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THE HARLEQUIN FAMILY OF DOGS: Harls, Merles, Blacks, Whites & More
There always seems to be alot of confusion & "mythos" about harlequins, harlequin breedings & the merles that are born to harls. This little article is intended to answer the basic questions that most newcomers to the breed have, & to hopefully help clear up the confusion that comes from conflicting reports about harls, merles & their family. There is a little more technical information at the end of the article for those interested, as well as a list of references for those wanting to study the topic. If you don't want to wade thru all this, then remember, you cannot go wrong if you stick to the standard & breed ONLY show-marked & breed-quality Harlequins & Mantles to each other. That's why the standard was written in the first place; to act as a guide to breeders. So you don't need to understand all these details & theories of the genetics of coat color, but you do then need to stick to the standard when breeding. If there is anything you feel that needs to be added, etc. to this article, please email me & I'll do my best to see your question gets addressed.
First off, the basics of what you get when you breed. A note prior to presenting the data & links. Statistically the data are conclusive. This does not mean you will see these exact ratios of pups in litters, as such ratios only appear when large numbers are studied. This has been done. The data are extensive & it's well known what to expect from certain breedings. There is no real mystery to breeding harlequins; it's not "a crap shoot," & it doesn't require the use of mismarked dogs or weird combinations to be successful. There is NO secret recipe involving merles or other mismarked dogs. All this has been done time & again, so PLEASE don't think there is ANY need to try out odd combinations to "see what you get" or prove some elusive point. This is simply not an ethical approach to breeding: you do not care for the breed by "reinventing the wheel" and having litters to learn what has already been discovered, seen & written about. At the end of this article is presented an argument about theories of the harlequin variant. That does NOT mean that the basics are not understood, nor do these arguments have much to do with the practicalities of breeding harlequins. Read before you breed, please, and follow the standard when you do breed. A long list of references is offered at the end of this article & live links are offered thru-out to help you find the relevant articles & information you need. If you want to see the ratios of expected pups from various harl-family breedings, read Jane Chopson's article which gives all the offspring expected from various pairings or read one of the articles I've written, either the basic article or the more technical one. Louise Feddema also has one that outlines what to expect from certain breedings. I am NOT presenting myself here as "the" expert: I am presenting expert information gathered up in one place for the public to see that (hopefully) properly summarizes the available literature. Like I said, email me additions, corrections, etc. The best advice always is: follow the standard for the breed, in color, as in all other things. You cannot go far wrong as a breeder if you use the standard as your guide.
First off, regardless of what combos you try, large numbers of mismarked puppies are expected in ALL breedings involving harlequin (& merle) dogs. The best you can ever hope for is about 75% correct color & pattern; 50% is the average if you count both Harlequin & Mantle offspring. You can reduce the expected number of correctly marked pups by at least 1/4 if you want to talk about harlequins specifically. Merles are routinely born to harls, as are various other mismarks, including white merles (MM) also known as (deaf) white danes. Therefore the problems of euthanasia of defective pups and the careful placement of dogs who fail to meet the standard is a routine part of the responsibility of any ethical harlequin breeder. You can avoid all of this by breeding Danes of any other family but Harlequin. Harls have problems & challenges the other colors of danes do not face. Mismarks in every litter is just one of them.
HARLEQUIN to HARLEQUIN: You can expect, in a litter of 7, to see 2 (likely mismarked) black or Mantle pups, 2 merle pups, 2 harlequin pups & one deaf white pup (two are statitically conceived, but one of two whites conceived generally dies prior to birth). Naturally people have 7 males in some litters, so some people will have 7 harls..or even 7 deaf whites, but on average, about 1/4 of the four basic colors is what is expected. Of course harls that carry blue or fawn or brindle can produce these "porcelain" dogs, sometimes called bluekin, fawnikin & brindlikin respectively. To read about why fawnikins occur, click here. Flashy harls (with lots of white) could also produce piebalds: white dogs with "mantle heads & harlequin looking bodies" as they have been described. Harl-, merle- or boston-heads; dogs with white bodies & "caps" of color (i.e. color-headed dogs) also can result from the use of piebalds & flashy harls & mantles. These color-headed dogs, also called piebalds, are essentially mismarked Mantles. To read more on piebalds, click here. Any time two dogs with the merle gene (incl. harls) are bred to each other, white merle (i.e. defective, dominant white) offspring are to be expected. The dominant whites that do survive to birth are normally defective & commonly deaf. Ethical breeders generally euthanize all whites at birth for these reasons. To read more about white (MM) danes, click here.
HARLEQUIN to MANTLE: This is the preferred breeding, all things considered, as it does not produce the Dominant (deaf) White dane. Expect the litter to be about 1/2 mantle, 1/4 merle & 1/4 harl. So in a litter of 8, expect 2 harls, 2 merles & 4 mantles. If these black pigmented dogs carry for other pigments, you may get fawns with blazes, or blue instead of a black basecoat. (If that is confusing, read about why fawnikins are here to stay.) Piebald & color-headed dogs can occur, especially when flashy dogs are used.
MANTE TO MANTLE: Produces only Mantle. That is, it cannot produce harl, merle or white danes. Now piebald danes that are mistaken for whites and for harlequins can be born to Mantle parents. This is more likely to happen when breeding flashy Mantles with big collars & broken blankets than with dogs who have more pigment. Mismarked blacks can also be born to this breeding. It is possible (if unlikely!) that very flashy Mantles bred to each other could produce a puppy so white s/he could be deaf. Possible--not probable--& AFAIK it's never happened in Danes. BUT it does happen in Boxers & Dalmatians.
MANTLE TO (harl-bred)BLACK. Would likely produce mismarked blacks. Mantles & (solid) Blacks also are possible.
BLACK to BLACK: Would likely produce mismarked blacks when harl-bred blacks are used. Mantles & Blacks possible.
BLACK TO HARLEQUIN: Produces as does Mantle to Harlequin, except, since a Black lacks the white collar of the Mantle, expect more mismarks under the AKC standard to occur, both in Harlequin & especially in potential Mantle offspring. Blacks will likely not be solid Black, but mismarked black, sometimes even called "harlequin black" it is so common to black to harl breedings. These "harlequin blacks" are disqualifying under the American standard.
These above breedings are authorized by the Great Dane Club of
BLACK TO WHITE: (or Mantle to White). This breeding is done by some people because it sometimes offers the possibility of producing at least 50% harls or even a whole litter of harls. Of course a whole litter of merles is just as likely as getting all harls & there are lots of problems with using whites in a breeding program. Whites may all look alike, but they don't all breed alike! And of course most of them are deaf. To read more about whites, click here. White to black breedings that produce black, mantle or piebald pups are not true black to white breedings; the "white" used is actually a mismarked harlequin or a misidentified merlikin. Using deaf dogs in a breeding program is reported to increase the number of deaf pups thru several generations.
WHITE TO HARL: This would produce a litter with 50% deaf whites, the rest split between harl & merle, depending on what kind of white was bred. Again, if this breeding produces black, mantle or piebald pups the "white" used is actually a mismarked harlequin or a misidentified merlikin.
HARL TO PIEBALD: This would increase the number of mismarked pups, as you'd expect to get harl-heads instead of harlequins & piebalds in the place of mantles, especially if the harl used is flashy or even just has that clean white neck. To read more about the piebald, click here. Piebalds are mismarked Mantles, not a kind of Harlequin.
MERLE TO WHITE: 50% deaf (or dead) white is expected; 50% merle, with reduced litter size due to merle-related deaths.
MERLE (or merlikin) TO BLACK (or to Mantle): This is a breeding using TWO mismarked dogs. (Most of the others use at least one parent with correct markings!) Since some harl-bred blacks & mantles can carry harl genes (H-factor) unseen & merles obviously carry the Merle gene, recombining the two can occassionally produce harls. But mostly, again, this breeding produces mismarks: black with white markings & merle dogs. And the dogs used in these sort of breedings are commonly sub-standard in other ways than color.
MERLE TO HARL: This is like breeding harl to harl, except you reduce your chances of getting harls & increase your chances or getting mismarks and various defects by all reports.
MERLE TO MERLE: This is not deliberately done in Danes, although it is occassionally done in other breeds. It is universally discouraged & is against the law in some countries. Vague reports of such breedings in Danes make the rounds from time to time. From what is known, at least 25% or the litter is expected to be defective & there are anecdotal reports (in Danes & other breeds) of merle x merle litters ending in "disaster" (all lethals, all defects, absorbed litters, etc.) More on breeding merles below:
1) Merles are a disqualification under all standards for the Great Dane--and have always been. That is enough, in many registries, for a dog to be denied "papers," so this is obviously always been thought a very poor breeding choice. (That the AKC will register a dog does not imply approval of it as a breeding choice--the AKC will register *ANY* dog with two registered parents of the same breed. Any dog.) One must assume, historically, such animals were used & the results generally not good, hence the fact they have always been disqualified. There *are* anecdotal reports that using merles in a harl breeding program not only increases the number of mismarks in a litter, but also results in a much higher number of defective puppies than in a harl to harl breeding. In other breeds which allow the merle (very few BTW), merles are not supposed to be bred to each other, to avoid the production of white merles: those defective, predominately white pups. Merles LACK the necessary genetics on their own to produce harls: noone has ever documented a merle to merle breeding that produced harls. So by all reliable reports, merles as a group do not productively contribute to the harlequin-mantle gene pool.
2) It is certainly and always the case that anyone who has not established an *sterling* reputation & can explain to the general dane fancy's satisfaction the reason to break such a general rule of breeding better be prepared to be considered unethical by most if not all others concerned about ethical breeding. This is a case where making an exception to the rule is better NOT done but for the rarest of cases where the person in question has a long track record of good practices, the production of Champions under ethical constraints, AND who has an exceptional & rare enough situation on their hands to warrant a probably once in a lifetime event. People who sell & breed merles (including so-called merlikins) as breeding stock on a regular basis can simply be generally assumed to be commercial (i.e. for-profit) breeders whose goal is cash cropping harl pups, not breed protection. These dogs are also bred in ignorance by people only casually involved with the breed. Needless to say, however well meaning, these breedings do not contribute to breed betterment either.
4) "Merlikins," a white base-coated dog with black and
grey markings, have been bred on occassion to Mantles
to produce harls. But this is a risky breeding for
several reasons. Merlikins may be deaf and have eye
defects (and without a CERF no one can say a dog's eyes "are fine"!),
most (Mm) merlikins will NOT produce properly marked harls under any circumstances, & the harls they DO produce are likely the result of their Mantle
(boston) mate carrying unseen the factors needed to produce harls.
There is significant evidence that some (many?) merlikins
