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International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 714786, 12 pages
DACH: An Efficient and Reliable Way to Integrate WSN with IPv6
School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Received 27 June 2012; Revised 25 September 2012; Accepted 31 October 2012
Academic Editor: Chuan Foh
Copyright © 2012 Dequan Yang and Qiao Guo. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
IPv6 has many advantages such as the massive amount of addresses, high security, and high robustness, which are beneficial for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, it is almost impossible to use IPv6 directly in WSN due to its huge energy consumption. This paper proposes a double adaptively clustering hierarchy (DACH) algorithm which enables using IPv6 in WSN in an efficient and reliable way. Firstly, we present a clustering method to adaptively divide the whole sensor network into clusters according to its energy consumption in the last round. Then we propose an adaptive cluster head selection algorithm which employs a strategy to choose the most suitable cluster heads; meantime, this selection algorithm is integrated into DACH. Finally, the complete framework is built between headers and their slave nodes based on IEEE 802.15.4, and IPv6 is used to connect the headers and the base stations. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the DACH algorithm has lower time and energy consumption. Moreover, it is more reliable and applicable than many other IP-based WSN algorithms.
1. Introduction
One of the most important techniques of this decade is wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the last twenty years, interpersonal communication has become very popular with the booming internet technology. Similarly, with the development of WSNs [1], the same phenomenon will occur, and people will benefit a lot from this new information exchange technology. When WSN is as widely used as the internet, people can turn on their air conditioners at home when they are still on their way; the information of snow depth of every valley of Alps can be measured and collected by sensors and sent to people for making decisions about holiday skiing; any equipment of a city can send an alarm to the fire station automatically when the temperature is beyond the normal range, and so forth.
Without access to the internet, WSN is just a usual local network with its limited power. However, when IPv6 joins, WSN becomes magic and powerful, for IPv6 has a lot of advantages, such as massive addresses, high security, and good QoS service [2]. Since TCP/IP is limited with factors like too much energy cost and low battery frequent data transmission at the sensor nodes, IPv6-based WSN is more favorite for the researchers. However, for WSN, header overhead problem in IPv6 is more serious than that in IPv4. Usually, the monitoring signal, control signal, and measured data of a sensor is no more than 10 bytes [3]. If IPv6 is introduced directly, the header overhead will consume more than 80% of the total energy and drastically shorten the lifetime of WSN.
As is shown in Figure 1, the header length of IPv6 is nearly one-third of the upper bound of the total frame length under IEEE 802.15.4, which takes up too much resource and energy consumption. To solve this problem, many researchers are devoted to finding efficacious ways to integrate WSN with IPv6.
To make WSN access to the internet, [4] proposes an all-IP scheme in which all the senor nodes take IPv6 as the internet protocol. In this way, WSN can be integrated into the internet seamlessly, and WSN becomes part of the internet. However, the all-IP scheme often leads to a large energy consumption, and when the energy cost of all-IP WSN is too high to be tolerated, the whole network will be down.
In [5], a high energy efficiency strategy is employed to make WSN access to the internet. Although the lifetime of the nodes in [5] is ideal for applications in reality, the strategy is based on IPv4. Therefore, this strategy cannot be used in IPv6-based sensor networks.
In [6, 7], the scholars try to build a data-centric IP-based WSN routing protocol, in which the algorithms have acceptable time and computational overhead. But these methods are not well adapted to the address-centric internet.
In [8], a mixed scheme is proposed, in which it combines agent-based IP WSN and TCP/IP-WSN to make WSN access to the internet. Theoretically, this method is perfect, but no details of this algorithm is given, and plus, no experiment results and even simulations are provided to support this theory.
In [9], the stack is modified to integrate IPv6 into sensor network. The simulation verifies its good performance. However, the plan is too complicated and difficult to deploy in reality.
Although there are a lot of studies on the solution for the application of compressed IPv6 to WSN, compressed IPv6 is also a high energy consumption protocol, which needs the support of inner-cluster communications. Hence, an algorithm based on inner-cluster connection for high energy efficiency WSN is needed to save more energy for the heads to support IPv6 communications.
In this paper, a double adaptive clustering hierarchy (DACH) algorithm is proposed to introduce IPv6 into WSN to make sensor networks able to access to the internet. Firstly, a clustering algorithm is designed to divide WSNs into several clusters adaptively according to the number of hops and energy consumption. Secondly, a cluster head selection algorithm is constructed to select clusters adaptively, which can further reduce the energy consumption. Finally, communications in cluster are based on IEEE 802.15.4, and one cluster connects with other clusters or with base stations through IPv6. The paper contributes the following:(1)a clustering algorithm which makes clustering adaptively and saves energy cost;(2)an adaptive cluster head selection algorithm which enables the network to choose headers with minimum energy consumption;(3)a reliable IPv6-based WSN framework which makes WSN access to the internet in a reliable way with high energy efficiency;(4)simulations and experiments are present to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the problems of WSN clustering. In Section 3, the adaptive clustering algorithm for dividing WSN into groups is presented. In Section 4, a weighing mechanism is designed, which takes the parameters such as remaining capacity, number of hops, and cluster head history into consideration, to build a cluster head selection algorithm. The low energy consumption access to internet of WSN is achieved by a switching strategy between IEEE 802.15.4 and IPv6 in Section 5. In Section 6, simulations and experiments are presented and analyzed. And Section 7 is the summary of this paper.
2. Background
2.1. Why Clustering?
Since the survival time of nodes in WSN is limited by the remaining capacity of their batteries, one of the most significant challenges in WSN design is how to save energy as much as possible [10].
Clustering is an important topology control method in WSN. It can significantly reduce average energy consumption of nodes and improve network throughput. In clustering routing protocols, sensors networks are usually divided into clusters. A cluster is a node set in which the nodes are connected together in a certain way. Each cluster contains a cluster head and a number of cluster members. Cluster heads of lower-level networks are the cluster members of higher-level networks. The highest level of cluster head works for communicating with base station [11]. The topology of cluster-based WSN is shown in Figure 2.
In clustering algorithm, the whole sensor network is divided into a number of subsets, which are connected with each other by the heads. In each cluster, the head is selected by a certain algorithm which can manage or control all the members of the cluster. In addition, the head should be responsible for inner-cluster information collection, data fusion, and intercluster data forwarding [12].
The advantages of clustering routing are as follows.(1)Most of the time, cluster members could turn off their communication models because the cluster heads constitute a higher hierarchy connectivity network and take the work of long-distance routing forwarding.(2)Data collected from members will be forwarded after it is fused. This mechanism reduces communication energy cost because the data traffic is reduced.(3)Without the need of maintaining complex routing information, member nodes have simpler function. This characteristic will further reduce the energy consumption of communication.(4)Clustering routing has good scalability, and it is suitable for large scale networks and distributed algorithm [13].(5)It is easy to overcome problems caused by mobile sensor nodes [14].
Because clustering strategy has the above benefits, it attracts extensive attention from researchers and a lot of clustering algorithms are proposed in the previous literatures. The most widely used clustering methods are LEACH [15] and its variants.
2.2. LEACH and Its Variants
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is probably the most famous clustering protocol for WSN. The basic idea of LEACH is to randomly select the cluster head nodes in a circulating way and make the energy load of the entire network evenly distributed to each sensor node to achieve the purpose of reducing network energy consumption and enhancing the overall survival time of the network. Simulation result reveals LEACH can lead an additional 15% lifetime [16].
There are two procedures in LEACH clustering. In the first procedure, each node generates a random number , and if is smaller than the threshold , the node will be selected as the cluster head. The threshold can be calculated as follows: where is the expected proportion of cluster heads in all the nodes, is the number of current round, is the set of nonhead nodes in the former round, and mod is the Modulo operator. The selected head broadcasts an Advertisement Message (ADV) using Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) MAC protocol to inform that it is a cluster head. Cluster members will decide which cluster it should belong to according to its received signal strength (RSS). Then the member nodes will send Joint-REQ messages to the cluster head. Members will connect with their head using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique. The final step of the first procedure is to send a timing schedule from heads to their slave nodes.
The second procedure of LEACH is called stable procedure. In this stage, cluster members will send their perceived data to the head node within their shared time slot. In other time, member nodes will switch to sleep state for energy saving. Once the head received all the data it will make data fusion immediately to strengthen the public signal and weaken the noise. Then the head will send fused data to sink node within single hop. After the stable stage continues a period of time, LEACH will repeat the clustering stage.
Although LEACH has higher energy efficiency than many other protocols, it still has shortcomings which limits its performance. First of all, because it assumes that each node can connect with sink node directly, LEACH is not perfectly suitable for large scale networks as other clustering algorithms. Secondly, LEACH is not suitable for sensor networks with unevenly distributed energy. Thirdly, it does not define the distribution of clusters heads in the whole network; therefore, some members may not be able to find any head in their neighborhood [17]. Moreover, the single hop communication between heads and sink node may lead to a large amount of energy consumption [18].
To overcome the drawbacks above, researchers proposed many variants of LEACH, and we call them LEACH protocol family. The most important members of LEACH family include LEACH-C [19], TEEN [20], SEP [21], mobile LEACH [22], and LEACH-EEC [23]. The performance of these improved versions of original LEACH is shown in Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, no variant of LEACH can completely solve all the problems above. However, these problems are very important for WSN routing. Therefore, routing strategy of wireless sensor networks is still an open issue especially on IPv6-based routing in WSN.
Actually, LEACH protocol is quite an effective ideology in initialing clustering. Its main problem is in the later iterative clustering loops. Besides, it is not able to take full advantage of the previous clustering information. In other words, the stochastic strategy makes it difficult to make a comprehensive decision in a cluster head selection. Moreover, selecting heads before clustering may lead to an unreasonable distribution of cluster heads, thus increases the energy consumption. Therefore, a novel WSN routing method should be proposed, which firstly makes clustering and then selects heads in the clusters. In addition, the clustering and head selection should take many indicators into account such as node power, number of hops, RSS, head selection history, and sum of nodes.
3. Adaptive Clustering
3.1. Clustering Initialization
As the analysis in the former section, LEACH is an excellent clustering initialization method. Therefore, we use LEACH in the initial round of clustering. Thence different from later rounds of clustering, in the first round, we make head selection before clustering.
