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International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 794920, 10 pages
Dynamic Sensor Scheduling for Thermal Management in Biological Wireless Sensor Networks
1Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
2Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
Received 26 September 2012; Accepted 13 March 2013
Academic Editor: Nadjib Achir
Copyright © 2013 Yahya Osais et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Biological sensors are a very promising technology that will take healthcare to the next level. However, there are obstacles that must be overcome before the full potential of this technology can be realized. One such obstacle is that the heat generated by biological sensors implanted into a human body might damage the tissues around them. Dynamic sensor scheduling is one way to manage and evenly distribute the generated heat. In this paper, the dynamic sensor scheduling problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP). Unlike previous works, the temperature increase in the tissues caused by the generated heat is incorporated into the model. The solution of the model gives an optimal policy that when executed will result in the maximum possible network lifetime under a constraint on the maximum temperature level tolerable by the patient's body. In order to obtain the optimal policy in a lesser amount of time, two specific types of states are aggregated to produce a considerably smaller MDP model equivalent to the original one. Numerical and simulation results are presented to show the validity of the model and superiority of the optimal policy produced by it when compared with two policies one of which is specifically designed for biological wireless sensor networks.
1. Introduction
Biological wireless sensor networks (BWSNs) are networks made up of biological sensors (biosensors, for short) which are tiny wireless devices attached or implanted into the body of a human or animal to monitor and control biological processes. They have originated because of the need to improve and modernize healthcare. The sensing elements in biosensors are biological materials such as enzymes and antibodies. They are integrated into transducers for producing electrical signals in response to biological reactions and changes.
A famous application of BWSNs is the geodesic sensor network developed by EGI corporation [1]. In this application, a cap-based system of electrodes is worn by a patient for continuous brain monitoring. Figure 1 shows a girl wearing a geodesic sensor network. The sensor network collects electroencephalographical (EEG) measurements of the brain and delivers them to a controller which processes them and displays the results. Another example is glucose biosensors which monitor the blood glucose level in a diabetic patient. They can be used to optimally control the infusion of insulin into the patient or to initiate a prompt medical intervention. An example of glucose biosensors can be found in [2].
In addition to being energy-constrained, biosensors are also temperature-constrained. This is due to the heat generated as a result of their operation in temperature-sensitive environments like the human body. Radiation which is mainly due to wireless communication is the major source of heat. (Another major source of heat is the radiation due to RF recharging in rechargeable BWSNs. This source of heat is not considered here since we are assuming nonrechargeable biosensors.) The tissues surrounding biosensors absorb the RF energy which gets transformed into heat. This effect is balanced by the human thermoregulatory system. However, if the generated heat is larger than what can be drained, the temperature of the tissues rises. If the blood flow is not sufficient, the affected tissues might be damaged.
Thermal effects caused by biosensors are a major obstacle in the road to realizing the full vision for BWSNs. These effects can be mitigated through the use of effective thermal management techniques. One such technique is the dynamic scheduling of the transmission of biosensor measurements. As will be shown, this technique is very effective in reducing the temperature rise in the tissues due to heating. In this paper, the thermal management problem in BWSNs is studied. It is shown how it can be modeled as a stochastic control problem. Randomness is present due to the random behavior of the wireless channel between biosensors and the base station where measurements are collected and processed.
Toward that end, the framework of MDPs is used to build a mathematical model of the BWSNs under study. The model is then solved to obtain a policy which dictates how the BWSN should be operated in order to avoid a hazardous temperature increase. The obtained policy can achieve the best balance between transmission energy consumption and temperature increase. It also results in the minimum temperature increase when compared to existing policies.
In order to reduce the size of the MDP model, state aggregation is used. Two classes of system states are identified. A considerable reduction in the size of the MDP model is achieved when the states in these two classes are aggregated. The equivalence of the reduced MDP model to the original one is established and the reduction in model size is shown. A reduction of as high as 79% can be achieved.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. First, the necessary background information is given. Second, the available literature is briefly reviewed. Third, the system under study is described. Then, its MDP model is presented. After that, the minimization of the size of the MDP model using state aggregation is discussed. Then, numerical and simulation results are presented within the context of an example to illustrate the viability of the MDP model. Finally, conclusions and directions for further research are given.
2. Background
This section presents the necessary information to understand how temperature increase is calculated. It also briefly explains MDPs and points out some approaches for handling their state explosion problem.
2.1. Calculating Temperature Increase
RF signals used for wireless communication and recharge of implanted biosensors produce electrical and magnetic fields. When a human gets exposed to electromagnetic fields, the absorbed radiation gets converted into heat which manifests itself as a temperature increase inside the tissues. This phenomenon is balanced by the human thermoregulatory system. If the generated heat is larger than what can be drained, the temperature of the tissues will rise. The tissues might be damaged if the generated heat cannot be regulated by the blood circulation system.
The level of radiation absorbed by the human body when exposed to RF radiation is measured by the specific absorption rate (SAR) which is expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/Kg). SAR records the rate at which radiation energy is absorbed per unit mass of tissue [3]. SAR is a point quantity. That is, its value varies from one location to another. SAR in the near field (i.e., the space around the antenna of the biosensor) causes the heating of the tissue surrounding the biosensor. It is a function of the current provided to the antenna of the biosensor. As an example to appreciate the importance of this measure, it was reported in [4] that an exposure to an SAR of 8 W/Kg in any gram of tissue in the head for 15 minutes may result in tissue damage.
The Pennes's bioheat equation [5] is the standard for calculating the temperature increase in the body due to heating. This equation can be transformed into a discrete form by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [6]. Basically, the area under consideration is divided into cells and the temperature is evaluated in a grid of points defined at the centers of the cells. It is assumed that the temperature of the surrounding cell points is the normal body temperature (i.e., 37°C).
2.2. Markov Decision Processes
An MDP is a model of a dynamic system whose behavior varies with time. The elements of an MDP model are the following [7]:(1)system states,(2)possible actions at each system state,(3)a reward or cost associated with each possible state-action pair,(4)next state transition probabilities for each possible state-action pair.
The solution of an MDP model (referred to as a policy) gives a rule for choosing an action at each possible system state. If the policy chooses an action at time depending only on the state of the system at time , it is referred to as a stationary policy. An optimal stationary policy exists over the class of all policies if every stationary policy gives rise to an irreducible Markov chain. This means that one can limit the attention to the class of stationary policies.
An interesting class of MDPs is the class of MDPs with a terminating state. This state is reached with probability one in a finite number of steps. The number of steps represents the lifetime of the Markovian process induced by the MDP model (hence, the lifetime of the modeled system). The solution of the model is a policy which drives the system into the terminating state while optimizing an objective function which may include the lifetime of the system as a parameter.
In order to obtain a policy from an MDP model, it is necessary to form and solve the so-called optimality equation (or Bellman equation). The following is the standard form of this equation with the maximization operator [8]: where is the iteration index, is the set of system states (), is the set of actions possible when the system is at state , is the reward/cost per step, is the system state transition probability matrix, and is the optimal value of the objective function when the system is started at state and the optimal policy is followed.
Equation (1) can be solved using the classical policy iteration, value iteration, and relative value iteration algorithms [8]. However, these algorithms become impractical when the number of system states is large. In such situations, one typically resorts to approximate techniques such as in [9–12]. Another solution for the problem of state explosion is state aggregation [13–17]. In this technique, using some notion of equivalence, equivalent states are combined into one class which is represented by a single state in the reduced MDP model. The new MDP model is equivalent to the original one but with significantly fewer states. In this paper, this technique is used to aggregate two kinds of system states.
3. Related Work
The research on the possible biological effects caused by biosensors and how to mitigate those effects is very recent. Most of the existing research deals with other technical issues such as energy efficiency and quality of service. In this section, we briefly review the limited available literature.
The effect of leadership rotation on a cluster-based biological WSN was studied in [18]. It was observed that rotating the role of which node collects measurements from other sensors and delivers them to the base station can significantly reduce the temperature increase in tissues due to wireless communication. The computation of an optimal rotation sequence involves using the Pennes's bioheat equation [5] and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [6] to calculate the temperature increase due to a sequence. Because of its time requirement, the authors proposed another scheme to calculate the temperature increase. It is referred to as the temperature increase potential (TIP). It efficiently estimates the temperature increase of a sequence. Using this scheme and a genetic algorithm, they were able to find the minimum temperature increase rotation sequence. They, however, did not consider the effect of the wireless channel and limited energy.
The issue of routing in biological WSNs was studied in [19]. The authors proposed a thermal-aware routing protocol that routes the data away from high temperature areas referred to as hot spots. The location of a biosensor becomes a hot spot if the temperature of the biosensor exceeds a predefined threshold. The proposed protocol achieves a better balance of temperature increase and shows the capability of load balance.
In [20], the sensor scheduling problem is formulated as an MDP. The objective is to find an operating policy that maximizes the network lifetime. The state of a sensor is characterized by its current energy level only. Three kinds of channel state information are considered: global, channel statistics, and local. Considering only the energy level at each sensor gives rise to an acyclic (i.e., loop-free) transition graph which enables the MDP model to converge in one iteration. On the other hand, if the temperature of each sensor is included in the model, the transition graph of the underlying MDP becomes cyclic. This is because when the sensor cools down (i.e., its temperature decreases), it transitions back to a less hot state. An MDP model whose transition graph is cyclic needs more time to converge.
Dynamic sensor activation in networks of rechargeable sensors is considered in [21]. The objective is to find an activation policy that maximizes the event detection probability under the constraint of slow rate of recharge of the sensor. The state of the system is characterized by the energy level of the sensor and whether or not an event would occur in the next time slot. The recharge event is random and recharges the sensor with a constant charge. The model does not include the state of the wireless channel which is very crucial when temperature is considered.
Body sensor networks [22] with energy harvesting capabilities are another kind of WSNs in which each sensor has an energy harvesting device that collects energy from ambient sources such as vibration, light, and heat. In this way, the more costly recharging method which uses radiation is avoided. The interaction between the battery recharge process and transmission with different energy levels is studied in [23]. The proposed policies utilize the sensor's knowledge of its current energy level and the state of the processes governing the generation of data and battery recharge to select the appropriate transmission mode for a given state of the network.
4. System Model
Figure 2 shows a BWSN consisting of three biosensors implanted into the body of a patient. The biosensors communicate with an access point (or base station) over a wireless channel. The wireless access point initiates the data collection process by determining which biosensor is going to transmit the next measurement. A biosensor is selected for transmission based on the current network state and some policies. The wireless access point is assumed to know the global channel state information (CSI) of the wireless channel and the state of each biosensor at each point in time. It is assumed that the instantaneous received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) fully characterizes the state of the wireless channel.
The setup in Figure 2 can mathematically be modeled as a discrete-state system which evolves in discrete time. Thus, the time axis is divided into slots of equal duration and time is the time interval . The state of the system represents its condition at the beginning of a time slot. Control (i.e., which biosensor to choose next) can only be exercised at the beginning of a time slot and not at any other time during the slot. For example, the current temperature and remaining energy of each biosensor and the CSI of the wireless channel are used to represent the state of the system in Figure 2. Also, the number of biosensors is used to represent the number of possible control actions that can be used to control the evolution of the system.
The system in Figure 2 works as follows. At the beginning of each time slot, a biosensor is selected by the base station to transmit its measurement. As a result, the energy and temperature of the selected biosensor change according to its transmission energy requirement which is determined by the state of the wireless channel. Also, the temperature of the neighbors of the selected biosensor increases based on the amount of energy used in the transmission. On the other hand, the temperature of the nonneighboring biosensors decreases. The change in the temperature of the biosensors can be calculated using the Pennes's bioheat equation and the FDTD method (for more details, see Section 2.1.). However, due to the large simulation time required before the temperature change reaches a steady state, this approach is not followed here. Instead, the temperature decrease is assumed to be a constant reduction which occurs whenever the biosensor is not transmitting and not a neighbor of a transmitting biosensor. The temperature increase is also assumed to be directly proportional to the energy consumed by the transmitting biosensor.
Clearly, from the previous description, the location of a biosensor represents a critical point since it experiences the maximum temperature increase. This is because the tissues surrounding a biosensor might be heated continuously due to the local radiation generated by the biosensor itself and the radiation generated by its neighbors.
Let be the set of biosensors which have been surgically implanted in the body of a patient and at known locations. Also, let be the set of biosensors which are neighbors to biosensor . Different criteria can be used to compute this set. In this work, the Euclidean distance between biosensors is used. Each biosensor has a battery with an initial energy of and a maximum safe temperature level which must not be exceeded. In each time slot , the state of a biosensor is characterized by two variables which are the current temperature and remaining energy . The energy required for a biosensor to successfully transmit its measurement to the base station is determined by the state of the wireless channel in time slot in which it is scheduled. This transmission energy is a random variable that is denoted by and is IID over all sensors and time slots. Due to hardware and power limitations, is discretely distributed over a finite set , where and is the energy consumed by a biosensor in transmitting its measurement at the th power level.
At the end of each time slot, the energy level at each biosensor is given by the following equation: where is the index of the sensor selected for transmission. Similarly, the temperature of each biosensor is given by the following equation: where is a function of the transmission power and current temperature of the sensor scheduled for transmission and is the amount by which the temperature of a nonneighboring sensor decreases. The symbol denotes the logical OR operator. It should be noted that the change in temperature experienced by the scheduled biosensor and its neighbors is assumed to be the same. This is a realistic assumption since biosensors in the same neighborhood experience the same amount of radiation.
