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IMIA Guide on Medical Translation By Rocío Txabarriaga, MA IMIA Member January 2009 International Medical Interpreters Association www.imiaweb.org IMIA Guide on Medical Translation Most people who work in the medical community in the United States have encountered the need to have written materials available in other languages to serve Limited English Proficiency (LEP) populations effectively. Currently, no generally accepted set of guidelines for managing translations in the medical setting is available at the national level. And while several organizations at the state level, as well as health insurance companies and non-governmental organizations have created standards and guidelines in an effort to formalize processes, none have been universally adopted. The standards set forth by the American Translators Association (ATA) have applicability in the medical field, but only at a general level. Also, there is no subject matter translation certification in the United States, and current federal law addresses the provision of language services to LEP populations without delving into the particulars The next few pages will help to: of translation quality control. • Identify the different stakeholders in the translation process, their roles and Guidelines such as the Culturally and Linguistically responsibilities Appropriate Services (CLAS) standards are created • Clarify the role of interpreters/medical to address a specific aspect of the provision of practitioners with regards to translation language services (in its case, the cultural aspects), • Include a profile of a person qualified to and without a comprehensive set of universally undertake medical translations accepted translation standards for the medical field, those involved in providing care for immigrant • Offer guidelines for managing and populations do the best they can with the standardizing the translation process information at hand. As a result, translation • Provide a set of quality standards management in many medical settings is a matter • Provide standards for formatting of constant improvisation, with decision making and documents intended for translation linguistic tasks often falling in the hands of bilingual • Identify reference sources for further personnel or interpreters who lack the experience research and/or the skills and knowledge to create, implement, and monitor an effective process, and For purposes of this guide, documents written in least of all to carry out translation tasks. English are referred to as "source" documents, and translated documents are referred to as "target" The objective of this document is to provide an documents. easy to use set of translation management and quality control guidelines for those in the medical field. Instead of a compilation of data from the resources listed above, it is a "frequently asked questions" document for quick consultation, which also provides references for those wishing to learn more about any particular topic. © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 2 Who is qualified to translate medical documents? And who is qualified to validate translated documents? The Profile of a Competent Translator Translating medical documents accurately requires a native or near-native, formal level of language proficiency, analytical capabilities, and deep cultural knowledge in the source and target languages. A medical translator has formal education in the source and target languages at least at the college level (and ideally has received instruction in translation theory and practice), is an expert on the terminology of the subject matter, fully understands the source text, can write correctly, and makes use of very specialized dictionaries. Professional medical translators also conduct terminology research to validate equivalents in the target language, particularly when translating into a language with several regional variations, and/or to understand a term in context. "The real indicators of proficiency in translation are knowledge of the subject matter, knowledge of relevant terminology, the ability to discern meaning in context and transfer it within the target language constraints, i.e., accurately (all meaning has been transferred), precisely (all nuances of the language, tone, intent, style have been preserved in the target language), correctly (grammar, syntax, orthography rules have been observed), completely (no part of the original was omitted and nothing has been added to the target text), and consistently (specific terms, stylistic elements and language-specific norms have been consistently used throughout)" (Txabarriaga, Rocío, 2005). Certification The American Translators Association (ATA, www.atanet.org) offers a general certification in many language combinations. Translators who hold this credential have passed a rigorous test and must earn educational credits on an annual basis to maintain it. ATA-certified translators must also abide by a code of ethics and standards of practice set forth by the organization. The perils of machine translation Of course, there are cases in which a translation is needed urgently in a medical setting and nobody with the above mentioned qualifications is at hand to help. This situation is addressed later in this document, but practitioners are strongly cautioned against assigning translation tasks to just any individual based on language proficiency, and/or using machine translation services (automated translation, often through Internet). Machine translation services are useful to gain general understanding of a piece of text, but never appropriate to produce official or publishable documents. In the medical field, using machine translation is particularly dangerous, and can lead to very serious misunderstandings and adverse consequences. The example below illustrates just how inadequate machine translation can be (machine translation rendered by Yahoo Babel Fish, http://babelfish.yahoo.com): English: Women with this disorder appear to exhibit increased humoral immune responsiveness and macrophage activation while showing diminished cell-mediated immunity with decreased T-cell and natural killer cell responsiveness. Spanish: Las mujeres con este desorden aparecen exhibir la activación inmune humoral creciente de la sensibilidad y del macrófago mientras que la demostración disminuyó inmunidad transmitida por células con sensibilidad del T-cell disminuido y de la célula de asesino natural. In the example above, the word "disorder" became disorder in the sense of confusion or mess in the target language, but in the medical context, a proper equivalent exists and it is "trastorno." The verb "appear" was translated not in the sense of appearance, but in the sense of turning up. "Natural killer cell" became "the cell of the natural assassin." Those are just three errors among the many found in this machine-translated passage. Back translation Back translation is not recommended either, whether performed by human or machine, as it will most likely fail to indicate the target language contextual and usage nuances. In some cases, the back-translated text may actually look appropriate in the original source language because the rendition will be literal. Back translation of a text translated by a professional medical translator is not recommended either because in many instances adaptations made by the translator which perfectly convey the meaning of the original (in a meaning by meaning transfer, the way it should be) are lost in the back translation, and give the appearance of an inaccurate rendition. © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 3 Quality Assurance Reviewing a translation should also be a carefully monitored process: Cases abound where bilingual staff have modified a translation only to introduce errors to otherwise correct text. If the person reviewing a translated document is not a professional linguist, the best procedure is to comment or ask the translation vendor about any questionable items. Making arbitrary changes to a translated document reverses any quality control mechanisms demanded of the translation vendor and may create unnecessary delays and higher costs. If an internal reviewer questions the quality of a translation, a better option is to have a second translation vendor evaluate the project and comment on the items being questioned. It may also be helpful to become familiar with accepted standards for translation and the medical industry, which may clarify a lot of issues and help as additional guidelines in the creation and implementation of a translation and quality management process. There are also several resources on line, among them free publications or documents available for sale from sources such as the ATA, the Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA, http://www.lisa.org), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, http://astm.org/), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO, http://www.iso.org) and the Multilingual and Computing journal (http://www.multilingual.com/irCategoryList.php). To see a list of specific standards, consult the References section. Are all interpreters qualified to provide translation services? No, unless they meet the previously described profile, and are thus qualified to translate. In actual practice, however, interpreters are some of the first people called on to perform either written translation or sight translation (an instant transfer from written to verbal language), whether or not they have the skills to do this. Sight translation is a useful way to verbally communicate the contents of a document, particularly when time is of the essence. To accomplish this, a person reads from a source document and immediately speaks the information in the target language. This is a sophisticated skill that some interpreters who are not practicing translators should have. Ideally, sight translation should be conducted with the same rigor, skills and knowledge applied to written translation, but given that the latter is a much less realistic situation when language transfer is urgently needed, at the very least interpreters should be appropriately trained and required to acquire basic sight translation and written translation skills for non-publishable text. In no case, however, should a translation meant for publication be translated by somebody other than a professional translator. To do so is to risk releasing erroneous information, with all its implications, legal and otherwise. Are all bilingual medical practitioners qualified to translate documents? No. Bilingual medical practitioners would need to have the profile described above to translate competently. Just like the medical profession, translation is a profession that must be taken seriously, and which requires formal education in certain areas as well as specific skills. A medical doctor would not allow a tailor to perform surgery on a patient just because the tailor's expertise at cutting, and by the same token bilingual medical staff should not be asked to, or be expected to perform translation work just because they have a level of fluency in a particular language, often acquired in a family environment and not formally. Please see item 3 in the References section for links to articles about informal language acquisition. Examples abound of medical documents which were poorly translated by individuals who either qualified themselves to translate, or who were forced by others to translate by virtue of their language fluency. The errors found in these often incomprehensible documents