/18/12)
Gotta love it! Review by Sofia
This brush is so easy to use and it is very comparable to my MAC 217. Well worth the price too! It did not shed at all and picked up just enough color for the job! Amazing!! Since i loved it I plan to definatly purchase this one again!
Thanks MUG for this amazing crease brush! (Posted on 3/8/12)
Makeup Review by Angie
(Posted on 2/21/12)
LOVE IT!!! Review by Liza
Great size and great price. (Posted on 2/18/12)
Love this brush! Review by Diana
This brush is great! (Posted on 1/19/12)
Hold up well. Review by amom1st
I bought this brush a year ago and it has held up well. It has retained its shape and has little to no shedding. To me, its almost identical to the small crease brush, this brush having a shorter handle and just a bit more bristles. I don't find it to be very soft, but it does the job well, so I would definitely re-purchase. (Posted on 1/10/12)
AWESOME Review by rqu
totally worth it it works well thank you marlena (Posted on 1/4/12)
fantabulous!! Review by Gaby
I love it works awsome right where it should work so easy to use (Posted on 12/24/11)
I love it. Review by MissJLadrin
I love this brush. I bought it when I watched her tutorial on it and everything she says there is true. I highly recommended it. Thank u. (Posted on 11/24/11)
Fabulous Brush!! Review by Ashley
I got my Outer V Brush in the mail a few days ago!! I LOVE LOVE LOVE this brush!~ It's fabulous!!! Perfect size for creating the outer V look. This brush is a must have!!
Thanks Marlena :) (Posted on 11/20/11)
Great value Review by meghan
I'm definitely glad I bought this brush... It's great for the outer v and just applying shadows in the crease as well... Great for smaller eyes and more precise placement (Posted on 11/19/11)
great brush Review by Lucia
I've had this brush for about 3 or 4 weeks and I love it. It really is great for putting eyeshadow in the outer v.. this brush really gets in there. I love it so much I'm going to purchase another one as a back up. Thanks marlena! (Posted on 9/27/11)
Love this brush! Review by NIkki
I just purchased this brush, got it in the mail yesterday and used it right away. Its awesome! You can't beat the price either and I feel it works just as good as a MAC brush. Perfect for the outer V. Doesn't leave fall out like the last outer V brush I was using. This is a must have! (Posted on 7/15/11)


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Boys soccer
Tommy Lear, Medina: Senior forward scored goal and had assist in 2-0 season-opening win over St. Vincent-St. Mary. … Used toe-poke to score early in first half. … Goal was first of varsity career. … One of nine returning starters for team that went to regional semifinals last season. [br]
Boys golf
Evan Schreck, Medina: Junior won medalist honors at Ashland Invitational with 1-over-par 73. … Score at Ashland Golf Club was career low. … Added 75 earlier in week at Shale Creek Golf Club-hosted Walker-Jones Classic. … Honorable mention All-Gazette as sophomore. … Also plays basketball. … Brother, Mason, is tight end for University at Buffalo. [br]
Girls golf
Karly Alexander, Highland: Senior finished second with 3-over-par 75 at Magnificat Invitational. … Score on Sweetbriar Golf Club's Legacy Course was career low and topped defending Division I state runner-up meadlist Niki Schroeder of Avon Lake. … Added 7-over 80 at Lady Bruin Invitational at Pine Hills Golf Club. … Honorable mention All-Gazette as junior. [br]
Girls tennis
Kali Deem, Wadsworth: Senior won pair of non-league matches at second singles as Grizzlies started season 2-0. … Downed Medina's Avery Major 6-2, 7-5 in team's 4-1 victory over Bees. … Defeated Barberton's Breanna Davidson 6-1, 6-0 in 5-0 sweep of Magics. … Finished 12-12 while playing mainly second doubles as junior. [br]
Girls soccer
Lauren Gokey, Cloverleaf: Junior midfielder netted four goals in 7-1 victory over Keystone in season opener. … Three goals were unassisted, with other off feed from Madison Horner. … Also had assist. … All-Gazette selection as junior with team-high eight goals. … Honorable mention All-Gazette in basketball.

subset: commoncrawl


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College Hockey:Contois' Goal In OT Give Wildcats Win
MARQUETTE, Mich. — The Wildcats defeated the Huskies, 4-3 in overtime, in front of a sellout crowd of 3,902 in the 101st meeting of the U.P. hockey rivals, Northern Michigan (3-0) and Michigan Tech (0-1). It marked the start of the Ramada Cup Series for the 2003-04 season.
The Huskies jumped out to a quick lead, with Chris Connor scoring one of his three goals at 5:02 of the first period. NMU's Alan Swanson answered back at 6:26 with his first goal of the season to tie the game at one-all. To end the first period Dirk Southern scored a short-handed goal for his second goal of the season at 17:25. The second period saw the Huskies tie the game (2-2) on Connor's second goal of the night at 3:22 of the period.
Michigan Tech would take the lead at 3-2 in the third period at 8:11 as Connor would conclude his hat-trick with an unassisted goal. The Wildcats would call a timeout with less than a minute of play left on the clock to set up for the final push. The timeout helped as Craig Kowalski was pulled for the extra attacker, Nathan Oystrick would score his first goal of the season at 19:37 to send the game to overtime.
"We were just trying to get the puck deep, put it on the net and see what happened," said Oystrick. "Darin Olver made a great play."
In overtime both teams would come out strong. The game-winning goal was scored with the Wildcats up by two skaters, as Andrew Contois scored the game-winner at 3:48 of the extra period for his second goal of the season. The overtime goal was the Wildcat's lone goal on the power play in nine chances on the night. The Huskies had five power-play opportunities and could not convert on the night.
Kowalski, now 3-0 on the season, had 30 saves in the win. Bryce Luker, a freshman, was staring his first game for the Huskies and kept 27 shots away from the goal.
These two rivals will meet for a second time on Saturday, October 18, at the MacInnes Ice Arena in Houghton, Mich. They play for second game of the Ramada Cup Series will begin at 7:35 p.m.
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
Please also keep "woofing," taunting, and otherwise unsportsmanlike behavior to a minimum. Your posts will more than likely be deleted, and worse yet, you reflect badly on yourself, your favorite team and your conference.


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Interesting night in senior girls Triple A basketball, where the whispers always seem to suggest that not enough new happens. Well, how about a new Fraser Valley champion, and a new Lower Mainland champion? And how about a Richmond school … Continue reading
Robyn Aulin-Haynes RSS
Twin Telepathy: Argyle's basketball sisters stick together through the thick and the thin of life
On the evening of Jan. 2, 2010, a van occupied by the five members of a North Vancouver family collided with another vehicle at a downtown Vancouver intersection. Everyone survived, but ever since, the crash has become a crossroads in … Continue reading
TELUS CLASSIC FINAL 4: All-North Van girls final, WRCA vs. No. 1 Kits in boys battle royale
The finals have been set for the 13th annual Telus Basketball Classic tonight at UBC's War Memorial Gymnasium. On the boys side, the No. 1 Kitsilano Blue Demons will clash with the No. 3 White Rock Christian Academy Warriors, while … Continue reading


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How to Calculate the Debt to Equity Ratio of a Company
Original post by C. Taylor of Demand Media
Investors commonly use the debt-to-equity ratio when evaluating a company because it offers insight to a company's primary funding sources. This ratio represents the amount of outstanding debt from creditors divided by the equity gained by shareholders purchasing stock. A high debt-to-equity ratio may indicate an over-dependence on debt, which could negatively effect earnings. A low ratio means the company depends primarily on shareholder equity.
Step 1
Consult the company's balance sheet and get the outstanding debt and the shareholder equity.
Step 2
Divide the debt by the equity to calculate the ratio. As an example, if a company has $3 million in debt with $4 million in shareholder equity, then the debt-to-equity is 0.75.
Step 3
Compare this ratio to 1. A debt-to-equity ratio greater than 1 means the company relies more heavily on debt to run the business. A ratio less than 1 means the company primarily relies on equity for financing.
About the Author
C. Taylor has been a professional writer since 2009. He has written for online publications and the "Journal of Asian Martial Arts." Taylor specializes in martial arts, traveling, sciences and computer repair. He received a Master of Science in wildlife biology from Clemson University and a Bachelor of Arts in biological sciences from the College of Charleston.