Finally, the communication between the biosensor and base station occurs over a Rayleigh fading channel with additive Gaussian noise. Hence, the instantaneous received SNR denoted by is exponentially distributed with the following probability density function [24]: where is the average received SNR.
Such a wireless channel can be modeled as a finite-state Markov chain (FSMC) [25, 26]. The model can be built as follows. For a wireless channel with states, the state boundaries (i.e, SNR thresholds) are denoted by where and . The channel is said to be in state if the SNR is between and where . It is assumed that the SNR remains the same during packet transmission and only transitions to the current or adjacent states are allowed.
The steady-state probability of the th state of the FSMC is given by and thus the state transition probabilities are where is the average number of times per unit interval that the SNR crosses level and is the packet duration. can be computed using the following equation [27]: where is the maximum Doppler frequency defined as with being the speed of the subject and being the wavelength.
Therefore, the transmission energy requirement for a biosensor follows a Markov chain with states and transition probabilities , where . This channel model has been verified to be precise when the fading process is slow [25] such as in biosensor applications.
5. MDP Model
5.1. Formulation
The purpose of the MDP formulation of the system described in the previous section is to find a policy that prescribes the best action to take in each state of the system so as to maximize the long-term expected lifetime of the system. The policy is a stationary policy which means that it is independent of time and depends only on the state of the system. Next, we give the details of the MDP model.
5.1.1. State Set
The state of the system with biosensors at time is described by a -dimensional vector. That is,
Let be the set of possible system states. Then, the number of possible system states is , where , , and are the numbers of possible temperatures, residual energies, and transmission energy levels, respectively.
The system enters a terminating state when any one of the following two conditions is true:(1)temperature of any biosensor is harmful (i.e., , where is a maximum threshold on the allowed temperature increase);(2)a biosensor cannot transmit its measurement due to lack of enough energy (i.e., ) (this condition also accounts for the case when ).
Once the system is in a terminating state, the system must be halted to protect the patient. The system can then be restored to an initial state by recharging the biosensors and letting them cool down.
5.1.2. Action Set
In each time slot, based on the current state of the system, the base station chooses an action (i.e., a biosensor to transmit its measurement). The set of possible actions consists of the indexes of all biosensors. In other words, the set of actions available in each state is .
5.1.3. Reward Function
Let be the instantaneous reward earned by the network due to action when the system is in state . Since the goal is to maximize the expected network lifetime, the reward function can be defined as which assigns a unit reward to each time slot as long as the network is in a nonterminating state. Therefore, the expected sum of rewards obtained before the network reaches a terminating state represents the network lifetime. It should be pointed out that the expectation is taken over all possible state sequences generated by a given policy.
5.1.4. Transition Probability Function
The behavior of the system is described by transition probability matrices. Each matrix is denoted by which is the probability that choosing an action when in state will lead to state . More formally, can be rewritten as follows:
5.1.5. Value Function
The thermal management problem is formulated as an infinite-horizon MDP using the average reward criterion [7]. So, let be the expected network lifetime given that the policy is used with an initial state . Then, the maximum expected network lifetime starting from state is given by
The optimal policy is the one that achieves the maximum expected network lifetime at all nonterminating states. Hence, it gives the optimal sensor transmission schedule.
The relative value iteration (RVI) algorithm [8] is used to numerically solve the following recursive equation for :
In (12), the subscript denotes the iteration index. As , .
5.2. Minimizing the Size of the MDP Model through State Aggregation
The large state space of the MDP model makes the computation of the optimal policy a highly intensive process and thus only feasible for small-scale networks. This is due to the storage and runtime requirements which are both functions of the number of possible system states. State aggregation can be used to mitigate this problem. With this technique, the state space is partitioned and the states belonging to the same partition are aggregated into one new state. Partitioning is performed by using some notion of equivalence between system states. The final result is a reduced MDP model with the same properties as the original one but significantly fewer states.
In this work, the definition of state equivalence in MDPs introduced in [14] is utilized. This definition can be stated as follows.
Definition 1 (state equivalence [14]). Two states are equivalent if and only if for every action:(1)they achieve the same immediate reward,(2)they transit to the same next states with the same transition probabilities.
For example, consider Figure 3 which shows an excerpt of the state space of an instance of the MDP model of the system in Figure 2. In this case, and are both 4. The state space has a tree-like structure in which the root is the initial state and the leaves are the terminating states. Two important classes of states are the class of terminating states and the class of final valid states (the name is just a convention to indicate that the final working state of the system before entering a terminating state always belongs to this class of states). In the former, the states are equivalent since for each action, no reward is generated and the next state is the same as the present one with a probability of one. This class of states can be identified in time. Similarly, in the latter, the states are equivalent since for each action, a reward of one unit is generated and the next state is a terminating state with probability one. This class of states can be identified in time. Additional classes of states can be identified in time. However, this is very costly in practice due to the huge number of states. Therefore, we consider only the classes of final valid states and terminating states since they are not costly to compute and provide a considerable reduction in the size of the MDP model.
The following theorem asserts that system states identified as final valid (terminating) are equivalent and thus can be represented by one final valid (terminating) state in the reduced MDP model.
Theorem 2. The system states in the class of final valid states (terminating states) are equivalent.
Proof. We provide the proof for any two system states belonging to the class of final valid states. The proof for any two states belonging to the class of terminating states is the same.
By definition, a valid system state is one at which each biosensor can make a transmission (i.e., all actions are possible). Also, by definition, a final valid system state is one at which the execution of an action generates a reward of one unit and causes the system to enter a terminating state. Since all terminating states are equivalent, the system transits to a terminating state with a probability of one.
The equivalence of the optimal policy produced by solving the reduced MDP model is established by the following theorem.
Theorem 3. The reduced MDP model produced by combining the final valid states and terminating states induces an optimal policy for the original MDP model.
Proof. Let be the new reduced set of system states. Also, let and be two equivalent system states such that and . Using mathematical induction, it can be shown that and have the same optimal value. First, we start with the base case where and for all . In this case, the optimal value for any state is just the reward for that state; that is, . Since states and are equivalent, it is implied that for all and thus . This proves the base case.
For the inductive case (i.e., ), using the induction hypothesis, the following can be shown for states and : This proves the inductive case. Therefore, it can now be established that any optimal action for state is also an optimal action for state .
Table 1 shows the percentage reduction obtained for a network with three biosensors. is varied while fixing and at 7 and 2, respectively. This considerable reduction is achieved just by aggregating the final valid and terminating states. Clearly, most of the system states fall into these two classes of system states. This can be attributed to the fact that the state space of the MDP model has a tree-like structure in which the number of leaf nodes representing terminating states is substantially large. The next substantially large number is the number of final valid states.
6. Numerical and Simulation Results
The numerical and simulation results are obtained by using the following example. Consider again the biosensor network shown in Figure 2. The biosensors are indexed from one to three. The neighbors of each biosensor are as follows:(i),(ii),(iii).
Also, the function in (3) is defined for each biosensor as The channel for each biosensor is modeled as a two-state Markov chain whose state boundary is randomly generated. A biosensor requires units of energy to successfully transmit its measurement when its channel is in state . It is assumed that . The transition probability matrix is The MDP model of the biosensor network is solved using the RVI algorithm. The initial state of the network is assumed to be . The expected network lifetime is the value calculated by the RVI algorithm for the initial state.
Figure 4 shows the expected network lifetime for different levels of initial energy () and maximum allowed temperature increase (). For example, for (i.e., a maximum temperature of three units is allowed), the maximum expected network lifetime is 2.875. This can be achieved with an initial energy of 4 units. As the curve for shows, increasing the initial energy will not increase the expected lifetime due to the limit on the maximum allowed temperature increase.
The initial energy of a biosensor might also become a limiting factor. For example, for , limits the maximum expected lifetime over the range of initial energies from 2 to 6. After that, becomes the limiting factor. In this example, the maximum expected network lifetime which can be achieved with is 7.265 with an initial energy of 7 units.
Another interesting issue is the amount of energy which remains in biosensors after the system is halted due to a high temperature increase. For example, from Figure 4, it can be seen that for , increasing leads to a noticeable increase in the expected lifetime of the network. This indicates that the amount of initial energy must be determined carefully. This is because an excessive amount of remaining energy means that the patient has been exposed to an unnecessary temperature increase when the biosensors implanted in his body were charged. Thus, the measurement process has been started on already heated organs.
Figure 5 shows the actions the optimal policy makes when the remaining energy at each biosensor is fixed at three and the transmission energies of biosensors 1 and 2 are both two and that of biosensor 3 is one. and are both 5. After analyzing the data, it is found that biosensor 3 is selected for transmission in of the system states since it results in the minimum temperature increase. This is obvious since only one unit of energy is required for a successful transmission and the size of its neighborhood is one. Biosensor 2 is never selected. Biosensor 1, however, is selected when the temperature at biosensor 3 or its neighbor (biosensor 2) is 4. This is because if any one of them is selected, the system will enter a terminating state. So, biosensor 1 is selected to let biosensor 3 cool down and thus lengthen the network lifetime or to distribute heat evenly if the network is going to enter a terminating state.
Next, the biosensor network is simulated to compare the performance of the optimal policy with that of the TIP-based and most residual energy policies. Also, the impact of varying the initial energy and maximum safe temperature level is evaluated. The simulator is written in Matlab [28] and each data point is the average of 1000 simulation runs. The TIP-based policy (or the optimal rotation sequence) is computed as described in [18]. The optimal sequence is . The peak potential is 0.148 and is experienced by biosensor 2. On the other hand, the most residual energy policy selects the biosensor whose transmission will result in the smallest reduction in energy.
First, the impact of varying the initial energy on the network lifetime is studied using simulation. Figure 6 shows the simulated lifetime of the biosensor network when the initial energy is varied from 2 to 10. Essentially, the network lifetime increases as the initial energy increases. However, after a threshold (around 4), the lifetime curve starts to level off for all policies. This is because the limit on the maximum allowed temperature increase is reached. Therefore, unless is increased, the average network lifetime will not increase with the increase of the initial energy.
Figure 6 also shows that the optimal policy outperforms the other two policies. The TIP-based policy performs the worst. The main reason for its poor performance is that the TIP-based policy does not account for the effects of the wireless channel. On the other hand, the policy based on the most residual energy performs better than the TIP-based policy. This is because it always chooses the sensor which consumes the least amount of energy for transmission. Hence, the gap between its curve and that of the optimal policy is smaller. Nevertheless, its performance cannot reach the performance of the optimal policy since temperature is not considered explicitly.
Figure 7 shows the impact on the network lifetime when fixing the initial energy and varying the upper limit on the safe temperature level. As expected, the network lifetime increases as increases. However, this increase eventually levels off due to the lack of energy. Clearly, the optimal policy gives the best network lifetime. The policy based on the most residual energy gives the next best network lifetime. The worst network lifetime is achieved by the TIP-based policy.
The performance of the three policies in terms of temperature increase is compared. The initial energy is fixed at . The temperature at biosensor 2 is chosen as a metric. This is because biosensor 2 belongs to the neighborhoods of both biosensors 1 and 2. Thus, it might be heated continuously.
Figure 8 shows the temperature at biosensor 2 over four time slots. As expected, the TIP-based policy gives the maximum temperature increase. A closer examination of the simulation data reveals that biosensor 2 has indeed been continuously heated. This in turns leads to a larger temperature increase and thus shorter lifetime since the maximum allowed temperature is approached very fast.
Both the most residual energy and optimal policies give a significant improvement over the TIP-based policy. The performance of the two policies is slightly the same over the first two time slots. Then, the optimal policy shows a lower temperature increase over the remaining time slots.
The previous observation is very interesting since the goal of the TIP-based policy is to give a minimal temperature increase rotation sequence. However, since the wireless channel and its dynamics are not taken into account, the precomputed rotation sequence will most probably lead to a larger temperature increase when implemented in practice.
7. Conclusions and Directions for Further Research
The future of BWSNs is bright. However, much remains to be done to define the full potential of this technology. In this paper, we have taken one step further in understanding the thermal management problem in BWSNs. The problem is modeled as an MDP to obtain an optimal operating policy for the network. Further, the aggregation of final valid and terminating system states is proposed as a way for minimizing the number of states in the proposed MDP model. The equivalence of the reduced MDP model is established. Also, numerical results show a substantial reduction in model size which is obtained by aggregating just two types of system states. The optimal policy produced by the MDP model outperforms the policies based on the most residual energy and temperature increase potential. This is because the optimal policy gives the best balance between transmission energy consumption and the resulting temperature increase.
The following directions for further research are suggested. First, the notion of state equivalence used in this work is too strict and too sensitive. It is too strict because it requires that its conditions be met exactly. And, it is too sensitive because any perturbation of the transition probabilities can make two equivalent states no longer equivalent. More flexible metrics for state equivalence are needed. The works in [16, 17] can be used as a starting point. Second, in some applications like ours, the state transition probability matrix is built programmatically. This means a runtime which largely grows with the number of system states and thus state aggregation might not always be helpful. Hence, approximate techniques based on reinforcement learning are recommended (see [8–12]). Third, the possibility of obtaining effective policies based on simple heuristic techniques should be investigated. Heuristic techniques are typically characterized by their low runtime and storage requirements.
The first author would like to acknowledge the financial support of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) while conducting this research.
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- The MathWorks, http://www.mathworks.com/.