The cluster head is selected after the indicator is generated randomly. In LEACH, each slave node connects with its head in a single hop so it is enough to consider the received signal strength. Obviously, not in all cases communications in inner clusters are single hop connections. According to the research in [24], when the distance between members and their head is no longer than two hops, the cluster has the minimal energy consumption. Therefore, we modified the clustering mechanism in LEACH to constitute clusters. The number of hops is taken into account when a slave node makes decision about which cluster head it should follow. When the broadcasted ADV messages by heads are received, members will check the RSS and the number of hops.
There are three possibilities for ADV messages: (1) all single hop packets, (2) all multihops packets, and (3) mixed packets.
In case (1), member nodes choose their head according to the RSS, which is similar to LEACH.
In case (2), member nodes select their heads which could minimize the overall number of hops of the network as below: where is the number of nonhead nodes in the whole sensor network, is the number of cluster heads, and is the number of hops from slave node to cluster head .
In case (3), we introduce a lower bound of RSS to determine whether to use a single hop or multihops in communications. In most cases, the energy consumption is lower when the number of hops is less. However, when the received signal is too weak to be processed, it may lead nodes re-send the message. Moreover, long-distance communication itself is a kind of high energy cost connection. When the RSS of a member node from a head is lower than the empirical threshold, it will be ignored. After the RSS is filtered, if only multihops ADV remains, the problem will be transformed into case (2) and the slave nodes will make their decision according to function (2). When there are still both single hop ADV and multihops ADV, member nodes will choose single hop to connect to the head as in the LEACH protocol. The schematic of clustering initialization is shown in Figure 3.
3.2. Adaptive Iterative Clustering
In the later rounds, different clustering strategy should be used; otherwise it is still a variant of LEACH. However, clustering information of the initial round should be used for the second round clustering. The number of clusters is a crucial factor which largely affects the energy efficiency of WSN. Unfortunately, there is no universal ideal proportion of heads in WSN clustering. In different situations, the same heads percentage may have a different performance, which can be influenced by application, data type, terrain, physical layer protocols, and so forth. Therefore, empirical percentage of cluster heads is not feasible, and to adjust the number of clusters adaptively according to the last round of clustering seems a reasonable idea.
First of all, when there are too many multihop connections and the RSS of most single hop connections is low in some clusters, it means the distance between members and the head is too long. In other words, the number of clusters is lower than that it should be in the normal state. In this case, the overlarge clusters should be split into two or more subclusters.
To evaluate whether a cluster is overlarge, the overall hops of the clusters, the average RSS, the energy cost in one round, and the amount of data transmission should be taken into account. When we assume the criteria is , it can be calculated as follow: where is the number of single hop slave nodes, is the number of multihop slave nodes, is the signal strength received by head from th single hop node, is the number of hops between head and th multihops node, is the times of sending data of th node, and is the difference of the remaining capacity of th node between the beginning and ending of the round.
Obviously, smaller value of reveals a larger scale of the clusters. A threshold could be used to evaluate whether the scale of cluster is reasonable or not. When is lower than , the cluster should be split. is an empirical parameter which is mainly depended on the energy consumption of inner-cluster communication. It is usually between and . The number of split clusters could be determined by the following formula: where is the number of clusters after the split. The cluster head selection in the split clusters is similar to that in other clusters which will be presented in the next section.
Secondly, too many clusters in the WSN will also reduce the energy efficiency of the nodes, because the nodes will be selected as clusters more frequently, when the number of clusters is larger. Thence the small clusters should be merged when the proportion of heads is too high.
Different from the split situation, the average number of nodes in the clusters of the entire network and the frequency of the nodes selected as heads in a certain cluster should be taken into consideration. When we assume the merge criterion of the th cluster is , it can be computed as below: where is the number of nodes in cluster and is the times node has been selected as cluster head. , , and have the same definition with the former functions. Similar to the split situation, a lower bound could be used to determine whether to merge the cluster with its neighbor cluster or not. When , the cluster will be considered to be too small.
When a cluster head finds that the is lower than it will ask the adjacent heads to check whether another too-small cluster exists in its neighborhood. If there is another too-small cluster in the bordering area, the two clusters will merge and construct a new cluster. Otherwise, the too-small cluster will merge with a normal one and then be split into two clusters. The procedure is shown in Figure 4.
There is a time when the size of each cluster is appreciated but some nodes are in the wrong clusters. In this case, we need to adjust the affiliation of some nodes rather than the number of clusters. To evaluate the unsuited affiliation, the number of hops and RSS are helpful. In a multihop cluster, if the number of hops between a member and the head is significantly larger than the other slave nodes, it is better if the slave node belongs to another cluster. The significant low RSS in single hop clusters has the similar meanings. The following inequalities can be used as the criteria: where is the number of hops between the head and member in the cluster. Other symbols have the same definitions with the former formulas. With the above inequalities, the nodes can make judgment whether its cluster affiliation is suitable or not. If the above inequalities are met, the nodes should switch to another cluster. These nodes will send a multicast request to the heads of the bordering clusters. Then they will make a decision following the above principle according to the ACK of the adjacent heads:
Function (7) reveals that the nodes select the nearer and smaller cluster as its new work group in the neighborhood.
3.3. Enable Scalability
Scalability is a key aspect of WSN applications. In a WSN, when the proportion of the power-off nodes is higher than an upper bound, we need to add new nodes to the network. Sometimes we want to deploy more nodes to increase the coverage of the sensor network or to bring new functions. And sometimes we need to fuse two or multiple sensor networks into one network. All of the above cases need a scalable clustering algorithm.
To enable the WSN to be scalable, we need to provide the initial clustering strategies in the adaptive clustering algorithm, because the new added nodes and the old nodes are in different rounds.
Usually, there are two kinds of new added sensor nodes. Because the issues which should be addressed are different, new sensors scattered among the old nodes should be treated differently with the added sensors which are deployed spate with old nodes in a new area.
The two kinds of new added sensor nodes are as shown in Figure 5.
An important issue is how to detect the distribution of the new nodes. It is clear that when the new nodes are deployed manually, their distribution is known and could be used directly. However, in many situations, sensor nodes are sowed by airplanes or robots. In these cases, some strategies should be used to make the system detect the distribution of the new nodes automatically.
On this problem, head history is helpful because it not only reflects the history of how the nodes are selected as cluster heads but also reflects whether it is a new joined member or not. When a new joined node knows its neighbors' situation, it can detect where it is deployed.
According to the received head history, a new node may be classified into one of the following three cases.
Case 1. All or most neighboring nodes are new joined members.
Case 2. All or most neighboring nodes are old nodes.
Case 3. In its neighboring area, new joined members and old nodes are counterparts.
The three cases above correspond to the three distribution modes of the new joined sensor nodes. Especially, Case 3 is the distribution of the boundary node in fractional distributed new nodes, and the process of distribution detection is shown in Figure 6.
The new added nodes distributed fractionally with old nodes can be considered as a new sensor network. Therefore, the strategy of its initial clustering is similar to the workflow proposed in Section 3.1. LEACH protocol is called to make the initial random head selection and sensor converge into clusters according to RSS and the number of hops.
After the clustering initialization, there is an important step named time synchronization. Time synchronization will be achieved in the second round of the new nodes by the CTSS [25] mechanism. Then the new added sensor nodes (subnetwork) can work together with the old nodes at the same rounds. During the third clustering round, the new added sensors can cluster together with the old nodes using the strategy for splitting, merging, or adjustment.
A different method is applied in the case when the new sensors are scattered among the old ones. The new nodes have to work together with the old nodes from the outset, and the initial clustering procedure of these nodes is as follows.(1)The new node broadcasts an ADV to all the heads of a WSN.(2)The ADV will be discarded when forwarded more than three hops.(3)Each head that received the ADV will send an ACK to the new node.(4)The new node will select a cluster according to the RSS or the number of hops of the ACK.
Following the steps above, the new nodes will find suitable clusters as their work groups and achieve Plug and Play. In the next round, the new nodes will be regarded as old nodes, so the clustering strategy proposed in former subsection can be deployed seamlessly. In this way, the WSN can achieve scalable clustering. No matter what the distribution of the new added nodes is, the new nodes can work and cluster together with the old sensors.
Hitherto, an adaptive clustering algorithm for WSN is proposed, which is shown in Figure 7.
This algorithm can adjust the scale of clusters and the members in the clusters adaptively according to the energy consumption in the former round. Therefore, it can achieve high energy efficiency. Because there is no missing condition in this algorithm; it is reliable and all functions are bounded. Moreover, a comprehensive strategy is introduced in the algorithm to ensure its scalability.
4. Adaptive Head Selection
In traditional LEACH based routing protocols, head selection is the first step of clustering. This kind of strategy is a semirandom selection method and requires that the selected heads broadcast ADV to the whole network. The semirandom mechanism makes it hard to get an optimization solution. The broadcast leads to an additional energy consumption. To solve the problems mentioned above, we design an adaptive head selection algorithm which can be used to select heads based on the principle of a minimum energy consumption after the clusters is built.
4.1. Head Selection in Unbalanced Stage
Unbalanced stage is the phase of the first few rounds when not every node in the cluster has been a head. At this stage, average hops and the RSS between a node and each other cluster member are unknown. So the remaining capacity of nodes and the head selection history is the most important reference for head selection.
All the nodes except the current head will be the new head candidate. They send their information to the current head. Assuming the weight of node for head competition is , in the simplest case, we select the head according to the following formula: where is the remaining capacity of node , is the times node has been selected as a head in history, is the current round of the cluster, and is the most recent round in which node is a head.
The known RSS and number of hops can be regarded as the sample of overall RSS and number of hops. Image the situation that there is a lot of power in the battery of a node that has not been selected as a head for a long time, intuitively it is the ideal choice for head selection. However, this kind of node may have a long distance from the other members in the cluster. The only reason they have high remaining power is that they perceived and transported little data. Using these nodes as heads will not only enhance energy cost of the whole cluster but also make them die sooner for power exhaustion. Therefore the threshold of maximum number of hops and minimum RSS should be introduced to avoid the wrong selection of the heads. The thresholds are defined as follows: where is the number of RSS recorded by node and is the sum of the number of hops recorded by node . When the thresholds of RSS and number of hops are taken into account, the weight of node for the head selection in a cluster can be defined as