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Currency Displayed in
Intro to Acoustic Guitar DVD by Bert Casey is a companion DVD to the Acoustic Guitar Primer Book. It is aimed at the beginning acoustic guitar student and contains all the information needed to learn how to play guitar. Learn the basics: proper hand positions, tuning, scales, and rhythm using chords & strumming, bass notes, and bass note runs. The DVD utilizes closeups to show proper hand position and technique. Our unique split screens show both hands in detail and utilizes on screen tablature for all of the music You will learn 14 familiar songs you can play and sing along with.
This product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product!
All prices are in USD.


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Jan. 11, 2012
TAMPA, Fla. (January 11, 2012) - Trevin Wade, University of Arizona cornerback, has accepted an invitation to play in the 87th East-West Shrine Game®. The Game will be held Jan. 21, 2012 at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Fla., kicking off at 4 p.m. EST and televised live on the NFL Network.
Meantime, quarterback Nick Foles is expected To Be Named soon to play in the Senior Bowl in Mobile, Ala., Jan. 28, while six Wildcats will play in Monday's Casino Del Sol College All-Star Game in Tucson next Monday.
Linebacker Paul Vassallo, receiver Gino Crump, linebacker Derek Earls, defensive ends Muhammed Usman and C.J. Parish and safety Robert Golden were picked for the Tucson event, which kicks off at 6 p.m. Monday in Kino Stadium.


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Draghi Buys Euro Time
One way or the other, European Central Bank president Mario Draghi's comments following the central bank's latest policy meeting Thursday will prove pivotal.
Either he has shown himself to be a busted flush, as many commentators seem to think, and the euro is defunct. Or he's bought euro-zone politicians enough time to frame a comprehensive political solution that will save the single currency.
The ECB-fail argument hinges on the fact that Mr Draghi failed to outline clearly the policy actions the central bank would be taking. It might or might not buy sovereign debt, he said. Any sovereign-debt purchases may or may not be sterilized, which is to say offset with ECB sales of its own debt into the market to neutralize the debt-monetizing effects of the former. The ECB will stick to its mandate, Mr Draghi said. Pessimists read this to mean that it will keep to very narrowly defined policy measures.
Yes, European equity markets fell, though they only gave back around half of the gains they ran up following Mr Draghi's comments in London last week when he promised to do "whatever it takes" to save the euro and warned that investors were underestimating the political commitment behind the single currency. And yes, long-dated Spanish and Italian bonds sold off sharply.
It seemed that Mr Draghi last week had made only the latest in a line of promises that he couldn't keep. Tyler Cowen, a professor at George Mason University, captured the mood in his pithy Tweet: "Draghi, Lucy, Charlie Brown, football, etc." referring to how the Peanuts cartoon character Lucy would set an American football for Charlie Brown to kick, only to pull it away at the last moment. Always. Over the whole of the half century the comic strip ran.
But unlimited and eternal European Central Bank bond buying was never going to be a permanent solution to the euro zone's problems.
What Mr Draghi is doing, I think, is as much as he can do. Which is to buy the single currency two or three years; enough time for Europe's politicians to hammer out the fiscal union and joint liability for euro-zone sovereign debt needed to keep the single currency intact. If politicians can't use the time more wisely than they have for the past few years, there's not a lot any central bank could do.
But this isn't an irrelevance.
The Bundesbank, Germany's central bank, may not be enamored of ECB bond buying, but Mr Draghi is bound to have a majority, particularly since he has the support of the euro zone's financially strained countries, to enact an aggressive policy.
He said the ECB would focus on the short end of the yield curve — in part because buying long-dated bonds starts to look like fiscal policy, which would be a step too far for the ECB, and also because it would reduce pressure on countries like Spain and Italy to stick to painful economic restructuring. He also hinted that the ECB's target would be a yield level, which implies unlimited bond purchases.
While some people think that Mr Draghi painted himself into a corner with last week's comments and couldn't possibly have matched market expectations, I think he's calling the Bundesbank's bluff.
The German central bank will find itself isolated as the ECB pursues increasingly aggressive policy responses necessary to meet its remit, which is price stability at just under 2% consumer-price inflation.
With deflation threatening, thanks to a widespread euro-zone recession, maintaining price stability implies wholesale quantitative easing. The only threat the Bundesbank might have is to withdraw from the single currency. Which isn't credible given the German government's commitment to the euro.
The euro may well fall apart when the politicians fail to reach agreement over necessary losses of sovereignty and burden sharing. But it won't be Mr Draghi's fault.


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Celtic world music group Gaelic Storm will blow through the Metro tonight for a show at West Des Moines' Val Air Ballroom. Doors at the Val Air will open at 7 p.m., and the music will begin at 8 p.m. Tickets for the show are still available at the Val Air box office for $20. This will be an all ages event.
Gaelic Storm got their start back in 1996 in Santa Monica, California. The band, now based out of Nashville, has since taken the world of world music by storm. Gaelic Storm's last four albums have debuted at #1 on the Billboard World Albums Chart. The Celtic quintet released their latest #1 smash, entitled The Boathouse, last August. They have toured all over the world, playing their mix of traditional Scottish and Irish favorites and original Celtic rock tunes. You can check out Gaelic Storm's performance of "Scalliwag" at Celtic Fling 2009 in the above video.
Suggested Links
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- Styx and Foreigner announced for 2014 Iowa State Fair Grandstand today
- First two 2014 Iowa State Fair Grandstand acts announced
- Mötley Crüe announces farewell tour, Des Moines date


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A large part of content I consume these days is through Flipboard. I like how I am able to read through the articles with minimum noise around the content itself (menus, ads, widgets, etc.). The remaining content comes from various blogs and sites. I have always wished there was a way to consume this content without any distractions. There are apps available for tablets and phones. But sometimes using these apps is restrictive compared to the free flowing nature of a browser (even more so when on a PC).
Internet Explorer 11 has something of a solution (it is good, but not perfect). I call it the flipboard mode – but Microsoft calls it (I think) the 'reading mode'. It only works in IE11 Metro/Modern mode, though.
That however is no longer a problem due to how Metro/Modern apps are now integrated in the desktop view. And I believe, this feature is also available on IE11 for Windows Phone 8.1 onward. Let's talk about the feature.
Whenever you are on an article on a blog or a website, and IE11 thinks that it can show this in the reading mode, the address bar of the browser starts showing a little button labeled "Read". Here you can see it below:
Clicking this button immediately reloads the content on that page, minus the menus, header, ads, etc. The layout adjusts well to the size of the Internet Explorer window (full-screen, snapped, etc.). Making it easier to read the content. Below are before-after screenshots of an article this blog, and of an article on wired.com.
Without reading mode (blog.gadodia.net)
With reading mode (blog.gadodia.net)
Without reading mode (wired.com)
With reading mode (wired.com)
As you can see, the difference is immense. I love this feature. But as things go, nothing in life is perfect. This feature does have its problems – on some sites, or articles, it messes up the pictures embedded in the article (either showing them in the wrong place, or not showing them at all). So, it is not good for reading picture heavy articles.
Thanks to this, I am often switching from Chrome to IE11 to read long articles.


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Donations in 2013 provide more resources for arts education students 19 and under
The Beck Center for the Arts is proud to announce that because of the generosity of its patrons, the Financial Assistance Program has doubled its support for the arts education of students age 19 and under for the coming year. Because of this outpouring of support, the program will be able to cover the cost of tuition (or a portion thereof) for qualifying students beginning with the Winter/Spring Semester that kicks off January 27, 2014. Students are asked to submit their applications prior to January 17, 2014 since assistance opportunities decrease after that date.
Historically, the Beck Center has provided nearly $15,000 annually to help students with financial needs to take arts education classes. During the 80th anniversary gala "Spotlight" that was held in October one of the auction goals was to cover the cost of the Financial Assistance Program.
"Our attendees responded so generously, we ended up raising a total of $33,000 which will serve approximately 120 students in 2014," remarked Beck Center President & CEO Lucinda Einhouse. "It is a testament to how positively our community feels about the impact of arts education for our children."
Financial assistance will be applied over the next three semesters in varying increments according to need. "We now have the largest pool of funds that will provide artistic opportunities for more of our community members," commented Beck Center Director of Education Edward Gallagher, MT-BC. Students ages 19 and under are eligible to apply for assistance for classes in dance, music, theater, and the visual arts. Limited assistance is available for private music lessons and Creative Arts Therapies sessions. "As a result of our generous donors and members of the Beck Center family, more kids than ever will attend classes at Beck Center where they can tell their story and creating art experiences."
The application along with rules and regulations can be found at beckcenter.org or by calling Customer Service at 216.521.2540 x10. Questions regarding the Financial Assistance Program can be directed to Edward Gallagher at (216)
521-2540 x12.
Celebrating its 80th anniversary, Beck Center for the Arts is a not-for-profit 501(c)3 organization that offers professional theater on two stages, arts education programming in dance, music, theater, visual arts, early childhood, and creative arts therapies, and gallery exhibits featuring local, regional and international artists. For more information about Beck Center, visit beckcenter.org.