text:
Oahu Vacation Packages
Romantic Getaway Package
Escape to a romantic getaway with your loved one, just steps from the world-famous Waikiki Beach. Perfect for the newly weddeds, honeymooners, or couples who wish to rekindle their romance. A few days on Oahu and you have never felt closer.
Our Romance Getaway package includes:
- Complimentary daily breakfast buffet at Ilima Cafe ($32 value daily).
- Complimentary Wi-Fi internet access ($10 value daily).
- Early check-in based on availability.
- Late check-out based on availability.
- Welcome amenities: split of champagne and Hawaiian Cookie Company cookies.
- Standard deposit and cancellation policies apply.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jay Randall Ross
Position: DT
Height: 6-3 Weight: 302 lbs.
Born: October 3, 1987 in Wilmington, NC
High School: New Hanover
College: East Carolina (school history) (Ross college stats)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1950)
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|0 Accepted Penalty


text:
The toilet is one of the most important fixtures in your home, and one of the most troublesome too. Everyone has encountered toilet problems at some point, whether you're living in a detached house, apartment or even mobile home.
Clogging is perhaps the most common toilet trouble, which is why every home has a plunger on standby. But aside from the usual toilet clog, several things can go wrong with toilets especially inside the tank where most of the moving parts are located. The tank can make all sorts of strange noises, or water can run continuously. Water can also seep from the wax seal at the toilet base and from the water supply hose.
Before you call in a professional plumber, follow these four basic steps in diagnosing toilet plumbing problems.
- If the base of the toilet is always wet, dry the area with a paper towel to see if water may be seeping from there. Leave a few pieces of dry paper towel around the base of the toilet and check it in a couple of hours. If there are wet spots on the paper towel, the wax ring between the toilet base and the flange in the floor may have worn out and needs to be replaced.
- If the leak is not coming from the toilet base, check for moisture at the bottom of the tank and the water supply hose. Again, use paper towel to wipe off condensation and dry the area. Watch the supply hose and the flush valve fittings at both ends for drips. If the leak is caused by a worn out hose, replace it. If the water appears to be coming from the bottom of the tank, replace the flush valve.
- If the toilet tank seems to take too long to fill, remove the tank lid, flush the toilet, and watch the flapper and the flush valve. If water is seeping down through the flapper, the seal may have worn out and may need replacing. If the float on the flush valve sticks or if you hear the water trickling into the tank, the problem could be flush valve wear and tear.
- Check the length of the chain that connects the flush handle to the flapper and make sure that it is long enough so the flapper seals into the hole at the bottom of the tank. If the chain is too short, the flapper might not drop down far enough to completely cover the hole and water will continuously flow into the bowl.
Interested to know more? Call Plumber Medford Oregon and get your plumbing estimate today!


