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Eve Grayson, a reindeer herder of the Cairngorm Reindeer Herd, feeds the reindeer on December 23, 2013 in Aviemore, Scotland. Reindeer were introduced to Scotland in 1952 by Swedish Sami reindeer herder, Mikel Utsi. Starting with just a few reindeer, the herd has now grown in numbers over the years and is currently at about 130 by controlling the breeding. The herd rages on 2,500 hectares of hill ground between 450 and 1,309 meters and stay above the tree line all year round regardless of the weather conditions.


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100 Greatest Songs Of The 90 s:Vh1 Top 100 Songs Of The Nineties List
100 Greatest Songs Of The 90 s:Vh1 Top 100 Songs Of The Nineties List – 100 Greatest Songs Of The 90's/Vh1 top 100 Songs of the nineties list has been revealed tonight.Vh1's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90's list is below.
1 Nirvana Smells Like Teen Spirit
2. U2 One
3. Backstreet Boys I Want It That Way
4. Whitney Houston I Will Always Love You
5. Madonna Vogue
6. Sir Mix-A-Lot Baby Got Back
7. Britney Spears … Baby One More Time
8. TLC Waterfalls
9. R.E.M. Losing My Religion
10. Sinead O'Connor Nothing Compares 2 U
11. Pearl Jam Jeremy
12. Alanis Morissette You Oughta Know
13. Dr. Dre (featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg) Nuthin' but a "G" Thang
14. Mariah Carey Vision of Love
15. Red Hot Chili Peppers Under the Bridge
16. MC Hammer U Can't Touch This
17. Destiny's Child Say My Name
18. Metallica Enter Sandman
19. Beastie Boys Sabotage
20. Hanson MMMBop
21. Celine Dion My Heart Will Go On
22. Beck Loser
23. Salt-N-Pepa with En Vogue Whatta Man
24. House of Pain Jump Around
25. Soundgarden Black Hole Sun
26. Eminem My Name Is
27. Counting Crows Mr. Jones
28. Ricky Martin Livin' la Vida Loca
29. Vanilla Ice Ice Ice Baby
30. *NSYNC Tearin' Up My Heart
31. Radiohead Creep
32. BLACKstreet No Diggity
33. Spice Girls Wannabe
34. Third Eye Blind Semi-Charmed Life
35. Oasis Wonderwall
36. C+C Music Factory Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)
37. Green Day Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)
38. Christina Aguilera Genie In A Bottle
39. Goo Goo Dolls Iris
40. Color Me Badd I Wanna Sex You Up
41. Spin Doctors Two Princes
42. Collective Soul Shine
43. En Vogue My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)
44. The Fugees Killing Me Softly With His Song
45. Hootie & the Blowfish Only Wanna Be With You
46. Shania Twain You're Still the One
47. Marky Mark and The Funky Bunch Good Vibrations
48. Matchbox Twenty 3 AM
49. Jewel Who Will Save Your Soul
50. Alice in Chains Man in the Box
51. Tupac (featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman) California Love
52. Sugar Ray Fly
53. Naughty by Nature O.P.P.
54. Joan Osborne One of Us
55. Fiona Apple Criminal
56. L.L. Cool J Mama Said Knock You Out
57. Jay-Z featuring Amil and Ja Rule Can I Get A
58. Sophie B. Hawkins Damn, I Wish I Was Your Lover
59. Weezer Buddy Holly
60. Bell Biv DeVoe Poison
61. Sheryl Crow All I Wanna Do
62. Live I Alone
63. The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Mase & Puff Daddy Mo Money Mo Problems
64. The Presidents of the United States of America Peaches
65. Digital Underground The Humpty Dance
66. Edwin McCain I'll Be
67. Deee-Lite Groove Is In The Heart
68. Will Smith Gettin' Jiggy Wit It
69. Korn Freak on a Leash
70. Jamiroquai Virtual Insanity
71. Arrested Development Tennessee
72. Barenaked Ladies One Week
73. Marcy Playground Sex and Candy
74. Cher Believe
75. Kris Kross Jump
76. Blues Traveler Run-Around
77. Ice Cube It Was a Good Day
78. Lenny Kravitz Are You Gonna Go My Way
79. Meredith Brooks Bitch
80. Right Said Fred I'm Too Sexy
81. Paula Cole I Don't Want to Wait
82. Geto Boys Mind Playing Tricks on Me
83. The Breeders Cannonball
84. Snow Informer
85. Cypress Hill Insane In The Brain
86 The Cranberries Linger
87. Billy Ray Cyrus Achy Breaky Heart
88. Duncan Sheik Barely Breathing
89. Liz Phair Never Said
90. New Radicals You Get What You Give
91. Sarah McLachlan Building a Mystery
92. Public Enemy 911 Is A Joke
93. Lisa Loeb & Nine Stories Stay
94. Fastball The Way
95. Montell Jordan This is How We Do It
96. Nelson (Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection
97. Prince & The New Power Generation Gett Off
98. EMF Unbelievable
99. Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)
100. Gerardo Rico Suave
That's all we have for now on 100 Greatest Songs Of The 90 s:Vh1 Top 100 Songs Of The Nineties List.
Category: Music News
Comments (41)
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Wow, this list is a complete joke, vh1 are retarded enough to not know about music
and LoL nirvana's song in #1? rofl, I'd rather see a Bon Jovi ballad in #1 on this list.
"Black Diamond" by Stratovarius is the top 1 song of this decade.
I laugh at this list "Baby One More Time" over "Wonderwall" LOL
Very Surprised not to see N'Sync on here. "Bye Bye Bye?" anyone?..
ICE ICE BABY at #29. That is an outrage. This list no longer is credible. Goodbye.
No Doubt definitely should of been in here somewhere! Or atleast some Sublime or Bush. I don't like Vh1 as much anymore. My generation (Im 15) has horrible taste in music and apparently that's all they pay attention to. Yeah, some good songs are on here but, it could of been so much better.
They only allowed a band to be on the list once. They told the story of how the band got together and what happened to them after the 90s were over, so if they let a band have more than one spot on the list they would be re-telling the same story over and over. Still doesn't explain why one-hit wonders like Hanson, New Radicals, Marcy Playground beat out STP, NIN, and Marilyn Manson.
hanson was not a one hit wonder, and even if they were, it still wouldn't matter because it is best ARTIST it is best SONG, and MMMBop was extremely popular
what the f$$k?? peoeple these days are fags, no gnr, barely any red hot cjili peppers or any F$$$$$g aerosmith?? rage against the machines?? metallica?? just one song?? f$$k off kids of today.
Oops, I missed Alice in Chains. Still, only 50? Man in the Box isnt even their best, I think Rooster is. Where are the Pumpkins, Stone Temple Pilots, Foo Fighters, Rage, Bush, No Doubt, Sublime, The Offspring, Reel Big Fish, or The Wallflowers? This list is an absolute joke. MMMM Bop is a better song than Interstate Love Song, What I Got, and Self Esteem. Good job VH1. You just lost all credibility
Uh, Where are the Smashing Pumpkins and Alice in Chains? Funny, one grunge band (Nirvana) has the number one song, another (Pearl Jam) was number 11, and Alice in Chains isnt on there at all? Rooster, Dirt, Man in the Box, Them Bones… WTF??
Alice and Chains is on there….man in a box
where the hell is Michael Jackson???[2]
alice in chains only made 50, they are way better than that, no pumkins or stone temple pilots, sh**t list
i agree with Ebss
where the hell is Michael Jackson???
how could The Verve's Bittersweet Symphony not be on the list? plus where is Aerosmith
How do you have a top 100 songs of the 90s and not have Michael Jackson in there ???
umm hello?—–Tubthumping-Chumbawumba
its a classic
where is PM5K, Sublime, Bad Religion, Bone Thugs N' Harmony, N.I.N, Pennywise, P.O.D., and alot of other great 90's bands…
this list is pretty much bogus half of it is pop, the others are good songs but deserve a different place on the list
No Blink 182….VH1 should be off the air
No Smashing Pumpkins, no 90's.
Only one pearl jam song this list is most def a joke
not a single boyz to men song at all?? makes me not wanna respect the list at all…
No limp bizkit the nookie man
These lists are determined by what people vote for. VH-1 just orders them. Blame the people who vote for these songs
Don't Speak by No Doubt should've been top 10. Plus, should've picked a different Green Day song…..and where's the Ska? Ska was big in the 90s. Rage Against the machine, Bush, Foo Fighters all got snubbed. The biggest crime is NO SUBLIME?? For real??? Just goes to show, that VH1/MTV have no clue what real people listen to, only what kids 10-15 listen to
Just curious, how did November Rain and Social D's Story of My Life not make the list? If ever a song defined the 90's, it has to be November Rain. I feel cheated.
Where is November rain??
Where in the h-e-double hockey sticks is Dishwalla's Counting Blue Cars????
Where is Possum Kingdom by the Toadies?
let me start by saying this list is terrible….where the hell is no rain by blind melon….where are NIN and smashing pumpkins or even a punk band…..like 70% of the list is pop/hip-hop b.s… semi-charmed life deffinately should be higher
Uhhhh, where is the Nine Inch Nails? Smashing Pumpkins? More thought needed to go in this list.
It is insulting to my intelligence that only one radiohead song made it. They should of had 15 on there. At least ahead of the freaking backstreet boys.
No aerosmith? Dont want to miss a thing, im not even a big aero fan but that song was amazing and huge!
u gay bro?
kinda surprised not one smashing pumpkins song made it one the list – that band was a huge part of the alternative scene of the 90s
its okay
why didnt cherry pie by warrant make it
Haha! The Macarena didn't make the list either!
