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|US accused of leading the military offensive
|2015.03.27 07:33:54
Speaking on Houthi-run al-Masirah TV, rebel leader Abdel-Malek al-Houthi accused the US of leading the military offensive. He also called Saudi Arabia an "evil neighbour" that is using its wealth to destroy nations.
Tags: Yemen
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|Update from Sanaa
|2015.03.27 07:31:51
Hakim al-Masmari, editor of Yemen Post, says powerful explosions rocked Sanaa tonight as more Houthi targets were attacked. He describes the city as a ghost town with no traffic and civilians seeking shelter in locations considered safe.
Tags: Yemen
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|UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
|2015.03.27 07:30:52
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called on all parties to ensure the protection of civilians in Yemen, adding that negotiations remain the only option for ultimately resolving the crisis.
Tags: Yemen
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|Saudi air strikes target the Tariq Air Base
|2015.03.27 02:05:45
We're getting reports that Saudi air strikes target the Tariq Air Base in Taiz, central Yemen.
Tags: Yemen | Saudi Arabia
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|Amnesty International: Civilians killed in air strikes
|2015.03.27 01:59:45
At least six children under the age of 10 were among a reported 25 people killed in Saudi Arabian-led air strikes in Sanaa on Thursday, Amnesty International reported after speaking to hospital officials and eyewitnesses.
Red the full statement HERE.
Tags: Yemen
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|European Union High Representative
|2015.03.27 01:56:20
Statement of the European Union High Representative and Vice President Federica Mogherini on the situation in Yemen:
Tags: Yemen | European Union
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|Saudi Arabia's interior minister
|2015.03.27 01:53:51
Saudi Arabia's interior minister has ordered security measures strengthened along the borders and across the kingdom, including at oil facilities.
Tags: Yemen | Saudi Arabia
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|Hezbollah condemns the Saudi-led strikes
|2015.03.27 01:52:54
Lebanon's Hezbollah condemns the Saudi-led strikes, saying it takes the region towards increased tension.
Tags: Yemen | Lebanon | Hezbollah
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|Syria expresses its deep concern
|2015.03.27 01:51:32
Syria expresses its deep concern about the "ongoing and dangerous" developments in Yemen.
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|UAE Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
|2015.03.27 01:50:29
UAE Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Anwar Gargash, says "the decision to launch Operation Decisive Storm wasn't a rushed decision".
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|Yemenis gather in the city of Taiz
|2015.03.27 01:48:35
As thousands of Yemenis gather in the city of Taiz in support of the Saudi operation, thousands of pro-Houthi protesters carried out a rival protest in the capital Sanaa to denounce the air strikes.
Tags: Yemen
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|Yemenis took to the streets
|2015.03.27 01:47:50
In the city of Taiz, thousands of Yemenis took to the streets in support of the Saudi operation and demanded an end to the alleged Iranian interference in their country. Some carried banners of President Hadi, others of the Saudi king.
Tags: Yemen
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|Yemen Live Blog
|2015.03.27 01:46:43
A Saudi-led coalition of 10 countries has launched air strikes on Houthi targets in Yemen.
Tags: Yemen
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|Heavy poaching of Indian rhinos
|2015.03.15 19:18:09
Whether in South Africa or in India poaching of rhinos has assumed alarming levels. In South Africa, which has the largest population of rhinos and which is an important country for their conservation, poaching has reached a crisis point so much so that if the killings continue at the current rate, it is estimated, the species could be pushed close to extinction. In 2014 as many as 1215 rhinos were killed and the South African Department of Environment calculated that that amounted to poaching of one rhino every 8 hours.
Tags: india | poaching | rhino
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|Vulnerable Indian rhinos
|2015.03.14 19:05:58
Whether in South Africa or in India poaching of rhinos has assumed alarming levels. In South Africa, which has the largest population of rhinos and which is an important country for their conservation, poaching has reached a crisis point so much so that if the killings continue at the current rate, it is estimated, the species could be pushed close to extinction. In 2014 as many as 1215 rhinos were killed and the South African Department of Environment calculated that that amounted to poaching of one rhino every 8 hours.
Tags: india | poaching | rhinos
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|Tigers endangered despite rise in their numbers
|2015.02.05 19:26:56
A lot of cheer has been brought to tiger and wildlife lovers by the latest Tiger Census conducted in late 2014. There seems to have been a revival in its numbers after the dismal count of 2006 when it had registered 1411 tigers. A marginal increase to 1706 was registered in 2011.
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|Gas lamps of London
|2015.01.23 15:05:32
The feature on lamplighters of London in the Times of India of last Sunday literally dug out from the deep recesses of my mind the memories of gas lamps and their lighters in my birthplace Gwalior in Central India. More than 60 years ago in the early 1940s Gwalior was a small town of about 80000 or so but it used to be the capital of the princely state carrying the same name. Its maharaja was the third richest of all the Indian maharajas after the Nizam of Hyderabad, and Maharaja of Mysore. Being the capital, it had stately buildings, a beautiful palace that was built in the 19th Century on the pattern of the palace at Versailles and broad roads. While most of the roads were illuminated at night by electric incandescent bulbs many lanes, including ours, had gas lights to light them up.
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|Fighting continue in the Syrian border town of #Kobane
|2014.10.25 02:34:04
Fighting continued on Friday in the Syrian border town of Kobane, as thousands of Syrians who have fled the town woke up to another day in a refugee camp in Turkey.
Tags: Syria | Islamic State | Turkey
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|Fierce clashes in several parts of Kobane
|2014.10.24 03:17:30
An AFP correspondent across the frontier in Turkey reported fierce clashes in several parts of Kobane early Thursday, with heavy gun and mortar fire.
Tags: Syria | Islamic State | Turkey
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|Malaysian court charged three men
|2014.10.24 03:16:16
A Malaysian court on Thursday charged three men with supporting the Islamic State after they were arrested while attempting to leave the country to join the fighters in Iraq and Syria.
Tags: Syria | Islamic State | Malaysia | Iraq
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Which term is more likely to have been used in Georgia around 1893? I found a British website which explains the origin of the modern game known as American pool (http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Pool.htm.) They say that all the predecessor of all modern "pocket billiards" games was American fifteen-ball pool or "sixty-one pool." They also say that "continuous" pool (the same as fifteen-ball pool but with a different scoring system) replaced fifteen-ball pool as the championship game in 1888. What I am not sure of, however, is if the generic term for these games was "billiards," "pool," or something else in the 1890s American South.
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The South is a pretty big place, but—at least in Virginia in the 1890s—billiards, pocket billiards, and pool were all commonly enough played (and gambled on) to draw the baleful eye of the state legislature. Here is the first half of section 2835 of chapter 228 of the state code of Virginia "relating to dealings with students and gaming" (approved February 8, 1898):
I wonder how frequently the authorized officers of the University of Virginia gave prior written permission to students to borrow money to play billiards with.

subset: commoncrawl


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What does Earth Day mean to you? For many, it's a time to take pause and be thankful for the planet and all that Mother Nature has bestowed upon on us, especially in Michigan and the City of Detroit. We have fabulous rivers and streams, beautiful parks and we are just a short trip to the Great Lakes. One of the greatest ways to honor Earth Day is to ride public transportation.
According to the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), using public transit has a significant impact on our carbon footprint. Commuting by bus, train or rail reduces emissions by 20 lbs per day or 4,800 lbs per year. That is more than if you purchased a new refrigerator, switched over to flourescent light bulbs and completely weatherized your home, combined.
How Public Public Transportation Reduces Greenhouse Gases and Conserves Energy
- The "leverage effect" of public transportation reduces the nation's carbon emissions by 37 million metric tons annually – equivalent to the electricity used by 4.9 million households.
- To achieve similar reduction in carbon emissions, every household in New York City, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Denver and Los Angeles combined would have to completely stop using electricity.
- People living within one-quarter mile of rail or one-tenth mile from a bus stop drive approximately 4,400 fewer miles annually compared to persons in similar households with no access to public transit. This equates to an individual household reduction of 223 gallons of gasoline a year.
Public Transportation Reduces Gasoline Consumption:
- The "leverage effect" of public transportation, supporting transportation efficient land use patterns, saves 4.2 billion gallons of gasoline – more than three times the amount of gasoline refined from the oil we import from Kuwait.
- Public transportation use saves the equivalent of 900,000 automobile fill-ups every day.
- The typical public transit rider consumes on average one half of the oil consumed by an automobile rider.
So why not park your car and pay tribute to the planet? It's so easy to do and just one more way to heal our great city.


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Consumer prices in February
March 18, 2004
On a seasonally adjusted basis, the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increased 0.3 percent in February, following an increase of 0.5 percent in January.
Energy costs, which rose 4.7 percent in January, advanced 1.7 percent in February. Within energy, the index for petroleum-based energy advanced 2.5 percent and the index for energy services increased 0.9 percent.
The index for food rose 0.2 percent in February after registering no change in January. The index for all items less food and energy rose 0.2 percent in February, the same as in January.
The index for housing rose 0.2 percent in February. Shelter costs increased 0.1 percent in February, the same as in January.
The transportation index, which rose 1.7 percent in January, advanced 0.7 percent in February. The index for gasoline rose 2.5 percent in February, following an 8.1-percent rise in January, accounting for about 80 percent of the February advance in the transportation component.
For the 12-month period ended in February, the CPI-U rose 1.7 percent, as shown in the chart.
These data are from the BLS Consumer Price Index program. For more information, see Consumer Price Index: February 2004 (PDF) (TXT), news release USDL 04-415.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Consumer prices in February on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2004/mar/wk3/art04.htm (visited June 26, 2016).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
Employment and Wages in Healthcare Occupations
Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
Fifty years of looking at changes in peoples lives
Longitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.
- A look at pay at the top, the bottom, and in between
The Spotlight examines how earnings and wages have changed over time and how they differ within a geographic area, industry, or occupation.