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Jul 8, 2014 8:45 AM
No matter what kind of effects and filters you apply to your cell phone pictures, there's often nothing that can completely redeem a poorly lit photo. The Pocket Reflector ($15) is a smaller version of a device that professional photographers use to ensure that their subjects are properly lit. Condensing to the size of a cell phone, it's perfect for throwing in your purse so you're ready when the urge strikes to take a totally unstaged photo of you and your friends enjoying the outdoors.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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This message was edited 4 times. Last update was at 10/22/10 07:00 PM
midnight445 wrote: The Omicron Livings are now available! Start selling your house and move in, start a new life. A better one!
Do you want to live green and luxurious in the same time? Because, now it's possible! With the new Omicron Livings 2121, designed by Designer's Corner. Don't feel like a celeb, live like one! 2121 is for: 2 living rooms, 1 kitchen, 2 bathrooms, 1 bedroom.
Big deal! You got married and made some kids. With the new Omicron Livings 12211, designed by Designer's Corner, transforms Your simple dull life in a confetti Superstar 3D experience. Upgrade your life now! 12211 comes from: 1 Kitchen; 2 Living rooms; 2 Bathrooms; 1 Bedroom; 1 Baby Paradise Deluxe room.
This message was edited 2 times. Last update was at 10/23/10 03:29 AM
Sherry1968 wrote:Third time's a charm, right Fid?
Good luck with your thread. I'm sorry it got wiped out twice now. I am having a really hard time keeping up with real life right now because we found 2 puppies in the middle of the road, so on top of my already too busy schedule, I am now trying to house train, take care of and teach 2 three month old puppies. I will hopefully find them a home soon and be back in the swing of things. Then I can check in on Wednesdays. I know you will get a lot of support!
stuartjames3011 wrote:arghhhhhhhhhhhhh! I am hopeless at taking cover pics!
Does any of these look like they are any good?!
This message was edited 1 time. Last update was at 10/22/10 06:58 PM
SillyCailey wrote:Fidler - I want to support your thread - in spite of what has been happening.
This is my current WIP - no name as of yet
Fidler I am trying to fix the pictures, they are too big
stuartjames3011 wrote:Thanks yanti68! ;o))
Jasnik82 - the front?! That is two rear garden night shots.... ;o))
What about this?
Porky64 wrote:Be brutal fidlerten. . . I have a few houses. I even have a youtube where I put the construction of my houses
Youtube channel: (subscribe for more and send me requests!)
This was my first house
Construction Video:
And here is another house
Be brutal fidlerten. . .
fidlerten wrote:
Porky64 wrote:Be brutal fidlerten. . . I have a few houses. I even have a youtube where I put the construction of my houses
Youtube channel: (subscribe for more and send me requests!)
This was my first house
Construction Video:
And here is another house
Be brutal fidlerten. . .
I think you're very talented. I also think that you only put a small percent of your talent into your work and you could do allot more. I suppose it's really a question if you have the desire to.
I would like to say that your work remind me of another builder that spent some time on my first Workshop thread but doesn't come around anymore. I think he just stopped playing the game but I'm not sure.
Your architecture is great and you have a flair for innovation. You also did a good job structuring rooms inside. That was one fine point of having a video instead of photos. Problem I have with videos is that I am somewhat absent-minded and forget sometimes of what I saw. They also don't give you much time to study things better.
I'll speak in general basically. The aspects of building you could use work on would be landscaping and interior design. I'd would really love to see a house that you took your time with and practice with CAS. Also learn to use decorative items much more. Plants, wall decor, statues; etc. Use these things in every room.
Also do some practicing with accent walls. If you have a flair for moderns, then great accent walls can be an asset to have. I will sometimes spend 30 minutes just trying to find a decent accent wall for a room in a new house.
Take each room of your house and make it your only focus. Keep working on that room until you are really happy with the results. Don't worry about time; You're looking for quality; not quantity.
Also, if you'll work it in steps with the help of this thread, you'll end up doing some really great houses that will even astonish yourself. Do this by sharing a few photos at a time while you work.
The last thing to express to you is your covershot. I know you would like to be successful as far as the Exchange and see allot of downloads. The best way to do that is to learn how to change your covershots. Once you learn how to do that and also use some great shots, you'll see that many others will also like your work.
There is information on page one of this thread. Look at the second post on the page.
I hope to see much more from you in the future.
stuartjames3011 wrote:arghhhhhhhhhhhhh! I am hopeless at taking cover pics!
Does any of these look like they are any good?!
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Heard the buzz about the Michael Jackson The Immortal World Tour show in Philadelphia? There's another opportunity to catch the show at the Wells Fargo Center tonight, March 26, and this weekend there are two more chances in Trenton.
Combining music, visuals, dance, and artistry, Michael Jackson The Immortal World Tour is an exciting production presented in a rock concert format that combines innovation of Michael Jackson's music and choreography with Cirque du Soleil creativity. Those expecting traditional Cirque shows like in Las Vegas or other touring productions should know this show is more dancing and music, than acrobats and stunt artists. The show is appearing both Friday, March 28 and Saturday, March 29 at the Sun National Bank Center in Trenton.
A nice treat is the live band including some of the same artists who previously worked side by side with Jackson enhances the authenticity of the show.
Jackson's musical repertoire is highlighted throughout the two hour show which has a 20-minute intermission. The ballads offer well-choreographed dancing and arial entertainment, while the more instrumental classics are brought to life with live musicians, dancers, and visual artists whom are all well-cast in their craft. There is a large screen which projects images of Jackson's early years as well as memorable video appearances.
Fans of Jackson will appreciate the reminder of his talent and genius, while younger fans will enjoy the music, theatrics, cool scenery and jamming muscians on guitars and drums. The concert design with the addition of enchanting performers from the Cirque du Soleil brand makes The Immortal show worth catching this weekend. For more information or to purchase tickets for Trenton shows visit http://www.sunnationalbankcenter.com.