In this way, the current head could select its successor through their weights. According to Bayesian Theory, the average duration of an unbalanced stage is
The performance of impaction in unbalanced stage is analyzed latter.
4.2. Head Selection in Balanced Stage
When the clustering iteration runs many rounds, every node will have the experience of being a cluster head. When the head selection executes to this phase, each node in a cluster has the information of RSS and the number of hops of all the other cluster members. As we know, RSS and the number of hops have a major impact on energy consumption, so they must be considered when we make the head selection.
The average received signal strength of node from other cluster members can be calculated as where is the times of single hop transmissions between node and , is the received signal strength of node from node i's th transmission, and is the number of members in the cluster.
Similar to function (12), the average number of hops between node and all the other nodes can be calculated as
In (13), is the number of multihop transmissions between node and . The definitions of other symbols are the same as (12).
In addition, the proportion of single hop transmissions of node can be computed as
Greater number of hops means a higher energy consumption, and a higher RSS means a higher energy efficiency [26]. Therefore, formula (8) can be modified when , , and are taken into account. The new head selection weight of node is
Before the head selection weight calculation, nodes with the maximal and minimal will be excluded from the candidate list. Then the current head will select heads according to the weights of the members. Node with the highest weight will be selected as the head of the cluster in the next round.
4.3. Deal with New Members
The former discussion solved the problems of head selection for the old nodes in a cluster. Clusters often have new members because of the scalability of the system and the clustering strategies for merging and adjustment. There is no information available, such as average RSS, average number of hops, and percentage of single hop transmissions, for head competition. However, sometimes new members are ideal candidates for the cluster heads. Therefore, methods should be proposed to deal with the new members of clusters.
When new members are the minority of a cluster, it is easy to be treated. Because only a few new nodes exist in the cluster, we keep them out of the head competition until next round unless they satisfy a strong constraint as below: where is the remaining capacity of the new joined node and is the remaining capacity of node in the cluster. If the power of a new sensor is not the highest of the cluster, it will be excluded from the candidate list in the first round. And the unbalanced strategy will be used for head selection from the second round until each node has the experience of working as a head.
When two or more clusters merge into one cluster, the selection history of each cluster is useful for the head competition of the new merged cluster. And a two-stage head selection mechanism is used for this case. The heads in the last round before merging will select their successors, respectively, and make data exchange to compare the remaining capacity of the candidate successors. Finally the node which has the most power will be selected as the head of the new cluster.
The simplest situation is when the new nodes are deployed fractionally with the old nodes. In this case, head selection is similar to other part of the network using unbalanced strategy. After the fusion of the new jointed part, the problem is converted to the same problem described in the former paragraph.
Hitherto, the adaptive head selection algorithm is presented completely with no missing condition. It will run together with the adaptive clustering algorithm in a cross-iterative way which is called double adaptive clustering hierarchy (DACH) in this paper. The initial round of head selection is based on adaptive clustering. When the entire network is divided into clusters, the head selection algorithm will operate in each cluster. After the data transmission of the first round, the second round clustering algorithm will function based on the head selection of the first round. The iteration will be executed. The detailed workflow of the adaptive head selection is shown in Pseudocode 1.
The inner-cluster communication is achieved by DACH algorithm based on IEEE 802.15.4. Clusters will play a key role in intercluster communication based on IPv6 to make the WSN access to the internet easily and keep energy consumption in an acceptable scale at the same time.
5. Intercluster Communication Based on IPv6
Traditionally, WSN accesses to the internet through gateway or directly access to the internet with full IP. Access to the internet through gateway is a low energy and low computational cost solution. However, with this method, only one access point exists in the sensor network. Once the gateway fault happens, the connection between the internet and WSN will be cut off and the WSN becomes blind. Moreover, single access point method tends to cause data congestion. On the other hand, full IP sensor networks will lead to huge energy consumption and greatly shorten the lifetime of WSN. To solve the problems above, we make the cluster heads communicate with the internet based on IPv6 and use IEEE 802.15.4-based inner-cluster connection.
Because the protocol header of IPv6 is overlong for the MAC protocol of WSN, the protocol stake optimization is needed for implementing IPv6 in sensor nodes.
The head structure of IPv6 is shown in Figure 1. Therefore, the compression is focused on address. IPv6 address is composed of address prefix and subnet address. The address prefix is the same when get IPv6 address using the stateless automatic address configuration. Moreover, stateless automatic address configuration achieved according to the data link address of nodes. Therefore, the header compression algorithm proposed by Junwei et al. [27] is a wonderful method. The procedures to implement IPv6 in cluster heads are as follows:(1)header compression using Xu's algorithm;(2)IPv6 package fragmentation;(3)communication with sink nodes, gateways, or other access points through IPv6;(4)IPv6 package fragments reorganization;(5)decompression of the received data.
Following the above steps, the cluster heads can achieve IPv6-based communication with the internet through Xu's fragmentation algorithm. The complete framework of communication between WSN and IPV6 presented in this paper is shown in Figure 8.
As is shown in Figure 8, a novel WSN routing algorithm is proposed in this paper. The structure of sensor networks is cluster based. IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is used in inner-cluster communication to save energy and IPv6 protocol is used in intercluster communication to make the sensor network access to the internet. Comprehensive factors, such as remaining capacity, RSS, number of hops, and head history, are considered when making the clustering decision and head selection to minimize energy consumption and prolong the network's lifetime.
6. Simulation, Experiment, and Analysis
We make simulations and experiments to evaluate the performance of the novel algorithm. The simulation and experimental results were compared with other algorithms to get an objective and comprehensive conclusion.
6.1. Simulations for Energy Consumption
Lifetime of nodes is an important indicator of energy consumption. We make simulation using Matlab and compare the results of 1500 rounds with several classic WSN clustering algorithms such as original LEACH, LEACH-C, SEP, and EEF [28]. The simulation results are shown in Figure 9.
As is shown in Figure 9, DACH has the longest lifetime in the comparison group. Its energy efficiency is significantly higher than the original LEACH protocol. Moreover, after 1500 rounds of clustering, the number of survived nodes using DACH is 25 percent more than the second best algorithm.
Some WSN routing algorithms are suffering a large scale sensitive problem, which means the energy consumption of a round will increase exponentially with the increase of node number. This problem will seriously affect the performance of clustering algorithm and significantly shorten the lifetime of sensor networks.
We simulate the case of energy consumption of a node sending 10 packages when the scale of the whole network is 200 nodes, 400 nodes, 600 nodes, 800 nodes, and 1000 nodes, respectively. The average energy consumption of a single node in WSN with a different scale is shown in Figure 10.
As is shown in Figure 10, the average node energy consumption grows slowly with the increase of the network scale. It means nodes using DACH algorithm do not face a large scale sensitive problem. The algorithm is reliable with different size.
Another important issue that should be discussed is the performance impaction of an unbalanced stage which is analyzed in Section 3.3. To evaluate its impaction, we simulated the remaining battery capacity in balanced and unbalanced stages after 100 rounds, 200 rounds, 300 rounds, 400 rounds, and 500 rounds, respectively. The simulation results are shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11 reveals that the energy consumption of the unbalanced stage is higher than that of the balanced stage. After 500 rounds, the nodes in the unbalanced stage have a capacity nearly 10% less than nodes in the balanced stage. An alternative strategy is making the nodes of the cluster be heads ordinarily in the first round.
6.2. Experimental Results and Analysis
We use 50 sensor nodes to form a real-world system using IRIS. Each of these node uses two 1.5 V, 1500 mA AA batteries. The picture of sensor nodes is shown in Figure 12.
We make the sensor network connect with the internet in different ways including full IP connection, static heads connection, LEACH-based connection, and DACH-based connection. Each algorithm was tested by 300 rounds. Each round contains 10 measurements. Therefore, each node sends 3000 packages. The experimental results are shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13 reveals that DACH has the lowest energy consumption. WSN based on DACH which contains 50 sensor nodes has more than 100 rounds longer lifetime than the full IP-based routing.
7. Conclusion
IPv6 may bring a lot of benefits to sensor networks because of its high security, high robustness, mass amount of address, and so forth. However, the high energy cost of IPv6-based communication makes it difficult to be used in WSN. This paper proposed a double adaptive clustering hierarchy algorithm. After LEACH is called for clustering initialization, DACH will make clustering and head selection adaptively according to RSS, number of hops, remaining capacity, and head selection history. The comprehensive consideration which takes all energy cost factors into account leads to high energy efficiency and makes the energy consumption distribution even more. Therefore, the nodes and the whole sensor networks based on DACH can achieve access to the internet through IPv6 with a significantly longer lifetime.
The mobility of this algorithm is not verified. In addition, package loss rate should be further reduced. This will be undertaken as a future work on this topic.
This research was supported by CNGI.
- M. B. Krishna and M. N. Doha, "Self-organized energy conscious clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks," in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT '12), pp. 521–526, March 2012.
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Women's Wednesday - ACA survey and Women's Camps
Submitted by Kris Thompson on
It's not too late, take the survey if you are a women and do your part to change or at least info the ACA on the desires of women in cycling. Also below is from the ACA and is their write up of the out comes from the ACA women's Summit which included a new Women's Road Camp.
From the ACA
The response to this meeting was overwhelmingly positive. Jennifer Triplett set the tone for the night with a heartfelt welcome and a challenge to make connections within our community. And from there, the room hit the ground running. We came away with 3 initiatives for 2013:
1. More intra-club/team rides--to help build camaraderie amongst teams. Many women commented that this can help to bring more women into the sport, ease tensions between racers, and help with the typical Cat 3 attrition rate. Consider making it a goal within your team to throw out a few open rides here and there. We can help you contact other teams and spread the word! Use our resources - they are here for you!
2. We're bringing back the women's mentoring events for the 2013 season. We're shooting for 3 crits, early in the season. Contact Rachel Scott if you would be interested in mentoring a race. Many women at the summit voiced just HOW HELPFUL THIS WAS when they were first starting out.
3. 2013 Women's Road Camp
This really got the ladies excited. Learn or practice some skills with the women you'll be racing with all season! We'll have instruction, coaches, lunch, a practice race, and not to mention it will be a ton of fun with many awesome women. Details are being ironed out, but here's the basic model:
A one day, $40 camp (from 9 a.m.-3 p.m.)
Target is a Saturday in May, 2013
Morning = skills clinics and learning sessions
holding lines
Lunch provided (good food!)
Afternoon= practice race
closed course WITH mentors!
Wine was mentioned for post-race recovery...
*Keep watching the ACA newsletters and weekly shout-outs for more info as we solidify this amazing event.

