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Gustave Whitehead - a Short History
Early in 1901, Gustave Whitehead built his 21st manned aircraft. He called it the "Condor". That summer – more than two years before the Wright Brothers – he made history's first manned, powered, controlled, sustained flight in a heavier-than-air aircraft. On March 8, 2013, the world's foremost authority on aviation history, "Jane's All the World's Aircraft", formally recognized Gustave Whitehead's claim. (Later, its editor, Paul Jackson, explained his reasons for doing so in more detail). Upon conclusion of peer review, both houses of the Connecticut legislature unanimously resolved to commemorate Whitehead's achievement of first powered airplane flight before the Wright brothers. The law was signed by the State's Governor and took effect on June 26, 2013.
When the Australian historian, John Brown, was hired to research an aviation documentary for Smithsonian Channel (aired April, 2013), the last book about Whitehead was more than 20 years old. Since then, publicly-funded Whitehead Research Committees in the USA & Germany had continued their efforts. And over 50 million pages of old newspapers had become accessible for online key-word searches. Furthermore, photographic technologies had entered the computer age. This led to some spectacular findings.
Within the first five days of research, known information about Whitehead more than doubled. This caused Dr. Tom Crouch Ph.D., Chief Historian at the Smithsonian, to write he was "incredibly impressed" and Dipl.-Ing. Univ. Hans-Günter Adelhard, Chairman of the Gustav Weisskopf Research Committee in Germany, that it was "atemberaubend" (breathtaking). The research revealed unknown aircraft, unknown public flight attempts (some, years earlier than previously thought), more than 250 unknown newspaper articles, – many of them front page items – and several other surprizes, including the rediscovery of the long-lost photo of the world's first powered aeroplane flight in 1901.
Over the decades, other leading historians have chimed in and recognized Whitehead's pioneering achievements: Research by the Library of Congress's Chief Aviation Historian, Prof. A. Zahm, Harvard University's Prof. J. Crane and, lately, many others has independently concluded that Gustave Whitehead flew before the Wright brothers.)
Whitehead was trained as an
engine-builder by M.A.N.
Gustave Whitehead (born Gustav Weißkopf), son of a bridge-construction engineer, grew up in Germany. At school, he was keenly interested in flight; performed lift-measurement experiments on birds; built models; and jumped off roofs with self-built wings. Orphaned at age 13, he was housed with various relatives before being sent away to a machinist apprenticeship at the Rudolf Diesel Co. in Augsburg. (That manufacturer was later absorbed into M.A.N. Co..) Gustave completed his apprenticeship, becoming a trained engine-builder.
Based on his age and later travels, previous commentators falsely assumed he quit his apprenticeship. However back then, German apprenticeships lasted only two rather than the current three years and started younger. No original source mentions him quitting. His brother merely stated, he transferred from a bookbinder to a machinist apprenticeship.
Sometime between 1888 and 1890 he left his home town, saying he was headed for the USA. But when he reached the coast, he met a German family emigrating to Brazil. He joined them and worked on their plantation near Recife. He then became a sailor working on the Norwegian ship "Gomünd" plying the route between Europe and South America.
In 1893, he arrived in the USA. His first job was at Harvard University. The oldest known photo of him shows him testing kites as an assistant for Prof. Pickering at Harvard's Blue Hill Weather Observatory in 1894 (left). There he met James Means, a retired manufacturer, who'd just published a booklet entitled "Manned Flight". In January 1895, Means announced his intention to found America's first aviation organization – the Boston Aeronautical Society (which he duly did on March 19, 1895). In the announcement, Means outlined his plans to hire a team of mechanics to build Lilienthal gliders, set up a facility on Cape Cod to perform flight tests and run a flying contest which was to include a "powered flight" category.
Whitehead's first US job was
for Harvard Prof. W. Pickering
According to a written statement by Albert Horn (one of the mechanics hired) it was at the turn of 1894/1895 that Means and A. Merrill hired him and Whitehead to start building Lilienthal gliders. Apparently, Whitehead landed the job by claiming he knew Otto Lilienthal. It was also around this time that Means began corresponding with Otto Lilienthal, an event widely associated with the origins of heavier-than-air aviation in America. (Six drafts of Means' letters to Lilienthal survive – only the drafts remain because the actual letters sent to Lilienthal were in German. This is acknowledged by Means in annotations he made stating "German translation sent". And when Lilienthal responded, he wrote to Means in German. However, Means spoke no German.
At the time, Means did have a German-speaking, full-time employee. Gustave Whitehead not only spoke German but also had a good command of German engineering and aeronautical terms (demonstrated in correspondence with Austrian and German aviation journals). Furthermore, Whitehead was building Lilienthal-type gliders for Means. So, when Whitehead often stated he'd corresponded with, been associated with and studied the work of Lilienthal, the circumstances of his Boston employment would appear to substantiate this. His aircraft's layout and wing structure certainly show Lilienthal's influence.
Whitehead was Chief Mechanic for
America's first aviation organization
On many occasions, Whitehead also stated he'd been an "assistant" to Otto Lilienthal. It's unclear, however, when this contact might have taken place. In a multi-year research effort, historian Col. Walter Prüfert† identified a possible time-frame between October 1893 & July 1894. Unfortunately, most of Lilienthal's records were destroyed, making confirmation difficult. Almost all Lilienthal's visitors rely on their own statement as proof of their visit.
Whitehead said he went back to Europe again to see Lilienthal after settling in America. In 1895/1896 during his employment for the Boston Aeronautical Society, the experienced seaman, Whitehead, could easily have boarded almost any ship in Boston Harbor for the two week trip to Hamburg or Bremen, offering his services in exchange for free passage. At the time, it certainly wasn't unusual for people from around the world to travel to join the crowds watching Lilienthal's public flight performances.
In a letter to Lilienthal dated April 30, 1896 (sent May 30, 1896), Means suggested sending his staff to
Germany to learn from Lilienthal. Subsequently, in August 1896, the Society's co-chief, Samuel Cabot, did, in fact, visit Lilienthal in Berlin. And since it was Whitehead's job to build Lilienthal
gliders, it's probable Whitehead accompanied Cabot. After all, Whitehead was familiar with sea travel, glider construction and the German language. [Cabot also visited Germany previously in 1894
while Whitehead was working at Blue Hill. This is recorded in a letter from the German-American aviation pioneer, Carl Dienstbach, to his sister in 1895.]
Whitehead built two Lilienthal gliders
Regardless of whether Whitehead actually accompanied Cabot on either visit, the Berlin visit was an opportunity for the Boston Aeronautical Society to check if Whitehead's claim about having worked with Lilienthal was true. Cabot and Lilienthal would have certainly spoken about Gustave and his construction effort in Boston. And while Cabot's later correspondence with Octave Chanute (President of the US Engineers' Association) often referred to Gustave's work, it never doubted his association with Lilienthal.
On balance, Whitehead's claim to have assisted
Lilienthal would therefore also appear to be credible.
Whitehead built two Lilienthal-type flying machines for the Boston Aeronautical Society. The first was a biplane-glider with added ornithopter (flapping) wings of the type Lilienthal himself was planning to build before he died, (i.e., the flapping wings were Lilienthal's idea, not Whitehead's). Lilienthal referred to his plans for an ornithopter in his 14-page article in "Aeronautical Annual 1896" where he wrote: "On the one side I [] experiment [] with immovable wings []. On the other hand, I try to attain dynamic flight by means of flapping wings, which are introduced as a simple addition."). A photo shows Whitehead strapped to that glider (below, left). It didn't fly.
Octave Chanute helped finance
Whitehead's glider construction
The other plane he built was an 1895/1896-model Lilienthal monoplane glider which, according to Horn, did fly for short distances. Horn stated, Whitehead would have made longer flights if he'd been lighter. Cabot agreed.
Octave Chanute, President of the American Engineers' Association and America's aviation commentator during that period, helped finance the glider to the tune of $50. However, it's claimed there's no historical trace of what happened to that glider. This would appear strange since it was the declared purpose of the Boston Aeronautical Society to publish such activities. What happened to it?
Otto Lilienthal sold only one glider to the USA (to William Hearst) and only two sets of original plans to engineers in New York (presumably Augustus Herring) and Boston (presumably S. Cabot). At around the same time, a member of the Boston Aeronautical Society, Charles M. Lamson, had a Lilienthal glider built for him based on original plans. Descriptions of how Whitehead's Lilienthal glider and Lamson's Lilienthal glider flew are almost identical. And the instructions accompanying Cabot's set of plans in Boston were all written in German. However, Lamson spoke no German.
Whitehead may be the constructor of the so-called "Lamson-Glider", which would be notable inasmuch as a photo of it adorns the cover of Tom Crouch's book, "A Dream of Wings", one of the best-known histories of American aviation.
One of the best references for the quality of Whitehead's work was Samuel Cabot. Cabot initially described Whitehead unfavorably but later changed his opinion, expressing regret when Gustave left in 1897 and hoping Gustave could be hired again in the future. Indeed, the Society's A.A. Millet, did rehire Whitehead briefly in Sept. 1897. (Millet experiemented with kites which were built by Whitehead's subsequent employer in New York)...
One of the participants in kite flying events at Blue Hill was Edward I. Horsman. Horsman was a professional kite-flyer and well-connected businessman who'd been named by an Act of Congress as an organizer of the 1892 World Fair in New York. Horsman headhunted Whitehead away from the Aeronautical Society to become a member of his "Scientific Kite Team". The team performed meteorological measurements, aerial photography and public kite & firework displays for New York and other cities. The displays included regular events at Coney Island as well as on Independence Day, Flag Day and at the welcoming of ships into New York and other Harbors, including, for example, the return of US Admiral Dewey after a successful military campaign. Horsman's team experimented with the lifting-power of kites. Indeed, the earliest known newspaper article mentioning "Gus" Whitehead is an interview with him on the roof of The Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York on Flag Day in June, 1897. At the time, he was operating bright red Horsman box kites and measuring their lift as having attained as much as 100 pounds.
(On later occasions, the Scientific Kite Team performed experiments with kites lifting both sandbags and humans and announced plans to add rudders and a motor. Horsman was a member of the US aeronautical community and even exhibited his kites 10 years later next to Whitehead and the Wright Bros. at the first exhibition of the Aero Club of America in New York in 1906. Experiments with man-carrying kites were an important part of aviation's development. The Wright Bros. began with kite experiments four years later in 1901 and referred to them as their "Scientific Kite Flying".)
Whitehead had been hired by Horsman to build a Lilienthal-type, man-carrying kite and add a small, 3 hp gasoline motor with a propeller. However, problems with delivery of the motor ended up in court and may have led to the end of their employment relationship. (In 1897, Horsman also began marketing a keeled box kite called the "Airship". Horsman obtained a license for that kite's design from one of Whitehead's former bosses at Blue Hill and its patent owner, Henry Clayton.)
While employed by Horsman, Whitehead continued to test his own manned aircraft. Two are known. The first is referred to in a letter by Samuel Cabot to Chanute dated May 7, 1897 in which Cabot inquires whether Chanute knows of Whitehead's aircraft "out west" (presumably, in New York – west of Boston). The other, called "Condor Gus", was successfully tested by Whitehead during the summer of 1897 at Blue Hill and reported internationally.
Whitehead did public flight
displays 1897 in New York
On October 4, 1897, Whitehead invited reporters from at least six New York newspapers along with international news correspondents to an unveiling of his two new aircraft in the courtyard of his residence on Prince Street. One was a bright red tri-plane, box kite glider. The other was a partly-finished biplane with retractable wings (according to him, his 42nd aircraft). Ensuing articles contained drawings of these two aircraft and described their planned motorization with a 3 hp gasoline motor. On October 6, 1897, Whitehead made two public flight attempts at Jersey City Heights witnessed by hundreds of spectators. The attempts were reported as far away as Pittsburgh. One of the spectators was "a young man" who told reporters he'd "witnessed flights by both Chanute and Lilienthal". (The only person who fits this description was the New Yorker and aviation pioneer, Augustus Herring.)
After the demonstration, Whitehead put his machine in storage and moved to Buffalo. Six weeks later, on November 24, 1897, he married. When the clerk asked his profession, he replied "aeronaut". [Some commentators alleged, this is evidence of Whitehead's tendency to fantasize or self-aggrandize. But research makes it clear, Whitehead would have lied if he'd said anything else.] At that moment he was probably the only person in the world who could honestly state he'd been steadily employed for the past three years building heavier-than-air aircraft.
Whitehead's qualifications were impressive. He'd been formally trained at Diesel/M.A.N. to build engines; had spent at least four years at sea handling and maintaining sails, rigging, motors and propellers; had worked for Harvard's Prof. Pickering testing kites at Blue Hill; almost certainly translated Lilienthal's works into English (and probably assisted Lilienthal too); built two Lilienthal-type gliders; and had been Chief Engineer of America's first aviation organization. He'd then worked for New York's Scientific Kite Team designing, building and testing a powered, manned kite, all the while building and testing his own flying machines and demonstrating them publicly.
Records at the Buffalo Library show Whitehead spent his time there studying aviation literature including that of Count d'Esterno, whose 1864 aircraft patent bears great similarity to Whitehead's 1901 aircraft. (Not only the configuration but also the number of ribs is identical.)
Whitehead's handwritten notes made in Buffalo show that the propeller he selected for his future aircraft was the "Type J" developed by the British aviation pioneer, Hiram Maxim. This wasn't a simple "air-screw" but a more modern design where the blades were airfoils and their pitch was optimized at varying angles along their length.
In Buffalo, Whitehead also settled on his wings' future airfoil. He chose one with its arc peaking near the leading edge designed by the British pioneer Philipps rather than with a symmetrical arc of the type favored by Lilienthal. (His methodology was similar to that of the Wright Bros., who – some four years later – also discarded the symmetrical Lilienthal airfoil and addressed modern propeller design.) Whitehead went even one step further by filling out the concave area under the wing as is now done on modern airfoils (below).
[In a pre-Wright interview - given when Whitehead invited a reporter to fly one of his gliders - he expounded on the 250% lift-increase provided by his curved airfoils.]
Hargrave and Arnot/(Herring)
used Whitehead motors
Just three weeks after his wedding, Whitehead apparently spoke to a skeptical journalist about his plans to finish his new aircraft and fly it soon in Pittsburgh. However, Whitehead moved first to Baltimore where he introduced a new, wheeled version of his aircraft to the press.
The images and descriptions of Whitehead's October 1897 (New York) and March 1898 (Baltimore) aircraft provide a snapshot of Whitehead's progress in aircraft design. Firstly, the triplane configuration is reminiscent of Hargraves' Box Kites which completely replaced the diamond-shaped, so-called "Malay" kites during his 1894 tenure at Blue Hill. Secondly, Gustave was still using a symmetrical airfoil (as in the two Lilienthal-type gliders he'd built for the Boston Aeronautical Society 1895-97). Thirdly, his aircraft had a stabilizing, cruciform tail. This was to become a key feature in the enablement of controlled flight. Existing literature often attributes this invention to others, notably to the young man who'd been watching Gustave's public flight displays in New York, Augustus Herring.
It's claimed, Herring's triplane glider was built in October 1896, however a motorized version wasn't disclosed until 1898, i.e. after Gustave's press conference and public displays. It wasn't until late March of 1898 that Herring, together with Octave Chanute, sent plans for an almost identical, wheeled version to be patented by a middleman (Moy) in London. Construction of the Herring-Chanute Glider was farmed out to Charles Lamson and financed by the Banker, Matthias C. Arnot, for whom Whitehead provably built motors. However, the exact nature of affiliations between Herring, Arnot, Lamson and Whitehead is still unknown.
From Baltimore, Whitehead moved to Pittsburgh. There, according to a stack of affidavits, he fulfilled his prediction and flew a steam-powered monoplane in the spring of 1899, ending in a firey crash. (In a later interview, Whitehead himself referred to the Pittsburgh flight as "more or less successful".) Despite this, the lightweight steam engine he'd used impressed other designers. In Australia, Lawrence Hargrave's 29th engine was a "Whitehead", built according to Gustave's plans. He displayed it on July 1, 1901 to the Royal Society of New South Wales. It's unclear how Hargrave got those plans, although, since he was a member of the Boston Aeronautical Society, it could have been from one of the other members like Alexander G. Bell, who visited him in Sydney, James Means, who published Hargrave's work alongside Lilienthal's in his 1896 "Aeronautical Annual" or Octave Chanute, William Eddy and Albert Zahm, with whom Hargrave corresponded. [The record dates Whitehead's Pittsburgh flight to "April or May 1899". Other inventors who lived just across the border from Pittsburgh in Ohio wrote to the Smithsonian Institute on May 30, 1899, thereby commencing their own investigation of flight - Wilbur and Orville Wright.]
