text:
nice find. but my house was built in 1998.
i wonder what the skeleton key was for?
Most of us have a "junk drawer" that contains, among other oddments, stray keys. Restoration specialists working on the Douglas World Cruiser "Chicago" recently found two such strays in the aircraft:
Since the "church key" (can opener) was found on top of the engine, it was probably used to open oil cans rather than refreshments for the pilots. The skeleton key is more mysterious. Restoration specialist Will Lee, who found it in the seat of the rear cockpit, reports that it was pristine but unmarked. So, if your house predates the 1924 flight, have you been wondering where one of your keys is? We might have it!
Anne McCombs is a restoration specialist in the Collections Division of the National Air and Space Museum.
Tags: keys
nice find. but my house was built in 1998.
i wonder what the skeleton key was for?
I think the skeleton key is for opening bottles as well. Have a look at the handle, looks like it would do a nice job of taking the top off a beer.


text:
Those of us who were obsessed with the 80s cult classic cartoon Transformers, where robots would turn into assorted vehicles and aircraft will be glad to know that there just may be a movie coming out! I await with bated breath.
On the same vein I'm also looking forward to Batman Begins. After that atrocious fiasco with George Clooney as Batman and Arnie Schwarzenegger as Mr Freeze, the franchise can only improve. Batman & Robin is not only the most awful Batman movie, it is also one of the most awful movies of all time. With bollocks lines like these:
It has no chance in heck! The Gothic, mysterious theme was lost completely in a kaleidoscope of mediocre plot, outfits and dialog! Nothing like Batman Forever, with Val Kilmer and Nicole Kidman. Now that was a much better movie, with a great soundtrack
And the last nostalgia inspired movie am waiting for keenly is the Fantastic Four
Yeah, I'm unapologetically a fan of cartoons and comics. So sue me!
Mwai Kibaki was some hours late for a donor's conference. He told an amazed audience the reason was that he had a cold