are actually (MM) double merles, i.e. genetic whites. There is also a
well-established theory that merlikins are simply
merles which carry the
5) The long and the short of breeding merles (and other mismarks, for that matter) is, if you have to ask about the whys and wherefores, you probably "can't afford it;" can't afford the disaster and dishonor likely awaiting you. Unless you are dealing with a publicly esteemed breed expert really caught in a corner, you can pretty much assume someone using mismarks (e.g. merles, piebalds, and other mismarks) routinely in their breeding program is less than knowledgeable and less than ethical. This *is* a case of guilty until proven innocent.
I published an article in the Great Dane Reporter in 1997 on the action of the S Locus itself (when alone) as it applies to the Mantle (Manteltiger) entitled: "Mantle Dane Genetics: How to Get & Keep Boston Patterned Dogs". There are also somewhat harder to find, but very useful, articles published over the past two decades by such as Paul Hardiman and Laura Kialenaus on the subject of the Mantledane. I tried to summarize their message in the article I wrote in 1997. This article discussed some of the implication of attempting to stabilize a "tux-n-tails" bicolour Great Dane as a breeding partner to the Harlequin. This also is a complex issue, but the basic take home message is:
1) Breed only properly
marked Harlequins & Mantles to avoid not only mismarks but an increase
(thru loss of pigment) of pups with sensory defects. The breeding of piebald or
flashy boston-type dogs (those with extensive white, i.e., more than 1/3 white)
will result in a loss of harl offspring (to such as "harl-heads"), and
could cause an increase in defective pups due to loss of pigment from these
recessive white genes combining with the dominant white gene(s) that make up
the merle/harl complex. Therefore, avoid the breeding of mismarks, especially
predominantly white mismarks, such as harl/merle and
2) Attempting to
stabilize a full and complete collar and the approximately 1/3 white called for
in the ideal of the Mantledane requires one to
'straddle' a gap between two alleles (si=irish and sp=piebald)--SO--many dogs with this same
phenotype are going to have VERY different genotypes & most of those
genotypes are NOT going to be homozygous (e.g., Ssp/se
= pseudo irish occurs). The long and the short of
that is, that many Mantledanes who look just alike
are going to produce very differently, & the more mismarks used in
the breeding program (especially predominately (>50%) white dogs), the
more mismarks that can be expected, especially "skip
generation" recessives. Consider the problem with whites and checks in
Boxers, as this is the exact same phenomena-less our problems with the merle
gene. What is called "white factoring" occurs in these breeds--i.e.
the presence of a piebald recessive white allele--which results in
predominately white dogs from predominantly pigmented parent. This phenomenon
is present in a variety of breeds from Collies to the
Checks & whites? If not familiar with this phenomenon, see how "Plain," "Flashy," & "White" phenotypes in the Boxer (roughly) corresponds to Solid Black, Mantle & the Piebald in Danes. Click here for an illustrated tour of this two gene, three phenotype phenomenon typical of incomplete dominants. See also "Spots Before Your Eyes" for an illustrated guide to the complete & complex phenomenon of the recessive spotting (S) locus with its four alleles, incomplete dominance, 10 genotypes, modifiers, & multiple, overlapping phenotypes, which is likely a much closer analogy to the situation in Danes.
3) It would seem inescapable that some & not all Mantledanes carry some sort of allleles, be they modifiers or a more "direct" & seperate H-factor (the "harl" locus), that contribute to the production of harls (over merles) in harlequin litters. This is implicit in much of what has been written, but is rarely explicitly stated. It certainly should be addressed at part of the family inheritance, as should the implication that follows directly from this observation; namely that Mantledanes, as individuals, contribute "unevenly" to the production of harls, with some unable to offer any "help" to increase in the percentage of harls in a litter, while others might, at least under certain theories, carry strongly enough for whatever constitutes "harlequin genes" to not only increase the percentage of harls in a litter (over merles) from a harl x mantle breeding, but actually produce harlequins from a merle x mantle breeding.
There are a variety of theories publically offered to account for the variation of harl to merle phenotype. These I have summerized and discussed in detail in the 1996 publication entitled: "A Summary of Theories concerning the Harlequin Variant in the Great Dane." (published in the GDR (Great Dane Reporter) May/June 1996 issue). Generally all these theories fall into the following categories:
1) Harl is a variation on merle, with the M allele of merle being somehow modified to produce this different phenotype. Various ad hoc caveats are added in to explain observed phenomena that do not fit the specific theory. None of them (e.g. Burns & Fraser) are at all satisfactory & most cannot account for the (regularly observed) production of merles from harldane breedings. If you read in such as Willis, you can see some reports on such theories. As they don't match with observation & data, they have generally been discarded & are included here simply for thoroughness.
2) Harl is a variation on merle, with a seperate Locus being necessarily present to produce the harl variant (the W/H theories of harl). This is the Bagalla (W) or Sponnenberg (H) theory of Harlequins, that Neil O'Sullivan published on (with comprehensive statistical data) & Jane Chopson so thoroughly diagrammed.(To read this explanation, click here.) The basic notion here is merles lack a gene that harls have. This "H gene" makes harlequins by "clearing" the grey background that the merle gene leaves behind. So merles are grey dogs with black torn patches, whereas harlequins are white dogs with black torn patches. Harls are HhMm; Merles are hhMm. Harls are therefore "H-factored" merles if you will. Merles, therefore, cannot produce harls as they lack this H-factor. There are no living homozygous (HH) harls, as homozygosity is uniformly lethal. There are homozygous or "white" merles (MM) however, although about 50% of these dogs are also lost prior to birth. (To read more on the white or white merle dog, click here.) So, the merle allele is sub-lethal as is the harl allele, but both seem to be generally deleterious only to the homozygote, and the link for both deaf & defect is not direct, but rather thru the loss of pigment & pigment cells. (See below for more information on Dominant White Lethals.) MM loss produces a 12.5% (1/2 of 4/16) reduction in expected litter size. HH loss produces an additional 18.75% (3/16) loss in litter size. Together under this theory a 31.25% loss is expected. Merle x merle (hhMm dogs) cannot produce the Harlequin variant (a HhMm dog). Merlikins under this theory are simply heterozygous (Mm) merles who are homozygotic for the recessive
3) Little's original (1955) theory is that harl is simply a phenotype variant of merle, with the action of alleles at the S locus (in combination with the M allele) producing the variation from merle to harl. This has been thought to be an incomplete, if not wholly inadequate theory for a variety of reasons which revolve around explaining all the multitudinous variations of harl to merle & the observation that MmSs or even Mmss does not seem to produce harl in any other breed but the Great Dane. If expanded, this could be called the Modifier Theory of the harlequin variant. A suggestion I made in Yousha, 1996 was that M modifiers (functioning quite like the recognised modifiers at the S Locus) might account for the declaration made that merle to merle breedings can produce harls (which not all other theories cannot account for). And a "Modifier Theory" of the Harlequin variant does not require the 31.25% expected reduction in litter size that the H-factor Theory would need to function, so might better account for the large litter size not uncommonly reported in harl-family dogs. It also fully accounts for black to white breedings which do not produce harls, as well as those "in-between" "harlie-merle" animals; the wide & seeminly continuous variation in phenotype seen in both harls & merle, and the commonly reported claims of merle to black dane breedings producing harls. In short the idea of such a Modifier Theory is that merle is a phenotypic continuum with two axes: S for pattern distinct from M for coloration(hue). Modifiers genes at the M Locus "add" & "subtract" pigment, particularly from (merle) areas of reduced ("dilute") pigment that appear grey-brown. Many positive modifiers allow for a merle phenotype and as these modifiers "move" to be predominately negative, harlequin phenotype begins to appear. Modifier genes from the S locus account for the incremental variations from solid (mouse) merle through boston & piebald merle, merlikin, color-headed dogs, as well as "clean white necks" & other overall pattern phenomena seen in harls. It is a complex & somewhat unwieldy idea; and without clear categories (since it constructs a continuum).
We know recesive white (S Locus) spotting genes interact with Dominant White (M/H Loci) genes when it comes to the percentage of white overall (with more defects resulting in dogs who carry recessives at the S Locus). This is something observed in all breeds that carry the merle gene, not something particular to danes. Little (1955) postulated a synergism occurs via positive & negative modifiers of the S Locus acting on the M allele, which act to increase or decrease the amount of pigment the main S gene. The S locus is documented as a late acting pattern locus involved in a very specific action at a late (embrionic) stage & acts naturally on the extremities inward, (in a well documented and somewhat predicable pattern), and is affected by modifiers which allow for a variation in range around the axis allowed by the main gene (e.g. S=<10%white, si=<30%, sp=10-90% white & se=>90% white). The more recessive the allele & the more negative the modifier series, the early the action of the gene begins to interfer with A/E Loci (which direct for a fully pigmented body). The M Locus begins to act very early in fetal development (i.e. neural crest stage), with full expression occuring later in development & independently in (molecular leve) action from the S allele(s). The dominant (M) mutation affects the melanocytes prior to/during pigment migration, disrupting the resulting banks of cells' ability to produce pigment, thus causing the mottled coloration. The dominant (H) mutation (or such modifiers that otherwise exist) is not expresssed except in the presence of the Merle allele: when H & M alleles are combined, a Harlequin results.
The HH homozygote is 100% lethal in embryo. The MM homozygote is ~50% lethal in embryo. The MM (the double merle, white merle, or defective white) danes that survive to birth generally suffer from sensory defects (e.g. deaf &/or blind) as this gene's effect on melanocytes affects much more than simply external coloration (i.e it is pleiotrophic), although these effects are neither uniform or universal. Their combined (M/H & S Loci, plus modifiers) effect is to visually increase the amount of white on the dog. But these genes disrupt the proper formation of pigment. The S (spotting) Locus, however, simply "clears" areas where no pigment will normally be found, leaving smooth "edges," white skin and a distinct bicolour dog. S=spotting alleles are inherited recessively & the S Locus demonstrates incomplete dominance. (To read more on the S Locus as a distinct phenomenon, click here.) The M (merle) Locus apparently affects (fetal) pigment cells individually, completely disabling some cells (white areas), partially allowing for pigment expression (merle areas) & having no affect on some cells at all (black areas). Mottling or merling, with distinct "ragged" edges & a random blotching pattern of varying hues results. The M allele can only act, however, in the areas unaffected by the restriction of pigment due to carrying recessives at the S Locus. The H allele (or modifiers) cannot act except in the presence of the Merle allele, as detailed above. So merles are without the H-factor (if they had it they would be harls). But blacks (including Mantles) with the H-factor are simply black in appearance.
