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10 Tiny Home Repairs with Big Returns
From Margaret Everton on July 09, 2010 in Tools and Tips
No, it may not be the most exciting way to spend a Saturday, but tackling minor home repairs will save you big time down the road. Here are the top 10 inexpensive home fixes that you might consider getting a head-start on this weekend…
#1 – Caulk it Up
It may not be the first thing homeowners notice when it comes to annual upkeep, but after a few years, caulking around sinks, countertops and bathtubs often comes loose. In order to avoid the buildup of moisture and extremely damaging mold, buy a cheap tube of kitchen and bath caulk and patch up those problem areas.
#2 – Buy a Programmable Thermostat
Keeping your home at a comfortable temperature can be a guessing game… unless you have a programmable thermostat. Get one installed and you'll make the money back tenfold in lower monthly energy bills.
#3 – Fix Pesky Leaks
Drop your water bill by repairing faucets or runny toilets when necessary—before they turn into a huge, expensive problem. Also, installing a faucet aerator can help reduce water flow from your faucet.
#4 – Insulate Wherever Possible
Not only does good insulation save you a bundle on energy costs, but the government is upping the ante with credits that allow you to deduct the expense from your taxes. So, make sure every area of your home is properly insulated, including attics, garages and basements.
#5 – Keep Filters Fresh and Clean
Replace air filters at least every three months. This keeps your home air quality high while also ensuring that your furnace runs smoothly—far into the future.
#6 – Install Light Dimmers
Harsh lighting can not only ruin a mood, but it also wreaks havoc on your energy bill. By installing dimmers, you can select the type of lighting you want while cutting back on your total usage.
#7 – Vacuum out Your Ducts
To keep your home free from dirt and grime and improve air quality, clean out your ducts. If the job is large, consider hiring a professional. For smaller jobs, take off your grates and clean ducts with your household vacuum.
#8 – Keep Carpets Clean
Don't wait until your carpet is on its last leg before you consider cleaning it. Vacuum and steam-clean your carpets regularly to keep them looking great for years to come.
#9 – Wash Siding and Windows Regularly
Yes, it can be a big job, but somebody's got to do it. Rinse off your home's siding and windows with a hose, utilizing a window cleaner as needed. If your siding is extremely dirty, then grab a power hose and quickly wash away the dirt and grime. It'll leave your exterior looking new.
#10 – Control Those Pests
Don't allow bugs and rodents to destroy your foundation—or the value of your home. Routinely check the interior and exterior of your home to tackle problem spots before they escalate. Pesticides will work fine for small jobs. If you're considering selling your home down the road, or if you simply want to keep up your home's value, then it's extremely important to maintain small repairs. You'll feel so accomplished once you start, so go ahead. Get a move on.
Photo Credit: Sleek Home, Auburn & Dreamstime


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subset: commoncrawl


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More on UFC 133 - Evans vs. Ortiz 2
Pierce: I'm Disappointed in Myself
By: Lutfi Sariahmed
Picking & Grinning: UFC 133 Main Card
By: Jeff Sherwood
Tito Ortiz has a steep test in front of him in Rashad Evans. | Photo: Jeff Sherwood
Sherdog.com staff and contributors put their reputations on the line with bold predictions for the UFC 133 "Evans vs. Ortiz 2" main card, which airs live on pay-per-view at 9 p.m. ET/6 p.m. PT on Saturday from the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia.
Light Heavyweights
... Read More
Poll: Evans-Ortiz 2 Pick 'Em
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Hendricks: Practice Gear Key to Smart Training
By: Mike WhitmanRead More
Welterweight Johny Hendricks (Pictured) has spent the last few months preparing for his showdown with Mike Pierce at UFC 133 "Evans vs. Ortiz 2" on...
Picking & Grinning: UFC 133 Prelims
By: Jeff Sherwood
Chad Mendes is undefeated in 10 pro MMA fights. | Photo: Jeff Sherwood
Sherdog.com staff and contributors put their reputations on the line with bold predictions for the UFC 133 "Evans vs. Ortiz 2" preliminary card, which streams live on Facebook at 6 p.m. ET/3 p.m. PT and airs live on Spike TV at 8 p.m. ET/5 p.m. PT on Saturday from the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia.
Chad Mendes vs. Rani Yahya
Freddie DeFreitas: While I believe Mendes'... Read More
ESPN MMA Live: UFC 133 Preview
MMA Live previews Saturday night's UFC 133 in Philadelphia and the light heavyweight title eliminator between Rashad Evans and Tito Ortiz.
Poll: UFC 133 Fight of the Night?
... Read More
UFC 133: Verbal Warfare Part 2
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Inside the Venue: Wells Fargo Center
By: Brian KnappRead More
A quick look inside the Wells Fargo Center ...
Location: Philadelphia
Opened: August 1996
Cost: $210 million
Seating Capacity: 20,444
Architect: Ellerbe Becket
The Wells Fargo Center on Saturday will host its second Ultimate Fighting Championship event, as UFC 133 "Evans vs. Ortiz 2" descends upon Philadelphia. The show -- which airs on pay-per-view at 9 p.m. ET/6 p.m. PT -- will feature a rematch between former light heavyweight champions Rashad Evans and Tito Ortiz. They fought to a draw at UFC 73 four years ago.
The remainder of the main card features a middleweight co-headliner pitting Vitor Belfort against Yoshihiro Akiyama, welterweight duels matching Dennis Hallman with Brian Ebersole and Rory MacDonald with Mike Pyle, plus a middleweight matchup between Jorge Rivera and...
UFC 133 Poll: Belfort vs. Akiyama
... Read More


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Adding images to your wordsets!
Wordsets are much more attractive if you add a picture - otherwise you're presented with a batch of ubiquitous Ws which blend into one another. To avoid copyright issues, websites such as flickr are good to download photos from. Flickr > Search (top RH side) > Advanced Search > scroll down to the bottom > check the boxes 'Only search within Creative Commons-licensed content' and 'Find content to use commercially' = bingo. In order to be doubly copyright safe, add a link to the photo on Flickr with the name of the photographer in the description of your wordset.
This may sound like a bore, but it really enhances the other users' experience of learning on memrise (in my opinion). And after you've done it a few times, it shouldn't take more than a couple of minutes to do this. Go oooon!


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Structural DesignMTS Centre
|True North Sports and Entertainment
|15,000 Seats
|Sink Combs Dethlefts/Number Ten Architectural
|Date Completed:
|November 2004
The firm's responsibilities included the structural design of all the below-grade elements including the foundations, event-level framing and concourse level framing. In addition, the firm was responsible for the structural design of the pre-cast seating, and all four overhead pedestrian bridges to the arena. The arena's bowl seating area is a combination of cast-in-place concrete and precast concrete. The roof structure is constructed from steel trusses.
Construction of the MTS Centre commenced in 2003 on the former site of the Eaton's Building, which was demolished the previous year. Crosier Kilgour & Partners were called upon to act as structural consultants during the building demolition process.


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Skip Smith shares fishing tips Wednesday night
Capt. Skip Smith presents "Ten Great Fishing Tips" at Wednesday's meeting of the Hollywood Hills Saltwater Fishing Science and Social Club. Smith, of Lighthouse Point, has guided anglers to record catches around the world and his current passion is trolling for swordfish at night off South Florida. The meeting starts at 7:30 p.m. following a happy hour at Boston Johnny's Bar and Grill, 2120 N. Dixie Hwy., Hollywood.


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Mandy asks… ovulation….period…pregnancy? stilll mild cramping(today was the worst pretty much all day) ovaries dnt hurt anymore but breast are still sore!! *Does "ovulation" REALLY last this long *if not what else could it be(period won't be here for another 3 weeks could i feel this way this early?) *pregnant? had sex 2/11/09(tmi? sorry) Ovulation [...]Read More...
FAQs on LH Surge & Pregnancy
Search FAQ Database