By the end of 1899, Whitehead, accompanied by a friend, Louis Darvarich, left Pittsburgh and headed for
Boston. Along the way, in December 1899, Whitehead spoke to a journalist in Scranton about his plans to commercialize the plane he'd just flown
in Pittsburgh.
Perhaps because Whitehead had previously received a job offer from a kite manufacturer in Bridgeport and because Louis Darvarich had friends there, they headed there instead. While changing trains in New York, Gustave showed Louis the plane he'd built two years previously at its storage location in Spring Street. Finally, in December 1899, the press reported Gustave's arrival in Bridgeport and that he was already testing new aircraft, a single-engine plane with only one, 2-cylinder engine decribed by one witness.
Press coverage of Whitehead resumed in June the following year. Newspapers from Washington to Minnesota and as far away as England and France reported his flight-test of an acetylene-powered, monoplane with sandbags in the cockpit (his 57th aircraft in total and his 20th manned aircraft, he said). The test took place at a site some 1.5 miles from Bridgeport near the village of Fairfield. Two months later, on August 14, 1901, he invited the press to witness his first, successful, manned, powered flight.
Whitehead's aircraft was "roadable". It's wings could be folded and it had wheelpower for driving on roads. Leaving Bridgeport shortly after midnight, he, his helpers and the press drove the aircraft under its own power 1.5 miles to the same Fairfield site as the previous tests. They arrived at first light (4:32am according to current US Navy tables). After rigging the machine, Whitehead took off at dawn (5:02am), flying first half a mile, then on his second flight, a mile and a half at a height of 50 feet, making a shallow turn along the way to avoid a clump of chestnut trees. (The arrival and takeoff times are listed here because some commentators have stated the flights took place at night – something erroneously reported by one reporter which Whitehead himself later made fun of.)
At least 136 newspapers reported
Whitehead's 1901/1902 flights
So far, using only non-pay research resources one-hundred-and-thirty-six newspaper reports of Whitehead's 1901/1902 flights have been found, many of them front-page news. The reports came from as far away as Australia and Austria. One of the articles was even written by the builder of Santos Dumont's airships. [The reason all these are shown on this site is because Orville Wright's main argument in his attempt to discredit what he called "The Whitehead Legend" (August 1945, "US Air Services", p.9) was his claim Whitehead's flight was only reported on a back page of a local newspaper. Wright also questioned why that paper had waited four days before reporting the story, oblivious to the fact that it was a weekly newspaper which reported the flight in a special section of its very next edition. Orville cited these points as "evidence" no-one took the report seriously. (In his criticism, Orville neglected to mention that the first, sanctioned report about his own 1903 flight was published in a fortnightly beekeeper's journal decorated with drawings of flowers and that it had been rejected for publication by "Scientific American" because it was "too far-fetched".)]
The weekly newspaper, Bridgeport Herald, whose Chief Editor was present, reported Whitehead's flight on August 18, 1901. The article included an etching (lithograph) based on a photo he'd taken (above). [The following paragraphs briefly summarize the search for the photograph. For a more detailed account, click here.]
Due to both the technical difficulty of photographing a fast-moving airplane at dawn and the cost of half-toning, a published photo would have been unusual in 1901. (Even modern cameras would have trouble getting a clear picture of a fast-moving object at dawn. (Dawn is favored for test flights because that's generally when the wind is weakest.)
The photo Howell took was blurred. However, even if it had been in focus, a lithograph would have normally been used. Even major newspapers like the New York Herald chose to have a lithograph drawn rather than use a photograph due to the prohibitive expense of typesetting (see example of Vuia's aircaft, some six years later, below).
Just like photos are retouched,
lithographers optimized images
In much the same way, the first illustrated reports of the Wright brothers 1903 powered flight also showed lithographs of them and their 1902 glider rather than photographs (below) – note how the lithographer altered the background.
To illustrate an even earlier report just three days after the Wrights' Kitty Hawk experiments, the
lithographer not only changed the background but also reversed
the flight trajectory:
The original photo of Whitehead's first motorized flight has since been lost. The newspaper which used it to prepare the lithograph no longer exists. And Whitehead's own copy was destroyed in a fire when his workshop burnt down. The Bridgeport Standard (a different newspaper than the Herald) reported it having been displayed in a Bridgeport shop window in 1904 and described it as showing the aircraft at a height of 20 feet. The last time it was seen in public was in January 1906 in New York at the first ever exhibition by the Aero Club of America. All attempts to find it since then have failed leading many to "dismiss the case with prejudice". However, such a view confuses two separate issues.
The issue here is not historical expertise in applying what were then cumbersome and expensive techniques in photographing fast-moving objects in low-light conditions (i.e. tripod, black cloth cover and glass-plates negatives). The issue is first flight. There's no "Historian's Manual" mandating events must be documented by photos. If this were the case, most known history would be "invalid". Historians – like anyone else – are required to handle evidence in a prescribed manner, i.e. as courts do.
There are established standards of evidence used by courts to establish facts. For example, a murder is almost never caught on film. If two credible, independent witnesses testify they saw it, a conviction is assured. This standard is called "clear and convincing evidence". If there are no witnesses, circumstantial evidence is used, (i.e. motive/opportunity/instrument). Depending on the "weight" of the evidence, this can lead to conclusions based on lower standards such as "beyond a shadow of a doubt", "preponderance of the evidence", etc.. However, when it comes to Whitehead, some Wright-Fans have suggested the standard be a "moving target". On their website they write:
"Even if someone someday produces a photo of No. 21 in flight on August 14, 1901, it will be nothing more than a footnote, a curious anomaly in the history of aviation."
In a sense, they're right. The same is true of all early aviation concepts. The Wrights' own biplane/canard/pusher-prop/catapult concept became a historical footnote very quickly. Indeed, biplanes now fall into the "jalopy" category. But such a view misses the point. The point of history is to document the chronology of development, not just the commercial successes.
Luckily, this site's author found the lost photo.
In its January 27, 1906 edition, p.94, "Scientific American" published an eyewitness report of the first exhibition of the recently-founded Aero Club of America, held January 13-20, 1906 at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York. The article states:
"…the walls of the room were covered with a large collection of photographs showing the machines of other inventors, such as Whitehead… in flight…. A single blurred photograph of a large birdlike machine propelled by compressed air… constructed by Whitehead in 1901 was the only [ ] photograph … of a motor driven aeroplane in successful flight."
"Scientific American" is a very credible source. Tom Crouch Ph.D., Chief Historian at the Smithsonian Institute, once wrote in a September 28, 1982, letter to publisher, Leo Opdyke:
"The editors of "Scientific American" were honest men.They would not lie to their readers. [ ] In short, these were trained, professional, technical journalists who were in the best possible position to judge Whitehead's work [ ]. They were far better able to evaluate the validity of Whitehead's case than anyone alive today."
Some critics allege the "Scientific American" article was written by Whitehead's business partner, Stanley Yale Beach. Although this allegation remains unproven, they insist the article must be ignored. However, mid 2012, the author of this website discovered another article in the "Silver Springs Signal", dated March 8, 1906. It too reports there being a photo of a motor-powered, 1901 Whitehead monoplane in flight on the wall at the exhibition. That's when this author decided to take a closer look.
The lost photo was discovered
in the background display
A panorama photo of the exhibition was known to exist. It was discovered by Tom Crouch, probably in the Hammer Collection. In his 1981 book, "A Dream of Wings", p.170, Tom used the photo to show Hearst's Lilienthal glider hanging from the roof of the exhibition. But, what it also showed were photos hanging on the wall in the background.
Using 1981 technology, researchers quickly identified one very blurred Whitehead photo in the background. An enlargement was requested and duly received. On it, someone had helpfully penned a circle around the supposed Whitehead photos, drawing attention away from the surrounding ones.
The enlargement enabled identification of two more photos, both showing Whitehead's plane on the ground. However, the photo at top right showing an airborne object remained too blurred. The next 30 years were spent wondering what it might show.
Mid 2012, this author of this website was rummaging through the 400-year-old, cobweb-strewn attic of the Gustave Whitehead Museum in Germany. It could only be reached via a circular staircase in a stone tower at the side of the building. There, he came across an illustrated 1906 report by a German magazine about the same exhibition with better quality photos.
Forensic technology has come a long way since 1981. Computers were in their infancy then. Nowadays, satellite cameras can read pages in books 300kms below. And police investigators regularly solve crimes using software to analyze shadow-patterns and the varying contrasts on blurred surveillance camera images.
Applying modern technologies, the first task was to confirm the identification of the framed photos within the encirclement (below):
The mysterious one at top right was then identified by varying the contrast and grading the intensity of the shadows (below):
What Whitehead-fans had spent 30 years hoping was the "blurred photograph of a large, birdlike [ ] motor-driven aeroplane in successful flight" turned out to be a well-focused photo of a known, 1903 Whitehead glider. It had been taken at the same location as the 1901 flight in a field bordered by chestnut trees near the village of Fairfield.
Attention was then switched to the photo at top left which lay outside the circle. The task was to find the original, blurred photo upon which the Lithograph accompanying the August 18, 1901 article had been based. Its distinguishing features were a white-winged monoplane flying about 50 feet off the ground over fields near Fairfield with clumps of trees, a takeoff-slope and a dim, dawn sky in the background, a tree on the right and a fencepost at bottom right. Here it is:
The primary correlating feature is the line and position of the horizon in relation to the fencepost. Both are clearly identifiable in an otherwise blurred picture. Additionally, both the height of the white monoplane and the angle from which it's viewed are strong correlating factors. The mathematical probability of coincidentally finding all these factors together in another photo is close to zero. And yet, there are differences.
- - The lithographer appears to have reduced the size of the trees to free up the
background behind the plane (other photos taken at the same location near Fairfield
show a similar tree-line – see previous glider-photo.)
- - The lithographer also appears to have reversed the direction of the flight so that the
aircraft flies away from the edge of the page (thereby improving the composition but
putting the plane on a collision course with the tree near the fence).
- - Furthermore, the low, morning sun may be reflecting off one of the propeller blades or wing-protrusion.
The original trajectory probably looked more like this:
The lost photo (& lithograph):
In addition to a comparison of the blurred original with the available lithograph, an analysis of the context provides further corroboration:
- It's definitely a photo shown at an aircraft exhibition surrounded by photos of aircraft, making it unlikely it depicts anything else but an aircraft;
- It's definitely in the "Whitehead" section;
- The other photos in that section have been identified, however the missing photo described as showing a blurred, white, powered, monoplane, hasn't.
- It definitely shows a blurred photograph (deduced by comparison to the other photos);
- Its contents conform to the 1904 newspaper description ("20 feet high").;
- It was found exactly where two 1906 press reports said it was;
- It fits the description "blurred, birdlike machine in flight" of those two 1906 reports;
- It appears to be a monoplane (i.e. not a biplane). Except for 2 photos of an early Lilienthal glider, no other monoplanes were on display at that show;
- Assuming the upward protrusion is a mast and the width of the mast's blurring is then subtracted from the whole object, a shape consistent with the outlines and proportions of Whitehead's 1901 monoplane remains;
- If it doesn't show a horizon, a row of trees and a low-flying, white monoplane, what else could it show in the Whitehead section at an aircraft exhibition?
[The detailed analysis lists several further points.]
German TV shows a brief analysis with higher-quality images here.
Using known images, the original scene may have looked something like this:
For a more detailed analysis of the photo and its circumstances, click here.
Whitehead's plane had 3-axis steering
After the August 14 1901 flight, Whitehead continued to make short flights over the next five months. He then developed a more powerful, diesel engine, calling his new plane "No. 22" and performing even longer flights, one including a full circle. (Flying a 360° circle was the accepted standard for proving an aircraft was controlable in early aviation.) The circular flight was made over the shallows between Charles Island and Bridgeport on Jan. 17, 1902. (Making flights over water was a safety precaution used by the aviation pioneers, Kress (Austria) and Blériot (France). Others, like Herring, Chanute and the Wrights (USA), used sand dunes to cushion any mishaps.)
Affidavits and
statements by 17 people, some of them
recorded on audio and video, bear witness to the many powered flights made by Whitehead between August 1901 and January 1902. Parts of the original aircraft, one motor and a large number of photographs still exist. Extensive statements by Whitehead himself survive, illustrating his advanced thinking compared to his contemporaries. And replicas based on the original flew successfully in 1986 (in the USA) and 1998 (in Germany - click for video, below).
As a result, in 1968, the Government of the State of Connecticut declared Whitehead the "Father of Flight". On September 14, 1983, the State Dept.'s Information Service made the following press release: "On August 14 1901 a German-American succeeded in the first motorized flight in the history of aviation. [ ] Though Whitehead's flight happened two years before [ ] the Wright brothers, [ ] it is Whitehead who is the legitimate father of modern aviation." And on June 25, 2013, after unanimous resolutions by both houses of the Connecticut Assembly, the State's Governor signed legislation withdrawing first flight recognition from the Wright brothers and assigning it, instead, to Gustave Whitehead.
While Whitehead's No. 21 aircraft did have "steering apparatus", not many details are known about it.
Whitehead's airplane "No. 22" embodied several improvements over the previous "No. 21". In addition to the 40 hp diesel engine and silk-covered wings, according to a 1934 affidavit by Whitehead's brother, John, it also had roll-control via wing-warping employing cables attached to the wing-tips.
Statements by family members have low evidentiary weight. Until now, historians have generally rejected this statement and attributed it to sour grapes. After all, the central feature of the Wright Bros.' patent was wing-warping. However, proof the No. 22 really did have wing-warping has now been found in a description of Whitehead's aircraft appearing in the December 1902 issue of "Aeronautical World": "The set or angle of the aeroplanes will be altered and controlled by levers which will regulate the force of compressed air which actuates them in order to deflect the aeroplanes so as to incline or steer a circular course without shifting the position of the ballast or aeronaut."
Another improvement the No. 22 had was a rudder for yaw-axis control. Whitehead himself described it on many occasions. This innovation was partly employed because the No. 22 was designed to land on water where a rudder is normal. Smithsonian Director, Paul Garber, was kind enough to draw in the rudder in a diagram he himself sketched while interviewing Whitehead's assistant, Tony Pruckner, in 1966:
Together with the large, vertical elevator, Whitehead's No. 22 therefore had three-axis steering. (Such steering was invented by the Frenchman, Goupil. But it's also claimed by the Wright Bros. citing domestic US patent law which at the
time required an invention to be proved by live demonstration.) Three-axis steering was one of the most important developments leading to the invention of the aircraft. [Whitehead may have added
wing-warping to his No. 21 aircraft in late Fall, 1901. Articles in New York and Texas refer to setting the wings "at different angles", however, the
context is unclear.]
Following the success of the No. 22, Whitehead planned a No. 23. Blueprints dated early 1902 show he originally intended to use a canard elevator. It's not known why he decided against a canard (as later used by the Wrights), but instead chose to use an empennage only. Knowing his reasoning would be helpful to aviation historians. That's because his monoplane, empennage, tractor propeller, wheeled-landing-gear configuration was about 25 years ahead of its time. Today, almost all aircraft bear these features. (The plans shown above are the only Whitehead plans which have survived. However, it's known Whitehead made precise plans of all his aircraft and motors.)
The previous aircraft, No. 21, also employed several features of technical interest. Firstly, the smaller of its two motors had 10 hp and provided power to the wheels for takeoff. Upon rotation, its link to the wheels was shut off and its power was added to the other, 20 hp motor which drove the propellers so that a total of 30hp was available for flight. The No. 21's acetylene engine was like a steam engine inasmuch as it didn't have internal but rather external combustion. (Here's where the difference between the terms "engine" and "motor" is important.) Compressed air was created by the engine outside the motor's cylinder and only then ducted into the cylinder. This way, the pressure created by the lower engine could be redirected via a steam hose to the upper engine by simply pushing a lever. Secondly, using the same lever, the fabric surface of the wings could be stretched tight. This procedure is similar to what modern kite-surfers and paragliders do when they keep their wing devices in a safe, low-lift mode for preparation then suddenly tighten them for launch. This explains why reports of Whitehead's flights referred to his machines "shooting into the air".
