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International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 324632, 9 pages
An Efficient Resource Management Protocol for Handling Small Resource in Wireless Sensor Networks
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
Received 1 February 2013; Accepted 24 April 2013
Academic Editor: Kayhan Gulez
Copyright © 2013 Wan-Hee Cho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Wireless sensor nodes with single chips may have insufficient resources for certain applications. We propose a resource management protocol for applications with constrained resources to improve effectiveness by borrowing resources from a resource management server.
1. Introduction
Wireless sensor nodes are often used in harsh environments such as sewers, bridges, and the outer walls of buildings. Most are operated by small batteries, which mean that the power consumption and size of devices should be reduced. These requirements can be met through the use of an integrated circuit that reduces the usage of external components. The highly integrated single-chip approach is a preferred solution for semiconductor manufacturers, since the total system cost is a key factor for industrial and home wireless applications [1]. Cost considerations are driving implementations towards single-chip solutions with a minimum number of external components [2]. The single-chip approach is also advantageous for reducing device size through the use of well-designed integrated circuits to reduce the number of external components. The single-chip approach is a mainstream method used for developing wireless sensor network-compliant devices. However, the limitations of the device size and the power consumption still lead to various constraints, such as a slower microprocessor unit (MPU) and smaller memory size. The most recent single-chip designs, especially for wireless sensor nodes, provide about 4~16 Kbytes of SRAM and an 8-bit microprocessor capable of 16 million instructions per second (MIPS) [3, 4]. The available memory becomes much smaller after using up the memory for a ZigBee profile stack. In applications that perform complex and very repetitive processing, the usage of the microprocessor might become excessive. A general solution may be to use external memory, an additional microprocessor, or a controller, but this usually causes the cost and device size to increase.
We have shown that wireless sensor nodes can feasibly borrow the memory or computational resource from the gateway or the server in our preliminary study [5]. In this paper, we propose a resource management protocol (RMP) that enables wireless sensor nodes to efficiently use the resources including the memory and the CPU in the gateway or the server. Also, the effectiveness of the RMP is validated by several experiments through our implementation of the RMP.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents related works to efficient resource management in wireless sensor networks. Section 3 identifies the resource constraint issues and draws the requirements to relax them. In Section 4, we briefly introduce ZigBee-layered architecture. In Section 5, we propose an efficient resource management protocol. We evaluate the performance of our resource management protocol by experiments and analysis in Section 6 and make a conclusion in the last section.
2. Related Works
Wireless sensor nodes have been used for various applications in surveillance, environment and habitat monitoring, structural monitoring, healthcare, and disaster management [6]. Developers of wireless sensor nodes face technical challenges that include dense ad-hoc deployment, dynamic topology, spatial distribution, and constrains in bandwidth, memory, computational resources, and energy [7]. Low-power sensor nodes are known for their limited resources. For instance, motes are equipped with kilobytes of RAM which may be easily insufficient for storing or processing images [8]. Typically, in visual sensor networks (VSNs) which consist of tiny visual sensor nodes called camera nodes, the camera nodes should be equipped with memories of larger capacity in order to store the data [9]. Using more powerful microcontrollers equipped with sufficient RAM for data processing would be a straightforward solution for large data processing [8]. But they usually cause the cost to increase. Traditionally, wireless sensor nodes collect data and transmit data to centrally resourceful gateway for processing because they are generally supposed to be resource constrained [8]. Memory overhead is one of the main technical concerns for sensor network security such as any replication detection protocol [10]. Existing solutions for multicast in wireless sensor networks are limited because they either support multicast only from a single source node (usually the root node) or they limit the multicast group size to constrain memory usage [11]. It becomes especially difficult to implement them when composing a large-scale wireless sensor network or controlling a peripheral device, such as an LCD, due to insufficient resources. This issue is described in Sections 3 and 6 in greater detail.
Toward efficient resource management in wireless sensor networks, several studies have been made on new protocols that are efficient in resource management and carefully managed by operating system level [12] and solutions to the scalability of resources using an open source cloud model which provides the storage and computation resources necessary to address the scalability [13]. Extension of the cloud computing paradigm to the sharing of sensor resources in wireless sensor networks results in a much promising technology called Sensor Clouds [14]. Since the resource and capability of physical sensor devices are limited, Sensor-Cloud infrastructure can be behalf of the sensor management such as availability and performance of physical sensors [15]. Various physical sensors with different owners can join Sensor-Cloud infrastructure. The templates for virtual sensors and virtual sensor groups are prepared for sharing physical sensors. Users can control their virtual sensors directly or via their Web browsers [15]. Mass data processing is required for these sensor networks. Several studies about employing virtual memory to increase the available memory have been made [16]. Virtual memory named FaTVM for data-intensive applications in wireless sensor networks makes it possible for sensor nodes to carry out complex computation with heavy memory footprint without using energy-hungry MPUs with large RAM [8]. FaTVM uses NAND flashes as secondary storage and focuses on reducing virtual memory overhead [8]. In our resource management protocol, wireless sensor nodes can borrow the resources from a server that has access to more sufficient resources in the network in such a way that is general and extensible enough to resolve the resource constraint issues in several kinds of wireless sensor networks.
3. The Resource Constraint Issues
ZigBee-based wireless sensor nodes require low-power, low-cost wireless networking in residential and industrial environments [17], so that the battery in the sensor end node lasts for a long time without being plugged in. A busy state using complex computational resources consumes much more power than an idle state. Even memory resource constraints require additional memory devices, which increase the total system cost. To achieve low-power, low-cost wireless networking, the amount of memory allocated and the MPU usage in a device must be reduced. However, for large-scale sensor networks, with limited resources at every node, and deployment in environments with high access cost, the task of managing and operating these systems is extremely challenging [18].
Once a ZigBee end device (ZED) has joined a personal area network (PAN), a ZigBee coordinator (ZC) needs to update its neighbor table and store the minimum 12 bytes of information for the joined device [19]. If we assume that a maximum of 240 allowable devices have joined the network, the ZigBee Coordinator needs about 5 kilobytes of memory. In addition, ZigBee End Devices may require more memory to support the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing feature. Moreover, additional computational resources are required to access the memory. ZigBee end devices and the ZigBee coordinator may have various peripherals, depending on the application. For instance, in Smart Grids [20], a smart energy device that actively informs customers via in-home displays (IHD) of when or how energy is being used, has become necessary [21]. The device, which has an LCD screen, needs a great deal of screen buffer memory and computational resources to print text or to draw a picture on the screen.
To solve the resource constraint issues, a general solution is redesigning the hardware device. Though the software can be optimized, this cannot be a complete solution. Figure 1 shows an example of using external memory through a general-purpose interface, like SPI or I2C. The memory addition is simple, but it may require an API for interfacing external memory if the microprocessor or the single-chip does not provide a dedicated external memory interface. These APIs also use a substantial amount of resources. In the same manner, we can use an additional processor or dedicated peripheral controller if more computational resources are required. However, this causes the device size to increase, and the total system cost becomes high.
4. ZigBee-Layered Architecture
ZigBee technology consists of application, network, medium access control (MAC), and physical layer. The MAC/PHY layer of ZigBee is specified in IEEE 802.15.4. ZigBee standardizes network and application layer. In other words, the specification scope of ZigBee alliance is the rest upper layer of IEEE 802.15.4 PHY/MAC. Figure 2 illustrates the ZigBee-layered architecture.
As shown in Figure 2, the application layer consists of an application support layer (APS), an application framework (APF), and a ZigBee device object (ZDO). The ZigBee alliance standardizes APS and ZDO. APF is handed over to a vendor. The network layer provides functionalities that enable an end device to communicate with other end devices. It also manages network security and routing.
4.1. Data Service
A network layer data entity (NLDE) sends and receives a data frame or controls a network header and communicates with APS using an NLDE service access point (NLDE-SAP). It also communicates with the MAC layer using a MAC common part sub-layer (MCPS-SAP) data interface.
4.2. Management Service
For the purpose of management, a network layer management entity (NLME) communicates with MAC using MLME-SAP. An application communicates with the network layer using ZDO.
4.3. Service Access Point (SAP)
The data between two layers is transferred by SAP. Each SAP transfers an appropriate data structure, which is specified with an entity in the PAN information base (PIB).
4.4. Application Support Layer (APS)
The maximum payload length in 802.15.4 is 128 bytes, including a length byte. Each layer uses an information header block, as shown in Table 1. As a result, the maximum payload length in the APS layer is 73 bytes. Moreover, it may be shortened further if the packet includes a routing header.
The ZigBee APS packet includes an application profile ID that describes the format of the message, a cluster ID for this message, a source endpoint, a destination endpoint, a bitmask of options, a group ID for this message if it is multicast mode, and a sequence number.
5. Efficient Resource Management
In a client-server system, a client's application may not be executed due to insufficient resources, even though the system has one or more resource-rich servers. The idea of efficient resource management is based on the imbalance of resources. The resource management protocol provides a way of using server-side resources.
Figure 3 illustrates the connection between the resource management client (RMC) and the resource management server (RMS). The resource management client requests a needed resource to execute a function for an application. The resource management server allocates a requested resource, performs a requested operation, and provides the outcome of the request to the resource management client. The ZigBee coordinator also acts as a resource management gateway (RMG) that relays packets between the resource management client and the resource management server. Each resource management client can request a resource from the resource management server through the resource management gateway. The resource management protocol adaptation (RMPA) layer abstracts the APS and ZigBee-based wireless sensor network interface.
5.1. RMP Packet
The format of packets that are transmitted from the resource management protocol is shown in Figure 4. The source address, SRC, is a short address of the server or the device that generates the RMP packet. The packet body includes an RMP command and an optional data field, as shown in Figure 4. The basic RMP command set is shown in Table 2. It is also used for the experiment in this paper. The RMP command set can be modified or extended to conform to the requirements of other applications.
5.2. ZigBee APS Packet
The RMP packet is divided into the RMP packet segments shown in Figure 4. The APS header consists of the profile ID, the cluster ID, the source endpoint, and the destination endpoint. The transaction ID, TID, is a transient value that is specified by the initiator of the current RMP transaction when the original RMP packet is generated. The RMP packet segments that are generated by the RMP packet have the same TID. The destination address, DES, is a short address of the device that is the destination of the RMP segment. The sequence control, SC, has the number of the current segment and the number of the total segments.
5.3. Packet Concatenation
The maximum payload of a ZigBee bearer is 76 bytes, excluding the overhead of 12 bytes in the MAC layer, 26 bytes in network layer, and 13 bytes in APS layer, as shown in Table 1. Packet concatenation is needed at the destination, because a packet that exceeds the maximum payload size of 76 bytes in the resource management protocol is fragmented into several segments, which are sent to the destination. An RMP packet can be assembled by concatenating one or more raw data from the RMP packet segments that arrive at the destination. The RMP packet segments that have the same transaction ID are concatenated by the order of the sequence number.
5.4. RMP Packet Relay