can become a liability for the institutions where they were translated, and defeat the ultimate purpose of document translation: that of communicating accurate and clear information to a person while abiding by the laws that protect the rights of LEP patients. Likewise, no person without the necessary qualifications should perform editing or proofreading, two necessary steps in the translation process. Ideally, the qualifications and credentials of the person editing a translation greatly surpass those of the original translator, e.g., if the translator is an ATA-Certified professional, then not only should the editor have a matching credential, but also significantly more experience and perhaps a © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 4 higher educational level than that of the translator. The final proofreading should be conducted by somebody with an expert level knowledge of translation standards and formatting rules in the target language. Translation agencies which abide by accepted industry standards should be able to disclose the process for selecting the translator, editor and proofreader. If an institution is working with individual translators, it is imperative then to understand what the process of translation, editing and proofreading entail, so as to evaluate and select the appropriate talent for each task. Checking on references, samples and other proof of expertise in medical translation is also strongly advised. According to the document found at www.healthlaw.org/library/attachment.120355, titled "FEDERAL LAWS AND POLICIES TO ENSURE ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR PEOPLE WITH LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY", those four factors are: 1. The number or proportion of LEP individuals served or encountered. 2. The frequency of contact with a program. 3. The nature and importance of the program to beneficiaries. 4. The resources available and cost considerations." Why should medical documents be translated? Which documents are priorities? Medical documents exist for many reasons. They are created to educate and inform the public about health matters, to obtain legal consent for treatment from patients, to establish guidelines and procedures that the general public must follow, etc. It is only logical for such important documents to be available for diverse populations with limited or no command of English in their native languages. Translating medical documents based on certain criteria is not only the right thing to do from an ethics perspective, but also another way in which compliance with current laws protecting the rights of LEP patients to language access is assured. A distinction should be made between those materials which are expected to be available per the guidelines set forth in government mandates, and those which are created based on requirements at the regional level, and at the institutional level (based on medical personnel, patient demand, and actual use). Item nine in the same document lists recommendations for providers as to when to have materials translated to ensure compliance with Title VI. - Translated signage, and informational posters should be displayed in major areas of the medical facility, for instance, the admission area of every section, lobby and patient waiting rooms, triage examination area, medical examination rooms, and radiology and other testing areas. At the very least, those signs should indicate in several languages that patients have the right to an interpreter and to receive information in their own language. Please refer to item 4 in the References section for more information. When deciding which documents ought to be translated, the following criteria should be - Besides translating for compliance with federal observed: law and national standards of practice, all - Compliance with Title VI. The Department of documents considered "vital" should be Justice announced earlier this decade four factors translated (admission forms; consent and that federal fund recipients should use to determine complaint forms; eligibility, procedural and safety guidelines; privacy forms; commonly given release the steps they should take to assist LEP patients: instructions; and key patient educational materials, checking first to see if they can already be provided © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 5 which is something not all translators are equipped to do. Also, a neutral document has greater chances of quickly going through a legal approval process if this is a requirement, whereas a source document adapted for translation would need to To establish which documents are indeed vital, undergo a separate legal approval process. decision-makers can begin with a needs The rule of thumb is that translation managers assessment: should establish a process for verifying that a • How frequently is translation of a particular document is truly final when it reaches their desk document being requested and which for translation. departments are requesting it? • How has this frequency been documented? An exception to culturally neutral materials is If not documented, who should be content intended for specific audiences or purposes, such as social marketing or educational campaigns surveyed to find out? • Research existing literature to see which segregated by gender, age groups or other relevant health subjects are already covered in criteria. publicly available translated versions. • Consult geo-demographic data to - The document is written at an appropriate anticipate the needs of your institution, for reading level (also known as linguistic register). instance, the US Census and other Some states have established guidelines as to the regional sources. For examples of this reading level of materials intended for patients. In for patients should be type of data, please consult item 6 in the general, materials intended th th written between the 6 to 8 -grade reading levels. References section. In turn, translators must adhere to the reading level of the original, or if absolutely necessary, adapt it for the target language (and again, not all How should the source document be translators are skilled writers capable of adapting linguistic registers.) For more information, please prepared for translation? consult the Resources area of the IMIA web site As the first step in the document development (http://www.imiaweb.org/resources/healthliteracy.as process, this is the most important one. The quality p). by local or regional governments in the most commonly requested languages.) For a useful list of documents that should be translated, please consult item 5 in the References section. of a source document greatly affects that of the final translation. If there are any confusing or poorly written passages, unless the linguist seeks clarification or rephrasing of the passage, the final target language passage will be equally confusing ("garbage in, garbage out"). - A process should be established to reutilize content, for quality assurance, consistency and savings over time. Thanks to the advent of authoring tools for controlled language, content development, and translation memories that allow the use of recycled translated content, significant A source document should be not only carefully savings can be realized in time, efficiency and cost. and factually written, but it should also be edited for It is highly recommended to create and manage content accuracy and language correctness. And documentation through a content management when a source document is intended for translation system in which authoring tools are used. For as well, the following should be taken into account: more information, please refer to item 7 in the References section. - The document should be devoid of figurative language which most probably will lack an equivalent in many target languages (this applies to idioms, adages, sports references and other source culture-dependent text). The document should be very clear, and free of ambiguity, particularly when it is an instructional document. In the absence of these systems or authoring tools, templates should be developed so that recurring text can be reutilized. This will allow translation vendors to work with translation memories, thereby providing savings for the institution. Please see APPENDIX B for a brief description of translation memory tools and other concepts. - The document should be culture-neutral. As the previous item implies, certain cultural elements - When managing large translation projects, can be problematic and would require adaptation, plan and execute terminology management © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 6 work and style guides. To maintain consistency, especially in large translation projects where the work may be handled by multiple translators, it is recommended to commission the creation of a glossary ahead of the translation phase, so that all participants can use the same equivalents. Likewise, guidelines as to what certain terms might mean in context (for example, unique institutional names, acronyms and mnemonics), how to handle certain terms which should not be translated, etc., should be provided in a style guide. - Create a version of forms that lends itself to dual-language printing. Certain forms should, whenever possible, be formatted to allow side by side or line by line bilingual text. While not all documents will lend themselves to bilingual presentation, short ones such as certain notices and consent forms, as well as the acknowledgement and signature pages of longer documents certainly do. Make sure to properly label the forms with the target language. The form footer, where all document control conventions are normally found, is a good place to include language information. All personnel in charge of creating and managing documentation should be cognizant of the document control and naming rules. desktop publishing costs and may also prevent vendors from using translation memory tools. Simplicity will represent more savings. - Have a proper documentation management process. Implement document control standards. This is not a process which needs to be created from scratch. Refer to guidelines published by organizations like ISO and ASTM and do your best to adapt them to the needs of your institution. At the very least, implement version control and document any and all modifications to original materials. Some authoring tools have built-in capabilities for version control. See the footer in APPENDIX C for a standard version control format. - If contact information is included on a document, ensure that there will be support in the target languages if needed. When printing patient assistance or information hotlines, establish first what kind of support LEPs who contact the institution will be provided in their own language. If no foreign language support will be provided, a disclaimer should be included next to the contact data (1-800 numbers, websites, staff names, etc.) indicating whether assistance is available or not in other languages. Also, consider whether certain resources should be listed or not for some target languages. For instance, if there is a bilingual line with assistance in English and Spanish, the number should not be printed in the other target languages. Consider creating slightly different source documents for various target audiences. When patients are to respond to, and sign a translated form, whether bilingual or in the target language, an interpreter should be at hand to interpret any questions that may arise, and so that medical personnel can understand