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Brief Summary
Comprehensive Description
From the Altai Mountains in Manchuria in Central and Eastern Asia, its range spreads southwards through the forest tracts of India, Burma, and the Malayan Archipelago. Three races of the dhole exist in India alone
(Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, and Peninsular).
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native )
Range Description
Dholes are still found throughout much of India south of the river Ganges, and especially in the Central Indian Highlands and the Western and Eastern Ghats of the southern states. They are also found throughout north-east India, in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal (A. Venkataraman, A.J.T. Johnsingh and L. Durbin pers. comm.). In the Himalaya and north-western India, the status of dholes seems more precarious with a much more fragmented distribution. Dholes reportedly still occur in the Ladakh area of Kashmir, which is contiguous with the Tibetan highlands in China (R. Wangchuk pers. comm.).
The species formerly was recorded in the Terai region of the Indo-gangetic plain, including the Royal Chitawan National Park in Nepal, but there have been few recent reports. There is an unconfirmed report of dholes in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve in the late 1990s (R.C. Kandel pers. comm.).
In Bhutan, there have been recent press reports that dholes have recovered from a government-initiated mass poisoning campaign in the 1970s and there have apparently been numerous recent incidents of dholes killing livestock in the lower Kheng region. Two recent, independent, eye-witness reports identify dholes in six protected areas in Bhutan (S. Wangchuk pers. comm., T. Wangchuk pers. comm.). In some regions, dhole predation on wild boar (Sus scrofa) may be viewed in a positive light by local people (T. Wangchuk pers. comm.).
In Bangladesh, dholes were thought to occur in the forested tracts of the Chittagong and Sylhet Districts (Johnsingh 1985). It is not certain whether any remain in Bangladesh.
In Myanmar, dholes were recorded by camera trapping at 11 of 15 survey areas scattered across the country, only four of which were protected. Dholes and/or leopards have apparently replaced tigers as the top predator in these areas (Myanmar Forest Department 2003).
In Indochina, dholes probably ranged over all or almost all of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Viet Nam and Thailand, although reliable site-specific information is scarce. Present distribution is highly fragmented and large parts, particularly of Viet Nam and Thailand, are without any regular occurrence of dholes, although they persist in a number of protected areas (Duckworth et al. 1999, Waltson 2001, M. Baltzer and R. Shore in litt., A. Lynam pers. comm.).
The species' historical range probably included all or most of the Malaysian peninsula and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java, but reliable information is scarce. Current distribution is poorly known but is thought to be highly fragmented. On the Malaysian peninsula, dholes are known to occur in four sites in northern and central areas of the peninsula (from recent camera-trap surveys; J.B. Abdul pers. comm.). On Java, dholes appear to be most common in the protected areas at the eastern and western ends of the island. On Sumatra, very little is known, but dholes are known to occur in major protected areas in the southern, central, and northern parts of the island (e.g., from camera trapping; D. Martyr pers. comm.).
There is no reliable evidence of the presence of Dhole in Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík 2001; Can 2004).
C.I.S., Korea, China, India, Southeast Asia
Physical Description
The dhole is an average size canine with head/body length 90cm (35"), tail length 40-45cm (16"-18"), and shoulder height 50cm (20"). The dhole is set apart from other canids in that it has an unusually thick muzzle and one less molar tooth on each side of its lower jaw. Other members of the family Canidae have a total of 42 teeth. The adult dhole is characterized by a rusty red coat with a pale underside; depending on the region, pelage may vary from light brownish gray to a uniform red coat. A dhole is born with a sooty brown color, acquiring an adult color at three months of age. Dholes also have dark, almost always black, bushy tails.
Range mass: 17 to 21 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Dholes like open spaces and can often be found on jungle roads, river beds, jungle clearings, and paths, where they rest during the day. Their hunting range is about 40sq km (15sq mi). The dhole can also be found in dense forest steppes, and the thick jungles of the plains as well as the hills. They are never found in the open plains and deserts.
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Habitat and Ecology
In India, tropical dry and moist deciduous forest may represent optimal habitats, based on the regions thought to hold the largest dhole populations. Ungulate biomass, particularly that of cervid species, is highest in these vegetation types when compared to others in the same region (A. Venkataraman and V. Narendra Babu, unpubl.). In India, tropical dry and moist deciduous forests are subject to seasonal monsoon climates.
