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Message from the new Goldenhill & Sandyford Councillor Martin Garner
May I take this opportunity to thank the people of Goldenhill & Sandyford for electing me as your councillor. I'm very grateful to the people who voted for me, and hope that over time I can win the trust of those who did not.
I'd also like to thank the two candidates who ran positive campaigns and whose genuine commitment to the area is beyond doubt. It was very clear from the votes that the people of Goldenhill & Sandyford have overwhelmingly rejected the message of hate and division from the England First Party.
As many will know I was not able to campaign as I wanted due to my recent illness so did not get to meet as many people as I would have liked. Hopefully I can now put this right. My doctor has asked me to take it easy for another couple of weeks, but after this I should be able to hit the ground running.
I don't formally become a councillor until Monday when I sign the acceptance of office and go through an induction to the council. In the meantime, I'll be looking to arrange an advice surgery and set up a blog as I promised.
After being away from the council for so long (I was previously a councillor from 1994-1998 when I was just a lad!) it's bound to be a learning curve for me. Although we're bound to disagree on issues from time to time I can assure you that I'm committed to doing everything within my ability to get justice and fairness from the council for the people of Goldenhill & Sandyford.
Thank you again for all your support.
Martin Garner
i cant begin to tell you how
i cant begin to tell you how relived i feel not having to call craig pond - councilor pond. but who are the 100 morons that voted for him surely there arent 100 people around here who would want him in anywhere. hed cause more damage on his own around here than the whole of a labour lead council could.
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Publishers will now be assessing their legal options
Dear Editor,
The Cabinet's decision in Guyana to procure pirated textbooks for public schools is an indisputably illegal act. This decision is in contravention of Guyanese law, Caribbean law (Caricom's revised Treaty of Chaguaramas) and the international Berne Convention.
The Guyanese government has not contacted publishers to discuss supply of legitimate books. This makes the government's claim that this illegal action is justified by concern over price totally redundant and disingenuous, if not hypocritical.
The real victims of the government's actions are the Guyanese children, who are now being provided with sub-standard resources by the Ministry of Education. In light of the official confirmation by the Ministry of Education that the procurement of pirated books is approved policy, publishers will now be assessing their legal options to ensure that an end is put to this unlawful behaviour.
Yours faithfully,
Emma House
International and Trade Director
The Publishers Association

subset: commoncrawl


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So I notice allot of extreme weather events and thought to myself, well wouldn't it be a nice addition to have some of these occur in the game combat now and again depending on area or something?
For example you can have Light Rain, Heavy Rain, Storm (heavy + wind), and also perhaps snow/hail effects. Perhaps some missions will have some flooding and on raining missions perhaps ponds of water exist.
But first of all it be nice to see some simple rain in combat now and again to flesh things out.
Is this possible with the engine? It can come under weather effects.


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Past Symposia
Held on Saturday, April 6, 2013, on the campus of SMU.
In 1735, draftsman Alexandre de Batz created this sketch of Indians in Louisiana. Batz had come to New Orleans during the era when the French were building settlements and establishing Indian alliances. Batz titled it, "Drawings of Savages of several Nations. New Orleans, 1735." In 1992 Daniel Usner used it on the cover of Indians, Settlers, and Slaves—a powerful book that changed the way we saw relationships among Indians, Europeans, and Africans in Louisiana's French colonial period. Usner could not use the full watercolor, however, which contained another story we wish to tell in this symposium. The child of African ancestry did not appear, silencing an early tale of Indian-African relationships. We note another element of our story in the left foreground: a woman kneeling and next to her Batz has written "Renard Sauvagesse Esclave" or "Fox Indian (Female) Slave." These small details of an African child and the female Indian slave represent a spectrum of human relationships that add many new pieces to the mosaic of slavery in North America and its borderlands.
The conventional history of American slavery leans heavily toward plantation-style labor east of the Mississippi River in the British colonial period and the 19th century. In contrast, this year's spring symposium will trace the larger history of slavery in North America. We will share with you stories of enslaved women, children, and men from across the continent and the way they transformed both Indian and Euroamerican societies. Like Alexandre de Batz, we want to create a big sketch, this time of the many cultures of human bondage. And unlike Batz, we want to capture more than a moment in that history. We sample many forms of slavery, using examples from Native American groups—before European contact and afterward—and from the intricate web of slavery and economics that grew in Mexico, the Caribbean, and the American West across the 19th century. Finally, we compare the kinds of personal relationships that developed in earlier bondage systems with those we find in the trafficking and exploitation that continues within and across North American borders today.
Bonnie Martin, Southern Methodist University and James F. Brooks, School for Advanced Research
Slavery in Pre-contact and Colonial North America:
● Slave Traffickers: Indians & Europeans Early North America
● Slaves: Indians & Europeans in Early North America
● Expanding the Geography of Slavery
● Rituals: Incorporation & Isolation
● Frontiers & Slave Systems
● Early Migrations
Eric Bowne, Arkansas Tech University; Paul Conrad, Colorado State University-Pueblo; Boyd Cothran, York University ; Enrique Lamadrid, University of New Mexico; and Natale Zappia, Whittier College
Slavery in Modern North America: 19th century to the Present:
● Slave Traffickers: Indians & Euro-Americans in Later North America
● Slaves: Indians & Euro-Americans in Later North America
● Slave Systems & Nation-Building
● Slavery & Consent
● Slavery & Prostitution
● Later Migrations
Melissa Farley, Prostitution Research and Education; Mark Goldberg, University of Houston; Calvin Schermerhorn, Arizona State University; and Andrew Torget, University of North Texas
A Joint Symposium sponsored by the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies and the School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe.


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In this issue of Arts Funding Watch, the Foundation
Center's newsletter devoted to arts-related topics, you'll read about a new report from the Cultural Policy Center at the University of Chicago. You'll
also find links to other health-related news, resources, funding
opportunities for individuals and organizations, and job listings.
New York City Public Television Station Aims for Fifty Thousand New Donors
WNET, which reaches 3.3 million viewers a week, currently has approximately 180,000 members — down from 350,000 in 2003 — who contribute some $22 million annually, or about 16 percent of the station's operating budget....
Posted: 7/08/12
Texas Instruments Foundation Awards $1.5 Million to North Texas Arts Organizations
Grant recipients include the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Dallas Opera, Dallas Children's Theater, Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas Black Dance Theatre, and Chamberlain Performing Arts....
Posted: 7/07/12
2012 Pew Fellowships in the Arts Announced
Funded by the Pew Center for Arts and Heritage, the $60,000 awards are given to artists working in a variety of disciplines, including architecture, the visual arts, set design, choreography, and poetry....
Posted: 7/07/12
Museum of the History of Polish Jews Receives $6 Million Gift
Combined with previously announced gits and grants totaling $7 million from the Koret Foundation and Taube Foundation for Jewish Life and Culture, the gift from Polish oil tycoon Jan Kulczyk will enable the museum to complete its core exhibition....
Posted: 7/06/12
Park Avenue Armory Receives $15 Million From Thompson Family Foundation to Revitalize Herter Brothers Room
The gift from Angela Thompson and the family of Park Avenue Armory founding chairman Wade F.B. Thompson will support the restoration and renovation of one of the few remaining interiors by Herter Brothers....
Posted: 7/05/12
PNC Awards $1 Million to Eastern Carolina Nonprofits
A portion of the funding will be used to bring PNC's multiyear, $350 million initiative Grow Up Great to Raleigh, while the rest will support economic development, workforce training, and early childhood education in the Rocky Mount region....
Posted: 6/30/12
Smithsonian Receives $10 Million to Endow Director's Position at National Museum of Natural History
Made through the Summit Fund of Washington by Roger Sants and his wife, Vicki, the gift will help the Smithsonian attract a new director to replace Cristián Samper, who is leaving at the end of July....
Posted: 6/28/12
More arts news...
Cal Humanities Announces Guidelines for Community Stories Grants Program
Matching grants of up to $10,000 are available to support story-based public humanities projects that collect, preserve, interpret, and share the stories of California communities, past and present....
Deadline: 8/01/12
EmcArts Invites Proposals From Performing Arts Organizations for Innovation Lab Program
Producing and presenting organizations in theater, dance, and jazz are invited to apply for a twelve-month program to help incubate and test innovative strategies that address major adaptive challenges....
Deadline: 8/09/12
New York City Venture Philanthropy Offers Support for Innovative Arts Organization
A one-year grant of $6,000 as well as pro-bono capacity-building services will be awarded to an emerging New York City nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization working in an innovative way to use the arts to tackle a persistent social problem....
Deadline: 8/31/12
Looking for Lincoln Heritage Coalition Offers Grants for Central Illinois Counties
Grants of up to $1,500 will support efforts to perpetuate and expand Lincoln's vision for America and complete his unfinished work....
Deadline: 9/14/12
More requests for proposals...
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Follow the Foundation Center!
Have you visited GrantSpace, the Foundation Center's learning community for the social sector? In the Arts area of the site, you'll find arts-themed videos and podcasts, sample grant proposals, the latest arts-related reports from PubHub, funding facts and figures, an FAQ, a Twitter feed featuring the tweets of arts funders, and more. Stop by and join the conversation!
The nonprofit arts and culture industry generated $135.2 billion in economic activity nationwide in 2010, a report from Americans for the Arts finds. According to Arts & Economic Prosperity IV: The Economic Impact of Nonprofit Arts and Culture Organizations and Their Audiences (378 pages, PDF), nonprofit arts and cultural organizations pumped $61.1 billion into the economy in direct expenditures — including salaries, supply purchases, and service contracts — while their audiences spent $74.1 billion at area restaurants, shops, and hotels. Funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Ruth Lilly Fund of Americans for the Arts, the study — the fourth in a series — also notes that average audience spending fell from $27.79 per person per event in 2005 to $24.60 in 2010, a more than 20 percent decline, after adjusting for inflation. Download the report.
Founded in 1961 as the Museum of Early American Folk Arts, the American Folk Art Museum works to preserve, conserve, and interpret a comprehensive collection of the highest quality traditional folk art and creative expressions of contemporary self-taught artists from the United States and abroad. The museum on Manhattan's Upper West Side offers current, past, and traveling exhibitions as well as special and regular events, including Free Music Fridays, Guitar Afternoon, Make It Thursday, and a lecture series. The museum's Web site features an image gallery, a calendar of upcoming events, and information about the history of folk art in America. Visitors to the site also can browse an index of the museum's defunct Folk Art magazine, connect with the museum on various social networking sites, and add their names to the museum's mailing list. Learn more.
Program Officer, Performing Arts
Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation
Baltimore, Maryland
Posted: 7/05/12
Executive Director
Anima Young Singers of Greater Chicago
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Posted: 7/02/12
Assistant Director
Humanities West
San Francisco, California
Posted: 7/01/12
Director of Development
Lake Worth Playhouse
Lake Worth, Florida
Posted: 6/30/12
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Jessica Simpson Shares Adorable Fourth of July Family Photo (PIC)
It was baby Maxwell's first Fourth of July!
On Thursday, Jessica Simpson shared an adorable photo of her, fiancé Eric Johnson and their infant daughter posing in front of holiday fireworks.
She tweeted, "Hope everyone had a great 4th!!"
RELATED – Jessica Simpson Debuts Wide-Eyed Photo of Baby Maxwell (PIC)
Despite the tabloids running three separate stories this week on Simpson's supposed post-pregnancy "diet disaster" and emotional turmoil, the new mom looks happy and healthy cuddling with her family in the pic.
Follow @GossipCop on Twitter!
Like us on Facebook!