any verbal and written answers the patient might have given. See Steps like the one described above, in which the APPENDIX C for a sample bilingual form with two target audience and its culture are considered throughout the translation process, are part of what possible formats. is known as the localization process, which - Encourage translation vendors to report errors essentially means making sure that a full linguistic, in the source text. The quality assurance process cultural and functional transfer is conducted. should be a continuous effort, and all priority documents need to be revised at least once a year to verify if they are current and correct. It is not What is involved in the translation uncommon to still find errors in versions that have process? been deemed final and received legal approval if applicable. If errors are reported by a translator, correct them and update the document immediately The work of a competent medical translator so that translation can resume with a correct evidences accuracy, precision, correctness, completeness, consistency, the knowledge of version. accepted linguistic norms applied to translation, - Avoid complex formatting, such as text boxes and rigor of methodology (Txabarriaga, Rocío, and frames, automatic numbering and data fields, 2005). Likewise, the style and register of the There are, captions within images, etc., whenever possible. original are normally preserved. however, exceptions to the latter, where a Having to adjust this type of formatting to fit document written in English is not always adequate expanded or contracted target language text, or for new health literacy guidelines and requires significantly different syntax, will increase your © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 7 lowering the reading level and cultural adaptation the wrong target language, or documents have been translated more than once unnecessarily prior to translation. because document controls were not in place. Adapting text also requires a level of sophistication in the use of language that only a competent, Documents can then be validated ("field-tested") to professional translator can offer. The ultimate test ensure the information is clearly understood by the for a medical translator is the validation by the end target audience and accomplishes the same user; i.e., whether the person in need of translated purpose of the original (source) document. materials can adequately comprehend the information provided and act according to expected How should the medical translation results. For this validation to be successful, the process be managed? following must happen: - A final electronic source document is created. For more information, please see the free guides available at http://www.multilingual.com/guides.php. - A translator analyzes the content of the source document by quickly skimming and scanning through it, and decides whether he or she is qualified to transfer meaning accurately to the target language. - Translator starts transferring, converting and adapting meaning as necessary. The best translation is not a word for word rendition of the original, but rather a meaning for meaning transfer in which the end result is not just an accurate translation, but naturally sounding target language. In the final translated document, syntax, grammar, spelling and terminology are correct, and cultural elements have been taken into account Ideally, the next step in the process is a review (editing) of the translated document by a second professional whose qualifications surpass those of the original translator. The Reviewer or Editor checks for the elements described in the previous paragraph, as well as punctuation and capitalization rules, and the general integrity of the document, including formatting. Next, final proofing or at least a visual inspection should be conducted. The proofing stage serves as the step in which completeness and general formatting are checked, and should ideally be performed by a third person, not the editor or the original translator. Please note that both editing and proofing are conducted by carefully comparing the source and the target documents. Please see APPENDIX D for a standard translation production cycle. The steps mentioned in the previous item are usually conducted by a language services provider, a translation agency or individual freelance translators managed by a member of the institution's staff. A medical institution can have a variety of scenarios, most of which vary depending on the size of the institution and the size of its budget (whether or not receiving federal or state funds). The following is an ideal situation, in which emphasis is placed in internal management procedures. Your reality may be very different than this ideal scenario, and while anticipating every possible situation is beyond the scope of this guide, adaptations can certainly be made based on some fundamentals (and alternatives are offered): 1. Have a central source document repository. Just like source document control, translations must be controlled and updated as needed (as the source document is updated, or as new information, procedures, guidelines or legislation make current content obsolete). There is a need to create a repository of readily available public domain documents, such as consent forms, as well as a private area for patient health information protected by privacy laws but which may require translation. Everyone involved in the use of such repositories should be accountable for maintaining documents and keeping them up to date. For instance, if a recommendation is made to modify the description of a particular procedure for which patient consent is needed, and indeed a modification is made to the source document, the person originating such change will need to document it, run it through the entire regulatory process for source documents and, once the change is approved, generate a translation update request. The translation repository can be a designated drive in a network, a document server accessible Documents should be properly formatted, labeled through an Intranet, or even a folder in the PC's and versioned, something that even a person hard drive of the person in charge of managing unfamiliar with the target language can check. translations, which leads to the second point: Many times translations have been mislabeled with © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 8 2. Establish a central translation management point. A person should be designated to manage and coordinate translation tasks. This person may very well have this duty as a full time position, or in addition to other duties such as managing interpreter services. This person would be in charge of assessing the translation needs of different departments, ensuring that a process for requesting translations in followed, establishing a process for handling urgent translation needs (such as sight translation conducted and documented by an interpreter), as well as the tasks described in the next few steps. The translation manager's role can vary depending on many factors. In a given institution, it may be more practical to have this person interact with internal departments and manage a few translation vendors, mainly agencies. In other cases the institution may assign a combination of translation coordination and project management duties to this person, in which case he or she will most likely be working with small and at times large teams of individual translators and proofreaders instead of agencies. 3. Prioritize translation needs. Establish which documents are more frequently requested and which languages to translate into for your institution and your area. A preemptive approach when it comes to language needs can certainly be beneficial, and to carry it out, internal feedback as well as demographic data should be readily available. Medical personnel and interpreters can provide information as to which documents are most commonly requested. This needs assessment is paramount to effective planning and budget management. 4. Recruit, qualify, choose and manage vendors. Know where to find and how to qualify translation vendors. Deciding whether to work with individual translators or agencies is also critical. If the former is decided, it means the translation manager will be interacting directly with individual translators and managing translation projects from beginning to end (which in turn means that this person has knowledge of translation project management, metrics, and quality assurance). While this approach entails greater control over the entire translation process, it may not represent significant savings for an institution if there are multiple projects in multiple languages, and the work load of the translation manager is more than a full time job. When working with individual translators, professional directories are the easiest tools to find them. Examples of these are the membership directory of the American Translators Association (www.atanet.org), Proz (www.proz.com), and the Translator's Cafe (www.translatorscafe.com). The International Medical Interpreters Association (IMIA) International Medical Interpreter Registry lists interpreters who also translate documents (www.imiaweb.org). Regional associations often have membership directories on their web sites as well. Use the words "translators directory," "directory of translators" or similar in quotation marks when conducting an Internet search to obtain targeted results. Whenever possible, hire an ATA-certified translator (please note that certification is available for just a few language combinations). If working with individual translators, unless the institution has an internal document design and production department, desktop publishing (DTP) vendors will also need to be recruited. There are very few translators who also offer desktop publishing services. Please also note that some individuals may work with a partner who edits their work. Credentials for that individual will also need to be validated. If agencies are hired to handle translation projects, medium and large size agencies will be able to handle higher volumes, more languages, and desktop publishing as well as other services, but the initial qualification process will be a bit more involved. See APPENDIX E for a sample Request for Information form. For an example of a freelance translator application form, see item 8 in the References section. The role of the translation manager will probably be more focused on overseeing the work of agency vendors and controlling budgets. Please note that the rates for agencies will be much higher than those of individual translators, as the norm is for them to do all vendor/project management themselves. If working with agencies, you may also use the directories mentioned above, as well as those that may be obtained from associations like the Localization Industry Standards Association (http://www.lisa.org) and the Globalization and Localization Association (http://www.galaglobal.org). While a traditional yellow pages search is not discouraged, it will be hard to find any meaningful information about a particular agency this way. There are also sites in which translation agencies are rated for their compliance with © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 9 payment obligations with freelance translators like Payment Practices and the Proz's Blue Board, which may be a good indication of the creditworthiness of a company (for more information, please see item 9 in the References section). See APPENDIX E for a form in which