This list is bogus! One of the biggest songs and groups of the 90's didn't even make it? Boyz 2 Men? Are you kidding me?
Nevermind, I see that it is on the list. I'm an idiot. Sorrt about that.
"Damn, I Wish I Was Your Lover" by Sophie B. Hawkins should have made that list.

subset: commoncrawl


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1.5 Input and Output
In this section we extend the set of simple abstractions (command-line input and standard output) that we have been using as the interface between our Java programs and the outside world to include standard input, standard draw, and standard audio. Standard input makes it convenient for us to write programs that process arbitrary amounts of input and to interact with our programs; standard draw makes it possible for us to work with graphics; and standard audio adds sound.
Bird's-eye view.A Java program takes input values from the command line and prints a string of characters as output. By default, both command-line input and standard output are associated with the application that takes commands (the one in which you have been typing the java and javac commands). We use the generic term terminal window to refer to this application. Here are some instructions for using the command line on your system. [ Windows · Mac · Linux ]
- Command-line input. All classes have a main() method that takes a String array as argument. That array is the sequence of command-line arguments that we type, provided to Java by the operating system. By convention, both Java and the operating system process the arguments as strings, so if we intend for an argument to be a number, we use a method such as Integer.parseInt() to convert it from String to the appropriate type.
- Standard output. To print output values in our programs, we have been using System.out.println(). Java sends the results to an abstract stream of characters known as standard output. By default, the operating system connects standard output to the terminal window - all of the output in our programs so far has been appearing in the terminal window.
RandomSeq.java uses this model: It takes a command-line argument N and produces an output sequence of random numbers between 0 and 1.
To complete our programming model, we add the following libraries:
- Standard input. Read numbers and strings from the user.
- Standard draw. Plot graphics.
- Standard audio. Create sound.
Standard output.Java's print() and println() methods, invoked with System.out, implement the standard output abstraction that we need, but to treat standard input and standard output in a uniform manner, we use the methods defined in the following API:
The print() and println() methods are the ones that you have been using. The printf() method gives us more control over the appearance of the output.
- Formatted printing basics.
In its simplest form, printf() takes two arguments.
The first argument, a string, contains a format
that describes how the second argument is to be converted to
a string for output.
- Format string. The first argument of printf() is called the format string. Any part of the format string that is not part of a format is passed through to the output, with the format replaced by the argument value (converted to a string as specified). See the textbook for details.
- Multiple arguments. The printf() function can take more than two arguments. In this case, the format string will have a format specifier for each argument, perhaps separated by other characters to pass through to the output.
Standard input.Our StdIn library supports an abstract data stream that may be empty or can contain a sequence of values separated by whitespace. Each value is a String or a value from one of Java's primitive types. One of the key features of the standard input stream is that your program consumes values when it reads them. Once your program has read a value, it cannot back up and read it again. The library is defined by the following API:
We now consider several examples in detail.
- Typing input.
When you use the java command to invoke a Java program
from the command line, you actually are doing three things: (i)
issuing a command to start executing your program, (ii)
specifying the
values of the command-line arguments, and (iii) beginning to define the
standard input stream. The string of characters that you type
in the terminal window after the command line is the standard
input stream. When you type characters, you are interacting with
your program. The program waits for you to create the standard
input stream. For example, AddInts.java
takes an argument N from the command line, then reads N numbers
from standard input and adds them:
public class AddInts { public static void main(String[] args) { int N = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) sum += StdIn.readInt(); StdOut.println("Sum is " + sum); } }
- Input format. If you type abc or 12.2 or true when StdIn.readInt() is expecting an int, then it will respond with a NumberFormatException. StdIn treats strings of consecutive whitespace characters as identical to one space and allows you to delimit your numbers with such strings.
- Interactive user input. Program TwentyQuestions.java plays a simple guessing game. You type numbers, each of which is an implicit question (Is this the number?) and the program tells you whether your guess is too high or too low.
- Processing an infinite stream. Typically, input streams are finite: your program marches through the input stream, consuming values until the stream is empty. But there is no restriction of the size of the input stream. Average.java reads in a sequence of real numbers from standard input and prints their average.
Redirection and piping.For many applications, typing input data as a standard input stream from the terminal window is untenable because doing so limits our program's processing power by the amount of data that we can type. Similarly, we often want to save the information printed on the standard output stream for later use. We can use operating system mechanisms to address both issues.
- Redirecting standard output to a file.
By adding a simple directive to the
command that invokes a program, we can redirect its standard output to
a file, for permanent storage or for input to some other program at a later
time. For example, the command
- Redirecting standard output from a file.
Similarly, we can redirect standard input so
that StdIn reads data from a file instead of the terminal
application. For example, the command
- Connecting two programs.
The most flexible way to implement the
standard input and standard output abstractions is to specify that they are
implemented by our own programs!
This mechanism is called piping. For
example, the following command
% java RandomSeq 1000 > data.txt % java Average < data.txt
- Filters.
For many common tasks, it is convenient
to think of each program as a filter that converts a standard input stream
to a standard output stream in some way, with piping as the command
mechanism to connect programs together. For example,
takes a command-line argument N and prints on standard
output a stream of numbers where each number in the output stream is
the average of the N numbers starting at the corresponding position in the
standard input stream.
Your operating system also provides a number of filters. For example, the sort filter puts the lines on standard input in sorted order:
% java RandomSeq 5 | sort 0.035813305516568916 0.14306638757584322 0.348292877655532103 0.5761644592016527 0.9795908813988247
% java RandomSeq 1000 | more
Standard drawing.Now we introduce a simple abstraction for producing drawings as output. We imagine an abstract drawing device capable of drawing lines and points on a two-dimensional canvas. The device is capable of responding to the commands that our programs issue in the form of calls to static methods in StdDraw. The primary interface consists of two kinds of methods: drawing commands that cause the device to take an action (such as drawing a line or drawing a point) and control commands that set parameters such as the pen size or the coordinate scales.
Here is the full StdDraw API.
- Basic drawing commands.
We first consider the drawing commands:
Your first drawing. The HelloWorld for graphics programming with StdDraw is to draw a triangle with a point inside. To draw the triangle, we draw three lines. Program Triangle.java contains the full program.
double t = Math.sqrt(3.0)/2.0; StdDraw.line(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); StdDraw.line(1.0, 0.0, 0.5, t); StdDraw.line(0.5, t, 0.0, 0.0); StdDraw.point(0.5, t/3.0);
- Control commands.
The coordinate system that we use to communicate
with the drawing device is the unit square, but we often want to draw plots
at different scales.
Also, we often want to draw lines of different thickness and points
of different size than the standard. To accommodate these needs,
StdDraw has the following methods:
StdDraw.setXscale(x0, x1); StdDraw.setYscale(y0, y1);
- Filtering data to a standard drawing.
PlotFilter.java reads a sequence
of points defined by (x, y) coordinates from standard input
and draws a spot at each point.
It adopts the convention that the first four
numbers on standard input specify the bounding box, so that
it can scale the plot.
% java PlotFilter < USA.txt
- Plotting a function graph.
plots the function y = sin(4x) + sin(20x) in the interval (0, π).
There are an infinite number of points in the interval, so we have
to make do with evaluating the function at a finite number of
points within the interval. We sample the function by
choosing a set of x values, then computing y values by evaluating
the function at each x value. Plotting the function
by connecting successive points with lines produces what is known
as a piece-wise linear approximation.
- Filtering data to a standard drawing. PlotFilter.java reads a sequence of points defined by (x, y) coordinates from standard input and draws a spot at each point. It adopts the convention that the first four numbers on standard input specify the bounding box, so that it can scale the plot.
- Outline and filled shapes.
StdDraw also includes
methods to draw circles, rectangles, and arbitrary polygons.
Each shape defines an outline. When the method name
is just the shape name, that outline is traced by the drawing pen.
When the method name begins with filled, the named shape is instead filled
solid, not traced. As usual, we summarize the available methods in
an API:
- Text and color.
To annotate or highlight various elements in your drawings,
StdDraw includes methods for
drawing text, setting the font, and setting the the
ink in the pen.
- Animation.
The StdDraw library has two additional methods that we
can use to produce the effect of motion on the screen.
- Calculate the position of the ball.
- Clear the screen.
- Draw the ball at its new position.
- Pause for a short while.
To create the illusion of movement, we would like to iterate these steps for a whole sequence of positions (that would form a straight line, in this case). Accordingly, StdDraw has a show() method that allows us to control when the result of drawing actions are actually shown on the display. You can think of it collecting all of the lines, points, shapes, and text that we tell it to draw and then immediately drawing them all when we issue the show() command. To control the apparent speed, show() takes an argument telling StdDraw to wait the given number of milliseconds after doing the drawing. By default, StdDraw issues a show() after each line(), point(), or other drawing command; we turn that option off when we call StdDraw.show(t) and turn it back on when we call StdDraw.show() with no arguments.
BouncingBall.java implements these steps to create the illusion of a ball moving in the box of side length 2, centered on the origin. The current position of the ball is given by (rx, ry) and it the new position at each step is computed by adding vx to rx and vy to ry. Since (vx, vy) is the fixed distance that the ball moves in each time unit, it represents the velocity. To keep the ball in the drawing, we simulate the effect of the ball bouncing off the walls according to the laws of elastic collision. This effect is easy to implement: when the ball hits a vertical wall, we just change the velocity in the x-direction from vx to -vx and when the ball hits a horizontal wall, we change the velocity in the y-direction from vy to -vy. The images below, which show the track of the ball, are produced by a modified version of this code (see Exercise 1.5.34).