For more info on neural crest development see: http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/student_projects/1999/moran/ or http://www.google.com/search?q=neural+crest+development&btnG=Google+Search). Their respective biochemical action of these recessive & dominant white (spotting) genes seem distinct & discrete, but the combined result is a dramatic loss of pigment. This fact is worth taking account of as lack of pigment is not simply an aesthetic factor. Loss of pigment & pigment cells affects the structure and functions of many organs, particularly eyes, ears & skin. So "pretty" predominately white dogs are distinctly at a functional (and reproductive?) disadvantage & (even inadvertently) breeding to increase recessive white in merle/harl dogs is a practice that can be predicted to increase the number of defective heterozygous (Mm) (lightly marked harl, white bodied & merlikin) dogs.
Naturally the same data are all explained by all these theories outlined above. There is no basic dissagreement about that. There is no dissagreement about what is expected or seen in harlequin litters. Also there is no disagreement about the data produced or the information given above the "Technical Section" above. It's simply a question of more than one theory that fits the data at hand, which is not uncommon in science, & really has little practical significance to breeders anyway. The details of harlequin genetics that these theories differ over are fairly insignificant & mostly are just an intellectual puzzle. It cannot be said that there is any real mystery or controversy about harlequins & the merles they produce ( at least for educated breeders), and quibbles over theory details should not be used to exploit the breed by mating all sorts of dogs, or claiming breeding harls is uncontrollable or wildy unpredictable. This is simply not so. Color genetics is the "crayola crayon" level of genetics: easy to manage and easy to comprehend compared with more complex (& more important) genetic issues that affect dogs & breeding decisions. And it cannot be said too often that the general rule of breeding harlequin family dogs is to use show-marked & breed-quality animals only.
In summary, the Merle mutation is a documented incomplete dominant with 3 distinct phenotypes (e.g MM Mm & mm) possible. The phenotype harlequin, as a distinct "fourth" type, is somewhat controversial, but is obviously present at least as a phenotype, even if it is only (apparently) found in the Great Dane. Since Little's original notion of modifiers was not developed enough to satisfy Harlequin breeders & his data were apparently limited, other theories have been postulated to better agree with current data & observations. The most widely accepted theory for the Harlequin variant was postulated by Sponnenberg & by Bagalla, is supported by the work of O'Sullivan, & explained in precise detail for laymen by Jane Chopson. If it were ever to be documented that a true merle to merle breeding produced a true harlequin, however, this theory would be discredited, as it does not cover than contingency. This theory also requires fairly large (~1/3) litter losses due to lethal gene combinations. The notion I suggested of M as well as S modifiers allows for harl offspring (if rarely) from merle dogs, and does not require such massive litter losses. It offers more "moving parts" to explain the wide variation in pattern & pigment seen in both merles & harlequins. (It also makes the whole process of figuring out "who has what" rather unwieldy!) But of course it does not offer a molecular or actual physical explanantion; it is just a theoretical explanation that remains "undefeated" in the face of the recurring (but never documented!) reports of merles producing harls, and does not require such a large reduction in litter size from fetal death. But whatever the "physical truth," the easiest way to practically predict offspring is to use the H-factor theory, even if it is used only as a sort of shorthand for details still not in evidence. I suspect we will all have to wait for the molecular data for a detailed answer as tothe question of what exactly makes harlequins genetically different from merles.
Please note that, regardless of the theory to which you subscribe, it is inescapable that the current trend in American harldanes to produce ever "whiter" harldanes has negative implications for the overall health of the resulting puppies as well as producing a whole series of recessive mismarks uncommon (in not unknown) in the parent stock. The original selection was for a strongly pigmented dogs & ONLY the AKC standard calls for a "white neck preferred." FCI and all other Great Dane standards (including the parent country) simply ask for a black and white dog with "torn patches." They generally allow solid blacks & even our "mismarked" blacks to be used as part of the harlequin breeding program, but frown upon black dogs with extensive white markings; presumably to avoid the production of recessive white dogs in a color which already carries for dominant white. So even when breeding for this "preferred" (AKC) white neck in harl & mantle danes, one should not lose sight of the following facts:
1) It is never possible to control for a predicably fully white neck, even when two such animals are bred consistently together; the genes (as described above) do not admit of such control. So it is not a trait worth giving an enormous amount of attention to, and the standard for the Mantle doesn't require a fully white neck anyway.
2) Even the AKC standards say NOTHING about white "fronts" & chests and forelegs being even desirable, let alone preferred on harls or mantles. Note also the illustrated standard says markings on the neck & legs, etc. of a harldane are NOT to be faulted. So faulting those equally correct dogs is short sighted, even if certain patterns within the accepted range are fashionable or even more aesthetically pleasing.
3) Since harl & mantle dogs of less than ideal pattern are inevitably necessary to a breeding program, it is best to stay within the acceptable range of pattern as documented by the illustrated standard. All sorts of romantic legends about the value of mismarks in breeding programs abound, but it's a simple fact that no truly dedicated breeder would ever prefer a mismark to an animal correct to the standard. Apart from there being absolutely no documentation that mismarks "help" produce harls (in fact the evidence is quite the contrary), it is also obvious far too many mismarks are included in breeding programs simply as a cheap way to make harls.
4) Mismarks make more mismarks. Even if harls cannot breed "true," they & their mantle mates produce more correctly marked animals than mismarks do. And the problem with breeding & getting harls is not liscence to sell and breed every imaginable mismark that comes out of a harl litter. Many of these myths about the value of breeding mismarks are so obviously self-serving. Many who breed them are simply uneducated about harlequin genetics it would seem. The mismark who is of actual breed value is a rare creature from an unusual breeding. Predominately white dogs from harl breedings, if kept, should be BAER & CERF tested, according to DDC (German parent club) recommendations. Deaf/defective dogs used in breeding programs appear to have an increased incidence of deaf/defective offspring, even several generations later. Something to think about, as losses of normal & useable animals are to be expected when deaf dogs are used.
5) When using dogs either under or over marked, it is better judgment (if less the fashion or the common taste) to use dogs with more, rather than less pigment. This was the original intent of the standard of the country of origin & is still so designated in most standards worldwide. The AKC standard for the Great Dane has altered its color description during various revisions for a dog with more white than called for or originally prefered. It is obvious for better health that more white is less prefered.
For us to have the CORRECT harl & mantle range of color put up in the ring, we have to show the judges the correct range of acceptable markings; not some individual (or group's) aesthetic choice, or a fashion of the times--but TO THE STANDARD for the purpose of breed preservation. For us to safely breed dogs carry "lethal" & "semi-lethal" genes we need to consider the implications of simultaneously carrying 2-3 white genes well documented to cause serious health defects when "used to excess" to produce predominately white dogs. We should not encourage an increase in defects purely for the sake of a (currently) prefered aesthetic, sale of breeding stock, or ease of breeding choices.
And as not to forget the art in the science (of breeding), I offer this short poem by Gerald Manley Hopkins, who surely would have included in his beloved "dappled things" the glory that is the Harlequin Great Dane.
Glory be to God for dappled things--For skies of couple-colour as a brindle cow; For rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim; Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches' wings; Landscapes plotted and pieced--fold, fallow, and plough; And all trades, their gear and tackle and trim.
All things counter, original, spare, strange; Whatever is fickle, flecked (who knows how?): With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change; Praise him.
(Gerald Manley Hopkins)
Ackan, A. and W. Wegner. 1983. Veranderungen an Sehbahn und Sehzentren beim Merle-Syndrom des Hundes. Zeitschrift Fur Veruchstierkunde. 25(2): 91-9.
Ackerman, Lowell, DVM. 1996. Dr. Ackerman's Book of Great Danes.
Burns, M. and Fraser, M.N. 1966. Genetics of the Dog: The basis of successful breeding.
Carroll-Draper, Nancy. 1981. The Great Dane: Dogdom's Apollo.
Cattanach, B. (1999). The 'dalmatian dilemma': white coat colour and deafness. J. of Small Animal Practice 40: 193-+.
Clark, Ross D., DVM, and Joan R. Stainer. 1994. Medical and Genetic Aspects of Purebred Dogs.
Chopson, J. 1992. Inheritance of Great Dane Coat Color. GDCA Color Committee.
Daush, D., Wegner, W., Michaelis, M. and
Daush, D., Wegner W., Michaelis, W. and
Flach, M., Dausch, D., and W. Wegner. 1980. Floureszenzangiographie bei Teckeln. Weitere Befunde zum Merlesyndrom des Hundes. 8(3):375-83.
Gelatt, K.N., Powell, N.G., and K. Huston. 1981. Inheritance of micropthalmia with colomboma in the Australian shepherd dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42(10): 1686-90.
Green, B.K. 1974. The Color of Horses.
Greibrokk, T. 1994. Hereditary Deafness in the Dalmatian-Relationship to Eye and Coat Color. JAAHA 30: 170-176. Hoskins, J.D. 1990. Veterinary Pediatrics: Dogs and Cats from Birth to Six Months.
Johnson, Di. 1994. Great Danes Today.
Klinckmann, G., Koniszewski, G. and Wegner, W. 1986. Light-microscope investigations on the retinae of dogs carrying the Merle factor. J. Vet. Med. A. 33:674-88.
Klinckmann G., Koniszewski, G., and W. Wegner. 1987. Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den Corneae von Merle-Dachshunden. DTW (Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrifte). 94(6): 338-41.
Klein, E.,
Klinckmann G., and W. Wegner. 1987. Tonometrien bei Merlehunden. DTW (Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrifte). 94(6): 337-8.
1935. Dominant dilution and other color factors in Collie dogs. J. Hered. 26: 424-30. Krautwurst, Friedmar. 1997. Harlequin Breeding Forbidden in
with assistance from Katja Hasslebach). Great Dane Reporter. M/A.
1991. Die Deutsche Dogge.
The MERCK Veterinary Manual, 6th Edition. (1986)
Nouc, Winfired. Deutche Dogge: Das Rasse-Portrait. 1990. Muerlenbach: Kynos Verlag. O'Sullivan, Neil. (1988-89) "Harlequin colour in the Great Dane dog." Genetica. 78(3):215-8.
Padgett, George A., DVM. (1998) "Control of Canine Genetic Diseases."
Robinson, R. 1982. Genetics for dog breeders.
Schaible, R.H. and Brumbaugh, J.A. 1976. Electron microscopy of pigment cells in variegated and nonvariegated piebald spotted dogs. Pigment Cell. 3: 191-220.
Siegal, Mordecai, ed. (1995) UCDAVIS Book of Dogs. New York:
Sorsby, A. 1970. Ophthalmic Genetics. London: Butterworths.
Sorsby, A. and Davey, J.B. 1954. Ocular associations of dappling (or merling) in the coat color of dogs. 1. Clinical and genetical data. J. Gene. 52: 425-40.
Sponenberg, D.P. 1984. Germinal reversion of the merle allele in Australian shepherd dogs. J. Hered. 75:78.
Sponenberg, D.P. 1985. Inheritance of the harlequin color in Great Dane dogs. J. Hered. 76:224-5.
Sponenberg, D. P. and A. T. Bowling 1985. Heritable syndrome of skeletal defects in a family of Australian shepherd dogs. J. Hered. 76(5): 393-4.
Sponenberg, D.P. and Lamoreux, M.L. 1985. Inheritance of tweed, a modification of merle, in Australian shepherd dogs. J. Hered. 76(4):303-4. Steel, K.P., and C. Barkway.1989. Another role for melanocytes: their importance for normal stria vascularis development in the inner ear. Development 107: 453-463.
Wegner, W., and A. Akcan. 1980. Auswirkungen der Merlefactors auf die Area optica beim Hund. DTW (Deutsche Teirarztliche Wochenschrift). 87(9):342.
Willis, Malcolm B. 1989. Genetics of the Dog. New York: Howell Publishing. Yousha, JP. 1996. A Summary of Theories Concerning the Harlequin Variant in the Great Dane. Great Dane Reporter: M/A.
Copyright 1998 (revised 2001) J P Yousha, CHROMADANE. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the willingness to share this article for educational purposes.