The ZigBee coordinator between the resource management client and the resource management server functions not only as a resource management client but also as a resource management gateway, as shown in Figure 3. If the destination address of an APS packet that comes from the resource management server is different from the short address of the ZigBee Coordinator, the ZigBee Coordinator forwards an APS packet to the corresponding ZigBee end device without packet concatenation.
If the destination address of an APS packet that comes from the resource management client is undefined or identical to the short address of the resource management server, the ZigBee Coordinator forwards an APS packet to the resource management server. The ZigBee Coordinator receives an APS packet that includes the RMP payload and sends the APS packet to its destination address, as shown in Figure 4.
5.5. RMP Adaptation Layer
The RMP packet that comes from the resource management client or the resource management server forwards appropriate communications, which can be wireless (IEEE 802.15.4 RF) or wired (Ethernet, RS-232C) depending on the packet direction after regeneration of the packet header. In wireless communication, packet fragmentation can be applied to a packet that exceeds the maximum payload. The RMP adaptation layer concatenates the packet segments to the entire RMP packet prior to forwarding into the RMP layer. When transmission error occurs in the transaction, concatenation will fail and discard the packet segments if the packet segments arrive out of order. If the destination address of the RMP packet segment that arrived in the ZigBee Coordinator differs from the address of the ZigBee Coordinator, then the ZigBee Coordinator relays the RMP packet segment to the destination through the APS.
5.6. Packet Acknowledgment
Whenever the RMP packet is transmitted successfully, the resource management client or the resource management server has to reply with an acknowledgement within 2 seconds. If the retransmit time expires, then the sender starts the retransmit timeout procedures and retransmits the RMP packet using the same transaction ID.
5.7. RMP Types
Various packet types can be defined for different kinds of applications. Packet types can define various operations between the resource management server and the client, including memory allocation, memory access, data encoding, data decoding, and arithmetic operation. The RMP command and data shown in Figure 4 should be defined appropriately for an application.
6. Implementation & Experiments
We show actual implementations and experiments to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the resource management protocol. Some packet types mainly used in wireless sensor networks with resource constraints are defined in Table 2.
6.1. The Resource Management Protocol on the Large-Scale ZigBee Network
In Figure 5, the ZigBee Coordinator acting as a resource management client typically connects with the resource management server via ethernet or an RS-232C cable. This means we can ignore the data transmission latency between the resource management client and the resource management server.
Figure 6 shows the sequence flow of the resource management protocol in a large-scale ZigBee network. The resource management client with insufficient memory sends an RMP packet with the packet type "STORE" and an index that represents the memory address in the server. The resource management server stores RMP data into its own memory with the specified index. When a resource management client needs to use the data, it sends a request packet with the packet type "LOAD" and the index. The resource management server then replies with the data associated with the index from its own memory. A packet with the packet type "FIND" enables the resource management client to look up the memory without using its own computational resources.
Now, we consider a building with 10,000 lights, each of which is connected and controlled by a ZigBee End Device in the ZigBee mesh network. They are controlled by the gateway, which is connected to the ZigBee Coordinator using RS-232C. During the peak time, an average of 1,000 control commands occur. The response time of the service is 50 ms, which was obtained through experimentation. Referring to Little's Law, where is the server utilization and is the service requests per second where is the response time for a service.
Because this shows that the server utilization is less than 1 (100%) and the response time of 290 ms is acceptable for a light control service, the assumption is reasonable and practical.
6.2. Controlling a Dot Matrix with the Resource Management Protocol
In order to validate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the resource management protocol for the resource constraints found in controlling peripheral devices, we set the ZigBee End Device as an in-home display using a 16 × 16 dot-matrix which has a 32-byte display buffer. Figure 7 shows an actual 16 × 16 dot matrix display used in the In-Home Display implementation. We define the RMP packet types as shown in Table 3.
A long text message with a maximum of 128 characters in several lines is then scrolled on the dot-matrix. For this application, the resource management server creates a 16 × 1024 (16 KB) drawing buffer for the 128-character-long message with an 8 × 16 font. Figure 8 shows the sequence diagram of the resource management protocol for controlling a dot-matrix. The resource management client sends a request packet which has the packet type "TEXT" and a message string to print out onto the dot-matrix. Then, the resource management server loads font data from its own memory and draws the message string onto the drawing buffer. The resource management client sends "LINE" request packets to the resource management server to draw lines onto the drawing buffer. Every 100 ms, the screen buffer is scrolled with the "SCROLL" request. When the server receives a "BLIT" request from the resource management client, its front partial 16 × 16 bitmap is transferred to the resource management client. The 16 × 16 bitmap is copied to the dot-matrix to update the display.
6.3. Experiments
For an experiment, we assembled one ZigBee Coordinator and four ZigBee End Devices to simulate 240 ZigBee End Devices. When each ZigBee End Device joins the network, a maximum of 60 ZigBee End Devices are assumed to join. Consequently, the ZigBee Coordinator stores the information 60 times with different indices. The lights are then randomly toggled by the gateway using a poisson distribution with a parameter of 100 controls per minute. We build two kinds of ZigBee End Device firmware. One uses the resource management protocol, but the other does not. They are written to the ZigBee End Devices evenly. The allocated SRAM size and the MPU usage, which are associated with controlling a dot-matrix and light, are measured from the kernel process scheduler of each ZigBee End Device. The varying numbers of the ZigBee End Devices are also measured from the ZigBee Coordinator. The needed flash memory size is evaluated with the firmware size. Figure 9 shows the result of the experiment.
As shown in Figure 9(a), by using the resource management protocol, the required memory size and MPU usage of the ZigBee End Devices that work as ZigBee Node modules (ZNMs) are largely reduced. Figures 9(b) and 9(c) show the effectiveness of the RMP for reducing the needed memory and MPU usage in the ZigBee Coordinator Module (ZCM). In Figure 9(d), when using the resource management protocol, the network traffic increases proportionally to the memory size that ZNMs need, because the ZCM converts the needed memory into RMP packets.
7. Conclusion
We have proposed a solution that enables efficient resource management of wireless sensor nodes using a resource management protocol. We have shown that it is feasible and effective for overcoming the resource constraints found in ZigBee applications through our implementations and experiments. The resource constraint issues were solved using the resource management protocol, without increasing the total system cost.
A preliminary version of this paper appears in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, ICCE, 2011. This is the full version.
This research was supported by a Grant (SS100020) from the Seoul R&BD program funded by the Seoul Development Institute of the Korean government and supported by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (10041725), Republic of Korea.
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My poems have been published in magazines including Envoi, Agenda, Iota, Reach, Staple and nthposition. In 2012 I won the Wenlock Prize, and reached the shortlist for the Wells Festival Prize. In the past, I have won the BBC Wildlife Poet of the Year Award and the Poetry Life Prize.
I think I would happily see my non-fiction books go out of print if, in exchange, I could write one truly great poem that would stand the test of time. Greatness, though, is not really the point. Neither is publication. Truth is the point; truth and a sense of connection to something larger than myself; to the Source, if you like.
If this sounds like pretentious rubbish, you should probably pop over to the journalism section of this website, which has Facts on it and may make you feel more comfortable. If you're sticking around, some of my current favourites are below.
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The Joint Theater Level Simulation (JTLS®) at the I/ITSEC 2010
The 2010 Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) saw JTLS participating at the NATO booth as an integral component of NATO's Education and Training Network (NETN) architecture. This event was the culmination of months of testing NETN in preparation for its operational use throughout NATO. Other simulations in this federation included KORA (Germany), TYR (Sweden), JCATS (US), VBS2, ORQUE (French), and WARGRAM (French). The NETN Federation Object Model and agreements were developed to create a persistent federation specification, allow participation by geographically distributed simulations, enable multiple levels of aggregation for game objects and to share tasks over many different simulations.
During the 3 days of demonstrations, R&A engineers showed (1) several JTLS aggregate ships and their movements that were reflected by the other simulations; (2) JTLS aircraft, both military and commercial, being flown and reflected by other air simulations; (3) a de-aggregated ground battalion, as defined in the scenario Order Of Battle, was reflected by the VBS2 virtual environment while moving and at different damage states and (4) creation of several aggregate level, air base and squadron units.
NATO and R&A engineers demonstrated many JTLS features, including batch orders for ground unit movement and ATO processing, to many non-US visitors including the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Kuwait and India. Representatives from several US businesses were also briefed on the nuances of JTLS.
Can you retroactively put yourself in a computer simulation?
Nick Bostrom's simulation argument has suggested that we might be in a computer simulation. An argument is made that our actions are relevant here, and that some actions that we might perform could retroactively put us into a computer simulation.
This does not mean that we could do things that cause us to enter a simulation in the future, such as mind uploading. Rather, the argument is that we might be able to do things which result in us having been in a computer simulation all along. Of particular relevance here is the idea of running simulations of the past. If our future seems to be one in which simulations of (what is to us) the present will be made, then this suggests that we may be in such a simulation already. Therefore, if we choose to run such simulations, or to make the running of them more likely in the future, we might consider ourselves to be choosing to have been in a computer simulation all along. The backward-causation aspect of this may seem strange, but such ideas are well-known in considerations of Newcomb's paradox. As well as affecting the probability that you are in a computer simulation, your actions might affect the type of simulation in which you are.
Earth project aims to 'simulate everything'
It could be one of the most ambitious computer projects ever conceived.
An international group of scientists are aiming to create a simulator that can replicate everything happening on Earth - from global weather patterns and the spread of diseases to international financial transactions or congestion on Milton Keynes' roads.
Nicknamed the Living Earth Simulator (LES), the project aims to advance the scientific understanding of what is taking place on the planet, encapsulating the human actions that shape societies and the environmental forces that define the physical world.
"Many problems we have today - including social and economic instabilities, wars, disease spreading - are related to human behaviour, but there is apparently a serious lack of understanding regarding how society and the economy work," says Dr Helbing, of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, who chairs the FuturICT project which aims to create the simulator.
Mars Tumbleweed Computer Model Developed
In March, Discovery News had a look at a Mars rover concept that could revolutionize how we carry out planetary exploration.
This rover has no wheels, it's inspired by a bizarre desert plant and its only means of propulsion is the Martian wind. And now, North Carolina State University (NCSU) scientists have designed a computer program to test different designs of the rover before it is even built.
Enter the Mars Tumbleweed Rover, destined to roll where no robot has rolled before.
WIDE ANGLE: Mars is a planet ripe for exploration by mankind. Or is it?
An Exploration Game Changer?
The Mars landscape has so far been dominated by landers and wheeled rovers, and that probably won't change for some time to come. Sure, NASA's current Mars Exploration Rovers are (or "was" in the case of the hibernating Spirit) showing us amazing longevity, but is there another way to traverse Mars? [...]
5 Therapeutic Uses for Virtual Reality
Virtual reality isn't just for movies and games. In doctors' offices around the world, it's being used to treat a range of phobias, disorders and mental and cognitive problems.
Before computer technology matured, therapists would expose patients gradually and in small doses to the object of their phobia, giving them the ability to cope so that in the real world the person could deal with the phobia. But even in small doses, exposure to a fear would overwhelm a patient.
In simulated environments, the patient has control over the situation. [...]
this issue
News and Development in M&S
Web manager and Web designer
of SCS M&S Newsletter Francesco Longo
Volume 3