vendors are asked to disclose general company and procedural information. of the original. Naturally, text can be manipulated so that the target language does fit in the same amount of pages as the original, but the compromise will need to be made elsewhere, such as in font sizes, character, line or paragraph spacing, etc. For more information on contraction and expansion ratios in translation, please see item 10 in the References section. It is highly recommended that vendors, whether individuals or agencies, always be treated in a professional way. They are, after all, partners of the institution in the effort to produce good quality translated documents and comply with the law. Therefore, they should not be seen simply as the party on the other end of a transaction. Creating a true partnership with vendors that goes beyond mere transactions is the best way to accomplish the goals of the institution and build successful business relationships. DTP vendors should be able to deliver formatted documents in the target languages which, except for cultural adaptations, are a mirror of the original document. They should include in their deliveries not just native files in the target language (Word, InDesign, Illustrator, FrameMaker, PageMaker, QuarkXpress etc), but also pre-printing proofs of the target language documents on PDF format (for viewing with the Adobe Reader, a free download from Adobe, and which will allow anyone to see documents in other languages, whether they have fonts in those languages or not. Documents may also be viewed in their native applications when available (provided you have the right foreign language fonts to display them correctly and not alter them in any way) or as graphics. The latter is not recommended, as graphic files can be extremely large and resource consuming. PDF is the preferred format for viewing delivered target documents. Once linguistic vendors are selected based on qualifications and rates, a list of preferred vendors based on qualifications (e.g., certified vs. noncertified, MA in translation vs. experience), rates, and other criteria pertaining to the needs of the organization should be created and maintained. A word of caution about low rates: Low rates can be equated with poorly done translation work. Know market rates and negotiate based on volume The best way to ensure documents will print and other considerations. Do not compromise on correctly is to have the PDFs of the printable qualifications. version inspected by the original translator before sending the native files to the printer, and to ensure Regarding independent desktop publishing and the printer has the fonts as well. Agencies should printing vendors: Please keep in mind that for offer the visual inspection service by the original cultural appropriateness, the graphic elements of translator or editor as part of their project price, and the original document may need to be adapted for this criterion should be taken into account when a particular language. Have a translator verify the selecting vendors. final, laid out English document, and point out any graphic elements, including colors, which may not Legal considerations: Translation vendors, carry any meaning or are inappropriate for a whether individuals or agencies, must work under particular culture. You will then have to look for the contract. This is for the institution and the vendor's right imagery to substitute in a given target protection. You may refer to your legal department language. for drafting this contract, but a person knowledgeable in translation standards and The person or persons in charge of desktop procedures should actively participate in the publishing in foreign languages must be familiar development of this contract to decide what should with the rules of the target language, particularly be included. For more information, please see item punctuation, capitalization and hyphenation. These, 2 in the References section. and text truncation, are the areas in which most mistakes are made when formatting translated Agency vendors should carry insurance, and documents. Also, keep in mind that a lot of provide proof of it before a contract is to be drafted. languages expand while others contract, and the Their policy should cover not only mistakes, but best policy is not to expect for translated also HIPPA violations. documents to fit exactly the same amount of pages © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 10 5. Know how to request a quote and know the current market rates for translation, DTP and printing work. Working with a set budget is not enough, but making the most of your budget while controlling quality is possible with the right information. Start by understanding market rates. These vary by language combination. They also vary by country, but for purposes of this guide, we shall reference only rate information for the United States. This information, while subject to change, has been researched and compiled by several organizations. The ATA, for instance, publishes a Translation and Interpreting Compensation Survey as a guideline for what individual translators charge. When developing your translation budget, remember to factor in the costs of having to manage individual vendors as well as projects from beginning to end if you choose to work with individuals. Agencies should be able to provide you with a per word rate, charge by source count, and include all linguistic services in that per word rate, as well as project management. It is not unusual, however, for some agencies to itemize the project management cost. Please see APPENDIX E for a sample Request for Information (RFI) form. If requesting a quote from a printer, make sure to inform them of any timelines you are expected to adhere to, as well as budgetary constraints: Does your budget allow for translated materials to be printed in the same quality as the English original? (e.g., glossy and special paper or plain quality). Make sure to obtain quotes from several printers (you may also wish to include an overseas printer in the request for proposals if handling large volumes of say, Chinese language documents). Provide all potential printing vendors with the exact same information for the quote, so that a proper price comparison can be made. In general, institutions can expect to pay anywhere between US$0.10 and 0.30 per word to individual translators based in the US (source or target count, a rate that varies by language and by individual); between $0.03 and 0.12 for editing, and between $0.02 and 0.10 for proofing. Many translators also charge for editing and proofing by the hour, but the general guideline is the equivalence of 1,000 (editing) or 2,000 (proofing) target words per hour (i.e., between $30 and $120 per hour) (See also http://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/CommunityRat es.asp). Should the quotes you receive from the printers be higher than what you budgeted for, modify your requirements based on known price modifiers such as paper quality, the amount of graphic elements included, the colors used, left to right vs. right to left binding, etc. Agencies usually charge a much higher, single per word price, which will include a markup for profit, but they should, and can be expected to, manage translation projects and processes for you, delivering a finished product. Charges for desktop publishing and other services, such as terminology management, are usually separate, and charged by the hour or project. Ask for a fully itemized quote prior to giving out any translation project. 6. Negotiating realistic deadlines: Accepted market standards for translation output in the US are 2,000 to 2,500 source words translated per translator per business day, 8,000 target words edited per editor per business day, 16,000 target words final-proofed per proofreader per business day. If a project is of really high volume, say, 30,000 words, and needs to be translated in one week, multiple translators would be needed and there would not be enough time for any manner of quality assurance. Having different people work on a single piece will inevitably result in inconsistent style, terminology and overall quality. Consider very carefully what truly constitutes an emergency, understand the risks of commissioning a rush translation, and expect to pay top price. To obtain the most accurate quote, always provide original, native files to the vendor (that is, if the document was created in InDesign, provide InDesign files, not PDFs). Ask for a breakdown of pricing using translation memory tools. Desktop publishing charges vary widely, and depend on many factors, the main one being the complexity of the original. The more complex the formatting, the higher the desktop publishing charges will be for reformatting documents in the target language. If for some reason the source document is not available in the native electronic file but rather on paper or only on PDF, the 7. Know which resources should also be formatting will need to be recreated from scratch created and maintained to aid the translation and quality control processes. Resources such and you will be charged for that service. as style guides and glossaries can be very helpful © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 11 in ensuring consistent quality and terminology in translated documents. Both resources require You will most likely need to translate the answers maintenance, as they have to be constantly provided by a patient in foreign language forms. In evaluated and augmented. these cases, written or sight translation performed by an interpreter may be an acceptable way to Another important resource is a translation memory. obtain the information. As suggested earlier in this There should be a translation memory per guide, this process should be monitored and language combination and, if applicable, per locale documented. Procedures for documenting and (such as simplified and traditional Chinese). Even archiving information given in English may already if you do not plan to acquire a translation memory be in place at your institution. Make sure to inform tool, there is an open standard (TMX, Translation interpreters and translators of these policies and Memory Exchange) for these valuable resources apply them consistently. that allows you to keep them in xml format. Demand these from your vendors, individuals and If medical history documentation in a foreign agencies alike. language is provided by a patient, the institution is under no legal obligation to translate such Additional information: Provide feedback to your documents into English. However, a translation vendors on a regular basis, positive and negative. vendor may be willing to provide a discount based This will give the vendor an opportunity to continue on volume so that such documents can be using the procedures and processes that work, and adequately processed too. improve or change those that do not. To see a detailed set of procedural guidelines, visit the resources page for the Executive Office of Health How can we manage translation of our and Human Services at the Massachusetts web site content? Department of Public Health Department (see also item 5 in the References section). Just like you do with documentation, translating the A process can also be created to document and content of your web site will require a needs control the practice of assigning written or sight assessment (to see if partial or full content translation tasks to interpreters. For instance, translation is needed, whether graphics need to be interpreters who perform either service should be translated and perhaps recreated in the target required to complete and sign a form indicating language, etc). It is also important to provide a which document they translated or summarized potential web translation vendor with your website's (please note that the practice of summarizing native files to obtain an accurate quotation. These content, whether verbal or written, is strongly may be obtained from the people who created the discouraged, but it does occur in emergency web site in English. situations) specifying whether the end result was a written document that mirrors the original, a summary of information in the target language, or a Other factors to keep in mind for web site complete verbal rendering of the data. The date, translation are whether a site is ready to be into other languages time, language direction and dialect, if applicable, converted (internationalization), how updates to content will should also be included. Please see APPENDIX A be reflected on translated versions (multilingual for a sample form. Documenting the tasks will give administrators an opportunity to have oversight and content management), whether on-line forms will be translated, who will receive submissions and formalize processes. queries in foreign languages, and how will those submissions and queries be managed. For more We have translated our main forms. information, please visit the LISA website What do we do with the information frequently asked questions section (http://www.lisa.org/Answer-Archives.625.0.html). provided by patients in a foreign language? © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] 12 REFERENCES 1. Txabarriaga, Rocío. 