subset: commoncrawl


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New Apollo Amateur Night Theme Song Chosen by Cheers, Boos
For many artists, having their song played even once inside Harlem's famed Apollo Theater would be an honor. A 22-year-old songwriter from Washington, D.C., received an even more prestigious distinction: his composition will be played there over and over as the new theme song of theater's long-running talent show.
"To know that Aretha Franklin, Marvin Gaye and James Brown have all come through here and now I am a part of that rich legacy. My mind is blown!" said Clifton Williams backstage at the world famous theater Wednesday night.
Mr. Williams was awarded $5,000 after winning the Amateur Night Song Competition, which attracted more than 125 songwriters after it was announced earlier this year.
"I feel absolutely amazing. This has been an incredible journey. I'm so excited to be a part of the legacy," said Mr. Williams after his win.
"I've only been [to New York] on a tour. This is my first time at the Apollo Amateur Night," said Mr. Williams, who started writing his song three months ago.
Officials with the Apollo decided to select a new theme song in honor of the theater's 80th anniversary this year. And while they have chosen new theme songs in the past, this is the first time that officials have looked outside of their walls for the tune.
Singer and producer Charles Mack performed the songs of both Mr. Williams and Mr. Brown, and the winner was determined partially by the audience famously casting votes via cheers and boos. (Online votes ahead of time were also factored in.)
Mr. Williams' catchy pop song described the talent show: "The crowd will boo or they will cheer. Executioner is here. A star is born every Wednesday at the Apollo."
Mr. Williams is about to graduate from Berklee College of Music in Boston, where he studied music education and contemporary writing and production. He plays piano.
Mr. Williams beat out finalist Daryl Brown, 25, of Boston, at the Amateur Night Song Competition.
Wednesday night's event was a sell-out and saw more than 1,500 people attend. The evening was hosted by comedian Capone (whose real name is Derrick Lee), who joked: "If you're amateur and you're no good, I don't know why your family didn't tell you first. Your family knows you're no good!"
Marion J. Caffey, producer of the amateur night for the past six years, said he loved both songs. "I think both of them are very talented young men with a great future," said Mr. Caffey.
Mr. Brown said Wednesday night was his first time at amateur night, and he had come to the Apollo specifically for the songwriting contest.
"Just to get to this point is a victory in itself," said Mr. Brown, who performs in a band called US, which stands for Unique Sound, at different clubs and venues and weddings. "Many doors will open after this."
Related Video: Wednesday night is Amateur Night at Harlem's famous Apollo Theater, where so many African-American performers got their start. Each week, a crop of would-be stars take the stage. Those the audience don't like must answer to C.P. Lacey, the man they call The Executioner.
Corrections & amplifications: In an earlier version of this article, the name of the Berklee College of Music in Boston was misspelled.