subset: commoncrawl


text:
L. Randall Wray
Professor of Economics
University of Missouri-Kansas City
Pavlina R. Tcherneva
Associate Director for Economic Analysis
Center for Full Employment and Price Stability
Address for correspondence for both authors:
University of Missouri-Kansas City
Economics Department; 211 Haag Hall
5100 Rockhill Road
Kansas City, MO 64110
Phone: 816-235-5687 or 816-235-5835
Fax: 816-235-2834 or 816-235-6558
Table of Contents
Summary of Argentina's Plan Jefes de Hogar
Preliminary Assessment
Program Impact
Response to Critics of ELR
Appendix I: Institutional Design and Administration of Jefes
Appendix II: Multiplier Effect of Jefes
I. Introduction
For the past eight years, a number of researchers (many of whom are now associated with the University of Missouri-Kansas City) have been advocating a job creation program that has been variously called the employer of last resort (ELR), job guarantee, public service employment, or buffer stock employment program. These proposals were based on earlier work by Hyman Minsky, Abba Lerner, Phillip Harvey, Wendell Gordon, and Charles Killingsworth and recalled the US New Deal experience with job creation programs. Most of the work so far has been at the theoretical level (Harvey 1989 and Ginsburg 1983 are important exceptions). However, Argentina has recently adopted a job creation program that is explicitly based on our proposals. This paper will provide a preliminary analysis of Argentina's experience.
Through most of the 1990s, Argentina had been the poster child for the Washington Consensus, adopting a currency board, opening markets, downsizing government, and freeing capital. After its economy collapsed and unemployment and poverty skyrocketed, it implemented a limited employer of last resort program called Plan Jefes de Hogar, (Jefes, hereafter) to provide jobs to poor heads of households. A Labor Ministry economist, Daniel Kostzer, had become familiar with the ELR proposals developed in the US and helped to design and implement the Jefes program. By most measures, the program has been a tremendous success, providing jobs to 2 million workers or about 5% of the population, and about 13% of the labor force. Argentina's experience allows us to assess the viability of ELR programs and to respond to critics.
II. Summary of Argentina's Plan Jefes de Hogar
Argentina's experience with job creation is not new. During the second half of the 90s, the Argentine government tried to tackle poverty and unemployment by instituting a program called Trabajar. This program had three phases: the first began during the 1995-96 Tequila crisis, the second was implemented during 1997-98, and the third ended in 2002. Trabajar was the darling of the World Bank, which consistently gave it positive reviews. From program targeting and administration to project execution and evaluation, World Bank ratings of Trabajar varied time again between "satisfactory" and "highly satisfactory" (see World Bank Report No: 26134-AR). Jefes is effectively the fourth phase of this social protection program, although technically it was executed as a replacement for Trabajar. The institutional design of the latter was no longer capable of providing the necessary safety net to deal with the large-scale social dislocation, poverty and unemployment that precipitated from the 2001-2002 economic crisis. Jefes was conceived to be far more comprehensive.
This last phase began in April 2002. The Jefes program provides a payment of 150 pesos per month to a head of household for a minimum of 4 hours of work daily. Participants work in community services and small construction or maintenance activities, or are directed to training programs (including finishing basic education). The household must contain children under age 18, persons with handicaps, or a pregnant woman. Households are generally limited to one participant in the Jefes program. The program was intended to be the government's primary program to deal with the economic crisis that gripped Argentina with the collapse of the currency board. Most other safety net programs were eliminated or reduced in order to shift funding to Jefes. The Ministry of Labor also operates another employment program, Programa de Emergencia Laboral (PEL) with a design very similar to that of Jefes—monthly benefits are the same, but it includes some beneficiaries that do not qualify for Jefes.
Government's total spending on Jefes and PEL is currently equal to about 1% of GDP, with nearly 2 million participants (about 1.6 million in Jefes and 300,000 in PEL). This is out of a population of only 37 million, or more than 5% of the population. The size of the program was a concern, not only because of organizational demands but also because of the cost. However, it should be noted that the US spends 1% of GDP on social assistance, while France and the UK spend 3-4% of GDP on such programs. Given a national poverty rate above 50%, and with 9.6 million indigents and a child poverty rate approaching 75%, Argentina's spending is small relative to needs.
III. Preliminary Assessment
UMKC's C-FEPS staff (Kregel, Tcherneva, and Wray) visited Argentina between August 13 and 17, 2002. They met with the Ministry of the Economy (Dr. Pedro Dudiuk), with faculty of the University of Buenos Aires (members of the Plan Fenix), with the Ministry of Labor (Enrique Deibe, Secretary of Employment, Marta Novik, Undersecretary of Labor Studies, and Dr. Carlos Tomada, Minister of Labor), and with CIEPP (Ruben Lo Vuolo, Director) to discuss the Jefes program and to plan for further collaboration. In addition, we have reviewed World Bank reports as well as results of surveys of program participants. In this section we provide an assessment of the program's success and problems.
According to the World Bank's reviews (see for example World Bank Report No: 23710-AR), the program has been highly successful in achieving a number of goals. First, program spending is well targeted to the intended population—poor households with children. Second, the program has provided needed services and small infrastructure projects in poor communities, with most projects successfully completed and operating. Third, the program has increased income of poor households, although it has not pulled them above the poverty line (this is not surprising, because of the low monthly income provided through the program). Hence, the poverty rate in Argentina continued to rise during the first months after the implementation of the program. While there have been some problems associated with the implementation and supervision of the program, cases involving mismanagement or corruption appear to have been relatively rare. Still, there are reports of favoritism, and some home country researchers have made critiques of program design.
One of the most surprising results of the program has been the large influx of women into the program—women account for over 60% of program participants. It is suspected that many households have chosen to allow the wife to participate in the program while the husband attempts to find private sector work, including work in the underground economy. This is viewed by some as an undesirable outcome. In addition to the program's apparent inability to reduce significantly poverty rates, it has not been successful at reducing unemployment and underemployment rates to desirable levels either. Part of the reason is the entry of women into the program that had previously been outside the labor force. Hence, it is probable that the program would have to expand in order to produce a considerable drop in measured unemployment and underemployment. This could be accomplished by relaxing rules so that more than one family member could participate in the program. More generally, if the program would move beyond the head of household and drop means testing, it could provide jobs to all willing to work at the base wage.
Implementation of the Jefes plan was budgeted at a total cost of $1987 million, of which $600 million was funded through a Specific Investment Loan from the World Bank. The World Bank project was implemented over a two-year period, with an expected closing date of 07/30/2004. Almost all of the World Bank's contributions were targeted to fund wages paid to program participants. It was estimated that the World Bank would finance about 60% of the total number of working participants over the life of the World Bank project. Given the design of the program, which is targeted toward providing community services and infrastructure to raise the quality of life in poor neighborhoods, it is not likely that Argentina's dollar earnings will be increased significantly by the program. Hence, the government's ability to repay the World Bank loan is not likely to be directly increased by the Jefes program. This seems to raise the only significant concern about the program's long run viability. In point of fact, the World Bank foreign currency loan was not required because program participants are paid in pesos. It appears that both Argentina and the World Bank recognized this, and that the real purpose of the loan was to allow Argentina to continue to service its outstanding dollar debts. We believe that such loans amount to a Ponzi scheme that only increases the likelihood that Argentina will have to default on its dollar debts. Indeed, we are working on a viable alternative proposal that could link job creation to a debt swap—but that is beyond the scope of this article.
Most of the domestic criticism of the program results from attempts to limit entry. This has resulted in some cases of discrimination as potential participants were denied access even though they appeared to meet program requirements. More importantly, and as discussed above, households have been forced to make a choice concerning who would participate in the program. Frequently, women have entered the labor force to participate in Jefes, while their husbands have tried to find employment, often in the underground market. This result has also generated domestic criticism, in part because the program is not reducing unemployment rates significantly. If entry into the program were not restricted to one participant per family, it is probable that many poor families would send both husband and wife into the program. This would provide a minimum family income of 300 pesos monthly, lifting some families out of poverty. Hence, not only would poverty rates fall, but unemployment rates would also decline. If the program were broadened further, extended beyond heads of households with children, persons with disabilities, or pregnant women, participation would almost certainly grow well beyond 2 million. The unemployment rate would fall much further, as would the poverty rate.
IV. Program Impact
Indigence and Poverty
Despite the program deficiencies outlined above, Jefes has been very successful in reducing indigence rates among its participants. Indigence is extreme poverty measured in income necessary to purchase the minimum amount of food calories per day. After only four months after the implementation of Jefes in April 2002, the indigence rates among participating households had fallen by nearly 25% and among individuals by over 18% (Figure 1). As noted above, reduction in poverty has been negligent, largely because the program restricts participation to heads of household and because the income it provides is below the official poverty line.
The effect on unemployment has been somewhat limited. It is obvious, however, that immediately after the implementation of the Jefes program in April of 2002 the unemployment rate fell by several percentage points (Figure 2). In May 2002, the unemployment rate was a record 21.5 percent, while in May 2003 it had dropped to 15.6 percent. Today the unemployment rate stands at 14.8 percent, however the methodology of measurement had changed in 2003. As a result, the labor force participation rate jumped significantly primarily because much broader and detailed survey questions were being asked, making the unemployment rate significantly larger than under the old methodology. While it is difficult at present to compare the series, we estimate that under the old methodology the unemployment rate today would have been close to 12 percent, which means a drop of almost 50% from its record levels in May 2002. We emphasize that the very fact that Jefes limits participation to heads of household is the primary reason why the drop in unemployment is not as large as one would hope.[1]
The Program is Well TargetedThere are other ways in which we can assess program success. As we have already mentioned the program is well targeted.[2] The beneficiaries are largely those of households with at least one unmet basic need (Figure 3). These are people who live in overcrowded or otherwise inadequate housing conditions, with poor sanitation and very high dependency ratios, which measure the number of family members per employed person in the household. As Figure 3 shows, the average dependency ratio in families with Jefes beneficiaries is 3.9 people per employed individual. Secondly, Jefes workers are individuals with low educational attainment and low income; the vast majority of Jefes beneficiaries have high school education or less (Figure 4) and fall primarily in the bottom two income quintiles (Figure 5). One surprising result, as we already noted, has been the significant influx of women into the program, who account for 64% of program participants (Figure 6). As the Jefes income is rather small, it seems that often the woman has been designated the "head of the household" in order to receive the benefit as a supplementary income, while the man in the household attempts to find work elsewhere. There is however evidence that men are beginning to take advantage of this program in increasing numbers.
The Program is Well Received
The response of the beneficiaries to the Jefes plan has been overwhelmingly positive. As Figure 7 shows, only a small fraction of Jefes workers have said that they are dissatisfied with the program, while 90% are either satisfied or very satisfied with it. When asked how they felt when requesting the program, most people (over 70%) reported "respected" as opposed to "undervalued" or "politically used" (Figure 8). Some of the reasons for this satisfaction include the opportunity "to do something" and "help the community," but note that the second largest reason for satisfaction that people report is the good environment that Jefes jobs provide (Figure 9). When asked what they would prefer to do as part of Jefes, most people stated that they would like to be involved in training and community projects (Figure 10).
The Program Produces Successful Projects
And, in fact, the program allows them to do just that—help the community. An overwhelming number of projects are designed specifically to cater to community needs by providing a wide range of goods and services. As Figure 11 shows 87% of Jefes beneficiaries work in community projects. These include primarily agricultural micro-enterprises and various social and community services (Figure 12). Some specific examples include cleaning and environmental support in the agricultural sector, improving the sewer systems and water-drainages. Much of the community work is performed in local community centers, thus renovation of existing centers or construction of new ones represent many small Jefes infrastructure projects. Examples of community services performed in these centers include food kitchens or family attention centers which address domestic violence issues or provide temporary shelter and other services to abused women or children. Other projects include health promotion programs, which offer basic education on sanitary issues—how to boil water, for example, or how to handle food and avoid dysentery and other infections. Others deal with mending old clothes that have been donated to poor communities. A similar program exists for the public libraries, where scrapped books from wealthier regions are repaired and catalogued for public libraries in poorer communities. Large-scale infrastructure projects, primarily under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Infrastructure, also hire Jefes workers for the repair of Argentina's roads and bridges. A peculiar aspect of the project organization is that the federal government finances no more than 80% (but usually only 60%) of the various Jefes projects (Figure 13). This provision requires that the project executing firms and NGOs contribute with their own resources—an arrangement, which commands a higher level of commitment from both sides of the public and private sphere.
V. Response to Critics of ELROver the past few years, most of the leading heterodox journals have devoted substantial space to critics of ELR. In a recent issue of the JEI, Sawyer was given 30 pages to make a case against ELR. In that article, he claimed that ELR is nothing but "unemployment by another name". Other heterodox economists, most notably Paul Davidson, have variously labeled ELR "communism", "fascism", and "slavery". Davidson and Sawyer have claimed that it is just "NAIRU with a human face". Asprogopolopolus has argued that ELR would generate unsustainable government deficits and debts. Ramsay warns that it will set off a class war. Sawyer claims the program will have the same effects as "dropping money from helicopters". Others have argued that if ELR were offered, no one would show up; that such a program would be unmanageable; that it would be impossible to find useful jobs for ELR workers to perform; that it is politically infeasible; that it would cause a trade deficit that would result in collapse of the currency; that it would be inflationary; and so on. By contrast, a few heterodox economists have recognized the benefits of ELR. Minsky argued that only the national government can ensure full employment, by providing a perfectly elastic demand for labor. He insisted that only an ELR program could "take workers as they are", a necessary first step to achieving true full employment. While the Jefes program does have some design problems, and while it is still in a relatively early stage of development, we believe that it does allow us to assess the validity of some of the complaints about ELR coming from the critics.
The early experience of the Jefes program shows that a huge program can be implemented quickly without major problems. As mentioned above, within a couple of years after implementation, the program was employing five percent of the population. Further, implementation was accomplished in less than ideal conditions: economic, political and social instability was high; there were literally riots in the streets that forced the government to move quickly; the economy had collapsed, unemployment was above 20%, and GDP was falling rapidly; consumer inflation was running at 40% while producer prices mushroomed by 125%, and currency depreciation reduced the peso by more than 200%. Admittedly, the dire economic straits forced the government to take action, and it saw Jefes as something of a last ditch effort to restore stability. This made the program more politically feasible, which helped to overcome some of the other problems.
The Jefes program proves that people will show up to work even at very low wages. Of course, unemployment and poverty rates were exceedingly high. But the survey of program participants shows that they want to work and are satisfied with the program; indeed, survey results demonstrate that the pay is a relatively minor consideration. People wanted to participate and make a contribution to society. Obviously, they do not view the program as "slavery" or "fascism" or "unemployment by another name". Perhaps there is some truth to Davidson's claim that ELR is "communism" in the sense that participation does enhance a communal spirit and sense of community.
Indeed, one of the most interesting results of the Jefes program is that it demonstrates that a decentralized program can be used to increase political participation and foster grass-roots democracy among groups that had traditionally been marginalized. In the next three sections we look at additional social and economic benefits of the Jefes program.