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If you need professional help with your finances, we've long recommended using a fee-only financial planner to avoid conflicts of interest. If an adviser is paid through sales commissions, it's hard to be sure he or she is choosing financial products that are best for you. Paying a fee that's not tied to a sale can reduce potential conflicts.
But some fee-only advisers don't want your business unless you've got a lot of money. When we recently searched for fee-only planners within 20 miles of our Yonkers, N.Y., headquarters on www.fpanet.org, a national database, we found 20 who would be willing to take clients with $100,000 or less, vs. 35 who'd take clients with assets of $500,000 or more.
If you want a mountain of advice but have a molehill to invest, you have a few options. You can take the do-it-yourself approach. You can pay a planner an annual fee for comprehensive planning and ongoing guidance. Or you can pay for a one-time consultation or specific service at a flat or hourly rate.
Before you embark on a relationship with a planner that could last months or years, it's good to know what to expect. Below, we outline what services planners will and won't provide, along with advice on how to do those tasks yourself.
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the self-regulating arm of the securities industry, lists more than 90 different adviser or planner designations on its website, including the concrete Certified Financial Planner and the curious "3 Dimensional Wealth Practitioner." But Sheryl Garrett, CFP, president of Garrett Planning Network, a group of fee-only planners, says you really only need to understand four credentials:
A planner with one or more of these bona fides is likely to have the expertise you'll need. But regardless of credentials, no planner will do all the work for you. Here's what planners will and won't do.
Yes and no. You could pay a planner to get down in the weeds with you to work out a budget, but it's not cost-effective for you or the planner. "You may be paying $200 an hour for a $15-an-hour job," Garrett says. In fact, some planners we spoke with don't think everyone needs a budget. Garrett says she looks at overall cash flow—what's coming into the checking account and what's going out—and recommends cutting back overall by a small percentage and gradually trimming more if needed.
Do-it-yourself: Use financial software like Quicken; an online service such as Yodlee MoneyCenter (yodlee.com) or Mint (www.mint.com); a downloadable spreadsheet from Google docs (www.google.com/google-d-s/spreadsheets/); or just a paper and pencil. The more detailed you are, the more ways you'll find to save money.
No. Planners typically will not help you work with creditors to cut your debt payments. John Graziano, CPA, CFP, PFS, in Bayonne, N.J., says he would refer such clients to a debt counselor or a bankruptcy attorney.
Do-it-yourself: Contact the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (www.nfcc.org), a not-for-profit organization with more than 100 member agencies and nearly 850 offices nationwide.
Yes. Establishing the total amount of a client's assets—including retirement and savings accounts, real estate and other property, minus loans and other debt—is a key aspect of financial planning. You can't plan what to do until you know what you have. But much of what financial planners do is analyze the data you've collected yourself.
Do-it-yourself: You'll need current bank and brokerage statements and a current home valuation. You can plug those figures into the net-worth calculators of the software products mentioned above. Mint and Yodlee help you value your home through automated online real-estate evaluators, but for a more precise estimate, we recommend consulting a local real-estate agent or a professional appraiser.
Yes. A planner should consider all your assets and expected income—employer-based retirement accounts, IRAs, savings, real estate, pensions, and Social Security, for instance—and help you establish savings goals. That could include advice on how to allocate the investments within your 401(k) to coordinate with your other investments. Ask if the planner will charge an advisory fee based on the value of those assets. Keep in mind that even with that expert advice, you may be the one actually moving around the money.
Do-it-yourself: Financial Engines (www.financialengines.com) is an online retirement-planning program that your employer might offer free. Your 401(k) plan sponsor also might offer access to such guidance.
Yes. Investment advice is a core activity of planners. Ideally that's done in a tax-efficient way. A CPA with a tax background who's trained as a personal financial specialist might be the most capable in minimizing taxes, though most planners should be able to do this.
Do-it-yourself: You can use Morningstar (www.morningstar.com) to identify mutual funds and individual stocks for your portfolio. It can also help you search for investments considered tax-efficient.
Yes. A planner can evaluate your life-insurance needs and advise you on finding the lowest-cost coverage. A good planner should also be able to walk you through long-term-care insurance options and analyze whether such coverage is necessary, and review your auto, disability, homeowners, and umbrella coverage. Planners with the Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC) designation have their roots in insurance. An adviser without a state insurance license must refer you to a licensed agent who can actually sell the coverage.
Do-it-yourself: Read as much as you can about insurance. That's where we can help. In the last year or so, this newsletter has covered disability insurance (August 2010); homeowners policies (May 2010); life insurance (February 2010); and long-term-care policies (February 2011). In October 2010, Consumer Reports featured Ratings of car insurers (available to subscribers) and shopping advice.
Yes. Planners can run the numbers and tell you if you're on track. If you aren't, they can help you explore other options, such as working longer, working part-time in retirement, moving somewhere less expensive, or otherwise changing your lifestyle. A planner can also help determine the cost over time of meeting other goals, such as going back to school, moving near the grandchildren, or traveling.
Do-it-yourself: For this you'll need to know your net worth and your potential income sources, including Social Security (go to www.ssa.gov/estimator/). Use online tools such as Financial Engines, mentioned above; T. Rowe Price's Retirement Income Calculator (www.troweprice.com/ric); or Analyze Now's Free Retirement Planner (www.analyzenow.com).
Yes. Planners can help you determine when to collect from pensions, traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, Social Security, and other income sources, and how much to take. The process, when done right, should help minimize income, capital gains, estate, and other types of tax. "That's what drives the bus, it's what most people are interested in," says Benjamin Tobias, CFP, a fee-only financial planner in Plantation, Fla.
Do-it-yourself: New mutual funds, such as managed-payout funds that promise to provide a stream of income, might make that job easier for people to handle themselves. But unless your retirement income consists entirely of Social Security and a pension, you probably could benefit from a planner's help.
Yes. A planner can help you determine if you'll have enough to finance a child's education and suggest ways to invest and find funding.
Do-it-yourself: Good general resources on savings and financial aid include www.collegeboard.com, www.savingforcollege.com, and www.finaid.com.
Yes and no. A planner can help you figure out how to get your money where you want it to go after your death in the most tax-efficient way. But unless he or she is also a lawyer, get an estate-planning attorney to draw up wills, trusts, and end-of-life documents.
Do-it-yourself: We'll review estate-planning software later this year. In general, though, it's wise to have an attorney review self-prepared documents.
This article appeared in Consumer Reports Money Adviser.


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Kail Lowry's mom has been seen on "Teen Mom 2" a couple of times, but after a falling out years ago (which was proceeded by Kail having to raise herself for most of her life as her mom struggled with addiction), the pair lost touch.
On last night's episode of the show, Kail was seen discussing her and her mother's relationship with her husband, Javi, and sadly, she revealed that it wasn't getting any better. In fact, Kail's mom wasn't even invited to her Sept. 2013 wedding, which fans will see in the next couple of episodes.
Following the episode, Kail spoke out about her mom and why she decided to cut her out of her wedding.
"I feel like, for her, maybe the more she misses out on, the more she'll want to change or get healthy, but it's not really working," Kail revealed to MTV on March 19 in a "Teen Mom 2" featured moment. "I still want her to get better, and I still want her to get healthy, and I want her to be there for me, but as of right now, I just don't see that happening, and it hurts,"
For addicts, tough love is important. They need to know that what they are doing is not acceptable and not okay. If Kail was to allow her mother in her life, inviting her to the wedding, and allowing her around her two sons, what reason would she have to quit her bad habits?