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Family rooms are perfect for parents with their children.
They are composed by: bedroom, bathroom, wide living room, sofa and flatware equipped kitchenette. They have an independent entrance on a side façade of the villa.
The biggest Family room is a real apartment, composed by a fully equipped kitchen, a double bedroom with bathroom and another bedroom with three beds and its bathroom.


text:
The Crystal Ballroom - 1952.
he late 1940s and into the 1950s marked a period of great expansion for the West Coast of Florida, including Clearwater. In response to the post-war development boom, U.S. Highway 19 leading into Clearwater from the north was widened, much of it into four lanes, and in 1954 the Sunshine Skyway was constructed, an engineering marvel of a bridge creating another link to the city from the outside world.
The Fort Harrison was now the seasonal home to the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team who quartered there during spring training. In those days before athletes began commanding 7-digit salaries players stayed two to a room, walked to practice every day from the hotel to the ball field and were expected to be back before evening curfew.
Enforcing a curfew on the sometimes rowdy ball players was not easy, but the Phillies hard-suffering coach hit upon a novel idea. Handing a half-dozen baseballs to the night elevator operator, the coach told him he could have the signature of any player who came in after 1 a.m. Thrilled, the elevator man went to work and when he finished his shift the next morning, he proudly showed the coach his haul the signatures of all the ball players who had stayed out past curfew.
You could not have asked for anything better. The service was excellent the food was excellent. The hotel provided [transportation] service to the beach and back, the hotel was centrally located... We had a room on the beach side and there were no big buildings around so the view was beautiful.
But the decade brought more immediate changes to the Fort Harrison itself. In 1953, the Jack Tar Corporation purchased the property from the R.E. Olds Estate for $500,000. In succeeding years, the hotel underwent extensive renovations, alterations and modernizations. By 1955, air conditioning was available in all rooms and the mezzanine had been expanded over the street level frontage to create a sleek new two-story facade. A new 1,500-seat auditorium and 85 new guest rooms had been added to the rear wing of the existing building.
By the end of the decade, a thoroughly modernized Fort Harrison moved forward into the next decade with a facelift and even a new name.
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March 2010. The road to Pyramid Lake winds through
a cathedral of trembling aspen, spruce and lodgepole pine
that thickens steadily as I cruise toward my own private
stargazing island. Thousands of distant rhinestones twinkle
in the winter blackness above my sunroof, and the branches
whizzing past overhead create the illusion that my car is
gliding through space itself.
Reaching the island's lone clearing, I stop and close my eyes for five minutes. When I look up, it feels as if I've just
had laser eye surgery. The Milky Way sparkles like a snowcapped mountain range lit by the sun, stretching from the
south to terrestrial Pyramid Mountain to the north. The bright stars of the constellations Gemini and Orion fade into
the infinite fields of distant suns. Astronomical objects I thought to be invisible without binoculars stand out clearly
to the naked eye: the wispy North America Nebula rises above Indian Ridge, and seven additional sister stars join the
Seven Sisters (a.k.a the Pleiades) over The Whistlers, an iconic mountain near the Jasper townsite. The view is even
more rewarding with my binoculars, but forgetting them would have made this night no less magical.
The SkyOrb app brings planets and other celestial bodies to life with a 3D Google Earth feel and comes with sun clock, 3D star map and planetarium. It uses iPhone's GPS to calculate a virtual night sky from your position.
Price: Free
This planetarium in your hand gives you the freedom to customize displays of star maps and celestial bodies. It has a logbook for notes, a catalogues of stars and their physical characteristics, a red night vision filter and offers a selection of astronomical bodies and events invisible to the naked eye.
Price: $11.99
Pocket Universe pulls information about planetary bodies and orients the stars and constellations to your position on Earth. And a handy "time travel mode" updates you on upcoming meteor showers, lunar phases and similar celestial events.
Price: $2.99
Google Sky Map for Android can identify stars, planets, and constellations all with one point of the device. Users can browse and search the skies for various celestial objects and follow the arrows to locate them nearby.
Price: Free
Distant Suns for iPad and iPhone provides a database of over 300,000 stars and all 88 constellations and their mythologies. The compass allows users to simply point and identify any star in the sky. Also includes photos from the Hubble Space Telescope and a GPS function. Price: $9.99
"Dark skies still give me goosebumps," said Keyes-Brady, comparing the sky above Jasper to her first experiences under the stars at her family farm near Edson, Alta. "It feels as if the stars are single-handedly lighting up the Earth." Keyes-Brady was so captivated by the stars of her youth, she wanted to hoard them all for herself. "But something like this is meant to be given away," she said. "Sharing our night sky
is one of the untapped wonders the Rockies can offer."
Jasper is celebrated for its daytime views of ancient glaciers, glassy lakes and majestic mountains, but the unspoiled sky over these landforms also makes the park an eat-over-the-sink-good feast for your eyes at night. One can see dreamy nightscapes of planets and constellations drifting overhead
year-round, but the brightest stars are visible in winter. I visited Jasper twice last year to help Parks Canada staff build a public astronomy program and assist with the area's bid for official dark-sky preserve status. Over the past few years, a confluence of new ideas (such as interactive amphitheatre presentations and space-themed wilderness outings) and new technology (GPS star finders for your campsite, apps for your iPhone and iPad) has fuelled an explosion of these designated stargazing parks and, with it, a new kind of ecotourism you could call "wilderness astronomy."
While there's some confusion between the terms dark-sky preserve, reserve and park and some overlap between domestic and international designating bodies, Canada has, by any measure, more protected stargazing sites than every other country in the world combined. In 2009, four new parks joined eight existing locations, and efforts were underway to add Jasper and several more sites to the list. Driving back to town from Pyramid Lake on this crisp, moonless night, I can't help fantasizing about eco-vigilantes taking out the last of the town's offending street lamps with a few well-placed BBs.
Torrance Barrens, a two-hour drive north of Toronto in Ontario's Muskoka cottage country, became
Canada's first designated dark-sky reserve in 1999, joining a movement that started at Michigan's Lake
Hudson Recreation Area in 1993. Other Canadian locations followed, including more than 550,000 hectares of parkland
surrounding Quebec's Mont-Mégantic Observatory and Cypress Hills
Interprovincial Park on the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. In the United States, the iconic arches
of southern Utah's Natural Bridges National Monument have dark-sky status, as do sites in Hungary, Scotland and elsewhere,
and Chile is quickly gaining attention for its dark skies.
This transition will keep the skies as dark as possible, allowing astronomy clubs and a much broader "polarfleece"
audience to enjoy faint galaxies and clouds of nebular gas. Such initiatives also help the bottom line —
adopting new lighting is often cheaper than continuing to use older technology — and nocturnal animals. According
to an emerging area of science known as scotobiology (the study of biology as affected by darkness), artificial light is
often the enemy of indigenous wildlife, distracting insects from pollinating and making small foraging animals more
visible to predators at night.
"People mistakenly think of all light as benign," says Robert Dick, a former University of Ottawa and Carleton
University astronomy professor who manages the Light Pollution Abatement Program for The Royal Astronomical
Society of Canada (RASC), "but research over the past quarter-century has shown that it changes the natural environment and, in doing so, affects the ecological balance. Birds that are drawn to the lights of cities and get trapped
in the catacombs of glass towers can collide with the walls, falling stunned or dead to the base of the buildings. The unshielded light outside your window
isn't just illuminating the street — it's also affecting the health of every animal on the block."
It's a great article. The readers must know that Mount Carleton Provincial Park has now been closed from 20h00 until 8h00 from autumn to spring due to budget cuts. Stargazing is no longer an activity except in summer.
Hi...I have enjoyed this and many of your articles. I live in Eastend, Sask., which is on the eastern edge of the Cypress Hills. On page 2 of 'Preserving the Night Sky,' it is written that the Cypress Hills are in the southeastern corner of the province. It is actually in the southwest corner. Thanks...Ron
We are so happy that the importance of our night skies are being recognized. Much of the wildlife at Maligne Lake, in Jasper National Park, needs the dark.


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Help is on the way. 'Nanojuice' could improve how doctors examine the gut. It may help diagnose irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, Crohn's disease and other gastrointestinal illnesses. Patients would drink the 'nanojuice' like water. Described July 6, 2014 in the journal Nature Nanotechnology, the advancement could help doctors better identify, understand and treat gastrointestinal ailments. Are you plagued by irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or other issues with your small intestine, and doctors are finding it difficult to examine it noninvasively? Perhaps you don't know whether an adverse reaction to a particular type of food or grain is the cause or some other problem. The study is, "Non-invasive multimodal functional imaging of the intestine with frozen micellar naphthalocyanines," Nature Nanotechnology. You also may wish to check out an article that explains in plain language how bacteria influences the food that travels through your intestines, "Intestinal bacteria influence food transit through the gut."
Located deep in the human gut, the small intestine is not easy to examine. X-rays, MRIs and ultrasound images provide snapshots but each suffers limitations. University at Buffalo researchers are developing a new imaging technique involving nanoparticles suspended in liquid to form 'nanojuice' that patients would drink. Upon reaching the small intestine, doctors would strike the nanoparticles with a harmless laser light, providing an unparalleled, non-invasive, real-time view of the organ.
"Conventional imaging methods show the organ and blockages, but this method allows you to see how the small intestine operates in real time," said corresponding author Jonathan Lovell, PhD, according to a July 6, 2014 news release, "'Nanojuice' could improve how doctors examine the gut." Lovell is a University at Buffalo (UB) assistant professor of biomedical engineering. "Better imaging will improve our understanding of these diseases and allow doctors to more effectively care for people suffering from them."
The average human small intestine is roughly 23 feet long and 1 inch thick
Sandwiched between the stomach and large intestine, it is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. It's also where symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, Crohn's disease and other gastrointestinal illnesses occur.
To assess the organ, doctors typically require patients to drink a thick, chalky liquid called barium. Doctors then use X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasounds to assess the organ, but these techniques are limited with respect to safety, accessibility and lack of adequate contrast, respectively.
Also, none are highly effective at providing real-time imaging of movement such as peristalsis, which is the contraction of muscles that propels food through the small intestine. Dysfunction of these movements may be linked to the previously mentioned illnesses, as well as side effects of thyroid disorders, diabetes and Parkinson's disease.
Lovell and a team of researchers worked with a family of dyes called naphthalcyanines. These small molecules absorb large portions of light in the near-infrared spectrum, which is the ideal range for biological contrast agents. They are unsuitable for the human body, however, because they don't disperse in liquid and they can be absorbed from the intestine into the blood stream.
To address these problems, the researchers formed nanoparticles called "nanonaps" that contain the colorful dye molecules and added the abilities to disperse in liquid and move safely through the intestine
In laboratory experiments performed with mice, the researchers administered the nanojuice orally. They then used photoacoustic tomography (PAT), which is pulsed laser lights that generate pressure waves that, when measured, provide a real-time and more nuanced view of the small intestine. The researchers plan to continue to refine the technique for human trials, and move into other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.
Additional authors of the study come from UB's Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology in Korea, Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and McMaster University in Canada. The research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense and the Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning. You also may be interested in checking out the abstract of an older study on nanoparticles by Dr. Lovell, "Porphysomes, PoP-liposomes and porphyrin nanoparticles."


