text:
At Princeton — 2013: added depth on the defensive line and helped Princeton win its 10th Ivy League championship … made seven tackles, including three in 51-48 triple-overtime win over Harvard; added two quarterback hurries in that win … recorded an interception against all-time Ivy League passing leader Jeff Mathews in win over Cornell … had two tackles and a half sack in 38-17 comeback win at Brown.
At Vestavia Hills — selected to All-Over-The-Mountain team … all-metro honoree … Birmingham News Scholar-Athlete of the Week … played defensive end and long snapper … named Pat Patrick Player of the Week … three-year starter at defensive end; recorded 16 career sacks … led teams to two region championships … team captain as a senior … member of the National Honor Society.
Personal — born March 6, 1992 … son of Dr. Nathaniel Robin and Dr. Lauria Marzullo … father is a medical geneticist; mother a pediatric emergency medical physician … has two younger brothers, Tim and Alex … enjoys playing basketball … interested in studying evolutional or molecular biology.
|Defensive Lineman
|Vestavia Hills, Ala.
|High School:
|Vestavia Hills


text:
Lofton Reservoir Campground
Just about any place you find on TravelOregon.com can be added to your own Oregon Roadtrippers Account. Find out how.
Get on the road with Roadtrippers
We've partnered with Roadtrippers to provide a great way to plan a trip around Oregon. So start planning your next road trip to here, there or pretty much anywhere in Oregon.
The Lofton Reservoir Campground is a popular fishing in a high forest setting (6,100′ elevation). Accommodations include 26 tent and trailer sites, picnic tables and fire grates, drinking water, a boat ramp, outhouses, a campground host, waste grey water dump, and an accessible fishing pier.
Activities include boating (electric motors only, and a 5 mph speed limit),
bird watching, wildlife viewing, fishing, swimming, picnicking and photography. Please pack out your garbage and gather your firewood, for camp use, nearby.
Directions: From Lakeview: Travel 25 miles west on Highway 140, and turn left on Forest Road 3715. Take Forest Road 3715 for 7 miles, then turn left on Forest Road 013. Continue on Forest Road 013 for 1 mile and you should see the campground entrance sign.
Seasonal Access: Normal Services Available: May-October (Campground may be open beyond these dates with limited services available.)
Facility Type: Campground
What's around here? Location & Nearby Things to See & Do
These maps and directions are for planning purposes only. You may find that construction projects, traffic, or other events may cause road conditions to differ from the map results. For travel options, weather and road conditions, visit tripcheck.com, call 511 (in Oregon only), 800.977.6368 or 503.588.2941.
Is any of the information on this page incorrect?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Your Government
City Calendar
City Code
City Directory
City Employment
Comprehensive Plan 2030
Featured Stories and Archives
Forms, Applications & Docs
Frequently Asked Questions
Legal Notices
Links Library
Maps Library
Sister Cities
Special Notices
ADA Compliance
The City of St. Augustine remains committed to providing accessibility to all and provides for handicapped accessible parking in the city. For a map of accessible parking locations, Click Here To notify the city regarding accessibility concerns contact Todd Grant, Public Works Deputy Director, Phn: 904.825.1040, Fax: 904.209.4286, Email: email@example.com. You may also write City of St. Augustine, P.O. Box 210, St. Augustine, FL 32085-0210.
Consumer Confidence Report
The City of St. Augustine remains committed to providing clean and safe drinking water. For the previous year's sampling results please click here. To notify the city regarding water treatment concerns contact: Patrick Timoney, Water Treatment Plant Supervisor, Phn: 904.825.1044, Fax: 904.823-2280, Email: firstname.lastname@example.com; or email@example.com, or write the City of St. Augustine, P.O. Box 210, St. Augustine, FL 32085-0210.
"If all goes according to plan, in three years, residents will be able to stroll along a riverwalk on the San Sebastian River before having lunch overlooking the shrimp boats and an afternoon outing at a museum of railroad memorabilia."
That's how Olivia Mayer, staff writer for the Florida Times Union, opened her March 1988 article announcing the city's purchase of the final parcel completing the San Sebastian redevelopment project.
Even though some things have changed in the 18 years since that article was published, including the demise of the shrimping industry and the site of the proposed railroad museum becoming a successful winery, work towards a revitalized western entrance to down town has continued. The hard work is paying off now that the San Sebastian project is a vibrant and exciting reality.
Located on the city's King Street corridor, just off US-1 along the western shore of the San Sebastian River, the Sebastian Inland Harbor has been accurately described by Mayor Gardner as part of the city's largest public works program since construction of the Castillo de San Marcos over three centuries ago.
In September of last year, San Sebastian Harbor Partners of Ponte Vedra Beach hosted the official ground breaking for the $70 million project. When completed in the winter next year, Sebastian Inland Harbor will include an 83 room high-end boutique hotel, a marina with 65 slips, 96 condominium units, 24,000 square of retail space, 8,000 square feet of banquet facilities and 15 loft units, ranging from 1,500 to 2,250 square feet.
The road to finalizing the deal on the sale of the land and start of the project has not been an easy one. First, one of the five parcels purchased by the city to put together a complete 14+ acre area is the former site of the Atlanta Gas Light Company. When it was determined that the site was polluted, the former owner successfully cleaned-up the site in 2002 by removing more than 80,000 cubic yards of contamination soil and 22 million gallons of water at a cost $7 million.
Then, Vestcor/Hutson of Jacksonville, the original developer ranked highest by an evaluation panel comprised of former St. Augustine Mayors, decided to pull out of the project citing a depressed financial market following 9/11. With that, the process of selecting a developer had to start all over again.
The scope of the project was accurately described by one of the city's former mayors, Greg Baker when he said "This is not a land sale. This is an urban renewal project."
It has been a long time coming, but with work well underway St. Augustine is closer every day to celebrating the completion of a project that will serve as the catalyst for the entire community.
For a complete overview of the project, visit the San Sebastian Inland Harbor web site at http://www.sebastianinlandharbor.com/.


text:
Currency Market: US Dollar Index Breaks Right Through 200-Day Moving Average
Cody Tafel
The euro is starting to look a little toppy as it has finally rolled over relative to the US dollar.
The US Dollar Index broke right through the 200-day moving average last week around the 81 level, and the recent weakness in the euro has help propel the DX right to the 82 level. It looks like the head-and-shoulders topping pattern is failing as the right shoulder is being offset to the upside. This confirms my thoughts from last week that this market has moved back into a bullish position, and pullbacks in the US Dollar Index to the 81 level should now be used to add long exposure. If the longer term trend is in fact shifting higher, then the US Dollar Index should not trade back below 80 near term. See the move below.
Click to enlarge
This strength in the US dollar is certainly a change for the markets after these first six weeks or so of 2013, and this does not bode well for risk near term. It is interesting to see this USD breakout accompanied by the
(INDEXSP:.INX) breaking below the key 1500 support level. Be careful out there!
No positions in stocks mentioned.
The information on this website solely reflects the analysis of or opinion about the performance of securities and financial markets by the writers whose articles appear on the site. The views expressed by the writers are not necessarily the views of Minyanville Media, Inc. or members of its management. Nothing contained on the website is intended to constitute a recommendation or advice addressed to an individual investor or category of investors to purchase, sell or hold any security, or to take any action with respect to the prospective movement of the securities markets or to solicit the purchase or sale of any security. Any investment decisions must be made by the reader either individually or in consultation with his or her investment professional. Minyanville writers and staff may trade or hold positions in securities that are discussed in articles appearing on the website. Writers of articles are required to disclose whether they have a position in any stock or fund discussed in an article, but are not permitted to disclose the size or direction of the position. Nothing on this website is intended to solicit business of any kind for a writer's business or fund. Minyanville management and staff as well as contributing writers will not respond to emails or other communications requesting investment advice.
Copyright 2011 Minyanville Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Featured Program
The Chamber's mission is to serve its members and community by providing services that promote the economy and protect the environment, making this region a better place to live, work, play, and raise a family. Learn more.
Integrity, Resourcefulness, Inclusiveness, Leadership, Advocacy, Vision. Learn more.
Looking for talent? Looking for a Job? Stop looking and start doing!
Would you like to be listed in our member directory? There are numerous benefits to joining the Traverse City Area Chamber of Commerce , including appearing on our website and receiving our members-only emails.


text:
Permanent URL to this publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.5167/uzh-43372
Curt, A; Yengue, C N; Hilti, L M; Brugger, P (2011). Supernumerary phantom limbs in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 49(5):588-595.
|Published Version
PDF - Registered users only
View at publisher
Study design and objectives:Case report and review of supernumerary phantom limbs in patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI).Setting:SCI rehabilitation centre.Case report:After a ski accident, a 71-year-old man suffered an incomplete SCI (level C3; AIS C, central cord syndrome), with a C3/C4 dislocation fracture. From the first week after injury, he experienced a phantom duplication of both upper limbs that lasted for 7 months. The supernumerary limbs were only occasionally related to painful sensation, specifically when they were perceived as crossed on his trunk. Although the painful sensations were responsive to pain medication, the presence of the illusory limb sensations were persistent. During neurological recovery, the supernumerary limbs gradually disappeared. A rubber hand illusion paradigm was used twice during recovery to monitor the patient's ability to integrate visual, tactile and proprioceptive stimuli.Conclusion:Overall, the clinical relevance of supernumerary phantom limbs is not clear, specific treatment protocols have not yet been developed, and the underlying neural mechanisms are not fully understood. Supernumerary phantom limbs have been previously reported in patients with (sub)cortical lesions, but might be rather undocumented in patients suffering from traumatic SCI. For the appropriate diagnosis and treatment after SCI, supernumerary phantoms should be distinguished from other phantom sensations and pain syndromes after SCI.Spinal Cord advance online publication, 16 November 2010; doi:10.1038/sc.2010.143.
7 citations in Web of Science®
9 citations in Scopus®
Google Scholar™
4 downloads since deposited on 02 Feb 2011
0 downloads since 12 months
Detailed statistics
Additional indexing
|Item Type:
|Journal Article, refereed, original work
|Communities & Collections:
|04 Faculty of Medicine > University Hospital Zurich > Clinic for Neurology
04 Faculty of Medicine > Balgrist University Hospital, Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Center
|Dewey Decimal Classification:
|610 Medicine & health
|Deposited On:
|02 Feb 2011 16:48
|Last Modified:
|05 Apr 2016 14:39
|Nature Publishing Group
|Publisher DOI:
|PubMed ID:
Users (please log in): suggest update or correction for this item
Repository Staff Only: item control page