After the widespread press coverage Whitehead received following his unmanned test flights in May 1901 and after becoming a media star subsequent to his manned flights in August 1901, Whitehead was besieged by opportunists, hoping to cash in on his invention.
Prof. Langley sent spies
The first was a convicted fraudster named H.S. Le Cato from Philadelphia who, after first taking a ride in the aircraft, offered Whitehead a six-month contract to display it at Atlantic City. Two weeks later, it was loaded onto a railcar and shipped there. While at Atlantic City, the Smithsonian Institute sent two spies, Traylor (a clerk and Prof. Langley's personal secretary, below center) & Hodge (an ethnologist, below left), to examine the aircraft. Written instructions were issued by the Director, Pof. Langley's assistant, Charles Manly (below, right) asking that measurements of Whitehead's machine be made surreptitiously.
The Wrights deny coming
The Wright brothers were among the next visitors. After receiving a July 1, 1901 letter from Octave Chanute recommending a 10 hp, 30 lb. Whitehead motor (which Whitehead was building for M.C.Arnot and for Prof. C.E.Meyers), Wilbur replied on July 4, 1901 as follows: "The 10-horsepower motor you refer to is certainly a wonder if it weighs only thirty lbs. with supplies for two hours, as the gasoline alone for such an engine would weigh some ten or twelve lbs. thus leaving only 18 or 20 lbs. for the motor or about two lbs. per horsepower. Even if the inventor miscalculates by five hundred percent it still would be an extremely fine motor for aerial purposes". At the time, the Wrights were actively looking for a motor. They invariably followed Chanute's advice (as they'd done previously by hiring Herring, Spratt and Huffaker). Three witnesses attested to their visit under oath*. Yet, the Wrights denied visiting Whitehead or even Bridgeport before 1909.
Circumstantial factors appear to support their visit. The Wrights had a good friend in Bridgeport. He was the submarine inventor, Simon Lake, with whom they discussed their glider and their patent options before their claimed 1903 flight. And prior to 1902, the Wrights were in almost constant contact with known aviation pioneers such as Means, Cabot, Chanute and Herring. It's hard to believe the only one they ignored was Whitehead, especially since his experiments had been so widely reported in "Scientific American", Prof. Langley was spying on him, Chanute was recommending him and he was producing motors for their competitors, Herring/Arnot.
For aviation experts, perhaps the most important discovery about Whitehead may not be the additional evidence of his first flight. In Dec. 1902, Whitehead published a precise description of the wing-warping mechanism on his aircraft in "Aeronautical World". That was almost 4 months before the Wright brothers applied for their patent (on March 23, 1903). The significance of this is that the Wrights' whole claim to preeminence rests on their claim to have both discovered and practically applied a wing-warping system first. (Contrary to popular belief, in their court proceedings, the Wrights freely admitted they weren't the first to have invented a powered aircraft.) Undeniably, Whitehead was the first to publish and practically apply a system of wing warping. [Interestingly, the Smithsonian has not yet responded to this fact at all.]
Chanute's mid-1901 letter to the Wrights offers yet another snapshot of Whitehead's status in the aeronautical community. Long before his famed August 1901 fight, he was not only providing motor plans to Hargrave in Australia, but building Motors for Arnot/Herring's aircraft, Meyers' airships and possibly for many other efforts too.
When Le Cato's promised contract in Atlantic City didn't materialize, Whitehead returned to Bridgeport where the Texan, William D. Custead was waiting for him.
Custead promised to invest $100,000 but soon left when Whitehead refused to divulge the secret ingredient in his acetylene motor's fuel. However, Custead did buy a motor from Whitehead and became one of the first dealers for Whitehead motors.
Whitehead's most fateful visitor was Herman Linde, a German immigrant who made his living as a Shakespearean actor. Needless to say, things didn't add up. Linde agreed to finance Whitehead's project and built a new workshop. Encouraged, Whitehead himself took out a $1,700 loan and wrote to his family in Germany that he was now the owner of an aircraft factory. However, secretly, Linde planned to take over the venture and started colluding with workers. Mid-January 1902, right when Whitehead was short of cash, Linde withdrew support and announced the formation of his own aviation company, refusing to pay any more bills. Linde was later convicted of multiple criminal offences and admitted to an insane asylum. But that came too late for Whitehead. He was now broke. Four to six unfinished aircraft remained in Linde's workshop to which Whitehead no longer had access.
In January 1902, the No. 22's motor was damaged in a hard landing. It was then left outdoors for the rest of the winter for lack of a place to store it, becoming unserviceable as a result. In April, Whitehead's brother, John, arrived and contributed some of his savings. But it wasn't enough. Soon, John left. It was then that Whitehead made the decision to no longer build his own airplanes. Clearly, no-one was willing to actually pay for them. From then on, he would only build them for others – cash in advance.
Instead, he concentrated on selling motors. These were immediately in high demand, especially among airship and flying machine builders. Having thus secured his livelihood, he sprent the few years (until 1905) building a house for himself, his wife and his nearly four year old daughter, Rose.
This decision led to Whitehead becoming a central figure in the early years of US aviation. He quickly made a name for himself as an aviation supplier. As early as 1902 the "Automobile Trade Magazine" reported that customers could order lightweight kerosene, gasoline, acetylene, steam and gunpowder motors along with dirigables and airplanes from Gustave Whitehead in Connecticut.
Whitehead became a major
motor & airframe supplier
At the 1904 World Fair in St. Louis, Whitehead exhibited one of his motors. The winning dirigible at the flying machine contest held there was Thomas Baldwin's "California Arrow", flown by Roy Knabenshue. It, too, was equipped with a Whitehead motor – at least that's what a qualified aviation journalist wrote after examining it. American historians later claimed it was a Curtiss motorcycle engine, which isn't necessarily a contradiction. Indeed, two sources report Whitehead built aircraft motors for Curtiss, which may explain why many early Curtiss and Whitehead motors looked so similar. And when the Curtiss-Herring Co. went bankrupt, Whitehead's motor distributor, George Lawrence, was one of the listed creditors owed money by the venture. (Knabenshue went on to make one of the first dirigible flights over New York and become chief pilot of the Wright Exhibition Team. Baldwin became Vice President of the Aero Club of America. And in 1908 Baldwin's airship and the Wright Flyer won the US Army's Contest to select a military flying machine.)
Yet another Whitehead motor was present in St. Louis. It powered Prof. Carl E. Meyers' Sky Cycle. Meyers was the balloon supplier for the US Weather Service and the US Army Signal Corps. The Sky Cycle had been patented in 1897 and sold successfully – as the name suggests – as a pedal-powered airship. Just four days after the July 1901 Chanute-Wright correspondence, a New York newspaper reported that the 30 lb./10 hp motor the Wrights were interested in was to be installed in the Sky Cycle so it could compete in St. Louis. At the contest, the local press reported on the motor's use. The Sky Cycle went on to become one of the first commercially successful aircraft ever. For many years, Meyers sold it via classified ads appearing in technical magazines across the USA, offering single, twin, three and four cylinder, powered versions.
The world record balloonist, H.E. Honeywell, also ordered two Whitehead motors. In 1904, the physics professor, John J. Dvorak, examined Whitehead's work and in a front-page newspaper article publicly declared Whitehead to be ahead of all other aviation pioneers. He, too, hired Whitehead to build a motor. In summer, 1905, Whitehead installed an 18-20hp motor in the "Flying Machine" of Israel Ludlow. Ludlow's pilot was Charles K. Hamilton from Connecticut. In 1906, Hamilton moved on and later became a Curtiss Show Pilot. He was replaced by J.C. ("Bud") Mars who later also joined the Curtiss Team. Edward M. (Colonel) House, who was living in New York at the time and later became US President Wilson's special envoy for foreign affairs, was a Whitehead customer. Another Whitehead motor customer was Wipple S. Hall of Fresno, California.
1906 was a year in which Whitehead's prominent position in the American aeronautical community was clearly apparent. A detailed analysis of panorama photos taken at the first exhibition of the Aero Club of America in January 1906 revealed not only the long lost photo of Whitehead's No. 21 in powered flight but also proof of Whitehead's status among his aeronautical contemporaries. The aviation exhibition was housed in a single room around which visitors proceeded in a clockwise direction. It started with ten photographs of Whitehead's aircraft and motors. The very first ones (at top, left) showed his 1901 flight. Next, they saw thirty-three photographs of balloons and dirigables including those of Knabenshue and Santos-Dumont. Following them were eight photographs of Lilienthal's gliders, six of Herring/Arnot's glider, six of the Wright brothers' gliders & kites, eight of Prof. Langley (including one of his flying model) and twenty of Hiram Maxim's failed powered aircraft. As a highlight, Baldwin's Whitehead-powered "California Arrow", in which Roy Knabanshue had performed a flight over New York just a few months previously, was on display.
In 1906 aviation,
Whitehead was pre-eminent
It wasn't until May 20, 1908 that the Wright Brothers first released a photo of their claimed 1903 powered flight in the New York Times (just days after they went back to Kitty Hawk on May 6, 1908 - returning for the first time since 1903). Up until then, they only showed photos of their kites and gliders (and the crank-shaft of their motor, resting on a stool). At the January 1906 exhibition, Herring/Arnot didn't show any photos of their powered flight either. The only exhibitor besides Whitehead who showed powered flight was a power-extended glide of Prof. Langley's model. It's therefore understandable why the photograph of Whitehead's 1901 manned, powered flight was given a place of such prominence at the beginning of the exhibition. After all, only Whitehead and dirigible airships were able to freely control their movement through the air.
Ironically, during this transitional period (December 17, 1903 until May 20, 1908), the Wrights faced the same dilemma as Whitehead did in the years 1906-2012 when people asked, "where's the photo?".
The Feb. 10, 1906 Editorial of "The New York Herald" wrote about the Wrights and bore the headline: "Flyers or Lyers?"
Whitehead's stature appears to have reached a zenith in December 1906 at the second exhibition of the Aero Club of America. There, he had three newer motors and an intricately balanced propeller along with the original fuselage and motor of his 1901, "No. 21 Condor" aircraft on display. The aircraft was clearly labelled as having flown. (The Wrights, on the other hand, only showed their motor.)
Whitehead Motors Powered
the First US Military Aircraft
In 1907, Whitehead was registered as one of the participants in the flying events at the World Fair in Jamestown, Virginia. It's not known if he himself displayed anything there. But one of his motors was accompanied Israel Ludlow's Whitehead-powered "Flying Machine". The construction of that machine had been financed by the US Navy. It was displayed as a hydroplane in Jamestown (without the motor), then with wheels at the Gordon-Bennet & Scientific American events in October 1907 in St. Louis (which were part of the Expo).
A Whitehead-Powered Airplane Took
Off on the Smithsonian's Front Lawn
Development of that aircraft for the US Army Signal Corps.' trials at Fort Meyer continued until 1908. During tests just before the trials commenced, Ludlow's Whitehead-powered aircraft got briefly airborne. The test location was the front lawn of the Smithsonian Institute on the Washington Mall. The flight was only brief because the propeller shaft broke. Ludlow admitted ignoring Whitehead's advice about using the correct fly-wheel and had instead replaced it with a lighter one of less than half the correct weight.
Alongside his brisk motor business, Whitehead took on aircraft construction jobs. One of his customers was Wild-West hero, Buffalo Jones, for whom he built an ornithopter. His main customer was "Scientific American"'s Aviation Editor, Stanley Yale Beach, whose father edited – and grandfather founded – that magazine. Beach was also co-founder of the New York Aeronautical Society. Whitehead built at least three aircraft for Beach. However, Beach had his own ideas about aircraft design. In one particular case, the two argued so vehemently that Beach had Whitehead arrested. The disagreement arose when Beach hacked off the upper wing of a biplane to make it a monoplane (which he believed would fly better). That led Whitehead to confiscate the engine – presumably for safety reasons. Ultimately, Beach did build a monoplane based on Bleriot's design. One of the three engines successively installed in it was a 4 cylinder, 25hp Whitehead engine. In another incident, Whitehead, his brother, John, and a certain William J. Snadecki built a 200hp, V8, engine for a racing boat (later developed into an aircraft engine) which Beach insisted on testing. John Whitehead wrote, Beach overrevved the engine and ended up sinking it and the boat it was on in Long Island Sound. (In unrelated incidents, Beach ran over and killed a pedestrian in Bridgeport, then refused support for his wife and child causing his father to cut off all funds, thus ending his aviation experiments.)
A Beach aircraft was one of three Whitehead-built planes to compete at the very first air show of the New York Aeronautical Society in Morris Park in 1908. The second was built for Louis R. Adams, President of the Long Island Automobile Club and Vice President of both the New York Aeronautical Society and the Aero Club of America. And the third was built for Bridgeport resident, Howard Booth.
In 1909, all winged, heavier-than-air aircraft in America were grounded by injunctions obtained by the Wright brothers to protect their patent. If an aviator wanted to continue flying his own aeroplane, he was required to buy a Wright License which cost more than $25,000. The only other legal option was to buy the Wrights' canard-biplane-pusherprop invention which most were unwilling to do – especially Glenn Curtiss. (Curtiss ended up ultimately taking over the Wright Aircraft company when it failed and modernizing its aircraft designs.)
Whitehead's final aircraft construction job was for a helicopter (which didn't violate the Wrights' patent). He built it for the President of the Aeronautical Society of America, Lee S. Burridge shortly fter he'd stopped flying altogether (in 1910, the monoplane he was piloting crashed into a bridge, crushing his rib-cage).
Starting in 1910, Whitehead's motor business boomed all the more. He continued building motors for retail customers like C.S. Wilson, who successfully competed in events in his Whitehead-powered plane. But he also wholesaled his engines to dealers and aircraft manufacturers. One of them was America's first successful, commercial aircraft builder, Charles & Adolph (C. & A.) Wittemann. (Charles was co-founder of the New York Aeronautical Society). When asked later about Whitehead's abilities as a motor-builder, Charles Wittemann described him as "a genius".
Both C.W.Miller's & Barberton Aviation's aircraft, were built by C. & A. Wittemann and equipped with Whitehead motors.
Other Whitehead motor dealers were Cleve Shaffer, President of the Pacific Aero Club and the West Coast's first commercial aircraft builder, and Geo A. Lawrence, an international aircraft and aviation motor dealer who advertised Whitehead motors across the USA and even in Europe. (Lawrence also built a hydroplane powered by a Whitehead motor.)
Not all Whitehead's motors were for aircraft. For example, Buffalo Jones bought Whitehead motors for both his aircraft and his irrigation equipment.
So far, over forty different types of Whitehead motors have been identified. A steam engine and parts of an eight-cylinder engine exist to this day. Whitehead's daughter, Rose, remembers there were sometimes more orders for motors than she could hold in her hands when she fetched the mail. She also remembers her father returning more than 50 orders (including down-payment checks) on one single day due to overcapacity.
Even Whitehead's enemies grudgingly acknowledge his abilities as a motor builder. There are many hints as to where Whitehead's motors were used in the years 1902-1915. In this regard, Whitehead research is at an early stage. However, that's not the main issue.
On October 15, 1964, Charles Wittemann made a written and tape-recorded statement under oath in which he
declared he'd spent a week working alongside Whitehead in his Bridgeport workshop, had examined Whitehead's acetylene motor and found it capable of performing the claimed flight of 1901. The
significance of Wittemann's statement is not only his personal knowledge of the engine but also his legal standing. Wittemann was appointed by US President, Woodrow Wilson, as America' Chief Aviation
Expert in WW1. His expert witness statement therefore has added evidentiary weight. Another aviation and motor expert, Carl Dienstbach, made an earlier examination of the same engine. Both reports
are here.
Although existing evidence eliminates any need for circumstantial corroboration,
- the proven airworthiness of both the Whitehead engine and the Lilienthal wings
employed in the No. 21 aircraft, and
- successful flights of two replicas of the No. 21 (1986, USA and 1997, Germany)
lend further support to Whitehead's claim to have successfully flown such an aircraft in 1901.
Whitehead pioneered powered flight
and was prominent in early aviation
In summary, Gustave Whitehead was instrumental in the transfer of Otto Lilienthal's advanced aviation knowledge to the USA in 1895-6. In 1901, Whitehead built and flew the world's first powered aircraft. In 1902, he repeated the feat in an aircraft with three-axis control. And his motors played an important role in pre-WW1 US aviation. His 1902 decision to become a supplier rather than continue development of aircraft was based on his lack of funds and his devotion to his young family. Rather than detract from his legacy, it shows he was not only a talented inventor and mechanic but also a decent human being.
History of Whitehead Critics
The last eight decades brought forth the occasional Whitehead critic. For a nostalgic look back, click here.