. Jefes is Empowering: Administration and the Meaning of Work
The Argentinean experience shows that an ELR program can be up and running in a very short period of time. In Argentina, it took no more than five months. There are other lessons we can learn from Jefes. The program has allowed local and municipal governments who are most familiar with the economic needs of their communities to administer the program. In addition, it has recognized certain kinds of activities as socially useful, thereby helping redefine the meaning of work.
The program was born via a presidential degree in January 2002 during the short term of president Duhale, but was actually signed into law on April 3, 2002.[3] Between April 3 and May 17, 2002 most unemployed heads of households who were ready, willing and able to work and who met the eligibility conditions were issued social security cards and registered in a national database. Participants were also required to register their children in school and take the necessary vaccinations. These are two added benefits of the program design, made possible by simple eligibility criteria.
One of the most distinguishing features of the program's institutional design is its decentralized model of administration. The Argentinean federal government provides the funding, general guidelines for the execution of work projects, and some auxiliary services for managing the program. Such services include maintaining a national registry of program beneficiaries, as well as databases that track all projects that have been proposed, approved, denied and completed. Note that all these databases are publicly available, thereby increasing transparency and reducing corruption.[4]
The actual administration of the program, however, is primarily executed by the municipal governments. The municipalities are responsible for assessing the pressing needs and available resources of their communities and for evaluating the projects proposed by the local non-profits or NGOs. For those project that have been approved, the municipality contacts program beneficiaries informing them of the availability, time, and place of work. For details on the administration of the program, see Appendix I.
We emphasize that these are much needed community projects. Furthermore, the fact that certain activities are recognized as worthwhile labor that deserves remuneration has helped to broaden the meaning of work. For example, in the past, some people have delivered medicine or read newspapers to the elderly on purely voluntary basis; now the Jefes program allows for these to be paid activities. Many other undertakings that may not be in the purview of profit-making enterprises, such as environmental cleanup, are also part of these government-funded jobs.
The Argentinean experience shows that most projects are successfully completed. These are not "make work" projects of "digging holes" as most critics have claimed. The projects provide real benefits to the community. Further, by increasing political participation, the program ensures that even when beneficiaries leave the program, the community will continue to benefit from the enhanced feeling of community.
2. Formalizing the Market and Reintegration of Jefes Workers into the Private Sector
Argentina's program provides strong evidence that it 'formalizes' underground activity. By registering the unemployed, issuing them social security cards, involving them in training and employment, and assisting them in reentering the private sector markets, the program is able to move people from the informal to the formal sector. Gray economic activities are slowly eliminated.
As Figure 14 demonstrates, the number of program participants has steadily declined since its peak in May 2003. Part of the decline is due to participants moving to other programs such as Familias and PEL.[5] Nonetheless, a significant number of people have moved into the private sector. This implies that efforts to reintegrate Jefes workers into the labor market are largely successful.
The next chart (Figure 15) shows the evolution in the 'insertion rate' of beneficiaries into the labor market. While more recent data is not presently available, we see that in September 2003, over 76,000 Jefes workers entered the labor market. Note that this was at a time when the economy was still in disarray. Today, as the economy recovers more robustly the reinsertion rate is expected to be noticeably higher, as evidenced by the steady decline in program beneficiaries. Therefore, the Jefes program has been able to (re)integrate its workers into private sector activities.
We have long argued that the ELR wage will put a floor on wages in both the private and public sectors. The Argentinean experience demonstrates that this is the case (see Figure 16). When examining the wages which Jefes beneficiaries receive after (re)entering the private sector, we observe that over 93 percent of these workers receive wages of 150 pesos or above. This means that the Jefes wage is the effective minimum wage in the economy.
3. Macroeconomic Stabilization
Before concluding, we consider Argentina's macroeconomic conditions, such as currency stability, inflation and demand. It has been our contention that the introduction of ELR will not introduce currency or price instability. After the collapse of the currency board in January 2002, the peso quickly devalued, plunging to 3.76 pesos to the dollar in early October of the same year. Since then, the exchange rate has improved and stabilized around 3 pesos to the dollar (Figure 17).
The rate of inflation has similarly stabilized. Prior to the collapse of the currency board, both the consumer and producer price indexes had been declining on yearly basis. With the devaluation of the peso, both indexes skyrocketed, with producer prices experiencing the most dramatic increase, due to the high import content of domestic production. However, for the last two years, prices have sharply fallen and stabilized to single-digit yearly rates of change (Figure 18). In the meantime, demand has steadily increased (Figure 19) and production has expanded robustly (Figure 20).
In addition the macroeconomic impact of the Jefes program is significant. The Argentine ministry of labor estimates that the effect of Jefes on growth is overwhelmingly positive. The multiplier effect of the increase in income due to the Jefes benefit is a whopping 2.57. This, according to their methodology, is a conservative estimate. To calculate disposable income, the greater VAT tax on consumption goods of 21% is used, as opposed to the 13% percent income tax, which substantially reduces the value of the multiplier. Furthermore, the marginal propensity to consume (mpc) is set to 0.9, even though there are strong reasons to believe that for those people in the lowest income quintiles (i.e., those receiving the Jefes income) the value of mpc is closer to 1. In other words the poorest workers consumer their wages in their entirety leaving nothing to savings.
With a multiplier of 2.57, the impact of 150 pesos per person per month for 1.8 million people (the number of beneficiaries at the time of these calculations), the annual addition to GDP is calculated to be 8.327 billion pesos, which represents 2.49% of GDP (See Appendix II for detailed discussion and calculations).
VI. Conclusion
The Jefes experience allows us to move from the realm of theory to the reality of practice. Many of the fears of the critics of ELR have been shown to be fallacious. Job creation, even on a massive scale and under difficult circumstances, can be successful. Participants welcome the chance to work. They view participation as empowering, rather than as modern slavery. The program can be democratically implemented and can increase participation in the political process, with relatively few instances of corruption and bureaucratic waste. Useful projects can be undertaken. Even with a huge program that employs 5% of the population, communities have not yet experienced problems in finding useful work for participants. The program has not set off a class war, and indeed, most businesses have not opposed the program (some concessions have been made to accommodate agricultural employers during harvest season—they pay extremely low wages and were worried that Jefes would hinder their ability to find workers willing to work at low wages during harvests). Indeed, if anything, Jefes has reduced social unrest, and has provided demand for private sector production.
Argentina is not the US. Argentina was a middle-income country that experienced a severe social, political, and economic crisis. Certainly one can raise the objection that the Jefes experience cannot be applied directly to the US—with unemployment rates in the 5% range, with low inflation and relative currency stability, and with a more-or-less democratic political system that does not face crisis. However, note that conditions for those that live in America's urban core are not far from crisis. Unemployment rates easily run to double digits and jobless rates are 50% and more. Social isolation and problems of political disenfranchisement are severe. Living standards are objectively substandard by any measure. Infrastructure and social services do not come close to first world standards. Through thick and thin, through rising tides and wars on poverty, through welfare reform and personal responsibility acts, these areas continue to deteriorate. Could Jefes work here? Or should heterodox economists continue to accept the conservative belief that Keynes ridiculed:
The Conservative belief that there is some law of nature which prevents men from being employed, that it is 'rash' to employ men, and that it is financially 'sound' to maintain a tenth of the population in idleness is crazily improbable – the sort of thing which no man could believe who had not had his head fuddled with nonsense for years and years…. (Keynes 1972, pp. 90-92)
Appendix I: Institutional Design and Administration of Jefes
A key feature of the program is its decentralized model. The institutional design of the Jefes plan includes three main partners. First, there are the national and local institutions, which provide the broad guidelines for the organization and execution of the program. The National institutions include the Ministry of Labor and GECAL (The Office of Management of Employment and Labor Qualification, which is the national agency overseeing the program)[6], while the local institutions include the municipalities and the municipal consultative council (MCC), which in turn administer the program. Secondly, there are the project-executing organizations. These include various governmental, nongovernmental and nonprofit organizations where the work is performed. And finally there are the beneficiaries of the program—the workers.
The program is organized and executed as follows (See Diagram 1). The Ministry of Labor and Social Security, through the Central Executive Branch of the Office of Management of Employment and Labor Qualification (GECAL) inform and advise the municipalities and communes on all the aspects of the program.
The MCC and the municipality make a diagnosis of the community, identifying social needs and available resources. The municipality in conjunction with the Municipal Consultative Council (MCC) informs the governmental agencies and non-profit non-governmental agencies (NGOs) of the possibility for developing projects/activities which require the participation of program beneficiaries. After the diagnosis of community needs, various organizations (governmental or otherwise) design proposals of activities or projects which are then presented to the municipality and the MCC. The MCC evaluates the submitted proposals and rules on whether they should be authorized or rejected. Depending on the ruling the municipality either approves or rejects the proposals.
In either case, the decision is filed in an archive, so that the ruling is available for future audits. The municipality informs the project-executing organizations of the approval or rejection of their proposal and, in the former case, assigns the participating beneficiaries. It then sends to GECAL a summary of the activities and beneficiaries under its jurisdiction. The municipality publishes the listing of the approved projects/activities. The project-executing organization contacts the beneficiaries, informing to them of the place and schedule of their assigned work. The beneficiaries commence the corresponding activities. The MCC oversees the completion of the tasks and evaluates the outcome of the projects which are being executed. It also develops a report for submission to the Provincial Consultative Council and GECAL.
There are several key features of this design that deserve emphasis. First the central authority only provides the general guidelines of the program. Second, the local municipalities who are most familiar with the specific needs of the communities are the ones who actually administer the program. Third, the projects are well targeted to the needs of the localities and they are performed by non-profits, NGOs or governmental agencies, which already exist and operate within these localities. Fourth, employment in the public sector prepares beneficiaries for private sector employment. Beneficiaries are registered in a government database, according to the projects they have completed and the training they have undertaken. This registry in effect provides a visible and employable pool of labor to potential employers. Furthermore, by registering workers using their newly issued social security numbers, the database serves the purpose of formalizing the labor market. When private employers hire from this pool of labor, they are obliged to pay social security and unemployment insurance benefits to these worker.
Multiplier = 1 / [1-c(1-t)+m]
In this equation, c is the marginal propensity to consume, t is the tax rate and m is the marginal propensity to consume imports. The latter reflects the increase in consumption of imports due to an increase in effective demand. Traditionally, the value of m for Argentina has been 11%, but in recessions it drops below 10%. Thus, in calculating the multiplier, m is set to equal to 0.1, c to 0.9 and t to 0.21 (Impacto Macroeconómico, Agosto 2002).
The multiplier therefore is:
Multiplier = 1 / [1-0.9(1-0.21)+0.10]
= 2.57
The Ministry of Labor considers this to be a conservative estimate. It uses the much larger value added tax rate of 21% to calculate disposable income and a lower marginal propensity to consume, both of which reduce the value of the multiplier.To calculate the Multiplier effect on GDP, the following data is also used:
GDP = 334 billion pesos (current prices)
Number of Jefes beneficiaries = 1.8 million
Monthly Jefes wage = 150 pesos
The increase in
annual income due to the Jefes wage equals to:
1.8 million x 150 x 12 months = 3,240 million pesos annually
Therefore the multiplier effect is:
3,240 x 2.57 = 8,327 million pesos annual addition to GDP, or 2.49% of GDP
The Ministry of Labor offers an alternative estimate of the multiplier, which uses a much larger marginal propensity to import m=0.15, which further reduces the multiplier to 2.28. In this case the total annual increase in GDP is 7,387 billion, or 2.21% of GDP:
3,240 x 2.28 = 7,387 million pesos addition to GDP or 2.21% of GDP
Figure 1: Decline in Indigence and Poverty of Jefes Beneficiaries
|% of households below the line of indigence and poverty
|without Jefes
|with Jefes
|percent change
|(Aug 2002)
|% of individuals below the line of indigence and poverty
|without Jefes
|with Jefes
|percent change
|(Aug 2002)
|Source: Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security, Argentina
Figure 2: Unemployment Rate
Figure 3: Beneficiaries According to Unmet Basic Needs
|Beneficiaries According to Unmet Basic Needs
|Poor sanitation
|More than 3 members per room
|Inadequate housing
|Kids that do not go to school
|Dependency rate
|(number of family members per employed individual in the household)
|Household with at least with one unmet basic need
|Source: Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security, Argentina
Figure 4: Beneficiaries According to Educational Attainment
Figure 5: Beneficiaries According to Distribution of Personal Income
Figure 6: Beneficiaries by Gender
Figure 7: Degree of Satisfaction with the Program
Figure 8: How Did You Feel When You Requested the Program?
Figure 9: Reasons Why You Were Satisfied
Figure 10: What Would You Like to Do As Part of the Program?
Figure 11: Project Typology: Distribution of Jefes Workers by Type of Employment
Figure 12: Project Typology: Types of Community Projects
Figure 13: Project Financing
Figure 14: Steady Decline in Jefes Beneficiaries
Figure 15: Reentry Into the Private Sector:
Evolution in the insertion rate of beneficiaries into the labor market
Figure 16: Reentry Into the Private
The Jefes wage is the effective minimum wage
Figure 17: Argentine Exchange Rate Has Stabilized
Figure 18: Argentine Prices Have Stabilized
Figure 19: Gross Domestic Product
Figure 20: Monthly Production Estimator
Impacto Macroeconómico Del Programa Jefas y Jefes De Hogar, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social, Agosto 2002.
Plan Jefas y Jefes de Hogar Desocupados: Un año de gestión, Mayo 2002 - Mayo 2003, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social, 2003.
Implementation Completion Report (SCL-43660) on a Loan in the Amount of US$284 Million Equivalent to the Argentine Republic for a Third Social Protection Project, World Bank Report No: 26134-AR, June 30, 2003.
Project Appraisal Document On A Proposed Loan In The Amount Of US$600 Million To The Argentine Republic For The Jefes De Hogar (Heads Of Household) Program Project World Bank Report No: 23710-AR, October 22, 2002.
Cortés, R., Groisman, F. and Hosowszki, A., Transiciones ocupacionales: el caso del plan Jefes y Jefas, 6to. Congreso Nacional de Estudios del Trabajo, ASET, Buenos Aires, (CD-Rom), 2003.
Galasso, Emanuela and Martin Ravallion, "Social Protection in a Crisis: Argentina's Plan Jefes y Jefas, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3165, November 2003.
Ginsburg, Helen, Full Employment and Public Policy: the United States and Sweden, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983.
Harvey, Philip, Securing the Right to Employment, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
López Zadicoff, P.D. and Paz, J.A., "El desempleo inteligente. Elegibilidad y participación en el PJH en condiciones record de pobreza y desempleo", 6to. Congreso Nacional de Estudios del Trabajo, ASET, Buenos Aires, (CD-Rom), 2003.
Marshall, Adriana, "Labour Market Policies And Regulations In Argentina, Brazil And Mexico: Programmes And Impacts," ILO Employment Strategy Paper #13, March 2004.
[1] Along the same lines Galasso and Ravallion (2003) and Marshall (2004) argue that program coverage extends to only about 8% of the unemployed because it restricts participation to heads of households, leaving many poor and unemployed individuals without guaranteed employment.
[2] For detailed discussion see also Galasso and Ravallion (2003), Lopez and Paz (2003), Cortés et all (2003), and Marshall (2004).
[3] Decreto Nº 565/2002- Creación del PROGRAMA JEFES DE HOGAR para ser aplicado mientras dure la
Emergencia Ocupacional Nacional
[4] For example, the Ministry of Labor collects data on Jefes beneficiaries, which is available monthly and lists all workers (by name and registry number) involved in the projects of each municipality.
[5] Familias is a program, which gives mothers a stipend per child. While there is no requirement to work as in Jefes, this program effectively recognizes that caring after children is a socially useful labor that should be remunerated. As noted above, PEL (Programa de Emergencia Laboral) is an employment program similar to Jefes for those poor that do not qualify for Jefes.
[6] La Generencia de Empleo y Capacitacion Laboral (GECAL)
posted 1/10/2005