text:
- No comments found
The Tanah Lot 3-Day Event is ready to be held. The Regent of Tabanan, Ni Putu Eka Wiryastuti, will open the traditional cultural event on Thursday, November 1, 2012 and lasts for three days. "Aside from preserving the arts existing in Tabanan, this event is also meant to explore the potential and give a space to younger generation to develop their art creativity," said Operations Manager of the Tanah Lot Destination, I Ketut Toya Adnyana.
A variety of the arts will be performed, starting from the appearance of Kid Gong Kebyar, Women Kebyar Gong, Barong Dance in combination with Tektekan, Creative Dance, Slonding and Ramayana Ballet. Competitive products of food industry, craft, and design will also be exhibited. Similarly, it will be graced with a photo exhibition, documentation of Tanah Lot destination and painting exhibition.
For the craft exhibition, the committee will feature the typical crafts of Tanah Lot namely the 'coconut fiber monkey statue.' In the past, the statue was always adorned the tourist destination, but had disappeared for lack of regeneration. Now, it will be introduced back. "With the involvement of the community, it is expected to give birth to young generation with outstanding achievement," said this former tourist guide.
Especially for the exhibition of the agricultural products existing in Tabanan, his party made collaboration with the Industry and Cooperatives Agency, in addition to involving local community. Type of the craft products exhibited consisted of sarong, fabrics and distinctive headband of Pandak village. In addition, there would be a culinary exhibition featuring the rice bag served with peanut sauce and assorted vegetables, manila duck lawar, rice with roasted suckling pig and seafood satay.
When Bali Travel News met him in his workplace, he said that the committee would present Barong Dance for three days in succession. The time chosen for the presentation of this classic dance would be in the afternoon. "We want to revive the art of barong performance in Tabanan. In addition, it also poses a preparation for the launching the Barong Dance at Tanah Lot," he explained.
This art of barong will be presented by the artists and scheduled to be performed every day from 10:00 a.m. With the cultural richness in the classical art owned by Tabanan, his party had confidence if the event would draw many visitors. Moreover, domestic tourists coming from Java Island had made stopover as well as taken a rest and shower at the destination from 06:00 a.m. "By all means, this performing art will become the first presentation to see," he said.
Meanwhile, in the afternoon before the sunset, his party would present the charming art of Cak. Tabanan had tektekan, okokan and the other arts that would also be prepared to become a regular performance. "We will attempt to find out a chance to present the unique art of Tabanan. Addition of the other art performances is also necessary so that it will get rid of the impression of monotone," he said. (BTN/015)
Presents Local Culture and Potential Lake Beratan and Bedugul region in general pose the tourism…
The beautiful Pompei city with a high culture disappeared due to the extremely terrible eruption…


text:
Homogay Agenda Rears Its Ugly Head In New Zealand Through Strange New Sex Game Called Ballooning
"Ballooning" is the newest despicable act the Homogays have come up with now. This is where a high powered air hose is inserted in to the fecal cesspit that is the homogay's "balloon knot". It was recently brought to my attention by a news story on ABC News.
This homogay comes from New Zealand, a place full of homogays and koalas. I had not heard of New Zealand before seeing this article, so I did a little research into this strange new land and what I found was shocking.
New Zealand is a State in Austrailia(which is where the homogay British sent the worst of the homogays such as pedophiles and cat owners). The New Zealand state was formed to separate the pedophiles from the ones who performed bestiality acts. The "animal lovers" were forced to New Zealand, which they actually preferred due to the large number of animals there. While the pedophiles in Australia had discovered that they were in a type of "heaven" themselves because they had discovered a tribe of blacks that never grew old or above 3 feet tall. This tribe was known as "Pygmy Aborigines".
It is believed that "ballooning" first came about after a New Zealander was using an elephants trunk as a sexual tool in his homogay game of "fill the brownie hole". After many homogays were trampled by herds of elephants however, they switched to high powered air hoses. This act cause the homogay to swell up to twice their normal size which they then use to force the smaller animals to submit to their depraved sex games.
I have not heard of this happening in America yet, but BEWARE of anybody you see with high powered air hoses in their garage or yard as you might have yourself a homogay in your neighborhood.http://abcnews.go.com/Health/man-impaled-air-hose-enjoying-inflated-reputation/story?id=13693534
Biblical Scholar/ Investigative Journalist
- Excited
- Fascinated
- Amused
- Shocked
- Sad
- Angry


text:
A Preparation Guide for the Assessment Center Method, 1st Edition, Tina Lewis Rowe
This updated and expanded edition continues to provide the concepts and methods that have helped officers of all ranks be successful in local, county, state, and federal law enforcement promotional processes. The book's unique perspective provides insights not found elsewhere and presents them in an informative, entertaining, and encouraging way. Every section from the history of the process to thought-structuring aids that are easy to remember and use contains principles, concepts, and practical application guidelines that will increase assessment scores and improve job effectiveness after promotion. New chapters to this edition include Video in Your Assessment Center, Putting the Process All Together, Command-Level and Executive Assessment Centers, and A Close-up Look at Role-Play. The text is extensively researched, contains real-life testing scenarios, and is based on established supervisory and managerial concepts, plus valid testing and performance techniques.
From the Author
About the Author
Tina Rowe served for 25 year on the Denver Police Department and retired as a Captain in Patrol. The next day she was sworn in as the presidential appointed United States Marshal for Colorado and served for 8 years. She was responsible for the security of the Oklahoma City bombing trials, held in Denver (US vs McVeigh and US vs Nichols). She was also the U.S. Marshal in Colorado during the events of 9/11/01.
Tina trains, presents and consults on topics related to supervision, management, leadership, professional development and organizational improvement. Her speaking style is both humorous and inspirational–and always with immediately applicable information.
This book gives an excellent example of the process involved in a assessment center and offers clear direction on ways to be successful.
Product Details :
- Paperback: 315 pages
- Publisher: Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd; 2 Spi edition (September 11, 2013)
- Language: English
- Product Dimensions: 0.8 x 7.5 x 10 inches
More Details about A Preparation Guide for the Assessment Center Method, 1st Edition


text:
Lay the points with the Denver Nuggets over the Golden State Warriors on January 13th 2013
Golden State Warriors vs. Denver Nuggets
NBA Prediction: Denver Nuggets -6 (January 13th 2013)
The Nuggets had won the season's first two meetings by six and 11 points before losing 106-105 at Golden State in the most recent matchup. That loss is significant because Denver is 35-21 ATS all-time under coach Karl when out for revenge for a close loss of 3 points or less to an opponent. The Nuggets are 13-2 at home this season and 5-0 ATS in their last 5 home games versus teams that have a winning road record. The home team is 4-1 ATS in the last 5 meetings, and the Warriors are 2-6 ATS in the last 8 meetings in Denver. Lay the points.
WHAT A YEAR! Dave finished as the No. 1 Ranked Handicapper in 2012 by a LANDSLIDE, profiting $1,000/game bettors $59,810 – that's $26,443 more than the next-closest capper. Join him in 2013!
7* NFL Playoffs Game of the Year won OUTRIGHT on the Ravens +10 Saturday! Dave is off to a 5-1 start in the playoffs and is a WHITE HOT 8-1 his L9, 17-5 his L22 & 39-19 his L58 football picks! The gridiron domination continues with his Sunday NFL Divisional Round 2-Play Power Pack!
7* 15-4 ATS NCAAB *HEAVY HITTER* and 6* Sunday NBA "Total" Bailout go also!
Category: Basketball Picks


text:
Photo Courtesy: Arizona Athletics
From May 13-June 3, Arizona junior Shannon Hobson traveled with the Athletes in Action Women's Basketball Missions' tour. The tour began with a four-day training camp in Xenia, Ohio. After training camp, the team traveled to Spain to compete against club teams and conduct clinics.
What follows is Shannon's diary from her time in Spain.