2005. "About Translation Standards." The Journal for Distinguished Language Studies, Volume 3, http://www.distinguishedlanguagecenters.org/publications.htm. 2. Standards: ASTM Designation: F 2575 – 06 Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in Translation; ISO 9001:2005, Quality Management System Standards; ISO 14971:2007 Medical Devices -- Application of Risk Management to Medical Devices; ISO 1087-1, Terminology – Vocabulary - Part 1: Theory and Application; ISO 1087-2, Terminology – Vocabulary - Part 2: Computer Applications; DIN Standard 2345, Translation Contracts. See also http://www.notisnet.org/links/tilinks.html for other resources. 3. About heritage speakers: http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/05.29/03-heritage.html http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Heritage-speaker 4. U.S. Federal Guidelines: www.lep.gov. CLAS Standards: www.omhrc.gov. OMH – FLNE Report: http://www.mass.gov/dph/omh/omh.htm. 5. Massachusetts Department of Public Health Translation Guidelines: http://www.mass.gov/Eeohhs2/docs/dph/health_equity/translation_guidelines.pdf 6. a) US Census; b) MA demographic data 7. Examples of authoring tools and content management systems: http://www.author-it.com/index.php?page=modpub http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_content_management_systems 8. Example of a very complete yet concise form used by a well-known provider of translation services: http://www.transperfect.com/LinguistApplication/linguist_app.html. 9. Payment Practices: http://www.paymentpractices.net/ Blue Board: http://www.proz.com/translation-articles/articles/96/ 10. Translation expansion and contraction ratio: http://www.universaldialog.com/html/expand.html 11. Kelly, N., Txabarriaga, R. and Graves, D. (March 2007) Culturally CAPABLE Translation. ATA Chronicle (Journal of the American Translators Association). 12. Several Articles and useful descriptions of medical translation procedures: http://www.translationdirectory.com/medical_translation.htm http://www.cistranslations.com/Quality_Factors_Medical_Translation.asp http://www.ricintl.com/quality-medical-translation.html http://www.mcelroytranslation.com/aboutus/articles/differentcoloredhorse/ 13. Translation studies: Massardier-Kenney, Françoise; Fisbach, Henry et al. 1998. Translation and Medicine, American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 14. Articles about medical translation available for purchase: Mitka, Mike. 2007. For Non-English Speakers, Drug Label Instructions Can Be Lost in Translation. JAMA, June 20, 2007; 297: 2575 - 2577. AND 2001, Tearing Down the Tower of Babel: Medical Translation in Today's World. JAMA, Feb 2001; 285: 722 - 723 15. Bibliographical compilation for French medical translators: http://www.groupetraduction.ca/documents/ToolBox.pdf. 13 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] APPENDICES APPENDIX A UNSCHEDULED TRANSLATION ASSIGNMENT RECORD 1. Please check all that apply: ____ Service provided was a full document written translation. ____ Service provided was a full document sight translation. ____ Service provided was a written summary of a document provided in a different language. ____ Service provided was a verbal summary of a document provided in a different language. 2. Please fill out the following information regarding this assignment: Date: (Month/Day/Year) Time: Department: Service requested by: (name and title) Language Direction: (e.g., English into Khmer) Variant or Dialect: (if applicable) Task volume: (No. of paragraphs, pages, and/or word count) 3. Please provide your name, title, and signature: Full Name (please print) Signature Title 4. Please deliver this form to the Translation Manager at your institution. UTMR_v1_120708 14 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] APPENDIX B Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT), Translation Memory Tools and Other Useful Concepts Source: The language in which the original materials were created. Target: The language into which the materials are to be translated. Locale: The set of geographic, cultural and linguistic elements pertaining to the audience for whom the translated materials are intended. Localization: Translation and adaptation of materials for a specific locale. Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) is not machine-translation (MT). CAT refers to the use of data processing tools aimed at assisting the human translator with productivity and consistency. The most popular CAT resources are probably translation memory tools. A translation memory is a database of translations created by a human translator as the translation is performed, or as a result of aligning a source document and an existing translation. With a translation memory tool, it is possible to perform: - Document analysis: Parsing of documents to determine number of words, partial text matches (called fuzzy matches), and repetitions. - Memory creation: The creation of translation units (TUs), which consist of a source segment, and one or more target segments. - Memory maintenance: A translation memory can be augmented over time, distributed to different translators, edited and purged. - Importing and exporting memories in universally accepted formats: Translation memories can be imported and exported between different translation memory tools thanks to an open standard called TMX (Translation Memory Exchange). - Concordance search: To preserve consistency, a search can be conducted to see how a term was previously translated. This function, along with terminology management, helps ensure consistency across multiple translation vendors. - Interaction with external applications: A translation memory tool may be paired with text editors like Microsoft Word, terminology applications, presentation applications, spread sheets, etc. Other document formats are also handled through the use of intermediary applications or pluggins. A terminology extracting tool is a program that can pull out terms from a document or a set of documents based on certain criteria. Every program is different, with some offering purely statistical extraction (terms are extracted based on the frequency in which they occur), or morphological and statistical (phrases and terms are extracted based on user-set criteria). The Terminology management process may include term extraction in the source language, source term definition, source text context and reference, term translation, and target text validation. Machine translation or automatic translation is a process based on natural language parsing in which semantic and syntactic units of a source language are paired with similar structures in the target language to provide an equivalent. It is useful to obtain the main idea of a passage in foreign language and gain general understanding and information. It should not be used as a means to translate a document meant for distribution and/or publication. 15 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] APPENDIX C SAMPLE BILINGUAL FORMAT: ENGLISH AND SPANISH (Source taken from a state government form - Proprietary names have been omitted) I. Line by line sample CITY OF ANYTOWN / CIUDAD DE ANYTOWN DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES / DEPARTAMENTO DE SERVICIOS HUMANOS CONSENT TO TEST FOR ANTIBODIES TO THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) / CONSENTIMIENTO PARA SOMETERSE A UNA PRUEBA DE DETECCIÓN DE ANTICUERPOS CONTRA EL VIRUS DE INMUNODEFICIENCIA HUMANA (VIH) INFORMATION / INFORMACIÓN The oral specimen collection device is an easy way to be tested for HIV infection. The device requires no blood or needles. Like a blood test, the device checks for HIV antibodies, not the virus. El dispositivo para recolección de muestras por vía oral es una forma fácil de hacerse la prueba de detección de la infección por VIH. Con este dispositivo no se requieren muestras de sangre ni se utilizan agujas. El dispositivo comprueba la presencia de anticuerpos contra el VIH, no del virus mismo, al igual que se hace con un examen de sangre. The antibody test will take a swab from your mouth. The result from the device is available in 20 minutes. A positive result will require a blood specimen collection to confirm finding. This test is administered at your local health department or with your private physician. Para la prueba de detección de anticuerpos con el dispositivo, se inserta un hisopo en su boca. El resultado de la prueba con el dispositivo se obtiene en 20 minutos. Si se obtiene un resultado positivo, será necesario tomar una muestra de sangre para confirmarlo. La prueba de sangre puede hacerse en su departamento de salud local o en el consultorio de su médico personal. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II. Opposing columns sample Early detection and your health care are important. If test results are positive, the best available treatment may be offered as early in the stages of the disease as possible. You will be informed of the confirmed test results and receive counseling and/or education concerning HIV. The results of the test will not be disclosed to anyone except persons authorized by law to receive such information. Such persons to whom the results may be released include health care providers involved in your care or treatment, the Department of Health, your parent(s) if you are a minor, or your spouse. CONSENT I have received information about HIV testing and AIDS. I understand the results will remain confidential and will be provided to health care professionals and others only as necessary. I consent to the performance of the HIV antibody testing I am under 18 years old and understand the results of this test may be released to my parent(s)/legal guardian as stated under the HIPAA & state law La detección temprana y su atención médica son importantes. Si el resultado de la prueba es positivo, se le puede ofrecer el mejor tratamiento disponible tan temprano en las etapas de la enfermedad como sea posible. Se le informará sobre los resultados confirmados de la prueba y recibirá consejería o educación relacionada con el VIH. Los resultados de la prueba no se divulgarán a ninguna persona excepto a aquéllas que tengan autorización bajo la ley para recibir tal información. Entre las personas a quienes pueden divulgarse los resultados se incluyen proveedores de atención médica que participan en su cuidado o tratamiento, el Departamento de Salud, sus padres si usted es menor de edad, o su cónyuge. CONSENTIMIENTO He recibido información sobre las pruebas del VIH y el SIDA. Entiendo que los resultados se mantendrán de forma confidencial y se divulgarán a los profesionales de atención médica y otras personas sólo si es necesario. Acepto someterme a la prueba de detección de anticuerpos contra el VIH. Soy menor de 18 años de edad y entiendo que los resultados de esta prueba pueden divulgarse a mis padres o a mi .... 