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I will be the first person to admit that I have never done yoga myself and by no means may considered well-versed in this practice, but nonetheless remain intrigued and open to any new data which may help people in the future. With such a confession aside, this article is going to focus on a new area of interest in the adjunctive treatment of stage 0-3 breast cancer: yoga. For several years now, yoga has been examined as a possible adjunctive treatment for a variety of medical conditions ranging from psychiatric issues in children to hypertension in the adult population. It became the subject of attention for such conditions due to the underlying philosophy and anecdotal success it has had in reducing stress and various stress-related pathologies.
For those readers who may have never heard of yoga or whom are unfamiliar with its practice, yoga is a very ancient practice that involves the physical, mental, and spiritual conditioning of its participants. It was developed in ancient India as a mix between religious philosophy and physical wellbeing with the goal of understanding one's own self and achieving a sense of serenity and peace within one's soul. Though there are many subtypes and subsets of yoga, the general idea is that the individual combine relaxation and meditation techniques with various physical posturing/positions and breathing exercises that allow one to tune into his/her body.
As an ancient art, humans have been practicing yoga for thousands of years and it has been used in complimentary medicine for some time now. With an increase in popularity among the western world, yoga has jumped to the forefront as a hot topic in many disciplines such as sports medicine, oncology, physical therapy, psychiatry, etc, as was mentioned earlier. Though several recent studies have described positive results with its use in helping to treat a number of conditions, many of these studies have lacked participant number and overall study design.
The more recent study in focus here was published in March of 2014 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. Researchers were examining the use of yoga as a way to improve quality of life in breast cancer patients.
As most are familiar, breast cancer is a terrible disease that affects many women. In fact 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer at some point in her lifetime and even more alarming, more than 40,000 women in the United States will die from breast cancer this year. With such alarming numbers, it's obvious that diagnosing, treating and curing this disease are at the forefront of research many different realms of medicine because of how this disease can affect everything from the body to the mind to the soul.
So why look at yoga for breast cancer? Well, it's commonly accepted in medicine that radiotherapy (radiation treatments) is very often the last step in the treatment process for a women undergoing chemo/radiation for breast cancer. It is also very well described that such radiation therapy can and often does cause a number of undesirable side effects such as fatigue, pain, lymphedema, neuropathy, cardiotoxicity, sleep changes/disturbances, and cognitive problems.
With such side effects often being experienced by women receiving this treatment, researchers began examining the quality of life that these women were reporting and the kind of effects that such decreased quality of life may have on the overall morbidity and mortality of these patients.
Interestingly, but not unexpectedly, our more recent research has shown that radiation therapy has been associated with a decreased quality of life and an overall increase in the stress-related hormone, called cortisol.
Cortisol is responsible for a number of issues in the body and may contribute to elevated blood pressure, problems with glycemic control, obesity, and even increased mortality among breast cancer patients.
The current researchers decided that since previous studies using Pantajali-based yoga programs (developed by Vivekanada Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana) for patients with breast cancer have consistently shown improvements in anxiety and symptoms of stress such as nausea and vomiting, that they would examine yoga in the setting of breast cancer to specifically look at how adjunctive use of it along with standard medical regimen may affect the overall/general quality of life experience by patients with stages 0-3 breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy.
The researchers enrolled 163 patients with stage 0-3 breast cancer whom were recruited before they began their radiotherapy treatments. They had specific selection criteria that excluded any patients who had extreme mobility issues or had participated in yoga in the previous year.
They then took these women and randomized them into one of three groups. One group was the yoga group, who would attend up to three 60-minute classes per week during their 6 weeks of radiotherapy, another group was the stretching group who would alternatively attend up to three 60-minute stretching classes during their treatment period, and the last group was the "waitlist" who would just undergo their medical regimen and have the option to select yoga or stretching after the end of their 6 week treatment.
The researchers then assessed the quality of life by using a 36-item survey form called the SF-36, which assessed their pain, vitality, social functioning, emotional functioning, and mental health among other outcomes. The survey was completed before and after the radiotherapy treatment period so as to have a baseline to compare things to.
They also looked at fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression, and cortisol levels (via 3 consecutive days of saliva sampling).
The yoga program that was used was considered and integrated program and was held in a large conference style room. It was typically a one-to-one scenario between the patient and instructor and the patient received a CD to help practice and learn the program at home.
The integrated yoga program consisted of the following aspects:
- Warm-up/breathing exercises
- Forward, backward, side bending (sitting and standing), cobra posture, crocodile, and half-shoulder stand.
- Supine deep relaxation
- Nostril breathing using alternating nostrils
- Meditation
So what did they find? Well, they were able to show that there were significantly greater increases in the SF-36 (Quality of Life) inventories for the yoga group when compared to the wait-list group at both 1 and 3 month marks after the treatment. There was not, however, any statistical differences between the yoga group and the stretching group in terms of the SF-36 score at these follow-ups.
Though the quality of life inventories did not display a very impressive improvement, patient's who'd participated in the yoga group during their radiotherapy reported decreased fatigue in comparison to the stretching and wait-list counterparts at the end of the treatment and at one month.
Additionally, patients in the yoga group also displayed steeper cortisol slopes in comparison to the stretching group and waitlist group at the end of treatment and at month 1 as well.
What does this all mean? This was essentially the first study to look at yoga and compare the effects it might have in a cancer population to another active group and the simple standard of care. They were able to show a correlation with the yoga group and improvements in several of the parameters that they were measuring, which may suggest that yoga could serve as a successful adjunctive treatment in breast cancer patients.
The thought underlying this whole concept is that higher levels of cortisol and decreased quality of life have been linked to earlier and increased mortality among breast cancer patients. The researchers here wanted to further evaluate the pilot studies looking at yoga and breast cancer.
Overall, the study is promising and offers great data that suggests that there may be serious role for using yoga adjunctively with radiotherapy to reduce some of the unpleasant side effects and improve the overall treatment process.
It does, however, lack in several areas. It is critical to understand that this study only examined the patients at the very end of the treatment, and then again at months 1, 3, and 6 after the completion of the treatment. The significant findings that they reported were only significant at the end of therapy and at months 1 and 3 when looking at some parameters. This suggests that further examination of the long term effects of yoga is necessary before making any broad statements about its use, efficacy, and application in breast cancer patients.
With that being said, improving the side effects and quality of life in these patients is critical. It's a debilitating and life-changing disease process that we must continue to fight. While researchers push to find better drugs and a cure at the cellular level, we must not forget about the other aspects of any disease process that may play a role in overall recovery. This study certainly offers an interesting look into the combination of current standard of care medical treatments with a complimentary medical practice involving the training of both the mind and body in attempts to optimize our treatment protocols.
Please feel free to leave me any comments, feedback, concerns, or insight on this page or email me at email@example.com. Also, if you like what you've read subscribe to the feed to get my articles sent directly to your inbox!
1. Cohen, L. et al. Randomized, Controlled Trial of Yoga in Women With Breast Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014; 32(10): 1058-65.
2. Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, et al. Quality of life and mental health in patients with chronic disease who regularly practice yoga and those who do not: A case-control study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013.
3. Danhauer SC, Mihalko SL, Russel GB, et al. Restorative yoga for women with breast cancer: Findings from a randomized pilot study. Psychooncology. 2009; 18: 360-68.
4. Littman AJ, Bertram LC, Ceballos R, et al. Randomized controlled pilot trial of yoa in overweight and oese breast cancer survivors: Effects on quality of life and anthropometric measures. Support Care Cancer 2012; 20: 267-77.
5. http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts
6. Pew Internet Post-Election Survey, November 14 – December 09, 2012. N=2,261 adults ages 18+. Margin of error is +/- 2.3 percentage points. American Society for Hypertension, Inc.


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subset: commoncrawl


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On my Mac (running OS 10.6.8), I can edit my hosts file with
sudo vi /etc/hosts, but changes I make don't seem to persist through restarts or possibly awaking from sleep mode.
Is there a way to make these changes persist?
Here's a sample change adding an override for www.example.com:
$ cat /etc/hosts
# Host Database
# localhost is used to configure the loopback interface
# when the system is booting. Do not change this entry.
127.0.0.1 localhost
255.255.255.255 broadcasthost
::1 localhost
fe80::1%lo0 localhost
188.8.131.52 www.example.com
Update: I am also using Cisco AnyConnect VPN software, and that turned out to be the clue. See Daniel's answer below.
Update 2013-05-20: This behavior was fixed/changed by Cisco in AnyConnect v3.0.5080 (or higher), released in Spring 2013. Release Notes - search for