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Rated 4.7 out of 5 by 3 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by CherieEvelyn Solid piece This thing has some weight to it! Very happy with this purchase. I love it. March 3, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by JewellGirl2014 Perfect! Perfect for any sized kitchen and it looks great with the utensils in it. It is simple and yet powerful! September 2, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5 by CW03 Beautiful Product I love the clean lines of this white utensil crock. It's very sturdy and it holds a ton of utensils. It looks gorgeous in my kitchen and would work with many different design styles. The only thing that disappointed me was there are a couple of blemishes on the crock. Thankfully, they were fairly small and on one side of it, so I just face that side against the wall so don't have to see them. Overall, I love this and it was a good price for the quality! January 30, 2016
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|Danny Langsdorf Biography
Courtesy: Athletic Communications
Release: 07/12/2013
Beavers' Offense Ranked as the Nation's Most Diversified -- Rivals.com
Danny Langsdorf is in his ninth season at Oregon State University in his current capacity as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach. This is his 11th year overall in the program, serving two years as a graduate assistant coach for Mike Riley during the 1997 and '98 seasons.
The 41-year-old Langsdorf arrived at OSU for his second tenure after spending three years with the New Orleans Saints and during the 2002 season coached with Riley. Langsdorf spent the last two years as assistant wide receivers/special teams coach for the Saints and in 2002 he was the offensive assistant/quality control coach.
Langsdorf's offenses have produced gaudy numbers with eight of the top 12 OSU season performances in total offense coming under his guidance. According to Rivals.com, OSU had the most diversified offense in the nation in the decade of the 2000s; Langsdorf played a big part in that impressive statistic.
The 2012 team equaled the biggest turnaround in the nation from the previous year, finishing 9-4. In the process OSU posted its second-most yards in school history with 5,610. Wide receiver Markus Wheaton set the school record for career receptions with 227 and tied the single season record with 91. Wheaton earned Pac-12 First Team and All-America honors, while his receiving teammate Brandin Cooks earned honorable mention. Offensive linemen Isaac Seumalo and Grant Enger also found a spots on the honorable mention squad.
The 2011 season featured freshman-redshirt quarterback Sean Mannion having one of the best years in school history as he earned All-America honors after passing for 3,328 yards, the third most in OSU history, the fourth-most for the season in the Pac-12 Conference and the most in the NCAA by a freshman for the season. The Beavers' passing offense ranked 19th in the country overall and for the second straight season with a first-year starting quarterback.
In 2010 Langsdorf guided quarterback Ryan Katz through a season that featured OSU playing the most difficult schedule in the nation. Katz finished eighth in the conference for total offense (201.2 yds). Langsdorf also led one of the nation's premier running backs Jacquizz Rodgers to his third 1,000-yard season and to Pac-10 Conference First Team honors.
The 2009 Beavers played the season finale with the Rose Bowl invitation on the line and ended playing in their fourth consecutive bowl game. Three offensive players landed on the Pac-10 First Team squad, including the first OSU quarterback ever with the accomplishment – Sean Canfield. The brother duo of James and Jacquizz Rodgers also earned Pac-10 First Team honors. OSU led the league for passing offense (270.8 yards p/g), pass efficiency (141.5) and first downs (278), and was in the top three for scoring offense (31.5) and total offense (410.6 pg). The team also led the nation for red zone efficiency at 96 percent.
In 2008 the team finished second in the Pac-10 for pass offense (249 yds p/g), third for total offense (407.1 p/g) and in the top half overall for pass efficiency and scoring. Individually, the unit featured Pac-10 Offensive MVP Jacquizz Rodgers, the first freshman to ever earn the honor, as well as All-American tackle Andy Levitre. A total of six Beavers on offense earned Pac-10 honors, including three on the first team. The Beavers also won yet another bowl game, capturing the Sun Bowl over Pittsburgh.
The 2007 offense overcame a rash of injuries to finish third in the conference for the second consecutive year with a 6-3 mark. The Beavers once again won their bowl game, defeating Maryland in the Emerald Bowl. Tailback Yvenson Bernard finished his illustrious career sixth in the Pac-10 and second all-time at OSU for career rushing yards with 3,862. Bernard and linemen Roy Schuening and Andy Levitre earned Pac-10 All-Conference accolades. Following the season, Langsdorf coached in the Hula Bowl with head coach Mike Riley, defensive coordinator Mark Banker and offensive line coach Mike Cavanaugh.
In 2006 the Beaver offense enjoyed a balanced attack led by senior quarterback Matt Moore and an experienced returning cast. Bernard and guard Jeremy Perry earned Pac-10 First Team honors, and another seven Beavers earned second team and honorable mention acclaim. Overall the offense finished in the top half of the conference for scoring, passing, pass efficiency, first downs, red zone offense and time of possession. The team also scored 30-plus points in eight games, including six of the final seven.
In his first year as offensive coordinator in 2005, Oregon State broke the school record for total offense for an 11-game season with 4,609 yards, which included an 11-game record for passing with 3,261 yards. Five offensive players in '05 earned postseason honors, including wide receiver Mike Hass who was the Biletnikoff Award recipient and a first team All-American.
Prior to his stint with the Saints, he was an assistant coach with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. Langsdorf was the Eskimos' offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach from 2000-2001 after serving as the wide receivers coach in 1999. His guidance helped Edmonton lead the CFL for total yards in 2001 with 6,606.
Langsdorf began his professional career as a player/coach with the Deggendorf Blackhawks of Germany. His college coaching career started in 1996 at California Lutheran University in Thousand Oaks.
During Lansgsdorf's first two years at Oregon State he worked with the offense, particularly focusing on the tight ends. He was part of the coaching team that transformed the offense from the wishbone to a multiple set.
The native of McMinnville, Ore., was a standout college football student-athlete playing quarterback. He was a member of the Boise State University football team from 1991-93, lettering one season and earning Big Sky Conference All-Academic honors as a sophomore. He transferred to Linfield College in McMinnville after the '93 season and became the Wildcats' starting quarterback for 1994 and '95. He played for his father (Ed) at Linfield and was selected to the All-Northwest Conference Team as a junior after passing for 2,055 yards and 24 touchdowns. He set a then-school record with 493 passing yards against Southern Oregon on Nov. 12, 1994. He was injured much of his senior season, but concluded his two-year career with 2,724 yards, completing 195 of 356 pass attempts.
Ed Langsdorf is a scout with the San Diego Chargers after spending 20 years as a coach at Linfield.
Danny is married to the former Michele Bertrand, a softball standout at Linfield who still appears in the school record books for her pitching prowess. The couple has two sons, Dawsen and Carter. Danny graduated from Linfield in 1995 with a bachelor's degree in exercise science.
He donated a kidney to Laurie Cavanaugh, offensive line coach Mike Cavanaugh's wife, in May of 2007.LANGSDORF PROFILE
Assignment: Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks
Recruiting Area: Washington, Idaho, Montana, San Diego
Year at OSU: 11th
Age: 41
Hometown: McMinnville, Oregon
Education: 1995 Bachelor's in Exercise and Science from Linfield College, 1991 McMinnville High School
Wife: Michele
Children: Dawsen and Carter
Oregon State – 2004-present; New Orleans Saints, 2002-2004; Edmonton (CFL), 1999-2001; Oregon State, 1997-98; California Lutheran, 1996
Total Offense (5,610 yards) – second most in OSU history
Passing Offense (307.1 yds p/g) – 20th in NCAA/2nd in Pac-12
Markus Wheaton (WR) – broke OSU record for career receptions (227) and tied single season record (91)
Pac-12 First Team and All-AmericanBrandin Cooks (WR) – Pac-12 Honorable Mention
Isaac Seumalo (C) – Pac-12 Honorable Mention
Grant Enger (OG) – Pac-12 Honorable Mention
Sean Mannion – Freshman All-America; 3,328 passing yards (3rd in OSU history)
Passing Offense (286.8) – 19th in NCAA
Grant Johnson (C) – Pac-12 Honorable Mention
Ryan Katz -- 393 yards passing at #9 Arizona (10th best OSU mark)
Jacquizz Rodgers (RB) -- Pac-10 First Team
Alex Linnekohl (C) – Pac-10 2nd Team/Shrine Game
Two Pac-10 Honorable Mention selections
Passing Offense (270.8) & Passing Efficiency (141.5) – both first in the Pac-10
RedZone efficiency (96%) – 1st in nation
Sean Canfield, James and Jacquizz Rodgers Pac-12 First Team
Passing Offense (249.0) – 2nd in Pac-10
Jacquizz Rodgers (RB) – Pac-10 Off. MVP/All-American
Andy Levitre (OT) –Pac-10 1st Team/All-American/2nd round Draft pick of Buffalo
Sammie Stroughter (WR) –Pac-10 1st Team/7th round pick of Tampa Bay
Sun Bowl champions
Rushing Offense (174.9) – 4th in Pac-10
Yvenson Bernard (RB) – Pac-10 Second Team
Roy Schuening (OG/T) – Pac-10 First Team/5th round Draft pickoff St. Louis
Andy Levitre (OT) – Pac-10 Second Team
Emerald Bowl champion
Passing Offense (242.4) – 4th in Pac-10Scoring Offense (27.8) – 4th in Pac-10
Yvenson Bernard (RB) – Pac-10 First Team
Sammie Stroughter (WR/PR) – Pac-10 Second Team/All-American
Jeremy Perry (LG) – Pac-10 First Team
Six Pac-10 Honorable Mention Selections
Sun Bowl champions
Passing Offense (296.5) – 4th in Pac-10/10th in NCAA
11-game school record for passing with 3,261 yards
11-game school record for total offense with 4,609 yards
Mike Hass (WR) – Biletnikoff Award recipient/1st Team All-American/6th round Draft pick New Orleans
Yvenson Bernard (RB) – 9th in the NCAA for rushing (120.1)
Jeremy Perry (OG) – Pac-10 Co-Freshman of the Year/Freshman All-American
Two Pac-10 Honorable Mention selections