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1 of 10
Posted by Glen Barber on 11/29/2012 3:27pm PDT tags: photo
This much we know: the beginning of the end of this season's "The Amazing Race" will be a scramble to get from Palma, Mallorca, Spain, back to the U.S. As always, the itinerary for the very final dash will be a surprise. The season finale airs Sunday ((Dec. 9)) on CBS, with the $1 million prize in the balance. So far in this 21st season, which began with 11 two-person teams, it's been a tight race with sets of twins, dating divorcees, Chippendales and life partners battling around the world from Shanghai to Bangladesh, Istanbul, Moscow, Amsterdam and beyond.
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There are three types of Benefit Programs to assist employees in saving for retirement.
More Information
The State/Boston Retirement System is a pension program mandated by Federal and State laws. Most City of Boston employees who work more than 20 hours per week contribute to the State/Boston Retirement System instead of contributing to the Federal Social Security System.
Is a Voluntary Retirement Account available to City of Boston employees as well as employees of the Boston Public Schools. Employees may choose to contribute anywhere from $10 per pay period up to the IRS legal limit.
Annuity Programs are optional and available only to employees of the Boston Public Schools.
City of Boston employees are eligible to join three different Credit Unions, which offer various savings and checking accounts at competitive interest rates: regular savings, club discounts, N.O.W. accounts, money market accounts and Individual Retirement Accounts.
More Information
A banking system that enables the City of Boston to deposit your paycheck into your checking, savings or NOW account at your financial institution on payday.
More Information


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Happy first of August!
We are celebrating another birthday of Switzerland.
August 1st, 2011
Happy Birthday Switzerland! Hope you are having fun celebrating Andy.
Glückwunsch zum Geburtstag!
Happy Birthday Switzerland! So, is there a special way to celebrate? Are you going to do anything special, Andy? Well, enjoy anyway 😉
Happy Day Andy.
Wow!what a photo!was that taken during your last hiking adventure this weekend?
Happy Birthday to Switzerland!!! AND Happy 30th to MTV!!! 🙂 You KNOW what`s coming – Dire Straits` "Money for Nothing", w/ hats off to Sting!! Great reasons to have a party 🙂
Happy day!
I so wish I was there…
(next year, maybe… although I'd like to go in Christmas time to see a real Christmas, with snow).
Fantastic picture.


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Interview by Darren Ressler
Photo by Rahav Segev
Radiohead first achieved mainstream attention in 1993, with their haunting hit single "Creep." In 1995 the band's two resident smokers sat down with HIGH TIMES for a brief interview which was never published -- until now.
HIGH TIMES: I understand that you did a bit of traveling before flying to New York City to do press?
COLIN GREENWOOD: We just got back two weeks ago from Amsterdam. I haven't smoked grass with any dedication in over a year, but that trip was a nice reintroduction to it.
ED O'BRIEN: In Britain, there are a lot of politicians who still get on their high horse about smoking marijuana, but the Dutch are wonderfully pragmatic about pot. They saw that decriminalizing it was the best thing, and hopefully other countries will follow suit.
HT: A lot of Brits mix tobacco with their ganja because of the poor quality. How do you rate pot from around the world?
EO: The first time I smoked weed in America was in Los Angeles. I think it was from Humbolt County, and it was a revelatory experience. Although that was unbelievable, in India you can score a thali--which is a handful. My sister and I once scored two thalis while we were on holiday, and we smoked it. A half-hour later, I had a cigarette and bam! I definitely discovered the hallucinatory aspects of marijuana that day.
HT: How does pot figure into Radiohead's music?
CG: Well, we're sort of puritanical in the studio, and we really don't smoke or drink anything while we're recording. I do enjoy how smoking can allow you to concentrate on the different sounds, but I save it for something that I do after the record is done to pick up on things.
HT: So when you recorded "Creep," you were all totally straight?
EO: [laughs] Well, I must admit that I wasn't. But to tell you the truth, it was a nightmare because you get this fear while you're putting down the track that you can't play. I learned a bit from that , but "Creep" came out fine anyway.


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I recently had brunch at Ze Mean Bean Café on Fleet Street in Baltimore City. If you've never been, the restaurant features cuisine with an Eastern European flavor, a warm and cozy place with lots of dark polished woods and live music. My fiancée had the goulash and I had something called "The Polish Cowboy," which turned out to be scrambled eggs, polish sausage and a couple pancakes.
Right now, this column reads like an overly long TWEET, "what I had for lunch," but trust me, hang in there, there is a point.
As one of my fellow dinners commented on his borscht—that's basically beet soup for the uninitiated, and something I align with Russian cuisine—I realized how this restaurant and its menu offer a lesson in modern day public relations.
International public relations, to be precise, the topic of my lecture last week to my "Introduction to Public Relations" students at Loyola University.
Despite what U.S. news agencies seem to impart, the world isn't just North America. Chances are, if you want to acquire a truly comprehensive world view of daily happenings, you're better off tuning in the BBC than CBS.
And different countries and cultures have different traditions, social mores, etc., that you best be aware of if you want to be successful in promoting your client outside America's borders.
For example, a few years back GOOGLE was having trouble establishing a foothold in Japan versus its competitor, YAHOO. By way of example, GOOGLE Maps was not well received in the Land of the Rising Sun. Why not? Well, the U.S. is not nearly as a public-transportation dependent as other countries, like Japan. Japanese are more apt to want an app that will provide directions, not to the specific destination, but to railroad and bus terminals.
Another fun fact. In China, if you're holding a banquet for a client, you might want to think twice about numbering the tables. For one, that may be perceived as a kind of "ranking," not to mention the fact that in Chinese culture, some numbers are considered unlucky and best be avoided. It's sort of the U.S. equivalent of not having a 13th floor in a hotel.
While some have said the story is apocryphal, some may recall the tale of how the Chevy Nova flopped flat on its grill in Latin American countries...evidently "Nova" translated in Spanish as "No go."
The internet, more than any other invention, has made our audience a global one, and if you want to be successful, you best get busy learning whether what plays in Peoria will also play in Paris or Pakistan or some other foreign location that begins with "P."