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Well, they did it to us again. No matter how hard we try to guess what the Academy will end up doing they always find a way to surprise us. Thursday morning's announcements of the full list of nominees for the 86th Academy Awards were no different. In this especially crowded year, who got snubbed and who made a surprising splash?
Starting off with best picture, the biggest revelation is that for the third straight year in this variable nominee process we will have nine films contending for best picture. Out of the nine, the only real surprise is "Philomena" taking the spot that many thought would go to "Saving Mr. Banks." It's clear though that "Banks" did not register with the Academy; the film received just one nomination for best score and Emma Thompson was left out of the best actress field.
"The Wolf of Wall Street" got the push it needed to get into the field, and actually had a healthy showing despite the reported backlash by many Academy members with five nominations. Outside of picture, Martin Scorsese was able to hold firm after his DGA nomination and land a spot for best director. Leonardo DiCaprio edged out Tom Hanks and Robert Redford to land a well-deserved best actor nod. Jonah Hill's rowdy performance got him into the field for best supporting actor and Terence Winter landed a nom for best-adapted screenplay.
DiCaprio's nomination comes as a pleasant surprise. The field of best actors was as competitive as ever this year, but DiCaprio's "Wolf" performance ranks among his best and it seemed that despite the number of great performances, the best actor field was set. We were wrong apparently as Tom Hanks was left out for his "Captain Phillips" performance and Robert Redford still has only one acting nomination after being denied for his "All is Lost" work. Christian Bale pulled perhaps the biggest surprise of the morning for his nomination in "American Hustle."
Speaking of "Hustle," the film led the pack along with "Gravity" with ten total nominations. For the second straight year a David O. Russell film received nominations for all four acting categories. While "Hustle" and "Gravity" were expected to do well, they weren't necessarily supposed to beat "12 Years a Slave" in nominations. "12 Years" may not have gotten as many nominations as predicted, but it still raked in a very healthy haul of nine.
Some other surprises included a nomination for Sally Hawkins in "Blue Jasmine." Hawkins was fantastic in the Woody Allen film but seemed liked she was getting overshadowed by co-star Cate Blanchett (who was also nominated and remains the favorite). Instead, she finds her way in by bumping out Oprah Winfrey's performance from "Lee Daniels' the Butler," which I am more than okay with. Oh, and "Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa" is an Oscar nominated film, just so you know.
Outside of Tom Hanks missing for "Captain Phillips," director Paul Greengrass also was omitted from the final list of nominees, but for equally deserving Alexander Payne. Pixar has no representation in this year's field as "Monsters University" failed to make it in animated feature. And the documentary "Blackfish" was snubbed despite being the most talked about doc of the year.
"Dallas Buyers Club" had a better than expected morning. The film seemed poised for a best picture nomination with all the guild love that it received in the last few weeks, but it also received nominations for original screenplay and editing. Those were highly unexpected.
Lastly, the signs of "Inside Llewyn Davis'" downfall were correct. The Coen brothers' latest was left out of best picture, the pair were snubbed from best original screenplay, and the film managed only two nominations for cinematography and best sound mixing. We'll never know why the film failed to connect with the Academy, though it's bleak tone is sure to have something to do with it.
Overall, there are no outrageous omissions or unworthy nominees from where I stand. 2013 was so competitive that snubs were going to happen, but it's not like the alternatives were hack jobs undeserving of recognition. So, we have our field of nominees, now let the phase two of the awards season commence.


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STANFORD, Calif. - The bigger the game, the better Terrence Alexander played.
"I don't really get nervous too much," said the Stanford freshman cornerback. "So in big games when a lot of people have nerves, that just pushes me to be more of a clutch player because I'm used to being in positions where you have to make the right decision."
The 5-foot-10, 180-pounder starred at John Curtis Christian High School in New Orleans, where he sparked the team to three consecutive state titles. As a senior, Alexander made 32 tackles, defended 19 passes and grabbed four interceptions. Showing his versatility and playmaking ability, he produced four touchdowns on an interception, two punt returns and a kickoff return.
"He's used to playing on the big stage," said his father, Bandele. "He's not scared of the moment. Why, I don't know. I'm nervous as all heck."
Alexander has a simple explanation.
"It's just human nature," he said. "I play up to the competition."
The middle of three children, Alexander was heavily recruited by SEC schools and could have easily stayed closer to home. But he wanted to challenge himself – academically and athletically – and fell in love with Stanford on his recruiting trip.
"It was a little bit of everything," said Alexander, also a standout sprinter on the track and field team, and a member of the National Honor Society. "Best education you can get in the world, great football program, and a family environment. Actually, just meeting people with the same goals that you have about being successful is what did it."
Asked to name his biggest strengths as a player, he said, "Speed, physicality and my coverage ability. Now I have to transition to the college pace because the speed is a lot faster."
One of 20 freshman scholarship players, Alexander knows he must improve on and off the field to be successful on the college level. All are enrolled in summer school and work out daily with Shannon Turley, the Kissick Family Director of Football Sports Performance.
"Nothing comes easy at Stanford," Alexander said. "You have to grind in the classroom and work on the field and in the weight room, because we have one of the best programs in the nation. When you sign up to come to Stanford, you know what you're going to have to do. It's hard, like I thought it would be. But it's all worth it in the end, so I can't complain."
The freshman class bonded during recruiting trips and have become even closer since starting classes. They live together in the same dorm, but will split up once school starts in September.
"We've been tight since my official visit," said Alexander. "I think the relationships will stick for the next four years."
Twice a week, the freshmen have informal workouts with the returning players, who help them learn terminology and plays. Alexander has been impressed by their leadership, humble personalities and drive to succeed.
"I got that the first couple days being here … the expectations," he said. "The bar is set very high. I'm just trying to get better every day."
As for his own expectations, Alexander isn't sure what the coaches have in mind, but wants to prove he is ready to contribute whenever they need him.
"I'm just focused on getting ready for the season and making sure my body is ready for the long fall camp because it's a big transition from high school to college," said Alexander. "If you have the mindset to be ready physically and mentally, you'll fit right in with the group. If everything goes right, I should hopefully earn a spot on the depth chart so I can play this year."
While he's only been a Stanford student-athlete for a short time, he already feels tremendous pride. One of the attractions for Alexander was the network of possibilities he will discover off the playing field. He's excited to meet new people and see what the future holds.
"The connections you make here will set you up for the rest of your life," Alexander said. "People will always be there for you and try to make a big difference in the world."