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There's No Business Like Air Show Business (Part 4) November 30, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Aviation.
Tags: Airshows, Museums & Archives, Serendipity, WWII
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We've sung the praises of serendipity—that chance occurrence that connects a single, unanticipated event to our larger projects—on a number of occasions (HERE and HERE and HERE). But we're also big believers in preparation, doing the research, and being ready to take advantage of opportunities as they arise. Our recent trip to the Eighth Annual Jacqueline Cochran Air Show provided just such an opportunity. We've already described some of the events that took place at this air show, but the signature moment for us took place shortly after we arrived.
After making our way through the gate, we headed towards the C-17 transport sitting at the southern end of the flight line. Its gigantic wings offered shade from the desert sun, giving us the chance to pull our thoughts together. We then walked the length of the flight line in order to reconnoiter the aircraft, the crowd, and the vendors, a standard tactic to get the lay of the land.
Long before we reached the end of the flight line, we began see occasional flashes of bright, reflected sunlight. This isn't an uncommon occurrence at air shows. Many WWII-era aircraft are displayed unpainted, finished in their original aluminum skin. But this was different. The reflected light was vibrant, more intense. When we arrived at its source, we saw why: a 1939 Lockheed 12A Electra Junior.
This aircraft's owner is Les Whittlesey. He spoke with us about the aircraft's lifespan, gave us a tour of this magnificent piece of aviation history, and showed us various Lockheed ephemera he's been collecting, often finding something on eBay. (Click here for another article about Les and his plane.)
A product of aviation's Golden Age in the 1930s, the Electra Junior, so named for its relationship to the larger Lockheed 10 Electra, is a living exemplar of architect Louis Sullivan's form follows function maxim. Many of the aircraft of the late 1920s and early 1930s were still boxlike structures, covered with fabric, dope, and paint. Recently developed aluminum-based manufacturing techniques gave aeronautical engineers like Kelly Johnson, a native of Ishpeming, Michigan, also Anna's grandfather's hometown, the ability to experiment with a new design language which emphasized spare, streamlined shapes. The Electra Junior, a twin-engine, six-passenger plane, was just such a new aircraft shape.
It's often assumed that the era's defining architectural and design style, Art Deco, was deeply influenced by the aviation industry and developed its love of curves and shining metal surfaces from the era's aircraft. In reality, the relationship among aviation, industrial design, and art deco is a more complex, symbiotic one. Art deco had always been a reflection of modernism with its roots in machines and mechanisms. As the ne plus ultra machine of its day, it was only natural that the speed and dynamism of the airplane would influence art deco and that designers steeped in the vernacular of art deco would turn that knowledge back on the flying machine.
Les Whittlesey's Electra Junior was originally built in 1939 for aviation and automotive magnate Errett Lobban "E. L." Cord. Cord, as owner of Auburn Automobile Company (in addition to the Stinson Aircraft Company, Lycoming Engines, and several others), was no stranger to futuristic designs. The Auburn Boattail Speedster, designed in the early 1930s by Al Leamy, was an aggressively streamlined shape. Cord took delivery of the Electra Junior in 1940, but he was only able to enjoy it briefly.
In 1941, the U.S. Treasury Department commandeered the aircraft (Cord was paid for it) in preparation for the coming war. The Electra Junior was given the military designation of C-40 and shipped off to England as a part of the Lend-Lease program. As a transport during the war, the aircraft survived a friendly-fire incident over Belgium (the damage was uncovered during its most recent restoration), and there's a "rumor" (Whittlesey's word) that Prime Minister Winston Churchill flew in the aircraft. The January 2012 edition of Aviation History contains an article about Churchill learning to fly. Who knows, perhaps Churchill even graced the co-pilot's seat of this aircraft.
The Electra Junior evokes a different era, one of, as the sales brochure announces, "real comfort when you fly." In fact, an Electra Junior (and a cutout of one) was used as the Air France aircraft in the penultimate scene in Casablanca (see the video clip below). Although Air France never operated the Lockheed 12A, Hollywood's artistic license led to the correct choice of style over accuracy in this case.
The Electra Junior's indisputable style plays a leading role in the Cal Aero Aviation Country Club at Chino Airport, an events venue owned and operated by Les and his wife Susan. During our interview, Les related the fact that aviation-themed country clubs—think standard country club but with runways instead of golf greens—were popular in Southern California in the 1930s. Yes, as we sat in the passenger seats aboard the Electra Junior, we could almost hear the strains of Glenn Miller's "In the Mood."
One of this particular aircraft's greatest achievements was winning the 2006 Grand Champion award at the AirVenture in Oshkosh. It turns out we were there that year, which serves to remind us of a great value of air shows. These events are traveling archives, and each artifact has its own knowledgeable docent. This time, initially attracted by its aesthetic appeal, we grew to understand the story of an Electra Junior.
ALSO SEE OTHER POSTS IN THIS SERIES for more info on the people and the aircraft & lots of photos: Part 1 / Part 2 / Part 3
Interview: Daniel Lockney November 28, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Science, Space Exploration, Video Interviews.
Tags: Space Shuttle
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When we were at Kennedy Space Center in July for the last-ever space shuttle launch, we sat down with Daniel Lockney to talk about some of the spinoffs from NASA's space program. Lockney is a Program Specialist in NASA's Office of Innovative Partnerships, and he deals with technology transfers off all sorts.
In other words, when the United States decided to build the space shuttle and when we and our global partners set out to build the International Space Station, there existed a lot of problems to solve. In solving those problems and reaching its goals, NASA made technological innovations that could also be applied outside of the space program and even in our daily lives. Some of these new gizmos and materials were somewhat expected, but other innovations couldn't have been predicted. NASA spinoffs number in the hundreds and hundreds. That's 1743 secondary and commercial uses for technology that NASA developed to go to space.
Last Flight of the Concorde November 26, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Aviation.
Tags: Concorde, Museums & Archives
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Supersonic passenger flight ended on November 26, 2003, the day a Concorde made its last flight, this time back to its birthplace in Bristol, England, where it was put on outdoor display. The Concorde's last transatlantic flight had occurred roughly a month earlier (see video below).
The Concorde, a joint venture between the United Kingdom and France was riddled with problems right from the start, right down to whether the name should be spelled with (British) or without (French) the e on the end. Still, orders for more than 100 aircraft poured in, the industry was jazzed about this revolution, and construction of the aircraft began in 1965.
The drop nose and delta wing are among Concorde's distinctive features, the former needed for pilots to see the runway and the latter developed to allow the plane to reach a speed of more than Mach 2 (about 1320 milies per hour). But supersonic flight at high altitude presented challenges for engine design, heating and cooling, braking, and cabin pressurization. And the price of fuel was rising. Only 20 aircraft were built, 14 of which were used for passenger service. The first scheduled flight occurred on January 26, 1976. But protests led Congress to ban Concorde landings. Even after the federal ban was lifted, New York City instituted a ban.
The Supreme Court ended that prohibition, and flights from London and Paris to New York began on November 22, 1977. The record time between Heathrow and New York is 2 hours, 52 minutes. The public outrage subsided, as celebrities and the wealthy (Paul McCartney was a favorite of the crew) zipped back and forth across the Atlantic. The Concorde served more than one million bottles of champagne.
Doug toured the inside of the Concorde at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, where it sits outdoors. Anna saw the Concorde during its restoration at Scotland's National Museum of Flight in the summer of 2004. Together, we've seen a Concorde sitting in the distance as we landed in Birmingham, England, and up close at the National Air and Space Museum's Udvar-Hazy facility. The shape and size is pencil-like, as airplanes go, with the cabin ceiling just six feet from its floor and little room for carry-on baggage. When you look at this supersonic jet, you sense the speed it could achieve. But today marks the eight anniversary of its becoming an artifact.
There's No Business Like Air Show Business (Part 3) November 23, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Aviation.
Tags: Airshows, Serendipity, WWII
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On this date in 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed a bill that "the Women Airforce Service Pilots as having served on active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States for purposes of laws administered by the Veterans Administration." After the Navy decided in the mid-1970s that women could fly government planes, this legislation picked up a bill that had fallen by the wayside in 1944. WASPs who'd served during World War II did so as civilians and, until Carter signed this law more than thirty years later, had no formal military benefits.
We started this series (for the first two parts, click HERE and HERE) after attending this year's Jacqueline Cochran Air Show in the desert. For the last few weeks, we've planned to add a segment today and to get more specific about that show's performers. What great serendipity that, when Anna turned the page in her calendar (yes, she keeps an old-fashioned paper calendar) this weekend, there was a note in the margin for Wednesday: Carter & WASPs. After all, it was Jackie Cochran who, in 1939 immediately after Germany's invasion of Warsaw, wrote a letter to Eleanor Roosevelt suggesting that women could be used as military pilots.
The WASP program quickly grew out of the Women's Flying Training Detachment, which had been organized by Cochran, and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron, which had been organized by Nancy Harkness Love. We won't go into the rivalry and politicking between these two women here, but Jackie Cochran became the WASP's director and Nancy Love continued to oversee its ferrying operations to move aircraft about the country. When the WASP program ended in December 1944, largely because male pilots were being rotated home after flying overseas, 38 WASPs had died in service and 916 were still serving.
Among the women who lost their lives as WASPs were some of the most talented aviators in America. Cornelia Clark Fort was the first woman pilot to die in the service. After surviving Pearl Harbor—she was attacked by a Zero while giving a flying lesson—Fort ran out of luck and perished in a mid-air collision over Texas in March 1943. In the movie Tora-Tora-Tora, Fort was portrayed by a man.
Hazel Ying Lee, another WASP, was born in Portland, Oregon in 1912 and, in 1932, became the first Chinese-American woman to earn a pilot's certificate. Once, after a forced landing, she was chased around her aircraft by a pitchfork-wielding Kansan who assumed she was at the vanguard of a Japanese invasion force. While delivering a Bell P-63 Kingcobra to Great Falls, Montana, as a Lend-Lease aircraft destined for Russia, Lee collided with another P-63 after a control tower error. She died two days later.
Jackie Cochran, the only woman in the Bendix air race in 1937, went on to become the first women to break the sound barrier. For that record, she flew an F-86 Sabre, one of the two planes in the heritage flight at this year's Jacqueline Cochran Air Show. Over the years, she held more records than any other pilot. Later in her career, Cochran initially championed the possibility of thirteen women as astronaut candidates, only to testify against allowing women to become astronauts later.
Her namesake air show's website points out, "She was a long-time resident of the Coachella Valley, and is buried in Coachella Valley Cemetery. She regularly utilized Thermal Airport over the course of her long aviation career." So on the morning of November 5, we headed into the mountains to see what there was to see there. The Thermal Airport is nestled in a valley formed by the San Bernadino Mountains to the north and northeast and the San Jacinto Mountains to the south and southwest. Nearby is the Salton Sea.
As soon as we parked the car, it was clear that the how was underway. The sky was the cloudless, deep-blue that we've come to associate with the desert. As we walked toward the runways of the Thermal Airport, a Korean War era F-86 Sabre flashed overhead, its aluminum skin shimmering in the mid-morning sun. Piloted by Steven Hinton, president of Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino and veteran film and television pilot, the F-86's routine was focused, enclosed by the nearby mountains that ring the airport. Up was the only direction that wasn't constraining the sixty-year-old warbird, so again and again it finished high-speed passes down the runways centerline with soaring climbs.
Most current air shows feature acrobatic demonstrations, and the Jacqueline Cochran Air Show is no exception, with no fewer than four of the day's sessions devoted to acrobatic flying: Doug Jardine, Rob Harrison, Jon Melby, and Melissa Pemberton. In honor of the barnstorming and acrobatic women flyers of decades past, we give a special nod to Melissa Pemberton today.
A hundred years ago, Harriet Quimby became the first American woman to earn a pilot's license. (What better names for little girl characters than Harriet the Spy and Ramona Quimby?) Nowadays, Melissa Pemberton, who is in her mid-twenties, flies torque rolls and gyroscopic tumbles above crowds at air shows not just here in the United States but also in Japan, Spain, and El Salvador. Melissa learned to fly with her grandfather, and she's been flying aerobatics since she was 17 years old.
Melissa and her husband Rex, who was the youngest Australian to climb Mt. Everest, are both skydivers. Melissa performs with three other women—the only all-women four-way free-fly team. This year at the Jacqueline Cochran Air Show, Melissa flew her Edge 540 while her husband wafted to the ground in his wingsuit, which has webbing between limbs so that he can fly three feet forward for every foot he drops.
They came up with this act that combines skydiving and aircraft aerobatics to combine their skills and create something new for the air show circuit. It was quite a sight as traced Rex's descent by the smoke trailing behind him. Likewise, Melissa's plane trailed smoke, drawing relatively tight circles around Rex's path. They also both have radios to banter with each other and the crowd as the shapes in the sky form.
The Jacqueline Cochran Air Show wrapped up this year's season for Melissa Pemberton. Lofty Ambitions hasn't quite wrapped up this air show series, though.
Guest Blog: Bryson Thill November 21, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Guest Blogs, Science, Space Exploration.
Tags: computers
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Today's guest blogger is Bryson Thill, a computer science major at Chapman University who recently interned at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. We lived in Maryland for three years and occasionally visited Goddard, several times for their model rocket days when kids and adults gathered for dozens of little launches. Because we're educators, we're especially proud to share Bryson's story, and we think his concluding advice is important for students and the generally curious.
Also, take a look at the guest blog from another NASA intern, David Stack, by clicking HERE.
It's funny how seemingly simple decisions can have a tremendous impact on one's future down the line. I was just looking to earn some extra cash in my junior year when I took a job that would very quickly lead to an incredible summer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center on the opposite side of the country. Through the internship, I learned more than I ever would have imagined I could in a single summer, explored a very different part of the country, and met many incredibly talented students and researchers.
In October 2010, my professor of Physics 101, Dr. Eyal Amitai, informed me and several friends of mine that he was looking for a computer science student to assist with a NASA-related research project. I was the only one with enough time to take on such a task, and I had been actively, but unsuccessfully, looking for a job. It sounded perfect right from the start. For the rest of the academic year, I worked with Dr. Amitai developing software to help evaluate satellite precipitation estimates. In February, he suggested that I apply to the summer internship program at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, where he has worked for more than 15 years. I agreed, and one month later, I received an email informing me that I had been accepted into the SIES (Summer Institute in the Earth Sciences) to further explore the research that I had begun during the academic year as a student research assistant.
In early June, following the end of the spring semester at Chapman University, I got on a plane headed for Maryland, where I spent the next two and a half months being completely immersed in the world of research. My task was to write several imaging and analysis applications to evaluate data retrieved from several precipitation-observing satellites. This data was compared with observations of the same rainy events taken by ground-based radar instruments. Discrepancies between the two data sets would indicate an issue in the satellites, the radar systems, or both. Such discrepancies are relatively frequent, and their sources must be pinpointed so that the software used to analyze signals received from the satellites may be improved for future missions, like the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) Mission set to be launched in 2013.