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18 Doin Anal
Remember that feeling of turning 18 and being all grown up. Well that`s just how these horny little sluts feel, and after giving up their pussies, what they really want now is a good, hard ass fucking. Now they`re legal...you UP for it?
Performers: Justin Magnum Alicia Angel Ricki White Bianca Valentino Misty Magenta Candace Raines


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This is the coffee table version of my 2011 book. Only about 75 or so images, larger format.
Back into photography pretty heavily since 2010, after many years away dealing with a career, raising kids, etc. I was pretty into it in the film days from the late '60s (as a kid) through mid-80's (as a young adult) and then sort of missed everything other than family snaps until a few years ago when I discovered digital for real. I shoot mostly with fixed lens compacts (currently Sony RX1, Nikon Coolpix A), and with ILC compacts, but often I use those as if they were fixed lens too. I use a Fuji XE1 for wide work and Olympus OMD for long... I do a lot of street photography, but I like it all, including travel, landscapes, just general family stuff, etc. But if I was forced to name a specialty, I'd have to say street. I publish these books mostly for myself and family and friends in lieu of photo albums and endless slide show nights, but if anyone is interested and wants to buy one, I'm not gonna try to talk you OUT of it!
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Amalfi Coast 2013 Publicado 01 de agosto de 2013
2012 - In Photos Publicado 12 de diciembre de 2012
New Yorkers Publicado 16 de mayo de 2012
2011 - Street Photography Publicado 09 de diciembre de 2011
Re-Entry 2010 Publicado 27 de noviembre de 2010
The Mediterranean in (mostly) Black and White Publicado 26 de agosto de 2010


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Lonnie Johnson & Eddie Lang: A Handful of Riffs
A Handful of Riffs
Lonnie Johnson And Blind Willie Dunn (Eddie Lang)
Lonnie Johnson Vol. 4: 1928-1929 (Documents Records DOCD-5066)
Lonnie Johnson (guitar), Eddie Lang (guitar).
Recorded: May 8, 1929
Rating: 90/100 (learn more)
Guitarist and blues pioneer Lonnie Johnson's most significant partnership captured on discs during the jazz age was his series of duos with jazz guitar pioneer Eddie Lang. OKeh Records billed Lang on their records under the pseudonym "Blind Willie Dunn," masking the fact that these sides were the product of integrated record sessions. However, as this performance aptly demonstrates, these two used the blues to forge a perfect musical bond: Lang's time is flawless, and he provides the ideal backdrop for Johnson's three-minute stream of improvised variations.
Reviewer: Cliff Preiss
Tags: 1920s jazz · guitar
Hollywood Joe
// Sep 09, 2008 at 06:07 AM
What can I say BUT he started it ALL.....none other than the late , great Lonnie Johnson the real big daddy of them all....the man who started the "lead" guitar phenomenon....!...Lonnie did a "NEW FANGLED" thing that got away from all the styles that had preceded him in that he actually created solos that were exciting, a bit blues....some country.....jazz for sure was his way of thinking....he even did recordings with Louie Armstrong..........Lonnie Johnson ALSO SANG with his beautiful melodic voice....that alone is different compared to anyone else at that time.....!....His duets with fellow guitarist Eddie Lang are what gypsy Django Reinhardt, bopper Charlie Christian, swinger Eddie Durham, stomper Oscar Aleman, blueser T-Bone Walker,master B.B. King and many, many more really all were influenced by.....it led up to .... Tal Farlow....Chuck Berry...Barney Kessel....Wes Montgomery....George Benson.....have alisten....you will hear where it all came from.....stay tuned.... Hollywood Joe http://www.hollywoodjoe.com


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This is one of my favorite examiner.com stories and ran originally on May 3, 2013.
Are you a league bowler who's intimidated by all the fancy and sharp-breaking hooks that others are tossing all over the lanes?
Don't be.
That's the message from Mike Weekley, one of the top coaches and bowlers in the area.
Weekley is not saying that bowlers can't improve their game with a disciplined hook. In fact, he'd encourage a hook. But the 30-year-old Los Angeles resident wants to make it clear that that there's plenty of room for bowlers who throw straight shots to thrive.
"I believe there's definitely a place for a straight-shot bowler," Weekley said.
"Whenever I leave four or fewer pins, I switch to my plastic ball for my spares. The goal is to be very precise and very direct to the target and that's a straight shot."
A hook, Weekley says, is valuable because it can trigger a higher percentage of strikes than a straight shot.
"The most important thing you lose when you throw a straight ball is pin action," Weekley said.
But he adds this cautionary note: "Anyone can hook, but you have to manipulate a hook."
The right-handed Weekley, sporting a powerful 231 average at AMF Woodlake Lanes in Woodland Hills, throws his hook with two fingers in the ball and his thumb outside of it.
"It took me a good three or four months before I could do it on command," said Weekley, who has competed in Professional Bowlers Assn. regionals.
But Weekley emphasizes that accuracy trumps everything. And if a bowler with a straight shot can be accurate, he or she "is deadly," he said.
"Bowlers who show up once a week and get strikes with a straight ball and all they want to do is chuck a ball and walk out, I understand. I really do.
"I think that's awesome. Anyone who shows up and wants to bowl and gets decent action, kudos to him. My hat's off to him."
Of course, there's a reason that all the bowlers on the PBA Tour throw a hook, although the break varies from moderate to extremely sharp.
"If you want to improve and raise your strike action, you have to make a change," Weekley said.