text:
According to the Arkansas State Police, Christopher Dunn, 34, was traveling South on Hwy. 17 when his truck left the roadway, struck a culvert and overturned.
Dunn was killed in the accident and his passenger 34-year-old Leah McGinnis, also of Newport, was injured and sent to Harris Hospital.
ASP states that neither were wearing a seat belt.
Location, ST | website.com


text:
Learn Exactly How
To Use This Powerful Tool
To Sharpen Your Distance Vision!
It's called plus lens therapy - using reading glasses to improve your distance vision.
Your free report - sent to your email address - tells you more about it.
Now you can learn this remarkable process - and see it work wonders for your vision - from Dr. Jebrock, one of the leading experts in the field.
For the first time ever in this Teleclass, Dr. Jebrock has agreed to reveal everything you need to know to start putting the power of plus lens therapy to work on your eyes.
He's been teaching this method to his patients for years. He also teaches other eye doctors.
Now he wants to show you exactly what to do - so you can use this process in your home.
Without traveling to a doctor's office. Without spending hundreds of dollars.
All you need is a $5.00 pair of drugstore reading glasses - and what you'll learn in this Teleclass.
Listen to Dr. Jebrock as he shares his immense knowledge with you. If you don't think it's as valuable as we do, just let us know within 60 days. We'll refund every penny you paid. No questions asked.
EXTRA BONUS: Reserve your space in the Teleclass and you'll also get unlimited LIFETIME access to the recording of this event. Listen again and again to refresh yourself and catch the important details you may miss when listening live.
Normally, Dr. Jebrock charges $150 per hour in his private practice (and probably much more when he's teaching other doctors!)
You can get his masterful teachings at absolutely no risk at all!
He'll let you in on the amazing power of plus lenses for only $58.00 $29!
Reserve your space now. This half-price opportunity is good only until 1:00 PM (EST) on August 21, 2007. It may even be withdrawn before that - as soon as enrollment reaches full capacity.
Dr. Jebrock will take you step by step through the process of using reading glasses to remarkably sharpen your distance vision.
Learn the "insider" tips and secrets to make this extremely powerful process work for you.
He'll tell you everyting you need to know so you can start benefiting right away.
Even if you've heard of plus lenses before...even if you might have tried something similar....
You'll be surprised at what a real expert can show you.
And how much sharper your distance vision can become!
Our phone lines allow for only 397 listeners.
This opportunity will be immediately withdrawn when enrollment reaches full capacity.
Details on calling in to the Teleclass will be sent upon registration.
Dr. Larry Jebrock entered private practice in 1971, emphasizing preventive and corrective eye care. He has also been an instructor for the California Optometric Association in the fields of orthokeratology, vision therapy, and nutrition. Additionally, Dr. Jebrock has made over 50 guest appearances on radio and television as a vision care expert. He has also been a consultant for companies on the effects of prolonged computer use on the eyes and visual system.
Dr. Jebrock's professional affiliations include:
American Optometric Association
California Optometric Association
Marin County Optometric Society
National Eye Research Foundation
International Orthokeratology Society
Optometric Extension Program Foundation
International Myopia Prevention Association
Academy of Corrective Optometry
International College of Applied Nutrition
College of Syntonic Optometry
College of Optometrists in Vision Development
International Academy of Preventive Medicine
This event is sponsored by the Cambridge Institute for Better Vision,
the world's leader in natural vision care since 1977. www.BetterVision.com


text:
Feb 25, 2013 10:15 AM
Justify the steep price tag on the Tiffany Reversible Tote ($675) by telling yourself that you're really paying for two bags. The coral side looks lovely when paired with a sweet sunny spring day and a floral sundress. But be sure to reverse it to the gold side when your happy hour meetup looks like it's turning into an all-night out-on-the-town fun fest.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


text:
"I'm a digital creative innovating on immersive multi-platform narratives."
Be it through illustration, games, or film... I've been telling stories my whole life. Whether it's world-building for a new game, devising characters for an interactive webisode, or writing concepts for a whole new IP - the medium is unimportant to me; it's rather all about creating the narrative concept.
Exploring narrative in new technologies is bound to lead to innovation, especially within the scope of fruitful collaboration. My role is to find the pathway that balances story, art, science, and technology. Working with partners and on teams allows me to enfranchise others to pioneer new methods and bring a creative vision to life.
Bringing projects to life through concepts and prototyping has always been my strong suit. A history in improv keeps my creative reflexes nimble, allowing me to adapt in a brainstorm.
I've led teams both large and small on multiple simultaneous projects. I excel when collaborating with peers, but also mentor staff and empower them to take ownership over their projects.
Working with small teams keeps me in the production phase of any given project, allowing me to dig into details when needed. I definitely take a hands-on approach to art direction; without hovering.
The challenges of storytelling in virtual reality were only exacerbated by the fact that we were in uncharted territory, and every mis-step was a first; there was nowhere to turn for help.
But this also created conditions that allowed us to pioneer new methods of cinematography in VR, and establish some best practices for how to convey meaningful narrative in a 360 experience.
In order to create a rewarding digital presence for the premiere series of Grojband, I proposed pulling the existing "Wicked Cool Transitions" into the fiction of the show world.
WCTs allow the band to travel between scenes, and our Show Must Go On experience allowed fans to build their own, and even have a chance of seeing it as part of a broadcast episode!
"If at first, the idea is not absurd,
then there is no hope for it."
Having access to the sets and cast of NBC's Blacklist allowed us to script a compelling narrative into our custom personalized tralier website.
Rather than just present the audience with a bit of technical magic, we sowed the narrative of the series premiere into the site deepening the user's connection to show. Curious fans flocked to the site and helped increase the premiere's impact.
I'm a design director, writer, and illustrator based out of Toronto, Canada with almost twenty years of combined experience working in film/TV animation, games, advertising, and entertainment.
For the last ten years I've worked almost exclusively in the interactive field, acquiring a diverse and comprehensive skill set that allows me to adapt to a variety of situations.
I am currently a Creative Director at Secret Location, where I work with a dedicated and talented team of professionals, pioneering short form narrative across multiple digital platforms.
Creating meaningful stories in an interactive environment can be a challenge, especially when historical methods fall so flat. I've been engaging the community on this particular subject and challenging others to help develop new processes.
I've recently had the opportunity to work with some talented Canadian television and media producers to pitch new series concepts that bridge the space between broadcast and digital.
Story & narrative aren't my only passions; I'm also drawn to developing new game systems and have been working with local developers on game projects that range from casual mobile games to immersive virtual reality.
Sleepy Hollow VR was awarded with a Creative Arts Emmy in 2015, making it the very first Emmy for a virtual reality experience! Additionally, the interactive episode for NBC's The Blacklist earned a 2015 International Digital Emmy nomination for Best Digital Program - Fiction.
With three wins and eight nominations since 2013, most of the flagship projects I've lead have been recognized by our country's highest honour in entertainment.
In 2014 Grojband: The Show Must Go On took home the Best Web-Based Game award at FITC Toronto, the largest annual digital media event in Canada.
Not limited to fictional narrative, the story of one cancer survivor hitchhiking across Canada in his underwear (Stanfield's Gitchhiker) was shortlisted for a 2014 Cannes Cyber Lion - the digital extension of the prestigious international awards.


text:
Club America destroyed Chivas de Guadalajara 4-0 at the Omnilife Stadium to wrap up week 13 of the Clausura 2014 of La Liga MX. The thrashing is the worst Chivas has received at the hands of the eagles in 70 years.
Colombian Luis Gabriel Rey opened scoring in the 10th minute putting a center from Argentine Rubens Sambueza in the net to give the Mexico City giants the 1-0. Chivas could not find an answer to the skills the eagles were demonstrating on the pitch. The rojiblancos looked lost giving up the ball too close to their side of the net.
The inefficiencies cost the Rebaño Sagrado in the 15th minute once more. "El canguro" Rey intercepted a bad clearance from Jair Pereira and hammered the ball from 40 meters out to find goalkeeper Antonio Rodriguez' left corner for the 2-0 in favor of the visitors.
America controlled the game not allowing the home side to be any real danger against goalkeeper Moises Muñoz. Chivas managed a couple of runs, but could only hit the posts or crossbar to the surprise of the fans. The game went to the break with the visiting squad leading 2-0.
The second half saw a Chivas that hit the pitch with the full intent of getting back in the game. However, America maintained control and dominance of the field. The third goal came in the 56th minute when Miguel Layun hit the ball but was denied by Rodriguez. To his misfortune, the ball ended with Raul Jimenez who put the ball in the net for the 3-0. America was cruising to another victory in the "clasico."
The fourth goal was the final nail on the coffin. Rodriguez made a terrible clearance giving the ball to Sambueza who sent it back into the area to Luis "quick" Mendoza who chipped it over Rodriguez then beat the Chivas defense to the ball to seal the game 4-0 in the 73rd minute of play.
"Not all games are the same, but the 'clasico' came at a moment when we needed to win for the doubts there was concerning the team's function," America coach Antonio Mohamed said. "We're all happy and now to recuperate. We have to think about our next match."
The victory puts America in the 4th position on the league table with 20 points. The eagles will host league leaders Cruz Azul in week 14 at the Azteca Stadium. Chivas will travel to Hidalgo to take on CF Pachuca.


text:
NewsletterPlease enter your email if you wish to subscribe to our e-newsletter
Planitop XS
Please login to see the price
Manufacturer: Mapei
Planitop XS is an extended-working-time variation of Planitop X. Shrinkagecompensated, fiber-reinforced and polymer-modified, Planitop XS features
Planitop X 's outstanding workability and corrosion inhibitor. Ideal for use in a wide variety of vertical and overhead concrete repairs, Planitop XS can be applied in thicknesses of featheredge to 4" (0 to 10 cm) per lift. Planitop XS is engineered with MAPEI's Easy Glide Technology™ for ease of application and is light gray to match existing concrete surfaces.
• Offers double the working time of Planitop X


text:
Okay I am kind of desperate here. I took a simple backup of my RedHat EL 5 install DVD and now that backup DVD refuses to boot .. Some googling told me that my backup DVD is probably not bootable . I don't have the original DVD now. Is there a way to make my backup DVD bootable ? I am on win XP now and have no access to Linux tools :(
TIA, Akeshi


text:
Every year, the U.S. Commercial Service helps thousands of companies export U.S. goods and services worth billions of dollars. Let us help you find the best opportunities for your business in Saudi Arabia.
Proven Trade Expertise. Our global network of trade professionals is located throughout the United States and in U.S. Embassies and Consulates in nearly 80 countries, including Saudi Arabia. Whether you're looking to make your first export sale or expand your business in Saudi Arabia, we offer the following services to develop your business opportunities.