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Intelligent Femtocells, SON & Convergence
Femtocells or small cells or liquid radio or one of the umpteen names that this small basestation goes with has evolved organically in the last few years to make an appearance in the home. Finally is it ready to replace my Wi-Fi router at home? Maybe not, as it still remains a one trick pony that guarantees indoor coverage for operators but no visible benefit for the consumer. So why is the Femtocell important for a consumer? What does it offer that operators have an incentive to subsidize and give it away for free? How has the ecosystem changed over the years to say that now is the time for Femtocells to become the differentiator between operators? Come next year, when 70% of US wireless customers will either be AT&T or Verizon, how would somebody in the market for a 'new' wireless connection differentiate them? So what is different now from the cellular services of the yester-year?
Connection – and a great connection at that! Robust data service along with ubiquitous voice coverage without service interruption. 3G as a technology had some technical problems like cell breathing, SINR and UL Power limitations, but with the advent of LTE, WiMAX and Whitespaces ecosystems evolving to reach mainstream the Intelligent Femtocell is ready for main street.
Traditional problems for Femtocells
Interference Mitigation
Interference is a one of the biggest issue associated with femtocell adoption. There are a number of issues associated with interference all of which have needed to be investigated and solutions found to ensure that the deployment of femtocells to take place successfully.
The fact that femtocells will utilize the spectrum already allocated for cellular telecommunications and is deployed in what may be termed an ad-hoc fashion, without the network planning that is normally undertaken for the deployment of cellular telecommunications base stations. As a result there is a possibility that interference will arise. This could cause problems to the main network resulting in poor levels of performance being achieved, not only by those using the femtocell, but other users who may be communicating via the main cellular network.
Femtocells interfering with base stations on the same frequency: When a number of femtocells are operating on the same channel as a macro base station, interference will be caused by the femtocells, reducing the performance of the overall network.
Base stations interfering with femtocells on the same frequency: Again when the macro network is operating on the same channel as the femtocell, interference may be cause between the two.
Closely spaced femtocells interfering with each other: If a number of femtocells are installed close to each other they will have a level of background noise that will reduce the sensitivity of each femtocell.
Some of the mitigation techniques for 3G are listed below.
Adaptive Pilot Power Control: Using this scheme the femtocell detects the signals from surrounding cells and dynamically adjusts its own transmitter power while still aiming to maintain its own coverage area.
Dynamic femtocell receiver gain management: In order that femtocells can satisfactorily operate with mobiles, or user equipments that are near to the femtocell or at a greater distance, a satisfactory form of automatic gain or attenuation much be installed. This will enable the mobiles to operate without increasing their transmitted output power any more than is absolutely necessary keeping any increase in noise and interference to a minimum.
Mobile phone uplink power capping: It is possible to cap or limit the maximum power output of a mobile when operating in the femto environment. This ensures that the phone will hand off to the macro network before its transmitter power rises to a point where it adds noise to the macro network.
Extended femtocell receiver dynamic range: In order to ensure that femtocell designs are able to operate reliably even in the presence of nearby high power mobile phones connected to the macro network, it is necessary to ensure that their receivers are able to operate in the presence of other very strong signals. To achieve this they need to have a very high dynamic range. To ensure they meet the required standard the relevant test has been incorporated into Release 8 of the 3GPP. (TS 25.104)
Timing sources
GPS as a timing source has been adopted by many of the vendors, while some prefer AGPS (or multiple constellation versions of assisted GNSS) replaces missing satellite broadcast data when access is intermittent, difficult, or impossible due to signal obstruction.
Another idea is to use standard TV signals which include timing information that can be used for precise frequency, synchronization, and location.
TV+GPS hybrid timing and location can meet the FCC's E911 requirements needed to enable this important developing market.
The core of TV-positioning is the tremendous power advantage provided relative to GPS and superior building penetration. Hybridizing with A-GPS adds to that advantage.
In addition to the reciprocal technical advantages of their hybridization, TV and GPS are highly complementary in their geographical availability. In dense urban areas with large buildings and very challenging indoor settings, TV transmitter geometry is excellent. In remote areas where few TV towers exist, urban canyons and large multi-story steel-reinforced concrete buildings are rare; so, GPS provides the timing and location data.
Plug'n'play integration
Plug'n'play integration for Femtocells have taken off in the recent years where vendors have built software that can independently provision the new nodes into the network and seamlessly integrate the femtocells eg. Ubiquisys.
SON / O&M Integration
The efficient and economical deployment of thousands or even millions of small cells necessitates a drastic change in management and radio planning methodologies. Traditional macro networks are deployed with a semi-static configuration whereby cell planning is done via simulation and spectral analysis. This approach is not feasible when the cell size is reduced and the number of cells increases drastically.
The development of Self Organizing Network (SON) techniques, algorithms and eventually standards is a critical step in LTE femtocell deployments. The basic requirement for SON is self-configuration. LTE operators deploying small cells need the base station to configure itself based on location, surrounding cells and the core network or edge equipment that will be its primary entry point into the LTE core. Operators will be able to leverage developments from the 3G residential femtocell market into LTE. Residential femtocells have borrowed and extended (via definition of a new data dictionary) the TR-069 protocol from the Broadband Forum to identify the device and support zerotouch installation. Similar concepts, data dictionaries and procedures may be adapted to support selfconfiguration of LTE femtocells as well. However, beyond self-configuration, at initialization LTE small cells will require the ability to modify their configuration based on surrounding cells, cell loading and other environmental considerations that affect the radio network on an ad hoc basis. In other words LTE small cells become self optimizing.
The biggest challenge for SON will be standardization. The race is on and the finish line is that golden patent to which all must bow for successful LTE deployments of SON. While potentially good for the investors and companies placing those bets, this approach does not bode well for the standardization or adoption process in the near-term. For small cells to be successful, interchangeability and diversity of supply is a must. All femtocells feature some form of Radio Resource Management, where the femtocell measures its radio environment and sets its own configuration.
Femto-to-macro interference: femtocells can create a "dead zone" for non-femto users, and femto-connected phones can cause macro "cell-breathing", causing call problems for all users on the edge of the macro cell.
Macro-to-femto interference: the macro network can cause performance problems for femto users, because the level of interference varies as users move inside the building, when windows are opened, and according to the time of day.
Femtocells should listen to their environment and respond immediately using a range of patented interference mitigation systems. These technologies have been refined in commercial deployments over several years and are encapsulated in Femto-Engine software. They enable operators to provide a robust service in a shared spectrum environment and maintain macro network KPIs.
Differentiated Services for a Converged Home/Office
Connected home services
Femtocells are the only devices that can bring true converge into home – provide connectivity to the cellphone, Wi-Fi/WiMax/LTE to laptops, control home security, control cameras around the house, control the cable TV box at home, monitor the kids. It merges both the real world and the ethereal into a single solution. That would be the femtocell that fulfills the needs of bringing convergence to the home.
The tipping point for femtocells will come only if it is a converged device – one device that controls all at the home, along with a silicon cost that is below $100.
Enterprise Femtocells
Enterprise Femtocells have become a game-changer for operators looking to offer enterprise solutions to corporate customers – a RAT (Radio access Technology) agnostic offering that can customized for any set of cellular bands and technology. A company called Spider Cloud is offering this customized solution, with a multi-radio architecture that allows for a flexible upgrade path to higher user counts as well as the ability to support different radio access technology combinations on a single node. Though this idea might not be new in the Wi-Fi world but this will be a niche solution for indoor penetration inside Malls, Casinos and multi-storied office buildings who are corporate customers for any operator.
Here is my older blogpost that talks about a customized solution for Enterprise Femtocells.
Additional Features
Free Calling & free data
The biggest value proposition that femtocells can bring about is the free wireless minutes as they use the home DSL for traffic routing or provide free DSL for customers.
Softbank in Japan has been the only operator that has given its customers a free DSL line along with the Femtocell. Sprint, AT&T and other US operators meanwhile have given free femtocells for customers living in the dead zone. With the adaptation of LTE, and using the AWS spectrum we can expect more femtocells adaptation by operators as well as customers.
Wi-Fi offloading (SIPTO)
Release 10 of 3GPP three very important concepts have been introduced – Local IP Access (LIPA), Selected IP Traffic offloads (SIPTO) and IP Flow mobility (IFOM).