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ADDISON COUNTY — In local high school field hockey play in the latter half of last week, Mount Abraham stretched a winning streak, Middlebury gave undefeated Essex a battle in a loss, and Otter Valley posted two tight wins against Marble Valley League rivals.
MUHS also hosted Mount Abe on Friday; see story.
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ADDISON COUNTY — In area high school boys' soccer play late last week, Mount Abraham broke through for a win, but Vergennes, Middlebury and Otter Valley came up short.
On Friday, the Eagles snapped their eight-game winless streak, 1-0. Charlie Meyer provided the offense with a first-half penalty kick, and goalie Nick Sczcecinski backed the Mount Abe defense with seven saves. Mount Abe improved to 3-6-2.
ADDISON COUNTY — Mount Abraham made it a season sweep of rival Vergennes to highlight girls' soccer action in the latter half of last week. In other games, the Eagles won again, the Commodores came up short, Middlebury lost one and tied one, and Otter Valley dropped two games.
Field Hockey
10/8 Mt. Abe vs. Mt. Mansfield................. 2-1
10/8 Essex vs. MUHS.............................. 1-0
10/9 OV vs. Rutland................................. 2-1
10/10 MUHS vs. Mt. Abe.......................... 1-0
10/11 OV vs. Woodstock......................... 3-2
VERGENNES — The Vergennes Union High School boys' soccer team overcame visiting Middlebury's good goaltending and defense on Tuesday to win in overtime, 2-1, on the second of senior Jake Dombek's two goals.
The Commodores improved to 4-5-2 with their fourth win in five games, while the young Tigers, who lost several starters to graduation and three more who decided to focus on club soccer, dropped to 2-9.
Dombek said better teamwork and effort have made the difference for VUHS.
BRANDON — The Otter Valley Union High School football team on Saturday took another step toward its best season since winning the Division IV title in 2005, thumping visiting D-III rival Poultney, 48-20, to improve to 4-1.
THETFORD — A solid finish by the Middlebury Union High School boys highlighted local cross-country teams' efforts at Saturday's Thetford Woods Trail Run, a major midseason meet that drew five-dozen teams from around New England.
The Tiger boys placed five runners in the top third of the more than 800 finishers and took 16th, led by senior David Dregallo in 58th with a time of 18:26.92 of the 5K course. All five scoring Tiger runners finished in 19:20.82 or better and in at least 176th place.
BRISTOL — Visiting Milton topped the Mount Abraham Union High School boys' soccer team on Tuesday, 3-1.
The Yellowjackets improved to 8-2-2 and are in third place in Division II, while the Eagles remained winless in their past nine outings and dropped to 2-7-2.
Ryan Brown, Colby Gay and Luke Covey scored for Milton, and goalie Hunter Goodwin made four saves.
BRISTOL — The Sodbusters Horseshoe Pitching Club will host two tournaments open to the general public over the next two weekends.
First is the club's 18th annual Roger Forgues Sr. / Fall Finale Horseshoe Tournament this Sunday, Oct. 12. This non-sanctioned tournament will take place at the club's home courts at 56 Airport Drive in Bristol, behind the American Legion hall. Check-in is at 9 a.m., competition starts at 9:30.
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Track List
Album Notes
Recording information: Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center A (2010/2011).
The 31st CD by the Capitol Steps continues with brilliant parodies of familiar pop songs. Many of the performers are dead-on mimics of the political personalities they play, with most of the tracks performed in front of an audience. The widely unpopular TSA is lampooned with "Put Your Cans in the Hand," the coming acceptance of gays serving openly in the military is the focus of "Ballad of the Queen Berets." The hilarious "New York, No Pork" makes light of the Manhattan mosque construction controversy (to the tune of "New York, New York"). President Barack Obama's clipped speaking introduces "What Kind of Cool Am I," a piece that muses as to why unemployment still stagnates in spite of record taxpayer investment. Former President George W. Bush discusses his legacy in a way that will get everyone laughing, then launches into "Memoirs" (to the tune of "Memories" from Cats). The recently separated ex-Vice President is skewered in the comedy routine "Al Gore Goes to a Dating Service." Egyptian protestors denounce President Mubarek with "March Like an Egyptian," followed by the president's lament-filled "Mubarak's Way." "You Fill Out Your Census" (sung to John Denver's "Annie's Song") pokes holes in a ridiculous number of categories. As long as politicians and celebrities continue to say and do silly things, the Capitol Steps will have plenty of material for future CDs. ~ Ken Dryden


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Redken All Soft Velvet Whip Thermal Softening Treatment
Advanced silkening formulas contain Redken's exclusive Interbond Conditioning System and illuminating Silk-Luxe Complex to provide dry hair with intense softness, replenishment and strength. Hair is wrapped in softness with increased manageability, movement and luminous shine.
Guaranteed AuthenticGuaranteed Authentic
Folica is an authorized distributer of this product and guarantees its authenticity.Close
- Instantly restores softness
- Improves texture
- Helps provide heat protection
- Gold Camelina adds luminous shine
- Avocado oil creates silky softness
- Olive oil conditions from the inside out
- Silk Amino Acids strengthen hair
Apply a small amount to towel-dried hair. Leave in. Style as usual.
One Of My Fave Products!This cream is great and smoothed my hair. I had started flat ironing my hair a couple of months ago and it definitely helped my hair feel and look healthier and more manageable. I have the Moroccanoil hydrating styling cream and the stuff just doesn't work for my hair as well as this cream did. If you need something moisturizing, smoothing and soothing (to my hurting hair) for your hair this is definitely it. ;o)
Was this review helpful?(Yes)(No)May 23, 2011Voiceu / New York, NYHAIR TYPEDark Brown / Dry Hair / Curly Hair / Thick or Coarse Hair / Relaxed Hair
Use this link to send this review via e-mail, Twitter, or to post to your blog.Close


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After a long, hard day of being you, a hardworking formula is in store for your skin. Shea butter, lactic acid, glycerin, panethenol and sodium hyaluronate fuse together to create Body Therapy from PCA Skin. This hard working formula works to decrease bacteria proliferation and increase the moisture levels in the skin. Suitable for all skin types, this gentle yet effective concentrate reduces cellular buildup while noticeably improving visible aging, breakouts and hyperpigmentation. This therapeutic product acts as a powerful astringent that results in a more radiant, smooth, hydrated look to the skin. You will fall in love with the results and won't want to use anything else!
Apply liberally to the entire body immediately after bathing or showering. Follow with the appropriate PCA SKIN broad-spectrum SPF product on all exposed skin in the morning. May be applied morning and evening for superior moisture retention and smoothing benefits.
Net Weight:
7 oz. / 198.4 g
Disclaimer: Ingredients are subject to change at the manufacturer's discretion. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, please refer to the product packaging.
If you need any help please call us toll-free at 1-866-830-6161.


text: Jul 17, 2013 20:35 GE Capital hiring on track in New Orleans GE Capital hiring on track in New Orleans Advocate business staff report July 10, 2013; 4:31 p.m. Comments NEW ORLEANS — GE Capital said it has hired its 100th information technology professional for the GE Capital Technology Center in New Orleans to stay on pace to employ 150 IT professionals by the end of the year. By 2015, GE Capital plans to have a total 300 jobs, with salaries ranging from $60,000 to $100,000, plus benefits. More than half of GE Capital's hires are coming from Louisiana, and the company is recruiting in a national campaign highlighting New Orleans as a dynamic place to work and live, said Mike De Boer, chief information officer, GE Capital Technology Center New Orleans. The GE Capital Technology Center is on the 30th floor of Place St. Charles. The first phase of the technology center, dedicated in April, has 24,000 square feet of operational workspace. The second phase, underway on the 32nd and 33rd floors, encompasses 20,000 square feet and should be operational by the end of October. By 2015, the company plans to build out a total of 70,000 square feet of space. Get The Advocate in your inbox Subscribe