text:
Arkansas SCV Directory » Business & Economy » Finance and Investment » Insurance » Car and Motorcycle Insurance
Links Sort by: Hits | Alphabetical
|Contract Hire Cars & Van Leasing - http://www.contracthire.co.uk
Contracthire.co.uk can supply any make or model of car or van. We offer a personal service and the lowest cost car leasing deals in the UK. -
|Alberta Car Insurance. - http://www.albertacarinsurance.org
Discover important policies regarding Alberta Car Insurance, selecting the right car insurance, as well as free car insurance quotes. -
|covermybreakdown - car breakdown cover - UK - http://www.covermybreakdown.co.uk/
Covermybreakdown provides best services of car breakdown cover, cover breakdown insurance. You can get 24 hours Motor Breakdown Cover and car rescue across UK. -
|Learner Driver Insurance - http://www.learnerdriverinsurance.info
Purchasing learner driver insurance is on the minds of most new drivers and their parents. We give you all the essential information needed to make a decision about the right insurance package. -
|Cheap Cars Insurance - http://www.cheap-car-insurance-britain.co.uk
Compare cheap car insurance, search over 90 different online car insurance companies for the cheapest quotes. -


text:
I need to submit a number of task and then wait for them until all results are available. Each of them adds a
String to a
Vector(that is synchronized by default). Then I need to start a new task for each result in the Vector but I need to do this only when all the previous tasks have stopped doing their job.
I want to use Java Executor, in particular I tried using
Executors.newFixedThreadPool(100) in order to use a fixed number of thread (I have a variable number of task that can be 10 or 500) but I'm new with executors and I don't know how to wait for task termination.
This is something like a pseudocode of what my program needs to do:
ExecutorService e = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(100);
/*do something*/
<start task>
<wait for all task termination>
for each String in result{
<start task>
<wait for all task termination>
I can't do a e.shutdown because I'm in a while(true) and I need to reuse the
Can you help me? Can you suggest me a guide/book about java executors?


text:
Students in a Counseling 12-Personal Growth and Development Course, construct a tower out of Spaghetti and marshmallows to assist in their learning.
"It was a class that really made you think about your life. It gave insight to habits that can break or build you up. The teaching style was fun and interactive" student
By taking a course that uses the On Course text you will learn the necessary strategies to be not only successful in college but in life. Through self-assessments and journaling students learn how to plan, improve self-confidence and strengthen relationships. The text helps you learn how to make wise choices to be a successful student in the areas listed below.
"I liked learning about all the different ways that can make me a better person and stay on track to achieving my goals."student
The On Course Success Principles
|Choices of Successful Students
|Successful Students...
|Strugging Students...
|1. ACCEPT SELF-RESPONSIBILITY, seeing themselves as the primary cause of their outcomes and experiences.
|1. ...see themselves as Victims, believing that what happens to them is determined primarily by external forces such as fate, luck, and powerful others.
|2. DISCOVER SELF-MOTIVATION, finding purpose in their lives by discovering personally meaningful goals and dreams.
|2. ...have difficulty sustaining motivation, often feeling depressed, frustrated, and/or resentful about a lack of direction in their lives.
|3. MASTER SELF-MANAGEMENT, consistently planning and taking purposeful actions in pursuit of their goals and dreams.
|3. ...seldom identify specific actions needed to accomplish a desired outcome. And when they do, they tend to procrastinate.
|4. EMPLOY INTERDEPENDENCE, building mutually supportive relationships that help them achieve their goals and dreams (while helping others to do the same).
|4. ...are solitary, seldom requesting, even rejecting offers of assistance from those who could help.
|5. GAIN SELF-AWARENESS, consciously employing behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes that keep them on course.
|5. ...make important choices unconsciously, being directed by self-sabotaging habits and outdated life scripts.
|6. ADOPT LIFE-LONG LEARNING, finding valuable lessons and wisdom in nearly every experience they have.
|6. ...resist learning new ideas and skills, viewing learning as fearful or boring rather than as mental play.
|7. DEVELOP EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, effectively managing their emotions in support of their goals and dreams.
|7. ...live at the mercy of strong emotions such as anger, depression, anxiety, or a need for instant gratification.
|8. BELIEVE IN THEMSELVES, seeing themselves capable, lovable, and unconditionally worthy as human beings.
|8. ...doubt their competence and personal value, feeling inadequate to create their desired outcomes and experiences.
"Materials from, Downing, On Course 4. Displayed with special permission of Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved."
Picture #2-Students in Counseling 12-Personal Growth and Development, introduce themselves during the first week using a Coat of Arms they created in class.
Classes using the On Course Text: Counseling 12-Personal Growth and Development and English 110-Skills for College Success Note: Not every section of these courses use the On Course text but many do.
Helpful links for students
On Course self-assessment
Taking this assessment will help you identify behaviors and beliefs you may wish to change to be more successful in college and in life
Learning styles assessment
Taking this learning style assessment will allow you to learn your preferred way of knowing (learning) which will assist you to be more successful in college and in life.
Self-esteem materials
Site provides self-esteem materials, self-tests, exercises and personal enrichment resources.
Self-assessment test
This test is designed to evaluate your general level of self-esteem. This screening will determine whether you need to work on your self-image. Find out with the Self-esteem Test.
Burn-out self-test and more
Take a burn-out self-test and many more on this site.
Motivational video
A cool motivational video that looks at what you put into life and get out of it.


text:
This Friday the 13th was another chapter in an annual horror series for the San Jose Sharks. They are deciding what their 2014-15 roster will look like while the Pacific Division rival Los Angeles Kings were locking up another Stanley Cup championship Friday, June 13.
It is time for San Jose to flip the script. Major change means a rebuild not a mere "refresh and reload" as general manager Doug Wilson was fond of saying a year ago. At least one major piece has to go, but a look at the pictured personnel groupings shows a team that could still reach the Stanley Cup playoffs even if they lost captain Joe Thornton for just a draft pick.
There appears to be interest in Thornton by the Toronto Maple Leafs, and they have the eighth pick in the 2014 NHL draft. Such a pick might even be able to make the roster this season, but this team would have Stanley Cup playoff expectations even if neither the top pick nor any other player ready to impact the Sharks were netted in that or any other trade, via free agency or through any other means.
If general manager Doug Wilson or his coaching staff want to start the season with more talent, Toronto also seems willing to let go of some current players. It could also lose some via free agency, where San Jose could use some of the cap room created by letting Thornton go to sign someone else.
However, turning the team over to young Sharks is the best avenue because it gives them a chance to develop. Thornton is still an elite player, but his best days are behind him. Having him on the roster keeps a young player from breaking into the NHL or growing into a larger role.
Since Cam Tucker of Pro Hockey Talk also referenced mutual interest with Dan Boyle Friday, one could see Thornton being willing to play there together with him. Add those two to a roster kept largely intact otherwise and the Maple Leafs have a legitimate shot at reaching the Stanley Cup finals.
Showing the remaining Sharks that repeated failure is met with consequences would be invaluable. Having a team that cannot coast on its talent could also build better habits in time for the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs.
If the talent is insufficient after the All-Star game, there will be plenty of room to add a piece or two for a stretch run. In the meantime, San Jose will continue to develop depth and will be in a better position to compete for future Stanley Cups.