Here is the blogpost that delves more into these concepts including the Standards and Industry Evolution.
Recent Silicon development (lightRadio)
LightRadio a new architecture where the base station, typically located at the base of each cell site tower, is broken into its components elements and then distributed into both the antenna and throughout a cloud-like network. Today's clutter of antennas serving 2G, 3G, and LTE systems are combined and shrunk into a single powerful, Bell Labs-pioneered multi frequency, multi standard Wideband Active Array Antenna that can be mounted on poles, sides of buildings or anywhere else there is power and a broadband connection.
LightRadio product family, of which initial elements ready to begin customer trials in the second half 2011, provides the following benefits:
Improves the environment: LightRadio reduces energy consumption of mobile networks by up to 50% over current radio access network equipment. (As a point of reference, Bell Labs research estimates that basestations globally emit roughly 18,000,000 metric tons of CO2 per year). Also, lightRadio provides an alternative to today's overcrowded cell site towers by enabling small antennas anywhere.
Addresses digital divide: By reducing the cell site to just the antenna and leveraging future advances in microwave backhaul and compression techniques, this technology will eventually enable the easy creation of broadband coverage virtually anywhere there is power (electricity, sun, wind) by using microwave to connect back to the network.
Offers major savings for operators: LightRadio's impact on site, energy, operations and maintenance costs; when combined with small cells and LTE, this new solution can lead to a reduction of total cost of ownership (TCO) of mobile networks up to 50% (as a point of reference, Bell Labs estimates that TCO spent by mobile operators in mobile access in 2010 was €150 billion).
LightRadio can be adapted to –
- Broadcast multiple signals from one antenna, reducing interference.
- Direct signals in specific directions – reducing the need for the buckshot, power-draining strategy of the cell tower.
- Be moved and aimed – pointing to one spot during high-traffic times, for instance.
- Read real-time usage patterns and take aim at a passing phone as data is needed.
LightRadio's best attribute is its size, around the same dimensions as a Big Mac box, the LightRadio can be mounted almost anywhere – at bus stops, on traffic lights, on the sides of buildings – a true convergence device for NANs(neighborhood area networks).
Vendor ecosystem and current products
The Cisco 3G Femtocell is optimized for low-cost, low-capacity 3G processing for IP-based backhaul. The Cisco Femtocell offers the following advantages:
Enhanced 3G radio performance, including transparent integration with 2G. Optimized use of radio resources to improve user experience, maximize capacity under diverse operating conditions, provide optimal cell phone battery life, and minimize impact on the core network.
Standards-based, zero-touch provisioning to simplify and accelerate deployment and for plug'n'play end-user convenience.
Support for four simultaneous calls in 200 kbps of available bandwidth through implementation of multiplexing on the Real Time Protocol (RTP) link over a standard IPSec tunnel.
Operator: AT&T
Ubiquisys is a pioneer of the femtocells, Ubiquisys developed much of the technology that powers today's commercial femtocells. What's more, several key innovations, like adaptive Radio Resource Management (aRRM) and femtocell Self-Organising Networks (SON) are unique to Ubiquisys.
These innovations are important, as they enable shared spectrum deployment without interference problems, and the evolution of femtocells from residential to enterprise, open space and outdoor small cells.
Ubiquisys innovation is backed by a formidable IPR portfolio and has hardware and software solutions tailored for operators need.
Operator: Softbank
Alcatel Lucent
Alcatel-Lucent holds 17 mobile operator commercial deployment agreements and is supporting more than 20 trials. Publicly announced commercial deployment agreements include: Telefonica in Spain, Etisalat and du in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Vodafone Group as its preferred vendor for a nationwide femtocell service in the UK.
At Mobile World Congress, Alcatel-Lucent extended the reach of its 9360 Small Cells portfolio with the addition of the 9363 & 9364 Metro Cells to increase network coverage and capacity in public spaces – both indoors and outdoors.
Highlights of the Femto Cells:
- Function in shopping malls, hotel lobbies or airports, or open up the networking possibilities of bus stops and busy shopping streets – or even more remote, rural locations
- Reduce by up to 50% the total cost of ownership per bit as compared to macro deployment
- Enable new services based on location and presence.
Operator: Vodafone
Airvana is the first Femtocell product to be introduced into the US market by any carrier. It has high-capacity voice and data – support for six concurrent CDMA1X voice and/or EV-DO broadband data sessions
Advanced radio interference management – Industry-leading RF intelligence to provide optimized system selection and interference mitigation. Ensures that the interference from the femtocell into the operator's macro network is negligible while still providing a superior service experience to the end user.
Assured Voice Quality of Service (QoS) – Integrated router to prioritize IP traffic and ensure clear voice calling.
Flexible Core Network Support – Unique embedded SIP client connects with both legacy and VoIP/IMS core network infrastructures. Migration from legacy networks to VoIP can be achieved with virtually no change to the femtocell network system.
Innovative Virtual Landline Service – Integrated analog telephone adapter (ATA) option allows mobile operator to offer VoIP-based landline replacement service, using the subscriber's existing landline phones.
Comprehensive TR-069 based remote management – Connects to the Airvana Femtocell Service Manager using TR-069, the world's most widely deployed device management standard, for zero-touch provisioning and comprehensive remote management.
Operator: Sprint
The PC8219 was the industry's first HSPA femtocell solution to serve eight users, and is now available in an extended range version (PC8219E) aimed at 2km cells for rural and campus-area deployment. It supports the femto-specific features from 3GPP Release 8. Because it is based on Picochip's existing field-proven HSPA solutions, it provides guaranteed robustness and fast time-to-market.
The PC8209 HSUPA (high speed uplink packet access) four-user solution provides a modem that is fully compliant to 3GPP Release 6 (FDD) for four users with a 200m range, including 2ms TTI). It includes support for 7Mbit/s High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and uplink speeds of up to 1.46Mbit/s HSUPA.
PicoChip products implement all of the required baseband processing (including sample rate, chip rate and symbol rate operations), as well as MAC-hs scheduler, operations and management (OAM) functionality and protocol termination.
Femtocell in a box
To support OEMs, operators, research laboratories and software vendors developing femtocells, Picochip provides a range of turnkey demonstration platforms. Available both as fully-featured laboratory standard products in ruggedized metal chassis, and as configurable demo kits, the platforms include a picoArray-based subsystem with PC8208/PC8209 baseband object code and Linux board support package, demonstration radio, object code for emulation of the required core network functions on a Windows PC, cables, connectors and RF peripherals, and handsets with ready-programmed SIM cards.
NEC's Femtocell access point provides a 'zero touch' plug and play function that enables end users to install the Femtocell access point (FAP) in their homes quickly and easily. After installation, the FAP automatically sets up connections to the core network over the subscriber's broadband connection and it interworks with 3G handsets without any modification. The end users enjoy improved 3G capacity and bundled services.
NEC's FAP intelligence also incorporates an adaptive and distributed radio management function obtaining optimal local coverage with minimal macro network interference. This helps operators to save OPEX due to network optimization.
The Tatara Convergence Server is Tatara's voice and messaging convergence product that acts as a SIP-MSC/IWF in pre-IMS networks and a SIP Application Server in IMS networks. The Tatara Convergence Server enables the same single identity voice and messaging services provided to the installed base of mobile phones using an IP network.
For Femtocell Convergence, Tatara enables single number voice and messaging services delivered over the IP/SIP/IMS network to the femtocell using the home broadband network (DSL/Cable). Key values include:
- Voice Convergence
- Messaging Convergence
- Single Number Access Across Networks and Devices
- Supplementary Service Support (Feature Parity)
- Femtocell Handover
The future for Indoor Data Services – VLC (Visual Light Communications)
Unrelated but very separate set of standards that will deliver indoor coverage is the Visual Light Communications (802.15 WPAN™). Visible Light Communications is a data communications medium using visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm). Visible light is not injurious to vision.
The technology uses fluorescent lamps (ordinary lamps, not special communications devices) to transmit signals at 10 kbit/s, or LEDs for up to 500 Mbit/s. Low rate data transmissions at 0.6 miles and 1.2 miles were demonstrated. RONJA˚ achieves full Ethernet speed (10 Mbit/s) over the same distance thanks to larger optics and more powerful LED.
Specially designed electronic devices generally containing a photodiode receive signals from such light sources, although in some cases a cell phone camera or a digital camera will be sufficient. The image sensor used in these devices is in fact an array of photodiodes (pixels) and in some applications its use may be preferred over a single photodiode. Such sensor may provide either a multi-channel communication (down to 1 pixel = 1 channel) or a spatial awareness of multiple light sources.
VLC can be used as a communications medium for ubiquitous computing, because light-producing devices (such as indoor/outdoor lamps, TVs, traffic signs, commercial displays, car headlights/taillights, etc.) are used everywhere.
One of the biggest uses of VLC will be for the SmartGrid.
RONJA˚ (Reasonable Optical Near Joint Access) is a Free Space Optics device originating in the Czech Republic. It transmits data wirelessly using beams of light. Ronja can be used to create a 10 Mbit/s full duplex Ethernet point-to-point link.
1 commentAdd yours
Good article. Any insights into relvelent IP associated with SON?