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I was a very late bloomer in terms of my appreciation of the Cadbury Creme Eggs (or CCE's in shorthand). My first memories of them was the ads I recall as a child of the 1980's, featuring a white bunny that clucks like a hen, surrounded by impostor bunnies that made noises of different animals. I recall my Mom wrinkling her nose at these adds, stating that she "hated" those things, as they were too sweet. I paid little attention to her comments, like most children do with their parents. It wasn't until college where I actually got my first taste of a CCE, and from then on, I was forever changed.
There's many types of CCE's on the market. There's the original, caramel, fudge (or was it truffle?), mini, mini caramel, and most recently orange (which I reviewed for CandyAddict last year). I've tried them all and liked them, but I keep returning to the original as my favorite. If I had to give one second place, I'd go for the orange.
The concept of the CCE is simple. It's a hollow milk chocolate egg with a creamy fondant center that's white with a yellow spot in it, so it looks like an egg yolk. The egg is a good size (though it's been shrinking over the years) and the packaging changes every year it seems. The photo above is the new update of the design for 2008.
Unwrapped, the egg is beautiful and feels heavy in your hand. You can see the seam whee the two halves come together to seal the fondant interior. The chocolate sides have a design of a eight pointed star on each side and lines that circle them.
The egg smells lightly of cocoa and cream.
The chocolate is thick and has that wonderful European flavor to it. Sweet, milky, a little tart, and a good chocolate flavor. Now I can see why my mom complained that this style of chocolate is too sweet, but I like it just fine. The center's overall texture should be thick and flowing, like egg white can be. But the one I got here to sample was more dried out and grainy, which I found odd. The flavor is extremely sweet with hints of vanilla. The texture in the mouth is smooth with a little grain to it, and it feels cool on the tongue. It can be a little sticky, and it feel like eating frosting fresh from the bowl.
I bought a few more in search of that creamy, flowing center. I think I got it here.
What can I say, I love these things. I tend to get a small stash to last myself a little while each Easter. They're the kind of candy I can only have so often, as if I eat too many close together I feel I need to pass out in a sugar coma. Yes, they're that sweet and that addicting. Isn't that a sign of a good candy? It is in my book.
Rating: Will Buy Again
Links Cadbury Website
If you are willing to a good academic grade, you should compose the good history essays paper. The good enough essay should be a right stuff for free custom essay finishing, I opine.Posted by AMIERosa34 on 12/05 at 06:35 AM
I guess that to receive the personal loans from banks you ought to have a great reason. However, once I have got a sba loan, just because I wanted to buy a car.Posted by BerthaWoods23 on 01/30 at 10:21 PM