The software that I wrote has helped identify particular conditions under which satellite observations and ground-based observations show significant incongruity. This information can be taken into account during the development of algorithms used for future missions. But despite these accomplishments, I'd had no experience in the earth sciences prior to my work with Dr. Amitai. His tremendous assistance as a mentor throughout my work with him allowed me to gain insight into a world of research to which I had never been exposed. During my time at Goddard, I was free to attend a huge variety of seminars regarding the earth sciences, and climate change in particular, by leading experts in the field. The opportunity given to interns to learn and to get accustomed to the field of research was remarkable.
Outside of the work itself, the internship was a priceless life experience. I made friends from all over the country, had a "real Maryland crab feast" by the water in Annapolis, and went hiking along the Potomac River. I attended lectures by astronauts and Nobel Prize-winning physicists and watched a live broadcast of the final shuttle launch with hundreds of passionate NASA researchers, some of whom had worked for years on instruments aboard that very mission. Having lived in California for my entire life, the decision to spend three months thousands of miles away at a prestigious research facility was a little nerve-wracking. But it was easily one of the most rewarding experiences in my life.
College is the time to take those kinds of chances. If you're a student considering applying to a job or internship that's a bit outside your comfort zone, I whole-heartedly recommend that you give it a shot. The worst that could happen is you will discover that you are not interested in pursing a career in a particular field. On the other hand, you might have the time of your life discovering new places, meeting new people, and learning more about yourself.
There's No Business Like Air Show Business (Part 2) November 19, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Aviation.
Tags: Airshows
2 comments
As we wrote on Wednesday (click HERE for that), air shows are unusual events, in that they represent a confluence of American history: they're political, they're technological, and they're commercial. Today, we're focusing on the technological history.
One amazing outcome of the air show is the possibility of seeing in person artifacts representing the arc of aviation history, from the Stearman biplane heavily used in the 1930s and 1940s to jets currently flying commercially and for the military. Sometimes, even a replica of the Wright flyer, the plane to first achieve controlled manned flight in 1903, will show up. While no air show offers the entirety of the technology's history, few other histories are thrown together for a weekend as comprehensively as on the air show circuit.
The underlying reasons we can see the arc of aviation history are that this narrative is only about a hundred years old and because often a model of aircraft will fly in military, commercial, and/or private service for decades. The Boeing-737 made its first flight in 1967 and was flying passengers the next year. Forty-some years later, when you get on a Southwest Airlines flight, you're flying in a 737. In fact, Southwest started flying passengers in 1971 but didn't start routinely retiring planes in its fleet until 2007. Compare that with another well-known, perhaps taken-for-granted technology: the computer. Chances are, you're in need of a new laptop if yours is even five years old.
An airplane doesn't hold up safely forever, and every pressurization cycle (based on takeoff and landing) stresses the fuselage and wings. Eventually, in commercial aviation, a plane nears the number of pressurization cycles it can accumulate without significant risk of damage and becomes cheaper to scrap than to maintain because large portions would need to be replaced. Some aircraft we see at air shows have had so many parts replaced that they are new planes in a sense. Human beings replace cells all the time; the skin we had as children is long-ago shed, and we are, in that sense, completely rebuilt on our surface.
So the brevity of aviation history combined with the longevity of individual models and airplanes means that air shows often encapsulate 80 or more years worth of this particular technology story. When we head to an air show, we're not sure exactly what we'll see, but we expect to see a historical arc.
The first North American Aviation T-6 took flight in 1935, and this model is still making rounds on the air show circuit. In fact, you can pretty much expect to see a T-6 as you walk around the grounds. The P-51 Mustang, a slender aluminum cruciform object against the blue sky, is a regular at air shows. We usually see a Corsair, with its distinctive gull wings, often a dark blue that somehow catches the sun and our eyes especially well.
Ford Trimotors occasionally turn up, and they first flew in 1926. The WWII-era Japanese Zero is a rare sight; as of last year, there existed only three airworthy Zeroes and only several more intact. FIFI is the only remaining airworthy B-29, so that's an exceptionally rare air show participant; this aircraft tours the air show circuit (this year included Oshkosh and St. Louis) and spends the winter at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum.
Heritage flights are a relative newcomer to air shows. We don't remember such a thing from our early adventures together twenty years ago. Begun in 1997 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Air Force, the Heritage Flight Program established a non-profit in 2010 to help keep this popular but expensive air show feature afloat. This year, we've seen two heritage flights: one at the Jacqueline Cochran Air Show featuring the F-86 and F-16, and the other at Miramar (posts HERE for photos and HERE for more) featuring the P-51 and F-16. The idea is to present a vintage aircraft alongside a current one so that viewers like us can understand the technological and performance differences and also begin to grasp through examples the larger story of aviation history.
Both the F-86 and the F-16 are single-engine fighters. The F-86 set a world speed record only months after aircraft starting rolling out of production in 1948: 670.9 miles per hour. The F-16, which the Air Force started flying in 1978, can top speeds of Mach 2, twice the speed of sound, and can pull 9-g—g-forces on the plane and pilot—maneuvers, for which it has a reclined seat to help prevent the pilot from passing out by keeping blood better distributed under high g-forces. Lest you think the F-86 is a speed slouch, in its day, which was the Korean War, it bested the MiG-15 with a 10:1 victory ratio.
Likewise, lest you think that military aircraft are all about U.S. superiority, keep in mind that the F-16 was built by a consortium of four—now five—NATO countries and, therefore, represents international technological collaboration. In fact, seeing the Korean War-era fighter zip by on the flight line followed by a fighter currently being used in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq points out that the history of technology is intertwined with our larger history, politics, and culture.
One fascinating aspect of the history represented by seeing the F-86 and F-16 together, particularly considering the longevity of an aircraft model, is that each individual plane at any air show is almost always exceptionally well documented. When a plane crashes, we all know that investigators can trace its entire maintenance history. Safety requires a regular maintenance established by the manufacturer for all aircraft. If a tire blows or a valve sticks, the repair or replacement is written down and filed away officially. More than once, we've sat in a plane at the gate waiting for the pilot to get permission to take off while maintenance files the paperwork. The military, of course, keeps careful records too, and even private pilots have to file maintenance and flight plan paperwork.
When a visitor walked into the Palm Spring Air Museum and said, I think that's the plane I flew at Naval Station Great Lakes, the museum's staff was able to look at the records and confirm that. We included photos of and information about that plane in our post on November 11 (click HERE for that).
A man like Les Whittlesey can buy a Lockheed Electra Junior, an L-12, and know exactly who owned the plane for how long over the course of its entire lifespan. When we see the gleaming plane at the Jacqueline Cochran Air Show, Les can recount an abbreviated version of that plane's story to us. In fact, this Electra deserves its own post, so that's in the works at Lofty Ambitions.
More than three years ago, we moved to California in part to have easier access to the nation's aviation history. Lockheed was and now Lockheed Martin is based in Southern California. North American, manufacturer of the T-6 and the P-51 and now subsumed by Boeing, was based here too. Just down the road in Tustin are two WWII-era blimp hangars of the type we grew to appreciate during our visits to Tillamook, Oregon, and its aviation museum. Just up the road is Chino's Planes of Fame Air Museum, and Chino is a hub for aircraft restoration. And of course, the space shuttle was born here in California.
We went to the Jacqueline Cochran Air Show earlier this month. In the Midwest, that just wouldn't be possible. Illinois doesn't host air shows in November. California, on the other, offered us a sunny November afternoon to spend wending our way among rows of aircraft, eyeing the technology's history up close one plane after the other. For hours, we also peered into the sky to watch the history retold.
There's No Business Like Air Show Business (Part 1) November 16, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Aviation.
Tags: Airshows
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Two Saturdays ago, we made our first trip to Palm Springs and Palm Desert to attend the 8th Annual Jacqueline Cochran Air Show (actually held near Palm Desert in Thermal, California). We've already posted two photo essays of our visit to the Palm Springs Air Museum that weekend (click HERE and HERE for those).
Here at Lofty Ambitions, we've made no secret of our affection for air shows. We've attended almost every variant of air show. We're not alone at these events. In recent years, some 25-26 million people have attended air shows in the United States and Canada. Air shows are the second most popular sporting events by attendance (well behind only Major League Baseball at 70+ million).
Some of our favorite air shows have been small, family-oriented gatherings like the College Park Air Show in Maryland; the Stearman Fly-In in Galesburg, Illinois; and Wings of Victory in Lancaster, Ohio. The smaller air shows allow us the opportunity to interact with aircraft and owners in ways that we can't predict. Once, at College Park, an aircraft owner and restorer took us into his workshop—on the airport's grounds—to see his most recent work on a long-term restoration project. He was painstakingly removing fasteners from seventy-year-old corrugated aluminum wings. Anna wrote a poem about that air show that made its way into her chapbook Turns about a Point. We never found out how far the man got with his restoration project, but his goal was to see the airplane fly again.
We've also attended themed air shows, like our recent visits to the MCAS Miramar Air Show (click HERE and HERE for posts on that), with its emphasis on Marine Corps aviation and the centennial of Navy aviation. Last fall, we traipsed over to nearby Zamperini Field (named for the man who serves as subject of Laura Hillenbrand's new book Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption) in Torrance, California, for their "Salute to North American Aviation" (click HERE for that post). Academics that we are, themed air shows have the feel of an upper-level seminar, a chance to dive deeply into some particular aspect of aviation.
Our experiences at the large, multi-day aviation events have also been rewarding and sometimes overwhelming. We aren't Oshkosh mainstays like our friends Jim Amundson and his father, Glen. Glen Amundson has attended EAA AirVenture each year since 1987, and Jim has joined his father at nearly half those shows. Still, we've twice sweated out Oshkosh (see our Oshkosh post HERE) with best of them on those brutally hot and humid late July days. (The best of them would be Lisa, Jim's wife, who once attended while six months pregnant.) We've also managed to take in the corporate-aviation-heavy shows like the Dayton Air Show and Chicago's Air and Water Show. The size and scale of these shows (and even the parking) can be intimidating, but the pay-off comes in the range of aircraft and the quality of the performers we've seen.
Air shows are unusual events, in that they represent a confluence of American history: they're political, they're technological, and they're commercial. For the next post, we'll focus on the technological history, for air shows offer, in just an afternoon, a recap of the entire history of this technological achievement. Along the way in this series, of course, we'll include photos, particularly of the Jacqueline Cochran Air Show earlier this month.
Interview: Andrew Allen November 14, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Space Exploration, Video Interviews.
Tags: Countdown to Cape, Space Shuttle
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Today's video interview is with three-time space shuttle astronaut Andrew Allen. We met Andy Allen last November when we were at Kennedy Space Center for Discovery's not-launch.
Allen became an astronaut in 1988 and flew his first mission, STS-46, in 1992 on Atlantis. He calls that shuttle Hotlantis. Less than two years later, he was aboard Columbia flying STS-62, a science mission. Roughly two years after that, Allen found himself again aboard Columbia on STS-75, which carried the Tethered Satellite System Reflight into space, a system he'd help test on his first flight. The mission also carried the United State Microgravity Payload 3, a follow on to USMP-2 that had been part of Allen's second mission. Allen commanded and landed that third flight.
Andy Allen retired from NASA in 1997 and remains in Florida. Click HERE for a local Florida news story about him, and, of course, watch our video below.
Palm Springs Air Museum (Part 2) November 11, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Aviation.
Tags: Museums & Archives, WWII
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For our regular Wednesday post this week, we did a photo essay of sorts based on our visit this past Sunday to the Palm Springs Air Museum. You can read that first post by clicking HERE. The museum was a place we'd planned to visit for a while (we've lived in California more than three years now), so we made it an add-on for our trip to see an airshow, which we'll also cover here at Lofty Ambitions soon.
In our earlier post, we emphasized some of the distinctive features of the Palm Springs Air Museum: the vantage on the airport's active runway, the really useful display of models next to actual planes, and the great library. When you look closely at those photos and those we post today, notice that the aircraft aren't roped off. You can get up close, looking inside the ball turret of the B-17 bomber or peeking inside the Sikorsky H-34 helicopter. That proximity to the artifacts, combined with the friendly volunteer docents, makes this aviation museum a great experience.
Today is Veterans Day, celebrated each year on November 11 to commemorate the armistice, the end of of shooting, of World War I, to acknowledge veterans' service, and, for many of us, to commemorate the hope for the end of war more generally. Last night at Chapman University, we saw Andrew Carroll, founder of The Legacy Project (www.warletters.com), and we heard letters written during different wars. If you have war letters (your grandparents' missives from WWII in the attic, your friend's emails from Iraq in the bottom of your inbox), preserve them. You can find preservation tips at The Legacy Project's website. If you want to throw them out, consider instead sending them to The Legacy Project, which respects confidentiality requests. Dozens of aviation museums restore and display artifacts of war, but the letters from those aviators, other soldiers, and those on the homefront tell the fuller story.
Today, we offer more photos from our visit to the Palm Springs Air Museum, with a focus on the role that aviation museums play in restoring and making accessible artifacts that might otherwise be lost.
If you're interested in more about Andrew Carroll, The Legacy Project, and the adaptation by John Benitz of the project's war letters into the play If All the Sky Were Paper, watch the following video.
Palm Springs Air Museum (Part 1) November 9, 2011Posted by Lofty Ambitions in Aviation.
Tags: Museums & Archives, WWII
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Inspired by the 102nd birthday of Evelyn Bryan Johnson last week, we packed a suitcase and headed into the desert this past weekend. We were pleasantly surprised that it took less than two hours to reach our destination, that parking and admission to the air show were free, and that the view was spectacular, with clear skies, warm sun, and mountains. We spent Saturday at the Jacqueline Cochran Air Show, and we'll have more on that soon, including some amazing photos.
We spent Sunday at the Palm Springs Air Museum, and we'll start there because that aviation museum celebrates its 15th anniversary this coming Saturday, November 12. If you're in the area, it's worth a look, even at $15 per person (check the website first for a dollar-off coupon). We devote this post to a photo essay that shows some of why we were struck by this museum, which includes two World War II hangars, several planes on display out front, and others in various states of repair on the ramp out back. In addition to the aircraft exhibits, the museum houses a library upstairs and a theater that shows films all day; we perused Life magazine issues and watched part of a History Channel show on the recovery of Glacier Girl, a P-38 buried 250 feet down in solid ice.
On Friday, we'll post a bit more about this museum, including a focus on restoration. In the meantime, enjoy this virtual tour through the Palm Springs Air Museum.
Check Friday's post HERE for more on this aviation museum (and Veterans Day), and we'll recount our air show adventures soon!