text:
The New York Jets are pleased to announce the release of Jets Uncorked, a 2008 Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon, in commemoration of their new home.
The New York Jets have teamed-up with renowned Napa Valley winemaker Marco DiGiulio to create a sophisticated, limited-edition Cabernet Sauvignon. This vintage offers lush, ripe flavors of red cherries, currants and berries, framed by supple tannins, and just enough oak to add complexity without obscuring the purity of the fruit. The long spicy finish is an invitation for another sip.
The grapes for this Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon were hand harvested, hand sorted and gently crushed at Girard Winery. The juice and skins were cold soaked for five days prior to the must, undergoing a native yeast fermentation. Once fermentation was complete, the wine underwent an extended maceration to allow for softer, more well-integrated tannins. Malolactic fermentation occurred in barrel as part of its 22 months in 60% new French oak. The wine was bottled unfined and unfiltered.


text:
|From: leonora
|17/06/99 11:45:36
|Subject: quarks
|post id: 18228
|is there anything smaller than quarks - AND - how can we know the total number
of protons in the universe if we cant see all of it ??
|From: josh
|17/06/99 12:05:40
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18251
|I think there is smaller sub atomic matter than quarks. Once you go further and into an atom the more stuff you find?
|From: Chris (Avatar)
|17/06/99 14:00:26
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18338
At present the best description of the subatomic world is the Standard Model of Particle Physics. It says there are three classes of fundamental particle:
Quarks are matter particles. They never appear singly. They join in twos to form mesons and threes to form baryons (such as proton, neutron, etc). There are 6 types of quarks (plus antiparticles and colour variations).
Leptons are matter particles. They only appear singly. There are 6 leptons, including the electron and neutrinos (plus antiparticles).
Gauge Bosons are the carriers of 3 of the 4 fundamental interactions. They include the photon (electromagnetism), the gluon (strong nuclear force) and the W and Z bosons (weak nuclear force). There is also a hypothesised graviton for gravity.
Estimates of protons in the universe would be made based on extrapolated estimates of the abundance of Hydrogen (one proton plus one electron).
Hope this helps!
|From: Cam (Avatar)
|18/06/99 11:22:56
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18505
|Gauge Bosons are the carriers of 3 of the 4 fundamental interactions. They include the photon (electromagnetism), the gluon (strong nuclear force) and the W and Z bosons (weak nuclear force). There is also a hypothesised graviton for gravity.
Yeah, what's happened to the graviton? It seems to have faded into obscurity. Is it out of favour with quantum physicists?
While on the subject, why do we need them (gravitons) at all? Their postulated existence appears to be based on the assumption that there's some kind of direct interaction between massive objects (the interaction presumably being an exchange of gravitons). Doesn't GR mean that the interaction could be indirect?
Hmm… maybe I should put that another way: If a lump of mass warps space, other lumps of mass respond only to that warping, not to the first lump of mass directly. So the two lumps of mass don't need to exchange gravitons.
Please excuse me if this sounds idiotic, my knowledge of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics is pretty basic.
|From: Chris (Avatar)
|18/06/99 11:41:22
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18509
GR has nothing to do with gravitons. It explains gravity on the macroscopic scale quite well, but it is a classical theory and is limited in its application at smaller scales.
The graviton comes from attempts to formulate a quantum theory of gravity. Given the success of the photon in QED, and the elegance of QCD, the natural next step would be to try and formulate a theory of quantum gravito-dynamics - QGD?
In any case a major particle physics system (can't recall at the moment if it is actually the standard model or a string-type version -JB?) seems to demand a particle like the photon with zero mass but a spin of two - which describes the graviton perfectly. I think it is the spin of 2 which helps determine that the gravitational field it mediates is attractive only, compared to the photon with spin 1 and the attractive-repulsive e/m field.
In any case neither gravitational waves nor a graviton have been detected - given the relative strength of the gravitational field that isn't surprising. At present TOEs tend to look for unification energies - ie energies at which the dissimilar fundamental interactions have similar strengths, etc - and we can't yet reach the energies at which the strong force should be symmetrical with the electro-weak unified force. A similar energy for restoring the gravitational symmetry would have occurred siomewhere well inside the first second of the universe, so it's kinda unlikely on earth!
I guess the answer is that the graviton is still about, but the theory behind it is still incomplete and the particle itself is elusive.
Hope this helps!
|From: jim bashford
|18/06/99 12:18:46
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18514
| In any case a major particle physics system (can't recall at the moment if it is actually the standard model or a string-type version -JB?) seems to demand a particle like the photon with zero mass but a spin of two - which describes the
graviton perfectly.
Nope the graviton isn't required for the Standard Model.
Massless spin 2 particles pop up naturally in SUSY models where the supersymmetry is local, and their interactions
look like a gravitational one.
|From: Cam (Avatar)
|18/06/99 13:52:49
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18523
|Spin 2; SUSY; supersymmetry; QCD; TOE's….??
I think I'm outta my depth here!
How about this "nuts and bolts" version of gravity:
Imagine the classic description of gravity in a 2D space. It can be likened to a flexible topography a la waterbed surface. Drop a pea on the waterbed, it makes a little dent but not much else happens. Drop a bowling ball on the waterbed and it makes a deep depression (gravity well). It also makes gravity waves, but I'll forget about them. Anyway, the pea rolls into the depression and ends up in contact with the bowling ball.
From the point of view of the 2D beings (I'll call 'em bedbugs) living on the surface of the waterbed, the pea – bowling ball system behaves as though there is a gravitational attraction between them. The bedbugs themselves will be "attracted" to the bowling ball. The clever bedbugs will postulate a bedbug version of Newton's law of gravity which will describes the attraction between objects in their 2D space. Their theory will work fine and will be consistent with observable behaviour, including orbital motion etc.
However, from the point of view of the human standing beside the bed (tossing peas and bowling balls around) the reality is quite different. It's patently obvious that the bedbugs have got it all wrong. The gravitational attraction between the bowling ball and pea is negligible, but the actual gravitation effect is produced by the earth's gravity acting on the bowling ball and the pea independently (assuming the waterbed is on earth).
But you can't blame the bedbugs for getting it wrong. The earth is in a third dimension external to the 2D space of their universe, and therefore completely unknown to them. They just developed a workable theory from what they could observe.
If we extend the analogy to 3D space, we end up with massive objects stretching the 3D topography (sound familiar?), and behaving as though influenced by some force originating in an external (fourth?) dimension.
If gravity is an influence of something external to our observable universe, then we're going to have a problem working out what the hell it is, or making any use of it.
Is this a possible model of our universe? I can't see how it helps anyway, It's only shifted the gravitational effect from one dimension to another.
Or does the above model more closely resemble the CBTG* school of thought? If so, where does it break down?
*Complete Bollocks Theory of Gravity
|From: Terry Frankcombe
|19/06/99 0:34:01
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18595
|Bugger. Cam beat me to it. But let me rephrase the question anyway. What evidence is there that the classical GR description of gravity is wrong? Why are we searching for a quantum theory of gravity? Is it 'simply' to formulate a TOE?
|From: Dr. Ed G (Avatar)
|19/06/99 3:52:59
|Subject: re: quarks
|post id: 18605
|Neatness, basically.
All the fundamental forces EXCEPT gravity, can be explained with astonishing accuracy (well, we're yet to see much astonishment from strong nuclear theory, but all results point to this being only a matter of computing power) it terms of fields which are generated by the exchange of particles known as gauge bosons (as Chris mentioned). It would therefore be really nice if gravity could be explained in the same way... indeed, as far as my sense of aesthetics is concerned, it would be rather suprising it gravity didn't. More importantly, if there were no quantum aspects to gravity at any level, there's a good chance that we could kiss any possibility of formulating a Grand Unified Theory of Everything goodbye.
Quantum Mechanics simply works too well for it not to be at least very close to true ontological description of the Universe (that's not to say that our present formulation of quantum field theory IS the whole story, just that the whole story is probably not too dissimilar to it).
Soupie twist,
Ed G.


text: Hi everyone! We're thrilled to announce the news you've been waiting for - THE PSN EU RELEASE DATE IS CONFIRMED FOR 15TH MAY! After weeks of much appreciated patient waiting, Europe and Australia can finally set out on their Terraria adventures, tackle new bosses and challenge friends in multiplayer! Terraria will be priced €14.99 / £11.99 at launch


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Bestial Wrath
Spell Details
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Value: 50%
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Server-side script
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Value: 10%
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The Wowhead Client is a little application we use to keep our database up to date, and to provide you with some nifty extra functionality on the website!
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Tatting is my favorite passtime. I also knit, crochet, sew, and weave. My mom is absolutely fabulous when it comes to inspiring me to try something new. Without her influence, I probably would not have tried anything. Because of her, I am interested in everything!
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text: You will be head over heels for these saucy little numbers! They will perfectly compliment any outfit for any occasion! Make sure to add these to your collection, they definitely are a must have! The features for these bootie heels include a faux leather upper in a strappy design, open toe, front high polish accent, back zipper closure with a tassel accent, smooth lining, and cushioned footbed. Approximately 6 inch heels and 2 inch platforms. Style: shoes-booties-ami-kyle-01neonorange Brand: AMI Clubwear NOTE: Item is FINAL SALE and is not eligible for return or exchanges. Item is NOT eligible for promotional discounts.


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Comments for:MESSE11: Two New Yamaha Synths
2 Comments... Post a comment original story
Peter K. Said...
I wish they included aftertouch. I use it all the time. Now only the highest end synthesizers offer it, which is unfortunate.
26-Apr-11 02:11 PM
peter dinan Said...
strange-nothing about the MOX 6 on here and you arent on facebook.Loolking for advice on learning how to use a Mox6 EG some kind of tutorial. Plus lots of questions about the Mox 6
14-Jan-12 07:56 PM
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For patient suffering from digestive diseases, Banner Estrella offers comprehensive gastroenterology care dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of digestive diseases.
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text:
Shakira and Blake Shelton have chemistry on The Voice, but what the fans saw on Sunday night at the 49th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards was nothing like what fans have seen on the reality show. The two entertainers performed Medicine and the song was nothing short than epic.
Compared to a throbbing '80s power-pop tune, it was hard to believe this performance was on a country award show. Trading lyrics and offering up a fast pace, the two stars took over the stage. Fans at the show were dancing and it was one of the most talked about the segments of the night (after Tim McGraw and Faith Hill) as it was so unbelievable.
The ACM Awards offered up over a dozen performances for the fans to watch. While the purpose of the show was to showcase award winners, there wasn't any hardware handed out until after the first 15 minutes of the show. Looking to make the moment about the fans, the ACM Awards 2014 really did give an epic three-hour concert.
Take a look at the video clip of Shakira and Blake Shelton performing Medicine. Hopefully the duo will perform the song again real soon! Or even consider go on tour together!


text: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4061792193770285615.post3055581262045080034..comments2016-06-12T21:27:12.440-06:00Comments on Bump Smitten: Real Baby Shower: Yellow & Gray Elephants {Part 1}bump smittenhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-4061792193770285615.post-39894729904746209722011-04-09T18:11:15.439-06:002011-04-09T18:11:15.439-06:00Oh my goodness gracious, I cannot get over how awe...Oh my goodness gracious, I cannot get over how awesome this is! Believe it or not, I'm planning a yellow & gray elephant shower for my DIL in June so I was absolutely stunned when I saw this! What a coincidence! I already have most of it planned out, but you've given me a few new extra ideas, and I can't tell you how excited I am to see 'my visualized theme' come to life - it's even cuter than I imagined!!!Janellehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-4061792193770285615.post-9723281972656809132011-03-28T15:40:58.901-06:002011-03-28T15:40:58.901-06:00Love the color palette and anything with elephants...Love the color palette and anything with elephants is awesome! Can't wait for the downloads :) Thanks!yellow+grayhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-4061792193770285615.post-4541659829518616702011-03-28T10:51:02.475-06:002011-03-28T10:51:02.475-06:00The shower looks great! My favorite detail are tho...The shower looks great! My favorite detail are those paper mobiles. Ever since I saw them on oh happy day I've wanted to use them...just haven't had a reason to yet. Great job!Heather Jhttp://email@example.com