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Stammco, LLC v. United Tel. Co. of OhioAnnotate this Case
Justia Opinion Summary
In 2005, a limited liability company and its owners (plaintiffs), on behalf of other similarly situated telephone customers, filed a complaint seeking to certify a class action lawsuit against United Telephone Company of Ohio (UTO), which provided Plaintiffs with telephone service. Plaintiffs claimed that their phone bills from UTO contained unauthorized charges from third parties. The trial court ultimately denied Plaintiffs' amended motion for class certification. The court of appeals reversed. The Supreme Court reversed and reinstated the order of the trial court, holding (1) a trial court must conduct a rigorous analysis to ensure the prerequisites of Ohio R. Civ. P. 23, under which plaintiffs must establish seven prerequisites in order to certify a class action, are satisfied; and (2) even though the trial court's consideration of the merits in this case was improper, its order denying certification of the class was correct because Plaintiffs' proposed amended class did not satisfy the prerequisites of Rule 23.
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[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as Stammco, L.L.C., v. United Tel. Co. of Ohio, Slip Opinion No. 2013-Ohio-3019.] NOTICE This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published. SLIP OPINION NO. 2013-OHIO-3019 STAMMCO, L.L.C., ET AL., APPELLEES, v. UNITED TELEPHONE COMPANY OF OHIO ET AL., APPELLANTS. [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as Stammco, L.L.C., v. United Tel. Co. of Ohio, Slip Opinion No. 2013-Ohio-3019.] Class actions Consideration of issues relevant to both certification of class and merits of claim Predominance requirement Overbreadth of class definition. (No. 2012-0169 Submitted February 6, 2013 Decided July 16, 2013.) APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Fulton County, No. 11-F-003, 2011-Ohio-6503. ____________________ SYLLABUS OF THE COURT At the certification stage in a class-action lawsuit, a trial court must undertake a rigorous analysis, which may include probing the underlying merits of the plaintiff s claim, but only for the purpose of determining whether the plaintiff has satisfied the prerequisites of Civ.R. 23. (Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 180 L.Ed.2d 374 (2011), and SUPREME COURT OF OHIO Amgen v. Connecticut Retirement Plans & Trust Funds, 568 U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 1184, 185 L.Ed.2d 308 (2013), followed.) ____________________ KENNEDY, J. I. Introduction {¶ 1} In this opinion, we address a single proposition of law by appellants, United Telephone Company of Ohio ( UTO ) and Sprint Corporation.1 {¶ 2} UTO appeals from a judgment of the Sixth District Court of Appeals holding that the trial court abused its discretion in denying certification of plaintiffs class-action lawsuit. We accepted for review the following proposition of law: A trial court does not abuse its discretion by evaluating the merits of the plaintiffs claims when denying class certification. {¶ 3} We hold that a trial court must conduct a rigorous analysis, which may include probing the merits of plaintiffs claims, to ensure that the prerequisites of Civ.R. 23 are satisfied. Even though the trial court s consideration of the merits here was improper, its order denying certification of the class was correct because plaintiffs proposed amended class does not satisfy the prerequisites of Civ.R. 23. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and reinstate the order of the trial court that rejected plaintiffs amended class definition, which in effect decertifies plaintiffs class-action lawsuit. II. Facts {¶ 4} In 2005, Stammco, L.L.C., a limited-liability company, and Stammco s owners, Kent and Carrie Stamm, on behalf of other similarly situated 1 Plaintiffs amended complaint named Sprint Corporation and United Telephone Company of Ohio, doing business as Sprint, as the defendants. Since May 17, 2006, UOT is no longer affiliated with Sprint. Sprint remains a party and has filed briefs and motions jointly with UTO. Because only UTO s business practices are at issue, we refer throughout this opinion to UTO only. 2 January Term, 2013 telephone customers, filed a complaint seeking to certify a class-action lawsuit against UTO. {¶ 5} UTO provided plaintiffs with local and long-distance phone service. In their amended complaint, plaintiffs alleged that their phone bills from UTO also contained unauthorized charges from third parties, as part of a practice known as cramming. Plaintiffs amended complaint alleged three theories of liability: (1) negligent billing, (2) breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing implied in contract, and (3) unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs sought injunctive relief and compensatory damages. Plaintiffs proposed the following class definition: All individuals, businesses or other entities in the State of Ohio who are or who were within the past four years, subscribers to local telephone service from United Telephone Company of Ohio d.b.a. Sprint and who were billed for charges on their local telephone bills by Sprint on behalf of third parties without their permission. Excluded from this class are defendants, their affiliates (including parents, subsidiaries, predecessors, successors, and any other entity or its affiliate which has a controlling interest), their current, former, and future employees, officers, directors, partners, members, indemnities [sic], agents, attorneys and employees and their assigns and successors. {¶ 6} The trial court certified the class as defined. UTO appealed. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court s judgment certifying the class, but only under Civ.R. 23(B)(3). Stammco, L.L.C. v. United Tel. Co., 6th Dist. No. F-07024, 2008-Ohio-3845, ¶ 66-67. 3 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO {¶ 7} On appeal, we held that the class definition failed to readily identify prospective class members because (1) it was unclear whether class members were expected to give UTO or the third parties authorization to bill, or whether the third parties were expected to obtain authorization from class members, (2) it was unclear in the phrase their permission whom the word their referred to, and (3) it was unclear how authorization would occur. Stammco, L.L.C. v. United Tel. Co. of Ohio, 125 Ohio St.3d 91, 2010-Ohio-1042, 926 N.E.2d 292, ¶ 10 ( Stammco I ). We also held that the class was not readily identifiable, because individualized determinations would be needed as to whether and how each prospective class member had authorized third-party charges on his or her phone bill and the identification of class members would require more than a reasonable effort. Id. at ¶ 11. {¶ 8} Accordingly, we reversed the judgment of the court of appeals and remanded the cause to the trial court to redefine the class on remand. Id. at ¶ 12. However, we noted that we did not reach UTO s arguments that the class was a fail-safe class,2 that individualized issues predominated in the class, that the class was unmanageable, and that the class was not suitable for the issues in the case. Id. at ¶ 13. {¶ 9} On remand, plaintiffs proffered the following amended class definition: 2 A fail safe class definition is one in which the putative class is defined by reference to the merits of the claim. See Messner v. Northshore Univ. HealthSystem, 669 F.3d 802, 826 (7th Cir.2012); Manual for Complex Litigation (Fourth) § 21.222 (2004). It requires a court to rule on the merits of the claim at the class certification stage in order to tell who was included in the class. Id. Such a class definition is improper because a class member either wins or, by virtue of losing, is defined out of the class and is therefore not bound by the judgment. Messner, 669 F.3d at 826. Melton ex rel. Dutton v. Carolina Power & Light Co., 283 F.R.D. 280, 288 (D.S.C.2012). 4 January Term, 2013 All individuals, businesses or other entities in the State of Ohio who are or who were within the period four years prior to the initiation of this lawsuit to the present, subscribers to local telephone service from United Telephone Company of Ohio d.b.a. Sprint and/or any successor company providing that same service, and who were billed for third party charges as to which Sprint had no prior authorization from the customer in writing or by a method acceptable to Sprint sufficient for Sprint to verify that the customer had agreed to such charge. Excluded from the class are those customers who subscribed to and provided authorization for long distance services from a provider of toll services that were billed on the customers local telephone bills. Also excluded from this class are subsidiaries, defendants, their predecessors, affiliates successors, (including former and parents, future employees, officers, directors, partners, members, indemnities [sic], agents, attorneys and employees and their assigns and successors). {¶ 10} After the hearing, the trial court issued a decision that stated: (1) [T]he class definition, as submitted by the Plaintiffs is a prohibited fail-safe class, (2) Plaintiff s [sic] action has been brought against the local exchange carrier, rather than the culprit third party provider, and (3) The action proposes to impose a duty upon the Defendant Carrier, that is not required of them, according to the status of current legislation and case law. Consequently, the court held: [T]he Plaintiffs have not met their burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a class certification, is a proper one, and it denied the plaintiffs amended motion for class certification. 5 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO {¶ 11} Plaintiffs appealed. The court of appeals held that the amended class definition addressed the ambiguities in the class definition as found by this court. Specifically, the court of appeals stated: The amended class now defines to whom permission is to be granted: appellee, whose permission was required: the customer, and the manner [in which] the permission was to be granted: in writing or an alternative method by which appellee could verify agreement. The amended definition deletes any reference to customers who receive unauthorized charges. In our view, the amended language satisfies the specific concerns of the court in its mandate for remand. 2011-Ohio-6503, ¶ 39. {¶ 12} The court held that the amended class definition did not set forth a fail-safe class, because the amended class definition did not rely upon a determination of liability. Id. at ¶ 42-46. {¶ 13} Finally, the court of appeals addressed the trial court s conclusion that UTO had no duty to ensure that third-party charges that it was billing to its customers were authorized and its conclusion that the third parties who were initiating the charges were the real culprits. The court of appeals held that both rationales are improper incursions into the merits of this case. Id. at ¶ 49. {¶ 14} The court of appeals concluded: Since two of the three reasons the trial court articulated for denying the class are improper considerations of the merits and the third reason is inapplicable as a matter of law, we must conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying class certification. Id. at ¶ 50. The court of appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court and remanded for further proceedings consistent with its decision. 6 January Term, 2013 {¶ 15} We denied UTO s discretionary appeal. 131 Ohio St.3d 1511, 2012-Ohio-1710, 965 N.E.2d 311. However, we granted UTO s motion to reconsider. 132 Ohio St.3d 1425, 2012-Ohio-2729, 969 N.E.2d 272. {¶ 16} UTO argues that Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 94 S.Ct. 2140, 40 L.Ed.2d 732 (1974), and Ojalvo v. Ohio State Univ. Bd. of Trustees, 12 Ohio St.3d 230, 466 N.E.2d 875 (1984), have been misunderstood by courts, including the court of appeals herein, as prohibiting courts from considering the underlying merits of the plaintiffs claims in a class-action suit for the purpose of deciding whether the requirements of certification of the class have been satisfied. UTO argues that the recent decision in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 180 L.Ed.2d 374 (2011), has clarified that courts may probe the merits in determining whether certification is proper under Civ.R. 23. Thus, UTO argues that the court of appeals erred in holding that the trial court abused its discretion when it considered the merits of plaintiffs claims. {¶ 17} The plaintiffs agree that courts may consider the underlying merits of a class action for purposes of determining whether the certification requirements are satisfied. However, plaintiffs argue that the court of appeals did not err in reversing the trial court s order, because the trial court improperly rejected plaintiffs proposed amended class definition. III. Analysis A. Civ.R. 23 Requirements {¶ 18} We begin our analysis by reviewing the requirements for certifying a class-action lawsuit. The Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure are modeled after the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which were adopted in 1938 and have been amended several times. Consequently, federal law interpreting a federal rule, while not controlling, is persuasive authority in interpreting a similar Ohio rule. Myers v. Toledo, 110 Ohio St.3d 218, 221, 2006-Ohio-4353, 852 N.E.2d 1176, ¶ 18. Since the Ohio rule is identical to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23, with the exception of 7 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO Civ.R. 23(F) which is not involved in the discussion here, federal authority is an appropriate aid to interpretation of the Ohio rule. Marks v. C.P. Chem. Co., Inc., 31 Ohio St.3d 200, 201, 509 N.E.2d 1249 (1987). {¶ 19} Pursuant to Civ.R. 23, plaintiffs must establish seven prerequisites in order to certify a class action: (1) an identifiable and unambiguous class must exist, (2) the named representatives of the class must be class members, (3) the class must be so numerous that joinder of all members of the class is impractical, (4) there must be questions of law or fact that are common to the class, (5) the claims or defenses of the representative parties must be typical of the claims and defenses of the members of the class, (6) the representative parties must fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class, and (7) one of the three requirements of Civ.R. 23(B) must be satisfied. Warner v. Waste Mgt., Inc., 36 Ohio St.3d 91, 94-96, 521 N.E.2d 1091 (1988). {¶ 20} If the court determines that the proposed class satisfies the first six prerequisites of Civ.R. 23(A), it must then determine whether a class action is maintainable under at least one of the three subsections in Civ.R. 23(B). Warner at 94. {¶ 21} Under Civ.R. 23(B)(1)(a), a class action is maintainable if separate actions would create a risk of inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual members of the class that would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class, and subsection (B)(1)(b) will permit certification if separate actions would create a risk of adjudications that would as a practical matter be dispositive of the claims of non-parties or substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests. Id. at 95. {¶ 22} Under Civ.R. 23(B)(2), a class action is maintainable if its primary application [is] injunctive relief. Id. {¶ 23} And finally, under Civ.R. 23(B)(3), a class action is maintainable if the plaintiff is seeking damages and the court makes two findings: that the 8 January Term, 2013 common questions predominate over questions affecting only individual members and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy. Id. at 96. {¶ 24} The failure to meet any one of these prerequisites will defeat a request for class certification * * *. Schmidt v. Avco Corp., 15 Ohio St.3d 310, 313, 473 N.E.2d 822 (1984). {¶ 25} A trial judge has broad discretion in determining whether a class action may be maintained and that determination will not be disturbed absent a showing of an abuse of discretion. Marks v. C.P. Chem. Co., 31 Ohio St.3d at 201, 509 N.E.2d 1249. Abuse of discretion has been defined as more than an error of law or judgment; it implies an attitude on the part of the trial court that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Id., citing Ojalvo, 12 Ohio St.3d at 232, 466 N.E.2d 875. A finding of abuse of discretion, particularly if the trial court has refused to certify, should be made cautiously. Marks v. C.P. Chem. Co., at 201. B. Certification of a Class-Action Lawsuit Requires a Rigorous Analysis of Plaintiffs Claims to Ensure Compliance with Civ.R. 23 {¶ 26} At the certification stage in a class-action lawsuit, courts must determine whether plaintiffs putative class complies with the requirements of Civ.R. 23. UTO argues that Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 94 S.Ct. 2140, 40 L.Ed.2d 732, has caused confusion as to whether courts can consider the underlying merits of the plaintiffs claim in a class-action suit. {¶ 27} Eisen involved a class-action lawsuit alleging violations of antitrust and securities laws with a putative class of six million members. After certifying the class, the district court considered which party would more likely prevail on the merits, in order to determine who should bear the cost of notifying class members. 