text:
Koichiro Ishimori
Released: September 30, 2008
Dehydration is one of the key steps for protein folding. While theoretical analyses suggest that the large decrease in the conformational entropy is associated with protein folding, the folding experiments show rather small decrease in the entropy, which allows us to speculate that release of hydrated water molecules from the peptide entropically contributes to the protein folding. However, no experimental data have reported on the dehydration associated with protein folding. Here, we focused on the volume changes in protein folding to discuss the dehydration and determined the volume changes associated with protein folding of reduced cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the unfolded state to the native state. The equilibrium constant between the unfolded state and native state (KUN) was determined by a change in the absorption (420 nm) at various pressures between 0.1 and 200 MPa and at various concentrations of denaturant (guanidine hydrochloride) between 3.2 and 4.0 M. Dependence of KUN on these factors revealed that the volume change at ambient pressure in the absence of denaturant is negative (ΔVUN = -25(±10) cm3·mol-1). We also followed pressure dependence of the folding rate (k) to determine the activation volume (ΔV‡) for the process from the collapsed state (the initial intermediate for the protein folding) to the native state, by using the photo-induced protein folding reaction. The folding rate was followed by a change in the absorption (420 nm) at various pressures between 0.1 and 200 MPa and at various concentrations of the denaturant between 3.2 and 4.0 M. ΔV‡ at ambient pressure in the absence of denaturant is also negative (-14(±8) cm3·mol-1) and comparable to ΔVUN. Such negative volumes can be accounted for by a decrease in volume resulting from the dehydration of hydrophobic groups, primarily the heme group, and the dehydration is mainly induced in the process from the collapsed state to the native state. The present data clearly indicates that dehydration, which increases the entropy of the protein system, compensates for a decrease in the conformational entropy accompanying the formation of the more compact and ordered transition state. We, therefore, propose that the rather small change in the entropy for the folding reaction of Cyt c is due to the dehydration of hydrophobic groups, and dehydration entropically promotes the protein folding reaction.
Ryo Kitahara, Kazuyuki Akasaka
Pressure shifts the equilibrium distribution of conformers of a protein through volume differences. Here, we examined the dynamics of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins by utilizing variable pressure NMR spectroscopy. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76 amino acid residue protein, whose sequence is extremely well conserved in all eukaryote. The same topology of folding frequently occurs in proteins, which are named ubiquitin-like proteins (ubl), despite the fact that the sequence identity among the ubl is rather poor. Further investigation of common structural motifs in a wider conformational state may provide additional information why proteins conserve similar topology. Thus by using variable pressure NMR techniques, we explored structures of ubiqitin and the two ubl, NEDD8, and SUMO-2, in a wide conformational space, namely in their energy landscape. We found similar conformational fluctuations among the ubl in the evolutionary conserved enzyme-binding region of the ubl, namely ubiquitin, NEDD8 and SUMO-2, indicating a conserved structural and thermodynamic design for their function.
Hideki Tachibana, Kunihiko Gekko, Akihiro Nakamura, Koichi Matsuo, Abdul Raziq Abdul Latif, Mariko Araga, Ryouhei Kono, Kazuyuki Akasaka
Intrinsically unfolded hen lysozyme disulfide-deficient variant spontaneously forms amyloid-like fibrils. Its early assembly reversibly dissociates under high hydrostatic pressure with a partial molar volume decrease of 100 mL per monomeric unit. The partial specific volumes of the monomeric and protofibrillar states are 0.684 and 0.724 mL g-1, respectively, and the adiabatic compressibility coefficient of these states are -7.48 and 1.35 Mbar-1, which indicates that the protofibrillar state is highly voluminous and compressible. Pressure accelerates the dissociation of protofibrils with a negative activation volume of -50 ml mol-1 and a negative activation compressibility of -0.013 ml mol-1 bar-1, which suggests that partial hydration of existing voids takes place in the transition state of dissociation reaction.
Takami Morita
Deep-sea fishes, Coryphaenoides armatus and C. yaquinae, have three unique amino acid substitutions, V54 or L67P, Q137K and A155S, in comparison with non-deep sea fish, C. acrolepis. The V54A or L67P substitution plays an important role in actin polymerization under high pressures. The myosin heavy chain from deep-sea fishes has one amino acid deletion in the loop-2 region, which is one of actin-binding sites. However, the role of this deletion has remained unclear.
Masayuki Tsukamoto, Yoshihisa Suzuki, Haruhiko Sakuraba, Katsuhiro Tamura
Three-dimensional structures of glucose isomerase molecules in crystals prepared from supersaturated solutions in capillaries under 0.1 and 100 MPa were determined by X-ray crystallography under 0.1 MPa. With accurate temperature control, we obtained a few large crystals of good quality in the capillaries under 0.1 and 100 MPa. X-ray structures with high quality data sets were successfully obtained without removing solution around the crystals. We also determined a relation between resolution of molecular structure and size of the crystals surrounded by the solution in the capillaries. However, the r.m.s. deviation of least square fit of all atom positions of both glucose isomerase folds was about 0.05Å. This deviation was little. The distributions of water sites in both glucose isomerase structures were almost identical.
Eiji Ohmae, Chiho Murakami, Shin-ichi Tate, Kunihiko Gekko, Chiaki Kato
The application of hydrostatic pressure is a well-known method for studying protein dynamics and hydration. The aims of this review are to provide a brief introduction to the thermodynamic principles of the effects of pressure on proteins and to extend such principles to the stability of proteins in solution. Finally, we refer to the significance of water for living organisms from a thermodynamic perspective.
Chiaki Kato, Takako Sato, Fumiyoshi Abe, Eiji Ohmae, Hideyuki Tamegai, Kaoru Nakasone
Studies of pressure-adapted (piezophilic) protein have lagged behind the investigation of other extremophilic proteins, however the recent characterization of proteins from deep-sea organisms has substantially accelerated the field. For example studies on piezophilic bacterium Shewanella violacea strain DSS12, which was isolated from a sediment sample collected at the Ryukyu Trench (depth: 5,110 m), has elucidated the molecular basis for gene and protein regulation at different pressure conditions. Recent experiments on dihydrofolate reductases, isopropylmalate dehydrogenases, and RNA polymerase subunits from the strain DSS12 have contributed to our understanding of protein adaptation to high pressure. These studies have also complemented previous work that had investigated the effect of pressure on the activity and stability of "normal", unadapted proteins. Together this research has lead to the conclusion that volume changes due to the hydration effects of exposed side chains and large internal cavities drive protein unfolding under high pressure. The tight packing of internal hydrophobic core and the replacement of surface loops with β-structures have also been identified as major structural strategies that confer high-pressure adaptation to piezophilic proteins by reducing their compressibility.
Yoshikazu Nishiguchi, Fumiyoshi Abe, Chiaki Kato, Tetsuya Miwa, Takako Sato, Noriko Oshima, Mitsumasa Okada
Lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 18.104.22.168; LDH) is one of the important enzymes in the glycolytic reaction cascade for its metabolic significance in catalyzing the terminating step. Cell-free extracts able to catalyze the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate were first obtained in 1932 (Banga et al., 1932). Warburg and Christian (1936) later associated the reaction with NAD , and the enzyme was first purified from bovine heart muscle (Straub, 1940). Since then, LDH has been extensively studied in vertebrates, plants and bacteria (Loewus and Stafford, 1960; Dennis and Kaplan, 1960; Biellmann and Rosenheimer, 1973). The direction of the reversible reaction depends on tissue-specific physiological conditions, such as the NAD/NADH ratio and the oxygen partial pressure. In most vertebrates, the LDH molecule forms a tetrameric structure (Markert and Moller, 1959) and two separate loci which encode A and B subunits constructing 5 tetrameric isozymes have been found (Prochazka and Wachsmuth, 1972). In cyclostomata, E. japonica has been shown to have a single subunit, while hagfishes have 2 subunits, LDH-A and LDH-B. Thus, hagfish LDH-B is the most primitive LDH-B ever examined. To examine the relationship of hagfish LDHs to lampreys and other vertebrate LDHs, we determined the cDNA sequences of LDH-A from 3 hagfishes and compared them to previously published sequences. The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on LDH activity was examined under pressures from 0.1 to 100 MPa. These results suggest that LDH-A4 of E. okinoseanus is more adapted to high-pressure conditions than others.
Hitoshi Matsuki, Kaori Tada, Masaki Goto, Nobutake Tamai, Shoji Kaneshina
Thermodynamic quantities of phase transitions between bilayer and nonbilayer for phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines with saturated acyl chains (C18:0-PC, O-C18:0-PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines with unsaturated acyl chains (C18:1-PE(cis), C18:1-PE(trans)), were determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry under ambient pressure and light-transmittance measurements under high pressure. The thermodynamic quantities of the nonbilayer formations were much smaller than those of the transition between bilayers (gel-liquid crystal or hydrated crystal-liquid crystal transition) for the corresponding phospholipids. Although the nonbilayer formations correspond to a dynamic transformation between lamellar structure and nonlamellar structure such as interdigitated or inverted hexagonal structure, we can say that the order of the lipid molecule in both structures may not appreciably change judging from the smaller thermodynamic quantities. A notable feature of the bilayer-nonbilayer transitions is the large pressure dependence of the transition temperature as compared with that of the bilayer-bilayer transitions. This fact means that the transformation between bilayer and nonbilayer structures is remarkably influenced by pressure. Comparing the enthalpy and volume changes of the bilayer-nonbilayer transitions with those of the bilayer-bilayer transitions, we concluded that the former transitions can be regarded as volume-controlled transitions for the reconstruction of molecular packing.
Masaki Goto, Masataka Toda, Nobutake Tamai, Hitoshi Matsuki, Shoji Kaneshina
Thermotropic and barotropic phase behavior of the dinonadecanoylphosphatidylcholine (diC19-PC) bilayer membrane was investigated by use of differential scanning calorimetry and high-pressure light-transmittance technique. The constructed temperature (T)-pressure (P) phase diagram showed the polymorphism of the gel phase (i.e., lamellar gel, ripple gel and interdigitated gel phases) which is one of the common features to symmetric saturated diacyl-PC bilayer membranes. The pre- and main-transition temperatures and the critical interdigitation pressure (CIP) of the diC19-PC bilayer membrane were revealed to be 57.5 °C, 60.6 °C and 37.7 MPa, respectively, which were in good agreement with the values expected from the acyl chain-length dependence of those quantities based on the previous results for bilayer membranes of a homologous series of diacyl-PCs with shorter acyl chains. On the other hand, the enthalpy (ΔH) and volume (ΔV) changes of the main transition for the diC19-PC bilayer membrane were significantly larger than those expected from the acyl chain-length dependence. This may indicate that there are some intrinsic difference in molecular packing between bilayer membranes of diC19- and other diacyl-PCs with shorter acyl chains, and that the diC19-PC bilayer forms a more condensed gel phase than the latter bilayers.
Shoji Kaneshina, Masaki Goto, Kaori Tada, Nobutake Tamai, Hitoshi Matsuki
The bilayer phase transitions of saturated ether-linked phospholipids with different-sized polar head groups, dihexadecylphosphatidylethanolamine (DHPE), dihexadecylphos- phatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DHMe2PE) and dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC), were observed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-pressure light-transmittance. The temperatures of so-called main transition from the lamellar gel (Lβ) or ripple gel (Pβ') phase to the liquid crystalline (Lα) phase were almost linearly elevated by applying pressure. The slope of the temperature-pressure boundary (dT/dP) was in the range of 0.232 - 0.244 K MPa-1. The main transition temperatures of these lipid bilayers decreased with increasing size of head group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in thermodynamic quantities of the main transition among these lipid bilayers. Bilayer membranes of DHPE and DHMe2PE underwent only a main transition from the Lβ phase to the Lα phase, whereas the DHPC bilayer exhibited two phase transitions: the pretransition from the interdigitated gel (LβI) phase to the Pβ' phase and sequentially the main transition from the Pβ' phase to the Lα phase. In other words, the interdigitation of DHPE and DHMe2PE bilayers was not observed. It is well known that the interdigitation of ester-linked phosphatidylcholine bilayer, for example dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer, is induced by hydrostatic pressure. Present results revealed a necessarily important condition for bilayer interdititation: lipid molecules have to include in structure a bulky head group of choline rather than the ester- or ether-linkage. A probable mechanism for pressure-induced interdigitation of bilayer is proposed.
Yuichi Nogi, Takako Sato
Bacteria living in the deep-sea have several unusual characteristic that allow them to growth in their extreme environment. The only deep-sea piezophilic bacterial species of two of these genera were named Shewanella benthica and Colwellia hadaliensis prior to the reports by the JAMSTEC group. We have identified several novel piezophilic species within the γ-subgroup of the Proteobacteria according to phylogenetic classifications based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequence information. Numerous deep-sea piezophilic bacterial strains have been isolated and characterized in an effort to understand the interaction between the deep-sea environment and its microbial inhabitants. It has been understood that the temperature and pressure influence to growth is also different depending on the strain for piezophilic bacteria.
Satoshi Kawachi, Yoshio Hara, Toshiaki Arao, Yoshihisa Suzuki, Katsuhiro Tamura
In this study, the inhibitory effect under compressed hydrocarbon gases on yeast growth was investigated quantitatively by microcalorimetry. The growth thermograms (heat output - incubation time curve) were obtained during incubation of yeast under various compressed hydrocarbon gases. When the gas pressure increased, the curves of thermograms shifted to the right, indicating an obvious inhibitory action on the yeast growth. After quantification of growth inhibition at various pressures, we determined the 50% inhibitory pressure (IP50) and the minimum inhibitory pressure (MIP) values as indices which represent toxic potency of each gas. The lower the IP50 and MIP values, the greater the growth inhibitory effects of the gas. Based on these values, the inhibitory potency of the gases increased in the order: methane < ethane < propane < i-butane < n-butane. In addition, the toxicity of some hydrocarbon gases was found to be correlated to their hydrophobicity. These results suggest that hydrocarbon gases interact with some hydrophobic region of the cell membrane, resulting in modification of membrane structure and function. However, no evidence was obtained in the yeast treated with compressed hydrocarbon gases as to the membrane damage. Therefore, we investigated the effects of hydrocarbon gases on the leakage of 260 nm absorbing material from treated cells. The release amount of 260 nm absorbing material increased with increasing pressure. This indicates that hydrocarbon gases affect the plasma membrane, particularly the nuclear membrane. Furthermore, we examined the effects of hydrocarbon gases on the morphology of the yeasts by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy showed that yeasts when exposed to compressed hydrocarbon gases undergo a dramatic morphological change that includes invagination of the cell surface.
Nobuyoshi Harada, Hitoshi Iwahashi, Kaoru Obuchi, Katsuiro Tamura