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Steven E. Springer, 55, of Riley died Dec. 7 at the home of his mother in Randolph.
He was born on Aug. 6, 1958, the son of Eldon and Alyce (Wohler) Springer. Steve had worked at Moorman's Feed in Manhattan for several years and had been a welder, working for several different welding shops.
He is survived by his wife, Tamera Springer of Manhattan; one son, Adam Springer and wife, Darci, of Riley; one daughter, LeighAnn Rohde and husband, William, of Waynoka, Okla.; his mother, Alyce Springer of
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"Lightning Strikes" -- Steve McCoy Promoted
Related Links
Steve "Lightning" McCoy has been promoted to Assistant Athletic Director for Equipment Operations, it was announced Tuesday.
McCoy joined the Oregon State athletic staff in 1998 as the director of athletic equipment apparel and operations after a lengthy stint in the Canadian Football League. McCoy handles the complete purchasing of all athletic department equipment assets. He facilitates the ordering and delivery of the product between manufacturer and the individual teams.
"It's a very deserving promotion," Beaver head football coach Mike Riley said. "I often say Lightning and his staff are the best in the business."
McCoy came to OSU after working as the equipment coordinator for the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe and the Ottawa Rough Riders of the CFL. He also has served in a similar capacity for the Hamilton Tiger Cats and Toronto Argonauts. In addition, McCoy has experience as an athletic trainer in college hockey, junior hockey and indoor lacrosse.


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ST LOUIS (LALATE) – An Oklahoma earthquake today 2014 has struck Langston. A 3.7 magnitude Oklahoma earthquake today 2014 struck late today. It followed a 3.5 hitting Cherokee and a 3.2 one hitting Chandler today January 4, 2014 as well.
Officials tell news that a 3.7 magnitude Oklahoma earthquake struck late today at 4:17 pm local time. The quake posted a nominal depth. USGS indicates to news that the quake started only three miles below ground level. As a result the quake could be felt across the region.
USGS reports to news that the Oklahoma earthquake started eleven miles north of Langston. It was fourteen miles west of Stillwater and sixteen miles north of Guthrie. The quake was thirty-three miles north of Edmond and forty-five miles northeast of Oklahoma City.
Several quakes have been hitting the region in the last year. In January 2013 a comparable quake began five miles north west of Jones. The quake was six miles east of Edmond and nine miles northwest of Choctaw. USGS also told news that the quake was eleven miles north of Midwest City.
In April a 3.5 magnitude quake hit east of Oklahoma City. The quake was south of Perry and Ponca City, west of Sand Springs and Tulsa. The quake was also east of El Reno and Clinton, USGS told news.


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Ranked Number 1 in the National Automobile Dealers Association's dealer attitude study, Southeast Toyota Distributors, LLC (SET) is the world's largest independent distributor of Toyota and Scion vehicles. SET is based in Deerfield Beach, Fla. The company's vehicle processing facilities distribute cars, trucks and vans, parts and accessories to more than 173 independent Toyota dealers in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and North and South Carolina. SET dealers sell approximately 20 percent of all Toyotas sold in the United States.
Southeast Toyota places the highest priority on protecting and keeping your personal information secure. We are committed to keeping your personal business confidential and disclosing to you how we collect, use and share your nonpublic information. We collect nonpublic personal information about you from applications and other forms, cookies, or through our transactions and transactions through affiliates and others. We may disclose non-public information about you as allowed by law to our affiliates and non-affiliated third parties, including dealerships that you have requested information from, financial service providers (such as lending institutions), non-financial companies (such as marketing service providers), third party vendors that provide other related functions for us for the purpose of executing functions related to your intended purchase or lease of a vehicle, and governmental entities when required by law. We restrict access to nonpublic personal information about you only to those employees who need this information in order to provide products or services to you. We maintain high standards of physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards to protect your nonpublic personal information. We believe the "opt-out" allowed by federal regulation does not apply to your relationship with us because all disclosures that may be made to third parties fall within an authorized exception provided by law, or will be made in connection with a transaction executed at your request. TOYOGUARD is offered as an accessory on new Toyota vehicles and is not transferable. See Dealer for details.


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Disease Proof
Chinese Baby Formula Scare
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is now urging parents to avoid Chinese-made baby formula. Reuters reports the FDA fears some of the formula, which is being blamed for the death of an infant in China, may have slipped into U.S. markets.
In response, China is widening its efforts to find the source of the contamination. They believe melamine—a substance used in fertilizers and plastics—may have been mixed in with milk used in manufacturing baby formula; more from Reuters.
Actually, melamine has run amuck before. Last year melamine contaminated a bunch of hogs and chickens—EEK!
From what I remember from the pet food scandal, melamine is a cheap source of nitrogen. And when foods are assayed for protein the protein content is not tested directly, rather the nitrogen content is tested since nitrogen is a key component of protein.
So it's a cheat, and the people who do it obviously don't give a damn what happens to the consumers of their products, only their pocketbooks.
What I find sad is that it is the same old protein myth ie more protein equals higher quality diet that triggers this. There really is no point to adding this crud to the formula.
Cheers, Steve
Suite 408


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One Console to Rule Them All
By Justin Kestelyn
New features of Oracle Enterprise Manager improve the management of the entire Oracle stack.
Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5 offers improved reliability and scalability for integrated management of Oracle and third-party products. Justin Kestelyn, editor in chief of Oracle Technology Network (OTN), talked to Richard Sarwal, senior vice president of product development for Oracle Enterprise Manager, and Leng Leng Tan, vice president of development for applications and systems management for Oracle Enterprise Manager, about the new release. This is an excerpt from the video podcast.
Kestelyn: My two guests are the perfect people to discuss the finer points of Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5. Before we get into specific features, I want to start with a baseline topic: the change that's occurred in Oracle Enterprise Manager from Release 1 through Release 5. It seems Release 5 is a much different animal than Release 1.
Sarwal: The main focus for Oracle Enterprise Manager is to provide complete management of the entire Oracle stack, which is really large now. We support everything from the virtualization layer through the database and its operating systems, the middleware and its operating systems, and all the applications that run on top of that stack. We've been focused on building out the capabilities to manage the stack, because we believe that managing the entire stack gives you far greater value than managing just the individual components of the stack. We've improved the reliability and scalability of the infrastructure that supports the management components. We've also leveraged some of the individual components across the stack. A good example is real user experience monitoring of a Web-based application, where you see the time spent on any particular URL.
I think our users of Oracle E-Business Suite, [Oracle's] PeopleSoft, or [Oracle's] Siebel will appreciate that we've mapped those applications to URLs, so when users look at the screens they're seeing not just URLs, but what business transactions those correspond to. We've also taken the opportunity to increase the number of components of the stack we manage through the virtualization component.
Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5 is a much more comprehensive release, providing integrations to third-party applications and full lifecycle management of the Oracle product stack, including third-party components.
Kestelyn: One important thing about this release is that you can now manage an Oracle WebLogic Server or an Oracle Coherence deployment through Oracle Enterprise Manager. Give us some more details about that.
Sarwal: We completed the BEA acquisition about a year ago, and as we released those products as Oracle-branded products, it was important for us that the same single console that manages all the other pieces of the Oracle stack also manages the BEA components. To that end, we've added support for Oracle WebLogic Server in terms of domains and to Oracle Coherence in terms of provisioning the Oracle Coherence server.
Kestelyn: Oracle Database 11g reflected Oracle's new lifecycle-oriented approach to database management, and that is also reflected in this new release of Oracle Enterprise Manager. How does that work?
Tan: In Oracle Database 11g, we introduced real application testing; one of the key elements is database replay. We help our customers test their changes to the database infrastructure, whether it's changing or adding a new index, changing operating systems, or changing disk drives.
With Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5, we help customers with the application testing lifecycle: capture the production workload, bring it to a test system, make the change, and then compare the pre- and post-change performance and error analysis automatically. Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5 can provide guidance and automation for the whole lifecycle, including the backup and cloning, in one workflow. After you make a change, Oracle Enterprise Manager helps you provision that change or patch the binary in production.
Kestelyn: Let's turn to Oracle VM. For the first time, you can use Oracle Enterprise Manager as a console to manage your Oracle VM virtual machines. Can you tell us more about how that functionality works and if that will supplant the Oracle VM Manager that's already out there?
Tan: For Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5, we manage quite a few aspects of Oracle VM Manager. One feature is virtual templates: we have templates for the database, for some of the middleware components, and even for Oracle Enterprise Manager. With that template, customers can bring up that system in their environment using Oracle Enterprise Manager. So Oracle Enterprise Manager helps you to provision those virtual templates in the environment. Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Release 5 provides the full set of functionality, from managing the Oracle VM performance metrics to moving and provisioning virtual templates to doing live migration.
Kestelyn: We've been talking about how Oracle Enterprise Manager crosses the stack from end to end. How does that affect the development process?
Sarwal: When Oracle started down the road of database management, we believed that management of an individual component belongs within that component. For example, to manage a database, you want to have self-diagnosis and self-management in the database itself and not depend on an external tool. And what the management tool is used for then is to provide workflows around the lifecycle of specific automation tasks. But the biggest value is in managing the stuff that spans components. We work with the component teams to develop the integrated management within the component. We expose that in lifecycles and workflows, and then we build the integration across the stack, so it's a close cooperation with the Oracle Enterprise Manager development team. What you see in this release is the result of thousands of developers who are building management features into their components, exposing them, and then driving the integration across the stack.
Kestelyn: So we're really talking about an additional layer of abstraction over these components, and the way that abstraction is designed is what adds the value.
Sarwal: Each component has some basic management capabilities: Oracle VM Manager manages Oracle VM, Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control manages the database, Oracle WebLogic Operations Control manages the middleware. All those things come together in Oracle Enterprise Manager and are exposed through workflows and task automation. That is what you see as the final product.
Justin Kestelyn is senior director, OTN and developer programs, as well as OTN editor in chief.