16 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] APPENDIX D STANDARD DOCUMENT TRANSLATION PRODUCTION CYCLE 1: Source Document Selection Selection and delivery of final, original format source files and reference documents, as well as graphics files, and linked or embedded documents. 2: Source Analysis Review of materials to establish word counts, additional tasks, deadlines, costs and expectations. 3: Quotation/Scheduling An itemized cost and schedule quotation is issued. The work should not start until all approvals of pricing and process are received. 4: Project Setup A team is chosen and tasks are assigned. The team typically includes a project manager, a translator, an editor, desktop publishers, and a proofreader or QA specialist. 5: Translation, Editing, Proofreading (or QA) A professional linguist transfers the source content to an initial version of the target language. A second linguist designated as the editor verifies the translation against the source language, as well as previous translations, glossaries, and style guides (as applicable). The editor checks for semantic, grammar, syntactic, punctuation, capitalization, spacing, orthographic accuracy, additions, omissions, redundancies, cultural nuances, reading level, and general style correctness. A third linguist verifies that the translation (possibly a desktop-published document) is complete, free of formatting errors, that it reads well, and checks for punctuation, spacing, hyphenation, and capitalization. Graphics are also verified. A final visual inspection of the entire document is also conducted. 6: Desktop Publishing (DTP) Desktop publishing experts create formatted versions of the target language documents. 7: Review of formatted documents Final materials are proofread one more time to ensure that no formatting errors have been introduced during the desktop publishing process. 8: Final Formatting Once DTP issues are marked and corrected, the DTP team finalizes the document and prints a PDF as applicable. 9: Final Delivery and project closing A project manager delivers the final translated version of the document in the manner agreed during project setup. Additional steps: Target Audience Validation and/or Client Review The translation is reviewed before or after it is typeset by an external party, often an end user or a client representative with fluency in the target language and knowledge of the subject matter. Guidelines should be provided to reviewers. Review Validation Reviewed documents are sent back to the original translator or editor for incorporation of changes. If the translator or editor does not agree with the changes, the client reviewer is notified. 17 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] APPENDIX E RFI (Request for Information) Form Please respond to the questions below in the right column. You may include any attachments to support your responses upon returning this form. Agency Name: Address: Phone: Agency Contact: (Please provide the name of the person who should be contacted if an answer needs clarification or further information is required). Contact person phone number and extension: QUESTIONS How long has your agency been in business? Name other clients in the medical services area. Can they be contacted as references? Is your agency a member of the American Translators Association and/or other professional associations? If so, how do you implement the code of ethics and standards of practice? Has the company ever been sued? If so, what was the reason? Are there any litigations pending? Does your company carry business/liability insurance? Has the company ever filed for bankruptcy protection? Which services does your agency offer (linguistic [translation, editing and proofing only], desktop publishing [DTP]), web and software localization, language proficiency assessments, cross-cultural communications consulting, other services) How many languages can your agency handle on a regular basis? Which subject matters other than medical translation can your agency handle? Describe your quoting process. How do you choose your ANSWERS 18 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] translators? Do you have in-house translators or do you work mostly with freelance translators? Describe briefly your contractual agreement with freelance translators (including standards of practice and confidentiality) Describe your translation and quality assurance processes. Are all steps mentioned in your translation quality assurance process included in a single per word rate? Do you have a rate sheet with a per word price per language? Does your agency have a process for managing linguistic queries? Does your agency use Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) tools like Trados and SDLX? If so, please provide your sliding scale rate sheet for documents translated using translation memories. If not, do you plan on acquiring CAT tools? When? Can you certify the accuracy of your translations? If so, please provide the certification form you use as an attachment, and explain who is customarily responsible for signing the form and have it notarized. How do you customarily receive and send documents? Do you have an FTP site, Wiki or other file transfer tools? How do you assure data integrity? How often do your backup your data? How long is data kept on your servers? How do you handle complaints and disputes? What is your volume discount? What constitutes a rush job for your agency? Describe your payment terms: Do you require a percentage of the quoted price to be paid in advanced? 19 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The IMIA and the author wish to thank the IMIA membership for their support and participation, as well as Izabel Arocha, M.Ed., IMIA President and Cultural & Linguistic Educator for Cambridge Health Alliance, and Jordan Coriza, Coordinator of Interpreter and Translation Services for the Office of Public Health Strategies and Communications at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for their very valuable input. ABOUT THE GUIDE This document is in the public domain and may be reproduced or quoted as is in its current format under the copyright law of fair use and with proper credit. No changes may be made to the document except by the International Medical Interpreters Association (IMIA). Persons seeking to use this document do not have to contact IMIA. It may be distributed freely for purposes of education and training. This guide has been prepared at the request of the International Medical Interpreters Association and is the second of a series of IMIA Guides to different topics of interest regarding language access in health care. It has been approved by the IMIA Board of Directors: Izabel Arocha, Lulu Sanchez, Eduardo Tabío, Vonessa Phillips Costa, Yilu Ma, Yoshie Ng, Maria Gatej, Rachel Herring, Lisa Morris, Cynthia Schenck, Fanny Tchorz, Ana Marin, and Bill Prenzno. ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL INTERPRETERS ASSOCIATION The International Medical Interpreters Association is committed to the advancement of professional medical interpreters as the best practice to equitable language access to health care for linguistically diverse patients. Founded in 1986, with over 1,600 members, most providing interpreting services in over 70 languages, the IMIA is the oldest and largest medical interpreter association in the country. While representing medical interpreters as the experts in medical interpreting, membership to the IMIA is open to those interested in medical interpreting and language access. We currently have a division of providers, corporate members, and trainers. Policy makers, health care administrators, and others interested in medical interpreting are also welcome to join us as associate members. For more information about the organization, please go to www.imiaweb.org. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Rocío Txabarriaga, MA has over 18 years of experience in all aspects of the translation and localization industries, including holding senior executive posts. She is a professional ATAcertified translator, member of the IMIA, ATA and NETA, and a NASBITE-Certified Global Business Professional with fluency in five languages. An ongoing contributor to industry standards for the fields of translation and localization, Mrs. Txabarriaga has earned recognition as an author and speaker on these topics in the United States and internationally. Google keywords: txabarriaga, chavarriaga-doak, rocio c. doak. 20 © 2008 International Medical Interpreters Association. All Rights Reserved. [rev. 2 – 01/05/2009]
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Ron Kabat (NPP-CA)
Campaign links: Ron Kabat (NPP-CA-20)
Ronald Paul "Ron" Kabat
Ron Kabat, 2014 No Party Preference, Congressional Candidate California District 20
Biography of Ron Kabat from Committee to Elect Ron Kabat
- Occupation: Certified Public Accountant
- B.S. in Commerce – DePaul University
- Master of .Science in Taxation – Golden Gate University
- U.S. Army (1970-1973) Vietnam Veteran (1972-73)
- Former Carmel Harrison Library Trustee
- C.P.A. License (California and Illinois)
- Tea Party Member Since 2009. NAACP member since 2011.

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The McKusick Family Genealogy
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College Hockey:Boston College Again No. 1 In USCHO.com/CBS College Sports XXL Poll
Top Three Unchanged; BU Rises, UND Falls In Latest Rankings
MINNEAPOLIS — Boston College remained the overwhelming pick for No. 1 in the nation in the USCHO.com/CBS College Sports XXL Division I men's poll, released Tuesday. The Eagles beat Wisconsin Friday in their lone game of the weekend and garnered 45 of 50 first-place votes to stay atop the rankings.
No. 2 was again Michigan, which swept St. Lawrence and tallied two first-place votes. The other three first-place nods went to Colorado College, again in third after sweeping Alabama-Huntsville.
Denver moved up to fourth this week with a win over Notre Dame in the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame Game. The Pioneers were followed by Boston University; the Terriers impressed voters with two wins at the Ice Breaker Invitational, over North Dakota and Michigan State and jumped four spots to No. 5.
New Hampshire edged up to sixth by beating Wisconsin Saturday, with Miami also up one place to No. 7 after a series with Ohio State which inaugurated the CCHA's use of the shootout to settle ties. OSU won Friday's shootout tiebreaker to claim a win for the purposes of the CCHA standings, but the game will be recorded as a tie for NCAA tournament selection purposes.