9 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO {¶ 28} On appeal, the United States Supreme Court held that the district court had erred in considering which party was likely to prevail on the merits for the purpose of deciding which party should bear the cost of notification in a classaction lawsuit. Id. at 177. The court reasoned that there was nothing in either the language or history of Rule 23 that gives a court any authority to conduct a preliminary inquiry into the merits of a suit in order to determine whether it may be maintained as a class action. Id. The court further reasoned that an inquiry into the merits would give the plaintiff a determination on the merits of the claims advanced on behalf of the class without any assurance that a class action may be maintained. Id. {¶ 29} In Wal-Mart v. Dukes, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 180 L.Ed.2d 374, the court stated that Eisen had sometimes been interpreted as prohibiting a court from conducting an inquiry into the merits of the case in order to determine whether it may be maintained as a class action. Id. at 2552, fn. 6. Dukes held that Eisen s prohibition against considering the underlying merits in a class action was limited to its facts, i.e., it is improper for a court to consider which party will prevail on the merits for the purpose of deciding which party must bear the cost of notification in a class-action lawsuit. Id. {¶ 30} Dukes held that Rule 23 does not set forth a mere pleading standard. Id. at 2551. Dukes reaffirmed that a trial court needs to conduct a rigorous analysis to ensure that the perquisites of Civ.R. 23 are satisfied. Id., citing Gen. Tel. Co. of Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 160-161, 102 S.Ct. 2364, 72 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982). The court went on to state: A party seeking class certification must affirmatively demonstrate his compliance with the Rule that is, he must be prepared to prove that there are in fact sufficiently numerous parties, common questions of law or fact, etc. (Emphasis sic.) Dukes at 2551. The court elaborated: Frequently that rigorous analysis will entail some overlap with the merits of the plaintiff s underlying claim. * * * [T]he class 10 January Term, 2013 determination generally involves considerations that are enmeshed in the factual and legal issues comprising the plaintiff s cause of action. Id. at 2551-2552, quoting Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 469, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978). {¶ 31} In Dukes, past and present female employees alleged that WalMart discriminated against women by denying them promotions and pay equal to men s. The plaintiffs theory was that Wal-Mart s strong and uniform corporate culture permits bias against women to infect * * * the discretionary decisionmaking of each one of Wal-Mart s thousands of managers thereby making every woman at the company the victim of one common discriminatory practice. (Emphasis added.) Dukes, 131 S.Ct. at 2548, 180 L.Ed.2d 374. In support of their claims, plaintiffs submitted statistical evidence about pay and promotion disparities between men and women, anecdotal reports of discrimination, and testimony from a sociologist, who analyzed Wal-Mart s culture and personnel practices and concluded that the company was vulnerable to gender discrimination. Id. at 2549. {¶ 32} The court held that the commonality requirement in Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(2) was the crux of the case. Id. at 2550-2551. The court further held that raising common questions is not enough. Rather, the requirement is to generate common answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation. (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 2551, quoting Nagareda, Class Certification in the Age of Aggregate Proof, 84 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 97, 132 (2009). The court held that the commonality requirement of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 overlapped with plaintiffs contention that WalMart engages in a pattern or practice of discrimination. (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 2552. The court recognized that in resolving a discrimination claim, the reason for the employment decision is critical. Id. The court in Dukes reasoned that because plaintiffs complaint involved thousands of employment decisions by Wal-Mart, plaintiffs would have to prove a common theory why Wal-Mart 11 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO discriminated against them. The court stated: [W]hether 0.5 percent or 95 percent of the employment decisions at Wal-Mart might be determined by stereotyped thinking is the essential question on which [plaintiffs ] theory of commonality depends. Dukes at 2554, quoting a decision of the district court in the same case, 222 F.R.D. 189, 192 (N.D.Cal.2004). The court found no convincing proof of a companywide discriminatory pay and promotion policy, [and] concluded that [the plaintiffs] have not established the existence of any common question. (Emphasis added.) Dukes at 2556-2557. {¶ 33} However, a trial court s consideration of the underlying merits of a plaintiff s claim at the certification stage is not unfettered. [T]he office of a Rule 23(b)(3) certification ruling is not to adjudicate the case; rather, it is to select the metho[d] best suited to adjudication of the controversy fairly and efficiently. Amgen v. Connecticut Retirement Plans & Trust Funds, 568 U.S. __, 133 S.Ct. 1184, 1191, 185 L.Ed.2d 308 (2013). Amgen confirmed that the rigorous analysis at the certification stage may entail some overlap with the merits of plaintiff s underlying claim but stated: Rule 23 grants courts no license to engage in freeranging merits inquiries at the certification stage. Merits questions may be considered to the extent but only to the extent that they are relevant to determining whether the Rule 23 prerequisites for class certification are satisfied. Id. at 1194-1195, quoting Dukes at 2551. {¶ 34} In Amgen, plaintiff alleged that it purchased Amgen stock based on misrepresentations and lost money when the misrepresentations were uncovered and the price of the stock fell. The plaintiff, using the fraud-on-the-market theory, filed a section 10b-5 securities-fraud action.3 Amgen, 133 S.Ct. at 1190. 3 Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. 240.10b-5, provides that it is unlawful for a person to make material misrepresentations [i]n connection with the purchase or sale of any security. See also Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 231, 108 S.Ct. 978, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988). In order to recover damages under Rule 10b-5, the plaintiff must prove (1) a material misrepresentation or omission by the defendant, (2) scienter, (3) a connection between the 12 January Term, 2013 The claim required the plaintiff to prove that Amgen had made a materially misleading statement to the public regarding the sale of its stock. Plaintiff sought to certify its complaint as a class-action lawsuit. {¶ 35} The question before the court was whether the predominance requirements in Civ.R. 23(B)(3) required plaintiff merely to plead that Amgen s misrepresentations materially affected the price of Amgen s stock, or whether plaintiff was required to prove the materiality requirement. Id., 133 S.Ct. at 1195. {¶ 36} The court held that the pivotal inquiry is whether proof of materiality is needed to ensure that questions of law or fact common to the class will predominate over any questions affecting only individual members as the litigation progresses. (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 1195. {¶ 37} The court found that the plaintiffs did not need to prove materiality at the certification stage for two reasons. First, the court recognized that materiality is an objective question that can be answered by the significance of an omitted or misrepresented fact to a reasonable investor. Id. at 1195, quoting TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 445, 96 S.Ct. 2126, 48 L.Ed.2d 757 (1976). Thus, proof of materiality is common to all the class members. Id. at 1196. {¶ 38} Second, the court determined: [T]here is no risk whatever that a failure of proof on the common question of materiality will result in individual questions predominating. Because materiality is an essential element of a 10b-5 claim, * * * [plaintiff s] failure to present sufficient misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security, (4) reliance upon the misrepresentation or omission, (5) economic loss, and (6) loss causation. The fraud-on-themarket theory permits certain Rule 10b 5 plaintiffs to invoke a rebuttable presumption of reliance on material misrepresentations made to the general public. Amgen,133 S.Ct. at 1192, 185 L.Ed.2d 308. 13 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO evidence of materiality to defeat a summary judgment motion or to prevail at trial would not cause individual reliance questions to overwhelm the questions common to the class. Instead, the failure of proof on the element of materiality would end the case for one and for all; no claim would remain in which individual reliance issues could potentially predominate. Amgen, 133 S.Ct. at 1196, 185 L.Ed.2d 308. {¶ 39} The court concluded: [Plaintiff was] not required to prove the materiality of Amgen s alleged misrepresentations and omissions at the class-certification stage. This is not a case in which the asserted problem i.e., that the plaintiff class cannot prove materiality exhibits some fatal dissimilarity among class members that would make use of the class-action device inefficient or unfair. Nagareda, Class Certification in the Age of Aggregate Proof, 84 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 97, 107 (2009). Instead, what Amgen alleges is a fatal similarity [an alleged] failure of proof as to an element of the plaintiffs cause of action. Ibid. Such a contention is properly addressed at trial or in a ruling on a summary-judgment motion. The allegation should not be resolved in deciding whether to certify a proposed class. Id. at 1197. {¶ 40} To the extent that Eisen has caused confusion, Dukes and Amgen have clarified that at the class-certification stage, trial courts may probe the underlying merits of an action, but only for the purpose of determining whether 14 January Term, 2013 the plaintiff has satisfied the prerequisites of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23. See also Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 1426, 185 L.Ed.2d 515 (2013). {¶ 41} Contrary to UTO s assertion, our decision in Ojalvo, 12 Ohio St.3d 230, 466 N.E.2d 875, is consistent with Dukes and Amgen. In Ojalvo, the plaintiff filed a class-action lawsuit in the Court of Claims alleging that he and several thousand other employees of the Ohio State University had not been fully compensated pursuant to their written contracts. The Court of Claims denied certification for several reasons, including that there was no certainty that a common issue of breach of three to six thousand contracts probably exists. Ojalvo at 233. The court of appeals affirmed. {¶ 42} In Ojalvo, we held that the Court of Claims had abused its discretion in denying certification of the class. We held: [I]t appears that the Court of Claims was not reviewing the propriety of class certification but was attempting, contrary to the applicable law, to reach the merits of the claim. Class action certification does not go to the merits of the action. (Emphasis sic.) Ojalvo, 12 Ohio St.3d at 233, 466 N.E.2d 875, citing Eisen, 417 U.S. at 177, 94 S.Ct. 2140, 40 L.Ed.2d 732. The court further commented: The [Court of Claims ] resolution of the narrow issue of commonality by the conclusion that the breach probably does not exist is unreasonable since no arguments were made, nor need have been made, with respect to the actual merits of the case beyond the necessity of establishing the validity of certification under Civ.R. 23. See Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin * * *. Id. at 233. {¶ 43} It is important to recognize precisely what Ojalvo held and what it did not hold. Ojalvo held that the Court of Claims improperly decided the case on 15 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO the underlying merits, i.e., that there was no certainty that a breach probably existed. Ojalvo did not hold that a court is prohibited from probing the merits of a plaintiff s claims to determine whether class certification is proper under Civ.R. 23. In Ojalvo, we cited Eisen only for the proposition that a court cannot decide the case on the merits at the certification stage. Id. at 233. Ojalvo is consistent with Dukes and Amgen to the extent that a trial court may probe the underlying merits of the plaintiff s claim in order to determine whether the prerequisites for class certification are satisfied under Civ.R. 23. {¶ 44} Accordingly, we hold that at the certification stage in a class-action lawsuit, a trial court must undertake a rigorous analysis, which may include probing the underlying merits of the plaintiff s claim, but only for the purpose of determining whether the plaintiff has satisfied the prerequisites of Civ.R. 23. C. Stammco I and the Proceedings on Remand {¶ 45} In Stammco I, we held that the class as originally certified by the trial court was not readily identifiable for several reasons, including that the trial court would have to undertake individualized determinations to ascertain whether and how each prospective class member had authorized third-party charges on his or her bill and that doing so would require more than a reasonable effort. 