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Help_New Teams
Welcome to USSSA! We are glad you are interested in playing with us. Below is some usefull information for new teams. Feel Free to call 256-990-0978 or email firstname.lastname@example.com at any time.
REGISTER/SANCTION: **Be sure to choose 2013 SEASON
First you will need to register/sanction your team with USSSA at http://www.usssa.com/sports/ISTSLogin.asp?Sport=16 costs $35. Click Here for help with Registering a Team
First you will need to register/sanction your team with USSSA at http://www.usssa.com/sports/ISTSLogin.asp?Sport=16 costs $35. Click Here for help with Registering a Team
INSURANCE: You will need insurance to participate in a USSSA tournament. . Click the link below for information on USSSA insurance. Note the change in deductibles and DATES (insurance going to 7/31 will be for summer and 12/31 will cover you through the fall). If you already have insurance with another company just verify it will cover you if you participate in other sanctions and you will not need to purchase additional insurance. If you do not have USSSA insurance we will need a copy of your certificate when you check in at each tournament. . USSSA Insurance (scroll down to FASTPITCH) http://www.usssa.com/sports/
Insurance.asp?Sport=16 If you have any trouble with finding the rate you need please give us a call.
ROSTER: You will need a completed roster at all USSSA events. Click HERE for help entering your roster online. Once your roster is online you will be able to receive USSSA points. For a paper version click HERE. We will start freezing rosters approximately 10 days prior to the State tournament so please have your roster online at that time.
RULES: For USSSA Rules please visit the link below: http://www.usssa.com/sports/
Announcements.asp?Sport=16&AA= 429 At your first tournament you can pick up a paper rule book if needed.
TOURNAMENTS: There are two places you can view the USSSA Tournament Schedule: Alabama site www.fastpitchal.com. Click on Tournaments on the Menu Bar. You can see the teams entered in each tournament if you click on "Register and Teams" at the end of each tournament. Click in the yellow box with the number of teams. National site http://www.usssa.com/sports/
FindTourn1.asp?Sport=16. Under Sport&Class select all your ages classes (12&under B, 12& under C) to get a true idea of the teams entered. We try to class out all tournaments but if we do not have enough we will put the classes together to make the age bracket. Under State choose "Alabama" and choose "All" under the other headings
ENTERING TOURNAMENTS: To enter tournaments you can either enter online, call or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Which ever is easier for you. Once registered you will be able to enter a tournament online but be aware if you choose to enter online and pay via credit card there is a $15 up charge. We suggest either mail a check or pay at the gate when you check in. For help entering online click HERE. If you enter 10 days in advance you will receive 6 free balls when you check-in at the gate.
TOURNAMENT SCHEDULE: The tournament schedule is posted at 9pm Wed prior to your tournament at www.fastpitchal.com. See SCHEDULE in red. NOTE that the schedule can change so always check back on Thur at 9pm for any changes.
TOURNAMENT QUESTIONS: We will provide all balls at the tournaments. Check In: Please arrive a little early prior to your first game to check in -You will need to provide a copy of your insurance (unless you have USSSA insurance…we will have it) -You are able to sign in 3 coaches for free. They will each sign for their arm band -You will pay your entry if you have not either sent it in or paid via credit card -You will receive your free balls if you signed up 10 days early -You wil need a signed copy of your roster & copy of your birth certificates with you at all games


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NEW YORK (Ivanhoe Newswire) — Some women just can't lose weight and for the estimated 11 percent of women with a chronic disorder, diet and exercise won't help at all. Now, there is a new procedure doctors are now using that can help restore their appearance.
45 year old Victoria Albano knows what some people think when they see her; that she just gave up on herself. "All this working out and exercising and all this taking care of myself wasn't doing anything." Albano told Ivanhoe.
When she was in her thirties she noticed her arms, and especially her legs, were getting disproportionately bigger. No one knew why until a doctor treating her for an unrelated injury said the word lipedema, a genetic issue affecting the tissue in her limbs. No one is sure what causes it, but doctors think female hormones play a role.
Dr. David Greuner of the NYC Surgical Associates knows how serious lipedema can get. "Lipedema can get bad enough where the patient is basically bed bound." He said.
Dr. Greuner uses a new, liposuction-like procedure to remove the dysfunctional fat cells, making small incisions in the legs. Doctors can first flush the fat then suck it away while leaving the vessels intact. "We can't remove all the lipedemanous fat, ok, it's not possible, but we can significantly decrease the burden." Dr. Greuner told Ivanhoe.
Albano will have her surgery soon and is excited to have her life and her limbs back. Once a patient has the lipedema surgery it will take about a year to 18 months to see the full effect of the slimming.
Doctors also say certain lymphedema patients who suffer swollen arms because of mastectomy may benefit from the procedure as well. MORE.
>Click Here for a free weekly email with Ivanhoe's latest Medical Breakthroughs.
Click here for additional research on Lipedema.
Click here for Ivanhoe's full-length interview Dr. David Greuner.
If this story or any other Ivanhoe story has impacted your life or prompted you or someone you know to seek or change treatments, please let us know by contacting Marjorie Bekaert Thomas, email@example.com.
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Adults with Cerebral Palsy who had surgery to improve their walking or parents of minors A graduate student has created a very respectful and non-triggering survey about surgeries I took the survey myself; just to be sure it wouldn't bother my readership. He seems to want to know whether surgery was worth it to the people who had it.
State specific:
- VSA Arizona: ARTnetwork (calls for work) website
- VSA New Mexico: training program for adults with developmental disabilities
Feb. 19
In New York City
11 a,m. Bx BP Ruben Diaz Jr. State of the Borough Address (James Monroe HS, 1300 Boynton Ave)
5-8:30 p.m. Creative Writing Circle (ICS, 257 Park Ave. S, 2nd Floor) for people w/ a physical disability or chronic illness in Man, B'klyn or Bx Latricia 718-907-1622 (recurs every Tuesday)
6-7:30 p.m. Women's Equality Act Briefing (Philippine Center, 556 Fifth Ave, 45-46 Sts) Free but RSVP is required. Brette L. McSweeney's email or (646) 430-9067
Feb. 20
In New York City
6-9 p.m. AHRC Town Hall Location: Penthouse,83 Maiden Lane
7 p.m. CB12M Public Hearing in responses to the Mayors Preliminary Budget Response FY 2014 (711 W 168 St)
In Salt Lake City
07:00 p.m. - 08:30 p.m. Writer's Edge writing group a Sponsored by Very Special Arts Utah. Location.Salt Lake City Min Library at 210 E. 400 South go to the conference room on level 2. E-mail to register.
Feb. 21
In Phoenix
2:00 p.m. Audio Described performance of the Arizona Theatre Company's run of
FREUD'S LAST SESSION located at the Herberger Theater Center, Main Stage
222 E. Monroe, Phoenix, AZ. Go here or call (602)256-6995.
In Tampa
5:00 to 8:00 p.m. "Great Expectations" Art Show and Wine Tasting
In New York
- 02/21 6 p.m. Citywide Council on Special Education: Speak out on School Bus Strike (Brooklyn Borough Hall, 209 Joralemon St) email@example.com RSVP: 718-391-83546
- 7 p.m. The Kenneth Johnson Memorial Library Reading Series: Jay Nuegeboren (505 Eighth Avenue #1103, RSVP 212-684-3264
Feb. 22
In New York
4-6 p.m. CIDNY Movie: Trouble with the Curve (841 Broadway #301, 13-14 Sts) Closed Captioned (2012) Slowed by age and failing eyesight, crack baseball scout takes his grown daughter along as he checks out the final prospect of his career. Along the way, the two renew their bond, and she catches the eye of a young player-turned-scout. Light refreshments RSVP & accommodations: Eva Eason at (646) 442-4156 or email here.
Feb. 23
In New York
10 a.m. The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (ACA) a.k.a; ObamaCare Forum (Hostos, 450 Grand Concourse, 149 St, MBJ Cafeteria- C Building, 3rd Floor. Bx) how changes to health care through the Affordable Care Act will impact you, your family, business, and community. & Health Care Institutions role in implementing the ACA.RSVP & accommodations Lilliam Pérez 212.416.8754 or here. Continental Breakfast will be served.