text:
The Crimson Tide's total includes a pair of NCAA champions, 11 All-Americans and four Academic All-Americans
The Crimson Tide's sweep of SMU marks Alabama's third-straight sweep over opponents in Tuscaloosa
Joyce Auguste - Sr. - Jacksonville, Fla.
2013-14 (SOPHOMORE) Earned a 1st place finish as part of the Collegiate 8+ and 9th in the Collegiate 4+ at the Chattanooga Head Race... rowed with the Championships 8+ at Head of the Hooch earning a 19th place finish while also competing in the Championship 2x and Open 8+ both finishing 12th... 1st place finish in competition against SMU and Eastern Michigan as part of the 2nd Varsity 8... competed in the Knecht Cup and placed 9th overall in the 2nd Varsity 8. 2012-13 (FRESHMAN)Began her career split between Second Varsity 8+ and First Varsity 8+ boats ... placed second in 2x at the Chattanooga Head Race ... rowed in the Second Varsity 8+ that posted one first-place and two third-place finishes at the Cardinal Invitational ... finishes with the Second Varsity 8+ included second-place at the Clemson Dual Regatta and against Central Florida and West Virginia ... rowed in the First Varsity 4+ boat that earned three second-place finishes at the Dale England Cup ... earned a second-place finish with First Varsity 4+ at the Conference USA Championships.
Prep Highlights:Rowed for Kenneth Black at Stanton College Prep ... led Stanton to a trio of Jacksonville City Championships ... rowed at the Head of the Charles in Stanton's Varsity 4 as a senior ... finished second in the Women's Varsity Double at the 2012 Florida State Rowing Association Championships ... earned Coaches Award and Ergmaster Award as a senior ... named Most Improved Rower as a freshman ... member of the Stanton Medical Society ... member of the Student Leadership team ... four-year volunteer at St. Luke's Hospital.
Personal Information:Full name: Joyce Ruth Auguste ... daughter of Alourdes and Joseph Auguste ... sisters, Rachel and Kyra ... psychology major ... born May 17, 1994.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Clarksburg Committee Welcomes New Businesses
Written by Your 5News Team
Last updated on April 11, 2013 @ 6:57PM
Created on April 11, 2013 @ 5:53PM
Harrison County is growing everyday, especially Clarksburg and that means the Uptown Welcome Committee has been busy bringing in new businesses.
The committee has welcomed around five new small businesses, and expects to welcome even more. Members from the Chamber of Commerce said the group is important because it connects new shop owners with the community and shares their mission and goals to revitalize Clarksburg.
"Just to make sure that they're aware of the incentives through the city of Clarksburg, but also to be involved in the community and help get to know people and build their client base. It's a foot in the door for them and a step up in the community for them as well," said Kathy Wagner, Chamber of Commerce President.
If you're interested in opening your own business, they're hosting an entrepreneur event on Monday April 22nd. It will be held at 5:30 p.m. at Liberty High School.
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text:
JOIN THE ORACLE Fusion Middleware Summer Camps
By Michaela Seika-Oracle on Jun 20, 2012
JOIN THE ORACLE Fusion Middleware Summer Camps
For Specialized partners
who are working on following projects & opportunities, we offer these
advanced summer camps:
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- ADF 11g
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- SOA Suite 11g
- ADF for BPM Suite 11
- WebCenter Sites 11g
All training sessions will be from HQ product management and our PTS team. The sessions will take place in July in Lisbon Portugal and Munich Germany. . Participation is limited to two people per company and bootcamp. Registration is handled by first come first serve, please pay attention to the skill requirements, the pre-requisitions and the follow up! We will not accept people onto the training who do not match the criteria!
Lisbon: Monday, July 9th 11:00AM - Friday July 13th 16:00 PM (Lisbon time)
- ADF 11g advanced training by Grant Ronald and Frank Nimphius
- WebCenter Portal advanced training by Stefan Krantz and Angelo Santagata
- WebLogic 12c training by Cosmin Tudor
Munich: Monday, July 16th 11:00 AM - Wednesday July 18th 16:00 PM (CET)
- ADF for BPM Suite 11g advanced training by David Read
- WebCenter Sites 11g advanced training by Product Management & PTS
Cost: Free of charge, cancelation or no-show fee 2.000€
Bootcamps are limited to 20 persons first come first serve
For details and registration please visit Lisbon registration page: & Munich registration page
Quotes summer camps 2011
"From zero to hero with this BPM workshop" Steven Boon, Ordina Linkedin
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SOA & BPM Partner Community registration
Please first login at http://partner.oracle.com and then visit: http://www.oracle.com/goto/emea/soa. If you have any questions please contact the Oracle Partner Business Center.
If you have questions please feel free to contact us any time!
Best regards