Effect of Petit-high pressure carbon dioxide treatment was investigated for microorganisms in Lyceum Barbarum Fruit Juice harvested from China. The Juice was treated with carbon dioxide gas from mild to high pressure (from 3atm to 50atm) conditions, for 1day to 14 days. Colony Favoring Unit on Petri Dishs of LB, YPD, PDF agar medium were decreased to less than 10 in 50atm-1day condition, even in 3atm-14days condition. Surprisingly, similar effect was observed between Petit-high pressure long time treatment (3atm-14days) and high-pressure short time treatment (50atm-1day). The pressure level on food distribution was restricted to be under 4atm. This data shows the possibility and reality of food distribution with mild-pressure carbon dioxide gas on the condition under 4atm.
Yoshihisa Muramoto, Katsuhiro Tamura, Toshiaki Arao, Yoshihisa Suzuki, Hitoshi Iwahashi
Microbial spoilage, including fermentation and oxidation is particularly an important factor that influences the quality of foods. In previous studies we showed that sudachi (sour citrus fruit) juice could be sterilized with oxygen gas pressurization at 10 MPa and 50°C without loss of its flavor and color. Furthermore, we reported a method to remove the dissolved oxygen in sudachi juice with nitrogen gas pressurization. However, all these results were obtained using a small-scale batch process (500 ml or less in capacity). In this research, we designed a new commercial scale food processing apparatus for the sudachi juice based on the above findings. This device consists of two parts: a sterilization part with oxygen gas pressurization and a dissolved oxygen removal part with nitrogen gas pressurization, and it has a big advantage that a large amount of sudachi juice can be treated continuously at the flow rates up to 40 L/h. Using this apparatus, the sudachi juice was sterilized under similar operation conditions (50°C and 10 MPa for 1 minute) to those of the small-scale batch system. Although the performance of dissolved oxygen removal and the quality conservation of the juice (such as flavor and color) is under investigation now, the facility and production costs are expected to be apparently less than those of high-pressure processing (liquid pressure). Because, our treatments can be completed in a short time at relatively low pressures using "oxygen-nitrogen hybrid pressurization system". We consider further improvements of the apparatus and hope that the practical application of the method can be realized in food industry in the near future.
Fumiyoshi Abe
Global transcriptional profiles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied following changes in growth conditions to high hydrostatic pressure (25 MPa, 24 °C) and low temperature (0.1 MPa, 15 °C). These profiles were quantitatively very similar. Particularly, expression of the DAN/TIR cell wall mannoprotein genes, which are generally expressed under hypoxia, were markedly upregulated by high pressure and low temperature, suggesting the overlapping regulatory networks of transcription. In support of the role of the mannoproteins in cell wall integrity, cells acquired resistance against treatment with low concentrations of SDS and Zymolyase, and lethal level of high pressure (125 MPa) when cells were preincubated under high pressure and low temperature.
Yoshihide Tanaka, Tetsuji Higashi, Randeep Rakwal, Junko Shibato, Shin-ichi Wakida, Hitoshi Iwahashi
Metabolomics is a newly emerging field of 'omics' research that is used for detection of small molecules or metabolites in biological fluids such as amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is one of the most promising approaches for comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the metabolites. The aim of the present study was to investigate the response to environmental stress using model organisms such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. CE-MS method was applied to the determination of qualitative and quantitative difference of the cationic metabolites. This paper shows that a stress response to high hydrostatic pressure (40 MPa, 16 hours) resulted in an increase in the concentration of many intracellular amino acids. Amino acid metabolism would be activated in the stress response in the yeast cells. Furthermore, it was particularly noticeable that a series of hydrophobic amino acids, such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, was increased. From the results of gene expression, the yeast cells had been damaged by the pressure treatment. Therefore, we speculated that the amino acid increases were observed caused by a decomposition product of proteins.
Hitoshi Iwahashi, Nobuyoshi Harada, Masaki Misawa, Junko Takahashi, Kaoru Obuchi, Kazutaka Yamamoto, Akihiko Sasagawa, Atsushi Kobayashi, Akira Yamazaki
The research field of high pressure processed food technology was spread from basic science to commercial basis progress. Thus, this technology is being accepted by consumer and is now on the stage of standardization. Standardization is required for the stable and safety supply of high pressure processed food to consumer. In this paper, we would like to suggest the draft version of "Technical Report" concern to indicative standard microorganisms using yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We selected the strain of S288C, medium of YPD, and cultivation time of 50-150h at 25°C. The strain was selected as the genome sequence of this strain was already analyzed and thus the most characterized strain in the yeast strains. YPD medium is widely used by basic scientist and applied scientist. The cultivation time was examined by counting CFU after and before pressure treatment and we found yeast cells during this growth phase showed the reproducible high pressure resistance. Next step is the validation studies of this "Technical Report" in different laboratories. We would like to call for participation in the validation studies to laboratories.
Satoshi Katsuki, Wakako Iwamoto, Takeo Yamaguchi
Previously we showed the breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA ladder in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells exposed to a pressure of 100 MPa. Here, to characterize pressure-induced apoptosis, the pathway of caspase-3 activation, morphological changes of the cells, and the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of intracellular water were examined using 100 MPa-treated MEL cells. The results from caspase-inhibitors showed that both pathways via caspase-8 and mitochondria were involved in caspase-3 activation. Upon culture of pressure-treated cells, the plane surface of the membrane was observed using a scanning electron microscope. From the T1 measurement, it was found that the efflux of intracellular water occurs in early stage of apoptosis, whereas the influx of water in its late stage.
Seiichi Funamoto, Yoshihide Hashimoto, Syuji Sasaki, Shinya Hattori, Takako Honda, Kwangwoo Nam, Mamabu Mochizuki, Toshiya Fujisato, Tsuyoshi Kimura, Hisatoshi Kobayashi, Akio Kishida
We investigated the characteristics of a decellularized porcine cornea by ultra-high hydrostatical pressurization (UHP) method. The UHP method consists of the disruption of cells by hydrostatical pressurization and the removal of components of the disrupted cells by washing process. Porcine cornea were hydrostatically pressed at 10,000 atmospheres and 10 °C for 10 min and immersed in medium for 72 hours. The turbid cornea was obtained. For H-E staining of the cornea decellularized with the UHP method, the complete removal of corneal cells and maintenance of the superstructure of collagen fibrils were confirmed. When the corneas were immersed in glycerol for 1 hour, their optical and mechanical properties were restored to those of a natural cornea. As the preliminary animal study, when the implantation of the acellular porcine cornea to rabbit cornea was carried out, the immune reaction was not occurred and the turbid cornea became clear. These results indicate that the decellularized cornea by UHP method would be useful as corneal scaffold for regeneration. These results indicate the possibility of the acellular cornea prepared by the UHP method as artificial bio-cornea.
Tai-hua Mu, Juan Wang, Toshio Hagiwara, Norihiro Azuma
The digestibility of nonpressurized bovine whey protein isolate (WPI) and pressure-induced WPI gel and the effect of different pressures (200-600MPa) on digestibility were evaluated by measuring digestive rate in simulated astrointestinal digestion system and SDS-PAGE. The results showed that the digestibility of high pressure induced WPI gel significantly increased compared with that of untreated WPI after digesting by pepsin and trypsin, which were 72.59% and 61.02% respectively. When the pressure was over 400MPa, the digestibility of high pressure-induced WPI gel showed no significant change(ANOVA, p<0.05). Although the b-lactoglobulin(β-Lg) from untreated WPI sample was not easy to be digested by pepsin, β-Lg from the high pressure-induced gel (400MPa) was digested partly. Furthermore, when the pressure was up to 600MPa, β-Lg from the high pressure-induced gel was digested almost completely. In addition, the peptides with molecular masses of 3500-6500 Da were formed after pepsin digestion.
Atsushi Suzuki, Miho Arakawa, Shuhei Yamamoto, Tadayuki Nishiumi
Effects of high pressure treatment on the structure of connectin, one of the elastic protein of muscle were investigated by spectrometric analyses. Circular dichroism spectra show abundance of β-structure in the secondary structure of connectin, whereas α-helix content was less than 10%. No significant change in secondary structure was observed in the connectin pressurized up to 400 MPa, but significant decrease of β-sheet and increase of turn were observed in the connectin pressurized at 600 MPa. From the measurements of fluorescent spectra and center of spectral mass, it seems that the changes in the tertiary structure of connectin induced by relatively mild pressure of 100~200MPa were reversible, but the changes become irreversible with more higher pressure applied.
Tomohito Iwasaki, Katsuhiro Yamamoto, Kunio Nakamura
Myosin molecules are associated into filament at physiological condition such as 0.1 M NaCl. Since myosin filaments form a gel by application of hydrostatic pressure above 200 MPa without heating, the possibility of the meat processing by the pressure treatment is suggested. Both of heat- or pressure-induced filamentous myosin gels showed similar internal structure; namely, the gels were composed of a fine-strand network, whereas the elasticities of those two gels were different. The aim of this study is to clarify the relation between morphological and rheological properties of filamentous myosin gels using atomic force microscope (AFM). The heat- or pressure-treated myosin filament was investigated by AFM in 0.1 M NaCl without chemical fixation. The thermal- and pressure-induced strands, which were formed from denatured filaments, became knobby with elevating temperature and pressure. The strands were formed by side-by-side association of several filaments above 55 °C and 300 MPa. There was also no significant morphological difference between thermal and pressure-induced strands. The elasticities of strands were also investigated using an AFM. The elasticity of heat-induced strand showed maximal value (10.24±1.16 MPa) at 55 °C. On the other hand, the elasticity of pressure-induced strand increased with elevating pressure, and the maximal value was 9.80±0.84 MPa at 500 MPa. The elasticity of the whole gel corresponded with those of the strand. Myosin molecule consists of two globular heads (S1) attached to a tail (rod). The structure and elasticities of heat- and pressure-denatured subfragments were investigated using AFM. The heat- and pressure-denatured S1 showed similar aggregated structure, and the elasticities of denatured S1 aggregates increased with elevating application of temperature and pressure. On the other hands, the elasticity of heat-denatured rod filament showed maximal value at 55 °C, while that of pressure-denatured rod filament increased with elevating pressure. From these results, we conclude that the rheological characteristics of heat-denatured rod filaments determine the elasticity of heat-induced filamentous myosin gel, whereas that of pressure-denatured head and tail affects the rheological properties of pressure-induced myosin filament gel.
Yasuko Kanda, Takashi Hara, Toshio Jou, Masatomo Matuno, Atsushi Suzuki, Sumiko Odani
Ovomucoid (OVM) is a dominant allergen in chicken egg white. It is difficult to lower the antigenicity and allergenicity of OVM because of its stability to heat and chemical treatments. The effects of combined high-pressure/enzymatic treatment on the proteolysis, antigenicity and allergenicity of OVM were investigated. OVM (1.4 mg/ml) was pressurized to 100-600 MPa at 37°C for 30 min prior to pepsin or chymotrypsin hydrolysis, which was also conducted under high pressures (100-600 MPa). The peptide profile was analyzed by tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The residual antigenicity was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using rabbit antisera against OVM and sera from egg-allergic patients. The residual allergenicity was measured on the basis of the histamine released from KU812F human pre-basophilic cells sensitized with sera from egg-allergic patients. Chymotryptic digestion carried out under high pressures enhanced the hydrolysis of OVM and reduced its antigenicity and allergenicity. The greatest reduction of antigenicity and allergenicity was obtained at a pressure of 400 MPa. Combined high-pressure/enzymatic treatment could be useful for reducing the antigenicity of food proteins.
Xiaoye Gu, Shigenobu Koseki, Kazutaka Yamamoto
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on rooting ability of mung bean seeds was investigated. Water content of mung beans was adjusted by immersing the beans in water at 25°C for a specific time. The mung bean seeds (water content 7, 15, 25%) were treated with HHP (100-600MPa) at 25°C for 10min. Three sets of 100 seeds for each pressure condition were applied to the treatment and HHP-treated mung beans were incubated at 25°C for testing the rooting ability. The dry mung beans (water content, 7%) showed high sprouting ratio regardless of the applied pressure. As for mung beans of intermediate water content (15%), emergence of the root was delayed and the sprouting ratio was low. Furthermore, the mung bean seeds with higher water content (25%) showed very low emerged root ratio and no sprouting even at a relatively low pressure of 100 MPa. It was clarified that pressure-resistance of mung beans was significantly affected by water content. Higher water content gave lower sprouting ratio even at low pressures. For efficient microbial inactivation and spouting, the water content of mung beans should not be high.
Kazutaka Yamamoto, Kiyoshi Kawai, Ken Fukami, Shigenobu Koseki
Water mixtures of potato and corn starches were prepared at starch contents of 10-70%w/w, and the mixtures were treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) ranging from 200 to 1,200 MPa at 40°C for 1h. HHP-treated starch - water mixtures were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, and the enthalpy changes in gelatinization and re-gelatinization of retrograded starch were measured. Based on the enthalpy changes, the physically modified states of HHP-treated potato and corn starches were classified into five physical states: complete gelatinization, complete gelatinization with retrogradation, partial gelatinization, partial gelatinization with retrogradation, and thermodynamically no change. The classification was summarized into state diagrams for both starches.
Kazutaka Yamamoto, Shinichiro Nakayama, Takashi Murazeki, Katsuo Nakayama, Xiaye Gu, Shigenobu Koseki
It has been known that bivalves can be shucked and the flesh can be detached after high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment. In this regard, some patents have been issued. In Japan, one commercial scale shucking of oyster is realized by treating the bivalve at 80 MPa and 40°C. HHP shucking of oyster contributes to reducing the labor cost and the claims from consumers on the contaminated hard shell pieces. In the USA, HHP-shucked oysters receive a good reputation. However, applicability of HHP shucking to other bivalves has not been sufficiently studied and scientific publications of the relevant data have been quite limited. In this study, bivalves other than oyster were subjected to HHP treatment for shucking and flesh detaching.
Shinichirou Nakayama, Katsuo Nakayama, Shigenobu Koseki, Kazutaka Yamamoto
Food processing by ultra high pressure has been commercialized by leading companies in food industry. The Research Association of High Pressure Food Processing Technology in Tsukuba was established in 2004, and one of the aims of the association was to develop new equipments for high pressure food processing at low cost so that small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can introduce the technology. Through the activity of the association, we have won a research project from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries for developing a test model for high pressure food processing in collaboration with National Food Research Institute. As a result, we have completed a test model with a volume of 20L (250mmΦ x 420mm), a maximum pressure of 200 MPa, and a temperature range between ambient temperature and 60°C.
1 - 28 / 28 Articles.
Back Issues
Edited and published by : Japanese Research Group of High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology (JHPBB) Produced and listed by : Japanese Research Group of High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology (JHPBB)