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Young People And Their Watershed
by Diane GalushaDec 31, 2003
- Catskill Watershed Corporation funds a student project to prevent erosion and preserve water quality
When Youth Lead
by Elise Miller, Jon SharpeMar 31, 2003
- Teens in a conservative agricultural town discover dangers that others had tried to ignore
Urban Peacemaker
Mar 31, 2003
- Nane Alexandrez returned from Vietnam to a community struggling with drugs, violence, and poverty. Determined to reach young people with alternatives to violence, he started Barrios Unidos. but to succeed, he found he had to confront his own addiction.
Right Livelihood
by Matthew FoxMar 31, 2001
- Right Livelihood by Matthew Fox. Is the work we are doing good for the Earth and its inhabitants now and for seven generations into the future?
Universal Education
by John Taylor GattoNov 02, 1998
- A former New York teacher of the year, John Taylor Gatto, says real education is about learning wisdom, self-reliance, culture, and leadership, not fitting kids in the economy's pigeonholes
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text:
8 Celebrities Found Dead In A Bathroom
This list chronicles some very famous people who were found dead in the bathroom throughout the years - some of whom you wouldn't expect. All attempts to stay away from toilet humor will be made, but no guarantees when talking about these celebrities who flushed their fame away (sorry). These bathroom deaths are reminiscent of the many bathroom death scenes in horror movies, books, or country songs; a chilling reminder of the end that has come to the glittering surroundings these celebrities had in life.
Celebrities found dead in the bathroom range from the well-known like Elvis, to the lesser-known Lenny Bruce's of the world. From tragic overdoses, to electrocution, to controversial sex scandals, this list shows the most famous of celebrity deaths that took place in bathrooms.
- 1
Albert Dekker Died at 63 (1905-1968) LIFEAlbert Dekker (December 20, 1905 – May 5, 1968) is best known as an American actor and politician. He is best known for his roles in Dr. Cyclops, The Killers, Kiss Me Deadly, and The Wild
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Lenny Bruce Died at 41 (1925-1966) LIFELeonard Alfred Schneider (October 13, 1925-August 3, 1966), best known by his stage name Lenny Bruce, was an American stand-up comedian, writer, social critic and satirist of the 1950s and 60s. He
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Elvis Presley Died at 42 (1935-1977) LIFEElvis Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), often referred to as "The King" was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. He needs little introduction as one
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Jim Morrison Died at 28 (1943-1971) LIFEJim Morrison (December 8, 1943- July 3, 1971) was the lead singer and founder of The Doors, an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1965. The video to the left has a song you might know
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Claude François Died at 39 (1939-1978) LIFEClaude Francois (February 1, 1939 — March 11, 1978) was a French pop singer and songwriter. He was considered a French "national treasure" and wrote "Comme d'habitude," which
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Orville Redenbacher Died at 88 (1907-1995) LIFEIf you have ever eaten popcorn then you have probably heard of Orville Redenbacher. Orville (July 16, 1907 – September 19, 1995) was an American businessman most recognized for the popcorn named
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Robert Pastorelli Died at 50 (1954-2004) LIFERobert Joseph Pastorelli (June 21, 1954- March 8, 2004) was an American actor. He is most recognized as playing Eldin Bernecky on the television series Murphy Brown.He also had many other roles in
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Judy Garland Died at 47 (1922-1969) LIFEJudy Garland (June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969) was an American actress and singer, best known for her role as DOROTHY in The Wizard of Oz.She was a versatile actress and won several awards including


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The Lady Saints can enjoy the rest of their week and Arizona trip knowing they took care of business. The Lady Saints go 2-0 in the Phoenix area after a 71-58 win at 7-4 Mesa Tuesday afternoon. Seward out-scored the Lady Thunderbirds 34-21 in the second half after the teams played to a 37-37 halftime tie. Seward held Mesa to 32 percent shooting and 20 percent in the second half. Seward's offense continued their improvement as well shooting 45 percent from the field. Rachel Barnes poured in 26 points and yanked down 12 rebounds. Nadia Rosario added 12 points and 10 rebounds. Megan Lassley dropped in nine while Sheila Washington and Kendra Spresser scored seven a piece. The 13-1 12th ranked Lady Saints beat a Mesa team who had only lost to College of Southern Idaho, Midland, and Central Arizona. Seward plays Cowley January 8 at 11 AM on Talkradio 1270 and kscbnews.net. Seward coach Toby Wynn will be a guest on the Sportsguys Wednesday morning between 7:37 and 9 on Talkradio 1270 and kscbnews.net.
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Sunday, September 06, 2009
Saturday, the Black Hills State Yellow Jacket volleyball team faced off against Rocky Mountain and Montana Western in the second and final day of the DWU/Mount Marty tournament. The Yellow Jackets continued their groove from Friday as they defeated the Battlin' Bears and the Bulldogs to push their winning streak to five.
The first game on Saturday was a rematch between Black Hills State and Rocky Mountain. The two teams faced off in a grueling five set battle back in week one and this meeting proved to be another tough contest.
The Lady Yellow Jackets did not waste any time getting started as they executed well offensively. The Yellow Jackets were able to capture the first set against the tall Rocky Mountain side 25-23. However, the Battlin' Bears evened up the match in the second set after gaining a significant lead early. The Yellow Jackets closed the point margin but came up shy 20-25.
In sets three and four, the Yellow Jackets snatched back the momentum from their opponents as senior Kayla Haines and junior Kalin Engle posted impressive numbers defensively, combining for 17 of the teams 28 total blocks. The Yellow Jackets won the third set convincingly 25-16. The excitement came in the fourth set as the Yellow Jackets fought their way back from a nine point deficit to steal the set and match away from the Battlin' Bears 27-25.
The final match of the tournament for the Lady Yellow Jackets was against a scrappy Montana Western team. Despite having to play after just finishing up the previous game, the Yellow Jackets found momentum early and never looked back. Senior leadership from Carina Sweet's defensive display of 14 digs and perfect 17-17 passing allowed the Yellow Jacket offense to fire on all cylinders and roll to a victory in three sets, 25-19, 25-20, and 25-25.
The Lady Yellow Jackets will resume play next weekend as they travel to Hastings, N.E. for the Hastings College Tournament where they will look to pick up a few more pivotal wins before entering the DAC conference season.


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A Bradford councillor disqualified as a company director for seven years after his company went into liquidation has been suspended by the Labour Party.
The suspension of 42-year-old Heaton councillor Imdad Hussain was announced late last night by Labour officials but they refused to say when it had happened.
All they would reveal was that an internal investigation linked to Coun Hussain's business dealing had been "underway for some time".
The announcement came after Bradford West MP George Galloway called for the banned company director to be suspended from Labour.
The MP said in yesterday's Telegraph & Argus that Council leader Ian Greenwood should also go because he had taken no action against Coun Hussain since the disqualification order was made in February last year.
Coun Hussain, of Bingley Road, Bradford, ran Claimwise Legal Services Ltd, registered at Commercial House, 140-148 Manningham Lane, Bradford.
An order disqualified him as a company director for seven years from March 3, 2011.
A Labour Party spokesman said: "We are aware that allegations have been made against Imdad Hussain. An internal party investigation has been underway for some time and he has been suspended."
Coun Greenwood said he welcomed the Labour Party investigation into these matters but added: "It would be inappropriate in these circumstances to comment further at this time."