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MATTHEWS, N.C. — Family Dollar has named Brad Rogers as the company's SVP of real estate. Rogers replaces Keith Gehl, who announced his retirement from the company at the end of June. Rogers will report to chairman and CEO Howard R. Levine.
"For more than 53 years, our real estate strategy has been to open Family Dollar stores where our customers live and work," said Levine. "Brad's real estate experience and leadership will ensure that we continue to bring value and convenience to hundreds of new neighborhoods and thousands of new customers each year."
Rogers joined Family Dollar in 1998 as a real estate manager with responsibility for new store development in North and South Carolina. Between 2006 and 2011, he assumed greater roles with increased responsibilities, and in 2011, he was named VP of real estate. Rogers has a bachelor of arts from Millsaps College and earned a JD from Emory University.
"Throughout his 10-year career with Family Dollar, Keith Gehl has led our real estate efforts and had a significant impact on the strengthening and expansion of our real estate capabilities," added Levine. "I sincerely appreciate the significant contributions he made during his career with Family Dollar and wish him all the best in his retirement."
Family Dollar currently operates more than 7,800 stores in 45 states.


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Brewers Urged to Stop Marketing Beer Shirts to Young Girls
Miller, Guinness, and Fosters Logos Used on Tees at Popular Teen Retailer Forever 21
April 29, 2008
WASHINGTONThe nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest today urged Miller Brewing Co., Fosters, and Diageo, the parent company of Guinness, to stop allowing logos for those beers to be used on tee shirts sold at Forever 21, a retailer popular with teenage girls. CSPI says that the arrangement is in violation of the beer industrys voluntary advertising and marketing code. Though it is administered by the Washington, D.C., lobby group the Beer Institute, the code explicitly states that no beer brands or logos should be used or licensed for use on clothing intended for use primarily by persons below the legal drinking age.
Forever 21 claims it is among the top three teen shopping brands nationwide.
Adolescent and teenage girls hardly need further inducements to drink, wrote George A. Hacker, director of the alcohol policies project at CSPI. Heavy drinking imposes special risks for girls, due to their lower body weights and different metabolisms and the contributing role of alcohol in sexual assaults, date rape, and unwanted and unplanned pregnancies.
CSPI is forwarding copies of its letters to the brewers to the Federal Trade Commission, which has begun applying greater scrutiny to the marketing practices of alcoholic-beverage makers. CSPI also called on the retailer to remove all beer or alcohol-themed tee shirts from its web site and approximately 400 outlets around the country. In addition to carrying shirts bearing Miller, Fosters, and Guinness logos, the chain sells shirts that read Im awesome at beer pong, beer is my anti-drug, and save water, drink beer.