text:
How can I use
circuitikz (or similar library for small code) to generate logic circuit diagrams with full variable life.
x ---[and1]--- z
y ---[and1]--- z
An image of the kind of thing I'd like to generate:
How can I use
An image of the kind of thing I'd like to generate:
closed as too localized by Marco Daniel, Stefan Kottwitz♦ Jan 7 '12 at 21:42
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Hello all of you. I am a new user to this site and I do hope you will forgive me if I make a faux pas. My daughter, I was told, had asthma though it was not the very severe type. Hence, she was not put on any medication to ward off any attacks if and when needed. Another point was that none of the doctors that I had been taking her to were specialists; only General Practitioners and they never asked me to take her to any specialists in spite of the fact that she had been having attacks. She is now five years old and I find that she has been getting breathless more and more often these days. She does not have much wheezing, it's only that she keeps becoming breathless. This sort of incident happens about four times in a week and I would like to know whether her asthma is beginning to get out of control and if it is necessary to give her breathing treatments when she is out of breath. I would be obliged for any help that I can receive.
Dec 30, 2010
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CHICAGO -- The challenges, present and future, that supermarkets face when addressing home-meal replacement at the meat case were explored by John Story, senior director of meat and deli at Fairway Foods, Bloomington, Minn., and two of his managers at the Meat Industry Research Conference here. "To me HMR is a bad term. We feel that it boils down to a simple thing called meal solutions," said Story. And the ideal meal solution, he said, "should solve or help solve the 4:30 dilemma." He ...
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ZonaZoo Men's Basketball Distribution Policy
Admission for all sports is not guaranteed and is available on a first come, first serve, general admission basis.
Football admissions are not guaranteed, and are limited to the first 9,000 students in attendance.
Men's Basketball admissions are not guaranteed. The first 2,290 students (approx.) to reserve their admission online for each game will be admitted on a first-come, first-served basis.
1. You must be a ZonaZoo "Red" member to reserve men's basketball tickets. If you are not currently a "Red" member, please visit arizonawildcats.com or call (520) 621-CATS to purchase or upgrade your ZonaZoo membership.
2. Please review the Frequently Asked Questions below to familiarize yourself with the system.
3. Click on the ZonaZoo men's basketball distribution schedule to view when games you are interested in attending become available. Games become available at 10:00am on the Sunday prior to the game, unless otherwise noted.
5. Click on the "Reserve your Basketball Admission" link at the top of this page.
6. You will need to register your online account if it is your first time on the online ticket system. (All current students have a ticket account under their student ID number). Do not create a new account as this will not be linked to the student system.
7. Enter your Student ID # and verify your information.
8. Follow the steps to reserve the game(s) you plan to attend. The last step will provide a confirmation that your Cat Card has been activated with the game(s) you chose. You must "Finalize Your Reservation" to activate your card for that game.
9. You will also receive a confirmation email.
10. Bring your Cat Card to game. Your Cat Card is your ticket and will be swiped at the ZonaZoo entrance to verify that you reserved an admission for the respective game.
11. ZonaZoo members with activated Cat Cards may begin lining up 4 hours prior to game time.
12. ZonaZoo entrance will open 2 hours prior to game time.
To CANCEL a reserveration, please log into your online account and choose your game to cancel. All cancellations must be made online through your online account. All cancellations must be made prior to 11am on game day. If the game time is set for 3pm or early, the deadline to cancel will be 9am.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long do I have to reserve my admission before the game I want to attend?
Games become available at 10:00am on the Sunday prior to that game, unless otherwise noted. You may reserve your admission up until game time, or until all admissions have been activated. Admission is not guaranteed.
What if I reserve an admission for a game and then realize I am not able to attend?
To CANCEL a reserveration, please log into your online account and choose your game to cancel. All cancellations must be made online through your online account. All cancellations must be made prior to 11am on game day. If the game time is set for 3pm or early, the deadline to cancel will be 9am.
Why do we have a penalty system?
In order to accurately predict how many ZonaZoo members will be attending each game, we have implemented this system. This policy allows us to accommodate the general public by selling any unclaimed student seats for each game and making the best effort to fill all the seats.
What if I arrive at the game and have not activated my Cat Card for that game, can I still be admitted?
At this time, your only option is to purchase a ticket as a member of the general public. Please plan accordingly.
What games are part of the Holiday pack and what is the Holiday Pack?
The Holiday Pack includes the home games over the Winter Break and are not included in the ZonaZoo pass. 2015-16 Holiday Pack games will be announced soon.
The Holiday Pack games are not part of the ZonaZoo membership, but may be purchased separately. ZonaZoo members will be given an exclusive window to purchase the Holiday Pack before they go on sale to the general public. ZonaZoo members may purchase this game individually for only $15. There is a limit of one ticket at the student rate. Holiday Pack games may be purchased online, over the phone at 520-621-CATS (2287), or in person at the McKale .