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Independence was pounded last night with a heavy rainstorm. This morning the ground was littered with dead tree branches and leaves that could not hold on.
I found something else that the storm had torn up. This year, I lost three trees to the pine beetle. I do not know which species was the culprit - mountain, southern, western - but like all the other pines in Independence, the trees are gone. The areas under them which have absorbed years of pine sap, cones and needles have not established a thick ground cover. The rain eroded soil from these areas.
There was a significant amount of black dirt deposited on the driveway. Using a flat spade, the mud was easily scraped up and carried back to the spots from whence it came, being careful to not destroy the young grass that was still hanging on. There were also sand deposits. Rather than mix all materials into a blended soup, water flows actually segregate deposits - black topsoil, clays, sands, rocks.
Do not just wash down your driveway when there is a mud flow. Perhaps the dirt comes from upstream, or is in the street. Spring to action while the dirt is wet and pliable. This is top soil that is precious.
We have the Soil Conservation Service – a branch of the USDA established just to do what you can accomplish in 5 minutes.
"Since the achievement of our independence, he is the greatest patriot who stops the most gullies." - Patrick Henry 1777


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Viber's Support Website Defaced by the Syrian Electronic Army
The hacktivist group SEA has taken a swing at Viber, the instant-messaging and VoIP service, defacing its online support center on Tuesday.
Hackers claimed credit for this act with a blue banner that reads "Hacked by Syrian Electronic Army," and displayed a message asking users to get rid of the service for privacy concerns.
"After we gain[ed] access to some systems of that app, it was clear for us that the purpose of this app is spying and tracking of its users," the Syrian Electronic Army wrote on their website.
Viber said the attack was possible because an employee fell victim to a phishing e-mail, in a manner that resembles their previous attack against the Onion. Apparently hackers managed to access a customer support panel and a support administration system but no sensitive data was accessed, despite hackers' claim of having accessed "phone numbers and contacts and their emails" implying both clients and employees.
On Monday, the Syrian Electronic Army published 1.5 TB worth of user conversations exfiltrated from the Tango instant messenger application for mobile phones.