text:
June 4, 2005
TULANE COACH Rick Jones
"Between's Micah's Owings (1B) great night hitting and Brian Bogusevic (LHP) having electric stuff he only added to our success tonight. We played to our game plan - we played defense, we pitched well and had timely hits."
(On Owings)
"He is an outstanding player and he had a great game when it meant the most. His play defensively was also outstanding; four hits, two home runs; the one that stretched the lead the first time and the one that stretched it to a four-run lead after Nathan Southard's big, big two-rbi single."
(On Bogusevic's Pitching late in the Game)
"He had a long inning and in this heat and humidity it can take its toll. He kept us in the game. It was all a credit to him because Alabama is a good hitting team."
"Tulane's a very good team. Our team battled back, and we got it close, certainly when Tulane made it a 7-4 ballgame it made it tougher, but I still felt like we could come back, but then the game got out of hand.
"Our team should certainly feel like they can play with the number one team in the country, and hopefully we can get back tomorrow night.
"We got within one, and then they were able to go up again. When you have as many good hitters as they do, locating every pitch is so important. For the most part, until late in the game, I feel we did that. You're not going to keep a good team like Tulane down, I don't think you can keep them under five runs. We were able to come back, and when it was 7-4, I felt we still had a shot at it."
(On BATTLING TULANE LHP Brian Bogusevic)
"Good teams can always answer when another team makes a run, and we felt like we could do that against them when we made it 5-4. Then they answered back and we weren't able to finish. On any other night I feel like we could have done it."
(On FACING TULANE'S LINEUP)
"We said going in that we couldn't let their top 1-4 hitters beat us, and clearly that was what took care of us tonight. I just didn't make the pitches when I needed to. The biggest blow was the three-run homer from [Tulane first baseman Micah] Owings, that put us in a deep hole early on. I feel if I could have made some pitches there, it would have been a totally different ball game. I don't know that it would have been a different outcome, but it would have given us a better chance in the middle innings."