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Proving they aren't just the fleeting pipe dream of YouTube users everywhere, Karmin's major label debut now has an official release date. Yes, that consistently peppy couple that won you over with their hip-hop covers—and as a result, Epic Records—will drop their first full-length release, Hello, on May 8, around a slew of promotional appearances on the talk show circuit. Featuring current single "Brokenhearted," the seven-song LP will likely flaunt the Berklee grads' unique musical sound and Amy's love of rhyming. With a pre-album appearance on Saturday Night Live already under their belts, Karmin's Amy and Nick should be able to handle whatever crazy guest morning show hosts ABC and NBC are prepared to throw at them, as well as the Ellen's famous dance dare. We've seen their videos; Amy's got this one in the bag. Check out the tracklisting below.
1. "Walking on the Moon"
2. "Brokenhearted"
3. "I Told You So"
4. "Too Many Fish"
5. "I'm Just Sayin'"
6. "Coming Up Strong"
7. "Hello"


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Sophomore defender Michael Amick and incoming freshman John Requejo Jr. were both selected to the 21-man U.S. U-20 Men's National Team roster that will compete at the Dallas Cup in Dallas, Tex., as announced by U.S. head coach Tab Ramos today.
Amick, a native of Sunnyvale, Calif., played in 18 matches in 2013 while making 16 starts. Spending the season mostly at center back, Amick played in six of UCLA's seven shutouts, amassing a total of 1,484 minutes to lead all UCLA freshmen. Additionally, he was named the No. 12 freshman to watch in the country by Top Drawer Soccer and helped UCLA earn the No. 1 overall seed in the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 2003.
A member of the U.S. U-18 National Team throughout 2012, Amick previously competed for the U.S. at the 2012 Lisbon International Tournament in Portugal and in the U.S. U-18 European training camp, earning caps in friendly matches against the Netherlands U-18 National Team, Borussia Dortmund's U-18 Academy team, Club Brugge's U-19 Team and Feyenoord Rotterdam's U-19 team. In addition, Amick competed at the U.S. U-20 Men's National Team training camp in Lakewood Ranch, Fla. from Jan. 3-12 earlier this year. He has earned six caps overall with the U.S. Youth National Team.
Requejo will join the Bruins this fall as an incoming freshman as a part of the No. 1 ranked recruiting class in the nation. He attended Carpinteria High School (Carpinteria, Calif.) and Saint Stephens Episcopal School (Carpinteria, Calif.) for two years apiece and was ranked No. 2 on College Soccer News's list of Top 150 Recruits for 2014. Requejo has been an extensive member of the U.S. Youth National Team, playing for the U-14, U-15, U-17, U-18 and U-20 teams. He netted his first career U.S. U-17 MNT goal on June 25, 2012 against Costa Rica at the Copa Saprissa Internacional Tournament in San Jose, Calif. and has earned 38 caps for the U.S. U-17 MNT. He also played for the U.S. at the 2013 CONCACAF U-17 Qualifiers and at the 2011 Nike International Friendlies, leading the U.S. U-17 MNT to the tournament championship. In the club circuit, Requejo competed for the Santa Barbara Soccer Club and Real SoCal U-16 and U-18 Academy teams.
The Dallas Cup will take place from April 13-20 in Dallas, Tex. The U.S. is in Bracket C of the Gordon Jago Super Group along with the U-19 sides from Eintracht Frankfurt of Germany, River Plate of Argentina and UANL Tigres of Mexico. Making its fifth all-time appearance at the competition and first since 2010, the U.S. will open the tournament against River Plate at 6:30 p.m. CT in the Cotton Bowl on April 13.
U.S. U-20 Men's National Team Dallas Cup Roster by Position
DEFENDERS (9): Jordan Allen (Real Salt Lake; Rochester, N.Y.), Michael Amick (UCLA; Sunnyvale, Calif.), Sullaiman Dainkeh (Maryland; Reston, Va.), Trevor Haberkorn (Furman; Roanoke, Texas), Matthew Miazga (New York Red Bulls; Clifton, N.J.), Shaquell Moore (Unattached; Powder Springs, Ga.), Erik Palmer-Brown (Sporting KC; Lee's Summit, Mo.), John Requejo Jr. (Real So Cal; Carpinteria, Calif.), Jesus Vazquez (UANL Tigres; San Luis Obispo, Calif.)
MIDFIELDERS (5): Kellyn Acosta (FC Dallas; Plano, Texas), Marco Delgado (Chivas USA; Glendora, Calif.), Luis Felipe (Cruzeiro; Ouro Branco, Brazil), Romain Gall (FC Lorient; Herndon, Va.), Lynden Gooch (Sunderland; Santa Cruz, Calif.)
FORWARDS (5): Benji Lopez (Real Salt Lake; San Diego, Calif.), Amando Moreno (Club Tijuana; Morganville, N.J.), Zach Pfeffer (Philadelphia Union; Dresher, Pa.), Rubio Rubin (Unattached; Beaverton, Ore.), Ben Spencer (Indy Eleven; Albuquerque, N.M.)


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Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told ABC's Robin Roberts in an interview that she feels that we should "crack the glass ceiling" and elect a woman President, according to ABC News on Wednesday. Clinton made the statement in response to a series of bating questions from Roberts aimed at luring Clinton into admitting that she is running for President in 2016.
Roberts began the interview by asking Clinton who she would nominate as her Vice-Presidential candidate if she runs for President in 2016, Senator Elizabeth Warren (D,Ma) or San Antonio Mayor Julian Castro (D,Tx). Clinton responded by stating that she had been asked about a possible run for the Presidency in many ways, but that this was one of the "cleverest" ways that she ever had been asked that question.
Roberts persisted and told Clinton that on her Twitter page that she said that she considered herself a "glass ceiling cracker." Roberts said that many people think a woman should be the celling cracker and that Hillary is the one who is in the best position to crack it. Clinton then said that she agreed that a woman should crack the ceiling but that she had "nothing further" to say about the path she will take.
Roberts then retorted, "Hey, we tried, right?"
Hillary Clinton is a person of firsts. First of all, she was First Lady from 1993 to 2001. Second, she was the first sitting United States Senator to live in the White House (for the two week duration between taking the oath of office as a Senator in early January 2001 and leaving the White House on January 20 when her husband's term as President expired). Third, she is the first former First Lady to serve as Secretary of State. Fourth, she is the first former First Lady ever to run for President. Fifth, she is the first Presidential candidate to be the parent of a former First daughter while running for President. Sixth, she is the first former First Lady to hold both elective and appointed office at the federal level.
With all of these "firsts" under her cap, it seems completely natural that she would run for President in 2016. In fact, it would be very surprising to most political observers, including this commentator, if Clinton were to decide not to run. Her only likely Democratic primary contender, Vice-President Joe Biden, is running far behind in most credible polling at this time. Of course, the 2016 Presidential primaries still are two years away and like the amoeba, politics lives and dies a thousand times over a two year period.


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The 2014 Emmys were announced last night at the Nokia Theater in Downtown Los Angeles. The award is now a fixture for "Veep" star Julia Louis-Dreyfus the talented actress picked up her third consecutive Emmy for her role as Selina Meyer on the HBO series.
The actress topped on her three-peat with a steamy kiss from fellow nominee "Breaking Bad" actor Bryan Cranston. Louis-Dreyfus and Cranston have been making viewers laugh recently in an hilarious sketch that has gone viral.
"I would love to thank HBO because honestly, I've worked in a lot of places in this town and it's absolutely my favorite place I've ever worked," the actress said. "I'd like to thank ‑‑ yay. I'd like to thank everybody on our show. Obviously, our intrepid, hilarious writers. Huge shout‑out to them, of course. And specifically, to Tony Roche, Simon Blackwell, and Chris Addison our director without whom we couldn't do this program. And our great cast whom I adore and all of our producers and all of our crew who work so hard. And, of course, our superb leader, Armando Iannucci. I mean, come on, forget about it. But I have to say this show is very dense, as you might notice, and it takes ‑‑ it's a huge labor of love, and every labor of love takes a lot of labor, so a lot of labor. This one particularly. So I really want to thank everybody on the show for having such extraordinary grace under pressure and for having so much fun. Thank you. Thank you. And thank you. "
Also joining Louis-Dreyfus in this category for Outstanding Lead Actress were Lena Dunham for "Girls," Melissa McCarthy for "Mike & Molly," Edie Falco for "Nurse Jackie," Taylor Schilling for "Orange is the New Black" and Amy Poehler for "Parks and Recreation."
The Emmy wins for "Veep" for Louis-Dreyfus were not the actress's only repeat wins. She had previously won for her former series "The New Adventures of Old Christine" and "Seinfeld."
For more coverage of tonight's Emmys, check back to this page.