text:
Important Dates: Past Item
The Tag and Label Manufacturers Institute, Inc
Wed., January 16 - Sun., March 31, 2013
The Tag and Label Manufacturers Institute, Inc. (TLMI) is a non-profit trade association for businesses in the narrow web tag, label and packaging industry. TLMI has a long history of awarding scholarships with the goal of supporting and encouraging talented young people to pursue careers in the industry. We are pleased to announce our 2013-2014 Scholarship Program. Scholarships are offered for students in 2-year ($1,000) and 4-year ($5,000) degree programs and are targeted at candidates enrolled in a college degree program with major coursework that is applicable to the tag and label manufacturing industry.
Full details on these scholarships, including the downloadable application forms, may be found on our website. Click here.
Please share this information with students who may be interested. We would like to insure that all qualified students have the opportunity to apply. The deadline for submission to TLMI is March 31st.
If you or students have any questions, please feel free to contact us by phone (978 282 1400) or email (firstname.lastname@example.com).
626-585-7298, firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
More than 300 Royal Caribbean International passengers and crew members on the Explorer of the Seas ship show symptoms of norovirus, according to NBC News on Jan. 26. U.S. health officials are heading to the vessel to check into the outbreak that has left hundreds of passengers and crew members dealing with the illness.
The issue took place on a 10-day cruise that left Cape Liberty, N.J. and headed toward St. Maarten. There are 3,050 passengers and 1,165 crew members on the vessel, and so far 281 passengers and 22 crew members have shown symptoms of norovirus. Health officials will board the Royal Caribbean International ship in the Virgin Islands Sunday to investigate.
Luckily reports indicate that so far those who have fallen ill have responded well to the medications available on the ship. The cause of the illness outbreak is unknown so far. The Explorer of the Seas stopped in San Juan, Puerto Rico for an intensive cleaning. Norovirus, which causes acute gastrointestinal issues, is commonly spread via contaminated food and water or infected people.
This latest Royal Caribbean International issue is just the latest in a long string of challenges on cruise ships to hit headlines over the past couple of years. Hopefully in this case those affected will recover quickly, and others will remain healthy aboard the Explorer of the Seas.
Suggested Links
- Grammy Awards spoilers: 34 couples to wed during 'Same Love' performance
- Target lays off nearly 500 employees in latest round of cuts
- Tyler Doohan hailed as hero: Boy saves family in fire, dies trying to help uncle
- East River remains confirmed to be Avonte Oquendo, missing autistic teen
- Jelly Belly beer-flavored beans available: Will customers embrace new flavor?