- Images. Our standard draw library supports drawing pictures as well as geometric shapes. The command StdDraw.picture(x, y, filename) plots the image in the given filename (either JPEG, GIF, or PNG format) on the canvas, centered on (x, y). DeluxeBouncingBall.java illustrates an example where the bouncing ball is replaced by an image of the earth.
- User interaction.
Our standard draw library also includes methods so that the user
can interact with the window using the mouse.
double mouseX() return x coordinate of mouse double mouseY() return y coordinate of mouse boolean mousePressed() is the mouse currently being pressed?
- A first example. MouseFollower.java is the HelloWorld of mouse interaction. It draws a blue ball, centered on the location of the mouse. When the user holds down the mouse button, the ball changes color from blue to cyan.
- A simple attractor. OneSimpleAttractor.java simulates the motion of a blue ball that is attracted to the mouse. It also accounts for a drag force.
- Many simple attractors. SimpleAttractors.java simulates the motion of 20 blue balls that are attracted to the mouse. It also accounts for a drag force. When the user clicks, the balls disperse randomly.
- Springs. Springs.java implements a spring system.
Standard audio.StdAudio is a library that you can use to play and manipulate sound files. It allows you to play .wav files, to write programs to create and manipulate arrays of double values, and to read and write them as .wav files:
We first introduce some some basic concepts behind one of the oldest and most important areas of computer science and scientific computing, which is known as digital signal processing.
- Concert A.
Sound is the vibration of matter that we perceive, in particular,
by the vibration of our eardrums, so oscillation is the key to
understanding sound. Perhaps the simplest place to start is to consider the musical
note A above middle C, which is known as concert A. This note is nothing
more than a sine wave, scaled to oscillate at a frequency of 440 times per
second. The function sin(t) repeats itself once every 2π
units on the x axis, so if we measure t in seconds and plot the function
sin(2πt × 440) we get
a curve that oscillates 440 times per second.
We measure frequency in hertz
(cycles per second). When you double or
halve the frequency, you move up or down an octave on the scale.
For example 880 hertz is one
octave above concert A and 110 hertz is two octaves below concert A. For
reference, the frequency range of human hearing is about 20 to 20,000
hertz.The amplitude (y value) corresponds to the volume. We assume
it is scaled to be between -1 and +1. The following code fragment
plays concert A for 1 second.
int SAMPLE_RATE = 44100; double[] a = new double[SAMPLE_RATE + 1]; for (int i = 0; i <= SAMPLE_RATE; i++) { a[i] = Math.sin(2 * Math.PI * i * 440 / SAMPLE_RATE); } StdAudio.play(a);
- Other notes. A simple mathematical formula characterizes
the other notes on the chromatic scale. They are divided equally on a logarithmic
(base 2) scale: there are twelve notes on the chromatic scale, and we get the
i th note above a given note by multiplying its frequency by the (i/12)th
power of 2. In other words, the frequency of each note in the chromatic
scale is precisely the frequency of the previous note in the scale multiplied
by the twelfth root of two. This information suffices to create music! For
example, to play the tune Frere Jacques, we just need to play each of the
notes A B C A by producing sine waves of the appropriate frequency for
about half a second each and then repeat the pattern.
- Sampling.
For digital sound, we represent a curve by sampling it at regular
intervals, in precisely the same manner as when we plot function graphs.
We sample sufficiently often that we have an accurate representation
of the curve - a widely used sampling rate for digital sound
is 44,100 samples per second. For concert A, that rate corresponds to
plotting each cycle of the sine wave by sampling
it at about 100 points. Since we sample at
regular intervals, we only need to compute
the y coordinates of the sample points.
It is that simple: we represent sound as an array of numbers
(double values that are between -1 and +1).
- Play that tune. PlayThatTune.java is an example that shows how easily we can create music with StdAudio. It takes notes from standard input, indexed on the chromatic scale from concert A, and plays them on standard audio.
Graphical user interfaces.A graphical user interface (GUI) is.... Swing is Java's built-in library of GUI widgets. It includes primitives for creating buttons, menus, scrollbars, and many other common graphical components that everyday applications (browser, email client, word processor) use. The text editor JEdit that you have been using to write your programs is written in Java. We will defer interactive graphics until later, but just to give you an idea of what is possible, GUI.java is a bare-bones Java program that contains a clickable button. Each operating system displays the program using its own look-and-feel to blend in with native applications. Below is the same program under Windows XP and Mac OS X.
Standard draw 3D.The library StdDraw3D supports 3D graphics.
Q. How does StdIn differ from java.util.Scanner?
A. There are several differences.
- It is a library of static methods, so you do not need to create objects to use it.
- It coerces the character encoding to UTF-8, which is a standard character encoding for Unicode.
- It coerces the locale to Locale.US. This means that your program will be able to read the data files in the book even if your system defaults to a different locale (e.g., one which uses a different decimal separator).
- It adds utility methods for reading one character at a time.
Q. How does StdOut differ from System.out.println()?
A. There are a few technical differences.
- It coerces the character encoding to UTF-8, which is a standard character encoding for Unicode.
- It coerces the locale to Locale.US, for consistency with StdIn and Double.parseDouble().
- It "flushes" standard output after each call to print() so that text will appear immediately in the terminal.
Q. Can I re-read data from standard input.
A. No. You only get one shot.
Q. How do I enter the end-of-file sequence if I am redirecting standard input from a file?
A. It is automatically included by your operating system.
Q. What other conversion codes are there for printf()?
A. For integer values, there are o for octal, x for hexadecimal; for floating point, you can use e or g to get scientific notation. There also are numerous formats for dates and times. Here is a wealth of information about The printf format string syntax.
Q. How do I print the % symbol within printf()?
A. Use %%.
Q. What happens if my program attempts to read data from standard input after it is exhausted?
A. You will get the following error
Use StdIn.isEmpty() to check whether there is more input available.
java.lang.RuntimeException: Tried to read from empty stdin
Q. What is the symbol for the end of a line?
A. Different operating systems use different symbols. On Unix systems, the newline character is '\n', on Windows each line is terminated by a string of two characters "\r\n", on Macs each line is terminated by the string "\n\r". When writing a program, you should avoid using operating system specific features or else it might not work as expected on other systems. Use System.out.println() to print a new line, or the following to determine the sequence of characters that represents a new line.
String NEWLINE = System.getProperty("line.separator");
Q. Which of the following is more efficient?
String s; while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { s = StdIn.readString(); String s = StdIn.readString(); ... ... } }
A. No difference in terms of efficiency. The second is better style because it limits the scope of the variable s.
Q. How is the Java coordinate system different from the one in StdDraw?
A. StdDraw arranges the axes in Cartesian form - (0, 0) is lower left, whereas Java uses (0, 0) for upper left. StdDraw uses real-valued coordinates, whereas Java uses integer coordinates.
Q. How do I create colors for use with the graphics library?
A. Here's a primer on using colors in Java.
Q. What are the main differences of the PNG, JPEG, and PostScript graphics formats?
A. The graphics on most web pages are in PNG, GIF, or JPEG format. All three formats are raster-based - they store the set of pixels and color gradations needed to represent a picture. PNG and GIF are ideal for displaying figures with straight lines and geometric figures, while JPEG is best suited for photographs. PostScript is a vector-based format. For example, it represents a circle as a geometric object instead of a collection of thousands of pixels. The quality does not degrade if you enlarge or shrink it. For this reason, most printers use PostScript to print documents and graphics.
Q. What does the error message Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: StdIn mean?
A. You probably forgot to put StdIn.java in your current working directory and compile it.
Q. How can I create an animated GIF?
A. Currently our graphics library does not support saving animated file formats like MPEG, animated GIF, or AVI. However, with an external utility (e.g., ImageMagick) the process is not difficult, and we have used it to create some of the animations on this booksite. The idea is to use StdDraw.save() to save a sequence of PNG files named frame100.png, frame101.png, frame102.png, and so on. Assuming ImageMagick is installed (Unix, Linux, OS X, and Windows are all supported) you can use the command
convert -delay 10 -loop 5 T*.png duke.gif
The convert program stitches together the frames (in lexicographic order), displays them every 10 milliseconds (ten per second), and repeats the loop 5 times.
- Write a program MaxMin.java that reads in integers (as many as the user enters) from standard input and prints out the maximum and minimum alues.
- Modify your program from the previous exercise to insist that the integers must be positive (by prompting the user to enter positive integers whenever the value entered is not positive).
- Write a program Stats.java that takes an integer N from the command line, reads N double values from standard input, and prints their mean (average value) and sample standard deviation (square root of the sum of the squares of their differences from the average, divided by N - 1).
- Extend your program from the previous exercise to create a filter that prints all the values that are further than 1.5 standard deviations from the mean.
- Write a program LongestRun.java that reads in a sequence of integers and prints out both the integer that appears in a longest consecutive run and the length of the run. For example, if the input is 1 2 2 1 5 1 1 7 7 7 7 1 1, then your program should print Longest run: 4 consecutive 7s.
- Write a filter that reads in a sequence of integers and prints out the integers, removing repeated values that appear consecutively. For example, if the input is 1 2 2 1 5 1 1 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, your program should print out 1 2 1 5 1 7 1.
- Write a program that takes a command-line argument N, reads in N-1 distinct integers between 1 and N, and determines the missing value.
Write a program
GeometricMean.java that reads in positive real numbers from
standard input and prints out their geometric mean.
The geometric mean of N positive numbers x1, x2,
..., xN is
(x1 * x2 * ... * xN)1/N.
Write a program
HarmonicMean.java that reads in positive real numbers from
standard input and prints out their harmonic mean.
The harmonic mean of N positive numbers x1, x2,
..., xN is
(1/x1 + 1/x2 + ... + 1/xN) / (1 / N).