125 Ohio St.3d 91, 2010-Ohio-1042, 926 N.E.2d 292, at ¶ 11. We reversed the judgment of the court of appeals and remanded the cause to the trial court. {¶ 46} On remand, plaintiffs submitted an amended class definition. At a hearing, the parties presented arguments for and against certification. An important issue addressed by both parties was the need for individualized determinations to ascertain which third-party-provider charges were authorized and which were not authorized. {¶ 47} With regard to the issue of individualized determinations of claims, plaintiffs counsel argued: It s simple. Despite despite protestations of [UTO], we can do what they suggest on page eight of their Brief. Create a new 16 January Term, 2013 specialized computer program. We can do that. You ve got the tapes, we got the technology. {¶ 48} In opposition, UTO asserted that there was no computer that could identify which charges were authorized and which were not authorized. UTO argued that the amended class did not address the problems identified by this court in Stammco I. UTO asserted that resolving which charges were authorized was an issue that would require individualized determinations and individual testimony. UTO claimed that case law holds that cramming cases are not suitable for class-action lawsuits for just this reason. UTO argued that the need for individualized determinations means that this case is not suitable for a classaction lawsuit, because the class cannot be identified without more than a reasonable effort and because common issues do not predominate. {¶ 49} The trial court rejected plaintiffs amended class definition, finding that (1) the proposed class was a fail-safe class, (2) the real culprits were the thirdparty service providers, and (3) UTO had no duty to ensure that charges by the third-party service providers were authorized. {¶ 50} The court of appeals reversed the trial court s order, holding that the trial court had abused its discretion because (1) the proposed amended class clarified the ambiguities identified by this court in Stammco I, (2) the amended class was not a fail-safe class, and (3) the determination that UTO was not liable was an impermissible decision based on the merits. {¶ 51} The trial court did err in basing its rejection of plaintiffs amended class definition on the determination that they would ultimately lose on the merits. Nevertheless, based on the proposed amended class definition, the evidence in this case, the certification requirements of Civ.R. 23, and the applicable case law on cramming, we hold that the trial court s order rejecting the amended class definition was correct. We have consistently held that a reviewing court should 17 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO not reverse a correct judgment merely because it is based on erroneous reasons. E.g., Joyce v. Gen. Motors Corp., 49 Ohio St.3d 93, 96, 551 N.E.2d 172 (1990). {¶ 52} In Stammco I, we made clear that the need for individualized determinations to sort out which third-party-provider charges were authorized was an issue to be considered on remand. Stammco I, 125 Ohio St.3d 91, 2010-Ohio1042, 926 N.E.2d 292, ¶ 13. On this second appeal, we now recognize that the need for individualized determinations is dispositive in concluding that the class does not comport with Civ.R. 23. Remanding this case for further consideration of the class action merely to reach an inevitable result would result in additional, unnecessary delay in a case that is more than eight years old. Instead, we exercise our discretionary authority to decide the class-certification question. See Apel v. Katz, 83 Ohio St.3d 11, 697 N.E.2d 600 (1998) (rather than remand issues to be resolved by the lower courts, we chose to decide the issues in this court based on the briefs filed therein). D. Plaintiffs Proposed Amended Class Does Not Satisfy Civ.R. 23 1. The Proposed Amended Class Is Overly Broad {¶ 53} If * * * a class is defined so broadly as to include a great number of members who for some reason could not have been harmed by the defendant s allegedly unlawful conduct, the class is defined too broadly to permit certification. Messner v. Northshore Univ. HealthSystem, 669 F.3d 802, 824 (C.A.7, 2012). {¶ 54} The original proposed class included those who were billed for charges on their local telephone bills by Sprint on behalf of third parties without their permission. As we held in Stammco I, the class as originally certified was not readily identifiable without expending more than a reasonable effort, because the trial court would have to determine individually whether and how each prospective class member had authorized third-party charges on his or her phone bill. 18 January Term, 2013 {¶ 55} In response, the plaintiffs proposed the following amended class definition: All individuals, businesses or other entities * * * who were billed for third party charges as to which [UTO] had no prior authorization from the customer in writing or by a method acceptable to [UTO] sufficient for [UTO] to verify that the customer had agreed to such charge. {¶ 56} The proposed amended class seemingly cures the problem that the class was not readily identifiable. However, upon further review, the proposed amended class is too broad. UTO has no records regarding which charges are authorized and which are not. Under the proposed amended class, every person who was billed a third-party charge for which UTO had no prior authorization is now a class member even if the third-party charge was proper. Therefore, the proposed amended class is overbroad and is not a proper class. 2. Issues Common to Class Members Do Not Predominate [I]n determining whether common questions of law or fact predominate over individual issues, it is not sufficient that common questions merely exist; rather, the common questions must represent a significant aspect of the case and they must be able to be resolved for all members of the class in a single adjudication. (Emphasis added.) Schmidt v. Avco Corp., 15 Ohio St.3d at 313, 473 N.E.2d 822. {¶ 57} In other class-action lawsuits that have alleged cramming, courts have held that the evidence necessary to determine whether third-party-serviceprovider charges are authorized requires individualized determinations, which cause the class to fail the predominance requirement of Civ.R. 23(B)(3). Brown v. SBC Communications, Inc., S.D.Ill. No. 05-cv-777-JPG, 2009 WL 260770, *3 (Feb. 4, 2009) ( the Court will need to make individual determinations as to whether each proposed class member authorized the charges for which he was 19 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO billed by defendants. The result will be multiple mini-trials, each requiring individual proofs ); Lady Di s, Inc. v. Enhanced Servs. Billing, Inc., 654 F.3d 728, 738 (7th Cir.2011) (customers individual transactions would need to be examined to consider whether the claims for unjust enrichment or the statutory claim for deception were proven, which does not comply with Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3)); Midland Pizza, L.L.C. v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 277 F.R.D. 637, 641-642 (D.Kan.2011) ( the injury at issue here is individualized: whether each class member was billed for, and paid for, unauthorized charges on his or her telephone bill. And if the charges were authorized, individual questions of fact exist as to whether that authorization was valid. Common questions of law or fact do not predominate over questions affecting only individual members. Defendant is correct that no common proof is possible to demonstrate injury for all class members, because to determine whether or not a charge was authorized will require individualized proof ); Stern v. Cingular Wireless Corp., C.D.Cal. No. CV 05-8842 CAS, 2009 WL 481657, *8 (Feb. 23, 2009) ( one cannot determine what services were crammed without taking the deposition of each class member to determine what services he or she authorized ). {¶ 58} While these cases are distinguishable in some respects from the instant case, they are persuasive to the extent that determining whether thirdparty-provider claims are authorized requires individualized determinations as to each member of the class that make certification of a class inappropriate under Civ.R. 23(B)(3) because common issues do not predominate. Unlike failure to prove materiality at the certification stage in Amgen, failure to offer evidence in a cramming case that is sufficient to prove that third-party charges are unauthorized on a classwide basis will cause individual questions to overwhelm the questions common to class members. {¶ 59} UTO contracts with third-party service providers to deliver charges from the third-party service providers to the end users via UTO s phone bill. 20 January Term, 2013 UTO admits that its customers dispute some of the third-party-service-provider charges but also asserts that many of these charges arise from services that are knowingly ordered by UTO s customers, and that these charges are never disputed. UTO asserts that if a customer disputes third-party-service-provider charges, it will credit the customer s bill for the purpose of maintaining good will. {¶ 60} However, UTO does not routinely receive, have, or maintain any records of the end users requests for or authorization or receipt of any specific third-party services. The third-party providers have that information, and UTO merely delivers the third-party service provider s bill to the end user. UTO asserts that if it had to investigate questions of complaints about the third-party charges, it would have to contact the clearinghouse or third-party service provider to obtain the relevant information to resolve the dispute. UTO does not possess the information necessary to determine whether third-party charges are authorized by end users. {¶ 61} Nevertheless, at oral argument, plaintiffs maintained that the trial court can devise a formula that will indicate which third parties are responsible for unauthorized charges. Plaintiffs submit that a database maintained by UTO can be used to determine which third-party charges are authorized and which are not. The database reflects adjustments that UTO made for its customers each month. Plaintiffs claim that the number of adjustments made each month can identify unauthorized charges from third-party providers. Plaintiffs argue that a threshold could be established that would indicate when a third party was charging an unauthorized charge. Plaintiffs suggest a 4 percent complaint level, but they suggest that the court would set the proper threshold complaint level. {¶ 62} A summary of the database in the record has seven columns, and each column appears to contain numerical data for a 42-month period. Three of the columns have the following headings: Carrier Issued Adjustments, Defendant Issued Adjustments, and Total Adjustments. The database does 21 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO not identify why the adjustments were made. UTO asserts that adjustments are made for any number of reasons, including to correct mistakes or clerical errors. {¶ 63} In sum, we hold that the database provides no probative evidence that would assist in identifying unauthorized charges from third-party providers that appear on the phone bills from UTO each month. {¶ 64} The class representative s case illustrates why individualized determinations would predominate if this case were certified as a class action. Plaintiff Kent Stamm, owner of the Pop Shop, disputed a third-party charge for a service from Bizopia that was billed to him on his UTO phone bill. He called Bizopia to dispute the charge. Bizopia refused to reverse the charge, claiming that it was authorized by Frank Smith, who was an employee of the Pop Shop. Bizopia claimed to have a voice recording of Smith s authorization for the service, and it faxed a purported confirmation of the charge to Stamm. Stamm sent several e-mails to Bizopia complaining about the charges. Stamm requested that Bizopia provide him a copy of the voice authorization from the third-party charge from Stamm s employee Frank Smith. Bizopia refused to provide a recording, but offered to play the audio verification over the phone. Bizopia canceled Stamm s account with Bizopia, but indicated that the charges would remain. Stamm s situation is illustrative of the need for individualized determinations to ascertain whether third-party charges to UTO customers were authorized that make this case inappropriate for resolution though a class-action complaint. {¶ 65} Unauthorized third-party charges are better resolved on an individual basis with the third party or UTO. UTO s phone bills identify thirdparty charges, the entity responsible for the charge, and a toll-free number for billing inquiries. Moreover, UTO claims that it has a policy of removing thirdparty charges for the purpose of maintaining good will with its clients. Finally, 22 January Term, 2013 for larger charges or where the charge cannot be resolved over the phone, smallclaims court is also an option. {¶ 66} Accordingly, because ascertaining whether third-party charges are authorized will require individualized determinations, common issues do not predominate. IV. Conclusion {¶ 67} Plaintiffs amended class definition is overbroad and fails to satisfy the predominance requirement of Civ.R. 23(B)(3). Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and reinstate the order of the trial court that overruled plaintiffs motion to amend the class, which in effect decertifies the plaintiffs class action. We remand the cause to the trial court for proceedings not precluded by the denial of class certification. Judgment reversed, class decertified, and cause remanded. O CONNOR, C.J., and O DONNELL, LANZINGER, and FRENCH, JJ., concur. PFEIFER and O NEILL, JJ., dissent. ____________________ PFEIFER, J., dissenting. {¶ 68} I dissent and would affirm the decision of the court of appeals. I also dissented in Stammco, L.L.C. v. United Tel. Co. of Ohio, 125 Ohio St.3d 91, 2010-Ohio-1042, 926 N.E.2d 292; the majority in that case remanded the case to the trial court to redefine the class. That was, it turns out, a fool s errand. The majority decides today that the class is not capable of definition. {¶ 69} That inevitable result, majority opinion at ¶ 52, allows the majority to ignore the fact that this court, after having originally denied jurisdiction in this matter, reconsidered that decision and allowed jurisdiction on 23 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO just one of the appellants propositions of law. 132 Ohio St.3d 1425, 2012-Ohio2729, 969 N.E.2d 272. That proposition of law reads: Wal-Mart v. Dukes rejects Ojalvo s interpretation of Eisen: A trial court does not abuse its discretion by evaluating the merits of the plaintiffs' claims when denying class certification. The majority ultimately agreed with the appellate court that the trial court had err[ed] in basing its rejection of plaintiffs amended class definition on the determination that they would ultimately lose on the merits. Majority opinion, ¶ 51. That should have ended this appeal. {¶ 70} But the majority cites Apel v. Katz, 83 Ohio St.3d 11, 16, 697 N.E.2d 600 (1998), in holding that this court has discretionary authority to decide the class-certification question. Majority opinion at ¶ 52. The majority characterizes Apel as involving a situation where, rather than remand issues to be resolved by the lower courts, we chose to decide the issues in this court based on the briefs filed therein. Id. Apel concerned a dispute between neighbors over a roadway easement, and the dispute had dragged through the courts for nine years. Both parties in Apel argued that the court of appeals had erred by failing to address issues that had not been made moot by the issue the court did decide. So this court decided those issues. {¶ 71} This case is not about an error by the court of appeals in determining whether issues were moot. And here, this court itself limited the issues it was willing to consider. But ultimately, as in the two times it has reconsidered its decision to deny jurisdiction to the appellant in this case, this court changed its mind. {¶ 72} This court s decision today fits with the recent jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court, a Court bent on diminishing the usefulness of Rule 24 January Term, 2013 23. Am. Express. Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2304, 2320, ___ L.Ed.2d ___ (2013) (Kagan, J., dissenting). As a practical matter, Ohio citizens who suffer small, individual damages as a result of a business s serial bad conduct are without a meaningful remedy unless they can convince the Ohio attorney general to get interested in their cases. This court is well on its way to consigning class actions in Ohio to the dustbin of legal history, joining workplace intentional torts. What is the next step in diminishing the role of courts? O NEILL, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion. ____________________ Murray & Murray Co., L.P.A., Dennis E. Murray Sr., and Donna J. Evans, for appellees. Baker & Hostetler, L.L.P., Michael K. Ferrell, John B. Lewis, and Karl Fanter, for appellants. Linda S. Woggon, urging reversal for amicus curiae Ohio Chamber of Commerce. ________________________ 25