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Pacific Southwest Research Station
Pacific Southwest
Research Station
800 Buchanan Street
Albany, CA 94710-0011
(510) 883-8830
Programs and Projects
Wildland Recreation and Urban Cultures
Recreation Research Update
July 2009 No. 68
Caring for the Land and Serving the People
Day Use on the Mountaintop Ranger District
A day use visitor contact study was conducted on the Mountaintop Ranger District on the San Bernardino National Forest in summer 2008 (n=337). The purpose was to provide to managers information based on day use visitor opinions. Day use sites are those in which people visit for some portion of the day but they do not stay overnight. The survey is a replication of the day use studies conducted on National Forests in southern California from 1992-94, 2000-06. Day use sites were selected by the Mountaintop Ranger District for inclusion in the study. Dates of data collection were randomly selected from various week-ends and week-days throughout the summer months.
Most Mountaintop Ranger District day use visitor respondents were White, with the next largest group being Hispanic or Latino. Three-quarters of the respondents were U.S.-born. Average age of respondents was 42 years, and they reported an average 15 years of education. Household income was skewed toward upper incomes (almost 4 in 10 had household incomes of $90,000 or more). Most respondents were English language speakers and readers.
Half of the respondents were repeat visitors and had visited several times in the past year. Most respondents planned to return to the site again within the coming year. On the day contacted, most respondents were hiking, relaxing, picnicking/barbequing, or were taking photos. Many of the respondents were "local" visitors who said the area was close to home for them and also affordable. They also thought the areas visited were "peaceful and quiet."
Participants were asked to indicate how important it was to manage natural areas for environmental protection, low impact and high impact outdoor recreation activities. Average scores were highest for managing for environmental protection, especially for protection of water quality, protection of wildlife, and scenic value. Participants were also asked if more or less areas are needed for these purposes. Respondents felt more land was needed for managing for environmental protection, especially for protection of wildlife, protection of water quality, improved air quality, and protection of plants.
Managers of the Mountaintop Ranger District on the San Bernardino National Forest can use the results of this report in several ways. Communications for day use visitors should be written for English-speaking, well-educated visitors. Although not many visitors were Spanish speakers and readers, some consideration should be given toward translations of educational and information materials for this group. It will be important for area managers to consider tapping into local day use visitors (perhaps as volunteers), to consider continuation of current pricing for site visits, and to continue to provide for peace and quiet. The large percentage of new day use visitors suggests an educational opportunity.
Primary activities of respondents were clearly tied to the sites where we located them. Our study sites were at two trailheads and two picnic areas. So it is unsurprising that the activities that most engaged in included hiking, relaxing, and picnicking/barbecuing. This is good news-people are using the picnic areas and trailheads as intended. About one-third of day use study respondents mentioned photography as an activity. This may be something that site managers can use to entice continued use of the area or enhance current visits.
Important to visitors to the Mountaintop Ranger District were managing of areas for environmental concerns. We provided seven environmental protection items for visitors to rate the importance of and to determine if enough natural areas were currently set aside for each. All seven were important to visitors and they desired more areas be set aside for these protections. It does not mean they expect, nor necessarily want, Mountaintop Ranger District managers to provide them. For more information please contact Deborah Chavez at 951-680-1558 or .
Sustainable Recreation and Tourism
Preliminary results are available from a study conducted by Dr. Kelly Bricker (University of Utah) and Dr. Pat Winter (PSW) that focuses on sustainable recreation and tourism. Forest Service recreation managers (n=433) across the U.S. were surveyed for this study.
Findings suggest a shared commitment to sustainable recreation and tourism. For example, the majority agreed that they had a professional responsibility to practice sustainable operations, that sustainable recreation and tourism was personally important in the area they managed, and that it warrants additional investment.
Most reported taking a number of actions surrounding sustainable operations such as recycling, use of green products, and sustainable fleet management (e.g., use of hybrids). Use of transportation management involving busses or shuttles in high use areas was less often implemented.
Respondents felt the following were all important considerations in sustainability: environmental impacts, increased environmental appreciation, economic impacts, capacity of agency personnel to support it, increased appreciation of surrounding communities, and improved health of the recreating public.
Economic impacts of sustainable recreation and tourism development were viewed as including new income and job opportunities to surrounding communities as well as diversifying the local economy. Additional benefits included an improved quality of life for surrounding communities.
Respondents believed local cultures should be considered in the provision of recreation and tourism opportunities, and considered in the provision of information to visitors. The vast majority agreed that community residents should be involved in decision-making surrounding sustainable recreation and tourism development.
Additional benefits of recreation and tourism beyond the community were believed to be an improved awareness of environmental protection and a strengthening of efforts for environmental conservation.
Increased demands on energy and water resources, and environmental pollution were sources of some concern.
Respondents felt that development of recreation and tourism on agency managed lands should be in harmony with the natural environment. They also felt the agency should provide environmental interpretation and educational programs to visitors as well as employees.
The majority felt that agency resources were not adequate to cover current demand for recreation and tourism. Most reportedly rely on partnerships to provide recreation and tourism opportunities, and volunteers assist with recreation and tourism management. However, less than a majority agreed the agency has a partnership with the sustainable tourism industry. For more information about this study contact Pat Winter at 951-680-1557 or .
Unit Publications
Chavez, D.J. 2009. Youth day in Los Angeles: connecting youth and nature with technology. 2009 Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, proceedings. Honolulu, HI; June 4-7. p. 284-293. [Hard copy or PDF available]
Chavez, D. 2009. Youth day in Los Angeles: evaluating the role of technology in children's nature actvities. Children, Youth and Environments, 19(1): 102-124 [Hard copy or PDF available]
Chavez, D.J.; Olson, D.D. 2009. Diverse users of four urban national forests: participation, preferences, and perceptions. 2009 Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, proceedings. Honolulu, HI; June 4-7. p. 294-308. [Hard copy or PDF available]
Fehr, John; Chavez, Deborah. 2009. Planning for Youth Day-Planting the SEED to Get Youth Outdoors in Nature. 2300-Recreation Mgmt, 0923 1801-SDTDC. San Dimas, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Technology & Development Program. 35 p.
Toman, E.L.; Shindler, B.; Absher, J.; McCaffrey, S. 2008. Postfire communications: the influence of site visits on local support. Journal of Forestry 116(1) [January/February]: 25-30.
Vogt, C., Absher, J.; Graefe, A.; Hammitt, W.; Krueger, L.; Vaske, J. 2008. Natural resources research and management issues: 2007. In: LeBlanc, Cherie; Vogt, Christine, comps. Proceedings of the 2007 northeastern recreation research symposium; 2007 April 15-17; Bolton Landing, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-23. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 139-141.
Winter, P.L.; Bigler-Cole, H. 2008. Information needs, acceptability of risk, trust and reliance: The case of National Predictive Services customers. In: Lee, D.C.; Beatty, J.; Shaw, C.G.; Pye, J.M.; Sands, Y. Forest Environmental Threats. http://www.forestencyclopedia.net/p/p5/p3389/p3687.
Winter, P.L.; Cvetkovich, G.T. 2008. Shared values and trust: the experience of community residents in a fire-prone ecosystem. In: Lee, D.C.; Beatty, J.; Shaw, C.G.; Pye, J.M.; Sands, Y. Forest Environmental Threats.
Update Delivered by E-Mail
Receive the Recreation Research Update by e-mail. Send an e-mail to with the words SUBSCRIBE UPDATE in the Subject of your message. You can also view this and past Updates at our website: http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/recreation/update.shtml.
This is the sixty-eighth issue of the Recreation Research Update. If you wish to receive past issues please contact the Update Coordinator.
The next Recreation Research Update is due out November 2009.
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National Post ·
The annual Canadian dairy farmers' ritual plunder of milk consumers and milk-using businesses is only weeks away, with a Canadian Dairy Commission-authorized price increase set to take place Feb. 1. The increase of 1% looks low compared with previous years, when the CDC routinely rolled out 2% and 3% increases, thanks to protection behind Ottawa's dairy supply-management tariff barriers.
Dairy farmers live in an economic fantasy land, proven recently when Randy Williams, chair of the Dairy Commission, announced the latest price increase, even as farmers costs and demand were plummeting. "Our data show that Canadian dairy producers' revenues are lagging behind the increases that we saw in the cost of feed, fuel and fertilizers for most of 2008."
Only a price-fixing agency could issue such a statement clarifying its aim: Raise prices to offset "lagging" revenues. The price for Canadian industrial milk is now heading to around $75 per hectolitre, a level that punishes consumers and all the industries -- from pizza makers to coffee shops and food manufacturers -- that use milk.
What makes the latest price increase more laughable is that it is taking place in an economic environment where milk prices should be falling.
In the United States, the latest reports say the price of milk has fallen from $20 per hundred pounds to $10 per hundred pounds. In Canadian terms, taking into account the richer fat content in Canadian milk, that works out to a current price of about $35 per hectolitre compared with the $75 price now being pushed through by the farmers under supply management.
U. S. milk users see the lower prices as a boost for their businesses in tough times.
For Canada, it means more of the same. The Canadian dairy industry is in long-term decline, reduced in size and loaded with exorbitant extra costs, including the cost of buying and owning a quota right to produce milk, now worth about $30,000 per cow in capital costs.
Meantime, the Harper government continues to maintain its support for supply management at trade talks, a deliberate policy of burdening consumers and the economy with a trade-distorting and expensive system of protection for farmers.
The Detroit auto show opened Sunday with less flash, more green and fewer show-stopping presentations and new car models. But the U. S. firms should have pulled out all the stops and rolled out a bus-load of dancing girls for their latest economic model: National Technology Security.
U. S. politicians and some economic theorists have long talked of making America "energy self-sufficient" and "energy independent." Now the U. S. auto firms, grasping for more government subsidies, want to twist the idea of self-sufficiency into the basis for auto industry policy.
To meet competition from foreign auto firms producing electric and hybrid cars, the U. S. firms want government help. "We do need serious investment in batteries in the U. S.," said Susak Cischke, Ford Motor's head of sustainability, environment and safety engineering. "It is import to have a strong domestic supply base." Self-sufficiency in batteries!
At GM, the company's chief of research and development was even more explicit. "I think it's an issue of economic security, of national security, of energy security, that the U. S. have that supply base here," said Mr. Burns. "We don't want to go from being dependent on other nations for petroleum to being dependent on other nations for know-how."
What a concept! A new program aiming to achieve national security, independence and self-sufficiency in "know-how." We all know that the idea of energy self-sufficiency is aimed at reducing U. S. dependence on unstable and even enemy nations in the Middle East and elsewhere. Against what evil nation or force would the United States be protecting itself if it gets into the business of warding off foreign "know-how" and technology? Smart Germans? Wily Chinese battery makers? Japanese automakers?
As we've warned here previously, the U. S. auto industry is leading the United States and Canada down a winding and crazy road to protectionism.
The U. S. unemployment numbers on Friday quickly became a headline heard round the world. "U. S. suffers worst year of job cuts since 1945," blared the Financial Times." The release was instantly adopted by president-elect Barack Obama as fuel for more government intervention. "This morning we received a stark reminder of how urgently action is needed. For the sake of our economy and our people, this is the time to act without delay."
Never in history have so many been so enthusiastic about declaring economic disaster so early. As the chart below shows, U.S. unemployment rose to 7.2% in December. But that's a long way from any record, never mind a depression. The record is 10.8 in 1982, at the peak of Former Fed Chairman Paul Volcker's war on inflation. Mr. Volcker is now an advisor to Mr. Obama, so maybe he could calm the president-elect down.
The headline heard round the world is also wrong. The United States lost 2.6-million jobs in 2008, or 1.8% of total employment. But it's not the highest annual loss as a percentage of total employment. The record was 1982, when U. S. job losses reached more than 1.8-billion, or 1.9% of total employment.
The U. S. unemployment rate will certainly get worse, but there is no reason to hype the losses into a national disaster when, so far at least, the unemployment rate appears to be merely following a normal cyclical course. Unless, of course, the reason is to create an environment for major increases in government intervention.