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Why are we there?
- Refugees and IDPs
- Armed conflict
Jordan: Latest MSF Updates
- 3 Questions: Treating Syrians Inside & Outside of Syria
- Jordan: MSF Opens new Clinic to treat Chronic Diseases near Syrian Border
- In Jordan, a Hospital at the Crossroads of Conflict
- Hope For War-Wounded Patients Needing Reconstructive Surgery
- Jordan: Increasing Numbers of Wounded Syrians Fleeing Barrel Bombs
- A Year of Saving Syrian Lives in Jordan
- Mental Health for Victims of Conflict: Invisible Wounds
- The Reach of War Beyond Syria
Our Work
This is an excerpt from MSF's 2014 International Report:
More than 600,000 Syrians fleeing war have sought safety in Jordan, mainly in urban areas. As a result, the need for basic services such as health care has vastly increased.
The majority of refugees are living outside of camps, where they share space, resources, and services with their Jordanian hosts. This has stretched the capacity of all public services—from health and education to waste collection and disposal. In November, the Jordanian authorities announced that Syrian refugees would have to pay for health services at public facilities.
Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) runs a maternity hospital in Irbid, northern Jordan, providing free health care to help meet the needs of a large number of Syrian refugees and vulnerable Jordanians. Ante- and postnatal outpatient consultations and basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care are available. Over 2,000 births were assisted in 2014. MSF extended services by opening a pediatric outpatient department in January, which conducted nearly 14,000 consultations throughout the year. In October, MSF launched a mental health program for children showing signs of distress from war and displacement and there were 351 consultations by the end of the year. A team also started a pilot project in mid-December, offering free medical care to Syrian refugees and underprivileged Jordanians with chronic diseases, mostly diabetes and hypertension, at a government clinic in Irbid. The aim is to ease the demand on local medical resources.
Trauma Surgery in Ar Ramtha
Just a few miles from the border with Syria's Daraa governorate, MSF provides emergency surgery for wounded Syrians in Ar Ramtha Hospital. More than 1,300 major surgical interventions, many of them lifesaving, were performed on 538 patients. General inpatient care and physical therapy were also available, and more than 1,160 mental health consultations took place.
In March, MSF opened a post-operative care facility in Zaatari refugee camp. This 40-bed facility is for war-wounded patients transferred from Ar Ramtha and other hospitals in Jordan. Among the more than 460 patients admitted were 244 patients needing follow-up care for pain management and wound treatment. Mental health support and physical therapy are also offered.
Reconstructive Surgery in Amman
MSF's reconstructive surgery program in Amman provides a critical service for victims—many of them children—of conflict in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen. Patients are referred through a network of doctors in the region and surgeons carry out orthopedic, maxillofacial, and plastic reconstructive surgery free of charge to help patients recover from devastating injuries. The team performed 1,369 surgical procedures in 2014, and Syrians accounted for 45 percent of all admissions. An outpatient department also provides consultations for Syrians who have undergone operations elsewhere and need post-operative care. Mental health professionals ran a total of 8,000 sessions with patients in this project.
At the end of 2014, MSF had 209 staff in Jordan. MSF first began working in the country in 2006.
Patient Story
Ahmed—Ahmed's nine year old son and a friend were injured while playing with something they found: unexploded ordnance. Ahmed brought his son to Ar Ramtha for emergency treatment.
"In Daraa they told me they could not treat the kind of injuries my son had. They did not have the right kind of equipment, and there was only one doctor. We were lucky. It only took 15 minutes to get to the border and we managed to get to the hospital within 25 minutes. His whole body was full of shrapnel; the largest injuries were on his leg. So far he has had seven surgeries, and we hope that his treatment is nearly finished."


text: Scheduled experiments, observations, and studies would be conducted in a manner that would not conflict with the operational requirements. Due to the extended duration of the flight, an 8-hour sleep period was programed, with a 2-hour option factor as to when the astronaut would begin his rest period. This time came well within the middle phases of the planned flight and would allow the astronaut ample opportunity to be in an alert state before retro-sequence. In addition to the general guidelines, the astronaut had practically a minute-to-minute series of tasks to accomplish.


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Yesterday afternoon, the Navy and Coast Guard called off a search for the missing crew member of a MH-53E Sea Dragon helicopter that crashed Wednesday morning near Virginia Beach.
The two crew members who did not survive the crash are identified by the military as 25-year-old Petty Officer Brian Collins of Truckee, California and 29-year-old Lt. Wesley Van Dorn of Greensboro, North Carolina.
There were five members onboard the helicopter at the time of the crash. Names of the two survivors, one of whom has already been released from a local hospital, have not been released. The missing crew member has not been identified by the Navy at this time.
All crew members were from the Helicopter Mine Countermeasure Squadron Fourteen (HM-14), Naval Station Norfolk, Chambers Field and they were performing routine airborne mine countermeasure training.
Parts of the helicopter have already been recovered.
There is an active investigation into the cause of the crash.
This has been a deadly week for U.S. military helicopter crews. Four U.S. Airmen were killed off the coast of Norfolk, England, while performing a mission with the R.A.F. Read more here.
The National Military Examiner publishes military and law enforcement-related content on this site and more here on Facebook.
Please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com if you find errors with content information or spelling. Thanks for reading and thanks for supporting the troops!


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Live updates
Olympic yacht goes on display in Falmouth
A former olympic yacht is on display outside the Maritime Museum in Falmouth to celebrate this year's games in London. The Bluebottle is a Dragon class yacht and was made over 60 years ago. It won a bronze medal in the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne.
The museum has restored the wooden-built yacht and has decorated it with banners wishing good luck to Team GB. It will be on display outside the Maritime Museum during the Olympics and Paralympics.
- ITV Report
200 Tonne Yachts Racing Off Cornwall Today
Yacht owner speaks of rescue
The owner of yacht which had to be rescued in bad weather speaks of her experience. Several boats have been rescued in the past few days due to stormy conditions.


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Apple published a video on their YouTube channel Monday, documenting their preparation and participation in the 2014 San Francisco Pride parade. The video is significant because this is the company's first ever officially sanctioned Pride Parade.
The video, set to Coldplay's "A Sky Full of Stars," begins with a statement that says, "June 29, 2014 Thousands of Apple employees and their families gathered to celebrate our unwavering commitment to equality and diversity." A rainbow Apple logo then unravels onto the screen above the word Pride.
The video continues by showing people handing out rainbow Apple logo t-shirts and rainbow flags to approximately 5,000 Apple employees who came from around the world from cities such as Munich, Paris, and Hong Kong to march in the parade. Although he didn't march in the parade himself, Apple's CEO, Tim Cook, did attend the event and can be seen taking selfies with numerous people before the parade started.
While marching down the street, Apple employees handed out iTune gift cards to spectators. The video ends with participants waiving their rainbow flags in the air as the words "Inclusion inspires innovation" appear on the screen.
Shortly after the parade, Cook posted the following message on twitter: "Congrats to 5000 Apple employees/families who attended today's Pride parade.Inclusion inspires innovation.#applepride." His message has been retweeted over 4,000 times.
Apple has a long history of supporting LGBT equality and the company has a score of 100 on the Human Rights Campaign's Corporate Equality Index. Cook has also been vocal about pushing congress to pass the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), a bill that would prohibit companies with 15 or more employees from discriminating based on sexual orientation or gender. In his Wall Street Journal op-ed last November, he wrote the following:
"Apple's antidiscrimination policy goes beyond the legal protections U.S. workers currently enjoy under federal law, most notably because we prohibit discrimination against Apple's gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender employees. A bill now before the U.S. Senate would update those employment laws, at long last, to protect workers against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity."


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Publishers Weekly has announced their best books of 2009.
Here are only a few of the books listed that caught my eye that were picked are:
Best Fiction: Drood
Dan Simmons (Little, Brown) Narrated by Wilkie Collins, this unsettling and complex thriller imagines a frightening sequence of events that prompts Collins's friend and fellow author, Charles Dickens, to write The Mystery of Edwin Drood, Dickens's last, uncompleted novel.
Science Fiction: Boneshaker
Cherie Priest (Tor) The dramatic first novel in Priest's Clockwork Century universe sends a determined 35-year-old single mom into a ruined city full of zombies and poison gas, where she must save her son from a mad inventor.
Mass Market (my personal favorite list because I am a Mass Market junkie):
Captive of Sin
Gail Carriger (Orbit) Carriger combines Victorian romance, supernatural creatures, steampunk sensibilities and a healthy dose of the bizarre in her hilarious debut.
A Dark Love
Margaret Carroll (
Publisher's Weekly also announced their Best Children and Teen Books for 2009:
Some on the list that caught my eye were:
Laurie Halse Anderson (Viking) A powerful exploration of anorexia, dysfunction and death,
Going Bovine
Libba Bray (Delacorte) An angel, a dwarf, cults, wormholes and mad cow disease all factor into the surreal cross-country road trip that teenage Cameron takes, in a satirical story that's as memorable as it is funny.
Kristin Cashore (Dial) Introducing Fire, a human "monster" with psychic abilities, this companion novel to Graceling expands the scope of Cashore's fantasy world and offers twists, intrigue and romance aplenty.
Catching Fire
Suzanne Collins (Scholastic Press) This much-awaited sequel to Collins's dystopian bestseller, The Hunger Games, doesn't disappoint; it's immersive, voracious reading as the ramifications of Katniss's actions in that book spread.
Gayle Forman (Dutton) Masterful characterizations make the tragedy at the core of this novel all the more devastating, as narrator Mia weighs the decision to live or die.
Maggie Stiefvater (Scholastic Press) Lyrical and thoughtful, this paranormal romance between a girl and a werewolf offers wit, an intriguing mythology, and dual (but equally honest and compelling) narratives
Amazon's editors have also announced their top ten books for 2009:
Let the Great World Spin - Colum McCann (Random House)
Strength in What Remains - Tracy Kidder (Random House)
Wolf Hall - Hilary Mantel (Henry Holt)
Beautiful Creatures - Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl (Little, Brown)
Crazy for the Storm - Norman Ollestad (Ecco)
The Girl Who Played with Fire - Stieg Larsson (Knopf)
The City & the City -
Stitches - David Small (Norton)
The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind - William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer (William Morrow)
And I cannot fail to list Amazon's top ten romances for 2009:
Angels' Blood- Nalini Singh
Smooth Talking Stranger- Lisa Kleypas
Kiss of a Demon King- Kresley Cole
The Perfect Poison- Amanda Quick
Bending the Rule- Susan Andersen
What Happens in London- Julia Quinn
Fireside- Susan Wiggs
A Duke of Her Own- Elosia James
Immortal Outlaw- Lisa Hendrix
Angel Lane- Sheila Roberts
For all the other winners in the various categories, click on the links.


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Health Tip: How to Wash Your Hands Properly
Be sure to scrub between your fingers and under your nails
Topics: Hygiene
(HealthDay News) -- Got germs? Everyone does. So you need to wash your hands properly to prevent the potential spread of infection.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers these guidelines for proper hand washing:
- Rinse your hands under warm or cool running water, then apply soap.
- Lather the soap between your hands, scrubbing your fingers, the fronts and backs of your hands and under your nails.
- Wash for at least 20 seconds. That's about how long it takes to sing "Happy Birthday" to yourself.
- Thoroughly rinse under clean running water, then dry your hands on a dry towel or let them air dry.
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


text: No matter what I do, I can't seem to get Herman to give me the Gubernatorial Symbol I need to activate the damn Monkey! I've got the coconut, milk bottle and accordian, and I've thrown all three items at Herman countless times, but when I talk to him his memory is hazy and says the last thing he remembers is falling off the hammock or whatever. Am I doing something wrong or is this a bug? Thanks.