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February 11, 2011
By Debbie Baratz
In a four-part series by The Hair Foundation, we look at eyelash loss and remedies for improving the look of eyelashes. Side effects and costs are also discussed.
Part I: Missing your beautiful eyelashes?
Many people are unhappy with the appearance of their eyelashes due to eyelash loss and the aging process. We are left with fewer eyelashes as we age but a greater amount could signal a health issue.
Women and men with sparse lashes have tried countless ways to improve the length and fullness of their remaining eyelashes--everything from eyelash weaves and transplantation, mascara and semi-permanent dyes, and false lashes to topical cosmetic products. A number of prescription and other alternatives entered the market in 2009 for eyelashes but trying a few things at home first and looking your current health should be done before going to a medical professional for help.
What can you do at home? It's as simple as throwing out old mascara or eye shadow. If a change doesn't take place after one or two weeks, or you've noticed this condition for a while, it may be time to then visit a doctor to rule out potential issues such as allergies or serious health problems including cancer or hypothyroidism; both can contribute to hair and eyelash loss. Once eyelash loss has been determined to not be a medical problem, one alternative is to grow your own lashes. This is where the prescriptions and doctor visits will come in.
Enter glaucoma treatments.
Early products such as Jan Marini's Marini Lash and Revitalash formerly contained a generic a solution used for the treatment of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. Patients found that by using glaucoma drugs, known as ophthalmic prostaglandin analogs, they learned an interesting discovery: patients experienced significant darkening, thickening and lengthening of their eyelashes. The makers of these products using the generic version of the drug have recently reformulated their ingredients and a new pharmaceutical option from the makers of Lumigan®, Allergan, enables an at-home remedy with its topical product LATISSE®.
Part II - LATISSE®
LATISSE®is the first and only FDA-approved prescription treatment that enables lashes to grow longer, fuller and darker for those with either inadequate or not enough lashes (eyelash hypotrichosis).
When is it time to use LATISSE®?
"At any point, people can use LATISSE®. If you're still unhappy with your sparse lashes after using over-the-counter treatments, then you may want to try LATISSE®," said Dr. Matt L. Leavitt*, DO, and president of The Hair Foundation. "By using LATISSE® the user will see longer, darker and thicker eyelashes."
LATISSE® requires a prescription and consultation with a doctor to ensure the patient is an appropriate candidate for treatment, aware of the potential benefits and its side effects as well as proper use of the product.
Users have seen lash improvements at weeks eight, 12, and 16; however, when the applications were discontinued, the results gradually disappeared and eyelashes went back to their previous state.
"You'll continue to see the benefits of LATISSE® if you keep using it every day," explained Leavitt. "If you do stop for a period of time, you can go back to it and you'll again see benefits. Get in the habit of applying LATISSE® as you do when brushing your teeth before bedtime."
For eyelash growth, LATISSE® uses a once-a-day treatment applied to the base of the upper eyelid margin. The specially-designed applicator brush limits the amount of product delivered; it is approximately five percent of the regular dose amount in volume when applied topically versus dropped in the eye as a treatment for elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Two changes from LATISSE® are believed to take place from the application: it increases the duration of the lash growth cycle and the number of hairs in the eyelash growth cycle. You'll see longer eyelash length and thicker, fuller lashes.
Part III: Side effects and cost of using LATISSE®
While LATISSE® has produced positive results for those looking to improve their eyelashes, there are side effects. The most common reported in the clinical study include an itching sensation in the eyes and/or eye redness; less common side effects include skin darkening, or hyper pigmentation along the lash line, eye irritation, dryness of the eyes, redness of the eyelids, and the possibility of hair growth to occur on other parts of your skin that LATISSE® repeatedly touches.
These conditions may clear up once you discontinue using the product.
According to Dr. Matt Leavitt, "While LATISSE® has no major side effects in clinical studies, there is the potential for darkening in the pigment around the eyes if the user gets the product in their eyes for treatment of glaucoma. This happens less than three percent of the time but it may be permanent."
Proper application of LATISSE® is vital. One way to avoid the potentially permanent change in pigment to brown is to apply LATISSE® properly at the tip of the top eyelashes, not in the eye as you do to treat glaucoma.
After you decide to go the LATISSE® route, costs will vary depending on a physician's practice and pharmacy costs but on average, the prescription may cost $120 per month ($1440 per year). Discounts are available if patients join the LashPerks program or participate in other additional offers such as buying more than one month's supply at a time. "LATISSE® is only available by prescription," added Leavitt.
Part IV: Eyelash Transplant
Not sure LATISSE® is for you? Another option is an eyelash transplant.
This is a medical procedure where a doctor takes about 28-40 hair follicles from your scalp and implants them into your eyelid. The number of hairs depends upon the patient's particular situation and costs can run close to $1500 per year.
A transplant session takes anywhere from one to three hours and may require two to three sessions. Recovery takes seven to 14 days and during that time, the patient may need to sleep in goggles to prevent scratching and dislodging the new eyelashes.
Transplanted hairs will begin to grow soon after the procedure with some growing outward and away from the eye just like natural eyelashes, while others will need to be "trained" to behave as eyelashes. This includes coating the new hairs with lash oil and using an eyelash curler to encourage proper curl.
Patients in good health rarely reject the transplanted eyelashes and report very little side effects or swelling from the surgery. The "new lashes" must also be trimmed regularly to maintain proper length. The cost for this is around $5,000 to $10,000. The options for having lush lashes are becoming more affordable and easier to achieve. Soon the phrase "batting your eyelashes" may have a whole new meaning.
For more information, see http://www.ishrs.org/articles/eyelash-transplantation.htm
*Leavitt is an Allergan consultant. His views expressed in this series are independent from his role with Allergan.