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This is how Americans do politics
May 4, 2014 3 Comments
Julia Louise-Dreyfus killed it at the White House Correspondents dinner. She had lots of politicians with her: the US VP (getting a #45 tattoo, like in the next 45th president of the United States), the first lady (eating ice cream, saying raisons are fruit and fruits are healthy), speaker of the house (their version of our Marzouq, he's the guy watching pandas on tv), and the minority leader (lady in red). Watching this video makes you want to go and vote for all of them. They were all stars.
It's the exact opposite of what Marzouq's interview did last night [here and other here]. His interview made him look spiteful and petty, so unbecoming of his position as the 2nd most important man in Kuwait after the Emir. Someone who is supposed to be a main force of neutrality between disputing MPs or the between the parliament and the government, and a force in the face of major crises. The way he went on and on over Musallam Al-Barrak reminds you of a high school kid, outcasted by his mates, running to his teachers with lies and telltales, to make him look all powerful and important. That's not how you do it in politics Marzouq. Very unsmart and so unprofessional of him. He really showed that he doesn't deserve that position.
Now back to this video. Loved how she made fun of The House of Cards. She nailed Kevin Spacey spot on. Seriously, if you haven't watched that show, go right now and do it.


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So many photos, so little time. We spotted tons of celebrities out and about and attending events.
Charlie Hunnam was very Orange is the New Black on the set of Sons of Anarchy today. Hopefully that photo didn't spoil anything, I'm a few seasons behind.
David Tennant took a break on the set of Gracepoint to read a letter. And look cute. And Victoria Beckham looked flawless in her red dress. I love her.
Launch the gallery to check out all the pics, and find out who was where and when!


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FWCY Sharks Swim Team
Does your child love to swim? Is he or she ready to take it to the next level? Check out the FWCY Sharks Swim Team! We welcome swimmers of all levels (must be able to swim one length of the pool) on our competitive swim team!
We offer level-specific training groups, led by dedicated and experienced coaches, and participate in 2-3 meets per month, both home and away. Whether your child is a competitive veteran or just beginning, we have the perfect training program to instill confidence and build self-esteem!
The Sharks are more than just a swim team! We hold social activities, award banquets, lock-ins, holiday events, and so much more - because we know that above all, the most important part of the Sharks swim team is to have fun!
For more information, contact the Central Branch YMCA at
(260) 422-6486.
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Troy Letters is an Assistant Wrestling Coach at Penn State University. He is also a former 3x All-American at Lehigh University. This technique occurs from the base position for Letter's crab ride-double underhooks and both feet laced. The tilt begins when the offensive wrestler is able to extend the bottom man. Next, the top man takes his opponent to one side; as the man is pulled to the side, the opposite leg comes in and the underhook on the far side slides to a half nelson. At this point, the top man is in a position to earn near fall points.
View another clip from the product page of "Signature Move Series -Troy Letters: The Crab Ride." Check out more Crab Ride Technique DVDs and other high quality Wrestling DVDs!
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Michael Lucas interviews his longtime furry fan Scott Spears before feeding him his cock. Michael eats Scotts anxious pie hole before lubing it up to fuck, and then he cums in Scotts mouth. Scott then jacks himself off on his own hairy chest while Michael pinches his nipples.
Tags: location:294 videos
What is there to say about Michael Lucas? A good place to start is the beginning: Lucas Entertainment founder and president Michael Lucas was born in Moscow, Russia, on March 10, 1972. He was raised in Moscow and attended college there, graduating with a degree in law. In 1995, Michael Lucas moved to Germany, then to France, where he began modeling and appearing on several European television programs and covers of many European magazines. In 1998, Lucas opened his own production company, Lucas Entertainment, in New York City. Later that year, he made his directorial debut with the well-received Back in the Saddle. This first production sparked the Michael Lucas "renegade" vision that is indelibly New York. Additionally, basing his company in New York City, as opposed to the more traditional Los Angeles, enabled Lucas to showcase the diversity of types and ethnicities found nowhere else. MIchael Lucas started Lucas Distribution, Inc. in 2004 and LucasBlog.com in 2005. Both are pioneering ventures in the competitive realms of adult video distribution and online media, respectively. In the summer of 2005 he released GayVN's Best Picture of the year, a high-budget adult film remake of Dangerous Liaisons, featuring celebrity cameos from RuPaul, Boy George, Graham Norton, Bruce Vilanch, and Michael Musto. In 2006, filming began on his most buzzed about film ever, Michael Lucas' La Dolce Vita. The production included a big-budget fashion show, a sextra-filled club orgy scene, a headline-making fountain scene with Vivid star Savanna Samson. On November 12, 2004, Michael Lucas was proudly sworn in as an American citizen.
This model/pornstar/computer programmer had been on our radar for a while when the chance finally came to audition him! Check out his kinky try-out with Michael Lucas in Auditions 21!


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Anatomy and Physiology For Dummies, 2nd Edition
360 pages
May 2011
US $24.99 Add to Cart
Read an ExcerptDownload Acrobat
Table of Contents
Author Information
Maggie Norris is a freelance science writer living in the San Francisco Bay area. As Fine Print Publication Services LLC, Maggie offers contract medical and technical writing services to clients in the pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical technology industries; patient care institutions; and research institutions.
Donna Rae Siegfried has written about pharmaceutical and medical topics for 15 years in publications including Prevention, Runner's World, Men's Health, and Organic Gardening. She has taught anatomy and physiology at the college level. She is also the coauthor of Biology For Dummies, 2nd Edition.