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Dengue Awareness seminar at Government Degree College Wapda Town
LAHORE – Government Degree College Wapda Town organised a dengue awareness seminar on Monday.
MNA Afzal Khokhar was the chief guest on the occasion wherein Dr Aftab Mohsin of Services Hospital gave special lecture to create awareness among students and teachers. He highlighted the causes and preventions from this viral disease. Dr Mohsin highlighted the symptoms and precautionary measures for this disease.
A large number of students attended the seminar.
Afzal Khokhar appreciated the efforts and precautionary measures of college administration. Principal Farzana Faiz Gilani thanked the guests.


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- Mommy-to-be receives a special Prenatal Massage designed to diminish lower back pain, reduce water retention, and improve circulation during pregnancy.
- Daddy-to-be receives a wonderfully relaxing full body massage.
- Hot Country Breakfast for Two and a Half!
- In-room Make Your Own Sundaes
- Includes ice cream, fudge, sprinkles, nuts, and whipped topping
- Extra Pillows for Mommy-to-be's Comfort (including a body pillow)
- 12:00 pm Check-out - Sleep while you can!
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Create an evening of love with this romantic special! Included are silk rose petals scattered all around your Jacuzzi, along with Victoria's Secret scented candles. Rose petals also sprinkled across your bed for the final touch of romance.
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Treat yourself to an unforgettable dining experience with our In-room Fondue Meal. Our gourmet chef will create a delectable meal for you to enjoy in the comfort of your accommodation complete with candles. Starting with your choice of Savory Fondue with assorted meat, vegetable and bread dippers and ending with a delightful Dessert Fondue served with assorted fruit, cookie and cake dippers.
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- A One Night Stay in a Cottage
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- A Two Night Stay in Any Accommodations (excluding RTS)
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- Hot Country Breakfast for two delivered to your room on the morning of your choosing.
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The rural community of Hooker was in the spotlight last week when a film crew from Los Angeles, Calif., came to town.
Eyeboogie Inc., contracted by the Travel Channel, made the trek to the Oklahoma Panhandle with a single purpose in mind: to visit towns with "interesting" names.
Bundled up for a chill that had taken over the area, the sunny California crew were ready and willing to learn more about Hooker and how it got its name.
"We've been to the Hooker Chamber of Commerce and spoken with Linda(Martin)," said Chad Gajadhar, Co-Executive Producer for Eyeboogie Inc. "She told us a little bit of the history of the town and the people."
Martin, who owns and runs the local flower shop, is also President of the Hooker Chamber of Commerce.
According to Gajadhar, they will be traveling all over the country looking for towns like Hooker and Beaver
The Eyeboogie Inc., crew was in Hooker Feb. 28 and March 1. They then traveled to Beaver March 2.
Other towns are already getting a mention on the Travel Channel's Web site include: Slaughterville, Okla.; Looneyville, Texas; Hell, Mich.; Sandwich, Mass.; Happyland, Ct.; Surprise, NY; Welcome, S.C.; Allgood, Ala.; and Little Heaven, DE.
As to when the show will air, Gajadhar isn't sure yet.
He added that the likelihood Hooker and Beaver will make the cut for inclusion in the show are good.
©2016 Seward County Broadcasting Company, Inc.
1410 N. Western Ave. Liberal, KS 67901


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A winner in the 2014 Building Of The Year Awards from ArchDaily, which calls itself a "source of inspiration for architects," is a dubious pick. And it's not because it's a treehouse.
Designed by Luis Rebelo de Andrade in Portugal, this house in a wood has all the latest industry innovations: sustainability and ecology, reinforced insulation, heating systems, water reuse, water solar panels, and the low consumption lighting system using LED technology. But you'd never think that by the way it looks. (More about that in a moment)
As you might guess from the enhancements, Rebelo de Andrade's treehouse is not the kind that kids make of plywood planks nailed together and reach with a rope ladder. His is a studio apartment up in the trees, complete with a bathroom and kitchen. And such amenities are nothing new in treehouses now. A kind of escape hatch for adults who like to hear leaves moving, it has grown in popularity in recent years. There are even treehouse resorts.
But here's the thing. Besides good function, architecture needs good form and for a house of any size, at the very least, it needs to look hospitable. Rebelo de Andrade's example doesn't. Set on spindly legs, it looks wobbly, even ramshackle and hardly welcoming.
Usually when architecture fails, the form is good, but it doesn't function well. I'm thinking of Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava who designs gorgeous sculpture-like structures, but disregard function, like designing an opera house with obstructed views for 150 seats.
Frank Lloyd Wright also is guilty of this disregard. His Falling Water is a weekend waterfront getaway in Bear Run, PA that no one can swim from or launch a boat from or even look at the waterfall from. What's more, the famed four concrete floors jutting over the waterfall were in danger of collapsing from the day they went up in 1936. It also leaked like a sieve and needed an $8.1 million restoration in less than 30 years.
As I say, this winner in the 2014 Building Of The Year Awards is a dubious pick.


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Dave Kost has been hit by a one-hop screamer. And just last week, he had to lean quickly to get out of the way of a line drive.
Kost is coaching bases this summer for the Amarillo Dillas, and said he's aware each game of how close he is to the action.
"I have had some close calls," he said Monday, a day after a minor league coach was struck in the head by a foul ball during a game and later died of his injury. "It's such a short distance to home plate."
It's 90 feet from home to first base and third base, even shorter if a coach stands on the grass edge of the coaching box closest to home plate.
What often puts a coach in the box at greater risk, he said, is when runners are on base. Kost said it's the first-base coach's responsibility to make sure his runner does not get caught unaware if the first baseman "moves in behind him to cover the bag. You turn away (from home plate) to watch for that."
Coaches are as susceptible as players, but without gloves. At Dillas games, the first-base coach also has to look west and the setting sun in the early innings.
"We're certainly aware there's a possibility" of getting struck by the ball, he said. "We're part of the playing field. You do the best you can."
Kost took a shot to the knee while coaching third, he said.
"There was no time to get out of the way," he said. "It was extremely painful."
He said "the coaching fraternity sends its condolences to the family" of Mike Coolbaugh, the Tulsa Drillers coach who died in Arkansas after being struck by a line drive.
"It's sad because he was so young," Kost said of the 35-year-old coach.
- Greg Jaklewicz
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I am a self-confessed drama queen when it comes to my mascara. If you can't tell I'm wearing it and if it doesn't look like Bambi needed a few strips of false lashes to achieve my lashes, then a mascara usually isn't for me. By some weird twist of fate, or maybe, like in Jerry McGuire, I had some bad pizza and had some life-changing realizations(we will never know), I decided to try Maybelline's Lash Stiletto because I wanted length, without much drama (I feel fine typing this, in case you were wondering).
Much to my surprise, Lash Stiletto is a lovely mascara. It gives great definition and decent length and without the volume the finished look is very sophisticated and natural. The brush itself is skinny and lets me get all the hairs from the inner corner to the outer edge and coats my lashes evenly. My lashes don't look a mile long, but they do look lovely.
As a self-confessed anti-smell-in-my-make-up-nazi, I actually learned to embrace the lovely rose scent of the mascara. It's subtle, doesn't reek, and makes the product feel more luxe. (As I type this, I vow never again to have pizza late at night again. I can't stand the shift in character)
I also really liked the wear of the mascara. it didn't flake or smear but was easy to take off and it felt pretty gentle on my lashes too. I reach for this mascara on days when I want to look very subtly made up, and in its category s, this mascara is a winner.