text:
"There's so much to choose from, they can afford to
say, 'I think there's something better out there,'" says Stuart.
"They are sitting on the fence longer and waiting."
The Rev. Dr. William H. Hill and his wife searched for their upstate New York home for more than a year before closing in August. "There's a difference between trying to make a place right and having it be right for you," says Hill.
But today's homebuyers, he says, need patience. "You not only have to have some idea of what you do want, you have to see a lot of homes to determine what you don't want," he says.
The wide array of choices "made it a little tougher," says Myers. "But having that selection also made it easier because we weren't stuck."
Many buyers, recognizing that they won't be selling in the near future, are being more careful in choosing a home.
That was the case with the Myers, who expanded their price range from between $150,000 and $200,000 to $200,000-plus, once they saw that spending that extra money in the current market would buy a lot more home.
"We decided we might as well step up and look at something we'll be in a long time, rather than a short time," she says.
Why buy?
Some buyers credit current market conditions -- the buyer's market in many areas -- with kick-starting their home search.
Bass-fishing enthusiast Geoffrey Balog had been eyeing a home in Sebring, Fla., for the last four years. But when his wife did an online search last October, the couple noticed a "dramatic difference" in what they could get for their money, he says.
"Things that were $225,000 in that area were $150,000 to $175,000," he says. Suddenly, he says, there were "18 properties we wanted to look at."
"I said, 'Make a reservation. We're going up for two days, and I'm bringing my checkbook because we're buying a house,'" Balog says.
They settled on an 11-year-old, three-bedroom, two-bath "in beautiful condition," he says.
"It was exactly what I wanted to spend, and it was everything I wanted and more," Balog says.
Like Balog, some homebuyers are finding the current
market offer great deals. Hill and his wife negotiated to buy for
25 percent below the initial asking price.
But when Edward Seiler and his wife were shopping select neighborhoods on the Maryland side of Washington, D.C., they found out that the term "buyer's market" was relative. Seiler recalls losing one home when they showed up early for an open house, only to learn that there were already two offers. Another house on the same street sold for $42,000 above the asking price.
"The market may be dead, but this one specific neighborhood was not," says Seiler, himself a housing economist.
But a few months later, the couple closed on their own home in the same neighborhood for 10 percent less than the initial listing price.
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Red Raiders Open Season With Pair of Home Matches
The Red Raider soccer team opens the 2012-13 athletic season with a pair of matches at the John Walker Soccer Complex.
Texas Tech Notes | Live Stream | Stone Previews Season-Opener | 2012 Media Guide
Aug. 16, 2012
LUBBOCK, Texas - The 2012-13 Texas Tech athletics season officially kicks off Friday night at the John Walker Soccer Complex as the Red Raider soccer team faces Idaho for its regular season opener. The match is scheduled for 7 p.m., and is the first of two slated for this weekend.
Texas Tech will face New Mexico Sunday at noon, also at the John Walker Soccer Complex.
"We're excited about having two quality teams on opening weekend at home," head coach Tom Stone said. "We know they are both going to challenge us and we couldn't ask for a better match up on opening weekend."
The Red Raiders are coming off an impressive win over Utah during their lone exhibition match of the preseason in which they shutout the Utes 1-0 in Denver on Aug. 11. Junior Hayley Haagsma provided the game-winning goal in the 79th minute of play as Tech outshot Utah 8-2 in the second half of the match.
The Red Raiders enter Friday's match as winners of their last four season-opening matches dating back to the 2008 season. Meanwhile, sixth-year head coach Tom Stone is 4-1 in season-opening matches.
Tech welcomes back nine returning starters for the 2012 season including Preseason All-Big 12 selections Jaelene Hinkle and Tiffini Smith. The Red Raiders also welcome back four-time Big 12 Defensive Player of the Week Victoria Esson in front of the net.
During her first season as Tech's goalkeeper, Esson posted a remarkable seven shutouts to rank second in school history for a single season.
A total of 11 newcomers appear on Tech's 2012 roster to make up one of the top signing classes in school history. The bulk of highly-touted newcomers will look to have a significant impact for the Red Raiders this year.
Texas Tech Storylines
Suddenlink Gameday Live to Broadcast Live From John Walker Soccer Complex
The two-and-a-half hour pregame show will feature interviews with head coach Tom Stone, associate head coach Aaron Gordon along with in-depth pregame coverage. It will mark the first of three appearances at the John Walker Soccer Complex throughout the 2012 season as the show will return on Sept. 28 for the Big 12 opener and on Oct. 26 for the season finale showdown with Oklahoma State.
Red Raiders Shutout Utah in Preseason Exhibition
Hinkle and Smith Tabbed to Preseason All-Big 12 Team
During her freshman campaign, Hinkle was named second team All-Big 12 following the 2011 season, while being a unanimous selection to the All-Big 12 Newcomer team. Meanwhile, Smith was named to the All-Big 12 Newcomer team in 2009.
Red Raiders Cruise Through 2012 Spring Schedule
Tech will face both new Big 12 rival TCU along with New Mexico during the 2012 season
Red Raiders Return Core in 2012
Those 19 letterwinners account for 78 percent of the team's minutes in 2011 and 70 percent of Red Raiders' scoring. Among the returning core is leading scorer Jessica Fuston (8 goals in 2011), third team All-NSCAA Central Region and unanimous All-Big 12 Newcomer Team selection Jaelene Hinkle along with All-Big 12 Newcomer goalkeeper Victoria Esson (7 shutouts in 2011).
Tech Among Leaders Nationally in Attendance
Tech broke two single-game attendance last season with a record of 2,228 on the Oct.
15 match against Kansas. The mark of 2,228 is 148% capacity at the John Walker Soccer Complex.