Notre Dame was down four spots to eighth with its loss to Denver, followed by Minnesota, which has yet to play an official regular-season contest. Princeton, idle last weekend as ECAC Hockey awaits the start of its regular season, moved into the top 10.
Michigan State held its ground at No. 11 after beating Massachusetts but losing to BU at the Ice Breaker, trailed by St. Cloud State. The Huskies moved up three places with two wins over Mercyhurst.
North Dakota suffered the worst drop of the week, falling eight places to No. 13 after starting its season with two Ice Breaker losses to BU and then UMass. The Sioux were followed at No. 14 by idle Clarkson; in 15th was Minnesota State, up three positions after sweeping Bemidji State.
Cornell and Harvard, idle like their ECAC Hockey brethren, were No. 16 and No. 18, respectively, sandwiching Vermont in 17th. The Catamounts won their lone game, over Rensselaer in Quebec. Northern Michigan slipped to 19th after beating Michigan Tech but losing to Minnesota Duluth at the Superior Cup, and Wisconsin fell six places to round out the rankings at No. 20.
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
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text: The Gibson Child's Practice chanter has holes that are closer together for small hands, and are countersunk to make them easier to feel. The chanter is also very easy to reed and has a very pleasant tone. The chanter has a short mouthpiece and barrel which makes it easier for youngsters or others with shorter arms to reach the holes.


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Dear Volunteer,
We greatly appreciate your commitment of time and effort here at Oakbrook Elementary School. Volunteers like yourselves are a vital source of talent, of enthusiasm, of encouragement for learning and support of our children, teachers, and school programs. Relationships established between students and volunteers help students learn more and schools gain more support from their communities. Your continued involvement is essential to the success of our overall school program.
This information is made available to assist you with pertinent information or questions you may have in regard to being a volunteer. We thank you for being here and anticipate your time spent here to be as rewarding to you, as it is to the children you serve.
Sincerely,Your Oakbrook Elementary PTA
The Volunteer Form
Volunteers Can Help in Many Ways
Who Can Volunteer?
School volunteers may be parents, community members, senior citizens or upper grade students who augment and complement the educational program. Volunteers can be utilized in a variety of situations in our school, ranging from one time only to monthly, weekly or daily commitments. They may provide tutorial help, monitor the lunchroom, help in the library, supervise the playground or participate in any one of our committees. Volunteers can assist the classroom teacher by running photocopies, assisting with class projects, collating instructional material or in any way that augments the teacher's efforts. They can also share a special skill, occupation or talent with the students.
Who Will Benefit?
Tips for Volunteering
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Lurtis Pryor Thompson
Position: QB
Height: 6-1 Weight: 192 lbs.
Throws: Right
Born: August 15, 1916 in Hutchinson, KS
Died: April 21, 1989 in Calico Rock, AR
High School: R.L. Paschal
College: Tulsa (school history)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1950)
1-time Pro Bowler (fine print)
Sponsor this page for $10 and help Pro-Football-Reference.com provide this service. Your message will replace this ad.


text:
What will it take before the Republican Party learns what it takes to become a viable party in America that can win national elections? Frankly, one thing will be for Republicans to occupy both the House and the Senate with majorities. If that happens, America has spoken. As it appears, the Republicans will do just fine in Election 2014 midterm elections, keeping their majority. They might even have a chance to win a whisker majority in the Senate just as the Democrats have now. So, why would a political analyst right off Cruz, Paul, and Rubio.
Two out the three are professional politicians. One out of three is an eye doctor. One out of three was not born in the USA. Two have Latino ancestry. The Latino ancestry could be an asset, yet neither have produced immigration reform such that Latino immigrants would be pleased. All three have demonstrated hostility and lack of empathy for poor and middle class citizens. All three are men when most women in America want to see women in the executive branch.
All three are right wing conservatives and America is not a right wing conservative nation. It is trending hard away from that. The Hill's Alexander Bolton writes that these GOP Senators are fighting for the 2016 nomination. They can do that all they want and it will have as much effect as investigating Benghazi one more time.
"Cruz, Paul, Rubio fight for 2016
By Alexander Bolton
Sens. Ted Cruz (R-Texas), Rand Paul (R-Ky.) and Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) are emphasizing different themes this month, each aimed at different slices of the Republican primary electorate.
Their colleagues are beginning to look outside the Senate at governors and former governors as the most promising candidates to nominate for the White House in 2016. Senior GOP senators say Republicans from outside the Beltway are more electable.
Read more: http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/205780-cruz-paul-and-rubio-fight-for-2016-spotlight#ixzz31M8rNWHy


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Want to learn more about what UW-Barron County has to offer? Please complete our online Campus Interest Form, or register to attend one of our campus open houses, listed below.
Interested in visiting UW-Barron County?
Take a virtual tour of the campus
All future students are invited and encouraged to visit. You pick the time - we'll arrange for you to meet with an admissions counselor, tour the campus (including our $6.4 million expansion/renovation), and sit in on classes if you wish. Appointments and campus tours are available Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm. If you wish to arrange for an individual visit/tour of the campus, call the Student Affairs Office at (715) 234-8024 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please consult our Campus Map page for information about getting to Rice Lake and finding the UW-BC campus.
Many open houses are held throughout the year - please scroll down.
Ongoing campus visit options
High school students
Tuesdays @ 3:00 @ the U. To register, email your preferred date to firstname.lastname@example.com
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To make an appointment with Deb Neuheisel, Adult Student Coordinator, call 715.234.8176 ext. 5445 or email@example.com
Open Houses for Future Students
Discover UW-BC: For High School Students & Parents
Tuesday, March 15, 2016
5:00 Glenwood Commons student residence tour
6:00 p.m. campus tour
6:30 p.m. program
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During this event, you will learn about admissions, financial aid, transfer, and more. Meet faculty and staff. Discover opportunities for student life and activities. And bring your parents — they probably have a few questions, too!
Start Here. Finish Here.: For Returning Adult Students
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This event is for adults who would like to start or complete a UW degree through on-campus and online courses. Opportunities include earning an Associate of Arts & Science degree and/or the Bachhelor of Applied Arts & Sciences degree. The program includes a short tour, brief overview of degree options and individualized career/degree advice.
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This is an event especially for admitted freshmen for the fall semester and for all prospective students who are in high school. Spend the day on-campus and experience a campus tour; lunch and student panel, attend a class, enjoy a faculty reception, and tour the student apartments.


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Turkish Airlines Copyright © 1996 - 2016
- A gift to Aphrodisias
- 'Turbulent Topologies'
- Money money money!
- New young talents
- Istanbul, city of jazz
- Festival in TRNC
- Pink Martini in Turkey
- Festival Meandros
- Festival of flowers in Singapore
- Metallica for the 3rd time!
- Best documentaries come together
- The 3 faces of design
- 2010 culture capitals to come together
- Turkish Airlines hosts IATA General Annual Meeting
- Aviators come together at Airex
- Joint flights with Malta Airlines
- Istanbul-Merzifon flights get underway
- Aleppo flights under way
- AnadoluJet grows by leaps and bounds!
- Domestic CIP Lounge is renovated
- Ankara tour for top students
- Writer of the century passes away
- Turkish Airlines and Turkcell collaborate on new campaign
Best documentaries come together
Films winning the most prestigious awards in world festivals are coming together in the program of 'Documentarist-Istanbul Documentary Days', being held for the first time 8-13 July.
As part of the event, which aims to bring Istanbul the finest examples of world documentary cinema, Nick Fraser, the best known name in the documentary sector and man in charge of the BBC's documentaries department, will be Documentarist's guest with a selection of films whose production he has spearheaded. www.documentar-ist.org


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The study also found that once a user feels they can trust a site, they are much more likely to click on a link and buy a product.
The research, which was conducted in collaboration with GfK NOP Media, sampled almost 1,200 consumers (695 AOL users and 495 non-AOL users) as they interacted with the site to examine engagement levels.
New Media Age.com takes a deep dive into the study and how its results can impact your advertising strategy:
Click here to read the complete article. To find out more about the study, please reach out to Phil Bird at email@example.com.