text:
create a reminder for the unread bookmarks
I want to add a date to remind me to read a bookmark when it's unread
14 votes
Dorothée Créteur shared this idea
2 comments
Philipp Rößler commented
A reminder for individual bookmarks/items will push diigo from a (sophisticated) social bookmarking to a real personal information management tool.
Brandon Carroll commented
Totally agree. Reminder for "Read Later" bookmarks would be great!


text:
About Incontinence
Urinary incontinence or the loss of bladder control can happen to anyone. The symptoms can range from involuntary leakage to uncontrollable loss of urine. Most of the time, it happens because muscles that keep your bladder closed are too weak or too active. Other causes include prostate problems and nerve damage.
If your muscles weaken, you may have stress incontinence and have urine loss when you sneeze, laugh, or exert yourself. If your muscles are too active, you may have urge incontinence or overactive bladder, and feel the urge to go even with very little urine. Get the answers to frequently asked questions about incontinence.
Managing incontinence depends on the type of incontinence you have and your lifestyle. It may include adult incontinence products, exercises, medication, special devices, special procedures, or surgery. Learn more about managing Incontinence.


text:
April 08: Bisphenol A
Information about Bisphenol A (BPA) on the Internet
Bisphenol A (BPA) Update (April 20, 2008)
National Institutes of Health (NIH) evaluation of the safety of bisphenol A
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction, which is part of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, is conducting an evaluation of bisphenol A.
As part of the process, it released on April 15, 2008, a draft Brief on bisphenol A that contains the NTP's conclusions and the scientific basis about whether or not exposure to this chemical presents a concern for human reproduction or the development of children. The full draft can be accessed here.
Here are NTP's conclusions:
The NTP concurs with the conclusion of the CERHR Expert Panel on Bisphenol A that there is some concern for neural and behavioral effects in fetuses, infants, and children at current human exposures. The NTP also has some concern for bisphenol A exposure in these populations based on effects in the prostate gland, mammary gland, and an earlier age for puberty in females.
The scientific evidence that supports a conclusion of some concern for exposures in fetuses, infants, and children comes from a number of laboratory animal studies reporting that "low" level exposure to bisphenol A during development can cause changes in behavior and the brain, prostate gland, mammary gland, and the age at which females attain puberty. These studies only provide limited evidence for adverse effects on development and more research is needed to better understand their implications for human health. However, because these effects in animals occur at bisphenol A exposure levels similar to those experienced by humans, the possibility that bisphenol A may alter human development cannot be dismissed.
The NTP has negligible concern that exposure of pregnant women to bisphenol A will result in fetal or neonatal mortality, birth defects or reduced birth weight and growth in their offspring.
In laboratory animals, exposure to very high levels of bisphenol A during pregnancy can cause fetal death and reduced birth weight and growth during infancy. These studies provide clear evidence for adverse effects on development, but occur at exposure levels far in excess of those experienced by humans. Two recent human studies have not associated bisphenol A exposure in pregnant women with decreased birth weight or several other measures of birth outcome. Results from several animal studies provide evidence that bisphenol A does not cause birth defects such as cleft palette, skeletal malformations, or grossly abnormal organs.
The NTP concurs with the conclusion of the CERHR Expert Panel on Bisphenol A that there is negligible concern that exposure to bisphenol A causes reproductive effects in non-occupationally exposed adults and minimal concern for workers exposed to higher levels in occupational settings.
Public comments on the draft Brief are invited. Written comments should be submitted by May 23, 2008, and oral comments can be presented at the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors meeting in Triangle Park, North Carolina, on June 11-12, 2008, Details about submitting these comments can be found in the Federal Register.
Sources of general information
Levels of Bisphenol in people
Sources of general information
Questions and answers from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).
This FDA statement is posted on the Nalgene Outdoor website. (Nalgene bottles are made with BPA.)
Statement from the FDA, from a written communication dated January 29, 2008:
The Agency's current position on the presence of BPA impurities in food-contact polymers is as follows. BPA is used in the manufacture of two types of polymers used for food-contact articles (i.e., polycarbonate (PC) polymers and epoxy-based enamels and coatings) and is present at very low levels in the finished food contact materials. Typical uses of PC polymers include food processing equipment, such as popcorn makers, and water and infant baby bottles intended for repeated use. BPA-based epoxy coated cans are used in a variety of canned food and beverage applications, including cans used to hold infant formula. The Agency is aware of several reports stating that BPA has estrogen-like activity. However, there are other reports that appear to dispute any reason to expect harm at the low exposures that humans experience. A March 2007 report from a consumer group included studies showing the levels of BPA found in canned foods and migrating out of PC baby bottles and included claims that these levels are unsafe. FDA scientists have reviewed the available information from this report and have concluded that the BPA levels found in canned foods or migrating out of PC baby bottles are not significantly different than the very low levels previously found by FDA chemists and other laboratories, levels that result in a dietary exposure that is orders of magnitude below the levels known to not cause toxic effects in animals.
The agency has been actively reviewing the safety of BPA and has completed a review of the available data obtained from animal studies, and migration studies. Based on the results of the migration studies conducted by FDA chemists, we have determined that the dietary exposure to BPA is low (3.7 ppb), the level that is orders of magnitude below the levels known to cause toxic effects in animals. Considering the low dietary exposure and the fact that BPA had not demonstrated adverse effects when consumed by animals in amounts of much higher (orders of magnitude) than humans would consume, FDA sees no reason at this time to ban or otherwise restrict the uses now authorized. Our conclusion is based on our ongoing review of all available data. We will continue to monitor data on BPA to determine if its use would raise a safety concern. If such a concern exists, FDA will take the appropriate post-market regulatory action.
EPA's most recent (1988) health assessment of Bisphenol A
From the European Food Safety Authority, frequently asked questions about Bisphenol
Environmental Working Group
Plastics' industry website on Bisphenol
Wikipedia article on BPA
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), sponsored two expert panel reviews which released their findings in 2007.
The first panel was composed of 40 BPA researchers whose responsibility was to identify research needs for the research community. The meeting was entitled "Bisphenol A: An Examination of the Relevance of Ecological, In vitro and Laboratory Animal Studies for Assessing Risks to Human Health" and was held in Chapel Hill, NC. The meeting was attended primarily by academic investigators with expertise in the area of BPA research who were divided into several areas including in vitro, wildlife, laboratory animal models, cancer and human exposure.
The discussions led to five literature review publications in the journal Reproductive Toxicology and one consensus statement signed by the majority of the participants that also appeared in Reproductive Toxicology.
The Chapel Hill consensus panel concluded that "human exposure to BPA is within the range that is predicted to be biologically active in over 95% of people sampled. The wide range of adverse effects of low doses of BPA in laboratory animals exposed both during development and in adulthood is a great cause for concern with regard to the potential for similar adverse effects in humans."
Their consensus statement represents the opinions of most of the attendees, not the position of the NIEHS. 8-page summary.
The second panel was convened by the NIEHS' National Toxicology Program's Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR). The 12-member, independent panel of government and non-government scientists was charged with evaluating the scientific studies on the potential reproductive and developmental hazards of BPA.
This panel concluded that there is "some concern that exposure to Bisphenol A in utero causes neural and behavioral effects" in infants and children. It found "minimal" or "negligible" concern about other possible health consequences from exposure to Bisphenol. Full 396-page report.
CERHR solicited public comments on the report and is now preparing the NTP Brief on Bisphenol A. This brief will include the NTP's conclusions on the reproductive and developmental hazards associated with exposure to BPA. The brief is based on the expert panel report, public comments received on the report, and any new relevant scientific literature.The NTP-CERHR Monograph, consisting of a collection of information on bisphenol A that includes the NTP Brief, the Expert Panel Report, and the public comments on the Panel Report, will be made publicly available and transmitted to appropriate health and regulatory agencies. The NTP Monograph will likely be available in summer 2008.
The European Food Safety Authority issued its opinion on the safety of BPA in January, 2007. It established a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 0.05 mg of BPA per kilogram body weight. This is an estimate of the amount of a substance in air, food or drinking water that can be taken in daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. It noted that the conservative estimates of exposure were less than 30% of the TDI in all population groups considered.
Opinion of the European Food Safety Authority Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to 2,2-BIS(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)PROPANE (2007)
WWF (formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund)
A 2000 scientific review by the WWF
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention detected Bisphenol in the urine of 93 percent of the 2,517 people aged 6 years and older who took part in CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 through 2004. CDC's scientific report.
EWG's 2007 survey of Bisphenol A in canned foods found the chemical in more than half of the samples of canned fruit, vegetables, soda, and baby formula from supermarket shelves. News release.
Feb 2008 study of Bisphenol leaching from U.S. baby bottles, which found that popular brands like Avent, Disney/The First Years, Dr. Brown's, Evenflo, Gerber, and Playtex leach bisphenol A when heated. News release. Executive summary. Full 20-page report.
Feb 2008 study of Bisphenol leaching from Canadian baby bottles, which found that the most popular, easily available brands from well-known retail outlets leached BPA when heated. News release. Full 20-page report.
Environment California 2007 study of BPA leaching from baby bottles, which found that all five of the most popular brands leached BPA. Full report.
News release of 2008 Congressional investigation of Bisphenol in infant formula packaging. Congressional letters to manufacturers and industry consultants.
News release of 2008 Congressional inquiry into role of consultants in bisphenol debate. Congressional letter to The Weinberg Group.To reduce exposure to Bisphenol, NIEHS suggests:
Plastic containers with the recycling #7 on the bottom. This is the "other" category of plastic for materials that don't qualify for numbers 1 through 6. Recycling centers cannot recycle plastic #7. Some #7 plastics contain Bisphenol and some don't. Aside from the fact that bisphenol-containing plastics are hard and shatter-proof, it's impossible to know for certain whether a #7 plastic contains Bisphenol.
No dental sealants are made with BPA, but the older versions of one brand are made with a compound that breaks down into BPA when it comes into contact with saliva, causing high but temporary elevations in blood levels of BPA. The brand is Delton from Dentsply International of York, Pennsylvania. According to a company representative, newer versions of Delton that have either the plus sign (+) or the word "plus" in their name do not contain the compound that breaks down into BPA.
Survey of bisphenol in baby bottles and sippy cups
Manufacturers of BPA-free infant bottles:
Eden Foods of Clinton, Michigan, uses a more expensive enamel lining made from the oil and resin extracted from plants instead of BPA to line their cans. Eden says that they believe they are the only company in the U.S. that uses this custom made BPA-free can.