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I know it is specific to calibers and weights of the bullets...and barrel lengths.
So, with "average barrel lengths" of pistols using these calibers, with these gr cast lead boolits, using WIN231 or near equivalent powders...how many extra (%?) .1, or .01 of powder would I need to add to make +P loads?
.32 acp 75gr..(max load per Lyman 48th is 2.5grs)
380 acp 102gr..........(max per Lyman's Cast Bullet Handbook 4th is 3.1grs)
9x18 Makarov 100gr...( " LCBH 4th is 3.7 )
9mm Luger 124gr.....( " Lyman's 48th is 4.3 )
40 S&W 180gr.........( " LCBH is 5.2)
.45 acp 200gr...........( " " is 6.0)


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Please use the following links to jump to the information you're looking for:
What Are Tumor Markers?How Are Tumor Markers Used?History of Tumor MarkersSpecific Tumor MarkersCommon Cancers and Associated Tumor MarkersWhat Should You Ask Your Doctor about Tumor Markers?What's New in Tumor Marker Research?
Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body (usually in the blood or urine) when cancer is present. They can be products of the cancer cells themselves or of the body in response to cancer or other conditions. Most tumor markers are proteins.
There are many different tumor markers. Some are seen only in a single type of cancer, while others can be detected in several types of cancer.
To test for the presence of a tumor marker, the doctor sends a sample of the patient's blood or urine to a lab. The marker is usually detected by combining the blood or urine with manmade antibodies designed to react with that specific protein.
For several reasons, tumor markers by themselves are usually not enough to diagnose (or rule out) a specific type of cancer. Most tumor markers can be produced by normal cells as well as by cancer cells, even if in smaller amounts. Sometimes, non-cancerous diseases can also cause levels of certain tumor markers to be higher than normal. Also, not every person with cancer may have higher levels of a tumor marker.
For these reasons, only a handful of tumor markers are commonly used by most doctors. When a doctor does look at the level of a certain tumor marker, he or she will consider it along with the results of the patient's history and physical exam and other lab tests or imaging tests.
In recent years, doctors have begun to develop newer types of tumor markers. With advances in technology, levels of certain genetic materials (DNA or RNA) can now be measured. And while it has been hard to identify single substances that provide useful information, doctors are now beginning to look at patterns of genes or proteins in the blood. These new fields of genomics and proteomics, respectively, are discussed further in the section "What's New in Tumor Marker Research?"
Screening refers to looking for cancer in people who have no symptoms of the disease, while early detection is finding cancer at an early stage, when it is less likely to have spread (and is more likely to be treated effectively). Although tumor markers were originally developed to test for cancer in people without symptoms, very few markers have been shown to be helpful in this way.
The most widely accepted marker is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, which is used (along with the digital rectal exam) to screen for prostate cancer. But because it's not always clear what the test results mean, not all doctors agree that PSA screening is appropriate for all men. Newer versions of the PSA test may prove to be more accurate. Most other tumor markers have not been shown to detect cancer much earlier than they would have been found otherwise.
Tumor markers are usually not used to diagnose cancer. In most cases, cancer can only be diagnosed by a biopsy (removal of tumor cells for viewing under a microscope). But markers can help determine if a cancer is likely. They can also help diagnose the source of widespread cancer in a patient when the origin of the cancer is unknown. An example is a woman who has cancer throughout the pelvis and abdomen. The presence of a high level of the tumor marker CA 125 will strongly suggest ovarian cancer, even if surgery can't identify the source. This can be important because treatment can then be tailored to this type of cancer.
Some types of cancer typically grow and spread faster than other types. But even within a cancer type (such as breast cancer), some cancers will grow and spread more rapidly or may be more or less responsive to certain treatments. Some newer tumor markers help show how aggressive a particular cancer is, or even how well it might respond to a particular drug.
Most doctors find that the most important use for tumor markers is to monitor patients being treated for cancer, especially advanced cancer. If a tumor marker is available for a specific type of cancer, it is much easier to measure it to see if the treatment is working rather than to repeat chest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, bone scans, or other complicated tests. It is also less expensive.
If the marker level in the blood goes down, it is almost always a sign that the treatment is having an effect. On the other hand, if the marker level goes up, then the treatment probably should be changed. (One exception is if the cancer is very sensitive to a particular chemotherapy treatment. In this case, the chemotherapy can cause many cancer cells to rapidly die and release large amounts of the marker, which will cause the level of the marker in the blood to temporarily rise.)
Markers are also used to look for cancer that may recur after initial treatment. Some tumor markers may be useful once treatment is complete and there is no evidence of cancer remaining. These include PSA (prostate cancer), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (gestational trophoblastic tumors, germ cell cancers of the ovaries and testicles), and perhaps CA 125 (epithelial ovarian cancer).
Many women who have been treated for breast cancer have yearly blood tests for levels of the tumor marker CA 15-3. This can sometimes detect cancer recurrence before the woman has symptoms or evidence of cancer on imaging tests. Many doctors question the test's value, however, because no one has shown a real advantage in detecting recurrent breast cancer early. Usually the cancer causes symptoms or can be found by the doctor around the time the CA 15-3 level rises. The same is true for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor marker used to monitor colorectal cancer.
Because of this, some doctors and medical groups do not recommend using these tumor markers to follow patients after treatment aimed at curing these cancers. They are more likely to be used to monitor more advanced cancer, especially when treatment may not be expected to result in a cure, as mentioned above.
The first modern tumor marker used to detect cancer was human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), the substance doctors look for in pregnancy tests. Women whose pregnancy has ended but whose uterus continues to be enlarged are tested for the presence of HCG. A high level of HCG in the blood may indicate the presence of a cancer of the placenta called gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). This cancer continues to produce HCG. Some testicular and ovarian cancers resemble GTD because they arise from reproductive cells called germ cells. These cancers also make HCG, so this marker is used to help in their diagnosis and to monitor their response to therapy.
The hope in the search for tumor markers was that all cancers could someday be detected by a single blood test. Both GTD and germ cell tumors of the ovaries and testicles are too rare to look for these cancers by testing everyone. But cancers such as colon, breast, and lung are more common. A simple blood test that would be able to detect these cancers in their earliest stages could prevent the deaths of millions of people. Many scientists began working toward this goal.The first success in developing a blood test for a common cancer was in 1965, when carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was found in the blood of some patients with colon cancer. By the end of the 1970s several other blood tests had been developed for different cancers. The new markers were often given numeric labels. There was CA 19-9 for colorectal and pancreatic cancer, CA15-3 for breast cancer, and CA 125 for ovarian cancer. Many others were also discovered, but because they did not show an advantage over the already discovered markers, they were not studied further.Unfortunately, none of these markers, including CEA, met the original goal of discovering cancer at an early stage. Almost everyone has a small amount of these markers in their blood, and it is very hard to spot early cancers by using these tests. Only when there is a significant amount of cancer present are the levels of these markers substantially higher. Some people with cancer simply never have elevated levels of these markers. Even when levels of these markers are high, they are not specific enough. For example, patients with lung cancer or breast cancer can often have an elevated CEA, even though this marker was first discovered in people with colon cancer. CA 125 can be high in women with gynecologic conditions other than ovarian cancer. Because of this, these markers are used mainly in patients who have already been diagnosed with cancer to monitor their response to treatment or detect the return of cancer after treatment.
The only tumor marker that currently allows doctors to detect early disease and is used in screening is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. It was discovered around the same time as the others, but it's been in widespread use for screening since the early 1990s because it has some advantages over them. First, it is made only by prostate cells, so a rise in PSA is fairly specific to a prostate problem. And the PSA level usually rises even in early cancers, so most prostate cancers can be detected at an early stage, when they are most likely to be curable. The test is not perfect, however. Some men may have an elevated PSA because of other prostate conditions (or prostate cancer that would never need treatment), and some men with prostate cancer may not have an elevated PSA. Because of this, doctors and medical organizations do not agree about whether all men should be tested.
Many other tumor markers have been found in recent years and are currently under study. Some of these are different from traditional markers, which were proteins found in the blood.
This section focuses on the most commonly used tumor markers. There are many other markers being made by commercial testing labs that are not commonly used. They are sometimes advertised as being better than the commonly used markers, only to disappear from use when they have shown no advantage over the others. There are also other markers that are used by researchers. These are often not available to doctors or hospital labs. If research shows they are useful, they are made available to doctors and their patients. This list is confined to those markers available to most doctors and for which there is reliable scientific information that they are useful.
The cancers described in these brief summaries are those for which the marker is usually used. These marker levels can be increased in other kinds of cancer, which is why they are not used to diagnose which type of cancer a person has.
As with other kinds of lab tests, different labs may consider slightly different marker levels to be normal or abnormal. This can depend on a number of factors, including a person's age and gender, which test kit the lab uses, and how the test is performed. The values listed below are average values, but most labs will list their own "reference ranges" along with any test results you receive. If you are being tested for a tumor marker, be sure to ask your doctor about what your results mean.
AFP is most useful in following the response to treatment for liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Normal levels of AFP are usually less than 20 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). A nanogram is one-billionth of a gram. AFP levels are higher than normal in 2 out of 3 patients with liver cancer. The level increases with the size of the tumor. In most patients with liver cancer, the level is more than 500 ng/mL, while in very small tumors the levels may be less than 20 ng/mL. AFP is also elevated in acute and chronic hepatitis, but is seldom above 100 ng/mL in these diseases.