text:
Sunrise International Hotel Shenyang
- Location:
- Address: No.10 Changan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042
- Tel: 24359999 (Book this hotel, call 800-2682918)
- Hotel Name in Chinese: Sunrise International Hotel Shenyang
- Lowest Price: $60
Sunrise International Hotel is a five-star hotel owned by Shenyang Liming Airline Engine Group and managed by Hongkong Tianlun International Hotels Group, the hotel is your ideal choice for business, shopping and sightseeing in Shenyang.
Sunrise International Hotel boasts superb conference and banqueting facilities. The elegant Grand Ball Room can hold over 800 guests, the hotel has 6 other tastefully decorated function rooms giving you choice and flexibility. Each is equipped with a comprehensive range of audio visual and conference facilities including simulated translation system, portable stage and so on. All ideal venues for Meetings, Conference, Exhibitions and banquets.
After a long busy day of bargain hunting on tough business negotiations, you may like to loose a little, The Sunrise Health Club located on 4th Floor of Sunrise International Hotel , provides a full range of health and fitness facilities combined with 5-star service for your work-out and relax.
- Prices not include 18% service fee and tax.
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- Triple/quad occupancy may require an extra bed at extra cost.
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|Air conditioning, AM/FM radio, Alarm clock, Color Television, Cable/satellite TV, Complimentary newspaper, Coffee/tea maker, Telephone, Hair dryer, In-room safe, Electronic Lock, Iron and ironing board, Refrigerator, Mini Bar, Bath and Shower, Non-smoking rooms available, In-house movies, Internet access,
Hotel Amenities: Elevator, Parking, Business Floor or Executive Floor, Air-Conditioned Facilities, Indoor Swimming Pool, Beauty Salon, Sauna, Business Center, Gift Shop, Gymnasium , Suitable for wheelchairs, Meeting Room, Ballroom, Deposit Box at Front Desk, Airline Desk, Fire Detector, KTV, Chess & Playing Cards Room
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Apr 4, 2013 10:15 AM
Even though spring is three months of awkward weather, it's the perfect time to get your summer ducks in a row. Snag a new swimsuit, stock up on sunscreen, and invest in a lush beach towel. We've got our eye on the Nine Space for J.Crew Beach Towel ($76, preorder). The bold striped pattern will make it easy to spot on the crowded sand. It's also crafted with both a cotton side (striped) and a terrycloth side (solid) for the ultimate in drying off after you take a dip in the water.
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text:
The wise mother of Andrew Saul, PhD once said, "There are no bad children. Only tired, hungry children.". Not only are her sentiments simplistic, but also true according to a recent report by the U.K. Millennium Cohort Study.
In analyzing data from a group of 10,000 children at the ages of 3, 5, and 7, researchers found that children that had regular bedtimes also had better behavior. And those that had irregular bedtimes often had bad behavior. The data showed too that the longer the irregular bedtimes occurred, the effects were cumulative over time. This data also included the input from parents and teachers as well.
Yvonne Kelly, Professor of Epidemiology & Public Health said: "Not having fixed bedtimes, accompanied by a constant sense of flux, induces a state of body and mind akin to jet lag and this matters for healthy development and daily functioning."
"We know that early child development has profound influences on health and wellbeing across the life course. It follows that disruptions to sleep, especially if they occur at key times in development, could have important lifelong impacts on health."
In another study also done by Professor Kelly, called "Time for bed: associations with cognitive performance in 7-year-old children: a longitudinal population-based study", children not having a regular bedtime scored significantly lower on cognitive tests such as reading and math, especially girls. Parents and other caregivers need to comprehend that it is during sleep that the brain rejuvenates, repairs, grows and restructures. Children between the ages of 3 and 7 need between 10-12 hours of sleep a day, including naps.
The good news is that researchers do believe that the effects of irregular sleep habits and erratic bedtimes that create issues of sleep deprivation can be reversible. Professor Kelly also advises that sleep patterns and habits be evaluated as a part of routine health care visits.
Establishing regular bedtime routines is one way to implement regular bedtimes. Giving young children enough time to transition between playtime and bedtime is key. And yet experts say if the time is not monitored, the time frame will drag out and defeat the purpose of getting to bed at a regular time.


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text:
I haven't posted a journal entry here in nearly a year! Thank you to everyone that has stopped by to my little corner of DA. I'll be posting a couple of new projects very soon! In the meantime, I would like to offer the following list of Sims utilities.
Create A World (CAW) www.thesims3.com/game/tools/wo… For custom world/neighborhood creation and editing. It is PC only, that's the only drawback to it.
The best manual for using this program was not made by EA. It was made in a series of videos by Flabaliki of the Sims Supply. www.youtube.com/playlist?list=… He explains things very clearly!
Create A Pattern (CAP) www.thesims3.com/game/tools/pa… is for creating your own patterns for Sims 3.
S3S Browser by Crinrict and her mister is a utility to keep track of all items purchased from Sims 3 store. You will find it especially useful when doing a fresh install if you have compilation sets. sims3.crinrict.com/en/s3s-brow…
SimsReadmeGenerator tracks and records what EPs, SPs, and Store Content are use in Sims3Pack files. This is useful for those that like to post a content list with their creation.
Delphy's CUSTARD Sims3Pack Cleaner - modthesims.info/d/390235 is a tool to view the innard of Sims3Pack files. It can identify corrupted content but worlds are always popping up with false warnings.
Postal - Sims 3 Package Editor and API v0.10 - postal-sims-3-package-editor-a… For viewing and editing DBPF2 files.
I use this mostly to view the contents of package files, but for those that know how to edit hex code, etc. it will be very useful to you.
s3pe is a Sims3 Package Editor based on the s3pi library. www.den.simlogical.com/denforu…
You can do all kinds of package editing with this one including poking in most World files to allow editing in CAW (Create-A-World).
Save Cleaner V2.2 www.den.simlogical.com/denforu…
This utility cleans up extra copies of images and data that bloat save files.


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Serving York, PA, Dr. Joseph Wunderlich DC offers comprehensive chiropractic services for acute injuries and the relief of chronic low back pain, sciatica and headaches.
Dr. Wunderlich's chiropractic treatment helps those with sports injuries, injuries sustained in auto accidents and work-related injuries.
Dr. Wunderlich can also ease the pain of chronic conditions, such as lower back pain, with regular treatments.
Dr. Wunderlich provides care for the entire family.
Learn More About Dr. Joseph Wunderlich DC:
We accept most insurance plans.
Contact Dr. Joseph Wunderlich DC today at 717-741-1100, or browse the website for more information about our chiropractic services.


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Comic will be lateBy Rick Griffin on October 30th, 2011
Posted In: News
Sorry guys, I really dropped the ball here. A problem with book 2 has been pointed out to me, and I absolutely must correct it as soon as possible. In additon, the comic was going to be rather late in the first place, so it may be as much as 2 hours late or more


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A study was conducted to determine whether free contraception was associated with the number of sexual partners and frequency of intercourse over time. Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine (St. Louis, Missouri) published their findings online on March 5 in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology.
The investigators note that a study reported that providing contraception at no cost and educating women about the most effective contraceptive methods can reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy and abortion. These findings were from the Contraceptive CHOICE Project in St. Louis, Missouri. The medical community acknowledges the benefits of increased access to effective contraception; however, others in our society are less enthusiastic. For example, the Family Research Council has raised concerns that increased access to contraception may actually result in an increase in the number of unintended pregnancies, presumably by increasing sexual activity. Thus, the question of whether increased access to contraception changes sexual behavior in unanticipated ways is of significant importance. The study authors note that "reliance on data rather than intuition is advisable." Therefore, they conducted a study to estimate whether providing free contraception is associated with a change in the number of sexual partners and frequency of intercourse over time. The research involved participants enrolled in a large study of reversible contraception.
The investigators analyzed data from the Contraceptive CHOICE Project, which was a prospective (forward-looking) study of 9,256 adolescents and women at risk for unintended pregnancy. The women were provided reversible contraception of their choice at no cost and were followed-up with telephone interviews at 6 and 12 months. The researchers assessed the number of male sexual partners and frequency of intercourse reported during the previous 30 days at baseline compared with 6 months and 12 months after the subjects received their free contraception.
Of the total group, 7,751 (84%) of the women and adolescents completed both 6-month and 12-month surveys; thus, they were included in the analysis. The researchers observed a statistically significant decrease in the number of women and adolescents who reported more than one sexual partner during the past 30 days from baseline to 12 months (5.2% to 3.3%). The majority of the women (70-71%) reported no change in their number of sexual partners at 6 and 12 months; however, 13% reported a decrease and 16% reported an increase. More than 80% of participants who reported an increase in the number of partners experienced an increase from zero to one partner. The frequency of intercourse increased during the past 30 days from baseline (average: 4) to 6 and 12 months (average: 6). However, an increased frequency of intercourse did not result in an increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) at 12 months.
The investigators concluded that they found little evidence to support concerns of increased sexual risk-taking behavior subsequent to greater access to no-cost contraception.
Suggested Links
- Sad statistics regarding teen pregnancy in the US
- Unintended pregnancy rate high among active-duty military women
- Contraceptive knowledge found lacking by many California healthcare providers
- Long-acting reversible contraception well tolerated by teens and young women
- ACOG recommends that oral contraceptives should be sold over the counter