"AOL identified good-quality information, emotional attachment, prominent involvement and modernity as the four factors of website attributes, which it measured alongside two factors of advertising attributes – relevancy and trust and call to action.
Good-quality information is directly related to how trustworthy a user finds the advertising on a website, according to the report, and if users think a site is authoritative and passionate, it drives the best advertising response."
Looking to increase your #advertising engagement? According to @AOLEurope, it's all about trust aol.it/vEvDqR- AOLPR (@AOLPR) December8, 2011


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- Color
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Offers & Perks
Mexican Rose - Hot Pink
Gorgeously glossy color in a jumbo lip pencil. Spectacular shine in an innovative, lightweight formula and enriched with Vitamin E plus a blend of moisture-rich hyaluronic spheres that make lips appear fuller.
Features & Benefits:
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Fred Phelps, the Westboro Baptist Church founder, is in hospice care and near death, according to his son Nathan Phelps. The son – who is one of several family members who have left the church – made his statements via Facebook. Fred Phelps started a fundamentalist church which gained a reputation for picketing military funerals and political events with hateful signs including many anti-gay signs, according to a Chicago Tribune report on Sunday.
Rev. Fred Waldron Phelps, Sr. was excommunicated by his own church in 2013 and is now at the Midland Hospice house.
Phelps' son states that he does not exactly know how he feels about this. He said it is terribly ironic that his father's devotion to his god ends this way – destroyed by the monster he made. He also revealed that he and other family members who have parted ways with the church are not being allowed to see his father in hospice to say their goodbyes – as the family is keeping them away.
Fred Phelps, Sr. began his Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas in the 1950s. He was a longtime pastor of his church which is widely known for having interrupted military funerals, gay rights rallies, political gatherings and Christian events with their signs of hate for gays and more.
According to the report, the Westboro Baptist Church believes that God is punishing the United States for accepting and tolerating homosexuals. The church as a whole has been called, arguably, the most obnoxious and rabid hate group in America.


text:
"Monterey Bay is in a state of perpetual springtime," I thought as we turned up the road to the Portola Hotel & Spa. With an invitation to a post-wedding celebration in hand, David and I were already happy to be rid of the oppressive heat in Denver. Our visit was in late June, but I hear beautiful weather is the norm here in this charmed piece of the country.
ARRIVAL and LOCATION
The lobby of the Portola features a large atrium. A glass ceiling floods the trees growing right through the floor with sunlight and gave me the distinct impression I was still outside. With a quick bag drop-off at the room, my husband and I went directly back outside to enjoy Portola's location.
The hotel is right on Monterey Bay with a water view from many of the rooms. The docked boats were as interesting to look at as the Sea Lions that play alongside the shore on the many rocks grounded in the shallow water. Step a foot outside the hotel and the serenity seems to almost stop time – a helpful feature if you're trying to get away from it all or just stepping away from your meeting inside for a quick break.
The day after our arrival, we headed out on a walk to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, called on the website "a marvel of an attraction." The walk lead us down a winding path mostly along the water, past historic points of interest like Cannery Row (made famous by literary legend John Steinbeck), shops, hotels, ice cream shops and restaurants. The walk itself was so relaxing I nearly forgot about the final destination. After a quick and delicious unplanned bite to eat along the way, we arrived at the aquarium. I would agree that it was a "marvel." Each exhibit was well-planned and entertaining. I especially liked seeing and learning about the sea horses. Also, don't miss walking under the wave.
Our Harbor View room looked out over the walkways and a bit of the bay. We left the balcony door open most of the time to enjoy the sounds below and that amazing breeze. The room itself was of standard size with a comfortable mattress, good sheets and a small sitting area. The 42" TV was nice to have when it was too dark to watch the world go by.
In the bathroom, the Portola had the most incredible towels I've experienced yet (and that includes towels from all the five-star world-renowned hotels to which we've been invited thus far).
Upon arrival I realized I had only brought one pair of jeans on which I promptly spilled. The laundry service was just $8, they picked up the jeans quite late at night and returned them quickly the next day. Great job, Portola.
The Portola Hotel & Spa is a comfortable hotel in a beautiful area at a good price. My recommendation is go and don't forget to take the walk to the aquarium.
For more information on Portola Hotel & Spa at Monterey Bay or to book a stay, please visit their website.
Examiner's Note: My appreciation goes out to Dara Toulch for arranging our visit. Not only was it a wonderful stay, but your enthusiasm for what you do is infectious. Thank you!
Please write to me at firstname.lastname@example.com. David and I occasionally post video reviews of our favorite hotels on YouTube. Take a look at http://YouTube.com/travelbylori.


text:
Full time Fall babysitter
I am now interviewing to provide child care for the fall. I am a dependable and responsible 37 year old female stay at home mom of a 8 month old looking to care for 4 children for the fall. I reside in Woodbridge, NJ with my husband. I have a BA degree in Psychology and currently working on my Masters in management. I have experience watching children all my life. I watch my niece and nephew all the time. I provide art, reading, fun games, music, etc.. I will care for infants to all ages. I will also drop off and pick up from school for after school care. Please contact me for further email@example.com
Services - Family Services
Web Id
Published on
6/27. Updated 6/27.
Foster Care
Open Your Heart and Home to Foster a Child! Treatment Families needed to provide a home and care for children of all ages. Child's expenses reimbursed. Call Catholic Charities @ 1-866-247-HOME
Services - Family Services
Web Id
Published in
The Star Ledger
6/26. Updated 6/26.


text:
The New Orleans Saints are a perfect 3-0 in the preseason thus far. On Thursday, they wrap up exhibition play at the Superdome against the Miami Dolphins. Here's a look at what others are writing about the Dolphins:
Starters to get more work in final preseason game? (Sun Sentinel)
Many questions still unanswered (Miami Herald)
Missed tackles irk coach (Sun Sentinel)
Commentary: Joey Porter talks plenty, but Dolphins' defense needs his mean streak (Palm Beach Post)
Dolphins receiver Greg Camarillo not about to concede (Miami Herald)
Miami debating whether or not to put linebacker Matt Roth on PUP list (South Florida Sun-Sentinel)
Ted Ginn Jr.'s lack of production of little concern (Palm Beach Post)
Three seek open spot opposite Ginn (Sun-Sentinel)


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Cheney goes cold in third quarter in loss at Clarkston while Wyborney tosses in 23 in win at Deer Park
January 24, 2013 | Vol. 116 -- No. 40
The Cheney boys' basketball team thought they did everything needed to pull off a rare road win in Clarkston last Friday, but cold shooting and a career night for a Bantams role player proved the Blackhawks undoing. Cheney held Clarkston scoring leaders Kage Sobotta and Trevor Sperry to a combined 24 points, but the Bantams clamped a lid on Cheney's basket in the third quarter while sophomore C.J. Johnson poured in a game and season-high 20 points to hand Cheney a 55-42 loss.
"He (Johnson) hurt us," Blackhawks head coach Joel Soter said.
The Blackhawks endured three straight 3-point...
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Product Description
This powerful workhorse is the perfect match for any pool owner that wants maximum performance combined with whisper quiet operation. Super Max's superior hydraulic design allows the pump to move more water and lower operating costs. Powered by an energy efficient commercial grade motor, Super Max™ will keep your pool water flowing at optimum rates. Because this pump has power to spare, it can keep your pool crystal clear and have plenty of suction to run automatic cleaners without costly booster pumps.
Super Max's housing is made of reinforced composite materials that will not corrode or crack. The deep capacity hair and lint pot collects more debris between cleaning and the clear lid allows for easy inspection. The lid is removed with a quick and easy ¼ turn. Invest in Super Max's combination of power, durability and energy efficient operation. Available in standard and energy efficient models. 1-Year Warranty. NSF & UL LISTED
what are the 2 speeds and the amperage draw for both speeds. Why 2 speed instead of variable speed?
Hello Tim - The amperage is 7.8 on high and 3.0 on low. Besides price, I can't think of another reason to go with 2-speed over variable speed. Variable speed pumps are the most energy efficient pumps available.
My current breaker is 220 - 20 AMP,Does this require a different AMP breaker?
The 20 amp breaker will be sufficient for the PHK2RAY6F103L.
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