AFP is also higher in certain testicular cancers (embryonal cell and endodermal sinus types) and is used for follow-up of these cancers. Elevated AFP levels are also seen in a certain rare types of ovarian and testicular cancer called yolk sac tumor or mixed germ cell cancer.
B2M blood levels are elevated in multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and some lymphomas. Levels may also be elevated in some non-cancerous conditions, such as kidney disease. Normal levels are usually below 2.5 micrograms per milliliter (ug/mL). A microgram is one-millionth of a gram. B2M is useful in helping to determine prognosis (long-term outlook for survival) in some of these cancers. Patients with higher levels of B2M usually have a poorer prognosis.
See human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) below.
BTA is present in the urine of many patients with bladder cancer. It may be present in some non-cancerous conditions as well. The results of the test are reported as positive (BTA is present) or negative (BTA is not present). It is being used along with NMP22 (see below) to test patients for recurrent cancer. It is not widely used, but is still being studied. It is not certain whether it is as sensitive as cystoscopy (looking directly into the bladder through a thin, lighted tube). Most experts still recommend cystoscopy for diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer.
CA 15-3 is used mainly to monitor patients with breast cancer. Elevated blood levels are found in less than 10% of patients with early disease and in about 70% of patients with advanced disease. Levels usually drop following effective treatment, although they may spike in the first few weeks after it is started, a result of dying cancer cells spilling their contents into the bloodstream.
The normal level is usually less than 25 U/mL (units/milliliter), depending on the lab. But levels as high as 100 U/mL can sometimes be seen in women who do not have cancer. Levels of this marker can also be higher in other cancers and in some non-cancerous conditions, such as benign breast conditions and hepatitis.
CA 27.29 is another marker used to follow patients with breast cancer during or after treatment. This test measures the same marker as the CA 15-3 test, but in a different way. Although it is a newer test than CA 15-3, it does not appear to be any better in detecting either early or advanced disease. It may be less likely to be positive in people without cancer. The normal level is usually less than 38 to 40 U/mL, depending on the testing lab. This marker can also be elevated in other cancers and in some non-cancerous conditions and may not be elevated in some women with breast cancer.
CA 125 is the standard tumor marker used to follow women during or after treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer (the most common type of ovarian cancer). Normal blood levels are usually less than 30 to 35 U/mL. More than 90% of patients have higher levels of CA 125 when the cancer is advanced.
Levels are also elevated in about half of women whose disease is still confined to the ovary. Because of this, CA 125 is being studied as a screening test. The problem with using it as a screening test is that it would still miss many early cancers, and conditions other than ovarian cancer can lead to an elevated CA125 level. For example, it is also higher in women with uterine fibroids or endometriosis (having uterine cells in abnormal locations), in men and women with lung cancer, and in people who have had cancer in the past. Because ovarian cancer is a relatively rare disease, the test is more likely to be elevated due to some other cause than to ovarian cancer.
CA 72-4 is a newer test being studied in ovarian cancer and cancers arising in the gastrointestinal tract, especially stomach cancer. There is no evidence that it is better than current tumor markers, but it may be valuable when used along with other tests. Studies of this marker are still in progress.
Although the CA 19-9 test was first developed to detect colorectal cancer, it is more sensitive to pancreatic cancer. It will not usually detect very early disease, which is why it is not used as a screening test. But it is now considered the best tumor marker for following patients with cancer of the pancreas. Normal blood levels of CA 19-9 are below 37 U/mL. A high CA 19-9 level in a newly diagnosed patient usually means the disease is advanced.
CA 19-9 can also be used to monitor colorectal cancer, but because it is less sensitive than the CEA test, most medical groups recommend CEA testing when following this disease instead. CA 19-9 can also be elevated in other forms of digestive tract cancer, especially cancer of the bile ducts, and in some non-cancerous conditions such as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
Calcitonin is a hormone produced by certain cells (parafollicular C cells) in the thyroid gland. It helps regulate blood calcium levels. In cancer of the parafollicular C cells, called medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), blood levels of this hormone are elevated. This is one of the rare tumor markers that can be used to help detect early cancer. Because MTC is often inherited, blood calcitonin can be measured in family members who are at risk to detect the cancer in its very earliest stages. Other cancers, particularly lung cancers, can also cause calcitonin levels to be elevated, but measurement of its level in the blood is not usually used to follow these cancers.
CEA is the preferred tumor marker for following patients with colorectal cancer during or after treatment, although it is not useful as a screening or diagnostic test. The normal range of blood levels varies from lab to lab, but levels higher than 5 ng/mL are generally considered abnormal. The higher the CEA level at the time colorectal cancer is detected, the more likely it is that the cancer is advanced.
Many doctors use this marker to follow other cancers such as lung cancer and breast cancer. CEA levels are also elevated in many other cancers such as those of the thyroid, pancreas, liver, stomach, ovary, and bladder. They are elevated in some non-cancerous diseases and in otherwise healthy smokers, as well.
Chromogranin A is produced by neuroendocrine tumors, which include carcinoid tumors, neuroblastoma, and small cell lung cancer. The blood level of CgA is often elevated in people with carcinoid tumors or other neuroendocrine tumors. It is probably the most sensitive tumor marker for carcinoid tumors, being abnormal in 1 out of 3 people with localized disease and 2 out of 3 of those with metastatic cancer. Levels can also be elevated in some advanced forms of prostate cancer that have neuroendocrine features. The range of normal blood levels varies between testing centers, but is generally less than 76 ng/mL in men and less than 51 ng/mL in women.
Breast tumor samples from women and men with breast cancer are commonly tested for these markers. Breast cancers that contain estrogen receptors are often referred to as "ER positive," while those with progesterone receptors are "PR positive." About 7 out of 10 breast cancers test positive for at least one of these markers. These cancers tend to have a better prognosis than cancers without these receptors and are much more likely to respond to hormonal therapy such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors.
HER-2/neu is a marker that is elevated in some breast cancer cells. Higher than normal levels are also found in some other cancers. The HER-2/neu marker level is usually determined by testing a sample of the cancer itself, not the blood. About 1 in 3 people with breast cancer test positive for HER-2/neu. Its main use is as a predictor of prognosis (survival outlook). Those whose cancers are positive for this marker don't respond as well to chemotherapy and generally have been thought to have a less favorable outlook. However, this may be changing, as these cancers are more likely to respond to a newer type of therapy known as trastuzumab (Herceptin). This drug is a manmade antibody that works against the HER-2/neu receptor on breast cancer cells.
HCG (also known as beta-HCG) blood levels are elevated in patients with some types of testicular and ovarian cancers (germ cell tumors) and in gestational trophoblastic disease, mainly choriocarcinoma. They are also higher in some men with certain cancers in the middle of their chest (mediastinum) that start in the same cells as testicular cancer (mediastinal germ cell neoplasms). Levels of HCG can be used to help diagnose these conditions, and can be followed over time to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. They can also be used to look for cancer recurrence once treatment has ended.
An elevated blood level of this marker will also raise suspicions of cancer in certain situations. For example, in a woman who continues to have a large uterus after pregnancy has ended, elevation of this marker is a possible sign of a cancer. This is also true of men with an enlarged testicle or with a mass in their chest. The definition of a normal level is hard to define because there are different methods of testing for this marker and each has its own normal value.
Immunoglobulins are antibodies, which are blood proteins normally made by immune system cells to help fight germs. There are several types of immunoglobulins, including IgA, IgG, IgD, and IgM. Bone marrow cancers such as multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia often result in too many immunoglobulins in the blood (as well as in the urine). A high level of immunoglobulins may indicate the presence of one of these diseases.
There are normally many different immunoglobulins in the blood, with each one differing very slightly from the others. A classic sign in patients with myeloma or macroglobulinemia is that all the globulins are alike (that is, they are monoclonal). This can be seen on a test called protein electrophoresis, which separates the globulins by electrical current. With myeloma or macroglobulinemia, the globulins (also called monoclonal proteins or M proteins) stick together and form a monoclonal "spike" (M spike) on the readout of the test. The level of the spike is important, because older people may show low levels of a spike without having myeloma or macroglobulinemia. The diagnosis, however, must be confirmed by a biopsy of the bone marrow.
Immunoglobulin levels can also be followed over time to help determine how well treatment is working.
LASA-P has been studied as a marker for ovarian cancer as well as a host of other cancers. Generally it has not proven valuable, however, and has been replaced by more specific marker tests. It is not specific for any particular cancer or even for cancer in general, as it can also be elevated in some non-cancerous conditions. It is occasionally used along with other tumor markers to follow response to treatment.
NSE, like chromogranin A, is a marker for neuroendocrine tumors such as small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and carcinoid tumors. It is not used as a screening test. It is most useful in the follow-up of patients with small cell lung cancer or neuroblastoma (while chromogranin A seems to be a better marker for carcinoid tumors). Elevated levels of NSE may also be found in some non-neuroendocrine cancers. Abnormal levels are usually higher than 9 ug/mL.
NMP22 is a protein found in the nucleus (control center) of cells. Levels of NMP22 are often elevated (more than 10 U/mL) in the urine of people with bladder cancer. So far it hasn't been found to be sensitive enough to be used as a screening tool. It is most often used to look for cancer recurrence after treatment. It is a less invasive form of monitoring than cystoscopy (looking into the bladder with a thin, lighted tube), but it's not clear whether it is as accurate, so it is not as widely used. NMP22 levels can also be higher than normal due to non-cancerous conditions or recent treatment with chemotherapy.
PSA is the only marker used to screen for a common type of cancer (although some medical groups do not recommend its use). It is a protein made by cells of the prostate gland, which is responsible for making some of the liquid in semen. The level of PSA in the blood can be elevated in prostate cancer, but PSA levels can be affected by other factors as well. Men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous growth of the prostate, have higher levels. The PSA level also tends to be higher in older men and those with larger prostates, and it can be elevated for a day or two after ejaculation.