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In the coupon collectors problem, there are $n$ unique coupons and each cereal box has 1 coupon only. I would like to modify the problem such that there are $m$ boxes of cereal in total and each box has $c_i (1 \le c_i \le n)$ number of coupons.
Then how many boxes of cereal do I need to buy to have $n$ unique coupons?


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Johnson Controls
Johnson Controls (NYSE: JCI) is a diversified industrial manufacturer worldwide.
Expanded Definitions
Johnson Controls is a leading manufacturer of auto parts. According to an article in the October 12, 2012, issue of the Wall Street Journal, Johnson Controls is the recipient of a US DOE grant for advanced batteries, presumably lithium batteries. The grant was $299.2MM. Their lithium battery plants are in Holland, MI and Lebanon, OR. In 2012, they acquired the auto parts business of A123 when A123 filed for bankruptcy. That deal included lithium battery plants in Romulus and Brownstown, MI.


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Testing the hardness of water
Class practical
Soap solution is used to measure the hardness of rain water, temporarily hard water and sea water. The effect of boiling both the hard water samples is investigated.
Lesson organisation
This is a student practical, where a lot of the preparation work has been done beforehand. It could be varied so that the students watched, or carried out themselves, the preparation of the solutions. This would require using real (or simulated) sea water, rather than mixing temporarily and permanently hard water. Also the temporarily hard water will really need to be boiled and cooled (as opposed to distilled water being substituted).
For younger, or less practically experienced students, consider providing the burettes already clamped and full of soap solution.
Students should bring their conical flasks to the stock bottles of A to E and use a dedicated measuring cylinder for each solution to obtain 10 cm3. With larger groups, consider telling different groups to start with a different letter.
The work as described will take about 45 minutes.
Access to:
Soap solution (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, HARMFUL), 75 cm3 per group (Note 1)
A supply of distilled or deionised water for rinsing their flask between experiments
Solutions as below, about 20 cm3 per group:
A Deionised water – labelled as Rain water
B A 50/50 mixture of temporarily and permanently hard water – labelled as Sea water
C Temporarily hard water (Note 2) – labelled as Temporarily hard water
D Deionised water – labelled as Boiled temporarily hard water
E Permanently hard water diluted 50/50 with deionised water (Note 3) – labelled as Boiled sea water
Refer to Health & Safety and Technical notes section below for additional information.
Eye protection
Measuring cylinders (10 cm3), 5 (one for each of A to E below)
Each group of students will need:
Conical flask (100 cm3)
Bung, to fit the conical flask
Burette and burette stand
Small funnel
Health & Safety and Technical notes
Read our standard health & safety guidance
Wear eye protection throughout.
1 Soap solution in 'ethanol' (Industrial Denatured Alcohol, IDA – see CLEAPSS Hazcard) (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, HARMFUL) can be purchased or made up – see CLEAPSS Recipe Book.
2 Dilute about 150 cm3 of limewater* (IRRITANT) with an equal volume of distilled water. Pass in carbon dioxide (see Standard Techniques: Generating, collecting and testing gases Generating, collecting and testing gases), taking care that the gas carries over no acid spray, whereupon calcium carbonate is soon precipitated. Continue the passage of gas until all the precipitate dissolves, giving a solution of calcium hydrogencarbonate. This is temporarily hard water.
* Limewater (calcium hydroxide solution) (IRRITANT) - see CLEAPSS Hazcard and CLEAPSS Recipe Book.
3 Stir a spatula or two of hydrated calcium sulfate - see CLEAPSS Hazcard - into some deionised water. Swirl to mix, allow to stand, then decant off the clear solution. This is permanently hard water.
a Collect about 75 cm3 of soap solution in a small beaker.
b Set up a burette and, using the small funnel, fill it with soap solution.
c Use a measuring cylinder to measure out 10 cm3 of one of the samples of water from the list below into a conical flask.
- A Rain water
- B Sea water
- C Temporarily hard water
- D Boiled temporarily hard water
- E Boiled sea water
d Read the burette. Add 1 cm3 of soap solution to the water in the conical flask. Stopper the flask and shake it. If a lather appears that lasts for 30 seconds, stop and read the burette.
e If no lather forms, add another 1 cm3 of soap solution. Shake the flask. Repeat the process until a lather forms that lasts for 30 seconds. Read the burette.
f Rinse out the flask with distilled water. Repeat the experiment with 10 cm3 of another water sample, until you have tested them all. Make a note of the volumes of soap solution that were needed in each case to produce a lather.
g From your experiments, decide:
- which water samples are 'soft' and why
- whether sea water contains permanent hardness, temporary hardness or a mixture of both.
Teaching notes
Sample A will require very little soap solution. This shows that rainwater is soft. It has effectively been distilled (and like distilled water, it will contain dissolved carbon dioxide but no salts).
Sample D will also require very little soap. This shows that temporarily hard water can be softened by boiling (see theory below).
The other samples will require more soap but E will require less than B, showing that sea water contains both temporary and permanent hardness.
The volumes of soap solution needed give a measure of the relative hardness of the various samples. With more able groups, it might be worth considering that rainwater is completely soft, so that the volume of soap required here is just the amount required to get a lather, not to overcome hardness. This volume should be subtracted from the other volumes before the relative hardnesses are compared.
Hard water contains dissolved calcium (or magnesium) salts that react with soap solution to form an insoluble scum that should be seen as a white cloudiness in the tubes:
calcium salt(aq) + sodium stearate (soap)(aq) → calcium stearate (scum)(s) + sodium salt(aq)
Only when all the calcium ions have been precipitated out as scum will the water lather. Thus the volume of soap solution measures the amount of hardness.
Temporarily hard water is defined as that which can be softened by boiling. The reactions by which it is made here are:
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
(Calcium carbonate is the 'milkiness' that forms when lime water is reacted with carbon dioxide)
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq) (calcium hydrogencarbonate)
This reaction also occurs when rain water (containing dissolved carbon dioxide) flows over limestone rocks. On boiling, the reaction is reversed, softening the water:
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Permanently hard water contains calcium or magnesium salts other than the hydrogencarbonates. These are unaffected by boiling.
Health & Safety checked May 2008
'Doc Brown' - a very readable summary of the above, and more!
Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) - puts soap titrations into the context of the techniques used (or historically used) by water laboratories.
Page last updated on 31 July 2012


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If you have a problem with Internet Banking please contact the bank by phone, 402-994-4000. Except for holidays you can call during business hours 8:30 AM - 4:00 PM Monday - Friday and 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM Saturday.


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Party On
Rayven Williams | Photo: Courtesy of AT&T Performing Arts Center | February 7, 2014
What are you doing this February? Forget Valentine's Day, join us for a little art, a little culture and plenty of bubbly at the best events in Dallas this month:
1. Junior League of Dallas Ball: Celebrate our own "Marvelous City" at the 52nd annual Junior League of Dallas Ball presented by Sewell and sponsored by Modern Luxury. This year's black tie event, themed Rio Carnival, will feature live entertainment by Bob Schnieder. Feb. 22. Hilton Anatole Hotel, Chantilly Ballroom, 2201 N. Stemmons Freeway, 214.357.8822
2. Paws Cause 2014: Join Honorary Chair Holly Forsythe for an evening of entertainment, dinner, cocktails and a silent auction benefiting SPCA of Texas' Spay Neuter Clinic at Village Fair in South Dallas. Feb. 23. Sambuca Restaurant, 2120 McKinney Ave., 214.742.7722
3. Philip Glass: An Evening of Chamber Music: TITAS presents an intimate evening with one of the world's most important living composers, Philip Glass, in concert with violinist Tim Fain. Feb. 24. Winspear Opera House, 2403 Flora St., 214.880.0202
4. Attitudes & Attire: The 17th annual luncheon and fashion show will honor the 2014 recipient of the Kim Dawson Attitude Award. Feb. 27. Grand Pavilion at the Dallas Trade Mart, 2100 Stemmons Freeway, 214.630.1667
5. The UNICEF Experience: Join Catie and Aaron Enrico, Joyce Goss and Rich Moses for UNICEF Experience Dallas, celebrating UNICEF's lifesaving work for children. Feb. 28. Fashion Industry Gallery, 1807 Ross Ave., 713.963.9390, ext. 21