Hint: for the geometric mean, consider taking logs to avoid overflow.
Suppose that the file input.txt contains the two strings F and F.
What does the following command do (see Exercises 1.2.35)?
Here is the Java program Dragon.java.
java Dragon < input.txt | java Dragon | java Dragon
- Write a filter TenPerLine.java that takes a sequence of integers between 0 and 99 and prints 10 integers per line, with columns aligned. Then write a program RandomIntSeq that takes two command-line arguments M and N and outputs N random integers between 0 and M-1. Test your programs with the command java RandomIntSeq 200 100 | java TenPerLine.
- Write a program WordCount.java that reads in text from standard input and prints out the number of words in the text. For the purpose of this exercise, a word is a sequence of non-whitespace characters that is surrounded by whitespace.
- Write a program that reads in lines from standard input with each line containing a name and two integers and then uses printf() to print a table with a column of the names, the integers, and the result of dividing the first by the second, accurate to three decimal places. You could use a program like this to tabulate batting averages for baseball players or grades for students.
Which of the following require saving all the values from standard input (in
an array, say), and which could be implemented as a filter using only a fixed number
of variables? For each, the input comes from standard input and consists of N real
numbers between 0 and 1.
- Print the maximum and minimum numbers.
- Print the kth smallest value.
- Print the sum of the squares of the numbers.
- Print the average of the N numbers.
- Print the percentage of numbers greater than the average.
- Print the N numbers in increasing order.
- Print the N numbers in random order.
- Write a program that prints a table of the monthly payments, remaining principal, and interest paid for a loan, taking three numbers as command-line arguments: the number of years, the principal, and the interest rate (see Exercise 1.2.24).
- Write a program Closest.java that takes three command-line arguments x, y, z, reads from standard input a sequence of point coordinates (xi, yi, zi), and prints the coordinates of the point closest to (x, y, z). Recall that the square of the distance between (x, y, z) and (xi, yi, zi) is (x - xi)2 + (y - yi)2 + (z - zi)2. For efficiency, do not use Math.sqrt() or Math.pow().
Given the positions and masses of a sequence of objects, write a progrm
to compute their center-of-mass or centroid. The centroid is
the average position of the N objects, weighted by msass.
If the positions and masses are given by
(xi, yi, mi),
then the centroid (x, y, m) is given by:
m = m1 + m2 + ... + mN x = (m1x1 + ... + mnxN) / m y = (m1y1 + ... + mnyN) / m
Write a program Centroid.java that reads in a sequence of positions and masses (xi, yi, mi) from standard input and prints out their center of mass (x, y, m). Hint: model your program after Average.java.
- Write a program SignalAnalyzer.java that reads in a sequence of real numbers between -1 and 1 and prints out their average magnitude, average power, and the number of zero crossings. The average magnitude is the average of the absolute values of the data values. The average power is the average of the squares of the data values. The number of zero crossings is the number of times a data value transitions from a strictly negative number to a strictly positive number, or vice versa. These three statistics are widely used to analyze digital signals.
Write a program CheckerBoard.java
that takes a command-line argument N and plots an N-by-N checkerboard
with red and black squares. Color the lower left square red.
Write a program that takes as command-line arguments an integer N and
a double value p (between 0 and 1), plots N equally spaced points
of size on the circumference of a circle, and then, with probability
p for each pair of points, draws a gray line connecting them.
- Write code to draw hearts, spades, clubs, and diamonds. To draw a heart, draw a diamond, then attach two semicircles to the upper left and upper right sides.
Write a program Rose.java
that takes a command-line argument N
and plots a rose with N petals (if N is odd) or 2N petals
(if N is even) by plotting the polar coordinates (r, θ) of the
function r = sin(N × θ) for
θ ranging from 0 to 2π radians.
Below is the desired output for N = 4, 7, and 8.
- Write a program Banner.java that takes a string s from the command line and display it in banner style on the screen, moving from left to right and wrapping back to the beginning of the string as the end is reached. Add a second command-line argument to control the speed.
- Modify PlayThatTune.java to take additional command-line arguments that control the volume (multiply each sample value by the volume) and the tempo (multiply each notes duration by the tempo).
- Write a program that takes the name of a .wav file and a playback rate r as command-line arguments and plays the file at the given rate. First, use StdAudio.read() to read the file into an array a[]. If r = 1, just play a[]; otherwise create a new array b[] of approximate size r times a.length. If r < 1, populate b[] by sampling from the original; if r > 1, populate b[] by interpolating from the original. Then play b[].
Write programs that uses StdDraw to create each of the following designs.
Write a program Circles.java
that draws filled circles of random size at random positions in the unit
square, producing images like those below. Your program
should take four command-line arguments: the number of circles, the probability
that each circle is black, the minimum radius, and the maximum radius.
Creative Exercises
- Visualizing audio. Modify PlayThatTune.java to send the values played to standard drawing, so that you can watch the sound waves as they are played. You will have to experiment with plotting multiple curves in the drawing canvas to synchronize the sound and the picture.
- Statistical polling. When collecting statistical data for certain political polls, it is very important to obtain an unbiased sample of registered voters. Assume that you have a file with N registered voters, one per line. Write a filter that prints out a random sample of size M (see Program 1.4.1).
- Terrain analysis. Suppose that a terrain is represented by a two-dimensional grid of elevation values (in meters). A peak is a grid point whose four neighboring cells (left, right, up, and down) have strictly lower elevation values. Write a program Peaks.java that reads a terrain from standard input and then computes and prints the number of peaks in the terrain.
- Histogram. Suppose that the standard input stream is a sequence of double values. Write a program that takes an integer N and two double values l and r from the command line and uses StdDraw to plot a histogram of the count of the numbers in the standard input stream that fall in each of the N intervals defined by dividing (l , r) into N equal-sized intervals.
- Spirographs. Write a program Spirograph.java
that takes three command-line arguments
R, r, and a and draws the resulting spirograph.
A spirograph
(technically, an epicycloid) is a
curve formed by rolling a circle of radius r
around a larger fixed circle or radius R. If the pen offset from the center of
the rolling circle is (r+a), then the equation of
the resulting curve at time t is given by
x(t) = (R+r)*cos(t) - (r+a)*cos(((R+r)/r)*t) y(t) = (R+r)*sin(t) - (r+a)*sin(((R+r)/r)*t)
Such curves were popularized by a best-selling toy that contains discs with gear teeth on the edges and small holes that you could put a pen in to trace spirographs.
For a dramatic 3d effect, draw a circular image, e.g., earth.gif instead of a dot, and show it rotating over time. Here's a picture of the resulting spirograph when R = 180, r = 40, and a = 15.
- Clock.
Write a program Clock.java
that displays
an animation of the second, minute, and hour hands of an analog clock.
Use the method StdDraw.show(1000)
to update the display roughly once per second.
Hint: this may be one of the rare times when you want to use the % operator with a double - it works the way you would expect.
- Oscilloscope.
Write a program Oscilloscope.java
to simulate the output of an oscilloscope and produce Lissajous patterns.
These patterns are named after the French physicist, Jules A. Lissajous, who
studied the patterns that arise when two mutually perpendicular periodic
disturbances occur simultaneously.
Assume that the inputs are sinusoidal, so tha the following parametric
equations describe the curve:
x = Ax sin (wxt + θx) y = Ay sin (wyt + θy) Ax, Ay = amplitudes wx, wy = angular velocity θx, θy = phase factors
Take the six parameters Ax, wx, θx, θy, wy, and θy from the command line.
For example, the first image below has Ax = Ay = 1, wx = 2, wy = 3, θx = 20 degrees, θy = 45 degrees. The other has parameters (1, 1, 5, 3, 30, 45)
- Bouncing ball with tracks. Modify BouncingBall.java to produce images like the ones shown in the text, which show the track of the ball on a gray background.
- Bouncing ball with gravity. Modify BouncingBall.java to incorporate gravity in the vertical direction. Add calls to StdAudio.play() to add one sound effect when the ball hits a wall and a different one when it hits the floor.
- Random tunes. Write a program that uses StdAudio to play random tunes. Experiment with keeping in key, assigning high probabilities to whole steps, repetition, and other rules to produce reasonable melodies.
- Tile patterns.
Using your solution to Exercise 1.5.25, write a program
TilePattern that takes a command-line argument N and draws an N-by-N pattern,
using the tile of your choice. Add a second command-line argument that adds a
checkerboard option. Add a third command-line argument for color selection.
Using the patterns below as a starting point, design a tile floor. Be creative!
Note: These are all designs from antiquity that you can find in many ancient (and modern) buildings such as from from San Giovanni in Laterno (Basilica of St. John Latern) in Rome [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ] or from the Tile Museum in Lisbon [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ]
Web Exercises
- Word and line count. Modify WordCount.java so that reads in text from standard input and prints out the number of characters, words, and lines in the text.
- Rainfall problem. Write a program Rainfall.java that reads in nonnegative integers (representing rainfall) one at a time until 999999 is entered, and then prints out the average of value (not including 999999).
- Remove duplicates. Write a program Duplicates.java that reads in a sequence of integers and prints back out the integers, except that it removes repeated values if they appear consecutively. For example, if the input is 1 2 2 1 5 1 1 7 7 7 7 1 1, your program should print out 1 2 1 5 1 7 1.
- Run length encoding. Write a program RunLengthEncoder.java that encodes a binary input using run length encoding. Write a program RunLengthDecoder.java that decodes a run length encoded message.
- Head and tail. Write programs Head.java and Tail.java that take an integer command line input N and print out the first or last N lines of the given file. (Print the whole file if it consists of <= N lines of text.)