When the PSA test is used for screening, it should be done along with a digital rectal exam, in which the doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland for any abnormalities. Most doctors feel that a blood PSA level below 4 ng/mL means cancer is unlikely and levels greater than 10 ng/mL mean cancer is likely. The area between 4 and 10 is a gray zone. Most doctors will recommend a prostate biopsy (getting samples of prostate tissue to look for cancer) for a person with a level above 4 ng/mL.
But there is some controversy surrounding these cutoff points. Some men with prostate cancer do not have an elevated PSA level, while some others with a borderline or elevated level will not have cancer. Some doctors are now recommending following the PSA level over time, as an increase from one year to the next may mean prostate cancer is more likely. Doctors are also looking at the PSA level in other ways to see if it might be more useful.
A helpful test when a PSA value is between 4 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL is to measure the free PSA (or percent-free PSA). PSA in the blood exists in 2 forms – some is bound to a protein and some is free. As the amount of free PSA goes up, the less likely it is that there is prostate cancer. When the free PSA makes up more than 25% of the total PSA, prostate cancer is unlikely. If the free PSA is below 10%, the chance of prostate cancer is much higher (about 50%).
The PSA test is very valuable in the follow-up of patients with prostate cancer. For patients who have been treated with surgery or radiation therapy meant to cure the disease, the PSA should fall to an undetectable (or near undetectable) level. A rise in the PSA level may be a sign the cancer is coming back. If the cancer does come back, or if it has already spread at the time of diagnosis, then the PSA level is used to check the effectiveness of treatment. The PSA level should go down with effective treatment and will rise if the cancer grows.
PAP (not to be confused with the Pap test for women) is another test for prostate cancer. It was used before the PSA test was developed but is rarely used now because the PSA test is much more sensitive.
PSMA is a substance found in all prostate cells. Blood levels increase with age and with prostate cancer. PSMA is a very sensitive marker, but so far it has not proven to be better than PSA, and its use in detecting or monitoring cancer is still being studied. Its current use is limited to being part of a nuclear scan (a type of imaging test) to look for the spread of prostate cancer in the body. Some potential immunotherapy treatments for prostate cancer based on this substance are now under study.
S-100 is a protein found in most melanoma cells. Tissue samples of suspected melanomas are often tested for this marker to help in diagnosis. Some studies have shown that blood levels of S-100 are elevated in most patients with metastatic melanoma. The test is sometimes used to look for melanoma spread before, during, or after treatment.
TA-90 is a protein found on the outer surface of melanoma cells. Like S-100, TA-90 can be used to look for the spread of melanoma. Its value in following melanoma is still being studied, and it is not widely used at this time. It is also being studied for use in other cancers such as colon and breast cancer.
Thyroglobulin is a protein made by the thyroid gland. Normal blood levels depend on a person's age and gender. They are elevated in many thyroid diseases, including some common forms of thyroid cancer. Treatment for thyroid cancer often involves removal of the entire thyroid gland, sometimes along with radiation therapy. Thyroglobulin levels in the blood should fall to undetectable levels after treatment. A rise in the thyroglobulin level suggests the cancer may have returned. In people with metastatic thyroid cancer, thyroglobulin levels can also be followed over time to evaluate the results of treatment.
Some people's immune systems make antibodies against thyroglobulin, which can affect test results. Because of this, levels of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies are often measured at the same time.
TPA is a protein marker that is present in high levels in many rapidly dividing cells (such as cancer cells). The TPA blood test is sometimes used along with other tumor markers to help follow patients being treated for lung, bladder, and many other cancers. TPA levels are also elevated in some non-cancerous conditions.
No urinary tumor markers are recommended for bladder cancer screening, although the bladder tumor antigen (BTA) and the NMP22 tests can be used along with cystoscopy (using a thin, lighted tube to look in the bladder for cancer) in diagnosing it.
These tests are also being used to follow some patients after treatment, although cystoscopy and urine cytology (looking for cancer cells in the urine with a microscope) are still recommended as the standard tests for diagnosis and follow-up. It is too early to tell if these tests will take the place of urine cytology and cystoscopy or if they will best be used along with these tests. Other tumor markers are also being studied in this setting.
For advanced cancer, some of the markers used for other cancers such as CEA, CA 125, CA 19-9, and TPA may be elevated and can be used to follow patients during and after treatment.
No tumor marker has been found to be useful for screening or for the diagnosis of early stage breast cancer.
At the time of diagnosis, breast cancer tissue is often tested for estrogen and progesterone receptors, as well as the HER-2/neu antigen. These markers provide some information on how aggressive the cancer may be and how likely it is to respond to certain treatments.
The markers most commonly used to follow patients with advanced cancer or to detect recurrence are CA15-3 and CEA. The CA 27.29 test is also used by some doctors. The CA 15-3 and CA 27.29 are probably equally sensitive, while the CEA is less sensitive.
These markers are most useful in measuring the results of treatment for patients with advanced disease. Generally speaking, blood levels go down if the cancer responds to treatment and rise if the cancer progresses.
Many doctors use these tests to look for signs of recurrence in women who have no symptoms of cancer after their first treatment (surgery with or without radiation therapy). However, most professional groups recommend against using these markers to follow women already treated for early stage disease.
The markers most often elevated in advanced colorectal cancer are CEA and CA 19-9, but neither of these is useful as a screening test for colorectal cancer.
An elevated CEA before surgery may indicate a poorer prognosis. If it is high before surgery, the CEA should return to normal levels in about 4 to 6 weeks if the cancer has been entirely removed. Many doctors follow patients after surgery with CEA tests every 3 to 6 months or so to look for the return of the cancer. Patients are sometimes helped by finding a recurrence early so it can be removed by surgery. For most patients, however, the recurrence may be too widespread to be removed surgically.
CEA is also used to follow patients who are being treated for advanced or recurrent disease. The CEA level will decrease if the treatment is effective and rise if the cancer progresses.
If the CEA is not elevated in patients with advanced or recurrent cancer, sometimes the CA 19-9 will be and can be used to follow the disease.
Trophoblastic tumors include molar pregnancies (a pregnancy that results in a tumor of the placenta) and the more aggressive choriocarcinoma. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is elevated in these tumors. HCG testing can be used to detect these cancers in women who are no longer pregnant and whose wombs do not shrink to normal size.
Measurements of HCG during treatment for trophoblastic disease are very useful in determining response to therapy.
Cancer that starts in the liver (known as hepatocellular carcinoma) is linked with chronic infections with hepatitis B and C viruses, and with cirrhosis from various causes. This is a common type of cancer in Southeast Asia.
Liver cancers can cause elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP). Higher AFP levels occur in about 2 of 3 patients with liver cancer. An elevated AFP in someone with chronic hepatitis is often used to suggest the diagnosis of this cancer. Further testing must be done along with a biopsy to prove that there is cancer.
Because liver cancer is not very common in the United States, AFP testing is not used to test the general population for this type of cancer. Screening with AFP has been successful in parts of Asia where liver cancer is common. Sometimes the cancer is found early enough so that the patient can be cured with surgery. Because of this success, some doctors in the United States may screen their patients with cirrhosis of the liver due to hepatitis B or C. A rising AFP level would indicate cancer.
AFP can be used to help determine the most appropriate treatment for liver cancer and to follow patients after curative surgery or other treatment.
No tumor markers have proven useful as screening tests for lung cancer.
Some of the tumor markers that may be elevated in lung cancer are the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in non-small cell lung cancer and the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in small cell lung cancer. Sometimes doctors will follow these markers to evaluate treatment results. There are many other markers that can also be followed. However, because lung cancer is fairly easily seen on chest x-rays or other imaging tests, tumor markers play a less important role.
No marker is of value in finding this disease early.
The markers TA-90, S-100, and some other markers can be used to test tissue samples to help diagnose melanoma in suspicious areas.
Blood levels of TA-90 have been used to help determine whether the melanoma has metastasized. If the blood TA-90 level is high, there is a good chance the melanoma is metastatic. TA-90 can be elevated, however, in the absence of metastatic melanoma. Because of this, it has not been used so far to plan treatment or predict prognosis.
S-100 is also elevated in the blood when the disease is widespread. This marker can also be used to look for progression of the melanoma.
There are no tumor markers commonly used to screen for this disease, although tests for immunoglobulins can be used to help detect it or make a diagnosis. Protein electrophoresis and immunofixation can find these immune system proteins in the blood or urine of most patients with myeloma.
Pieces of immunoglobulins in the urine, called Bence Jones proteins, are found in some patients with multiple myeloma. Most people with myeloma also have detectable levels of immunoglobulins, called monoclonal proteins or M-proteins, in their blood. (These proteins lead to a monoclonal spike, or M spike, on the test readout.) These markers can help diagnose the disease, although a bone marrow biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. They are also helpful in tracking the course of the disease and its response to treatment.
Many patients with multiple myeloma also have higher blood levels of beta-2-microglobulin, which can also provide information on prognosis and the response to treatment.
Epithelial ovarian cancer (the most common form of ovarian cancer) is linked with elevated levels of CA 125. Other markers that are sometimes measured are CA 72-4 and the LASA-P. CA 125, which is elevated in 90% of women with advanced disease, is the standard marker that most doctors use. Ovarian cancer, even when advanced, is often confined to the abdomen and pelvis and hard to find through x-ray testing. Because of this, the CA 125 is often the easiest and most effective way to measure the response to treatment, or to find recurrence of a patient's cancer.
CA 125 is also being used by some doctors to screen for ovarian cancer in women with a strong family history of ovarian cancers. Such women usually get regular ultrasounds for early detection along with CA 125 measurements.