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I copied and pasted this from another forum I'm a member of (sigtalk.com for all you sig fans) and just didn't feel like typing again..... The same application's apply, but I kind of want another view on this. Please bear with me..
Which would you choose? Which would you carry?
I like the p229. I like the way it shoots, I like how (in 9mm) the weight mitigates recoil and makes target reacquisition quicker. I have never shot it in any other caliber. New, they are like 1000$, which all of you should know. They are rather ubiquitous, so parts are easy to find. 9mm p229's are rare, in my area.
I have never held a p228, let alone shoot one. I want it in 9mm, which is this model's sole chambering. The ones I am looking at are swiss police trade-in, which means it's stamped. This, to me, is rather desirable. I feel like this gives the gun a story. They are german-made. They are NOT CPO, so they have no warranty (repairs are out of pocket). I don't know how easy parts are to find for it. They have holster wear, but it will be in a holster anyway, so that doesn't bother me. p228's are not common, but not rare, but are increasing in rarity. The p229 apparently replaced the p228, so I can only assume that they are approximately the same size, save for weight as the p229 is built on a .40 caliber chambering. Heavier slide and all that, something everyone on here probably already know.
Both will remain unmodified. No aftermarket trigger work, no lights (maybe night sights as it is going to be my carry), no lasers, no nothing.
In this respect, I have looked around and found they are rather similarly sized, as the p229 was the "replacement" for the p228. P228's are, as I have come to find, are classics. I choose 9mm because I find it more then adequate in defense (with the right ammo) and because they are more economic to shoot and practice with.
Just as a way of reference, I am 5'11", 155-ish pounds. I do not currently carry, my permit hasn't arrived. I can't carry a full size duty pistol, I carry my p250 full size (home-defender), by way of what I consider a full sized pistol. I cannot move adequately without having to readjust, especially when sitting. I do not want a "subcompact." My hands are smallish, but I have long fingers and big palms. Because of this, my pinky (and in some cases, ring ringer too) hang off the bottom. To me, a gun carries on the hip (or appendix, or shoulder, or whatever) is a COMFORTING experience, not a comfortable one.
I prefer hammer fired, and I prefer Sig. I like their fit and finish. I like their history. These are the guns I have kind of settled on, beating out numerous CZ, FNH, Glock (at one point), H&K, S&W, and others. No gripes about them, they just don't feel right to me. I have shot numerous of each in the recent days and spent much money on gun rental....
I know that I have started a lot of "this or that" threads lately, and I am sorry for this. This is the first one that I am trying to get some actual information from. I don't make a lot of money, so this is why I need some SERIOUS opinion. Money must be wisely spent, and I probably can't buy another gun for a LONG time, so I am trying to amass as much information as possible on a carry gun.
Thank you all for any, and all, information you can give me on this.


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Jergens ® Original Scent Cherry-Almond Moisturizer transforms dry skin into beautifully soft skin. This lotion leaves skin silky and subtly fragranced with our classic cherry-almond scent.
Used For: Moisturizing
Product Form: Lotion
Health Concern: Dry Skin
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- Made in the USA or Imported
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View more details about this item, using the latest information direct from the manufacturer.see more details


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It isn't easy, but much of the time I try not to think about critics. However, next month I won't have any choice. I've just been asked to chair a debate during "How the Light gets in" – the philosophy and music festival in Hay on Wye at the beginning of June. The subject is "I know what I like – is the critic a dying voice in our culture?" And today I'm asking myself whether I have the necessary credentials for the task.
For most of my professional life I've been a poacher rather than a gamekeeper. As a television producer and an arts executive, for thirty years I was firmly on the side of the creators rather than the judges. Yet in my youth I sometimes wore a gamekeeper's deerstalker and sat in judgement over others' creative efforts. I can recall writing dismissive op-ed pieces about the Proms in the 1970s and the Royal Opera House a decade later. Then to my embarrassment at the BBC in the 1980s and 1990s, when I took on responsibility for televising the Proms and operas from Covent Garden, I had to hang up my gamekeeper's hat. Even when I returned to writing and broadcasting, free at last to be as severe as I wished, I still couldn't work out which side I was on. Perhaps that's the ideal position from which to ask "whether the critic is a dying voice."
I'm certainly still confused on the subject. There's a new reason for my confusion which also happens to be the springboard for the debate – the exponential growth in online criticism over the past decade and the parallel decline of the print media. My friends who are critics (yes, I have a few) are all pretty desperate about the influence of the blogosphere. It's not just the dilution of judgement when the internet allows everyone to set themselves up as judge, jury and executioner. For the professional critic, online competition hits the wallet as well as the reputation. The amount of paid space in the serious press devoted to criticism has almost halved since the turn of the millennium. This means that salaried critics are now an endangered species. One former broadsheet reviewer who regularly hauled me over the coals when I was at English National Opera recently begged my sympathy because he no longer has a regular by-line. I can't say that I'm brushing away the tears but the general critical climate worries me.
Forget the arts for a moment and consider the impact of online criticism on the hospitality industry. TripAdvisor has actually faced legal action over anonymous reviews of hotels and restaurants. When serious money is at stake, unattributed criticism is more than an irritant – it's a financial threat. It's not quite the same in the performing arts. At ENO I was surprised and delighted to discover that the elusive force known as "word of mouth" can overcome even the most savage press reactions. More than one show panned by the press still played to full houses and put two fingers up to its detractors. But these days rumblings on the net spread even faster than word of mouth. In the age of social media and 4G phones a show can die while the performers are still on stage singing or acting their hearts out. Viral opinion can kill as well as promote. Which drives me back to the single question: what is criticism actually for?
For consumer websites the answer is obvious. They are there to help punters choose in an overcrowded market. A trusted site can warn you off a lousy dinner or a grim hotel bedroom. But what engenders that trust? Is it simply finding a critic whose tastes you share? In that case anonymity isn't very helpful. And what about criticism of one-off unrepeated events – a concert or a television programme? This was my own problem thirty years ago and remains so today. I remember arguing with one distinguished arts editor about the way in which TV columnists had turned into up-market court jesters. And that was in the days when celebrated playwrights and novelists like Dennis Potter, Martin Amis and Julian Barnes regularly reviewed for the New Stateman. It wasn't that their reviews were superficial or unfair. They weren't. But their flippant style encouraged a climate of opinion which dismissed all television as trivial and ephemeral. As a producer of serious arts programmes I was worried that it threatened the genre as a whole. Thirty years later, this prophesy seems to have been fulfilled. When some critics complained last week that challenging arts documentaries were being jostled off the screen by programmes like Maestro at the Opera, you might say that they only have themselves to blame.
Isn't there another role for the critic beyond awarding points? The greatest critics of the past certainly thought so. Shaw and Granville-Barker considered themselves responsible for the future of the art form itself. But of course they were poachers and gamekeepers combined. So were Potter, Amis and Barnes whenever their reviews engaged with serious issues. And this is not just nostalgia for times long past. In our own time, Tom Sutcliffe in the Independent and Miranda Sawyer in The Observer both maintain the highest standards even though they know that creative broadcasting dissolves into the ether within days. But they are honourable exceptions. Even if broadcast criticism survives the online onslaught other genres are much more vulnerable. When the broadsheets devote four times as much space to commercial pop as they do to classical music it's as demoralising for the critics as the creators. How does it feel being jointly marginalized by the internet and shifting taste? I hope that the session at Hay on June 5th (http://howthelightgetsin.org) will be about more than just the future of criticism in a multi-platform world. It should really be about our collective responsibility for the future of the arts themselves and who guards the guardians. If you happen to find yourself in the Welsh marches at the beginning of June, come along and argue the toss.


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Stress is one of the things that can make people feel the most tired and worn out. Human bodies have traditionally not had to deal with as much mental stress as we currently have today. With so many different things going on, it is hard to focus on enjoyment in life, which is what really matters. There are plenty of ways to get short-term gratification and enjoyment, such as eating unhealthy, but good tasting foods. Other bad habits include drinking and smoking, but there are some sustainable ways to educate yourself and improve health with travel.
Even a weekend getaway or a short trip around a city can have vast improvements on the health of an individual. Some tours in UK show single cities with a few of the most famous sites. Typically the cost is minimal, but the point is to get away and relax a little bit. This has profound impacts on a few major hormones in the body:
Cortisol - This is the main stress hormone and it is responsible for a lot of the fat gain around the midsection and stomach area. While there are plenty of reasons (like overeating) that cause fat, stress itself can be a major factor. By traveling and getting your mind off of work, you can reduce your cortisol and live a healthier lifestyle.
Adrenaline - Also called norepinephrine, this hormone is one of the most important for the "fight or flight" reflex. By traveling, you can bring this back into balance so that you are not always on the edge and ready to "pounce". Typically you can see a lot of problems with excess adrenaline, which is why taking a break is the best choice.