- Print a random word. Read a list of N words from standard input, where N is unknown ahead of time, and print out one of the N words uniformly at random. Do not store the word list. Instead, use Knuth's method: when reading in the ith word, select it with probability 1/i to be the selected word, replacing the previous champion. Print out the word that survives after reading in all of the data.
- Caesar cipher.
Julius Caesar sent secret messages to Cicero using a scheme that
is now known as a Caesar cipher. Each letter is replaced
by the letter k positions ahead of it in the alphabet (and you
wrap around if needed). The table below gives the Caesar cipher
when k = 3.
Original: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Caesar: D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C
For example the message "VENI, VIDI, VICI" is converted to "YHQL, YLGL, YLFL". Write a program Caesar.java that takes a command-line argument k and applies a Caesar cipher with shift = k to a sequence of letters read from standard input. If a letter is not an uppercase letter, simply print it back out.
- Caesar cipher decoding. How would you decode a message encrypted using a Caesar cipher? Hint: you should not need to write any more code.
Parity check.
A Boolean matrix has the parity property
when each row and each column has an even sum. This is a simple type of
error-correcting code because if one bit is corrupted in transmission
(bit is flipped from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0) it can be detected and
repaired. Here's a 4 x 4 input file which has the parity property:
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
Write a program ParityCheck.java that takes an integer N as a command line input and reads in an N-by-N Boolean matrix from standard input, and outputs if (i) the matrix has the parity property, or (ii) indicates which single corrupted bit (i, j) can be flipped to restore the parity property, or (iii) indicates that the matrix was corrupted (more than two bits would need to be changed to restore the parity property). Use as little internal storage as possible. Hint: you do not even have to store the matrix!
- Takagi's function. Plot Takagi's function: everywhere continuous, nowhere differentiable.
- Hitchhiker problem.
You are interviewing N candidates for the sole position
of American Idol.
Every minute you get to see a new candidate, and you have
one minute to decide whether or not to declare that person
the American Idol. You may not change your mind once you
finish interviewing the candidate.
Suppose that you can immediately rate each candidate with a single real
number between 0 and 1,
but of course, you don't know the rating of the candidates not yet seen.
Devise a strategy and write a program AmericanIdol that has
at least a 25% chance of picking the best candidate
(assuming the candidates arrive in random order),
reading the 500 data values from standard input.
Solution: interview for N/2 minutes and record the rating of the best candidate seen so far. In the next N/2 minutes, pick the first candidate that has a higher rating than the recorded one. This yields at least a 25% chance since you will get the best candidate if the second best candidate arrives in the first N/2 minutes, and the best candidate arrives in the final N/2 minutes. This can be improved slightly to 1/e = 0.36788 by using essentially the same strategy, but switching over at time N/e.
Nested diamonds.
Write a program Diamonds.java
that takes a command line input N and plots N nested squares
and diamonds.
Below is the desired output for N = 3, 4, and 5.
Regular polygons.
Create a function to plot an N-gon, centered on (x, y) of size
length s.
Use the function to draws nested polygons like the picture below.
- Bulging squares.
Write a program BulgingSquares.java that draws the
following optical illusion from
Akiyoshi Kitaoka
The center appears to bulge outwards even though all squares
are the same size.
- Spiraling mice. Suppose that N mice that start on the vertices of a regular polygon with N sides, and they each head toward the nearest other mouse (in counterclockwise direction) until they all meet. Write a program to draw the logarithmic spiral paths that they trace out by drawing nested N-gons, rotated and shrunk as in this animation.
Write a program to draw a spiral like the one below.
Write a program Globe.java
that takes a real command-line argument α
and plots a globe-like pattern with parameter α.
Plot the polar coordinates (r, θ) of the function
f(θ) = cos(α × θ) for θ
ranging from 0 to 7200 degrees. Below is the desired output
for α = 0.8, 0.9, and 0.95.
- Drawing strings.
Write a program RandomText.java
that takes a string s and an integer N as command line
inputs, and writes the string N times at a random location,
and in a random color.
- 2D random walk.
Write a program RandomWalk.java
to simulate a 2D random walk and animate the results.
Start at the center of a 2N-by-2N grid. The current location
is displayed in blue; the trail in white.
- Rotating table. You are seated at a rotating square table (like a lazy Susan), and there are four coins placed in the four corners of the table. Your goal is to flip the coins so that they are either all heads or all tails, at which point a bell rings to notify you that you are done. You may select any two of them, determine their orientation, and (optionally) flip either or both of them over. To make things challenging, you are blindfolded, and the table is spun after each time you select two coins. Write a program RotatingTable.java that initializes the coins to random orientations. Then, it prompts the user to select two positions (1-4), and identifies the orientation of each coin. Next, the user can specify which, if any of the two coins to flip. The process repeats until the user solves the puzzle.
- Rotating table solver.
Write another program RotatingTableSolver.java
to solve the rotating table puzzle.
One effective strategy is to choose two coins at random and flip them to
heads. However, if you get really unlucky, this could take an arbitrary
number of steps. Goal: devise a strategy that always solves the puzzle
in at most 5 steps.
- Hex. Hex is a two-player board game popularized by John Nash while a graduate student at Princeton University, and later commercialized by Parker Brothers. It is played on a hexagonal grid in the shape of an 11-by-11 diamond. Write a program Hex.java that draws the board.
Projectile motion with drag.
Write a program BallisticMotion.java
that plots the trajectory of a ball that is shot with velocity v
at an angle theta. Account for gravitational and drag forces.
Assume that the drag force is proportional to the square of the velocity.
Using Newton's equations of motions and the Euler-Cromer method,
update the position, velocity, and acceleration according to the
following equations:
v = sqrt(vx*vx + vy*vy) ax = - C * v * vx ay = -G - C * v * vy vx = vx + ax * dt vy = vy + ay * dt x = x + vx * dt y = y + vy * dt
Use G = 9.8, C = 0.002, and set the initial velocity to 180 and the angle to 60 degrees.
- Heart.
Write a program Heart.java to draw
a pink heart: Draw a diamond, then draw two circles to the upper left
and upper right sides.
- Changing square. Write a program that draws a square and changes its color each second.
- Simple harmonic motion. Repeat the previous exercise, but animate the Lissajous patterns as in this applet. Ex: A = B = wx = wy = 1, but at each time t draw 100 (or so) points with φx ranging from 0 to 720 degrees, and φx ranging from 0 to 1080 degrees.
- Bresenham's line drawing algorithm.
To plot a line segment from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2) on a monitor, say 1024-by-1024,
you need to make a discrete approximation to the continuous line and determine
exactly which pixels to turn on.
Bresenham's line drawing algorithm is a
clever solution that works when the slope is between 0 and 1 and x1 < x2.
int dx = x2 - x1; int dy = y2 - y1; int y = y1; int eps = 0; for (int x = x1; x <= x2; x++) { StdDraw.point(x, y); eps += dy; if (2*eps >= dx) { y++; eps -= dx; } }
- Modify Bresenham's algorithm to handle arbitrary line segments.
- Miller's madness.
Write a program Madness.java
to plot the parametric equation:
x = sin(0.99 t) - 0.7 cos( 3.01 t) y = cos(1.01 t) + 0.1 sin(15.03 t)
- Fay's butterfly.
Write a program Butterfly.java
to plot the polar equation:
r = e^(cos t) - 2 cos(4t) + (sin(t/12)^5)
- Student database. The file students.txt contains a list of students enrolled in an introductory computer science class at Princeton. The first line contains an integer N that specifies the number of students in the database. Each of the next N lines consists of four pieces of information, separated by whitespace: first name, last name, email address, and section number. The program Students.java reads in the integer N and then N lines of data of standard input, stores the data in four parallel arrays (an integer array for the section number and string arrays for the other fields). Then, the program prints out a list of students in section 4 and 5.
- Shuffling. In the October 7, 2003 California state runoff election for governor, there were 135 official candidates. To avoid the natural prejudice against candidates whose names appear at the end of the alphabet (Jon W. Zellhoefer), California election officials sought to order the candidates in random order. Write a program program Shuffle.java that takes a command-line argument N, reads in N strings from standard input, and prints them back out in shuffled order. (California decided to randomize the alphabet instead of shuffling the candidates. Using this strategy, not all N! possible outcomes are equally likely or even possible! For example, two candidates with very similar last names will always end up next to each other.)
- Reverse. Write a program Reverse.java that reads in an arbitrary number of real values from standard input and prints them in reverse order.
- Time series analysis. This problem investigates two methods for forecasting in time series analysis. Moving average or exponential smoothing.
- Polar plots. Create any of these polar plots.
- Java games. Use StdDraw.java to implement one of the games at javaunlimited.net.
Consider the following program.
public class Mystery { public static void main(String[] args) { int N = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); int[] a = new int[M]; while(!StdIn.isEmpty()) { int num = StdIn.readInt(); a[num]++; } for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) for (int j = 0; j < a[i]; j++) System.out.print(i + " "); System.out.println(); } }
Suppose the file input.txt contains the following integers:
8 8 3 5 1 7 0 9 2 6 9 7 4 0 5 3 9 3 7 6
What is the contents of the array a after running the following command
java Mystery 10 < input.txt
- High-low. Shuffle a deck of cards, and deal one to the player. Prompt the player to guess whether the next card is higher or lower than the current card. Repeat until player guesses it wrong. Game show: ???? used this.
- Elastic collisions. Write a program CollidingBalls.java that takes a command-line argument n and plots the trajectories of n bouncing balls that bounce of the walls and each other according to the laws of elastic collisions. Assume all the balls have the same mass.
- Elastic collisions with obstacles. Each ball should have its own mass. Put a large ball in the center with zero initial velocity. Brownian motion.