subset: commoncrawl


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6 comments
Ok then...
April 26th
LOL. 4 groans. Haters gon hate.
April 16th
ooohhh... ok. that DOES make sence... got it. im good now
April 1st
We used to talk a lot but... nvm... (Im joaoguila (John))
March 28th
We discussed this over email, Skye. Yes, you can.
March 26th
Can I send you a FR though?
March 26th


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Nov 16, 2009 7:40 AM
Chocolate isn't necessarily the star ingredient of Amella Cocoa Butter Caramels ($15-60) but we think they finish off these unique confections perfectly. The caramels are light and soft thanks to the inclusion of cocoa butter along with regular butter, with a creamy texture that lets the individual ingredients' flavors shine. They're available in Black Forest, Passion Fruit, & Carrot Cake. Our favorite was the Carrot Cake, which tastes like the child of caramel frosting and the densest, richest carrot cake you've ever had, studded with flecks of carrot and roasted pecan.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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The Fifth Annual Little Doctors Program in North Babylon was a life-saving success this year as 4th graders from all the elementary schools in the district assisted donors as "little doctors" and helped out in the Marion G. Vedder and Parliament Place blood drives. Students who volunteered enjoyed the experience of helping to save lives in their community and of assisting and thanking those that came in to give blood.
Community and staff members demonstrated their altruism as the number of donations increased from 31 last year to 45 this year at Marion G. Vedder Elementary School and from 14 donations to 30 donations at Parliament Place Elementary School. Noticing the increase in blood donations, Doreen Fiscina, Account Manager for Long Island Blood Services, remarked, "I would agree that this past drive has been by far the best!"
Drew Olson, the Parliament Place Principal, called the event "a worthwhile experience for fourth graders." All fourth graders in the district had an in-school program brought by Long Island Blood Services so that they could learn all about the major components of blood, the function of blood, and the reasons why donating blood is so important. "Since 1 pint of blood helps to save the lives of as many as 3 people, North Babylon donors helped to save the lives of over 225 people," commented Susan Lingenfelter, Manager of Business Development for Long Island Blood Services.


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Moon opposite Lilith can work really well if the balance between the mother and anti-mother is worked out. Like the other Black Moon hard aspects, there is a degree of virgin mother V whore here. The subject swings between wanting to mother, or be mothered and then abruptly breaking away from family ties. The same ambivalence can be found with their views on sexuality. Sex and libido can be a big issue, sometimes veering from nymphomania to celibacy over night. The control of sex is really the key. The subject needs to be their own authority on how they display their sexuality, very private or very public as long as it's their call. If Moon opposite Lilith is not in control of their own sexuality they may need to be in utter control of somebody else's. A career as a pimp or madame would suit.
Because the Moon and the Black Moon are such polar opposites, in an opposition they could actually end up cancelling each other out. A successful balance of these two would mean that the domestic moon can restrain Lilith from going too far off the rails and lusty Lilith could break some of the moons stagnating habits. The bad side of this aspect could be projecting the attraction for the forbidden fruit onto partners by falling for addicts. One could be playing either side of this opposition, the loving supportive moon or the vampiric Lilith who bleeds their partner dry to feed their addiction. On the plus side this is potentially a greatly creative aspect with the dynamism of the opposition creating a magnetic energy. This is more subtle than the magic wand of the Sun opposite Lilith, it is more like an invisible undercurrent of intuition and animal instinct running through the subject.
Moon Opposite Lilith Celebrities
Annie Sprinkle successfully married the great mother and the whore into a career. She has been a prostitute, stripper, porn star, TV host, sex magazine editor and porno film producer. Sprinkle has made herself an authority in sex education, gaining a degree in human sexuality. Sprinkle is also a performance artist, her best-known show was called "Pubic Cervix announcement". The Moon opposite Lilith here was utilised to it's best capacity. Sprinkle allowed her audience to "celebrate the female body" by viewing her very own cervix with a speculum and torch! Sex education meets burlesque I guess….Sprinkle also performed a sex-magic masturbation show on stage also.
Bi-sexual Sprinkle is a virgin in its true sense, a sacred prostitute in that she is beholden to no man. Although she married her long-term partner, she has a wife not a husband. Sprinkles writings are primarily about sexuality, to which she adds politics, art and spirituality. Sprinkle has 3 decades of material behind her, which are read at Universities offering women studies and theatre and film studies. Her "Sluts and Goddesses" Video workshop is pure Lilith.
True Liliths: Lennon/Ono Davison (09'), Eric Burdon, Rowan Atkinson, Jennifer Jason-Leigh, Bruce Lee, George Clooney, Annie Sprinkle, John Dee (& Mean), Lady Gaga, Harold "Dr Death" Shipman, Jack Karouac, Keanu Reeves, Natalie Cole.
Mean Liliths: Cynthia Payne (09'), Bill Haley (22'), Mother Theresa, Benjamin Netanyahu, John "Elephant Man "Merrick, Yehudi Menuhin, Chuck Berry, Vilma Espin, Blake Fielder-Civil.


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|Jun 26, 2002
Excellent work!! Glad to see that your new facility is progressing and offering more torture rooms and devices. Two items of constructive criticsm, if I may: 1) Seal the concrete floor of each room. It seems to be the cause of much of the dirt on the girls' skin which, I feel, is unatractive and distracting. 2) You should never appear on camera with dirty hands. Somehow, your dirty fingers next to a luciuos, juicy, wet pussy takes my boner down a notch or two. That said, please keep up the great work!
|Apr 5, 2002
Tina was extremely hot in the previous session. She is multi-orgasmic, and it was not an act. What happened in this shoot? Was she not in the mood, or was there something distracting her? Your job also includes getting the girls in the mood. Shouldn't we expect at least one orgasm during the shoot?
|Fucking Machines
18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement All material shown on this website is consensual. No model was harmed during the filming of these movies. Copyright ©2016 Kink.com