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Keep your facilities as clean as possible right down to the garbage cans. This 6 gallon capacity trash can has an attached foot petal that makes hands-free use possible. Because the user never needs to touch the lid to open and close it, the spread of germs is minimized and sanitary surface space is maximized. Ideal for healthcare facilities and nurse's stations, this heavy-duty trash can is flame-retardant and resistant to wear and tear to offer years of help keeping your spaces clean. Free bio-hazard and infectious waste adhesive labels included.
Ships fully assembled.


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Do You Smoke?
I do not smoke nor drink...ummm...I take that back. I do not smoke but I only drink red wine on special occasions. Moderate enough for you? Thank you for sharing, pretty Cai.
~Mar Palmeri~
Hello prettyMar, thanks for being here! First time huh! Hehhehe! How's your site? I hope it will be opened soon. Am excited my shell.. :) You have a pretty awesome opening! Thanks by the way of your insight! muahhh!
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Your comments are important as yours. Please stay on topic. NO SPAM PLEASE.. You may also like to check my other blogs:
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Carnival of souls
* Grant Morrison announces a new Vertigo series called Warcop, concerning a super-soldier and his hip teenage friend in the post-9/11 world and borrowing its title from a rejected Morrison/Madonna movie idea. How about them apples.
* Frank Miller reacts, pricelessly, to the All Star Batman & Robin c-bomb scandal:
I have no idea how this awful thing happened. It's just one of those terrible and glorious things that happen time to time in publishing.Italics Frank's, apparently. You can practically hear the sneer! (Via everyone)
* Jon Favreau discusses the potential presence of War Machine, the Mandarin, Matt Fraction, and IMAX 3-D technology in Iron Man 2. Wouldn't it be great if he made another really good Iron Man movie?
* I may not know toys, but I know what I like, and I totally disagree with Topless Robot's Rob Bricken regarding the superiority of the redesigned Masters of the Universe toys to the originals--a hot topic given plans to release a line of new, more articulated figures based on the original look of He-Man and friends. It just seems like a case of surface "coolness" interfering with the simple purity of streamlined ridiculousness, and it reminds me of when grown-up fanboys take beloved childhood comics characters and try to make them seem more grown-up and mature and grim and such. It's He-Man--isn't raw nostalgia the whole point?
* Noel Troll's friend Pumpskin creeps me out.
* Dan Nadel is a cat who just don't give a fuck and that comes through entertainingly in this interview about his new Rory Hayes collection Where Demented Wented. (Via Tim Hodler.)
* I greatly enjoy Jon Hastings posts about works we both enjoy, and his recent-vintage reviews of Jason's You Can't Get There From Here and the Wachowski Bros.' Speed Racer are cases in point. Money quotes from each:
Is there something about comics as a medium that encourages so many stories about loneliness and the (often futile) search for companionship? Is it something about cartoonists that they're drawn to tell these kinds of stories? Is there some kind of Harold Bloomian agonistic anxiety of influence working on them so that they're driven to revise and elaborate on Krazy Kat?and
If the guiding principle of, say, Sin City is "use CGI to bring Frank Miller's comics to 'life'", the guiding principle of Speed Racer is "use CGI to bring a world of computer-generated images to life".* Abhay Khosla hated Secret Invasion #6 nearly as much as he loves the sound of his own voice! I dunno, he's probably a wonderful guy, and I don't disagree with him here or on many other things, but whoo, it's grating, I'm not the only one, right?
* David Bordwell waxes titular.
* The haunted house ride from Coney Island's Astroland is up for sale. It really is over.
Comments (8)
I'm not the only one, and I'm quite aware of the...distinctive voice...I use online.
You are not the only one. Abhay fought the good fight against Kurtz (even if he ultimately overstepped), but otherwise... no thank you.
No, you're not the only one. His actual insights are much better than his trips out into the ozone.
The initial TPB of Elektra Assassin (wow, that comic has not aged well) has a dedication from Miller: "To Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, who saved us the trouble."
The writing in Elektra may not have aged that well (though I don't know about even that for sure since I haven't actually read it in a while), but the art is still as stunning as ever. Let's not throw out the baby with the bathwater just because Miller's a loon these days.
After reading the first three issues of All-Star Batman & Robin, I wish they'd blacked out all the words.
C'mon, Jim, Dick Grayson's parents were shot in the head in full view of hundreds of people! Of course it was an accident!
Ed: I ain't saying it's not worth reading. But its cold war satire is dated.
The above really ought to say "You're not the only one."
Narcissistic posting FTW.
ELEKTRA read pretty well the last time I looked it over, probably should give it another look sometime.
I feel so much less alone now.
I like All Star Bats AND i like Elektra Assassin!