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Sophomore Kelley Gallagher
April 18, 2013
Field Events (PDF) | Running Events (PDF) | Live Results | Meet Central
By Tyler Wooten
LAWRENCE, Kan. -- Southern Illinois track and field finished its first day at the Kansas Relays with one runner-up and a handful of other high finishers at Day Two of the historic meet on Thursday.
Southern competed in the same four events (800m, 1500m, 5000m, hammer throw) in both women's and men's competition.
The Salukis were led by Bradley Sauer in the men's hammer throw, who fell just short of his first career hammer throw title. Sauer's best throw of 59.20m (194-03) fell three inches shy of champion Issac Twombly of Drake. Also finishing in the top-five were Curtis Wideman (third, 57.31m/188-00) and Brian Cooper (fifth, 55.95/183-07 PR).
Finishing high elsewhere for the men were Brian Dixon in the 5000 meter run (12th place, 15:03.82) and Kulayifi Haji in the 1500 meter run (14th place, 4:09.33).
On the women's side Southern claimed a top-12 spot in each of the four events. In those top-12 were: Kelley Gallagher (1500 meter run, sixth place, 4:47.27), Kim Fortney (hammer throw, seventh place, 59.03m/193-08), Tori Parry (5000 meter run, tenth place, 18:18.21) and Allison Gallo (800 meter run, 12th place, 2:22.01).
At Day Three the Salukis will begin with the women's 100 meter hurdles at 9:05 a.m.