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Have we missed some critical information from this article? Are you a company, organisation or research group operating in this region and feel you warrant inclusion on this page? Also please feel free to help us keep this page up to date with the latest developments or discoveries in this region. Shoot through an email and one of our editorial team will get back to you.
By G.P. Thomas
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country that is located to the north of Ghana in Western Africa. The total area of the country is 274,200 km2, and it has a population of 17,275,115 as of July 2012. The country's climate is tropical.
Since gaining independence from France in 1960, Burkina Faso had to deal with several military coups, which has resulted in political instability and lack of proper governance. A growing population is another problem faced by this country.
The majority of Burkina Faso's population is engaged in agricultural activities, and the economy of the country is dependent on the revenues from gold and cotton exports. The GDP of Burkina Faso was $22.32 billion in 2011.
The natural resources of Burkina Faso are limited and include gold, manganese, limestone, and marble. Phosphates, pumice, and salt are also available in small quantities. The mining sector of the country is currently undergoing a big change as nearly 60 international companies are conducting various mining activities in Burkina Faso.
Burkina Faso's mining sector is likely to play a key role in the country's economy in the near future with the gold mining industry all set to expand. This year, the country's mining sector will be able to generate an increased revenue of about $2 billion from the $1.4 billion revenue in 2011.
Exploration activities for copper and zinc are also being carried out.
The map of Burkina Faso. Image Credit: CIA Factbook
In 2010, gold production increased by nearly 83% to 24,104 kg compared to 13,181 kg in 2009. Burkina Faso is currently the fourth largest gold producer in Africa, and the third most explored region in the African continent. Recent reports speculate that there may still be several more gold reserves in the northern regions, which is yet to be explored.
All these discoveries have made Burkina Faso a favorite destination for international companies. The following is the list of companies involved in mining gold in Burkina Faso:
Canadian companies
British companies
Australian companies
Volta Resources Inc. owned the prospecting license for Gaoua copper-gold project comprising the Gongondy, the Bouserra, the Dienemera, and the Mt. Biri prospects. The initial estimation of reserves at Gaoua amounted to about 82.6 million Mt of ore.
The Essakane Mine owned by a subsidiary of IAMGOLD produced 4,230 kg while the Inata open pit gold mine owned by Avocet produced 4,284 kg in 2010. The government of Burkina Faso owned 10% interest in each of these mines. Avocet planned to increase its production to 5,100 kg/year.
In the same year, output from the Kalsaka Mine owned by Kalsaka Mining S.A. increased to 2,302 kg in comparison to 1,693 kg in 2009 as the capacity of the plant was increased from 1.2 to 1.6 Mt/yr.
The Bissa-Zandkom gold mine, which a joint venture between the government of Burkina Faso and Nordgold (NGOLY.PK) of Russia, will begin its initial production this December.
The Kiere Mine was owned by AMC Corp. of USA via its subsidiary Burkina Manganèse S.A. The mine is expected to have about 600,000 t of manganese ore reserves.
By 2015, the country will likely have two more mines in operation digging for zinc and manganese. The zinc mine is a joint venture between Blackthorn and Glencore (GLEN.L).
The government of Burkina Faso encourages privatization and has revised the investment code to attract foreign investment in 2004. In 2010, corporate income tax rate was reduced from 30% to 25% and tax on dividends from 12.5% to 7.5%. Similarly, by the end of this year, the old mining code will be revised to equally favor both the state and the mining companies. All this has made the environment conducive for global companies to invest and operate in the country.
Burkina Faso is now buzzing with mining activities, especially in the gold sector, and the economic growth forecast for the next year is reported to be 7%.
However, environmental activists are claiming that gold mining especially in Burkina Faso's northern Séguénéga region is damaging not only the environment but also the social structure. Vegetation is being cleared to make room for mining activities and left barren. The government will have to come up with solution for this issue so as to safeguard its people from the hazards of rampant mining activities.
Disclaimer: The Author of this article does not imply any investment recommendation and some content is speculative in nature. The Author is not affiliated in any way with any companies mentioned and all statistical information is publically available.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/uv.html
http://www.ventures- africa.com/2012/10/burkina-faso-forecasts-7-growth-for-2013-thanks-to-gold/
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/09/26/uk- burkina-mining-idUKBRE88P11T20120926
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I know....I tried to go on chatzy, but cant get the password
Discussion Topic
Forsaken ParentPosted on 01/23/14, 06:52 pm
Ive had a dark week, tho obviously no sunshine here.... well I went on line to youtube and typed in estranged parents,, surprisingly there are vids , of parents voicing their anguish.. theres a series of vids by Lisa Logan, shes a psychotherapist, who is estranged by her dau.. she is obviously hurting too and needs enc.. if you are able check out her vids and send her a enc note to email@example.com.. thanks everyone !!!
Reply #1 01/23/14 6:55pm
Reply #2 01/23/14 8:09pm
im an ignoramus,, i havent a clue whats chatzy..lol
Reply #3 01/24/14 7:54am
Hi glazzbird, I don't know what chatzy is either but I did watch a video by Lisa Logan and found it very helpful. Thank you for the info about her. I will be watching the other videos too. Thank you. I'm so sorry it has been a hard week for you as it has been a very hard and dark week for me too. Much peace to you. Sincerely, sosad2013
Reply #4 01/24/14 1:04pm
Hi Ladies
Chatzy is our very own chat room where members can talk to one another in real time. It is located at the top of this page on the right hand side ("Members Chat Zone"), or you can follow this link to log in:- http://www.chatzy.com/47416942067094
If no one is in the chat room (those present will be listed on the right side of the chat window), you can always PM other members to let them know that you're available to chat and/or post in the "In Chat" thread http://www.dailystrength.org/groups...
I have privately messaged everyone the password to enter the chat room, and your username will be the same as your DS username.
Reply #5 01/25/14 9:25pm
I am confused. The chat room on here? I treied to get on , I did once, but now it wont work.
Join This Group
HOPE is a group for parents whose adult children have estranged from them. We are here to support, encourage and help one another to remain positive, come to terms with the estrangement, heal and move forward. Whilst venting is encouraged, negative / derogatory comments about our EC is discouraged. Our focus is healing / personal growth during this difficult time. Please read our Terms of Use / Group Guidelines.


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The College House System: An Overview
Established in 1998, today's eight College Houses are a cornerstone of the Bowdoin residential experience. Sometimes referred to as the "living rooms" of campus, the houses sponsor special meals, study breaks and other events for first-year affiliates. They also host campus-wide events from lectures and film screenings to apple picking trips and registered parties.
House Association and Choice
House residents are selected through an application process with input from faculty, deans, students, and staff. Successful selection is based on creative programming ideas and willingness to contribute to an energetic, cooperative team. All House members gain leadership skills that often propel them to other highly visible leadership roles at the College. Once selected into house, students can choose to run for one of the 5 officer positions: President, Vice President, Programming Director, Treasurer or Communications Director. There is no shortage of support for these leaders- the Residential Life directors, deans in the Office of the Dean of Student Affairs, and faculty and programming advisors all serve as advisors to the Houses.
All incoming first-year students are affiliated with a House based on their floor in the first-year bricks. As affiliates they have full access and privileges of the House as well as the opportunity to apply to live in the house as Upperclassmen.
If you have any questions about the College House System please contact the Assistant Director of Residential Life: Mariana Centeno at firstname.lastname@example.com or 725-3301.
2015-16 House Affiliations
Baxter House: Hyde 2nd, Maine 1st, Coleman 4th, West 1st
Burnett House: Moore 3rd, Hyde 4th, Coleman 3rd
Helmreich House: West 3rd, Osher 4th, Appleton 3rd, Coleman 2nd
Howell House: Appleton 2nd, Maine 4th, Moore 4th, Osher 1st, West 2nd, Winthrop 1st
Ladd House: Appleton 1st, Hyde 3rd, Moore 1st, West 4th
MacMillan House: Maine 2nd, Appleton 4th, Winthrop 4nd, Moore 2nd, Osher 2nd
Quinby House: Osher 3rd, Winthrop 2nd, Moore 2nd, Coleman Basement
Reed House: Coleman 1st, Hyde 1st, Winthrop 3rd, Maine 3rd


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Are you ready to rock the flow of time? Avenge your village? Defy your destiny? Be prepared everyone as you can now experience the power of AeternoBlade.
AeternoBlade's demo will be available on 12 DEC 2013, unfortunately the demo will be only be available in EU version. The release date of the full game (both EU and US) is set for the 14th Jan 2014.
As for the JP version, Arc System Work will be publishing the game as Time Avenger. The release date for this version will be reveal in the near future.


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Champlin's Seafood
Besides "basic" stuffies, these folks also offer "casino stuffies" with bacon and "Portuguese stuffies" with chourico and a hint of green pepper. 256 Great Island Road, Narragansett. 401-783-3152; champlins.com
Please Note: This information was accurate at the time of publication. When planning a trip, please confirm details by directly contacting any company or establishment you intend to visit.


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Battle Ground Public Schools board members announced they are likely to use a professional search firm to find a replacement for Shonny Bria, the superintendent who is retiring June 30.
Bria announced her retirement at the April 29 school board meeting. She's been superintendent of the district for the past 15 years. Bria has two years remaining on her contract.
John Idsinga, school board president, said Bria is receiving the same treatment as any retiring district employee. She is eligible to sell back her unused vacation, sick leave and personal days. Bria earns 36 vacation days per year.
Bria's salary is $154,000 annually excluding mileage and benefits. Battle Ground is the third-largest school district in Clark County, after the Evergreen and Vancouver districts.
Susan Parrish: 360-735-4515; http://twitter.com/Col_Schools; email@example.com.