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For over 30 years, Oldcastle Precast has specialized in creating and delivering millions of tons of precast products, and we build every product to the highest standards of safety and reliability. With more than 80 locations nationwide, our precast and composite products are always close at hand.
Every day, more than 3,000 employees provide outstanding customer service and custom engineered solutions. It's our reliability and attention to detail that have earned us so many satisfied clients.
No matter what market or industry you're in, you can rely on Oldcastle Precast.
Our system of drainage products was developed for ease of installation and long-term dependability. From storm boxes and manholes to pipe and box culverts, each drainage product is produced in a multitude of configurations and sizes to meet any project's specifications and all building codes.
Storm Water | Sewer
Oldcastle Precast specializes in the areas of military and GSA products. As the largest manufacturer of precast concrete in the United States, we have many solid relationships with government agencies including Customs and Border Protection, the U.S. Air Force, Navy, Army, and Marines, and the Departments of Defense, Agriculture, and Transportation. Our solutions meet all design criteria per region and undergo stringent quality testing to produce impressive results in record time.
Covers & Lids
Whether you need a fully equipped custom-engineered vault or a simple pull box, you can count on the innovation of every underground utility structure — with lifetime precast. With a variety of accessories, each utilities product is designed to meet exact project specifications and site conditions. We also offer standardization products with patented knockouts for ultimate flexibility.
Municipal Water
Ideal for wet areas and custom applications.


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Molly Blatt enters her first season with the Sun Devil baseball program in 2008. A recent graduate of the University of South Carolina, Blatt will work closely with all aspects of the baseball program, specifically event planning, community appearances, camp promotion, marketing and other business operations.
Blatt's stepfather is Tim Corbin, head baseball coach at Vanderbilt University. Her sister, Hannah, is a sophomore tennis player at Vanderbilt and her mother was an All-American in tennis at the College of Charleston. Blatt was a four-year member of the University of South Carolina dance team and graduated cum laude in the Spring of 2007.


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This beautiful hutch offers everything you need to help organize your busy family life.
Antique brass finished hardware.
Three cubbies with photo frame fronts.
Paper dividers for mail or office supplies.
Two fixed shelves and two adjustable wood frame glass shelves.
Slide out chalk board and tack board.
A one month magnetic perpetual calendar is on the inside of each door.
Accessories shown are not included unless otherwise specified.
Shown with 915-032 Family Organization Desk.
Finished in distressed Rustic Cherry on select hardwoods and veneers.
Touch-Lite™ adjustable light switch offers four levels of lighting: low, medium, high, and off. A handy key holder is attached.
H. 38-3/4" (99 cm)
W. 53-1/2" (136 cm)
D. 14-1/2" (37 cm)
Hutch Piece Only - Desk Sold Separately


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You're invited to view the streets of India through the eyes of photographer Kurt Kamka. Get a first-hand view of colors and people that make wandering through the various marketplaces in India an experience that won't soon be forgotten.
After living in the US for his entire life, photographer Kurt Kamka relocated to Southeast Asia in November, 2011. As an outsider, his new surroundings provided him with the opportunity to use the medium of street photography and street portraits to document the sometimes small, but nevertheless significant moments that make up the day-to-day lives of others.
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In addition to credit cards, we also accept Paypal.
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Race down the lane in unforgettable style and superior comfort with the bright Onyx Racer.
Great style
It's a great fitting suit and works great for swimming laps in the pool. Gets noticed also with the great color
Mark Wootton
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Fit: Feels true to size
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training suit
Beautiful color, fit and quality. Would purchase again !!!
Stephen P.
Long Beach, CA
Nice suit - runs small!
Hard to give this suit a fair rating. I normally wear a size 28 but I couldn't get this suit past mid-thigh so I returned it. The price was very reasonable but when I went to return and purchase a larger size, it had gone up $10! I decided to get a size 32 but they didn't have any. I recommend going up at least one size when ordering this suit.
Sewickley, PA
Fit: Feels too small
Get an alert when we add new styles of The Finals! Simply sign up and we'll notify you.
Since 1976, The Finals has been applying the concept of exclusive factory-direct marketing to racing swimsuits and accessories, and they have steadily worked their way to being the nation's largest team supplier of competition swimwear. Offering a complete selection of superbly designed, carefully constructed swimwear, swim accessories, bags, goggles and more, The Finals works hard to keep their aquatic equipment fun, functional and affordable.
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An arrest warrant has been issued for UAW Vice President General Holiefield, the outgoing head of the union's Chrysler department, in the shooting of his wife at their home last month.
The Macomb County Prosecutor's Office has issued a warrant for United Auto Workers Vice President General Holiefield after he accidently shot his wife Monica Morgan in the stomach while cleaning his gun at the kitchen table just before New Year's.
According to Lt. John Michalke with the Macomb County Sheriff Office said authorities, Morgan, 50, was "alert when she was taken to a hospital, where she underwent surgery to remove the single bullet, and is expected to recover from her injuries."
"I'm healing ... my husband and my family have gone through a traumatic experience with me … your prayers and they brought me through with God's direction," she wrote on her Facebook page.
Holiefield is expected to be charged with misdemeanor reckless use of a firearm, punishable by a 90-day jail sentence and/or $500 fine, and is currently awaiting for the 41B District Court in Clinton Township, MI to schedule an arraignment date.
Holiefield initially joined the UAW in 1973, when he was hired to work at Chrysler's Jefferson assembly plant in Detroit. He later he transferred to Chrysler's axle plant on Detroit's lower East Side in 1975, where he became active in UAW Local 961, working on various standing committees, including the Civil Rights, Community Action Program (CAP), Union Label, and Bylaws committees.
First elected as the union's VP on June 14, 2006, General Holiefield directed the union's Chrysler, Heavy Truck and Engine, and General Dynamics departments. He was elected to a second term as a UAW vice president on June 16, 2010, by delegates at the union's 35th Constitutional Convention.
Holiefield currently plans to retire as head of the UAW's Chrysler department in June.