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We currently operate 12 satellites in geosynchonous orbit, which means their position appears to be fixed when viewed from the Earth.
We position our satellites to transmit radio beams in two global configurations, covering the oceans and the major landmasses. Their combined footprints provide seamless worldwide communications coverage, except in the extreme polar regions.
As Inmarsat was founded as a maritime communications operator, our first wholly-owned constellations – the Inmarsat-2 and Inmarsat-3 series – were positioned above the world's sea-lanes to form four ocean regions:
The Inmarsat-2 satellites were decommissioned in 2013 and 2014 after more than doubling their expected lifespan of 10 years.
Following the full deployment of the Inmarsat-4 (I-4) satellite constellation in 2009, a further three satellite regions were created over the Earth's major landmasses. They are:


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A probationer is accused of dealing heroin, methamphetamine and pills in Dearborn County.
Local News
Deputy Finds Drugs During Probation Home Check
Pedestrian Struck On Jamison Road
A pedestrian was struck by a vehicle Thursday morning in Bright.
Brothers Arrested For Theft Of Ginseng Root
Indiana Conservation Officers arrested a pair brothers Wednesday for allegedly taking ginseng root.
Cole Lane Closed For Nine Days
A road closure in the Aurora area begins Thursday.
Gallatin Steel Purchased For $770M
A local steel mill is being bought by Nucor Corp., making that company the nation's largest steelmaker by capacity.
EPA Extends Comment Period For Proposed CO2 Regulations
Indiana's state and national lawmakers are getting their wish for an extension to a federal Environmental Protection Agency deadline.
Woody's Jamboree Will Rock Aurora This Weekend
Country music fans will descend upon Veraestau in Aurora this weekend.
Ohio School Grades: Southwest Local "Pleased"
Southwest Local Schools receive an A and Three Rivers Local Schools earn a B for the standards met on the newest school report cards from the Ohio Department of Education.
Survey Finds Too Many Children Moving Out Of Booster Seats Too Soon
Kids may often want to act like grown-ups, but experts say riding in a car without a safety seat is something that should be put off for as long as possible.
Front Street Closed Wednesday
A section of Front Street in downtown Lawrenceburg will be closed for a few hours Wednesday.


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Thank you so much for helping support our countries educational future.
This week has seen protests in capital cities. The Commission of Audit is still being examined, we need all the signatures we can get. I know some people have said that it's not going to happen and that we're wasting out time, if the Abbott Government and the auditors feel that this is too large of a debt for the country to have, many of us all are not going to be able to afford the costs of tertiary education.
The Government's Commission of Audit could see the abolition of the country's current University HECS/FeeHELP Debt systems.
It has became apparent in the news today (Wed, Oct 16) that the Abbott Government want to sell Australia's HECS/FeeHELP Debt system to the private sector. In the Government's Commission of Audit, which is likely to take place in a few days time, the Abbott Government and treasurer Joe Hockey, will look into the spending in an attempt to reduce the country's deficit, which was more than $500 million lower than expected.
The Abbott Government will sell off the system to the private sector, which will inevitably see our universities operating with dwindling numbers, while those that still attend work two jobs just to support themselves on top of their exorbitant student loan fees and a lowered salary threshold.
Mr Abbott, Mr Hockey, and Mr Pyne, please don't sell our country's future education to faceless corporate entities. America is currently facing a $1.2 Trillion college debt, and that's before they graduate to earn enough to begin paying it off.
Problem on this page? Briefly let us know what isn't working for you and we'll try to make it right!


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Hi experts,
We have scenario where we will have up to 50 characteristics in a single DIR type. The characteristics can be grouped in 8 different groups and I now wonder what best practice is.
To start with I added all characteristics in one class(Class "DIR) which I defined for my DIR Type.
This is working fine but then I read that you should not have "too many" characteristics in one class. I then created 8 new classes which all are inheriting down their characteristics to Class "DIR" (Ie, class DIR is the child class)
This solution also seems to work fine.
-Is there another way of doing this and what are the pros and cons?
(I also tried to have class "DIR" as the partent class but in this way the characteristics in the subclasses where not shown by default in my DIR)
-How many are "too many" characteristics?
50 characteristics for a single DIR is unusually high!! Please see if object dependencies in Classification can help you to simplify scenarios and bring down the actual number of characteristics required for various scenarios.
Pradeepkumar Haragoldavar
Thanks for your answer
Yes, I agree that the number of characteristics are high
Unfortunately we can't reduced the number of characteristics that much. Do you ahve any advise regarding the class?
Should we try to split them into several classes or is it no point in doing so?
Best Regards
But r
Like i indicated earlier,the easiest approach for you to optimize your solution is by classifying your characteristics under categories and then applying object dependencies.
Using this, you can ensure,for example,that a 17 inch LCD monitor is always associated with a desktop.It will help you bring down the number of characteristics applicable for a DIR.This is critical since the number of characteristics also plays a role in the search performance in DMS.
Pradeepkumar Haragoldavar
Thanks Pradeepkumar,
I have looked at the object dependencies and this is reducing the number of characteristics a little bit but i still have quite many to handle.
Just to confirm, regarding performance it's only object dependencies(reducing number of characteristics) that will affect it?
So it doesn't matter if I use one or several classes?
(execpt for maintainenace)
Just to confirm, regarding performance it's only object dependencies(reducing number of characteristics) that will affect it?
Obj dependencies optimization is one of the critical areas that can enhance search performance!! Typically, when the search function is carried out in combination with document data and classification data, it results in poor response time.You may want to look at BADI_DOCUMENT_SEARCH01 for influencing the search sequence to improve the performance.
So it doesn't matter if I use one or several classes?
Not unless you intend to reuse the classes elsewhere,else even one class would suffice.
Pradeepkumar Haragoldavar


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Cheshire High School - World Languages
World Languages are the keys to the whole world! The emphasis in all world language classes is the ability to communicate in the target language. Language classes integrate the study of geography, art, architecture, history, and literature with writing, speaking, and listening skills. Higher order thinking skills are addressed through problem-solving situations in the target language. Latin classes emphasize increasing vocabulary skills for SAT testing. Challenging Advanced Placement courses in French, Spanish, Latin, and German employ primary documents, sophisticated literature, and complex cultural content. Exciting student foreign exchange and travel programs to Spanish, French, German and Italian speaking countries complement language study.
World Language study is an important adjunct skill to any professional or technical career, complimenting and enhancing this training, therefore making it a pivotal part of all eight career clusters.
What can I do with a major in Foreign Languages?
World Languages Department Members