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Rated 2 out of 5 by 3 reviewers.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Cammy Pretty and Pleased Color is accurate, well assembled, works beautifully in my bathroom. My only complaint is there is a seam running vertically down the middle, and the pattern wasn't matched up to hide it. It's not super noticable, but if you're a perfectionist it may irk you. Overall, I'm happy with the curtain, after a week, I'll probably forget about the seam, and just love my curtain =] July 1, 2013
Rated 2 out of 5 by hidivr8 Nice design but low quality Similar experience as a previous reviewer: there is a seam right in the middle of the curtain, which makes it impossible to hide the mediocre quality. There really wasn't much of an attempt to make the seam match up, and the one I bought seemed to be poorly sewn or something because it didn't even lay flat. Given that I bought this on sale, I was willing to overlook these flaws as it was cheap. But ultimately, the color scheme wasn't quite what I wanted, so I returned it. December 24, 2013
Rated 1 out of 5 by DingoDog Junk I usually love World Market. But this is a complete piece of junk. When I opened it, I immediately noticed a huge faded spot, along with black ink marks all over. Definitely not worth the $30 I spent; not even worth a dollar. Also, the fabric is extremely cheap. Completely disappointed. May 27, 2013
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Best Kundalini Yoga Exercise Video for Beginning Yoga Practice
Best Yoga Warm-up Exercises Video
Kundalini Yoga Spinal Warm-up Series Video
I am very happy to announce the launch of our Free Online Yoga Video series. To kick off this important addition to the Mastery of Meditation website, is a video of the famous Kundalini Yoga Spinal Warm-up Series.
This kundalini yoga kriya has been extensively described in the article Spinal Warm-up Kundalini Yoga Exercises, which is also the first chapter of the Online Kundalini Yoga Kriyas E-Book. This is an excellent set for beginner yogis, and for those doing advanced practice, this set is perhaps the best yoga set to warm-up with. This set is also part of the Introduction to Meditation & Kundalini Yoga Online Class.
Here are some of the terrific benefits that this set bestows:
- One of the best set of yoga exercises to warm up the entire back and spine.
- Charges the cerebrospinal fluid that runs through the spinal cord. This is essential for the transport of kundalini energy and prana throughout the system, which in turn opens and activates that chakras.
- Excellent set to massage the internal organs, thus helps to detoxify and eliminate toxins and waste.
- Greatly improves the digestive system.
- Helps the elimination system and makes one regular.
- Purges the system of accumulated emotional debris, thus helps in opening up the energy pathways by dissolving these blockages and helps bestow emotional balance.
- Improves blood flow to the brain to help nourish and rejuvenate this most important organ.
- Helps dissolve tensions and stress in the shoulders, neck and upper back.
- Best set to strengthen the lumbar spine and also helps trim the waistline.
Spinal Warm-up Yoga Exercises Video Contents:
- Overview of this yoga set.
- Explanation of the benefits and potential applications for this key set.
- Demonstration of each of the yoga exercises and postures.
- Demonstration of common mistakes.
- Hints and tips on how to best practice this set.
- Additional spinal warm-up exercise, not included in the original set.
Best Kundalini Yoga Warm-up Exercises Video
Free Online Yoga Video #1
Article Series - Free Online Yoga Exercise Videos
- Free Online Yoga Videos Launched
- Best Kundalini Yoga Exercise Video for Beginning Yoga Practice
- Excellent Yoga Exercise Video for Ripped Abs
- Most Popular Beginner Kundalini Yoga Set Video
- Heart Chakra Balancing Yoga Video for Love & Forgiveness
- Rapid Weight Loss Yoga Exercise Video
- Free Tantra Yoga Video for Mastering Sex Energy
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Permanent URL to this publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.5167/uzh-2503
Becskei, C; Riediger, T; Hernádfalvy, N; Arsenijevic, D; Lutz, T A; Langhans, W (2008). Inhibitory effects of lipopolysaccharide on hypothalamic nuclei implicated in the control of food intake. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(1):56-64.
|Accepted Version
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The arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), two key hypothalamic nuclei regulating feeding behavior, express c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation in fasted animals. This is reversed by refeeding. In the present study we tested whether an anorectic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, also inhibits fasting-induced c-Fos expression in these hypothalamic nuclei. This would suggest that they are involved in anorexia during bacterial infections as well. We also studied whether LPS modulates the activity of orexin-A positive (OX+) LHA neurons. Food deprived BALB/c mice were injected with LPS or saline and were sacrificed 4 or 6h later. Four hours after injection, LPS reduced the number of c-Fos positive cells in the Arc and in the LHA, but had no effect on c-Fos in OX+ neurons. Six hours after injection, LPS reduced c-Fos expression in the LHA, both in the OX- and OX+ neurons, but not in the Arc. These results show that LPS modulates neuronal activity in the Arc and LHA similar to feeding-related stimuli, suggesting that the observed effects might contribute to the anorectic effect of LPS. Thus, physiological satiety signals released during refeeding and anorexia during bacterial infection seem to engage similar neuronal substrates.
26 citations in Web of Science®
29 citations in Scopus®
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|Item Type:
|Journal Article, refereed, original work
|Communities & Collections:
|05 Vetsuisse Faculty > Institute of Veterinary Physiology
04 Faculty of Medicine > Center for Integrative Human Physiology
|Dewey Decimal Classification:
|570 Life sciences; biology
610 Medicine & health
|10 January 2008
|Deposited On:
|20 May 2008 08:37
|Last Modified:
|05 Apr 2016 12:23
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BERLIN, the groundbreaking synth-electro-pop band fronted by the enigmatic TERRI NUNN, releases their seventh studio album, Animal, via 101 Records . Animal incorporates modern electronic dance music, yet remains true to the groundbreaking synth-electro-pop sounds and amazing vocals that continue to define BERLIN.
Berlin - Animal [OFFICIAL VIDEO] Directed by Chad Michael Ward - http://youtu.be/KTldBSvnhlY
The "Animal" video was filmed in an S&M dungeon in Los Angeles and directed by Chad Michael Ward (Marilyn Manson, Combichrist)
This edgy video features guest appearances from RuPaul's Drag Race alum Raven and Sister Indica and DeMencha of Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
Animal is the result of NUNN's re-ignited love affair with current electronic music, and the feeling that BERLIN could make a unique statement in the EDM [electronic dance music] milieu. "It's still my favorite medium. I've loved it since I met John [Crawford, original Berlin bassist) in 1979, when he wanted to bring electronic music to America, because it wasn't here yet," she recalls.
Richard Blade, celebrity DJ and authority on Big '80's music, has christened the album by saying "..quite honestly, it's great. I think her best since "Pleasure Victim". The title "Animal" rocks plus there are two incredible ballads on it and some terrific EDM style cuts. Plus the cover is SMOKIN' HOT!"
BERLIN will forever be recognized as the American progenitor of electro-pop artistry with sensually appealing lyrics. Few bands emerging from the era of BERLIN have achieved as far-reaching and long-lasting an impact and, rarely, such a timeless array of musical grooves. The Los Angeles-based band made its first national impression with the provocative single "Sex (I'm A...)" from the platinum-selling debut EP Pleasure Victim in 1982. "The Metro" and "No More Words" were also chart toppers, but it was the unforgettable, intimate, and strikingly beautiful love song, "Take My Breath Away" that took the band to another level. The ballad's defining role in the Tom Cruise film, Top Gun, helped solidify BERLIN's everlasting place in American pop-culture. The song was a #1 international hit and received both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for "Best Original Song" in 1986.
Since the band's formation, TERRI NUNN and BERLIN have received a total of twelve gold and platinum album awards and NUNN's unyielding influence has earned her the #11 spot on VH1.com's "100 Greatest Women in Rock." BERLIN is currently on tour to support their debut album ANIMAL out now. The current tour dates for Berlin are as follows:
4/11/14 Bellflower, CA New Wave Bar
4/12/14 Bellflower, CA New Wave Bar
4/24/14 Orlando, FL Hard Rock Hotel
4/26/14 Stockton, CA Asparagus Festival
4/30/14 Asbury Park, NJ Wonder Bar
5/1/14 Philadelphia, PA World Café Live
5/2/14 Hanover, MD Maryland Live Casino
5/3/14 New York, NY The Cutting Room
5/16/14 Petaluma, CA Mystic Theatre
5/17/14 Vacaville, CA Theatre Deville
5/31/14 Riverside, CA Romanos Concert Lounge
6/6/14 Templeton, CA Venteux Vineyards
6/29/14 Flagstaff, AZ Flagstaff Pride
7/1/14 Chicago, IL City Winery
7/23/14 Costa Mesa, CA OC Fair
Connect with BERLIN