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Bucknell's Jack Fellows notched three IC4A qualifying marks over the weekend.
April 16, 2014
CENTER VALLEY, Pa. - Just two weekends remain before the Patriot League Outdoor Track and Field Championships at Navy on May 2-3, and League squads will see plenty of each other before the big meet.
This weekend, seven Patriot League schools will compete at the Larry Ellis Invitational in Princeton, N.J. on Friday and Saturday. Next weekend, nearly every school will send student-athletes to the Penn Relays to get in their final competition before the Patriot League Championships. For all of the upcoming events, view the Patriot League Composite Schedule
Patriot League Notebook
Patriot League in the NCAA Top 50
Boston University senior Allison Barwise fell to No. 2 in the nation in the women's high jump, but has also earned a spot in the top 50 in the long jump after coming in as the No. 43 competitor in the country following her performance over the weekend. She is the only Patriot Leaguer in the NCAA top 50 of two events, and one of nine ranked overall. Boston University's Toria Levy (50th, 400m hurdles), Lafayette's Rachel Pena (27th, hammer) and Lehigh's Brooke Astor (33rd, heptathlon) also appear in the women's top 50, while the men's side includes Lehigh's Tyler Mueller (37th, 10,000m) and Adeolu Adesida (33rd, High Jump), Navy's Zack Duncavage (34th, Discus) and Jay Stell (13th, Javelin) and Army's Christopher Kittle (50th, Decathlon).
League Leaders
Five student-athletes have the top time or mark in the Patriot League in more than one event. In addition to Barwise in the high jump and long jump, BU's Christina Wood has the top time in the Patriot League in the 200-meter and 400-meter dash as the Terriers hold the best time or mark in 12 of 22 women's events. No other school has more than three top women's marks. The men's side is more evenly distributed, as Navy leads the way with seven top marks including Duncavage in both the discus and shot put. Boston University is next with five, followed by Bucknell with four and Army and Lehigh with three apiece. Bucknell's Ray Holmes has the top mark in both the triple jump and long jump, while Lehigh's Tyler Mueller leads the Patriot League in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter runs.
Wrapping up the Weekend
A face-off between Navy and Boston University at the George Mason Spring Invitational highlighted the schedule over the weekend. The Mids got the better in both ends by finishing second in both the men and women's competition in fields of 20 teams or more while BU was third on the women's side and 10th in the men's. The Army men were first and women second in the school's Six-Team Meet, while Lafayette was in the top five for men and women at the Rider Invitational.
Navy Men, BU Women Picked First in Preseason Polls
After winning the titles at the Patriot League Indoor Track and Field Championships in February, the Navy men and Boston University women were selected to do the same in the outdoor season as they took first place in the sport's preseason polls announced last week. The Navy men captured 14 first-place votes and 126 points to come in ahead of four-time defending outdoor champion Bucknell with the remaining four first-place nods and 115 points. Army (103), Boston University (79), Lehigh (72), Lafayette (60), Holy Cross (37), American (28) and Colgate (28) rounded out the rankings. Boston University was a solid top pick on the women's side after making its Patriot League debut with the team title at the indoor championships. The Terriers picked up 15 first-place votes and 157 points overall, coming in ahead of Lehigh (133 points/2 first-place votes), Navy (129/2) and defending champion Bucknell (127/1). Holy Cross (93), Army (87), Lafayette (71), Colgate (47), Loyola (36) and American (20) completed the women's poll order.
2014 Patriot League Outdoor Championship
The 2014 Patriot League Outdoor Track and Field Championships will be hosted by the United States Naval Academy at Ingram Field in Annapolis, Md. on May 2-3. Bucknell is the defending champion in both the men and women's competitions.
Patriot League Track and Field Weekly Awards
ALEC OLSON, BOSTON UNIVERSITY So., Excelsior, Minn.
Olson posted the fastest time in the 3,000-meter steeplechase in the Patriot League this season as he won the race with an IC4A qualifying 9:07.38 at the George Mason Spring Invitational. Olson topped his personal best and won the race by over five seconds.
MICHELLE SUMNER, BOSTON UNIVERSITY So., Annandale, N.J.
Sumner won the 5,000-meter run at the George Mason Spring Invitational with an ECAC qualifying time of 16:59.52, which is the fastest in the Patriot League this season. She won the race by over 20 seconds and improved on her top 5,000m outdoor time from last year by 40 seconds. Sumner joins teammate Gemma Acheampong as a two-time winner of the Patriot League M-F Athletic Female Track Athlete of the Week award in the outdoor season.
ZACK DUNCAVAGE, NAVY Sr., League City, Texas
Duncavage easily surpassed IC4A standards in both the discus and hammer throw at the George Mason Spring Invitational. He placed second in the discus with a mark of 57.06 meters, and third in the hammer with a toss of 55.52 meters. Duncavage matches teammate Jay Stell with a pair of Patriot League M-F Athletic Male Field Athlete of the Week awards in the outdoor season, and wins the award for the fifth time in his career in the outdoor campaign.
RACHEL PENA, LAFAYETTE Sr., Ridgefield Park, N.J.
Pena won the hammer throw at the Rider Invitational with an ECAC qualifying mark of 59.81 meters, just missing her top toss of the year. Pena ranks ninth in the East Region and 20th overall in the event this season. She also finished second in the shot put with a mark of 11.98 meters. Pena wins the Patriot League M-F Athletic Female Field Athlete of the Week award in the outdoor season for the first time this year and fourth in her career.
JUSTIN FLYNN, BOSTON UNIVERSITY Fr., Rochester Hills, Mich.
Flynn wins his second straight Patriot League M-F Athletic Male Rookie of the Week award after hitting an IC4A qualifying time at 21.53 in the 200-meter dash at the George Mason Spring Invitational. He finished fifth in the race, and also placed eighth in the 100-meter dash in 11.85 seconds.
FELICIA SCOIRTINO, BOSTON UNIVERSITY Fr., Niskayuna, N.Y.
Sciortino won the 3,000-meter steeplechase at the George Mason Spring Invitational in a time of 11:05.55. It was her first collegiate victory as she posted the third-fastest 3,000m steeplechase time in the Patriot League this season.
ALLISON BARWISE, BOSTON UNIVERSITY Sr., Orange, Conn.
Barwise posted the best long jump in the Patriot League this season, and in the top 50 nationally, with a mark of 6.07 meters at the George Davis Invitational.
JACK FELLOWS, BUCKNELL Jr., Cumberland Center, Maine
Fellows set IC4A marks in the shot put (16.19m), discus (48.04m) and hammer throw (53.10m) at the Bison Outdoor Classic.
ADEOLU ADESIDA, LEHIGH Jr., Princeton, N.J.
Adesida had an IC4A qualifying high jump of 2.13 meters to take first place at the Coach Pollard Invite at Moravian.
TERONDA BROWN, NAVY Sr., Angleton, Texas
Brown set an ECAC qualifying mark in the discus at 46.07 meters at the George Mason Spring Invitational.
JIMIL ATAMAN, LEHIGH Sr., Eagle, Idaho
Ataman won the hammer throw at both the Bison Outdoor Classic and Coach Pollard Invite with ECAC qualifying marks of 54.63 meters and 53.67 meters, respectively.
AUSTIN BATISTE, NAVY So., Long Beach, Calif.
Batiste took second place in the 400-meter dash at the George Mason Spring Invitational with an IC4A qualifying time of 47.46.
MANUEL PASTRANA, BOSTON UNIVERSITY Sr., Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
Pastrana won the javelin with an IC4A mark of 62.15 meters at the George Davis Invitational.
STEPHANIE OKPOEBO, HOLY CROSS Sr., Chelmsford, Mass.
Okpoebo had ECAC qualifying times in the 100-meter dash (12.06) and 4 X 100m relay (46.98) at the Minuteman Invitational.


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Mar 13, 2013 8:05 AM
We're getting ready to face another warm season without air-conditioning. We'll grin, bear it, and stand in front of our powerful little Fanimation ($149) during the summer's heat waves. The retro-looking fan has all the conveniences of modern tabletop fans. It has three speeds and oscillates to help fill the room with a cool breeze. But everyone knows the oscillate switch is pointless. We're gonna want this puppy trained straight at us as we crack a few cold ones and reminisce about cool weather. (Hard to imagine, we know!)
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William Henry Fuller Jr.
Position: DE
Height: 6-3 Weight: 271 lbs.
Born: March 8, 1962 in Norfolk, VA
High School: Indian River
College: North Carolina (school history) (Fuller college stats)
Drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the 1st round (21st overall) of the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 74 (477th overall since 1950)
4-time Pro Bowler (fine print)
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Output includes all games from 1920 to 2015.


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By AL STOVERStaff Reporter
March 6, 2014 | Vol. 117 -- No. 46
Al Stover
Northwest pet Cremation Services is on 12924 West Sunset Highway. Owner and operator James Konitzer models his business after funeral homes for humans.
For families who need funeral services for their pets there is Northwest Pet Cremation Services, in Airway Heights.
James Konitzer, owner and operator of Northwest Pet Cremation Services has spent 30 years in the funeral business.
Konitzer arrived in Spokane in 1992 and began working at Fairmount Memorial Association. He worked in management for 20 years, mentoring under president Duane Broils. At age 47, he decided to start a pet funeral home, something he has wanted to do since he was 20 years old. He said it took three years for him to start up his business. Konitzer's wife Carol, who...
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17-time Grand Slam Champ, Roger Federer has been using a Wilson racquet for a long time.
In fact, Federer is using a new high tech Wilson racquet in 2014, the Wilson Pro Staff RF97 Autograph, and the "RF" stands for Roger Federer.
The tennis public has been eagerly awaiting the debut of the new frame, and Wilson has been kind of teasing us, leading up to its projected release date of October 1, 2014.
Back in July, Wilson released the tech specs of the racquet, adding more fuel to those anticipating this racquet.
Now, on Friday, August 1, the final design of the racquet is being shown off by Wilson.
Gone is the black matte look Federer has been using this spring and summer- now we have a new look and a new color to marvel at.
The RF97 and the entire family of Pro Staff racquets now look as good as Federer says they play.
The stick features a black throat and a red hoop. Federer loves red and that is his personal touch.
Black is the color most associated with past Pro Staff rackets and the black is still there. Black accents are now at three and nine o'clock on the hoop, giving a new look to this line of frames that has lasted for decades.
Much thought went into what this racquet would look like.
"This is a great example of the synergy that exists between Wilson and the tennis community," said Mike Dowse, Wilson Sporting Goods Co. President. "As a brand, we are committed to listening to the needs of our professional and recreational players. With the new Wilson Pro Staff RF97 Autograph racket we have created a stylish design while maintaining the premium performance and feel."
Wilson kind of went off the map when it came to finding a designer for this frame.
Wilson actually discovered Peter Figasinski, a freelance graphic designer, from a blog.
Figasinski, a life-long Wilson racket and tennis player, posted his design concept on a popular tennis forum. Wilson contacted him and signed a one-year contract with Wilson to share his designs and ideas.
Federer loved what Figasinski had to offer.
"When I saw the designs from Wilson, I knew right away that this was the look that I wanted to represent my legacy with the brand," said Federer. "The design is young and modern, with a classic feel. It is a fitting look for the next generation of the Pro Staff rackets."
Wilson also wants to make sure people know the history of their past "Autograph" racquets:
The Wilson Pro Staff RF97 Autograph is the first Autograph racket from Wilson in nearly 40 years, the last being the Chris Evert Autograph introduced in 1976. The Jack Kramer Autograph, launched in 1949, is the best-selling racket in tennis history. Autograph rackets are reserved for tennis legends and no one is more deserving than Federer, considered by many as the greatest tennis players of all-time. The RF97 Autograph is the centerpiece for the new and evolved Pro Staff line, with the flagship graphics set to become the design inspiration for the Wilson line for years to come.
The new Wilson Pro Staffs are cutting edge.
The new Wilson Pro Staff RF97 Autograph is seven percent larger than Federer's previous racquet. This creates a 10 percent larger sweet spot. Braided graphite and Kevlar in the frame composition give that consistent "Wilson feel."
Check out Wilson's series of videos they have released with the legendary Federer. Visit www.wilson.com/betterer.
The innovative and new Wilson Pro Staff RF97 Autograph is scheduled to be released into stores on October 1, 2014. No retail price has been given.