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Brain freeze as we all know can be quite painful. This condition occurs when a person eats something cold like ice cream fast. The result is what is known as brain freeze. The symptoms feel like your head/brain is on ice and can immediately cause a severe pounding headache or worse, a migraine.
There are some tips that you can introduce to yourself when this occurrence happens. The pain will decrease as well as that icy feeling while preventing yourself from suffering from a terrible migraine headache.
The first tip is quite simple. And, that is to not eat ice cream or swallow any frozen drinks quickly. This will without a doubt bring on brain freeze. Another tip which isn't something many would be likely to consider is to give up those frozen treats you love so much. Since this doesn't seem to be the right answer then it would be wise to try a few of the tips suggested below that will help prevent or lessen the pain of a brain freeze attack.
Tips that aid in the prevention and easing of brain freeze pain:
Press your tongue or thumb against the roof of your mouth. The placement of both will emit some heat which then warms your palate. Once the temperature inside your mouth rises it will lessen the severity of the pain you're experiencing.
A massage will also help lessen the pain and icy feeling. Either rub your temples and the back of your neck yourself or ask a friend or family member to do it for you. After a few minutes your body will respond to the massaging muscles and lessen the stress and tension headache you are feeling from eating all that ice cream.
Take the icy chill off the treat you are about to eat or drink. Place the bowl or glass in the microwave for 10-20 seconds before you begin to eat or drink that delicious dessert. This takes the edge off the chill and may just prevent that headache from forming.
Lastly is to have a drink handy that is warmer than the treat you are about to consume. Once you start to experience the symptoms of brain freeze take a sip or two and this will put a damper on that icy effect you know could be coming your way.
Enjoy icy cold treats without the torture of brain freeze!
© 2014 Beverly Mucha / All Rights Reserved


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I've a hard time implementing the custom primary menu behaviour.
I've already:
Created a custom
post type: productsthat has a custom
taxonomy: product_categoryassociated with it.
Activated and implemented
Taxonomy Metaplugin to have the possibility of adding a
category imagefor the
The thing I want to achieve is:
- After manually inserting each
product_categorytaxonomy under the
Productpage in primary menu editing page in admin side, instead of just showing the name of the taxonomy in the client side, I want the menu to show the name, description and the image
Now, I know there's is a description field in the menu editing page, but what I want is to have that description come from the taxonomy description. Just like the image.
How to customise the primary navigation to show taxonomy description (not the menu item description) next to it's name? How can I get access to that taxonomy description?
Side note
I've created a child theme of
Twenty Thirteen but haven't touched any of it's functions or menu handling thing etc.


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NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell was a special guest of New Orleans Saints owner Tom Benson.
Goodell said he previously attended a game at the Superdome on Sept. 25, 2006, when the Saints hosted the Atlanta Falcons in the first home game in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
"I like what I've seen all around the city, the spirit, the passion, the tremendous optimism, " Goodell said prior to kickoff. "There obviously is more work to be done, but it's coming back better than ever."
Goodell said the Saints' new long-term stadium agreement with the state "is a symbol of a great public-private partnership, where this team and the public sector -- all the way up to the governor -- worked very hard to structure a deal that is good for everybody. It's great for this community. It'll be great for the Saints, and it'll be great for the NFL."
Goodell attended a party Saturday night at the home of Olivia and Archie Manning, whose son Eli was on the short end of Sunday's blowout loss as the Giants' quarterback.
"I tell Archie I wish he had more kids, " Goodell said, laughing.
"The Mannings are very special people, and to be the parents of three really terrific young men and two great NFL players right now is a great thing, " Goodell said, alluding to the Mannings' oldest son, Cooper, and Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning. "It's not only that they're great players, they're great people."
Goodell declined to handicap Sunday's game, but he made it clear his thoughts on the possibility of the Saints reaching Super Bowl XLIV in Miami.
"That would be great for the NFL, " Goodell said. "But, more importantly, that would be great for this community. What this community and this team represent is a bond that is very special. I talk about it all the time. This team reflects the community in such a way that it brings that same total spirit and unity together. I think that would be great for this community that's had so much to overcome and they have done it."


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Many Liberal residents are preparing for Liberal's Cinco de Mayo
Celebration. This year's event will be Sunday, May 2. Liberal
Chamber of Commerce Executive Director Rozelle Webb says
parade entrants are welcome. "The Cinco de Mayo Committee
is working real hard to get the word out that this is a community
event and not just for one nationality," Webb said during Talkradio
1270's Live From Broadcast Square. "We are in the process of
taking parade entries and anyone can enter the parade."
Entry forms are available at the chamber office or you can call
624-7773. There will be prizes available for the winners.
There will be more contests and the crowning of the Cinco
de Mayo Queen that day after the parade at the Seward County
Activity Center.
©2016 Seward County Broadcasting Company, Inc.
1410 N. Western Ave. Liberal, KS 67901


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All over the country, more people are learning about the kind of shopping where everything is free. Food banks are drawing in people they never thought would come in. The Albuquerque Storehouse is one of the largest food pantries in the country, and is on a mission.
Volunteers and members of the five person staff kindly assist customers in filling their shopping carts with free food. Last year, a study by the New Mexico Association of Food Banks and Feeding America reported that nearly 40,000 New Mexicans seek food assistance each week.
Before the recession was announced as official in 2005, the Storehouse provided nearly two million meals. In the last two years alone, the Storehouse provided more than three million meals, according to its website. President of the Storehouse, Lee Maynard, said he is feeling the heat for keeping his pantry stocked.
"Where the competition comes in is the demand for the food that is available. So if there is a thousand pounds of beans out there and times get tough, there are more people who want the beans," Maynard said.
In 2006, the Storehouse experienced a dramatic increase in the amount of Storehouse customers. Maynard took this as a warning of what is to come in the next few years, and looked at more possible donators.
"It's one of those things that just puts you in a vice and keeps you there, so we have to work twice as hard when the economy is bad just to stay in the same place," Maynard said.
Storehouse management pushed to get more food from more sources to ensure their food supply.
"We saw this coming. We didn't quite see it coming in the size it eventually was, but we know it was going to be bad no matter how we looked at it. The Storehouse was able to absorb the increase,a little bit painful but not impossible," Maynard said.
As the economy continued into a recession the volunteers and the staff of the Storehouse, like Food Service Manager, Margaret Trujillo, began to lead a different crowd through the aisles of food.
"We noticed people came into the storehouse that we have never seen, I don't mean that in the sense we didn't know them, but people came in wearing suits and ties," Trujillo said.
Maynard saw his first customer in a suit in January of 2009 just needing some extra help after he was laid off.
Students from the surrounding area have also been coming into the Storehouse in increasing numbers. Maynard said the Albuquerque Storehouse experienced a 20% increase in customers in the last quarter of 2008. Since then, between 350 and 400 individuals have been coming in each day. However, Maynard said there are still more people in need.
"You want a vision statement? Feed more people," Maynard said. "The economy is always real to us."
The repercussions of an economic downtrun are seen by the long lines to get into the Albuquerque Storehouse. However, Trujillo and Maynard said they feel blessed to have enough food to go around. To get some extra help from the Storehouse, customers need a New Mexico photo ID.


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Strength in Conditioning for Friday, February 14, 2014
We all know that lasting relationships take hard work but on this Valentine's day, SICFIT Scottsdale is taking this to the next level! Don't forget to make SICFIT Scottsdale's Sweat with your Sweetie a part of your day of romance. All day long, classes are free for your Valentine. So forget the flowers and the candies and join SICFIT in this workout for two!
Row 2K
100 Pull ups
3 Minute hand stand hold
150 Sit ups
2 Minute pull up hold (chin above bar)
200 Air squats
1 Minute overhead hold #95
400 Meter partner carry (switch if needed)


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Belk offers a variety of quality pet accessories for your fur babies. Find pet supplies online from top designers. Your little one can have designer pet accessories that look great in your home. Buy pet supplies from this selection for all the pets you love. We offer pet accessories in pet beds that are soft and luxurious. Order pet supplies online from Belk and we will ship them directly to your door. Our pet accessories make great gifts for your favorite pet lovers.


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Oct 21, 2009 8:20 AM
We'll be honest; we initially picked up L de Lolita Lempicka Parfum ($40-89) at the perfume counter for the beautiful aquamarine glass bottle draped with gold netting, gemstones, and a cut-glass stopper. We bought it because of the fragrance. Intoxicatingly floral and spicy with notes of immortal flower, musk, cinnamon, and bitter orange, it's free spirited and mysterious. As with most Oriental perfumes, it is best applied very sparingly so that, like the mermaid it's inspired by, all passersby get is elusive whiffs of something magical and untamed.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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Two passengers and a pilot who were believed to have been riding in a hot air balloon that caught fire and crashed on May 9, 2014, are currently unaccounted for, according to BuzzFeed. The incident took place near Doswell, Virginia just prior to the Mid-Atlantic Balloon Festival, the website reports.
A Virginia State Police spokesperson told NBC News authorities were looking for the balloon, but had yet to find it due to unfavorable weather conditions. She noted witnesses saw the balloon's gondola catch fire. One who saw the balloon as it burned told WTVR it may have drifted into a power lines before plummeting to the ground.
Cole Holocker, 18, who saw black smoke in the distance as he and his family headed to a nearby Army base, told NBC News he was initially unable to tell what the object in the sky was. "We thought it might be exhaust from a helicopter base and then, when we came close to it, we could see it was a balloon," he said. From about 5 to 10 miles from the crash site, the basket looked as though it had been "burned away" and the balloon "was shrinking," Holocker added.
BuzzFeed reports that the Caroline County Sheriff's Office stated earlier that passengers were seen jumping from the balloon's gondola as flames began to engulf it.
According to WTVR, one or two balloons may have hit power lines and caught fire, reports USA Today. The publication notes that Meadow Event Park, the location for the balloon festival in which the downed craft is believed to have been taking part in, is known for being the birthplace of the race horse Secretariat.
The festival was slated to begin on May 11 and continue through May 12 with balloon teams nationwide expected to participate in the event. According to USA Today, the park's website announced a "Friday Flights Happy Hour" was also planned.
Greg Hicks, the Meadow Event Park's vice-president of communications told USA Today that Virginia State Police and the Federal Aviation Administration were currently investigating the incident.
Suggested Links
- Australian official says objects spotted in ocean may be missing Malaysia plane
- Report says missing Malaysian plane flew low to avoid detection
- Some Hot Pockets may contain 'diseased' meat, according to USDA
- South Carolina shaken by 4.1 magnitude earthquake
- Federal judge rules Virginia's ban on gay marriage unconstitutional