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Tuesday, March 21. 2006
WPF- Pick Your API Abstraction
Recently we have been getting several questions on hardware acceleration. Some folks are running the Perforator tool and noticing that although it indicates that their application is running in hardware, the application is still taxing the CPU. This may seem confusing, so I will try to give some background in this posting, as well as cover the factored access/extensibility points within Windows Presentation Foundation and the technologies it builds on.
Compute versus Render Bound
Over time, we have found that most applications are compute bound (I am talking about Win32 applications here). They spend most of their time performing calculations on the CPU, and this becomes their performance bottleneck. With text applications, this can because of paragraph layout calculations. For games it may be because of the physics engine. Very few applications turn out to be render bound (games included).
However, if you try to do 3D graphics or render with higher quality (anti-aliasing or sub-pixel ClearType) in software, as well as just do a lot of rendering (scientific visualization and CAD programs), the application is likely to become render bound. With WPF, we offload a lot of the rendering work to the GPU, and thus are able to provide high quality graphics without swamping the CPU.
The bottom line for us is:
if the CPU is busy doing graphics, it is not doing some other important task.
And, we dont want that to happen. We want the CPU always to be busy doing useful work, and leaving the graphics to the GPU. Also, as we develop WPF, we try to make it as much render bound as often as possible. This way, as your end users get better graphics hardware, and the hardware evolves, the performance and/or quality of your application improves.
Hardware versus Software Rendering
There are some situations which will cause WPF to fallback to software rendering (this is more common in pre-Dx9 video cards or when performing some operations). When this happens, the CPU gets to do more work and likely the overall performance of your application goes down. In many cases, this takes place inadvertedly, thus the need for the Perforator tool, to help track down the cause of falling back to software. There is also a programmatic way of determining whether one is rendering with hardware or software, through the tiering API. Perforator is a bit handier, because it is interactive (for example, you can modify some XAML in XAMLPad and see how it affects hardware acceleration through Perforator). However, you should still use the tiering APIs to adapt the content that your application presents, so that it can work equally well on lower end machines running Windows XP, in software mode.
Factored Access to WPF
It is clear from the questions/discussion in newsgroups that some folks are solely after fast graphics rendering, and perhaps not that interested in the high level/framework services that WPF exposes. Yet, when they use WPF, they feel that they are not getting all the graphics performance they want. We think of WPF as having two major parts, the MIL (Media Integration Layer) and the Framework. The majority of developers will program at the Framework level, and so this is where we focused the development of the SDK first. Some developers do not need the Framework services (Layout, Input, Focus, Eventing as well as styling, databinding, and XAML). They just want the graphics. For those folks, we provide the Visual layer.
A Diagram of API and Extensibility Points
Hopefully the diagram below will bring to light the different API entry points, as well as the extensibility points, both in WPF and on the technologies we build on.
At the top if the Framework. This is the most common programming abstraction and it is what provides controls (Button, Menu, etc), as well as Layout (Canvas, Grid, etc), and the ability to extend those. It also includes services such as databinding and styling. We use our public APIs to build our own components. This validates the architecture and implementation we built. This means that anyone can develop layouts and controls that are able to match the performance and functionality of the built-in elements (unlike for example in the HTML world, where there are not enough programming abstraction exposed, for example, to build the Table element and perform other layout operations).
At roughly the same level of abstraction as the Framework is XAML-Presentation. We expect that many tools will generate/consume XAML-P, even if not all of those applications are not built using WPF (we have examples of third party and Microsoft applications that fall in this category today already).
Below that, we have the MIL. It presents an API called Visual, which allows developers to do rendering, without a lot of the services available at the Framework level (lower policy, therefore with higher performance in some cases, as there is no layout involved or property system). This marks the transition from managed to native code.
The last API layer below Visual is WPF Imaging Components (WIC), which enables native code applications also to leverage the imaging functionality in WPF (this functionality is exposed at the Framework level as well).
Now we are below the API layer, and into base extensibility points for providing support for new formats, for example. We will begin with WIC Compressors/Decompressors (CODEC), which enable anyone to extend the supported imaging formats on the machine (on Windows Vista, the end user benefits directly from new CODECs in their desktop experience). Next are Effects, which enables developers to add their custom image based effects (Geometry based effects will have to wait until a future version of WPF).
There are also extensibility points in the technologies that WPF uses, which get exposed or used by WPF applications indirectly. The more interesting type are DirectShow filters. This enables developers using WPFs media element to effortlessly playback different media types (similar to WICs CODEC, which provide seamless support for new imaging formats). Hardware folks can provide support for their custom hardware through Direct3D drivers (Windows Display Driver Model in the Windows Vista case) and Print drivers (XP print driver model or Next Generation Print Path drivers these last type uses XPS as its spool format).
update 05/23/07 - Here is an interesting posting of using WIC for getting DShow content into your WPF application Jeremiah Morrill's blog entry.
Posted by Pablo Fernicola in Technical at 01:47 | Comments (29) | Trackbacks (2)
What level of WPF graphics API should I use?
I was going to post something about the various levels you can use in WPF for graphics, but Pablo Fernicola...
Weblog: Tales from the Smart Client
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Great thing. Thank you, Pablo, it is nice review to get in touch with WPF architecture.
You state that "The bottom line for us is: if the CPU is busy doing graphics, it is not doing some other important task."
So far, in my experiences of WPF, the CPU has been very very busy.
It would have been nice for the whole of WPF to live on the GPU. Can we imagine a retained-mode API that lives entirely on the GPU, implemented with vertex and fragment shaders?
We will get closer to the picture you paint over time.
The new driver model in Windows Vista enables us to take a big step forward. The Advanced Driver model post Windows Vista will enable even greater use of the GPU (the interrup level will be more granular). Eventually we will get to Dx10 parts being the base requirement for the OS (not in Vista, which is Dx9 based), and we will offload even more work to the GPU.
But even then, we will always have the CPU do some work (property level operations at least, likely layout as well), especially where there is high frequency back and forth with the application.
In terms of WPF v1.0, how busy the CPU is can be related to:
1) bug in our code
2) cost of the operation on our side
3) cost of the operation on the application side
4) side effect of how our code is being used
If you can send us an example of your usage, we can track it down.
Thanks for the comment!
#2.1 Pablo Fernicola (Link) on 2006-03-22 23:50 (Reply)
Hi Pablo,
My code has already been profiled at Microsoft. It turns out that nearly 40% of my CPU usage is coming from code that should be implemented on the GPU (lighting calculations), another 15-20% is coming from bad implementations (e.g. performing a PInvoke for each and every vertex, normal, etc in a 3D mesh), and another 10-15% is coming from various other issues that can be worked around or ameliorated.
Hi Daniel,
I've been tracking the work that we are doing based on your feedback. Thank you for sending that in.
I would like the lighting calculation to be performed on the GPU, let's see what gets done for this first version.
#126.96.36.199 Pablo Fernicola (Link) on 2006-03-26 14:56 (Reply)
Finally, one of the first articles that wants to talk about extending WPF with 3rd party functionality. I have been searching for this kind of information for quite some days now. I see that you're talking about DirectShow also, and this is what I want to know.
I have a library that so far can preview webcam video in Windows Forms and Direct3D. It uses VMR9. Knowing that WPF is based on Direct3D, I thought implementing it in Avalon also wouldn't be too hard. But it is, because I cannot find the proper documentation and samples.
So what I want to know is how to implement this. I saw samples of MediaElement playing video inside shapes or on a 3D cube (Hands-On-Labs). I would like to achieve similar functionality with my library. How can I do this? What should I subclass? Are there any examples so far?
Thank you,
#3 CosminB [BRT] on 2006-03-27 03:57 (Reply)
The Visual is still fundamentally a retained-mode API, storing data that is then rendered using the rendering thread. Is this statement correct?
If so, this is the biggest problem we have with using WPF in techincal applications. Fundamental optimization techiques are no longer available -- reusing the same rendering data for multiple objects, optimizing buffering, incremental rendering optimization (only changes re-rendered), controlling framerates... Will we ever have acces to a true immediate mode API?
#4 Frank Hileman (Link) on 2006-06-13 10:11 (Reply)
The Visual layer is indeed a retained-mode API. Once you try to integrate animations and audio/video with other graphics types, you find that this model is best suited for that.
In terms of the optimizations, we do incremental rendering and buffering for you.
You can re-use data (as in brushes or resources) from the API.
Framerate is dependent on the machine/scene, we try to drive the scene as fast as it can on the machine (or you can drive the clock yourself, if you want to capture frames), but you can provide hints if some animation is less important (so we ran it at a lower rate).
Hope this helps,
#4.1 Pablo Fernicola (Link) on 2006-06-14 00:48 (Reply)
When I said "buffering" I was speaking of buffering the rendering data.
For example, if I wish to draw a polyline using the lowest level interface available (DrawingContext):
A) How many times are the polyline points copied from one memory location to another before rendered, starting from the original API call?
B) Are the points transferred across a bus, such as the video bus?
The answers to those questions determine in part how well the system scales when the number of points increases to many megabytes.
When I speak of reusing rendering data, it is not just brushes, I mean any type of data, with minimal data transfer.
What you call "animations" in WPF speak seems to be mainly Flash-style advertising type of animations? In many technical applications animation is driven by real-time data and is fundamentally imperative -- no interpolation. This is why it is important to have low-level control over the screen updates.
Incremental rendering optimization: suppose I draw 100K polyines with the lowest-level WPF API, DrawingContext. Now I wish to change 10 of those polylines in response to a change real-time data. Must I re-stream all 100K?
With an immediate mode API and a bitmap or video buffer based system it is possible to optimize this scenario. With the DrawingContext what does one do?
If the solution is to abandon WPF, and go back to GDI, GDI+, or attempt to fit a 2D immediate mode system over DirectX, this is disappointing. We have been waiting for an update to GDI+ for many years now.
#4.1.1 Frank Hileman (Link) on 2006-06-16 18:20 (Reply)
Maybe the The Visual layer is not quite a fit for CAD level programs but should improve less-demanding desktop apps a lot. Are there any documentation for the The Visual layer APIs? I am eager to try it.
The perceived problem you have comes from not understanding how data binding works in WPF. By using databinding, your animations can be driven by data. For a number of examples related to data driven animation in WPF, you should look at http://www.thewpfblog.com
#184.108.40.206 Mike Brown (Link) on 2006-08-03 09:03 (Reply)