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Jul 30, 2012 9:10 AM
At first, we were drawn to these Opening Ceremony Platform Sandals ($148) for their Olympic wearability. Seriously, with a pair of white pants, we'd all but look like an American flag. But the longer we looked at them, the more we wanted to grill some salmon on the back deck. Either way, they are spectacular summer shoes, regardless of who we're rooting for or what we're eating.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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Hi Danny, At 03:50 PM 7/2/2004 -0400, Danny wrote: >If you were using MS specific code and required users to be on Internet >Explorer, I would be throwing stones at you too.. I would be throwing rocks at myself as well. Anyone taking this strategy should be the first against the wall when the revolution comes... 73, Emily --------------------------------- W0EEC - CM87tm AMSAT Area Coordinator - San Francisco Bay Area http://www.projectoscar.net http://www.PlanetEmily.com http://www.experthams.net/ao7 Help Launch Echo - http://www.amsat.org/amsat/sats/echo/index.html --------------------------------- ---- Sent via email@example.com. Opinions expressed are those of the author. Not an AMSAT member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program! To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe amsat-bb" to firstname.lastname@example.com
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Sinful Delight Flavored Coffee (1lb Bag)
Take a trip to the islands with the tempting flavors of Jamaican rum, buttery morsels of macadamia nuts, and a splash of sweet fragrant coconut. Our natural flavoring is so identical to Jamaican rum that you'll believe you're drinking the real thing when you take a sip of this brew. You don't have to feel guilty; our Sinful Delight flavored coffee contains no alcohol. Flavored with the oils of macadamia nuts and the essence of crunchy coconut clusters, you'll be able to envision towering palm trees and sunny skies. So have some fun and let loose without the alcohol in our Sinful Delight flavored coffee.
A heat-sealed valve bag will ensure the freshest coffee which will be fresh roasted the day it ships. Enjoy this Sinful Delight!
This flavored coffee contains nut extract.
Sinful Delight Flavored Coffee (1lb Bag)
Sinful Delight Flavored Coffee (5lb Bag)
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Always one of my favorites
December 12, 2014
It's just plain good! What can I say? This was not my first time buying it. I have tried many flavors, but my favorites usually seem to have Jamaican Rum flavor in them. Of course ... then there is Sticky Buns, which I can't live without either.
Burnt Prairie , IL.
3 Stars
sinful delight
January 20, 2014
not really that great in our opinion. thought we would try it, but probably wont order again. But Hey, that's why there is so many flavors available. Something for everyone. Still a great quality just not a great fla vor for us.
Redondo Beach, CA
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Sinfully delicious!
April 25, 2013
I always include Almond Toffee Crunch as part of every order -- nothing had come close to being such a strong favorite. That is until I tasted Sinful Delight. It's just wonderful! I do wonder why it isn't listed in the "desserts" category because it's as sinfully delicious as any dessert coffee I've had.
Big Rock, Tn
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
very enjoyable!
December 7, 2011
I won't say this is my favorite coffee (peppermint takes that spot), but it comes in a very close second...it has great flavor that tantalizes your taste buds and transports you to warm and sunny places. I have already recommended this to others.
Daly City, Ca
1 Stars
Needs MORE flavor!!
November 26, 2011
Expected more flavor & taste, alas both were sorely missed!
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
July 13, 2011
So far this is my favorite coffee from your company. My friends at work order too so i get to try many flavors. This one is my favorite so far!


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Gov. Jack Markell has appointed Dr. Christopher Heckscher, DSU assistant professor of the College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, to serve as a member of the Delaware Natural Areas Advisory Council.
As a governor's appointment, Heckscher had to go through a state senate confirmation hearing March 26, during which time he received the legislators' approval to serve on the council.
He is both an entomologist (one who studies insects) and an ornithologist (one who studies birds). Last year, he gained some notoriety within the entomology science community when he discovered a new species of firefly – Photuris mysticalampas – which he substantiated in a published peer-reviewed paper.
Heckscher has been a DSU faculty member since 2008.
Location, ST | website.com