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For several years, Bartlett & West Engineers Inc. has asked North American communities if they have a geographic information system (GIS) and how they use it.
The U.S. EPA's WaterSense label, which has typically been used for bathroom appliances, is for the first time being used to certify outdoor water-use products: weather-based irrigation controllers.
We got a first-hand look at how "connected vehicles" work yesterday at the Intelligent Transportation Society of America's 22nd annual convention.
Pumping is the second-largest expense, after labor, for most treatment plants, representing in some cases almost half the facility's annual operating costs.
Copyright ©
2016 Hanley Wood Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Full Sail Brewing Co. promotes the responsible enjoyment of its products. If you are of legal drinking age, we welcome you to visit our website.
In this era of the craft beer renaissance, independent brewers are producing some of the biggest, baddest beers imaginable. So, why then are some of the most ardent beer lovers seeking out subtle, low-alcohol brews? Because they love beer enough to want to be able to have more than one, that's why.
With great, intense flavor often comes high alcohol content. Which is why most craft brewers worth their salt (ahem, malt?) are coming out with beers that can be enjoyed over a longer period of time, otherwise known as a drinking session. Hence the name: session beers. Sessionable beers (yes, the word can also be used as an adjective) generally hover around 5 percent alcohol—the limit is hotly debated—and boast flavor profiles designed to go easy on the palate, pint after pint. But make no mistake: the Silver Bullet these are not. They come in different styles, from pale and bitter to dark and malty. Here are 5 Great Session Beers to try:
1.Full Sail Original Session (ABV: 5.1%) We love a short, stubby, old-timey bottle, but this classic all-malt lager does more than just look cool. Notes of toasted malt round out the light, crisp effervescence of this beer.


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Aug. 29, 2006
The 2006 Westwood Bruin Touchdown Club Breakfast kicks off this Friday morning (Sept. 1).
UCLA head football coach Karl Dorrell highlights the list of guest speakers. Also scheduled to appear are tailback Chris Markey, free safety Dennis Keyes and linebacker Christian Taylor. Members of the UCLA Cheer Squad will also be in attendance.
The Touchdown Club takes place at the Wilshire Hotel (formerly the Doubletree), located at the southeast corner of Wilshire and Selby in Westwood. Festivities begin at 7:00 am.
For more information, contact Claudia Hart at 310/348-UCLA.


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Pregnant woman murder: The body of Melissa Sowders, 26, was recovered in a creek Thursday night behind the house of her estranged husband's. She was pregnant at the time she was killed and it is believed that her husband, Matthew Sowders, 28, committed the crime. He was arrested Thursday night with capital murder charges of his wife and her unborn child.
ABC News via Yahoo News reports Jan. 3 that if convicted, Sowders could face the death penalty since that is the punishment carried out for that particular crime in Texas.
Melissa was last seen with her husband at McDonald's on Dec. 26.
"You're here on a charge of capital murder, and I believe it involves the murder of two people, including an unborn child," a court official said at Sowders' probate hearing.
A witness claimed in court documents that when a visit was paid to Sowders' apartment the day Melissa Sowders disappeared, a woman's feet and lower legs were lying on the floor. Sowders apparently closed the door before the witness could see more.
Sowders is being held without bond in the Harris County jail for the pregnant woman's murder.
Sowders is maintaining his innocence. He had three children with Melissa, but she was pregnant with her boyfriend's baby. Matthew and Melissa Sowders filed papers in Oct. for a divorce.


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I'm having a strange issue with remote access VPN connectivity on our ASA cluster.
Normal site-to-site tunnels and AnyConnect connections works just fine. However, a special ipsec ikev1 tunnel does not. It establishes, and stays up, but the client (in this case an Avaya VPN Phone) does not either recieve a client address, or it doesn't ask for one (bit unsure who to blame).
This image shows the connection when it's established. Notice that the Assigned IP address is blank. Bytes TX being "0" is quite natural, as the networks on the inside have no client to route to.
I tried debugging this via ASDM, but to no luck. I'm not confident enough with the CLI to do a console debug, as we're using the "notification" keyword quite heavily to match every ACL we have.


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At the end of last riding season, my battery was discharging every time I ran the bike. The battery is two years old, and is a Genuine Harley part. It will take a full charge from a charger, but dies quickly when run in the bike.
Over the winter, I rebuilt the generator, new coils, armature, and brushes. I also purchased a new relay.
Today,I installed the generator (flashed it between the generator relay terminal and the battery positive), relay, and battery and fired her up. With an ammeter installed between the battery negative and ground, I am only getting a reading of about one amp. I've tried adjusting the third brush on the generator through it's full range of travel, but the most I can get is one amp. Where should I be looking? Is it pssible my battery is defective or is it more likely a bad wire somewhere in the charging system?


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Wednesday, September 26, 2012
Chemicals & Odor Threshold
If there is one thing a scientist needs to know about hazardous chemicals is that there is really no relation between type and level of odor and the hazard that the odor represents from the chemical in question.
Some very serious hazards have no odor at all, such as carbon monoxide. Some very serious hazards, such as benzene, have quite pleasant odors (well, most people agree on that!) Other high hazard items, such as hydrogen sulfide, have a pretty unpleasant odor, which is detected at very low levels. The problem with H2S, though, it is that it "deadens" one's sense of smell fairly quickly, and you may think the odor is gone when in reality, you just can't smell it any longer.
The odor threshold for a material is defined as the concentration in the air of a particular material, when the typical person should first be able to detect it. As you might suspect, the odor threshold is NOT a good mechanism for determining whether the concentration of a chemical is a hazard to one's health or not. Many chemicals have good detection properties and you can detect the odor long before the concentrations become hazardous. Of course, there are others where the threshold is well above the hazard level and, by the time you detect the odor, you are already in a hazardous exposure situation.
Information on odor threshold and its relation to hazard levels is available in any good Material Safety Data Sheet, so be sure to check them out before using a chemical or evaluating a hazard level. EH&S can always provide assistance with this as well.
By: Mark Banister, email@example.com, 412-268-1493


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With two months left in the current fiscal year, the Vandalia School District continues to be in a good financial position.
"We still have positive balances in all of our funds," Superintendent Rich Well said about the financial report presented at last week's Vandalia Board of Education meeting.
A judge has agreed to suppress a statement made by a Loogootee teen in an ambulance shortly after he allegedly murdered a couple living a short distance from him.
But, Judge Michael McHenry denied a motion by Clifford Baker's attorneys to suppress statements he made during a videotaped interview a few hours later.
McHaney filed on Tuesday an eight-page docket entry that included his rulings on several motions argued during a hearing in Fayette County Circuit Court last Friday.
Another extremely wet spring has again delayed planting for Fayette County farmers, particularly those with low-lying ground in the county.
Vandalia softball at Pana has been canceled for today. A makeup date is TBA.
Vandalia baseball vs. Pana has been canceled for today. A makeup is TBA.
The St. Elmo make-up baseball game against Patoka for today has been canceled and will not be rescheduled.
The St. Elmo softball game against Altamont for today has been canceled and will be played on May 11.
Any additional cancellations that are reported will be posted here throughout the day.
A judge denied on Tuesday a motion to suppress statements made by a 16-year-old Loogootee teen several hours after he allegedly murdered a neighboring couple.
Judge Michael McHaney filed in Fayette County Circuit Court on Tuesday an eight-page docket entry that included his rulings on motions made during a hearing in the Clifford Baker case last Friday.
Baker is charged with murdering Mike Mahon and Deb Tish in their Loogootee home last August. He is being held in the Madison County Juvenile Detention Center on $2 million bond.
The following sporting events for Tuesday that have been reported as canceled.
•Vandalia JV baseball at South Central
•St. Elmo baseball at Christ Our Rock
•South Central baseball vs. Flora
Additional cancellations will be listed here if they are reported.
The Vandalia High School softball game against Litchfield scheduled for Monday morning has been canceled due to poor field conditions.
Vandalia's baseball game at Litchfield, scheduled for Monday morning, has been canceled.
The Vandalia Lions Club's Easter egg hunt will be held at 1 p.m. on Sunday at Ruemmelin Park on West Fillmore Street in Vandalia.
Friday's softball game between Vandalia and Hillsboro at Hillsboro has been canceled.
The home baseball game against Hillsboro for today is also canceled.
No makeups have been announced.
Vandalia senior Marty Johnson has decided to continue his academic and basketball careers at Illinois College.
Johnson, a two-time team Most Valuable Player and a three-time all-conference player, scored more than 1,000 points in his career with the Vandals.
He plans to study accounting at IC.
Copyright © 2016
The Leader Union is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Vandalia, Il, and the surrounding area.


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