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Crockett To Play In NABC All-Star Game Today At 4:30 PM
April 4, 2014
LUBBOCK, Texas - Texas Tech's Jaye Crockett has been named to the West Squad of the 2014 Reese's Division I All-Star Game, a National Association of Basketball Coaches event, as a part of Final Four Today at 4:30 p.m.
Crockett, who finished his career at Texas Tech 24th on the all-time scoring list, is one of 20 players from across the nation selected to participate in the event. Crockett is one of three Big 12 Conference players selected to participate, joining Baylor's Cory Jefferson and Oklahoma's Cameron Clark.
2014 Reese's Division I All-Star Game will be played at AT&T Stadium today at 4:30 p.m. and is free to the public. The game is played as part of events during Final Four Friday, including practices by all four of the teams playing in the semifinals on Saturday.
After leading the Red Raiders in scoring for the second straight season, Crockett earned Third Team All-Big 12 honors from the league coaches, while notching Fourth Team honors from CollegeSportsMadness.com and honorable mention from the Associated Press. He was a USBWA First Team All-District selection and a First Team Academic All-Big 12 selection. Crockett was also a Dr. Gerald Lage Award recipient, the highest academic honor in the Big 12.
This past season, Crockett averaged 13.9 points per game, while pulling down 6.4 rebounds. He also added 1.2 assists and 1.0 steals per game, while shooting a league-best 51.7 percent from the field.
Crockett is the first Red Raider to play in the All-Star Game since Andre Emmett participated in the 2004 edition of the event.


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Fantastic 40's And Anal 4
She's old enough to know just what she likes and still young enough to make it hot. And what mama likes is a good, hard ass fucking. Give it to her because she's not getting older, she's getting better. And she's fantastic!
Studio: Filmco Productions | Production Year: 2010
Performers: Brad Baldwin Ginger Spice Dino Bravo Deauxma Guy DiSilva Vanessa Videl


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Benchmarking Engaged Institutions
Benchmarking Engaged Institutions
Benchmarks are ways of thinking about and assessing institutional engagement. The following links are preliminary work by various institutions of higher education related to benchmarking.
Carnegie Reclassification Pilot Study - Michigan State University Response
Engaged Scholarship: A Resource Guide
Prepared for Committee on Institutional Cooperation Members Committee (Chief Academic Officers)
Prepared by CIC Committee on Engagement, December, 2005
CECEPS Report - Benchmarking of Outreach/ Engagement Survey, November 2005
CECEPS Committee on Benchmarking Engagement Staffed by Yuliya Dubinyuk, Market Analyst, Iowa State University Extension Continuing Education and Communication Services
Becoming Bedfellows: Accreditation and Engagement
- Presentation at the Outreach Scholarship Conference, October 5, 2004, The Pennsylvania State University. Lorilee Sandmann, Ph.D., University of Georgia; Julie Williams, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire; & M. Edward Jones, Ph.D. University of Southern Indiana.
Public Engagement and Institutional Relations (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) - Meet Vice Chancellor Steven F. Schomberg -
What We Want Students to Learn: Cultivating Playfulness and Responsibility in a Liberal Education
FIPSE - Funded Analysis of Faculty Activity - University of Delaware
Engagement Report from Purdue University
contact Don K. Gentry, Vice Provost for Engagement,
, 765-494-9095
Purdue University "Engaging Indiana" 2001-2004 - Report to the Trustees - June 4, 2004
Executive Summary - Purdue Engagement 2001-2004
Renewing the Covenant: Learning, Discovery, and Engagement in a New Age and Different World
Partnership Illinois: Evaluation Report for the 2002 Partnership Illinois Seed Grants
CIC Committee on Engagement: DEFINING OUTREACH/ENGAGEMENT
The IUPUI Task Force on Civic Engagement definition of civic engagement
Measuring Scholarly Outreach at Michigan State University - Definition, Challenges, Tools
Defining and Implementing an Academic Scorecard
Explanation of Michigan State University's Outreach Measurement Instrument (DRAFT) and its pilot testing (August 29, 2003)
NASULGC/CECEPS - Task Force on The Engaged Institution: Benchmarking and Assessing Outcomes (Notes -- 7/30 teleconference)
Survey of MSU Faculty
UniSCOPE 2000: A Multidimensional Model of Scholarship for the 21st Century - A UniSCOPE Learning Community Challenge to the Penn State Community of Scholars
NC State engagement scholarship:
Editor's Corner: The Scholarship of Extension and Engagement: What Does It Mean in the Promotion and Tenure Process?
North Carolina State University Employment - Evaluation of Faculty Outreach and Extension
Stepping Forward As Stewards of Place - A Guide for Leading Public Engagement at State Colleges and Universities
All contents copyright ©
Clearinghouse & National Review Board
for The Scholarship of Engagement.
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Satonaka Chie is one of the main party characters in the Persona 4 role playing video game, as well as a main protagonist in the anime of the same name. Forgoing weaponry or special magical abilities, Chie is a physical combat bruiser that keeps the weaker members alive early on in the game. Famous for her love of Kung Fu, Justice, and red meat, Chie is one of the most fun heroines in anime, and a very welcome addition to the Figma line.
In Figma format, Chie makes an interesting, if uninspired design. Her skirt and torso part of her jacket are one piece of softer plastic which is attached to the body by vest like shoulder pieces which connect in the back. It does a nice job of looking seamless while giving a real impression of her outerwear being on the outside. Little details such as her bike shorts as well as her track jacket buttons being molded right on are impressive as well.
Chie comes with three faces total, a cheerful, a shouting (for Kung Fu!), and an evil 'Shadow Chie' face. She also comes with an extra hair pice with slots to include one of 3 different sets of glasses; with lenses, without lenses (presumably to reduce glare for photography?), as well as a set of nose and mustache joke glasses. She also comes with a green 'kick effect' and a set of different hands. The hand swaps seem less useful in this instance than other Figma releases.
Final Verdict? It is a terrific figure, and one of my favorite anime characters. Chie is put together well, and cleverly designed. I would have loved for her to have more accessories, such as a beef bowl, or the fluffy muffler she gives to Narukami. An embarassed face like the one that comes with Yukiko would have been welcome as well. Still, Chie is a girl who needs very little accessorizing, so this is not a big deal.


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In last week's episode, Benson finds herself in trouble again as she falls herself in a situation she might not get out of.
In this week's episode, called "Post Mortem Blues", Benson must deal with the consequences of the events that William Lewis did in the last episode when he played a cat and mouse game with Benson.
Tucker shows up at the hospital to try and get answers from Benson but Murphy (guest star Donal Logue) shuts him down and convinces him not to. The group talk about how they are going to handle IAB and Murphy says let Benson tell her story and not tell it for her.
During Benson's interview with IAB, a lawyer comes in and takes her away so that they can over her statement. She knows that she is innocent but her confession is shaky because it looks like she executed him. Everyone around her is trying to help her but she would have to lie. Not feeling comfortable with doing that again, she continues to push the truth on everyone.
Benson tries to go back to work and Murphy wants her to go home. Murphy tells her to go alone with IAB's idea to call it a justifiable homicide. It's strange seeing IAB and Tucker want to try and protect Benson for what happened. Perhaps it's the fact that they all wanted Lewis dead and don't really care how that happened.
Before going into their interviews, the group talk about what they are going to do. Amaro doesn't want to lie but Finn and Rollins want to protect Benson. Murphy just tells them to tell the truth because no one saw what happened. Murphy talks with Amaro about his testimony and why it's important for Benson.
Tucker talks with Benson and warns her that going down this path might spell out bad news for her if the Brooklyn DA wants to pursue charges. She thinks that she is off the hook until Murphy comes and tells her that she's being investigated by the Brooklyn DA thinking that the whole thing is a cover up.
The DA works the interrogations on anyone involved in the case and it looks like they are going to stop at nothing until they take Benson down, including bringing up her confession to what she did to Lewis.
When Murphy takes the stand, he stands up for Benson. He makes the jury see that Benson did what was right and took down a man that was only going to cause more harm if he stayed alive. He made them see that Benson did what she had to do to take him down and that indicting her would be wrong.
The jury seemed to agree.
Murphy tells Benson the good news and convinces her to stay on the team. He tells her that he's going to remain as acting commanding officer with her as his number 2.
In the next episode, a TV producer is accused of sexually abusing his daughter and it's hard to convince the jury that he's guilty because of the influences he has.
To get email alerts for articles you can subscribe to this page or you can follow Kris Duplisea on Twitter at @kaydup2989 or her blog.
What did you think of the show?