I am also interested to know the answers to the questions Frank asked in the above post. If you don't know the answers or don't have time to answer or whatever, pointers to information that helps to answer them or to better places to ask would be most appreciated.
Could you please update all links in your article?
They are no longer vaild.
I've heard that MIL API is not public.
Also, it is unmanaged API, not managed as written in the blog.
As you see in the diagram, the lower level layers of the MIL are written in native code (unmanaged), which is where the MIL interfaces with Direct3D, for example.
Not sure why one would think that the MIL is not public. The lowest level API exposed for the MIL are Visual, and that is managed. Obviously, the MIL is also exposed/used by the framework level APIs as well.
Below the MIL, you have access to the Windows Imaging Component and Direct3D, both through native APIs.
#6.1 Pablo Fernicola (Link) on 2007-02-01 13:54 (Reply)
Well, there are no header or lib files publicly available for milcore.dll, right?
Being able to use MIL from unmanaged applications is what the fuzz is all about.
Please don't say now you didn't know why anyone might want to do that
Thanks for the link back to my blog!
In response the "Factored Access to WPF" section. I believe a lot of developers want their cake (WPF) and eat it too (Fast Graphics Rendering).
With the framework level functionality, we can do all sorts of great effects with vectors, alpha blending, animation, etc. We can even use the BitmapEffect API / BitmapSource.Create() to do modifications to raster images. The issue is performance of these methods as the framework API seems to reallocate an image's buffer and cause insane amount of page faults and overall CPU usage. This makes WPF unusable in some situations. We can always use Win32 Interop, but we lose out on all the WPF goodness.
Say I had a video chat application I wanted to port to WPF. I have a custom DirectShow graph that takes a webcam stream and sends to a renderer and out to the network. It is impossible to render the video for WPF compositing (w/o killing the CPU).
What if I had a Photoshop-esque application and I wanted direct access to the pixels for modification. Again this is impossible to do efficiently in WPF.
I am very optimistic that Microsoft will have a solution to these issues in future updates to WPF. I admit I have been very a very annoying voice, trying to be a squeeky-wheel in hopes to expedite this ability.
I believe the missing high-performance graphics access really inhibits the type of applications that can be made and promotes usage of win32/winforms interop, something we should all want to get away from.
#8 Jeremiah Morrill (Link) on 2007-06-07 15:50 (Reply)
The "missing piece" of WPF is not completely captured by the phrase "Fast Graphics Rendering". The other part is scalable graphics rendering. WPF is (currently) a retained-mode-only API. There are classes of applications for which retained mode simply does not scale well enough to be practical. My example is scientific visualization, where you have vast amounts of data you are trying to display on-screen. WPF is a great API if you have a small number (a few thousand) of objects that move around. For those of us with a large number (hundreds of thousands to millions) of objects that sit still, WPF is quickly overwhelmed, primarily in terms of the amount of memory it consumes rather than rendering speed. This class of applications needs, IMHO, an immediate-mode API that integrates with WPF. It's been mentioned (Tim Cahill's blog I think, a year or so back). Can we have it please ;-)?
I am working on a graphics intensive application. I need to display tens of thousands of polygons, a few filled with linear gradient fills, others with uniform color, support VERY LARGE zoom ratios. Data is static. I do not need any hittests on the shapes displayed.
I implemented the app with .Net 2.0 framework. Performance is reasonably good. GDI+ crashes frequently because of "overflows" and "underflows".
I reimplemented the app with WPF but not able to get reasonable performance. I used a canvas contained in a ScrollViewer to display the data. In OnRender I used PathGeometry objects and DrawGeometry() method to render all the shapes. It is taking considerable time to render the data. If I scroll using the scroll bar it calls OnRender().
I would appreciate if the following questions are answered.
1. Is the strategy I use optimal?
2. Is there a way to tell the system "there is no change use cached retained mode data" in response to Render event?
3. Is there a way to suppress calling of OnRender() when scroll position is changed?
4. When I use Perforator I see only "software render targets". No "hardware render targets". My system has DirectX 9.0c. Why is it not using HW acceleration?
#9 Rammohan Kotturu on 2007-07-18 19:35 (Reply)
If you want good performance from WPF, you must factor all code out of OnRender. If you are drawing with geometries, I believe the steps are: Create a Drawing or DrawingGroup from your Geometry (probably a GeometryDrawing). Then, create a DrawingVisual, call RenderOpen on it, and use DrawDrawing to render the drawing into the DrawingVisual. Finally, you need a FrameworkElement that you can put on the canvas. I have a class called VisualHost that derives from FrameworkElement, takes a DrawingVisual as a constructor argument, overrides VisualChildrenCount to always return 1, and overrides GetVisualChild to return the DrawingVisual. It is that VisualHost that gets put on the canvas.
Hope this helps.
I appreciate that clarification Eric. Is your VisualHost class nontrivial.. and may I have a looksee?
My own application right now is using OnRender to draw a pile of data-plots, each containing thousands of datapoints, and is unacceptably slow. I'm handling OnRender for every time the user does a horizontal scroll. Would then the better method be to use a ScrollViewer, load it with the entire set of data-plots and let IT do the scrolling (factoring all of my rendering code out of OnRender as you said)?
#9.1.1 James Hurst on 2008-03-10 16:06 (Reply)
In response to rendering a Geometry as a GeometryDrawing the using DrawDrawing. Would it not be more effective to use the DrawGeometry() call rather than DrawDrawing?
Why bother creating your Geometry as a drawing just to use the DrawDrawing call?
#9.1.2 Drawing Geometry with Drawing Visual on 2008-03-18 12:41 (Reply)
You're quite right. In my sample app that uses geometries, I am creating a DrawingGroup of a bunch of different elements (multiple geometries drawn with different brushes/pens, plus text elements) that I need to be able to transform together. The only way to do that was to turn my geometries into drawings, hence the use of GeometryDrawing. Absent that requirement, DrawGeometry() would have been the way to go. Thanks for clearing that up.
Thanks that is a good point. I am drawing with drawing visuals and rather than creating a drawing group I was creating a bunch of separate visuals. Your reply points to using less Drawing Visuals and more Drawing Groups when appropriate
Also consider creating a DrawingVisual which implements Shape and it's decedents. This is a path to developing a library of shapes which could have a compatible interface in silverlight. Specifically shapes, brushes, pens can be drawn in a similar fashion with silverlight shapes.
#126.96.36.199.1 Rob FireGarden on 2008-03-24 12:13 (Reply)
If one had a goal to create a ui implementation which would compile to presentationCore and silverlight 2.0 they could do it by standardizing on Geometry as their UI model data. This would have to also include brushes and a pen.
If you look closely at System.Windows.Media in both PresentationCore.dll and Silverlight 2.0. you will see the overlap classes available in terms of rendering Geometries using a Path, brushes and a pen. The only place it differs is Silverlight 2 has a videoBrush and PC has a VideoDrawing.
Example you create a drawingVisual Shape base class that does the same thing as SilverLight 2.0 shape. Derive other shapes and now you have two compatible drawing classes. Compatible in terms of both set of shape classes share the exact same Geometry, brush & pen to render. Also they implement the exact same dependency properties and animation classes. The code base only really have to diverge with the host container as a window or browser.
The preceeding design excludes the use of a drawing group as there is no common silverlight class. Each DrawingVisual is equivilent to silverlight 2.0 shape in terms of making the code cross compilable.
Does this prospect interest you? If so perhaps you should not post this comment rather email me directly. I could share the current implementation of a silverlight compatible PresentationCore.dll MVP user control implementation.
Thanks so much.
#22.214.171.124.2 Rob on 2008-03-24 14:04 (Reply)
Anyone have any benchmarks on how much hardware acceleration will speed up various operations?
Looks like we're close to the topic i need to discuss here, so need input why the heck my app is rendering in software mode.
The app displays long polylines in a couple of long canvases. they are in a scrollpane so the user can scroll up and down to view the full content. The canvases have tiled rectangles filling them which have geometry added to draw gridlilnes in the background. The problem Im having is anytime a scroll is done, the canvase contents are re-rendered, and in software mode. Makes for a sluggish scrolling operation.
I cant find anything fancy Im doing that might cause the software rendering to occur... Im lready looking to switch to the virtualizing canvas (that I found code for online), but just having this render in hardware mode would seem to help things quite a bit.
Im testing on xp sp3 with directx 9.0c, with an nvidia 256 mb vid card. It is a laptop, if that matters.
It is useful to everyone.very good opinion.would be much easier for designers and translates them very easy to work.
I noticed this:
1. Create a new solution/add new WPF Application project.
2. place just a canvas in the main window.
3. create a RotateTransform + PageUp/Down events for incrementing the angle with +-10.
4. place 50 polygons on the canvas
5. Press PageUp/Down (and keep pressed)
On my PC the CPU usage is 80%.
1. Now try placing 1000 polygons: the CPU can reach 100% at 1-2 frames/s.
I checked RenderCapability.Tier and it's 2 - meaning that it should render everything by hardware. But it's not working, why?
(Example code:
RotateTransform rotation = new RotateTransform();
TransformGroup tg = new TransformGroup();
Polygon polygon = new Polygon(); // then add 4 points
polygon.RenderTransform = tg; // repeat this for example 50~1000 times
I also tried forcing software rendering and it seems that the performance is the same.
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Hollywood 1927. George Valentin (Jean Dujardin) is a silent movie superstar. The advent of the talkies will sound the death knell for his career and see him fall into oblivion. For young extra Peppy Miller (Berenice Bejo), it seems the sky's the limit – major movie stardom awaits. THE ARTIST tells the story of their interlinked destinies.
|Run time
|100 Minutes
|DVD Release Date
|June 26, 2012
|Jean Dujardin, Berenice Bejo, James Cromwell, John Goodman, Malcolm McDowell, Penelope Ann Miller
|Michel Hazanavicius
|The Weinstein Company
|PG-13 (Rated PG-13 for a disturbing image and a crude gesture)
|Comedy, Drama
|Watch Movie Trailer
|The Artist Trailer
|Where to Rent
|Netflix Redbox
I love the scenes on the stairs. Framed, like a picture.
I have been curiously waiting for this film to be available. I have seen the clips during the Academy Awards and was enthralled. There are so many references to real silent film stars like Jean Harlow, Myrna Loy, W.C. Fields, etc. Growing up, my parents introduced me to silent movies and filled me in on the back stories of the stars that they loved. In our present time where everything is fast, loud, and filled with special effects, this film illustrates the value in paying close attention to nuance in facial features and body language.
How can I purchase a copy of The Artist with French dialogue?
Brilliant movie making. Period. And I am an avid film watcher.I was amazed at how great a silent film could be. Shocked actually.
Completely brilliant. I almost became overwhelmed while watching it by the realization that I was seeing one of the greatest cinematic achievements ever.
Surely Charlie Chaplin is looking down, and smiling with approval. "The Artist" is truly a work of art!
Incredible film making: back to the basics. Brilliant and so PURE. The only movie I've gone to see 4 times, and would easily go a dozen more–trying to dig up some 2nd run theaters before it's too late. Movie stars, to me, are like cardboard posters… not much to them. But Jean Dujardin… he's in a class by himself. Now THAT is a MAN. Melt doorknobs indeed!! lol. I want MORE of him. George who? Brad who? And look who won Best Actor. Utterly refreshing.
One of the best movies I have ever seen in my entire life.
Obvious choice for best picture. I'm a big oscars fan; saw every movie. To me by far the best put together production and amazingly original for the concept that has been done before, 70 years ago. Great acting, great directing, great movie. 10/10