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127 Reviews
Spork yeah!
- Item #SNO0007
Tech Specs
Tech Specs
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
What more can you say about the Ti Spork, besides that it does what it is supposed to? It lets me eat my meals without worrying about my spork breaking. Lightweight, quality craftsmanship.
When digging into the bottom of my Mountain House, my hand tends to get covered with whatever remains on the side of the package. A small price to pay for a well built eating utensil that will last longer than my lifetime.
Feel free to contact me with any questions or to place an order. I would be happy to provide you with a personalized experience here at Backcounty!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Whether I'm car camping or hoofing it deep into the wilderness, this is an essential for me. It's lightweight, durable, easy to clean and gets all kinds of food up in my food-hole. Hell, I even keep one at my desk for lunches at work. You can't go wrong.
Sure. Why not.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
It's a spork, man. It puts food in your face. You only need one, and it's lightweight, so double bonus. I've eaten soup and chili, both are easily consumed in spite of the tines. Smooth to the touch, and easy to clean.
No more broken sporks
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
If you're like me, you have broken more than your fair share of sporks in the peanut butter jar, but have no fear, the Snow Peak Titanium Spork is here to save the day! Use it for peanut butter, dehydrated meals, granola in the morning, or anything else that you might be chomping down in the Backcountry. Everyone should have a spork for camping and titanium is the perfect material for a durable make without adding the weight. A great choice at the price!
Gets the job done
Nice sturdy and light all in one utensil. No cons.
Sporking good time!!!!
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
If a spoon and a fork had "relations" you'd get this frankensteinish invention. Does the job and well it's just fun saying Spork! Sporkworthy!!!
Spork Me!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I picked this up because I got tired of having goopy hands after trying to eat out of dehydrated meal packages with too short of a utensil. Its light, easy to clean, and will not melt like plastic utensils will. It has been my spork in the backcountry backpacking for a number of years now. Its still like new! Love my Titanium Spork!
Does the job
Perfect tool for the task. Super light, very small, and with no metallic taste. Essential for backpacking and doesn't break the bank considering how much use it will get.
sweet spork
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
luv this thing use it at home all the time sharp on the sides cuts through stuff and scoops a ton !!!
Essential for every meal
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
This is by far my favorite eating tool and I had to buy multiple as one was always dirty as I seriously use it for every meal. You can bend the handle a bit to fit perfectly in your hand and unlike many sporks, this one actually does a fine job as a fork and as a spoon. Be prepared to buy multiple of these as well as fall in love with the rest of the Ti offerings from Snow Peak!
Light yet Sturdy
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
The spork is light yet solidly built, I wish it came with a pouch like some other brands for easy carrying. I take it with me when traveling to cut down on disposable cutlery and it fits inside my lunch box for taking home after a meal as well.
Classic spork
Light and you can eat with it.
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Super light, robust, and a great "classic" design. Definitely a must get!
Consider me sporked
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Its a Ti spork - its awesome. The best part is you can brag to your friends about how lightweight yet functional your utensils are.
Very light spork!
This spork is very light and hardly noticeable. Would buy more of them again! For points could be sharper but holds up the food.
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
When I was shopping around for a lightweight camping utensil and spatula I kept coming back to the Snow Peak products. I ended up purchasing the spork and hybrid spatula separately, not knowing they were compatible together or were available in a combo kit (smooth move on my part...not!)
When I got my package, I was happy to find out they fit together, making the handles longer and easier for eating out of camping meal packages.
The spork itself is light, compact, durable, and great for camping. It also comes in fun colors. The only downfall is you can't use it with lined pots and pans or you will scratch them, but this goes for any metal utensil.
Spatula link: http://www.backcountry.com/snow-peak-hybrid-spatula
Combo kit: http://www.backcountry.com/snow-peak-hybrid-spatula-spork-combo
Colored sporks: http://www.backcountry.com/snow-peak-colored-titanium-spork
Now...if I can figure out where.The.HECK! I put mine...Grrrrrrr...but Snow Peak Titanium Anything has a fan here.
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
It works exactly for what it is supposed to do! But it is super fun to anodize it fun colors with a propane torch! Wash it watch alcohol then heat to your desired color!
Get it and be happy
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Light, strong, and necessary. Don't be stupid. Get titanium and smile.
I finally got Sporked.
I finally bought a Snow Peak Spork. I had been looking at them for awhile and thought I would give it a try.
It is light and it has a good surface area so you can get a good amount of grub into your mouth with each sporkful.
It isn't really a great spoon and it really isn't a great fork but it covers two bases at once.
I almost wish I would have gotten the shorter version of Snow Peaks Spork because the handle is a little long to stash in some nesting pot setups. It is also a little short to be good with eating out of freeze dried meal pouches. So I feel the benefit of a shorter handle would be a greater benefit. But at least they do make one that is shorter.
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
It's pretty much all been said, but to reinforce everyone else's opinion, It's awesome.
I will add one thing though, not a huge issue but it would be nice to see a version of this that is maybe an about a half inch shorter or so, for storage purposes. I had a little trouble the first trip I used it on, I was trying to store it in my food container and it was just a couple Cm long. However I improvised and just bent the tip back a little bit and created a nice little "ladle" style hook for it.
I am looking for a good quality spork for...
I am looking for a good quality spork for my daughter to use that is made in the good ole USA. could anyone tell me if this one is made here?
snow peak is based in japan....so a good chance it comes from there.


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Child Care Specialist Careers
Find accredited programs in:
A true labor of love, caring for children is a fulfilling job in an industry that does not get the respect it deserves. Child Care Specialists care for children in child care centers, pre-schools, the children's homes, and sometimes in their own homes. Child care specialists are responsible for children's safety and for their social, emotional, and physical well-being. Child care duties include:
- Maintaining a safe and nurturing environment
- Engaging children in developmentally appropriate activities
- Teaching social skills
- Fostering learning skills and school readiness
- Providing nutritious snacks or meals
- Communicating with parents
Child care teachers and directors typically hold college degrees, while the lowest-paid jobs may require only a diploma or vocational certificate. As education gains attention in the U.S., programs offering a child care specialist or early childhood education associate's degree are on the rise. Employers sometimes prefer job applicants who have earned these nationally recognized credentials:
- Child Development Associate (CDA), awarded by the Council for Professional Recognition
- Certified Child Care Professional, awarded by the National Child Care Association
Child care worker training and licensing requirements vary among states but a license is usually required for services provided in a caregiver's home just as it is for centers and schools. Local governments and insurance companies sometimes have requirements as well.
Many child care specialists work part-time or are self-employed. The median hourly wage for child care workers in 2004 was $8.06. Job opportunities are good.
Let the CourseAdvisor Wizard match you to the right program:
CourseAdvisor Wizard
Source: Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-2007 Edition, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.


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July 24, 2014
CENTER VALLEY, Pa. - Patriot League Executive Director Carolyn Schlie Femovich announced Thursday the addition of the University of Richmond as an associate member in the sport of women's golf. The Spiders will begin competing in the sport during the 2014-15 campaign and make the Patriot League eligible for an automatic NCAA Tournament berth as the sixth participating team.
"We are very pleased to welcome the University of Richmond as an associate member in women's golf," Femovich said. "They share the strong academic and athletic ideals that exemplify the League and enhance the competition in the sport by making the Patriot League eligible for an NCAA Tournament berth."
"We are extremely grateful to Executive Director Carolyn Schlie Femovich and all the member institutions of the Patriot League for affording for our women's golf the opportunity to compete within the conference," Richmond Associate Director of Athletics and Senior Women's Administrator LaRee Sugg said. "Our coaching staff and student-athletes are enthusiastically motivated to positively contribute to the League's continued growth and success. We researched a number of conferences in an effort to identify the association that best aligns with the established goals of our women's golf program and institution as a whole and through that research, the Patriot League was the clear choice."
The Spiders placed eighth in the Colonial Athletic Association Championship in April, and will have a first-year head coach as Ali Wright was hired to take over the program in June. The Spiders join full-time Patriot League members Boston University, Bucknell University, the College of Holy Cross, Lehigh University and the United States Naval Academy as participants in Patriot League women's golf. The sport will enter its third season in the Patriot League in 2014-15, with Lehigh (2013) and Bucknell (2014) claiming the first two League titles.
About the Patriot League
The Patriot League continually demonstrates that student-athletes can excel at both academics and athletics without sacrificing its high standards. The Patriot League's athletic success is achieved while its member institutions remain committed to its founding principle of admitting and graduating student-athletes that are academically representative of their class. Participation in athletics at Patriot League institutions is viewed as an important component of a well-rounded education.
About University of Richmond
The University of Richmond blends the intimacy of a small college with exceptional academic, research and cultural facilities and opportunities usually found only at large institutions. It offers a unique combination of undergraduate and graduate programs through its schools of arts and sciences, business, leadership studies, law and continuing studies.
Richmond is recognized by virtually every college guide as one of America's best private, liberal arts universities. U.S. News & World Report, The Princeton Review, Kiplinger's Personal Finance and SmartMoney rank Richmond as a best value for educational quality and affordability. U.S. News ranks Richmond in the top tier of national liberal arts universities, giving it special note as a "Top Up-and-Coming School." Newsweek cited Richmond as the "hottest school" for study-abroad, and BusinessWeek ranks the university's Robins School of Business in the nation's top 20.
University of Richmond is one of just a few colleges in the nation to be both need-blind in making admission decisions for domestic undergraduate students and committed to meeting 100 percent of demonstrated need for all accepted students.


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780-466-2002 Fax: 780-466-9554
Wal-Mart is one of the major players in the world of discount department stores.
|Store Type |
|Department Stores
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|Interac, MasterCard, American Express, Visa
|Neighbourhood |
|Cross Street |
|101AVE & 50th ST
|Mon - Sun: 8AM - 10PM
Profile Last Updated: October 16, 2008
Featuring over 3,800 facilities in the United States alone, with more than 2,600 additional facilities scattered throughout Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, the United Kingdom, Korea, Japan, China and Germany, Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated is one of the major players in the world of discount department stores! And with more than $312.4 billion in sales for the fiscal year ending January 31st, 2005, Wal-Mart now boasts the title of the world's largest retailer. Shattering all other department store records, more than 176 million people worldwide visit Wal-Mart every week for the best deals on a wide range of household items.
Specialty Services
Founded in 1962 by Sam Walton, the first Wal-Mart store opened its doors to the public in Rogers, Arkansas. Built on a philosophy of customer service and a motto of "everyday low prices," Wal-Mart quickly gained a reputation amongst consumers as one of the best places to shop. Selling an array of household products like pots and pans, cleaning products, clothes, lamps, CDs and electronic equipment, light bulbs, sheets and linen, pillows and plants, as well as bulk foods, toys and personal hygiene products, Wal-Mart is your one-stop shopping Mecca! The store also features specialty departments like a photo development centre, pharmacy and automobile centre with limited services.