CA 125 is also being studied as a single screening tool in women who have no family history of ovarian cancer. At the present time, most medical groups do not recommend CA 125 testing for ovarian cancer screening because it is not clear whether it will detect the cancer early enough to increase the cure rate. Another problem with this test is that ovarian cancer is relatively rare, and the CA 125 level can be elevated in other cancers and other conditions. Therefore, an elevated CA 125 is more likely to be due to some other cause, even though extensive testing might be required to rule out ovarian cancer.
The second most common group of ovarian cancers is the germ cell tumors. Patients with these cancers often have elevated levels of HCG and/or AFP, which are useful in diagnosis and follow-up.
No markers have been found to be helpful in screening for pancreatic cancer.
The CA 19-9 marker is the most useful marker for pancreatic cancer. About 85% of people with pancreatic cancer have elevated levels of this marker in their blood. The higher the level, the more likely the disease has metastasized.
It is also useful in patient follow-up. Patients whose CA 19-9 levels drop to normal after surgery have a much better outlook than those people whose CA 19-9 remains elevated after surgery. This marker can also be used to follow the effects of treatment on more advanced disease.
Some doctors also follow the level of CEA in the blood, although it may not be as helpful as the CA 19-9 level.
The most commonly used marker to detect prostate cancer is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Prostate cancer can often be detected in its early stages by measuring blood levels of PSA. Levels above 4 ng/mL suggest cancer may be present, while levels above 10 ng/mL strongly suggest cancer. Doctors usually recommend that men with elevated levels have their prostate gland biopsied to find out if there is cancer.
Prostate cancer is often a slow growing cancer that occurs in older men. For that reason, it is not clear if screening with PSA actually saves lives. Some doctors believe that screening may cause more harm than good. It may lead some men to get treated for cancers that would never have caused them problems, and the treatment itself can have major side effects. Large studies now under way will help determine how valuable the test is in screening.
PSA is very useful in monitoring recurrent disease. After surgery or radiation, the PSA level should be undetectable (or near undetectable). A rise in PSA after treatment could mean the disease is coming back and that further treatment should be considered. The PSA can also be used to follow the response to treatment for more advanced disease.
Another marker being studied for following prostate cancer is the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), although it's not yet clear how useful it will be.
Some prostate cancers that do not cause abnormal blood PSA levels and do not respond well to hormone therapy turn out to have neuroendocrine features. Men with these cancers may have higher than normal levels of chromogranin A. These cancers are more likely to respond to certain chemotherapy drugs.
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is an older, less sensitive marker, which is no longer used very much.
No marker has been developed specifically for this cancer. Some other digestive cancer markers may be elevated, particularly CEA. If the CEA levels are elevated at the time of diagnoses, the levels can be followed while the cancer is being treated.
Tumor markers are very important in this cancer and are used by doctors to follow its course. The markers usually elevated in the blood of men with testicular cancer are human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). There are different kinds of testicular cancers and they differ in the level and kind of marker that is elevated.
Seminoma: About 10% of men with seminoma, a type of testicular cancer, will have elevated HCG. None will have elevated AFP.
Nonseminoma: More than half of men with early stage disease will have elevated HCG or AFP or both. The amount of the marker found in the blood does not necessarily help in predicting outcome. The markers will be elevated in most men with more advanced disease.
HCG is almost always elevated and AFP is never elevated in choriocarcinoma, a subtype of nonseminoma. As with the other nonseminomas, the amount of the marker found in the blood does not necessarily help in predicting outcome. In contrast AFP, but not HCG, is elevated in another subtype known as yolk sac tumor or endodermal sinus tumor.
It is important to talk openly with your cancer care team. Don't be afraid to ask any question that's on your mind, no matter how small or silly it might seem to you. Here are some questions you might ask. Be sure to add your own.
Because it's important to detect cancer early and to be able to follow it during or after treatment, new tumor markers are still being looked for. But as doctors have learned more about cancer, it's become apparent that the level of a single protein or other substance in the blood may not be the best marker for the disease.
Researchers are starting to focus their attention on genetic markers to detect cancer. We know that most cancers have changes in their DNA, the molecules that direct the functions of all cells. By looking for DNA changes in blood, stool, or urine, scientists may be able to detect cancers very early. The study of patterns of DNA changes (known as genomics) is likely to prove more useful than looking for single DNA changes.
Another newer approach is called proteomics. This technique looks at the pattern of all the proteins in the blood (instead of looking at individual protein levels). New testing equipment allows doctors to look at thousands of proteins at one time. It's unlikely that such a test would be used in a doctor's office, but it may help researchers narrow down which protein levels are important in a particular type of cancer. This information could then be used to develop a blood test that might look only at these important proteins.
These new testing methods are still in the early stages of development. Very few are in routine use at this time.
Doctors have been looking for ways to detect recurrences of bladder cancer by testing the urine. Looking at DNA in the urine has been very successful so far. In fact, the tests can detect cancer recurrence before doctors can see it by looking directly into the bladder with cystoscopy.
Breast cancer cells probably spill into the blood, even in early stages of the disease. Researchers have found abnormal DNA molecules from these cells in the blood of patients with breast cancer. About half of patients with even early stage breast cancer have cancer cells detectable in their blood. Researchers are still trying to determine if the presence of these cells can help predict a person's outlook.
New genetic tests may help determine if women are likely to have a recurrence after initial treatment, and whether they might benefit from additional (adjuvant) hormone therapy or chemotherapy. The Oncotype DX test, which looks at 21 specific genes in a breast tumor sample, is now being used by some doctors for this purpose, and other tests are being studied.
Most colorectal cancers contain changes in genes such as APC, k-ras and p53. New studies have found abnormal DNA molecules in the stools of people with early colorectal cancer. Testing stool samples for these DNA changes may prove to be an effective way to screen for this disease.
Other studies have found changes in DNA in the blood of patients with early colorectal cancer. Looking at the number of repeated sequences in DNA (known as microsatellite instability) may give doctors clues as to how well treatment might work.
Studies have found elevated levels of DNA in the blood of patients with lung cancer while more sensitive tests have been able to detect abnormal DNA in their blood. These abnormalities of DNA have also been found in the sputum of patients with early lung cancer. Doctors think that this may some day be a good way of finding lung cancer early in patients who have a high risk of developing the disease.
The gene called p53 is often abnormal in liver cancers. Blood tests can find this abnormality in circulating DNA of some patients with this cancer. It's not yet clear how useful this will be.
In patients with advanced melanoma, small numbers of melanoma cells are found circulating in the blood. These cells can be detected by testing for the genetic material responsible for making a specific protein. This may prove to be a good way of finding out how advanced a person's melanoma is and whether it is responding to treatment. Further study is needed.
Abnormal DNA can be found in saliva samples of people with these cancers. It may be a good way to detect them early in people at high risk or who have been treated for these cancers. Research on this approach is under way.
Several different blood tests are being studied for early detection of this cancer. The most successful appears to be the use of protein patterns in patients' blood. This method, called proteomics, has shown some promising early results in detecting cancer in women with the earliest stages of the disease. Larger studies confirming these results are still needed before it becomes a widely accepted screening test.
The use of CA 125, combined with imaging tests, as a screening test for ovarian cancer is still being studied.
There is a major clinical trial in progress to determine the value of PSA screening for prostate cancer. There are also newer versions of this test that look specifically at certain fractions of PSA, such as free PSA or complexed PSA, which may provide more useful information. Doctors are also studying the usefulness of watching the change in PSA levels over time, as opposed to focusing on a single test result. These newer approaches to using PSA are now under study.
These are also attempts to look at protein patterns within the blood as a way of detecting the disease in the early stages. Other new tests are looking at particular proteins or genes to try to determine which prostate cancers are likely to be aggressive (and therefore require treatment) and which are likely to grow more slowly (and therefore can probably just be watched carefully).
Most of these new methods of detecting cancer are still in the experimental stage. More studies are in progress to determine how useful they will be.
American Cancer Society Information
The following information may also be helpful to you. These books may be ordered from our toll-free number, 1-800-ACS-2345 (1-800-227-2345).
In addition to the American Cancer Society, other sources of information include:
National Cancer InstituteTelephone: 1-800-4-CANCERInternet Address: www.cancer.gov
*Inclusion on this list does not imply endorsement by the American Cancer Society.
Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing. Available at: www.aruplab.com/testing/lab_testing.jsp. Accessed December 12, 2005.
Bigbee W, Herberman RB. Tumor markers and immunodiagnosis. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E III, eds. Cancer Medicine. 6th ed. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker; 2003: 209-220.
Lab Tests Online. Tumor markers. 2005. Available at: http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/tumor_markers/glance.html. Accessed December 12, 2005.
Wu JT. Diagnosis and management of cancer using serologic tumor markers. In: Henry JB, ed. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 20th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 2001: 1028-1042.Back To Top


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INDIANAPOLIS -- Friday's 2013 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship Midwest Regional semifinal between No. 25 Oregon and No. 2 Louisville is scheduled to tip off at 4:15 p.m. PT from Lucas Oil Stadium, with a live telecast on CBS.
The Ducks (28-8), seeded 12th in the Midwest Regional, advanced to the "Sweet 16" by way of wins over 5th-seeded Oklahoma State in the 2nd Round and 4th-seeded Saint Louis in the 3rd Round in San Jose. The other three teams in the Midwest semifinals are also the top three seeds in the regional, including the tournament's overall No. 1 seed Louisville (31-5), second-seeded Duke (29-5) and No. 3 seed Michigan State (27-8).
Oregon is 2-1 all-time against the Cardinals, having most recently defeated them by a combined 50 points in a home-and-home series during the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons.


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