text:
|The topology as the product set with a base chosen as all products of open sets in the individual spaces. This topology is known as box topology. The main objective of this study is to extend the concept of box products to fuzzy box products and to obtain some results regarding them. Owing to the fact that box products have plenty of applications in uniform and covering properties, here made an attempt to explore some inter relations of fuzzy uniform properties and fuzzy covering properties in fuzzy box products. Even though the main focus is on fuzzy box products, some brief sketches regarding hereditarily fuzzy normal spaces and fuzzy nabla product is also provided. The main results obtained include characterization of fuzzy Hausdroffness and fuzzy regularity of box products of fuzzy topological spaces. The investigation of the completeness of fuzzy uniformities in fuzzy box products proved that a fuzzy box product of spaces is fuzzy topologically complete if each co-ordinate space is fuzzy topologically complete. The thesis also prove that the fuzzy box product of a family of fuzzy α-paracompact spaces is fuzzy topologically complete. In Fuzzy box product of hereditarily fuzzy normal spaces, the main result obtained is that if a fuzzy box product of spaces is hereditarily fuzzy normal ,then every countable subset of it is fuzzy closed. It also deals with the notion of fuzzy nabla product of spaces which is a quotient of fuzzy box product. Here the study deals the relation connecting fuzzy box product and fuzzy nabla product
|Muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor changes in the brain stem during pancreatic regeneration were investigated. Brain stem acetylcholine esterase activity decreased at the time of regeneration . Sympathetic activity also decreased as indicated by the norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) content of adrenals and also in the plasma. Muscarinic Ml and M3 receptors showed reciprocal changes in the brain stem during regeneration. Muscairnic M1 receptor number decreased at time of regeneration without any change in the affinity. High affinity M3 receptors showed an increase in the number. The affinity did not show any change . The number of low affinity receptors decreased with decreased Kd at 72 hours after partial pancreatectomy. The Kd reversed to control value with a reversal of the number of receptors to near control value . Gene expression studies also showed a similar change in the mRNA level of Ml and M3 receptors . These alterations in the muscarinic receptors regulate sympathetic activity and maintain glucose level during pancreatic regeneration. Central muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor subtypes functional balance is suggested to regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, which in turn control the islet cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis.
|T R Renuka and others(2004)march.PDF
|It examine the aspects of Madhya Pradesh's industrial structure which throw light on the development, viability and the efficiency of not only the over all industrial sector but also some of the selected industries of the state. The major objectives of are to examine the nature and characteristics of economic backwardness in Madhya Pradesh in an inter-state comparative framework and to analyse the pace and pattern of industrial growth in Madhya Pradesh against the backdrop of liberalization. To explore the industrial structure of Madhya Pradesh using the major structural ratios and industry mix. This study has underlined some structural as well as region specific constraints to the accelerated growth of the manufacturing industry in Madhya Pradesh. The industrial structure of Madhya Pradesh is concentrated and lop-sided. This is evidenced by the dominancy of single industry, basic metal and alloys. A diversified industrial structure is essential for promoting interdependent growth of the manufacturing industry based on the inter-industry linkages and agglomeration. The thesis gives a broad spectrum of regional disparities in development and evidence for Madhya Pradesh's backwardness also portrayed and reflects the changing industrial structure of the state.
|The radiation characteristics of a microstrip-line-excited rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) are studied experimentally.The radiation charactristics and excitation of different modes are highly influenced by the orientation of the DR,feed line parameters ,and finite size of the ground plane
|Characteristics ... tric resonator antenna.PDF
|The present work is an attempt to understand the characteristics of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Asian summer monsoon region, more specifically over the Indian subcontinent. Mainly three important parameters are taken such as zonal wind, temperature and ozone over the UT/LS of the Asian summer monsoon region. It made a detailed study of its interannual variability and characteristics of theses parameters during the Indian summer monsoon period. Monthly values of zonal wind and temperature from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for the period 1960-2002 are used for the present study. Also the daily overpass total ozone data for the 12 Indian stations (from low latitude to high latitudes) from the TOMS Nimbus 7 satellite for the period 1979 to 1992 were also used to understand the total ozone variation over the Indian region. The study reveals that if QBO phases in the stratosphere is easterly or weak westerly then the respective monsoon is found to be DRY or below Normal . On the other hand, if the phase is westerly or weak easterly the respective Indian summer monsoon is noted as a WET year. This connection of stratospheric QBO phases and Indian summer monsoon gives more insight in to the long-term predictions of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Wavelet analysis and EOF methods are the two advanced statistical techniques used in the present study to explore more information of the zonal wind that from the smaller scale to higher scale variability over the Asian summer monsoon region. The interannual variability of temperature for different stratospheric and tropospheric levels over the Asian summer monsoon region have been studied. An attempt has been made to understand the total ozone characteristics and its interannual variablilty over 12 Indian stations spread from south latitudes to north latitudes. Finally it found that the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere contribute significantly to monsoon variability and climate changes. It is also observed that there exists a link between the stratospheric QBO and Indian summer monsoon
|This paper presents the outcome of the experimental studies performed on L-strip fed compact rectangular microstrip antenna. The effect of the feed parameters upon the characteristics of the antenna is studied in detail. The antenna offers an impedance bandwidth of nearly 20% and is suitable for broadband applications
|L-strip excited ... lar microstrip antenna.PDF
|Usage of a dielectric multilayer around a dielectric Sample is studied as a means for improving the efficiency in multimode microwave- heating cavities. The results show that by using additional dielectric constant layers the appearance of undesired reflections at the sample-air interface is avoided and higher power -absorption rates within the sample and high -efficiency designs are obtained
|A new method fo ... ic layer superposition.PDF
|There is an increasing demand for renewable energies due to the limited availability of fossil and nuclear fuels and due to growing environmental problems. Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion has the potential to contribute significantly to the electrical energy generation in the future. Currently, the cost for photovoltaic systems is one of the main obstacles preventing production and application on a large scale. The photovoltaic research is now focused on the development of materials that will allow mass production without compromising on the conversion efficiencies. Among important selection criteria of PV material and in particular for thin films, are a suitable band gap, high absorption coefficient and reproducible deposition processes capable of large-volume and low cost production. The chalcopyrite semiconductor thin films such as Copper indium selenide and Copper indium sulphide are the materials that are being intensively investigated for lowering the cost of solar cells. Conversion efficiencies of 19 % have been reported for laboratory scale solar cell based on CuInSe2 and its alloys. The main objective of this thesis work is to optimise the growth conditions of materials suitable for the fabrication of solar cell, employing cost effective techniques. A typical heterojunction thin film solar cell consists of an absorber layer, buffer layer and transparent conducting contacts. The most appropriate techniques have been used for depositing these different layers, viz; chemical bath deposition for the window layer, flash evaporation and two-stage process for the absorber layer, and RF magnetron sputtering for the transparent conducting layer. Low cost experimental setups were fabricated for selenisation and sulphurisation experiments, and the magnetron gun for the RF sputtering was indigenously fabricated. The films thus grown were characterised using different tools. A powder X-ray diffractometer was used to analyse the crystalline nature of the films. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy i (SEM) were used for evaluating the composition and morphology of the films. Optical properties were investigated using the UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer by recording the transmission/absorption spectra. The electrical properties were studied using the two probe and four probe electrical measurements. Nature of conductivity of the films was determined by thermoprobe and thermopower measurements. The deposition conditions and the process parameters were optimised based on these characterisations.
|In this paper, a comparison study among three neuralnetwork algorithms for the synthesis of array patterns is presented. The neural networks are used to estimate the array elements' excitations for an arbitrary pattern. The architecture of the neural networks is discussed and simulation results are presented. Two new neural networks, based on radial basis functions (RBFs) and wavelet neural networks (WNNs), are introduced. The proposed networks offer a more efficient synthesis procedure, as compared to other available techniques
|Comparison stud ... using neural networks.PDF
|A broadband cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) energized with an L-strip feed is presented The novel exciting technique achieves a 2:1 VSWR bandwidth of 18%. The variation of bandwidth for different feed parameters is also studied
|Wideband oylind ... using an L-strip feed.PDF
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Phil Taylor is an artist based in Brighton, UK, working primarily with video, photography and sound. Taylor has shown his work nationally and internationally since graduating from Oxford Brookes University in 1998. Many of Taylor's time-based projects focus upon specific locations that have an historical event or significance associated with them, such as the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany and the former East German TV Tower in Berlin. These works interpret and document the locations whilst also presenting an emotive and personal viewpoint. A recent video work entitled 'Losing Ground' will be exhibited at the 'Future Places' festival in Porto, Portugal in October 2009. A long running theme in Taylor's work has been his exploration of cultural and historical aspects of life in the North-West American state of Montana.
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