- Statistical outliers. Modify Average.java to print out all the values that are larger than 1.5 standard deviations from the mean. You will need an array to store the values.
- Optical illusions. Create a Kofka ring or one of the other optical illusions collected by Edward Adelson.
- Computer animation.
In 1995 James Gosling presented a demonstration of Java
to Sun executives, illustrating
its potential to deliver dynamic and interactive
Web content. At the time, web pages were fixed and non-interactive.
To demonstrate what the Web could be, Gosling presented applets
to rotate 3D molecules, visualize sorting routines, and
Duke cart-wheeling across the screen.
Java was officially introduced in May 1995 and widely
adopted in the technology sector.
The Internet would never be the same.
- Cart-wheeling Duke. Modify Duke.java so that it cartwheels 5 times across the screen, from right to left, wrapping around when it hits the window boundary. Repeat this cart-wheeling cycle 100 times. Hint: after displaying a sequence of 17 frames, move 57 pixels to the left and repeat. Name your program MoreDuke.java.
- Tac (cat backwards). Write a program Tac.java that reads lines of text from standard input and prints the lines out in reverse order.
- Game. Implement the game dodge using StdDraw: move a blue disc within the unit square to touch a randomly placed green disc, while avoiding the moving red discs. After each touch, add a new moving red disc.
- Simple harmonic motion.
Create an animation like the one below from
Wikipedia of simple harmonic motion.
- Yin yang. Draw a yin yang using StdDraw.arc().
- Twenty questions. Write a program QuestionsTwenty.java that plays 20 questions from the opposite point of view: the user thinks of a number between 1 and a million and the computer makes the guesses. Use binary search to ensure that the computer needs at most 20 guesses.
Write a program DeleteX.java that reads in text from
standard input and deletes all occurrences of the letter X.
To filter a file and remove all X's, run your program with the
following command:
% java DeleteX < input.txt > output.txt
- Write a program ThreeLargest.java that reads integers from standard input and prints out the three largest inputs.
- Write a program Pnorm.java that takes a command-line argument p, reads in real numbers from standard input, and prints out their p-norm. The p-norm norm of a vector (x1, ..., xN) is defined to be the pth root of (|x1|p + |x2|p + ... + |xN|p).
Consider the following Java program.
public class Mystery { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = StdIn.readInt(); int j = StdIn.readInt(); System.out.println((i-1)); System.out.println((j*i)); } }
Suppose that the file input.txt contains
5 1
java Mystery < input.txt
Repeat the previous exercise but use the following command instead
java Mystery < input.txt | java Mystery | java Mystery | java Mystery
Consider the following Java program.
public class Mystery { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = StdIn.readInt(); int j = StdIn.readInt(); int k = i + j; System.out.println(j); System.out.println(k); } }
Suppose that the file input.txt contains the integers 1 and 1. What does the following command do?
java Mystery < input.txt | java Mystery | java Mystery | java Mystery
Consider the Java program Ruler.java.
public class Ruler { public static void main(String[] args) { int n = StdIn.readInt(); String s = StdIn.readString(); System.out.println((n+1) + " " + s + (n+1) + s); } }
Suppose that the file input.txt contains the integers 1 and 1. What does the following command do?
java Ruler < input.txt | java Ruler | java Ruler | java Ruler
- Modify Add.java so that it re-asks the user to enter two positive integers if the user types in a non-positive integer.
- Modify TwentyQuestions.java so that it re-asks the user to enter a response if the user types in something other than true or false. Hint: add a do-while loop within the main loop.
- Nonagram. Write a program to plot a nonagram.
- Star polygons. Write a program StarPolygon.java that takes two command line inputs p and q, and plots the {p/q}-star polygon.
- Complete graph. Write a program to plot that takes an integer N, plots an N-gon, where each vertex lies on a circle of radius 256. Then draw a gray line connecting each pair of vertices.
- Necker cube. Write a program NeckerCube.java to plot a Necker cube.
- What happens if you move the StdDraw.clear(Color.BLACK) command to before the beginning of the while loop in BouncingBall.java? Answer: try it and observe a nice woven 3d pattern with the given starting velocity and position.
- What happens if you change the parameter of StdDraw.show() to 0 or 1000 in BouncingBall.java?
- Write a program to plot a circular ring of width 10 like the one below using two calls to StdDraw.filledCircle().
- Write a program to plot a circular ring of width 10 like the one below using a nested for loop and many calls to StdDraw.point().
Write a program to plot the Olympic rings.
- Write a program DeluxeBouncingBall.java that embellishes BouncingBall.java by playing a sound effect upon collision with the wall using StdAudio and the sound files laser.wav and pop.wav.


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Unemployment in large U.S. metropolitan areas, June 2011
August 08, 2011
In June, of the 49 metropolitan areas with a Census 2000 population of 1 million or more, the highest unemployment rates registered in Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, California (14.2 percent) and Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada (13.8 percent).
Fifteen additional large areas posted rates of 10.0 percent or more.
The lowest jobless rate among the large areas was recorded in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 5.7 percent, followed by Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, D.C.-Virginia-Maryland-West Virginia, 6.2 percent.
Thirty-nine of the large areas reported over-the-year unemployment rate decreases, while 10 areas registered rate increases. Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada, experienced the largest unemployment rate decrease from June 2010 (−1.5 percentage points). Six other large areas reported rate decreases of at least 1.0 percentage point. The large area with the largest over-the-year jobless rate increase was Memphis, Tennessee-Mississippi-Arkansas (+0.9 percentage point).
These data are from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics program and are not seasonally adjusted. The most recent month's data are preliminary and subject to revision. To learn more, see "Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment — June 2011" (HTML) (PDF), news release USDL-11-1150.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Unemployment in large U.S. metropolitan areas, June 2011 on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2011/ted_20110808.htm (visited June 25, 2016).
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Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
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Longitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.
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May 16, 2013 9:05 AM
Fancy scripted quote decals not your thing? You can still bring some easy brightness into your kitchen with these Grace Lee wall stickers ($50 for a set of five). Slap these sketchy drawings into the blank spaces above your countertops or let them adorn the sides of your center island.
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Ryan draws standing-room audience
John Halverson
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March 25, 2014 | 12:45 PM
— Losing as a vice presidential candidate hasn't lowered the profile of Janesville's Paul Ryan.
His lean 6-foot-1-inch frame still casts a lanky shadow over the charts and graphs he casts on screens he uses at his listening sessions.
The crowds haven't shrunk either. Last spring, during a visit to the Monte Carlo Room his director of communications estimated a crowd of 150.
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Last week, as the former Republican vice presidential candidate and current U.S. representative did another session in the same venue, the crowd filled 250 seats with another couple dozen standing.
One questioner was Kelly Freeman, president of the Walworth School Board, who complained about frustration over the state's Highway 14 plans.
The new route suggested by the state Department of Transportation would change the route of that highway to within 53 feet of Walworth Elementary School. Freeman is concerned with the safety of the children and had recently taken the issue to State Superintendent Tony Evers.
Ryan explained that it was a state issue, which he had no control over. Freeman brought the biggest laugh of the day by responding, "I understand all of that … but you're Paul Ryan."
Apparently Ryan doesn't have the same elevated view of his power. Ryan explained he could email Gov. Scott Walker "but that and $1.50 will buy you a cup of coffee."
Freeman persisted. "No one listens to us," she said. Ryan allowed that he'd provide a contact she could use to better communicate her concerns.
Not surprisingly the Affordable Care Act, aka Obamacare, received ample attention at the listening session. One questioner called it the Unaffordable Care Act.
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Ryan said it was a "slow moving train wreck" that "won't survive public opinion."
"It broke what was working and fixed what didn't need fixing," he said.
Ryan said it's a myth that the GOP has attempted to kill the act 50-some times. He said many of those votes were for changes in the act and that several of those changes President Obama enacted by executive order.
When Ryan was asked why the GOP didn't have a health care alternative, he said he'd produced alternatives a few years ago but no one seems to remember that.
Not all in the crowd were Ryan fans.
Filming the event was reporter Scott Keys from ThinkProgress.org., who told the Regional News he has covered Ryan at several events. When Ryan appeared in Racine that same day, he used clips on his website of people in the audience extolling the virtues of Obamacare, but Keys ignored two in the Elkhorn crowd who expressed displeasure with the system. Ryan did call on several non-fans who tend to be regular listening session visitors, according to his spokesman. But mostly the crowd was friendly.
One questioner, who was also filming, asked about Ryan's view on the minimum wage and wondered aloud if the economy would be better off if the rich took "a smaller portion of the pie."
"It's not a zero sum game," Ryan said. "One person's gain doesn't come at the expense of someone else's gain."
He said the goal should be to increase the size of the pie not redistribute the pieces. Arguing over the size of the pieces creates a "class-based society," he said.
Increasing the minimum wage would cause hardship on some businesses, especially those who use minimum wage workers. He said his own experience working at a minimum wage job at McDonald's was valuable.
"A job is the bridge to a better life," Ryan said.
Both during the listening session and in an interview with the Regional News afterward, Ryan expressed his frustration with the current animosity between the political parties that has made the federal government seemingly dysfunctional.
He used the example of the flak both he and Patty Murray (D-WA) took when they came up with a compromise budget bill recently.
"We both got chewed up by our own sides," Ryan said.
How did they manage to find a compromise?
"Both Patty and I agreed we wouldn't ask the other to compromise principals," he said. "We said 'let's find common ground and grab on to that.'"
Ryan said the agreement was "a step in the right direction."
Both parties, he said, too often impugn each other's motives. At the root of such animosity, Ryan said, is a tendency to "elevate tactics to the level of principals."
He acknowledged that he'd "slipped a few times," too, but indicated a more civil discussion was needed.