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A few of this week's favorites:
Helvetica font cookie cutters from Beverly Hsu.
Ravioli with Garlic-Herb Oil recipe from Women's Day. Yum!
Butterfly Collection pillow from Ruffles and Stuff.
Purple Tiles Tote from Bundarra on Etsy. (Seriously, why do bags have to be so darn cute! I could buy bags everyday….I actually had a dream last night that I went shopping and bought a bag, much to my husband's dismay!)
Screenprinted dish towels with red poppies from Michelle Brusegaard.


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Taj of Marin has been recently aquired by the Singh family of India. The current goal of Taj is to provide authentic and delicious Indian food at a great price. The family is truly dedicated to providing an upscale experience at an affordable price. Situated in the heart of downtown San Rafael, Taj of Marin offers the most exquisite and authentic Indian cuisine in North Bay. The restaurant, adorned with traditional Indian artwork and décor, provides a serene and comforting atmosphere.
The menu encompasses the very best of North and South Indian cuisines and includes vegetarian, meat, seafood, gluten-free, and vegan options. To complete the dining experience, Taj of Marin carries an exceptional selection of beers, fine wines, and traditional Indian drinks.
At Taj of Marin, you will find impeccable food, outstanding customer service, and a delightful environment.


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The biggest weekend of the year here in Los Angeles has almost arrived ─ Oscars weekend! Even more A-list stars will be gracing the streets of Tinseltown during the next few days than normal.
If you haven't already felt the excitement in the air, it's time to get on social media to get in the spirit. In addition to your favorite celebrities, follow these Oscars insiders to keep up with all the buzz from the most glamorous award show of the year:
- The Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences: @TheAcademy
- The Oscars 2014: @OscarsCeremony
- Deadline Hollywood: @Deadline
- Dave Karger: @davekarger
- OscarGoer: @OscarGoer
- The Envelope: @Envelope
- The Hollywood Reporter: @THRraceAwards
Living in LA offers countless benefits, but getting to enjoy the Oscar weekend firsthand ─ well, as close as one can get without an invite ─ certainly tops the list.


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Do you notice how you can download this Battle Born torrent from The Killers, considering that Battle Born was launched in 2011?
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Albums by artist
- [non-album tracks]
Hope you like it
Thanks this MP3s
Amazing :D
Please seed?
Works great. No virus for me.
been waiting for this 4ever
so soon? could only be tpb
how can this be


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The Buffalo is a vehicle featured in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto IV.
GTA San Andreas
The Buffalo in GTA San Andreas appears to based on the third-generation Chevrolet Camaro Z28 and the Ford Mustang of the time. The car is front-engine, rear-drive, and sports a V8 engine that delivers great acceleration and speed, but comes at the cost of limited control at top speeds. It is also a two-door vehicle, making it unsuitable for drive-bys as you can only have one recruit to go along with you.
Even though it is clearly based on a 1982-1992 Camaro, it has been changed quite a bit. The headlights are circular, coincidentally similar to a 1994-2001 Acura Integra,or a Escort Coswoth Bodykit; a C-pillar has been added, bearing somewhat of a resemblance to 1984–1993 Dodge Daytonas; and the shape taillights look closer to some third-generation Pontiac Firebird models. The Buffalo also has a ram air hood.
In GTA IV it resembles a 2006-present Dodge Charger and a Chevrolet Camaro but is only seen as the FIB Buffalo law enforcement vehicle. Though there is no existing civilian version, it is advertised on various billboards scattered around the city. Bravado is the manufacturer of the Buffalo, as seen on the billboards and the FIB Buffalo itself.
There is also the Imponte Ruiner, a very similar car that fills the '80's muscle car place of the previous Buffalo.
GTA San Andreas
- Beside Catalina's hideout at Fern Ridge, Red County.
- Available to export the Import/Export dock in Easter Basin, San Fierro every Friday after completing export lists/ Cost: $28,000
- A white Buffalo with a license plate reading "PULASKI" is driven by Eddie Pulaski in the mission High Noon. If the player destroys it during the mission, it re-appears when they get the "mission passed" message.
- The FIB Buffalo can be obtained by getting a four-star wanted level or by dialing 227-555-0100 for the cheat that does not affect the save game file.
Modifications (GTA San Andreas)
- Color
- Nitro (2X & 10X only)
- Wheels
- Hydraulics


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12 comments
the dead bodies lay at our feet... the criminal? ONIONS!!! lol I LOVE ONIONS!!!
June 6th
i dont get it
May 31st
April 25th
April 17th
I hate onion so even a little bit of onion is too much onion and check out flaca's comment some one better put a sock in his mouth before it causes a bitstrips epademic and we don't want that i know i don't
April 17th
this is so stupid
April 17th
MMMM!!! I eat onions RAW sometimes!!!
April 17th
the torcher
April 17th
A laugh for the strip, a groan for onions.
April 16th
never too much onion!
April 16th
*LMMFAO* I've really got to be careful with what I say.
April 16th
Man, we caught that one here in England!
April 16th


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Searching for the "cure" to your carnivorous side? Look no further: we'll be sampling some of our finest cuts for you. From prosciutto and pate to sopressata and saucisson, you'll get to try some of our favorites. "Meat" us at The Homestead for an evening of indulgence you'll not soon forget.
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text:
Both men and women in Top 25
CORAL GABLES _ Big week for UM basketball.
The men's team defeated Wake Forest to improve to 15-1 for first time in 50 years. The women upset No. 13 Florida State, winning against a Top 15 opponent for the first time since 1991.
Their reward?
A spot in the Top 25.
The men's team is ranked No. 23 in the Associated Press poll. The women are 25th.


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Please visit our new website at sbbc.church. We will be removing this site soon.
Flatirons Baptist Church is a Bible-preaching and teaching church located in Boulder, Colorado.
We believe that the Word of God is all-sufficient to guide and direct us as we seek to live for and glorify our Great God and Father through His only begotten Son, Jesus Christ.
We hold to salvation by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone. Learn more on our Beliefs page.
Gresham Machen ~ "Christ is...not primarily an example for faith but the object of faith."
Flatirons Baptist Church ~
5475 S Boulder Rd ~
Boulder, CO 80303-4235
Get more detailed directions on MapQuest
Phone: 303-499-1117 or
(Turn on your scripts to see email address)
Web Design by Perfect Fit Web Design, All Rights Reserved


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Royalty Free Music & Incredible Ways To Customize It
Royalty Free Music — Quirky & Dance
Browse Keywords:
(How To Use Search tutorial)
Track Search Results Switch to ALBUM VIEW
The following tracks match: Dance, Quirky
Burn It UpGrind, thump and bump your way to the dance floor with this rave-up-ready track. Your audience will feel the groove from bar one.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/BS27EB_200.jpgSingle57001-ST$ 39.9557001-EX$ 59.9557001-W$ 149.95Genre: Club, Drum & Bass, Dance, Electronica, Electronic Emotions: Driving, Competitive, Incessant, Quirky Instrument: Electronic, Instrumental
Burn It Up from the album Electro Beat
Hard CandyThe addictive hook in this punchy, club track will have you coming back for more. Great for fun, tongue-in-cheek moments or strictly dancing.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/strata24_200.jpgSingle52404-ST$ 39.9552404-EX$ 59.9552404-W$ 149.95Genre: Funky, Club, Dance, Electronica, Electronic Emotions: Driving, Tongue-in-cheek, Goofy, Lively, Punchy, Quirky Instrument: Electronic, Synthesizer, Instrumental Production Types: Background
Hard Candy from the album Street Scene
Choose your license:
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The Lotus Hat offer maximum shade that fully protects your face for everything from hiking to stand up paddling.
i am very happy with my new Lotus Hat..it is perfect~!
i like the design of the hat. it has air flow on top and is cool. the wide brim keeps the sun off...exactly what i wanted.
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Customers are realizing that just one hat rarely meets all their needs. From recreational activities to running to travel, each hat has an appropriate function and use. Sunday Afternoons encourages its customers to keep a wardrobe of hats, so sunny days can be enjoyed in a variety of activities.
Sunday Afternoons has been offering originally designed, stylish, and affordable sun wear since the early 1990's. Its number one goal has been to meet all the UV blocking needs of people like yourself. Its motto, 'Enjoy the sun, protect your skin,' says it all.
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Jun 20, 2012 8:50 AM
When we were seven and wanted to wear our Rainbow Brite getup to school on picture day, we were told, "That's a bit too much." The same could probably be said about this Yellow Star Printed Turtleneck Sleeveless Chiffon Dress ($52). Luckily for us, we're paying our own rent these days, which means that if we want to parade around town in a full-length gown of star-printed, school-bus-yellow chiffon, we damned well can.
Reminds me of the D&G Fall 2011 star collection (only cheaper!). I die.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


text:
Brand new, gorgeous, flattering gown. Never worn. Galina Signature SWG 400. Visit Davidsbridal.com for tons of glowing reviews by brides.
- Alterations: None
- Preservation Method: N/A--never worn
- Terms of Sale: All Sales Final
- Original Owner: Yes
- Has Original Receipt:
- Location: Denver, CO
- Will Ship to: Anywhere at Seller Expense
- Payment Methods Accepted: Other
Please read our BUYER'S GUIDE before purchasing a dress online.


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Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Combine butter and flour in small saucepan. Cook over low heat slowly adding milk until it makes a thin white sauce. Add salt and pepper to taste. Layer on top of rice; boiled eggs, green onions, green chilies, bacon, and cheeses. Pour white sauce over top. Bake 45 minutes.
Makes 12 servings


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Morningstar does not publish an Analyst Report for .
Click here to view our coverage.
Morningstar analysts cover more than 300 ETFs. Below is a sample Analyst Report for another ETF, VGT.
Vanguard Information Technology ETF
Morningstar Rating
ETF Research and Analysis
by Robert Goldsborough
Vanguard Information Technology ETF VGT offers investors broad exposure to the technology sector. As a sector-specific exchange-traded fund, VGT should be viewed as a tactical investment, suitable only for the satellite
Read more
Bull Case
About 80.5% of VGT's investments are in companies that have wide or narrow Morningstar Economic Moat Ratings--firms that Morningstar's equity analysts believe have durable competitive advantages.
The top holdings in this fund have strong balance sheets, which should support continued investment in R&D and growth strategies.
This ETF has the lowest expense ratio of any large and liquid technology-sector ETF.
Read more
Bear Case
The top 10 holdings account for 56% of this fund's portfolio, which means that this fund's performance and risk attributes are closely tied to just a handful of stocks.
A pullback in IT spending could weigh on the performance of this ETF.
The companies in this ETF operate in highly competitive industries characterized by rapid innovation that could erode a company's economic moat.
Read more
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