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Netflix has officially renewed its original supernatural series "Hemlock Grove" for a ten episode third season which will also be its last. Charles H. Eglee, who served as showrunner in the second season, will return along with executive producer Eli Roth.
"Hemlock Grove" launched to good numbers in June 2013, drawing more viewers in its opening weekend than Netflix's flagship drama "House of Cards". The second season of Hemlock Grove premiered this past July, and the third is expected to debut next Summer.
On the flip side of this news, TBS has cancelled Cee Lo Green's unscripted series "The Good Life" which wrapped its first season six-episode run back in July. In fact the network has already has taken down its web page for the show hours after its cancellation.
The axe follows in the wake of star Cee Lo Green's controversial, and since-deleted, tweets during the holiday weekend about rape.
Source: Netflix, Deadline and The Independent


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I have recently (October) moved to a Mountain Lion-based laptop from Snow Leopard. I find that if I have not rebooted within the last week or so, XeLaTeX will just die in the middle of a run. The PDF output is empty. If I give a full reboot to my laptop, it will be just fine for the next week or so. Has anyone else had this problem and if so, is there a fix?
I'm pretty confident this is not a general problem: I very rarely reboot my Mac (running 10.8), and XeTeX works fine. I guess the most obvious suspect would be as commented something to do with the system-dependent font hooks in XeTeX: that is likely to need expertise outside of the TeX area to solve so would be off-topic.