In a separate interview with the Regional News, Ryan discussed the apparent split in the Republican party between traditional party members and the Tea Party wing.
What did Ryan make of Tea Party-leaning Rand Paul winning a conservative group's straw poll and also being applauded at a talk at a liberal college?
Ryan said that in both cases Paul appealed to people's sense of "liberty."
"The party is going through a healthy debate right now," he said.
He said the key was to build on the principals "we all share."
He listed, "balancing the budget, lowering the deficit, patient-centered health care, lowering tax rates, closing loopholes and crony capitalism."
Using the example of the budget compromise, Ryan said "prudence" was required. Sometimes people don't have "patience with prudence," he said.
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|Nick Saban, Bobby Bowden and Joe Paterno at the Penn State-Alabama game Sept. 11, 2010. (Getty Images)
Bobby Bowden was playing golf in Quincy, Fla., on Monday when word came that Penn State's Joe Paterno had been stripped of 111 victories, making the former Florida State coach the all-time winner in FBS.
"At first I was stunned," said Bowden, who retired with 377 victories (including 31 wins at Howard College, now Samford University) after the NCAA vacated 22 wins in which it determined the Seminoles used ineligible players. "But I can tell you this: There is no celebrating in the Bowden household today. This is a very tough day for college football."
|All-Time FBS Wins
|1. Bobby Bowden
|2. Bear Bryant
|3. Pop Warner
|4. Amos Alonzo Stagg
|5. Joe Paterno
Bowden's battle with Joe Paterno to become college football's all-time winner literally took on a life of its own. At times it seemed that neither old war horses wanted to retire and concede the record to the other.
Paterno prevailed to record 409 career wins because Bowden, who won two national championships (1993, 1999) and had 14 consecutive seasons (1987-2000) of 10 wins or more, finally was forced out after the 2009 season when he went 7-6.
Paterno was fired in November in the wake of the Jerry Sandusky child abuse scandal.
Earlier this summer Bowden said that it would probably be a good idea to take down the statue of Paterno outside of Beaver Stadium. Bowden's reasoning was that the statue would be a constant reminder of the Sandusky scandal and make it difficult for the healing to begin. The statue was removed and put into storage on Sunday.
On Monday, Bowden said that he was feeling a lot of different emotions, but mostly he felt sadness.
"I know people want to call and wonder what I have to say about this," Bowden said. "But this is not the time to be talking about records. There are a lot of people who are hurting today. It's all so very, very sad. I feel terrible for what the victims are still going through. When you think about that, who won a lot of ball games just doesn't seem all that important."
This will be Bowden's third season out of coaching. He stays busy playing golf, speaking all around the country and playing with his grandchildren.
"Do I miss it? I sure do," Bowden said. "I miss the boys and I miss the competition."


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Nicholls tennis team falls
Published: Wednesday, April 10, 2013 at 10:00 a.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, April 10, 2013 at 10:05 a.m.
BEAUMONT, Texas – The Nicholls men's tennis team played its first match in over two weeks with a Southland Conference matchup against No. 57 Texas A&M-Corpus Christi on Tuesday at the Thompson Family Center and the Colonels came away with a 5-2 defeat.
With the loss, Nicholls falls to 7-10 and 2-2 in the Southland. The Colonels will play their regular season finale on Saturday at home against Lamar. First serve is scheduled for 10 a.m.
The Colonels had a promising start against the nationally ranked Islanders (13-7, 3-0), taking the No. 2 and 3 doubles matches to grab a 1-0 lead. Dmitry Kozionov/Jeoffrey Noblecourt picked up a 8-4 win at No. 2, while Roy Knight/Evan Karatzas outlasted Andrew Maingot/Guillaume Rauseo 9-8. In the top match, Damian Despotovski/Nico Mertens suffered an 8-5 loss.
Kozionov continued his perfect day with a straight set win at No. 2, defeating Gergo Weidinger 6-4, 6-2. However, the Colonels would be shut out the rest of the way. After losing the first set 6-3 in the No. 4 match, Mertens put up a fight in the second set against Matt Westmoreland, but came up short, losing 7-6 (9-7).
WOMEN's TEAM
The Nicholls women's tennis team took on Texas A&M-Corpus Christi Tuesday at the Thompson Family Center and was defeated 5-2.
Nicholls (8-14, 1-7) has lost its last six matches, with its season finale scheduled for April 15 at Southeastern Louisiana.
In doubles play, the Colonels' No. 1 duo of Natalia Cardiff/ Isla Brock came away with a 8-4 victory, but the Islanders (14-3, 6-2) won the other two matches to secure the point.
For singles, Marie Aubert and Cardiff continued their strong season, winning in straight sets in the No. 1 and 2 matches, respectively. Aubert improved to 13-7 on the year and 5-1 in the Southland with a 6-3, 6-2 win over Doris Kuselj, while Cardiff notched her 11th win by downing Maider Martin 6-2, 6-2. Cardiff has only lost once in Southland play as well, holding a 4-1 record.
In the remaining four matches, the Islanders stayed in contention for the Southland title by allowing more than two points in only one of the eight sets. The closest defeat for the Colonels was at No. 5, where Brock fell to 9-9 on the year with a 6-1, 6-3 setback.
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Illinois Chapter Leaders experience "Oscar Winning" annual conference
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Results tagged ' Braves '
Built To Win (John Schuerholz)
I just finished reading the book "Built To Win" by Atlanta Braves GM John Schuerholz and wanted to share the review of it that I wrote for Amazon.com. Unfortunately, much like my earlier review of Kent Hrbek's book, this one was also a dud:
"Too Much Philosophy, Too Little Baseball"
As I began reading this book, I figured that it would explain the inside stories of how the Atlanta Braves were so successful from 1991-2005. The book tries to do this, but does so in completely the wrong fashion, making it an incredibly boring read.
Instead of describing the interesting deals/performances/stories that likely characterized those classic Braves teams, John Schuerholz instead spews out little more than inspirational quotes and philosophical points of view that, though they may contribute to his success, are unique to him and thus not inherently interesting. Schuerholz is trying to lay out the "basic mindset" of a winning GM, but what he doesn't realize is that each GM/organization (even the winning ones) goes through different methods of building a good team.
The book begins with a little story about how Barry Bonds nearly became an Atlanta Brave, then trails off into an unnecessarily harsh criticism of Oakland GM Billy Beane's "Moneyball" philosophy (stupid due to the fact that Beane has had just as much success with the model as Schuerholz) and finally descends into little more than Schuerholz spouting quotes about "winning" for the next 100-200 pages. There is no context to the stories told in the book. In fact, I found the only interesting part of the entire book to be the last 10 or so pages, where each Braves team (from 1991-2005) is given a quick summary. Had the entire book been about that, I would be giving it a much better review!
Thus, please DO NOT begin reading this book if you are expecting great Braves baseball stories. You will likely enjoy this book much more than I if you are into inspirational memoirs, but otherwise stay away.
My Favorite Pitcher Of All-Time Says Goodbye
In the last day or two, an announcement came over the baseball wires that Greg Maddux announced his retirement after 23 years in major league baseball. I was quite saddened to hear this, as I consider Mad Dog (a nickname that totally belies Maddux's personality) to be the greatest pitcher of our generation. Before my reminisces start, let's just take a quick look at the stats…
355 wins, 227 losses, 109 complete games, 35 shutouts, 5,000 innings pitched, 3,371 strikeouts, 999 walks, 3.16 ERA, 4 consecutive Cy Young awards (1992-1995).
Though I once considered Roger Clemens to be the greatest pitcher of the modern era, his steroid taintings have dropped him off my list. Those stats that Maddux posted, most of them in the middle of the "Steroid Era" (roughly 1988-2005), are incredible and would even compare favorably to many pitchers in the dead-ball era, when getting batters out was a relatively simple task.
I first became "acquainted" with Maddux during the mid-1990s, when I actually despised the Atlanta Braves, as they were a large-payroll team (at least back then under Ted Turner) in the same mold as the New York Yankees. In fact, I always rooted against Maddux (my hero was Kevin Brown, his arch-enemy many a time) and for any team (most likely the Mets) that could beat him. However, I was usually disappointed, as Maddux was ALWAYS on top of his game in postseason games. Then, as my Twins began to rise in the standings (funny how attitudes soften towards winning teams when your favorite team is one of them?!), I looked at Maddux in a completely different light…not as a tormentor but as the absolutely dominating pitcher he was.
What really made Maddux so great was the movement of his pitches and his pin-point location. He never really had a great (+ 90 mph) heater, but that ball seemed to twirl and dive like no others. Combine that with his excellent collection of breaking balls (namely the changeup) and his diligent studying of opposing batters and Maddux was nearly impossible to have any kind of steady success against. Even in his last few seasons, Maddux was still perplexing opposing batters who had been facing him for a century or more!
So, it really saddens me to see Maddux retire. I always got excited watching him pitch, as not only was his mastery of his craft a sight to behold, but I also felt like I was watching history in the making, kind of like going to a long-forgotten era of baseball where pitchers dominated batters. Years from now, it will be an honor to say that I got to see Greg Maddux pitch.