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Get a quote
Book for 5 days or more, get 1 day FREE!
For hires between 1 Apr - 31 August 2016
Pegasus Rental Cars Auckland Airport
|154 McKenzie Road, Mangere, Auckland 2022
|(09) 275 3222 | 0800 35 45 10
|(09) 275 3583
|8am - 5pm Monday to Sunday
- Complimentary local Hotel/Motel pick up
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Car and Van Rental Auckland Airport
If you're looking for car hire at Auckland Airport, you're in the right place. Warren is the local owner/operator of Pegasus Rental Cars Auckland Airport. With 20 years of car and van rental experience under his belt, he brings local knowledge, professionalism and competitive car and van hire prices.
Give us a call, free-call 0800 35 45 10, 09 275 3222 or get a quote to your right.
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Pegasus Rental Cars Auckland Airport is part of the Pegasus network with 14 locations across NZ. We're car rental industry veterans and have been around since 1989, so you know you will be dealing with a reputable and well-established vehicle hire company.
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We have well-maintained and reliable rental vehicles with good fuel economy to suit any need and budget. Choose from a range of economical hatchbacks, spacious station wagons or full size vans and 4WDs. Here in Auckland there is so much to see and do, drive to our local attractions.
Car Rental Auckland Airport Convenience
Conveniently, our office is located just a few minutes from Auckland Airport.
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Our office is located immediately next door to the Auckland Airport Kiwi Hotel.
The Kiwi runs a 24-hour free courtesy shuttle to and from Auckland Airport for your convenience.
Receive a special room rate at the Kiwi when you mention at reception that you have your hire booked with Pegasus Rental Cars.
Van hire for group travel bookings
Travelling in a group? We provide competitive prices for eight-seater people movers and 12-seater Minibuses, perfect for group travel – contact us to discuss your requirements.
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We often have rental cars coming to us from other branches that need to be driven back. That means we can offer you a very cheap one-way car hire rate if you're planning on a long distance trip. Check out our current relocation specials to find the best deal.
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"As usual these airport guys are faultless in their service. Always with a smile, they've never let me down. I am most impressed."
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"I rented a car through you earlier this year. You were extremely kind and very helpful when I was out there and as a result of your fab service I understand my mother has rented a car this month from you whilst she is in NZ. My boyfriend and I have now decided to have a trip out to NZ in October and we will subsequently need a rental car for the duration of our stay."
Kate Pomeroy, London, UK
"Dear Team Pegasus, on behalf of Corstorphine Baptist Community Trust we once again would like to thank you for supporting our holiday programme. The vehicles have been so valuable for transporting the children all around town. You have provided opportunities to access lots of activities that would otherwise not have been available to the children. We all here would like to wish you well and all the best for the year. Thank you,"
Mark Nafatali, CBCT, Dunedin
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January 5th, 2012
Vagus Nerve - I'm looking for some information here. Since mid-october I've been in and out of doctors offices and hospitals, I've had an endoscopy (GI), multiple abdomanol CT scans, sinus scans, chest x rays, blood work, echo cardiogram, EKG, the works. Finally an ENT stuck a tube in my nose and found that I had a bacterial infection that led to vagus nerve dysfunction. Gave me an anti-depressant and said to come back in a month. I've lost 30 lbs since october, palpations to the point I thought I was having a heart attack, difficulty breathing, eating, drinking, my blood pressure has been up and down (as high as 130/93 to as low as 88/44) my heart rate jumps up and down, get chest pain, upper ab pain, dizzy, tingly all over, disoriented, I mean it's a frickin mess. Could this all be attributed to the vagus nerve and will this ever end? I've been taking the anti-depressant for 5 days now, have noticed some improvement, palpations ever once in a while, still a little hard to eat or drink, I still feel like I want to yawn all the time, want to belch all the time, It's been almost 3 months and I'm praying this is the answer. Anyone had anything similar? Any information on the Vagus Nerve? Everything I'm finding online relates to epilepsy, I'm seeing a neurologist and we're doing an EEG to rule that out but come on, anyone know anything about the Vagus Nerve?
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Users who thank j_theo for this post:
replied February 28th, 2012
Vagal Dysfunction
I think you need an Autonomic Nervous System Disorder Specialist, and meanwhile look up Dysautonomia and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome. Look up Dysautonomia Information Network, and you will find some doctors and answers there. I hope your Neurologist knows about this disorder, otherwise you are in for many tests with no answers. Sounds as if you have already had every test known to man! You need treatment. I'll pray you are able to find some answers. Joy, Kim
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replied March 12th, 2016
I had the top Autonomic Specialist in my state who did nothing to help me. It pays to be pro-active in getting well. These sites help to educate.
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replied July 20th, 2012
I don't know a ton about this, but have just started seeing a chiropractor who did some scans of my body and found vagus nerve impairment. She is working on readjusting me to take the pressure off of the nerve. Perhaps you should find a wellness chiropractor, that looks at total body health. I've noticed some relief after 2 adjustments, but it will take many more. Like you, I have been to ENTs, sleep specialists and on antidepressants. None of them gave me anything to treat the cause of the symptoms, just stimulants, antidepressants and anti-anxiety meds. Do you have a desk job by any chance?
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replied July 24th, 2012
I have the exact same symptoms! I have had x rays, ct scans, and bloodwork and they all come back normal. The only difference I have is a cough. A deep, bark like cough that won't go away. I have seen a chiropractor a few times and it does seem to help. Please post what you find out at your appointments.
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I changed my mind
replied July 24th, 2013
What I have found out is that my symptoms are related to an old gallbladder operation where the vagus nerve got damaged to an extent (very sloppily done operation), some kind of drug poisoning as well as some kind of microbe. The last one hasn't been proven. but is quite likely. I have scar tissue in the lumbar area from an old operation. There is scar tissue in the cervical area from some old car accidents that resulted in injuries. I was told that the nerve will "fatigue" after a while and go the other way. What that means in it's entirety is not clear to me yet. My whole body is compromised for circulation from this nerve supply being compromised. Cough, chokiing, pain down the arms from the pinched nerves the medical will do nothing about because of my age and extent of medical insurance. There is amost complete numbness in many parts of my body and inability to walk very fast or at all at times over the last year. The feeling of "tightness" gets worse every day. I can eat only liquids most of the time. Losing weight. This could have stemmed from haaving a hiatus hernia in the past and also from doing a colon cleanse that displaced that organ in the process of healing after cleaning out so much toxic garbage. It's an extremely painful condition. Chest pain, shortness of breath are all symptoms I suffered. Regurgitation of food as well as projectile and plain vomiting are part of this and may come and go. I don't know what the outcome will be, but I was told to use peanut oil and the essential oils of rosemary and sage and rub it into the site around the bad cervical discs. Herbs such as are in Dr. John Christopher's formula may help to heal bone, flesh and cartilage. For those who are into herbs. My chiropractor is keeping my back flexible by using his Thompson table and making sure the CSF is circulation. Hope this helps some of you to know someone else has suffered greatly with this, too, and what they have come up with. I will also employ a good massage therapist who will help, but can't say outcome yet, because the massage therapist is a new venture.
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I changed my mind
replied September 19th, 2012
Vagus nerve healing
I have/had vagus nerve issues. Food poisoning led to severe vomiting and then atrial fib. A cardiologist mentioned that the trauma and force of the vomiting threw me into afib.
About two months later I began having a sense of something stuck in my throat. Ice or chewing gum would relieve the stuck feeling. As months progressed I developed bloating, constipation, swallowing difficulty, voice getting hoarse, dizziness, extreme fatigue, tongue not cooperating when speaking for a period of time, dropping things more frequently, episodes of not being able to take in a full breath, and I got to the point of only eating liquids due to the bloating and swallowing issues. All gut motility had just about ceased, or so it seemed, my stomach never made noises like it was digesting anything.
All of this has been going on for over a year.
I finally found a neurologist chiropractor. She immediately diagnosed me with vagus nerve damage. She has done some noninvasive treaments and there has been so much improvement. About the only symptom left is the "stuck in my throat" symptom, which is much better and I hope it to be fully gone soon.
So, find one of these docs and get yourself well. If I had not found her I would still be stuck on the make a diagnosis merry go round with conventional m.d.'s.
It's truly amazing that I can sit here and type this without gum in my mouth and not feel as if I'm being strangled from the inside.
It has been a long road and at times a very scary one, but now I feel so much hope that this issues will be completely resolved.
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I changed my mind
replied June 17th, 2013
can you tell us who is your chiropractor?
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I changed my mind
replied May 17th, 2016
Sounds like you have eagles syndrome.
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I changed my mind
replied December 4th, 2012
I constantly feel as if I am going to have a heart attack have had two hihatus hurnia opp in a mater of 18 months still can not swallow well never hungry prefer liquids but the worst of all is the fatique and constant back and chest pains by the way my vagus nerve has been cut and is now wraped around my asouphicus.please help I also have neck and shoulder pain.
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I changed my mind
replied July 24th, 2013
What I am doing for nourishment is Enough chlorella that is a complete food. Otherwise, liquids from a blender. My chiropractor has said to use a good digestive enzyme in order to assimilate what I do take in. With the circulatory as well as nerve compromise that results in low assimilation of nutrients, this is what he told me to do. Hope it helps someone.
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I changed my mind
replied June 7th, 2014
All of you should check out Dr. Barrett's blog and website.
I have been suffering with heart arrhythmia and a hypersensitive vagus nerve. I was taking Omeprazole 20mg for GERD. After reading Dr. Barrett's case studies, I increased the dose to 40mg (20 x 2). After just a few days, I am feeling better. It takes as much as 30 days to see complete results. The reason for this is that taking acid reducers just enough to eliminate heartburn is not enough to eliminate more subtle damage to nerve endings in the lower esophagus caused by leaking stomach fluids. These fluids are not acidic enough to burn the esophagus, but they can erode vagal nerve endings.
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I changed my mind
replied June 25th, 2014
I am feeling like I am going to die. This all started 2 months ago and since then I have had a CT on my head and abdomen but my symptoms are so off the wall people think I am crazy. I have been to the hospital 5 times and they never said one word about my heart rate being 43 or the fact that my BP is all over the place. I feel terrible pressure and sensitivity in my abdomen feels hard to breath. Then it will affect my sinus's and my ears. The pressure is unbearable. I feel like I'm coming unglued. My teeth go numb, my left foot is going numb and I can't eat or sleep. The worst part is that my so called family thinks I'm some kind of crazy hypochondriac. I had one episode of incontinence and it has even my my groin area super sensitive. Oh and my left foot is numb and if I try to sleep my hands and arms go numb. I need help badly, but I wanted to post this in case anyone ever experiences this and needs help. I am going back to the emergency room. Good luck to all.
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I changed my mind
replied November 18th, 2014
I have been dealing with similar issues for much of this year. Kept/keep thinking it might be stress, stress combined with other health issues, etc. I JUST NOW joined this site because I literally feel like I am dying and do not know what else to do!! I am completely frustrated, experience many of the identical symptoms as above, have been SENT to the ER by my doc, lots of tests, meds, etc. I am fortunate to have a background in health care/education and research everything, dad was prof at a medical school. I recently did 2 years Graduate studies in holistic health. My body systems, organs, functions seem to be totally inconsistent and out of whack. Vagus nerve disorder, piriformis, serotonin syndrome are diagnoses I am researching. Afib, severe constipation, erratic BP, radiating pain, digestive pain, fainting, numbness alternating with sciatica, ad infinitum. Deep tissue massage helped after last ER visit, avoiding any kind of physical stimulation helped. Just do not know and do not know how to find better professional help! Used to feel wonderful physically, now feel I am wasting away somehow. Thanks, more later. Hurts to sit, stay in one position.
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I changed my mind
replied March 28th, 2015
? Vagus Nerve Dysfunction
Hello everyone. I'm in the same spot. I have been sick for years and didn't even know it. Similar to everyone, my stomach has been the main culprit since I was a child. I have since been diagnosed w/ gastroparesis (vagus nerve dysfunction), IBS, GERD. Finally, I went to a Naturopath. Immediately he took me off glucose and wheat. I felt better almost immediately. However, before this and since, I've had dizzines (w/ heart palpatations) and equilibrium issues. I've been diagnosed with a Vestibular Disorder. This results in dysequilibrium, blurry vision, headaches, head & ear pressure (causing increasing hearing loss while dizziness occurs). Everything, except the lack of equilibrium occurs when I get dizzy, but the dysequilibrium is constant. Other side effects can be anxiety, depression, extreme fatigue.
I also have constant difficulty swallowing and no gag reflex. I can put my finger down my throat with no reflex occurring. I have to chew a lot and swallow very little. This is ALL Vagas nerve dysfunction. Read an article of WHAT the Vagus Nerve is, where it is, it's functions, etc. You may be very surprised.
I've been through the ream of tests as well with a Neurologist in my home town, but was finally referred to Mayo Clinic. I am presently still going. In a couple of days I will find out results, but Vagus Nerve better be on the top of his list! There is Treatmeant. Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve.
Tests I've had: blood work, MRI,Spinal, Arterial ultrasound in neck, EMG, ARS, QSRT, nerve biopsy (which was positive), sleep study and more. I've seen some of the results from Mayo for the ARS (automonic reflex system) test and it was fairly normal. This is one of the MAIN test to have done. Still, there are too many other symptoms, regardless if this test does not say positively that I have an autonomic disorder, that point directly to a Vagus Nerve dysfunction.
Good luck everyone! It's a PAI when Dr.'s don't know what's going on.
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About Us
About Missouri Writing Projects Network
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GWP workshops are not one-shot performances. GWP works closely with schools to plan a cohesive series of sessions (15 to 45 hours) tailored to the needs of the attending teachers. Threads of writing process instruction are woven together with three beliefs:
- The need for teachers to write themselves
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Rooted in the powerful teachers-teaching-teachers model, each workshop includes demonstration lessons that are classroom tested and research based. Programs may be offered for credit.


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Ron Golden
Ron Golden's passion for photography began early in life. His parents - both of whom were painters - taught him to view nature with an artist's eye. After his first trip to visit places he'd seen in Arizona Highways Magazine, Ron was hooked. "I was determined to learn all I could on the subject of landscape photography," he says.
Years later, Ron has traveled throughout America, photographing our great National Parks and Forests. Shooting entirely with natural, dramatic light - no flash - Ron's photos are known for their vivid, rich color. "When I'm on a shoot, I'm always watching the weather and the sky for something dramatic, to turn an ordinary landscape into a magical scene". He usually goes out for a week or more at a time, looking for that "one perfect moment", when conditions are just right for the image he wants to capture. "When you see one of my prints on a wall, I want you to feel that same drama of the moment that I experienced when I tripped the shutter".
Ron's images have won numerous awards, and have been exhibited at some of the country's top art shows, including Festival of the Masters in Orlando, An Occasion for the Arts in Williamsburg, Affaire in the Gardens in Beverly Hills, and the Fountain Festival of the Arts in Arizona. Along with the fine-art prints, his images are used on greeting cards, calendars, and CD covers. He is also an accomplished natural history videographer.
1% of the profits from my work goes to support International League of Conservation Photographers.