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More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
ISBN13:by Barry, James P.
Motorbooks Intl
This book tells the story of the enigmatic John Hacker, who started Hacker Boat Company in Detroit in 1914 and drafted some of the most successful and popular boat designs of all time. This book is organized chronologically, concentrating on the boats, the drivetrains, and the evolution of powerboat design. It highlights the life and times of John Hacker as well as the key designers that worked behind the scenes.
Author Biography
James P. Barry is a prolific historian and author of more than a dozen books and myriad magazine articles. A veteran of World War II, he is also a member of several maritime and classic boat historical societies.


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International Recipes
International Recipes
Apparently these meatballs are called "Tsukune' and they are amazing and very delicious chicken and ginger meatballs with sticky sweet soy Glaze full-flavored and dressed with a sweet and salty glaze. Trying them is a guarantee of goodness and yummy meatballs from across Asia to Japan. Ingredients 1 cup soy sauce, preferably Japanes
Doctors, dietitians and divines have long sought to identify the secret of a long life. The answer? Minestrone soup, according to nine siblings from Sardinia who have been recognised as the world's oldest in terms of combined age. This bountiful dish is traditionally made with whatever is growing in the garden, but it always includes beans and f
Anchovies can add up to the daily protein needed in your body, adding up to the other protein giving food such as beans, groundnuts and meat stuffs mostly used in Rwanda. Here is how you can make that delicious anchovy dish Ingredients >> 100 gram Dried anchovy >> 2 Brinjal cut and
While in Rwandan Hotels and restaurants, homes; you will frequently hear customers ordering for Inkoko (Chicken). Roasted Whole Chicken makes a nice treat any day and on every occasion but most people avoid preparing this yummy recipe for the fear of messing it up. The most important thing you need to do when roasting whole chicken is to make su
An 'enlightened' version of a traditional family favorite - uses minimal fat while adding whole wheat pasta and baby spinach to this yummy dish INGREDIENTs Needed 9 ounces dry whole wheat spaghetti, uncooked 1-1/2 cups panko bread crumbs PAM Olive Oil No-Stick Cooking Spray 1/2 cup fresh grated Parmesan cheese, divided
Ingredients: 400 g dried split green peas, soaked overnight 4 ripe bananas 1/2 tsp salt 2 tbsp palm oil or groundnut oil with 2 tsp paprika 1 small onion, thinly sliced Cooking Instructions: Add the peas to a pan cover with water and bring to a boil. Simmer until tender (about 90 minutes). When the peas are done peel th
Fluffy within, crisp without and flavoured with rosemary and garlic, these potatoes are a perfect sidekick to any roast. Ingredients 5 tbsp duck fat 16 medium-sized Maris Piper or King Edward potatoes (each about 175g/6oz) 8 garlic cloves 8 sprigs thyme sea salt Preparation method Preheat the oven to 190C/375F/Gas 5. Parbo
A quick family dinner that everyone will love, this macaroni cheese can also be made with vegetarian cheese. Ingredients 250g/9oz macaroni 40g/1½oz butter 40g/1½ plain flour 600ml/1pint 1½fl oz milk 250g/9oz grated cheddar 50g/2oz grated parmesan Preparation method Cook the macaroni in a large saucepan of boiling salted w
This quick, easy chicken supper looks like you spent hours on it. Also great for using up that glut of summer courgettes. Ingredients For the chicken 1 skinless chicken breast, cut in half lengthways 2 slices fontina cheese, the same length as the chicken breast 2 slices prosciutto ham, the same length as the chicken breast 2 spri


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Peavey 6505 Series amps feature five 12AX7 preamp tubes and four 6L6GC power amp tubes, with presence and resonance controls and three-band EQ for taming their notorious tone.
While known as the 5150, these amps became the undisputed go-to guitar amps for scores of rock, hardcore and metal bands due to their raw tone, relentless power and road-proven reliability. The 6505 is still the unquestionable choice for an ever-expanding list of endorsers, including 3 Doors Down, Ted Nugent, Atreyu, Steve Morse, In Flames, Arch Enemy, Visqueen, God Forbid, HIMSA, Darkest Hour, Sworn Enemy, Unearth and many more.
The Peavey 6505 Series guitar amplifiers were named in celebration of Peavey's first 40 years, 1965 to 2005. The 6505 is also the relaunch of the 5150 Series, the immensely popular amplifiers Peavey designed with Edward Van Halen.
Peavey 6505 Guitar Amplifier (2x12 inch) Features
Peavey 6505 212 Guitar Amplifier Specifications
Preamp Section
The following specs are measured @ 1 kHz with the controls preset as follows:
Features and specifications subject to change without notice.
Guitars/Basses, Amp, Pre-Amps, Mixers, Electronic Crossovers & EQs: 2 years *(+ 3 years)Drums: 2 years *(+ 1 year)Enclosures: 3 years *(+ 2 years)Digital Effects, Keyboard & MIDI Controllers: 1 year *(+ 1 year)Mics: 2 yearsSpeaker Components (incl. replacement parts) and all Accessories: 1 yearTubes & Meters: 90 days* Add'l warranty period applicable if Warranty Registration Card is completed & returned to Peavey by original retail purchaser within 90 days.


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Krav Maga means "Close combat" in Hebrew. It consists of two parts:
-Self-defense, which is the essential framework. This is made up of a variety of techniques which aim to enable those have been begun training to defend themselves against an attack, to avoid being injured and to finish-off an assailant. It includes responses to a wide variety of attacks, armed or unarmed and from various positions: upright, seated, lying down...
-Hand-to-hand combat, which constitutes a more advanced phase of Krav Maga; here one is taught ways in which to neutralize an opponent quickly and effectively. It includes elements which are, strictly speaking, more concerned with actual fighting: tactics, feints, various attack combinations, the psychological dimension of combat… and the training exercises reinforce its spirit and develop the ability to manage violent confrontations whilst in a state of stress.
Krav Maga is not just another school of martial arts, based on conventional approaches. It is above all concerned with a modern methodology of self-defense characterized by a coherent and logical approach allowing natural, practical and easy techniques, based on relatively simple movements of the human body. This discipline's concern with realism does not therefore permit rules, limits or its use in sporting events.
Krav Maga grew out of an environment in which violence, particularly of an ideological or political nature, was commonplace. It was consequently tested, studied and refined and has demonstrated itself to be a comprehensive method of self-defense when faced with critical danger.
In Krav Maga we believe that simplicity is a determining factor in safeguarding one's chances of survival when faced with physical aggression. Simple movements are short and consequently less tiring. There are two good reason for simple movements: they constitute the most effective way of preserving one's physical stamina during a fight, and a simple movement, being short has less distance to cover, and is thus inevitably faster.
In spite of the absence of limitations in Krav Maga, we obviously abide by all the necessary safety regulations to ensure that students can improve their level of practice in a secure environment. We must also however, ensure that no movement, nor any attack, is foreign to us. Aesthetics are of no concern to us; our priority is effectiveness. Our concern is to avoid any false teaching, and to prioritize instead a culture of effectiveness which we will be able to use in moments of absolute necessity. First of all we will make every effort to remain alive and, if necessary to kill in order not to be killed. Secondly, we will try to be sufficiently effective to exercise the self-control necessary not to have to kill or to cause irreparable damage. This is the point at which Krav Maga becomes an art form.
The legitimate self-defence allows a person to defend himself by using force without being accused. In order to be considered legitimate self-defence, the following points are taken into account :
- - it must be necessary: there can be no alternative (running away for instance);
- - it must be imperative (the victim does not have the time to call the Police for instance);
- - it must be proportionate to the assault
Violence must be employed only to defend yourself immediately. If violence is used when the assaillant is leaving or in anticipation of a future or uncertain assault it is not considered to be legimate. An instructor has to be aware of these legal facts and has to inform his students.
As many martial arts unfortunately, different schools of Krav-Maga appeared even before the death of the founder, Imi Lichtenfeld. Theses branches were created by recognized instructors who all worked with Imi and who are or were excellent but with a point a view different regarding to their personnality. The very first instructors were Eli Avikzar, Raphy Elgrissi et Haim Zut.
Eli Avikzar was Eyal Yanilov's, Haïm Giddeon's, Kobi Lichtenstein's and Richard Douïeb's teacher. Richard Douïeb also worked with Raphy Elgrissi and Haïm Zut. These 4 persons were also Imi's students.
Nowadays, 5 main organizations exist : FEKM, IKMA, IKMF, WKMF and Federaçao Sul Americana de Krav-Maga.