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Audi R8 vs. Porsche 911 Carrera 4S
Even if the Porsche 911 Carrera 4S doesn't stand out as much as we'd like against the Boxster and Cayman, they're not at all bad-looking. Observant fans or anyone looking at a Porsche 911 Carrera 4S and two-wheel drive 911 together will notice the flared rear-wheel arches. This is a win-win; they add to the performance character, but the 911 Carrera 4S doesn't suffer aerodynamically due to its slightly lower ride height.
Interior design - 8/10
Everything falls to hand easily, just as you'd expect in a 911. Also, just as expected, the small but comfortable cockpit invites you to spend hours in either the electrically-adjustable seat, sports seat or sports bucket seat, but the Porsche 911 Carrera 4S doesn't punish you for doing so. You'll also note that this 911 has carried on with the tradition of providing folding rear seats, which gives you an extra 7.24 cubic feet of cargo space.
Sound system/goodies - 7/10
Lest you think we're through with elaborately-named features, the 911 Carrera 4S offers Porsche Communication Management as standard equipment. Translation: a nice stereo that plays MP3-coded CDs. Otherwise, the standard fare is fine, which includes a 13-speaker BOSE Surround Sound System that features a seven-channel digital amplifier and active equalization. Why you'd want to drown out the beautiful purr of your H6 is beyond us. There's really no need to spend thousands more on little extras that don't do a thing for performance. OK, there is one cool option we'd want: the Sports Chrono Package that will come in handy on track days.
There are, however, many creature-comfort items that are nice, such as the steering wheel that features height and telescopic adjustments, an ergonomic interior that keeps the driver in mind, the fully automatic climate control system, and, of course, the left-hand ignition key.
Bang for the buck - 18/20
You can be waylaid by unnecessary options and/or spend a lot more on higher-performance 911s, but the often-overlooked 911 Carrera 4S is still among the purest sports cars on the road at a price that represents outstanding value.
Driving experience - 18/20
Anyone who questions why so many wax giddy about driving a 911 probably haven't experienced it. You have to mind your manners to fully (and safely) exploit the car's performance, but doing it right makes you feel as though you just executed the perfect saber of a bottle of champagne.
Overall score - 86/100
For a sports car with so many positives and so few faults, the Porsche 911 Carrera 4S has few equals at any price. It may not draw attention like some other high-performance cars, but for the lucky driver who appreciates its feel and responsiveness, that's a secondary concern anyway.
and the winner is…The Audi R8 deserves much praise for its style and performance. What's more, a prototype car has been spotted undergoing testing, which could be a V10-powered R8-RS. Regardless, it's nice to see there's more on the horizon.
For now, however, the Porsche Carrera 911 4S is greater than the Audi R8. There's a reason the Porsche 911 has kept generations of drivers entertained all these years. It isn't perfect, nor is it completely tolerant of imperfect drivers. This only challenges owners to hone their skills and relish the experience.
Have a question? Get it answered by AskMen's guyQ.


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A lovely and fun wedding. Two wonderful people now united! A pleasure to cover.
Nature, people, creation and creativity embraced and expressed through the medium of photography that has been a thirty plus year obsession.
Comment posted.
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Allison-Glaser Wedding Published May 30, 2012
Imagine... Published December 11, 2011
Hines-Lawrence Wedding (2nd Ed) Published March 18, 2011
Slivers of Time Published July 16, 2010
He Who Loved (2nd Edition) Published December 16, 2009


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If this weekend is any indication that spring has actually made its debut in Cleveland, it's also farmers market time all around Northeast and Northwest Ohio. The time has also come to prep that ground for your gardens!
Saturday was the first outdoor market for North Union Farmers Market at Shaker Square. The market finally transitioned to its outdoor location, since Shaker Square had an Indoor Winter Market from January through March that provided fresh veggies and other delectable's that kept their patrons happy through our dreadful Cleveland winter.
The North Union Farmers Market'sSaturday markets are as follows:
Shaker Squareoutdoor market began April 3 and goes through December 18. It opens at 8 a.m. and closes at noon. The location for this market is Historic Shaker Square.
Crocker Park's outdoor market will open April 16 and continue to offer wonderful produce and goodies until November 19. Crocker Market is located at the corner of Crocker Road and Market Street, and their hours of operation are from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.
They have Wednesday Markets that will start in June:
Lakewood Marketwill open for business Wednesday, June 1, and continue to serve you until September 14. They are open from 10 a.m. until 1 p.m. They are
located inthe rear parking lot of the Lakewood Masonic Temple at 15300 Detroit Avenue. The market opens for business this Wednesday, June 1,
The Cleveland Clinic Market will start serving Cleveland Clinic employees and locals Wednesday, June 1 through October 5. They are open from 10:30 a.m. until 1:30. The market is located at the Crile Mall on the Cleveland Clinic Campus at 2049 E. 100th Street and Carnegie Ave.
The Cleveland State Universityis the only Thursday market day and will open June 9 through November 17. Their hours of operation are 11:00 a.m. until 2 p.m.
The North Union Farmers Market hasone Sunday market: The Chagrin Falls Market, located N. Main and N. Franklin St. at Gazebo Triangle Park. They open for business June 5 and their season ends on October 23.
Some other farmers markets to consider:
Coit Road Farmers Marketlocated at 15000 Woodworth Road, East Cleveland, 44110. They are open year-round with the following schedule: April to November, they are open Saturday 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., and Wednesday 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. Starting in June and lasting until October, they will be open on Monday 4 p.m. to 7 p.m.
The Geauga Fresh Farmers Marketwill open Saturday, May 21 and continue through October 22. This market is held every Saturday morning rain or shine at RT. 306 and Bell in South Russell.
Farmers market fans, here is your guide to Northeast Ohio . From About.com Cleveland
So many choices and so much to do…until next time


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Tamra Barney put up an alarming message on her social media page on Thursday and the fans of "The Real Housewives of Orange Country" are quite alarmed. The message could be of frustration or could be interpreted as suicidal. Either way the reality star is in serious pain over the custody battle she is embroiled in. According to Radar Online on Thursday, the message that had the fans upset was a note revealing that she had given up hope.
"I've lost my strength," tweeted Tamra Barney from her official Twitter account on Thursday. Linking to an Instagram picture with a note that read, "You think you want to die, but in reality you just want to be saved."
While the online community was alarmed at the tone of the note (Facebook apparently took down a note from her account too,) the fans of the show were even more worried. Sometimes there is anguish over family battles when it comes to divorce and custody, but usually there are outlets to help deal with the crisis. Being that Tamra Barney is a reality star, the note could offer up a cry for help or he was just sharing a moment that reflects her current state of mind.
Fans of "The Real Housewives of Orange Country" have written the star to remind her that these feelings will pass. Looking at the long list of individuals who have stopped to share words of encouragement on social media, thankfully there wasn't one hater in the bunch.
Tamra Barney has been dealing with some serious allegations over the past week. The report in People Magazine on Wednesday indicates she is battling allegations about her parenting as well as her lifestyle. While fans only get to see a glimpse of her life on Bravo, there isn't any way for anyone outside of the family to accurately judge the situation over a custody battle. Add that divorces are almost always messy and there is no way to know what details are being kicked up to hurt the star or is factual.
Hopefully Tamra Barney has found some comfort in knowing viewers care about her well-being and that time will heal some of the wounds she currently feels. Fans recognize that Tamra isn't just a reality star, but a woman who is working out some incredibly painful issues in her life. At the moment everyone wants Tamra to find a little peace in her world while sorting out her future.


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Tatman: We are Extraordinarily Close to Shipping New Corvette Stingrays
As you can imagine, life is pretty hectic at the Corvette Assembly Plant in Bowling Green right now. Plant manager Dave Tatman took time out to talk to a crowd of 300 people Tuesday at the Barren River Area Development District's annual luncheon at the National Corvette Museum just across from the assembly plant. And […]
NCM Surpasses Fundraising Goal to Build Motorsports Park
The sound of horsepower will soon fill the air across the highway from the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, KY. That's because the NCM's fundraising goal to raise an additional $1 million for the Motorsports Park by June 1st has come true. In fact, the Museum surpassed that amount by $95,471! With that goal
2014 C7 Stingray and Bennion at Circle City Corvette's Beach Caravan 2013
It's the middle of May and that means its time for the annual Corvette Beach Caravan and Car Show. For the last 33 years, Dorthan, Alabama's Circle City Corvette club caravans down to Panama City Beach, Florida for a weekend of Corvette fun and camaraderie. Special guests for this year's show will include the 2014
Rick Hendrick Contributes $100,000 to the Corvette Museum's Motorsports Park
Rick Hendrick (L) with Corvette Museum Director Wendell Strode (R) A long-time friend has stepped up to the plate for the National Corvette Museum's proposed Motorsports Park. Rick Hendrick recently made a $100,000 donation to the park through his Hendrick Automotive Group. Hendrick says he is proud to be associated with the track's message of