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Comments about 'Education spending'
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how is the birth rate doing. wouldn't that be an indicator of what we'll need to spend.
- 8:36 a.m. March 12, 2013
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If Utah would allow Powerball and Mega-millions Lotteries then the would be more than enough money to fund education and repair the state roads. The only thing that Utah stops by not adopting the lotteries is revenue. Anyone who wants a ticket goes to Idaho and gets them anyway.
- 11:19 a.m. March 12, 2013
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It comes down to this little gem, a powerful group of legislators will never quit tinkering until they have sold off the whole kit and kabodle to private enterprise who will get your statistics up by dropping all underperformers including the disabled. How's that for apples and oranges?
- 12:12 p.m. March 12, 2013
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If you wish to compare apples to apples, I would start by not comparing Utah to
Massachusetts. Other more rural, western states would be a far better
comparison. The question is how Utah compares with them.
As to funding. You can dance all day, but the issue comes to this. Money and quality of outcome are not in lockstep. But neither are they untethered one from another. Money does not mean everything. But it certainly means something. You can only do so much stretching on the same resource before you run out of stretch.
In very few instances does money solve all of your problems. But in equally few instances can you solve your problems without some money.
- 12:37 p.m. March 12, 2013
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Great article! Our education system does very well with what it has.
It would do even better if we let educators (real teachers who haven't been in admin for the last 20 years) in on the school improvement planning. But instead we let legislators and detached administrators make all the decisions, and they are clueless. Our legislature seeks to add industry leaders to those making decisions. It is questionable whether teachers will even get to give any input.
We have pressed for 'highly educated, highly qualified' teachers. We have them. Now we should quit tying their hands with legislation directed education. They should be making the decisions, and those making all the decisions now, should be limited to just giving input to teachers. We have it all backwards.
- 12:44 p.m. March 12, 2013
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Children educated in MA and UT are not for the most part competing against each other; they are competing with children from So. Korea, Finland, Canada, etc. and we should be preparing them accordingly. Sadly, we are not because we are not even enlightened enough to recognize the competition and challenges.
- 2:07 p.m. March 12, 2013
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Actually, Utah students score LOWER than peers in other states in every single
demographic category. The "average" is slightly higher only because we
have a much higher percentage of white, middle income students--yet even they
score below their peers in other states.
While money doesn't make all the difference, it certainly can and will make a difference here in Utah where we spend far less than any other state.
- 2:15 p.m. March 12, 2013
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Steve Setzer is wrong. Mass. does NOT exclude more students from reporting. In fact, their minority population is twice Utah's, which should make their record worse than ours. And even when cost-of-living is factored in, Mass. clearly invests much more per student than Utah does. The results show it.
- 5:19 p.m. March 12, 2013
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MEDINA — The employees of the Medina County Sheriff's Office are mulling over another alternative to the layoffs of 14 employees next month.
To avoid the layoffs, the employees would have to forgo the 3 percent raises they received this year and relinquish any pay for unused holidays.
Deputy Bill Harrell, president of the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association for Medina County, said the different unions began voting Wednesday and will continue through Monday. Unions represent deputies, corrections officers, dispatchers, sergeants and lieutenants.
If accepted by the unions, the sheriff would not have to close the 48-bed male unit at the county jail that Sheriff Neil Hassinger said he would have to cut due to the planned layoffs.
Earlier this month, commissioners told all county department heads they would have to cut their budgets by 5 percent for the rest of the year. Hassinger said that meant about $230,000 for his department.
Last week, the unions voted down the option of taking two days off a month without pay. The sheriff then issued layoff notices to 14 employees — four transport deputies, six corrections officers, one computer technician, one deputy in the civil division, one dispatcher and a part-time nurse at the jail. This would bring the number of layoffs to 38 at the sheriff's office this year — 24 employees were laid off in February.
"When the furlough was presented, we had very little facts. And we were given two days to start a vote basically. It's hard to get a hold of that many union members in that amount of time," Harrell said Tuesday. He said he suggested a meeting between union and county representatives this week to discuss other possible alternatives to layoffs.
"We're trying to come up with a solution here where we're not looking at cutting personnel a second time. Our manpower situations are so low as it is. We really can't afford to lose more," he said.
County Administrator Chris Jakab, county Finance Director Scott Miller, Hassinger, representatives of the different unions and lawyers met Tuesday to discuss possible concessions between the unions and sheriff's office, Harrell said.
"There had to be some give and take back and forth on this," he said, and the concessions were "what we came up with."
Hassinger said Wednesday he couldn't comment on the negotiations.
Contact Maria Kacik at (330) 721-4049 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Nov. 4, 2012
SEATTLE - The Washington football team will close out the 2012 home schedule this Saturday, November 10, when Utah visits CenturyLink Field. The Pac-12 Conference office announced Sunday that the game will kick off at 7:30 p.m. PT and air live on the Pac-12 Networks.
The Huskies (5-4 overall, 3-3 in the Pac-12) have just one game remaining that has not been assigned a game time or TV yet: the Nov. 17 date at Colorado. Washington's final game of the regular season, Nov. 23 at Washington State will kick off at 12:30 p.m. and air on either FOX or FX television.


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College Hockey:Blais, Alberts Get Contract Extensions at Nebraska-Omaha
Nebraska-Omaha and coach Dean Blais have agreed to a two-year contract extension that takes his contract through to 2014-15 season.
Mavericks athletic director Trev Alberts had his contract extended to the same span.
"We are thrilled by the progress the team made under Dean's leadership in his first season as head coach," Alberts said in a news release. "By extending his contract, we hope to bring further stability to the position and give Dean and his staff a better opportunity to put their mark on the program through recruiting and player development."
Blais led the Mavericks to a 20-16-6 record this season and a sixth-place finish in the CCHA.
"The university is clearly committed to the success of the hockey program, and I am committed to the job we began here last season," Blais said. "My wife and I have come to enjoy Omaha and with this extension, I anticipate being able to finish my head coaching career here at UNO."
Blais' name frequently comes up in connection with many high-profile coaching destinations, including his alma mater, Minnesota.
The Mavericks are moving from the CCHA to the WCHA next season.
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
Please also keep "woofing," taunting, and otherwise unsportsmanlike behavior to a minimum. Your posts will more than likely be deleted, and worse yet, you reflect badly on yourself, your favorite team and your conference.


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Bee hoon/dry rice vermicilli/noodles- 1 packet
Mixed vegetables
I used red capsicum, yellow capsicum,carrots and bean sprouts- 2-3 cups.
You can also use spring onions, mushrooms, tofu as well as spinach. They taste great as well.
Dark Soya sauce-2-3tbsp
Tomato Sauce- 1tbsp
Salt- to taste
Pepper- 1tsp(optional)
Canola oil- 2-3tsp
Lemon cut in wedges
Boil some water in a large pot. Place the beehoon in the pot of hot water for around 20 minutes so that it turns soft and cooked. Drain the water.
Heat oil in a pan. Add the vegetables and saute them till they become soft. Now add the sauces along with salt and pepper. Then add the cooked noodles and mix thoroughly so that everything combines well.
Serve hot with lemon wedges.
In the Singapore food courts, a popular side dish called sambal and chilli vinegar is served along with the noodles though I did not try making them. Sambal is commercially available and you can make chilli vinegar yourself. They make the dish really spicy.


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East Bearskin is a beautiful Canadian Shield lake that supports excellent populations of walleye, northern pike, smallmouth bass and lake trout. There is a variety of structure on the north side of the lake and several deep drops on the south side. East Bearskin Lake is 4 miles long, with the far east end inside the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. (There is a motor limit of 25 hp inside the BWCAW.) A number of other nearby lakes with excellent fishing can be accessed from East Bearskin Lake with portages: Crocodile, Moon, and Alder are the most popular. Our front desk staff can help you plan a memorable fishing trip .
Fishing Guide Service
This season Bearskin does not have an on-site fishing guide. We're still looking for someone who will be available to regularly guide fishing trips on E. Bearskin Lake, so as the season progresses this situation could change. Luckily, East Bearskin is not a lake where you are likely to get lost and our front desk staff can easily direct you to the well-known fishing holes. We'll update this page if we find the right guide.
Meanwhile, here is the contact information for several excellent guides in the area. They all prefer to fish on the larger lakes in the area, which offers you a great way to see another area of the Gunflint Trail. These guides are often very busy. We suggest booking a trip with them well ahead of time before your visit in order to get an available spot.
Seagull Creek Guides 800-531-5510 If you went out fishing with Curtis at Bearskin during the last few years, you will probably enjoy arranging a guide here. This is his family's guide business. http://www.seagullcreekfishingcamp.com/index.php
Christianson Guide Service 218-388-0315 Cory Christianson writes a column for the local newspaper. He is family man with 2 small children, and gets rave reviews for his guiding service. http://gunflintfishingguide.com/
Roger Campbell 218-388-0628 "The Fishing Junkie." Roger guides in Florida during the winter, and on Lake Saganaga during May – October.
For the Serious Fishermen – The Angler's Boat
Bearskin Lodge is excited to offer a rental option for our more dedicated fishermen. We have a new angler's boat this year, with an electric start motor, trolling motor, fish finder, live well, and nice seats. Capacity 4 people or 600 pounds. If you're serious about fishing, reserve the Angler's Boat early.
Weekly rate – $600
Daily rate – $100 (upon availability)
Sorry, no motor substitutions on the Angler's Boat.


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The Diary of Anne Frank: Amsterdam 6th July 1942
Amsterdam 6th July 1942
Amsterdam is under Nazi occupation and Anne Frank, a teenage Jewish girl, is celebrating her 13th birthday with her family and friends by having a party. Amongst her birthday presents she is given a red diary that she starts to write in immediately.
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