World Series Failing? Let Rivalries Develop
This week, while reading an article in Sports Illustrated magazine, I came across a rather lengthy article (although I cannot recall by whom) discussing how the World Series needs to re-establish its place as the crown-jewel of the baseball season, as in recent seasons (most dramatically this year) the event has lost huge viewership numbers, even losing to the NBA Finals in some seasons. The author of the article layed out a few solutions to the problem, such as starting games earlier (so kids and working adults can watch them), speeding up pitching changes, and doing something to take bad weather out of the equation (like mandating that all new parks be built with a retractable roof). However, I had a much different response to that article that I wanted to share on this blog…
To me, the drop in World Series luster in the recent years has, ironically, been caused by baseball's biggest accomplishment…parity (eight different teams have played in the World Series the past four years). Think back to when the World Series was a premiere event…it was because the New York Yankees were dominating and everyone either loved them or loved to hate them. Realistically, the Yankees' last playoff hurrah was in 2004 (when the Red Sox made their improbable comeback)…since then, the World Series just hasn't been the same in terms of viewership (the Sox got a boost from beating the Yanks, of course).
So, at least in my mind, the best way to return to a star-studded World Series again is to let a big-market team dominate the playing field again. However, I am terribly opposed to that sort of economic structure (despite the excitement it brings to the playoffs, as who didn't have a rooting interest in the Yankees either way over the past decade?!), so here is what I think is the next best solution…let the natural MLB rivalries develop.
Historically, the ALCS and NLCS series' have often been more dramatic as the World Series just due to the fact that both teams (being in the same league) know each other so well. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, such rivalries as Cardinals-Astros, Braves-Mets, Yankees-Red Sox, and even Yankees-Rangers (for Texas' first-round futility against the Bombers) really fueled the postseason structure, creating steam for a big World Series matchup. Because, even though the WS does not, by definition, precipitate geographic rivalries, it can be made more exciting by teams that just came off a thrilling victory. Growing up, I was always very anti-Yankees and anti-Braves (because I despised the advantages of large market teams over "my" Twins), but that "hatred" of those teams made me watch them all the more just to see them get beat! I think the same principle could apply to MLB today, but we just have to let a few rivalries play out.
For example, Red Sox-Rays (as pictured above) could be big for years to come, while White Sox-Twins also has potential In the NL, the Phillies and Dodgers may "get up" for each other after that spirited NLCS, while the Cubs and Cardinals are always at each other's throats. Plus, who knows where new rivalries will emerge. Just last year, no one would have ever thought Sox-Rays would turn interesting, but look what happened. From my experience with the AL Central, the Twins and Royals have quite a rivalry, but it will only gain attention if the Royals win a few more games (Yikes!).
Thus, I don't think that there is a "quick fix" to restoring luster to the World Series. I would love to see games start earlier and pitching changes go a bit quicker, but that alone will not restore interest…only teams, players, and the rivalries between them.


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Hello, and thanks for checking back in to see if you are a winner! There are three winners.
Grand Prize Winner (fat quarter bundle):
Blessedcp of "Lana Jeanne"
Two First Place winners (layer cake and charm pack for each):
Sarah Craig
Debbie of "Somewhere in stitches"
Congratulations to all of the winners!!!
And thanks a million to all my blogworld friends who took the time to enter this contest! I wish you could all be winners! But, alas, it can't be done.
Winners, please contact me with your mailing address information, and I will promptly send you your winnings!
My email is: firstname.lastname@example.com
I'll try and contact you as well!
Thanks again to the rest of you, and carry on!
Sunday, January 30, 2011
Drum roll please...
Posted by Lila Tueller at 7:30 PM
5 comments:
- gill said...
Congratulations to the winners!
- January 31, 2011 at 4:18 AM
- Sarah Craig said...
Wow!!!!!!! I won!!!!! Emailing you right now!!!
- January 31, 2011 at 7:24 AM
- Gale, Ky quilter said...
Congrats to the lucky winners!!!
Happy Stitching!!!
- January 31, 2011 at 10:48 AM
- BlessedCP said...
Oh my! Oh my! OH MY!!!
I can hardly believe that I won a contest.
Thank you so very much. And how serendipitous considering I just got the Snazzy Bag pattern in the mail yesterday. :-)
Thank you, thank you.
I am sure I will first of all spend a few days drooling at the fabrics, followed by laying them all out and touching each print and then I will start imagining all kinds of cool stuff to make.
Oh, I love your idea of going somewhere to sew for the weekend. I just may copy that.
Yours Appreciatively,
- February 1, 2011 at 11:04 PM
- BlessedCP said...
I got my fat quarter package in the mail and am absolutely smitten! These designs are amazing. Thank you for this generous gift.
I will send you a photo of what I make once I narrow down my options because I want to create everything with these. And the funny thing is I also don't want to cut them. ha-ha.
But fabric shines best when used, right?
God's Blessings to you and yours,
- February 6, 2011 at 12:53 PM


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Lyrics Zipper Job ZZ Top
Song Lyrics For Zipper Job by ZZ Top
Song Fact:The Tune Zipper Job by ZZ Top
ZZ Top Artist Fact:Hill and Gibbons are also well known for their custom made guitars. Gibbons co-designed many of them with John Bolin of Bolin Guitars. Hill often employs basses with similar neck profiles to the kinds of basses he used to use in the early days of the band – the 1950s Fender Precision Bass. Gibbons and Hill are also famous for their chest length beards....Read ZZ_Top Bio
More 80's Song Lyrics
Lyrics A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes Bette Midler
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Lyrics All I Need To Know Bette Midler
Lyrics All Of A Sudden Bette Midler
Lyrics As Dreams Go By Bette Midler
Lyrics Baby its cold outside Bette Midler
Random 80's Artist Bio


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April 16, 2010
TUCSON, Ariz. - Each National Basketball Association season, the University of Arizona men's basketball team is among the leaders when it comes to former players in the playoffs and the 2009-10 campaign is no different.
This year UA boasts seven former players on NBA playoff rosters with six former Cats on Western Conference teams and one with an Eastern Conference club.
The list includes: Jerryd Bayless (Portland Trailblazers), Mike Bibby (Atlanta Hawks), Channing Frye (Phoenix Suns), Richard Jefferson (San Antonio Spurs), Mustafa Shakur (Oklahoma City Thunder), Jason Terry (Dallas Mavericks) and Luke Walton (Los Angeles Lakers).
Arizona is tied for second nationally with Duke in terms of greatest alumni representation in the postseason. North Carolina leads all schools with 10.
During the 2009-10 NBA regular season, UA had 11 different players appear on NBA rosters.
Additionally, Brandon Jennings of Milwaukee and Stephen Jackson of Charlotte, who both signed National Letters-of-Intent with Arizona but never played for the Wildcats, also qualified for the NBA playoffs.
Former Players in the NBA Playoffs 10 - North Carolina 7 - ARIZONA Duke 6 - Texas UCLA


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The Bulldogs gave up the first eight points of the contest and later fell down 18-4 after a 10-0 run by the Golden Eagles. The Bulldogs allowed 29 first-half points off turnovers and failed to recover.
"Marquette is a team that plays hard and with a lot of toughness," MSU head coach Rick Ray said. "They are going to compete on every possession. I don't think we matched that intensity in the first half."
With eight players in uniform, the Bulldogs had to battle through early foul troubles. A late-game in jury to Roquez Johnson did not help matters any either.
"We have two major problems with our depth right now," Ray said. "First of all, we can't hold guys accountable if they aren't playing hard and aren't competing. Then our other issue is when we mount a good run, we get fatigued and worn down. It is hard on us when it becomes a game of attrition."
Still, the Bulldogs (1-3) did have some bright spots.
A true freshman, Thomas connected on 6-of-15 shots from the field, including a 4-of-8 night from 3-point range. Thomas also had only one turnover, three rebounds and a steal in 34 minutes of play.
"Fred has to make open shots for us," Ray said. "He is a pure shooter. Sometimes, he gets too wrapped up in the shot, when he already has one he can make. He has to give us the same effort on the defensive end. However, we are going to get him there."
Fellow freshman Gavin Ware scored a career high 11 points in 32 minutes. Ware has scored nine or more points in all four games as a Bulldog. The former Starkville High standout finished with six rebounds, a blocked shot and a steal as well.
After surrendering the game's first eight points, the Bulldogs cut that deficit in half. Marquette scored the game's next 10 points. Again, the Bulldogs battled back to an 18-9 deficit. Marquette continued its early offensive tear and pushed the lead back out to 25-9.
A dunk by Roquez Johnson brought the Bulldogs within 11 at 25-14. Marquette scored the game's next seven points, thanks in to part to 15 first-half turnovers for the Bulldogs.
Marquette (3-1) shot 57.6 percent from the field in the first half and led 48-27 at the intermission. In the half, the Bulldogs managed only one assist, compared to the 15 turnovers.
"Our biggest problem on offense is our unwillingness to reverse the basketball," Ray said. "We have guys who are looking for the killer play. We need the ball moving through the air more. That is how your break a defense down."
In the second half, the Bulldogs got a spark from Johnson, who finished with 16 points, three blocks, a steal and eight rebounds in 26 minutes of work. The Bulldogs closed within 17 at 57-40 but could not get any closer. Still, the teams battled to almost even terms for most of the final half before a worn down Bulldog squad gave up some easy baskets late.
For the contest, the Bulldogs hit 20 of 52 shots from the field (38.5 percent), 5 of 12 shots from 3-point range (41.7 percent) and 17 of 23 shots from the foul line (73.9 percent). The Golden Eagles hit 37 of 71 shots from the field (52.1 percent), 7 of 11 shots from 3-point range (63.6 percent) and 8 of 9 shots from the foul line (88.9 percent).
Marquette held a 38-33 rebounding advantage. The Bulldogs had seven assists and 22 turnovers, while the Golden Eagles had 18 assists and 14 turnovers.
Marquette received 18 points from Vander Blue, 13 points from Trent Lockett and 11 points from Jamil Wilson.
The Bulldogs face Texas in the seventh place game of the tournament Wednesday afternoon. That contest will start at 1:30 p.m. CT and be televised nationally by ESPNU.