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Fear and Exhaustion in Brussels
In coming days, European policy makers could face the very situation they have worked so long to avoid.
With Spain's government-bond yields at record highs and Italy's borrowing costs not far behind, Greeks will go to the polls to decide effectively whether they want to remain part of the single currency. Even for Brussels, used to many supposedly make-or-break moments over the last two years, the events of this weekend seeem unusually momentous.
By next Friday, the euro zone may have split for the first time and fresh waves of volatility could be spreading through the region's banking systems and bond markets. Alternatively, the euro could come through the Greek vote intact and by year's end, Brussels could be the politically-reinforced center of a currency zone which more closely resembles the fiscal, banking and political union the original designers of the euro hoped it would become.
"Everyone here is aware that the 36 hours from Sunday evening through Monday will be very heavy," said one senior Brussels-based official. These could be "decisive moments" for the euro zone and the European Union.
Another veteran EU official said this moment feels different from any of the other crises he has experienced in his more than 20 years in Brussels.
"There's certainly a feeling that this is an extremely important moment in time," the person said. Even the 1992 currency crises when the precursor to the euro, the European exchange-rate mechanism almost collapsed, doesn't compare, he said.
"This seems more dramatic frankly… Now there's a lot more at stake," he said.
Many of the choices of the next few days don't lie in policymakers' hands. At least for now, the issue is not whether German Chancellor Angela Merkel is willing to let Germans carry more of the burden of economic union, whether Greek leaders will sign up to more austerity or French officials block greater EU control of their budget process. Instead, it's Greek voters–and the Europeans who hold money in Greek, Spanish or Portuguese banks–who have moved center-stage.
"There is a political process and an economic process. The political process anyone can handle, given time and patience," said a Brussels insider. "The economic side, including what people do in terms of their bank deposits, no one can control. Any response to that will have to be reactive."
It may be that lack of control which has dissuaded senior EU officials from doing their usual chest-thumping about how they can and will do everything necessary to ensure stability, says the official. But there's another explanation, says the veteran Brussels official.
"We have said things like that so many times and the markets have been disappointed so many times, that it's started to not be credible."
Still, for most senior officials here, this cocktail of uncertainty and fear has not been paralyzing. Any sense of panic has been drowned out by the constant drumbeat of work ahead of an EU summit at the end of the month.
"We're all just knackered," said the Brussels insider. "Everyone's been working like dogs. Honestly I don't think people here have had time to even work out if they're nervous or worried. There's been a ton of work to get through and we've just had to get on with it."


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CoreLogic Econ
Sam Khater
While there's been a lot of analysis of income inequality and the income level of the population's "one percent," there has been very little analysis of residential real estate's "one percent." Historically over the last two decades, homes that sold for over 1 million dollars have accounted for 1 percent of all sales, which serves as a useful proxy. The share of million-dollar home sales was below 1 percent for most of 2003, but steadily increased between 2004 and 2006, reaching as high as 1.8 percent in April 2006, when national home prices peaked. But even after prices peaked and began to decline, the share of million dollar home sales continued to increase, peaking in June 2007 at 2.2 percent, more than twice the share just five years earlier. Although the overall housing market was clearly slowing by then, the 1-million-dollar share remained high, averaging nearly 2 percent, or twice the historical level, until August 2008.
As the financial markets collapsed in September 2008, so did million-dollar home sales, and by February 2009, the million-dollar sales share was back to 1 percent, the same level as in December 2003 (Figure 1). Then as the financial markets stabilized and rebounded in the second half of 2009, so did the sales of million-dollar homes with the share rising to 1.5 percent. Over the next three years as the S&P 500 steadily rose and eventually hit all-time highs, the million-dollar home sales share also rose, reaching 2 percent by mid-2013 and remaining at that level since then.
The timing of the drop and rebound in million-dollar home sales and the stock market was no coincidence. Several studies document the wealth effects of financial and real estate markets on consumption[1]. These studies typically conclude that housing-wealth effects are much larger than financial-wealth effects, primarily because homeownership rates are much higher than stock ownership rates. But for real estate's "one percent," the stock market is a barometer of the wealthy consumer's confidence. This is clear given that million-dollar home sales and the S&P 500 are highly correlated. In fact, the S&P 500 serves as a very good two-month leading indicator of million-dollar home sales. While the S&P 500 dipped in the last few weeks of January 2014, as of mid-February, it remains at roughly the same level as in December 2013, so one can expect million-dollar home sales to remain strong as long as the stock market remains high.
But enough about the real estate "one percent." How is the rest of America doing? It turns out that there are many lower price segments enjoying healthy sales growth. The fastest-growing sales segments are those with prices between $650,000 and $950,000, where sales are 33 percent higher than a year ago (Figure 2). Not only is that segment doing well, but home sales in the $350,000 to $650,000 range are up 26 percent year over year. Sales are clearly weaker in the $150,000 to $300,000 range, up only 12 percent from a year ago, and sales below $150,000 are contracting, but that reflects several factors, including the rapid run up in prices and the decline of REO, investor and cash sales, which are concentrated in this segment.
The relationship between consumer confidence and spending is well-established, but it doesn't always affect all segments of the real estate market equally. The real estate "one percent" has benefited from the gains made in the financial markets over the past three years. Where the financial markets go in 2014 will determine how many homes the "one percent" purchases in 2014.
© 2014 CoreLogic, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Chicken Caesar Pasta Toss RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
- 3 quarts water
- 2-1/2 cups uncooked tricolor spiral pasta
- 1-1/2 cups cut fresh asparagus (1-inch pieces)
- 1-1/2 pounds boneless skinless chicken breasts, cut into 1-inch pieces
- 2 teaspoons olive oil
- 2 large tomatoes, chopped
- 2/3 cup reduced-fat Caesar vinaigrette
- 3 green onions, chopped
- 3 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese
- In a Dutch oven, bring water to a boil. Add pasta. Return to a boil; cook for 4 minutes. Add asparagus; cook 6-8 minutes longer or until pasta and asparagus are tender.
- Meanwhile, in a large nonstick skillet, saute chicken in oil until no longer pink. Remove from the heat.
- Drain pasta mixture. Add the chicken, tomatoes and vinaigrette; cook over low heat until heated through. Sprinkle with onions and cheese. Yield: 6 servings.
Medium-Bodied Red Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a medium-bodied red wine such as Chianti, Sangiovese, Malbec or Zinfandel.
Reviews for Chicken Caesar Pasta Toss
"This was soooo good. Made with light Caesar dressing from refrigerated section of grocery since that is what we use. Used regular corkscrew pasta. Those were the only changes. Will eat remaining cold as others suggested. Would definately make again."
"I used leftover rotissere chicken, farfalle pasta, and feta cheese. Everyone loved it! Our life skills class at school followed the recipe, but grilled the chicken and served the recipe cold. This was a big hit too! Great recipe."
"This recipe just cried out to me to be served cold. So, I chilled everything after cooking, and served it as a hot summer day main dish salad. It was fantastic! Serving it cold was the only change I made to the recipe."
"8 points"


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Affiliated with
Cambridge, Mass. – Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA) physicians Elizabeth Gaufberg, MD, MPH, and Danny McCormick, MD, MPH, have been named recipients of the 2013-2014 A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award presented by the Office for Diversity Inclusion and Community Partnership at Harvard Medical School (HMS). Dr. Gaufberg, an associate professor of medicine and psychiatry at HMS, and Dr. McCormick, an associate professor of medicine at HMS, were recently honored at the annual Excellence in Mentoring Awards Ceremony held at the Tosteson Medical Education Center at HMS.
In addition to her role as a staff physician, Dr. Elizabeth Gaufberg serves as the director of CHA's Center for Professional Development. She provides one-on-one guidance and encouragement for medical students, residents, and colleagues regarding career opportunities, personal and professional growth, and work-life balance. Her nominators observed that Dr. Gaufberg is always willing and able to contribute good ideas for advancing a career, including potential opportunities for fellowship training and other forms of continued education, collaborative project ideas, and possible funding sources. They praised her ability to encourage her mentees to make lasting connections and achieve their goals.
As the director of the Division of Social and Community Medicine at CHA and the director of research in CHA's Department of Medicine, Dr. Danny McCormick fosters interest and engagement in health policy, meaningful advocacy, and activism in health care and plays an influential role in the development of clinicians, researchers, students, and residents. He is also a co-director of the HMS Fellowship in General Medicine and Primary Care. Dr. McCormick, a primary care physician at CHA Somerville Hospital Primary Care, leads a year-long required curriculum in social medicine and research-based health advocacy for internal medicine residents at CHA and teaches clinical medicine to primary care residents. His mentees noted that his passion for patient advocacy and dedication to teaching are inspirational and have helped shape their careers.
The A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award honors the memory of A. Clifford Barger, who devoted his career to bringing out the best in those who studied, trained, and worked at HMS. Each year, HMS faculty members, house officers, fellows, and students nominate mentors who have provided sponsorship and supported personal and professional development. A selection committee, with representatives from HMS and its affiliated hospitals, carefully reviews all nominees' mentoring qualities and chooses the award recipients.
Cambridge Health Alliance is a vital and innovative community health system that provides essential services to Cambridge, Somerville, and Boston's metro-north communities. It includes three hospital campuses, a network of primary care and specialty practices, and the Cambridge Public Health Dept. CHA is a Harvard Medical School teaching affiliate and is also affiliated with Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Medicine. For more information, visit www.challiance.org.
Pictured: Elizabeth Gaufberg, MD, MPH, and Danny McCormick, MD, MPH (right), joined by CHA Chief of Medicine David Bor, MD
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