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Gravity Challenge : North Ayrshire Results
The Roller Coaster Challenge
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Overall Winners :
Primary & Secondary
Best Team :
1st : Hawking 19th June - 83% (West Kilbride Primary School)
2nd : Galileo 28th May - 82% (Ardrossan Academy)
3rd : Hawking 3rd June - 81% (Ardrossan Academy)
Other Categories :
Fastest Roller Coaster : Galileo 11th June : 5.21 sec (Stanley Primary School)
Most Inventive Roller Coaster : Hubble 3rd June (Ardrossan Academy)
Best Movie : Einstein 18th June (West Kilbride Primary School)
Best Advert : Kepler 4th June (Ardrossan Academy)
Best Workbook : Hawking 29th May (Ardrossan Academy)
Best RC Kit : Einstein 23rd June (Dykesmain Primary School)
Fastest Roller Coaster :
Galileo 11th June : 5.21 sec (Stanley Primary School)
Galileo 11th June : 5.21 sec (Stanley Primary School)
Galileo 11th June : 5.21 sec (Stanley Primary School)
Galileo 11th June (Stanley Primary)
Most Inventive Roller Coaster :
Hubble 3rd June (Ardrossan Academy)
Hubble 3rd June (Ardrossan Academy)
Hubble 3rd June (Ardrossan Academy)
Best Movie :
Einstein 18th June (West Kilbride Primary School)
Includes images of students, so movie can't be shown on this public site.
Best Advert :
Kepler 4th June (Ardrossan Academy)
Kepler 4th June (Ardrossan Academy)
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Gallery :
Other images can be found on the gallery here
Other Adverts :
Unfortunately many of the movies feature the students and can't be included on this public page. However, here are few that are student free ;-)
Hawking 12th June (Stanley Primary)
Galileo 15th June (Winton Primary)
Einstein 3rd June (Ardrossan Academy)
Hubble 2nd June (Ardrossan Academy)
Roller Coaster Kits & Cameras
We have been asked to provide information on both the roller coaster kits and the video cameras that we used for this event, both by teachers and pupils.
Roller Coaster Kit :
SkyRail Roller Coaster (Quercetti) model 6430 with 150 pieces.
Can usually be purchased from Amazon for around £16 - £20.
We bought extra kits so we could add some additional pieces and so we would have spares.
The track can be broken if treated roughly, however our kits have been used for 32 days of events and we have only needed to use the track from two spare kits for replacements.
Video Camera
Kodak Zx1 High Definition Video Camera.
Great camera for schools, simple to use, robust and no film to worry about. When shooting video it can be used in VGA, HD and HD60 modes. If using iMovie 06 (iMovie HD) it is best to use the VGA mode to avoid long waits when importing. Can also take reasonable still photos.
Comes with everything apart from a SD card. However, make sure you buy a fast SD card like the SanDisk Ultra II or better, or you can have audio sync problems. 4GB is a good size and reasonably priced at around £6 - £8.
We also found that some of the schools MacBooks wouldn't mount the camera with the USB cable supplied, but worked fine with a USB card reader.
Everything can be purchased from Amazon.
The Digital Learning Foundation is a registered Educational Charity, SC036588 and a Non-Profit Company Limited by Guarantee, SC282280.
The DLF is dedicated to assisting educators and students adopt new technologies and integrate them into everyday teaching and learning, while inspiring, motivating and making it fun!
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- Demystifying Mass : Sean Carroll
- Making Maths Education Relevant : Conrad Wolfram
- The Beauty Of A Second : Competition
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- Doing something is better than doing nothing for most people, study shows
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We should pass this around…often…
Here are some thoughts from our founding fathers that might shed a little light on the gun control issue.
★ "Those who hammer their guns into plows will plow for those who do not."
~Thomas Jefferson
★ "Those who trade liberty for security have neither." ~ John Adams
★ Free men do not ask permission to bear arms.
★ An armed man is a citizen. An unarmed man is a subject.
★ Only a government that is afraid of its citizens tries to control them.
★ Gun control is not about guns; it's about control.
★ You only have the rights you are willing to fight for.
★ Know guns, know peace, know safety.
No guns, no peace, no safety.
★ You don't shoot to kill; you shoot to stay alive.
★ Assault is a behavior, not a device.
★ 64,999,987 firearms owners killed no one yesterday.
★ The United States Constitution © 1791. All Rights Reserved.
★ The Second Amendment is in place in case the politicians ignore the others.
★ What part of 'shall not be infringed' do you NOT understand?
★ Guns have only two enemies; rust and politicians.
★ When you remove the people's right to bear arms, you create slaves.
★ The American Revolution would never have happened with gun control.
"I love this country, it's the government I'm afraid of."
Also see:
★ America's Founders on the right to keep and bear arms
(h/t: Sparta)
Tags: Guns, Open thread


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Community supported agriculture (CSA) goat sausage, curried carmelized onions, feta, greens, on toasted baguette.
Oh. Snap!
Related Posts :
Most confusing aisle ever!
Gotta hand it to them on this one!
Can't wait! Will post recipe soon, but its adapted from Cherry Fever Stout recipe in the Joy of Home Brewing by Charlie Papazian, a text that has captivated me for the better part is two week ...
Tap that! Awesome ride.
Celebrate in authentic style!
By Blogsdna


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Whenever I plan to go birding, I bring along at least one field guide to help me identify the birds I might see. Sometimes, I'll also bring along a Birding checklist or Journal in which to record the birds I might see that day. Of course, there are binoculars and a camera, perhaps a scope and a tripod… Sometimes, I start to think that it's more about the gear than the birds. That's why I'm excited about the new iPhone App from National Geographic.
They have just released National Geographic Birds: Field Guide to North America for just $9.99. If you've purchased a hardcover or even a paperback field guide recently, you already know that's a great deal. This particular app, however, isn't just a field guide. Sure it has the comprehensive field identification illustrations and notes that you'd expect from National Geographic, but it also allows users to mark the locations at which they sighted particular bird species and add notes about the sighting. That eliminates the need for the journal as well as the hard copy field guide. The app even lets you share these sighting maps and notes with others so they can visit the same places to see rarities.
While I generally don't recommend using electronic devices to call birds with imitated vocalizations, the app also has a full repertoire of bird song audio files. You can use these with ear buds to help identify songs you hear in the field, or use them at home to learn the songs and calls of the bird species in your region.
With the National Geographic Birds: Field Guide to North America iPhone App, you not only eliminate two heavy books from your field equipment, but you get additional features that the books simply can't match.
If the birds don't show on your next expedition, you can always use the time to increase your expertise with the app's included identification quiz feature. With over 955 listed species and 700 bird song audio files, there's plenty to keep you busy while waiting.
The guide includes a detailed listing of similar species to help confirm the species you think you've spotted, as well as a search function to help you locate likely matches for birds you don't immediately recognize.
Available now in the iPhone App Store, National Geographic Birds: A Field Guide to North America is a great gift for your favorite birding enthusiast –or for yourself.


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Layered Ruffle Flower Crochet Pattern
If you have some stashed yarns piling up in your craft room, you may want to crochet this layered ruffle flower as a little gift to giveaway. This is a quick and easy project that you can finish within an hour. You may use this crochet layered ruffle flower to make hair-tie, brooch, and other hair accessories, and even as embellishment for your purse, bag, cushion, lampshade, clothes, hat or on a gift wrapping etc…..
It happens that I have some extra yarns from a little sling bag project (pattern to follow soon) I made for my friend, so, I crochet this flower into hair-ties for my friend and her 3 daughters. The hair-ties will be nice on them as they all have long and beautiful hairs like their mom. I hope the girls won't fight over the sling bag as I only managed to crochet one and use the rest of the yarn for the matching hair-ties ha ha ha….
There are 2 versions of ruffle flower in this pattern, a full blossom crochet ruffle flower and a beaded crochet ruffle flower. If you happened to a little short of yarn just before completing a full blossom ruffle flower, you can always reduce and adjust the number of stitches of the last round of the pattern.
{Get pattern on Crochet Ruffle Flower Hair-Tie.}
Pages: 1 2Print / Download PDF
13 comments... read them below or add one
My grandmother taught me the basic stitch for crocheting when I was 9 yrs old. I love the flower broach. I would like to learn how to chrochet thing again. It's a dieing art. Can you guide me to where I might learn how to chrochet ?2
I was at Joann's on Christmas Eve and saw advertisements for classes on crochet. There was a beginners class and ads for a couple of other classes that focused on specific projects such as afghans. If you dont have a Joann's where you live, you might try the local craft store where ou live (not a Walmart) to see if any of the ladies that work there know how to crochet or where you might find refresher classes.3
I have recently picked up knitting again after 15 years and needed some help to remember how to do some of the stitches in the pattern instructions. I found the best place to learn was on you tube and it's free! Just plug in how to ….in the search bar and you will see a demonstration of any particular stitch, pattern, etc. Whenever I get stuck its a huge help! Also, if you plug in knitting abbreviations or terminology it will give you a website where you can print them.4
I am an avid crocheter, and have many years experience with patterns. This is why I'm stumped as to why I cant figure this out!
I am totally stuck on round 3. I know it says to sc in the stitch from round 1, but I really dont know where exactly to insert the hook. I've looked closely at the pictures, but it is blocked by the already finished chain 2 loops.
I love this flower, and intend to embellish a vintage patterned hat with it.
Any help would be so appreciated!
I'm a beginner (crocheting about 6 months). It took me a while but I was determined and figured it out. Thank you very much for that pattern!6
These really are beautiful. 🙂7
Dear Joanne, I crocheted the first 5 rows and stuck on the last one. Could you please tell me, shouldn't there be any sc to the base loops which are on the back (those one which we created in row 5). If I follow your pattern: *ch, tr on the chain loop, ch3 slst on the top loop of the tr, ch, tr on the same loop, repeat* and repeat it 12 times I get a veeeeery long line of loops and crochets but neither of them is connected to the base. This is because each consequent crochet is build on the previous one. Or I didn't understand correctly your description? Could you please crarify this row?8
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Edition: 3rd
Author(s): Proakis, John G.; Manolakis, Dimitris K
ISBN: 9780133737622 / Paperback / 1/1/2007
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