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Tyrone Poole
Position: DB
Height: 5-8 Weight: 188 lbs.
Born: February 3, 1972 in La Grange, GA
High School: LaGrange
College: Fort Valley St.
Drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the 1st round (22nd overall) of the 1995 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 45 (1851st overall since 1950)
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College Hockey:Robbie Earl: Most Outstanding Player
Badger Forward Has Four-Point Performance In Frozen Four
MILWAUKEE — With three goals and an assist on the weekend, everybody in the state of Wisconsin knew that junior forward Robbie Earl would be the Frozen Four's Most Outstanding Player. Everyone, it seems, except Earl.
"I didn't even know until we got the locker room when coach told me. It's a great honor. But there's so many other players that could have it, not just in these two games but all year. I take great pride in being named [MOP], but it's a great feeling winning the national championship."
Earl had two goals and an assist Thursday night against Maine and scored the tying goal at 1:17 of the second period to jumpstart Wisconsin back into the national championship game.
The ironic thing was that he was not even supposed to be on the ice when he scored. Earl was banged up on the shift and started limping towards the bench. Once the puck went in transition, he joined the rush and went to the net where he struck gold.
"I got upended in the neutral zone and hurt my shoulder a little bit," Earl said. "I was actually heading off to the bench. I decided to take a chance and go to the net and it was a great pass by Adam Burish."
Coach Mike Eaves certainly had no problem with his forward's decision to stay on the ice.
"I think on the play, he was thinking 'I better get to the bench, something doesn't feel right' and then on the way to the bench thought 'I feel okay' as the team went on offense," said Eaves. "The thing that the did was he did the hard thing and that was go to the net. He went to the net and ended up scoring the goal."
Earl shared the credit for his MOP Award with his teammates.
"I thought that it was fitting Robbie right away talked about his linemates, Joe Pavelski and Adam Burish. You don't have the success in this game at this level without playing with good people," Eaves said.
Entering the Frozen Four, Earl had not been having a great NCAA tournament. He was shutout in the Midwest Regional against Bemidji State and Cornell. Overall, Earl is the current Wisconsin career leader in points with 121.
"Ever since he came here he has had the ability to play big in big games," Eaves said. "He's a big game player. Once again, he came up big this weekend for us. His challenge has been in games that weren't big games for us to be consistent. He's worked on that. His point production per game is up. In terms of big games, he's always had that and it's one of those qualities I think he'll always have."
A native of Los Angeles, Earl finishes the season with 24 goals and 26 assists. He had 13 multi-point games this year as well as a career-high nine-game scoring streak, from Jan. 28-March 3.
But it will this two-game scoring streak that will always rank as his career best. And by now, even he knows it.
All Tournament Team
Joining Earl on the All Tournament Team was Burish, who setup his tying goal, Boston College forward Chris Collins, BC defenseman Brett Motherwell, Wisconsin defenseman Tom Gilbert (who scored the championship-winning goal), and Badger goalie Brian Elliott.
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Juan Pablo Galavis may have broken her heart on this week's hometown date episode of "The Bachelor," but reality star Renee Oteri is already engaged to another guy, according to a March 1 report from Us Weekly.
The 32-year-old single mom rekindled her romance with a former flame she knew before the show, which wrapped in October.
An insider told the celeb gossip magazine that Oteri's fiance is someone "everyone wanted to see her with," and revealed that he's known her 8-year-old son Ben since he was a baby. Oteri is expected to move to Seattle to be with her new man.
Earlier this week on his blog for People, Galavis revealed that he almost sent contestant Andi Dorfman home and took Oteri to the fantasy suite overnight dates in St. Lucia: "Letting Renee go was very difficult. I almost sent Andi home, but I went with the stronger connection instead of who I thought had more feelings for me," he wrote.
Galavis also dished that Renee was the woman who reminded him the most of himself when he was a contestant on "The Bachelorette."
"She never tried to show me something she was not," he wrote. "She never tried to impress me or get involved in drama. She helped everyone and showed the maturity of being a mother and was realistic about the situation. "
Oteri's newly announced engagement means she definitely won't be the franchise's next "Bachelorette" star, giving even more credibility to rumors that Dorfman will take on the role.
The next star of "The Bachelorette" will officially be announced during the "After the Final Rose" special on March 10 on ABC.


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LL makes me hot in that special place
LL makes me hot in that special place
Peeki makes me hot everywhere.
Your fine............
I have to agree. It doesn't hurt when I run!
When the Devil is too busy
And Death's a bit too much
They call on me by name you see,
For my special touch.
i just hold them, or deal with the pain
I stopped liking you after I realized what a sketchy fuck you had been when I was younger, and also when I realised you were kinda an asshole. Also my main man KS how could it possibly be directed soley at you when you show up only once in a blue moon?Originally Posted by KS
That was mad funny.
OH! Can we have a thing where we all start quoting each other and pointing out what we don't like about another person because we're ass hurt it's directed at us? And when we point it out can we act like identifying said "faults" means anything even though we aren't saying why it's bad or how to change it or any other way to counter it? dude that's like they do on anime!
I love that thread.
you know I don't get this whole boob thread. in my city girls can walk around topless all year. I ran in to 5 of them in a few hours saturday. although they only do around the gay pride thing they were having


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The precise location of the start of today's hike is at Pimmit Run and Chain Bridge. It is where you can have one foot in Virginia and the other in DC or Maryland depending upon where you are standing. I went there today for a couple of reasons:
- I was certain that at the time of day, I would find a place to park
- I knew that the view from the bridge would be interesting
It was supposed to rain at 3 p.m. today, but that didn't happen. It wasn't supposed to rain this morning, but it did. At the time of the hike it was close to 90 degrees in the sunshine.
Pimmit Run flows into the Potomac River. Its origin is in Idylwood, Virginia adjacent Fall Church. It runs for 7.8 miles. Of course it used to be a wonderful aboveground stream the entire distance but some say "development forced it underground." No, people disregarded the environment and buried the stream. In some places in the nation, communities are insisting on restoring streams to a more natural state. We have done that in some places in Arlington County with excellent outcomes. It is a matter of building awareness that storm sewers need not always be underground pipes. We need wetlands to help filter the watershed.
Anyway, Pimmit Run flows past Pimmit Hills and eventually parallels the George Washington Parkway. It empties into the Potomac at Arlington Bluff.
I started to hike toward Cabin John on the Pimmit Trail for awhile until it got too hot. I u-turned and came back to the Chain Bridge. I walked onto the bridge to take some pictures of cormorants. They are always there catching fish, no matter what time of year.
There were a couple of fisherman who were walking on rocks below. I could see fish swimming in various holes. They saw them too. The fish may have been nesting, and the guys were trying to lure them from their nests. Fish that are spawning typically don't feed, but will attack intrusions. That was what they were hoping for, but it wasn't working.
History of the Chain Bridge
"The first bridge at the location was opened on July 3, 1797. It was a wooden covered bridge, and rotted and collapsed in 1804.[2][3] The second bridge, of similar type, burned six months after it was built.[2]
The third bridge was built four years later in 1808, and is where the bridge received its name. It was a chain suspension bridge, using 1¼ inch bars. It was designed by Judge James E. Finley, and was 136 feet long by 15 feet wide.[3] It was destroyed by flood in 1810 or 1812.[2][3] The fourth bridge was also a chain suspension bridge, and though damaged by floods in 1815, it lasted until 1840.[2] The fifth bridge was built in 1840, and made of chain and wood.[2] This span collapsed in 1852.
It was replaced by a crossbeam truss structure that resembled a long garden arbor or pergola, but retained its historical name. During theAmerican Civil War, the Chain Bridge was a popular place for the Union Army to access the countryside encampments from Fairfax County. The bridge is the site of the first Union Army Balloon Corps balloon crossing, which took place overnight on October 12, 1861, conducted by ProfessorThaddeus S. C. Lowe and a band of handlers who had to precariously traverse the outsides of the fully trellised bridge. In a nine hour ordeal, the balloonEagle was fully inflated in Washington and walked out to the battlefield at Lewinsville, Virginia.[2]
The truss bridge was swept away in an 1870 flood, and a lightweight iron truss replacement was erected in 1872-1874. Traffic restrictions were placed on the bridge in the 1920s, and it was fully closed following the record flood of 1936.[2]
The eighth and present version of the bridge is a continuous steel girder structure, completed in 1939 on piers dating from the 1870s.[2]"


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Attached is a watercolour effect image based from a twilight render.
The process for watercolour is as follows:
export hidden line from sketchup,shadows off
render in twilight 5-6mins(interior setting-noise/grain dosen't matter)
import twilight render into fotosketcher (free to download)
overlay sketchup hidden line and fotosketcher image and play around with the image blending mode and different textured papers etc.
I know some people prefer photorealistic but sometimes a looser image is more relevant especially at the start of a project.