Important factors that may influence habitat selection include the availability of medium to large ungulate prey species, water, the presence of other large carnivore species, human population levels and suitability of breeding sites (proximity to water, presence of suitable boulder structures and sufficient prey).
- Terrestrial
Trophic Strategy
The dhole eats wild berries, insects, and lizards. Packs of dholes feast on mammals ranging from rodents to deer. Some of the dhole's favorites include wild pigs, hares, wild goats, sheep, and occasionally a monkey. Unlike many other "dogs," the dhole seldom kills by biting the throat. Larger mammals are attacked from the rear, while smaller ones are caught by any part of the bodies. The smaller mammals are killed by a swift blow to the head; the larger mammals are immediately disembowled. Dholes compete for the food, not by fighting, but by how fast they can eat. An adult dhole can eat up to 4kg (8.8lbs) of meat in one hour. Two to three dholes can kill a 50kg (110 lb) deer in less than two minutes, and they begin to feed on it before it is dead. The larger prey rarely die from the attack itself, but from blood loss and shock as their intestines, heart, liver, and eyes are feasted upon.
Animal Foods: mammals; reptiles; insects
Plant Foods: fruit
Primary Diet: omnivore
Known prey organisms
Bos javanicus
Cervus eldii
Elaphodus cephalophus
Tetracerus quadricornis
Hemitragus hylocrius
Lepus nigricollis
Muntiacus vuquangensis
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Life History and Behavior
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Life Expectancy
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 16.0 years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Each pack contains a dominant monogamous pair. Subordinate pack members help care for the young of the dominant pair.
Mating System: monogamous ; cooperative breeder
The dhole's gestation period is 60-62 days. The mother usually gives birth to eight pups at a time. The pups reach sexual maturity at about a year. Pups are born throughout the end of fall, winter, and the first spring months ( November - March ). Female dhole can have up to 16 mammae, suggesting their ability to take care of large litters. Dens are constructed near streambeds or among rocks. After a female dhole has given birth, a few other adults take part in feeding the mother as well as the pups. The pups, as early as the tender age of three weeks, and the mother are fed regurgitated meat.
Range number of offspring: 2 to 6.
Average number of offspring: 3.5.
Range gestation period: 60 to 63 days.
Average weaning age: 58 days.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Average birth mass: 275 g.
Average number of offspring: 5.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 365 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 365 days.
Parental Investment: altricial ; post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Cuon alpinus
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Cuon alpinus
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
There are 10 subspecies of the dhole ranging in color and size. Two of the subspecies are listed as endangered by the IUCN (east asian dhole and the west indian dhole). Two other subspecies are on the verge of extinction ( C.a. primaerus, and the C.a. laniger).
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
- 2004Endangered
- 1996Vulnerable
- 1994Vulnerable(Groombridge 1994)
- 1990Vulnerable(IUCN 1990)
- 1988Vulnerable(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988)
- 1986Vulnerable(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1986)
Status: Endangered
Date Listed: 06/02/1970
Lead Region: Foreign (Region 10)
Where Listed: Entire
Population detail:
Population location: Entire
Listing status: E
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Cuon alpinus , see its USFWS Species Profile
Habitat loss and transformation: Currently, extensive areas of natural or semi-natural vegetation remain in Lao PDR and Cambodia, some areas encompassing many hundreds of square kilometres of potential dhole habitat. However, habitat conversion and fragmentation are proceeding apace. In Viet Nam, very few natural areas of over 50 km² remain. Habitat loss and fragmentation is a major threat to protected areas in Indonesia, particularly those on Sumatra. Habitat loss and degradation are also serious threats to dholes in South Asia and the disappearance of dholes from many of the forested tracts in India has been attributed in large part to loss of habitat.
Persecution: This certainly occurs in Indochina, although it is unclear how often. In Indonesia, too, it is a threat but again its significance is unknown. In India, such persecution can play a serious role in limiting local populations. Dholes living outside or on the edge of core protected areas are particularly vulnerable to human kleptoparasitism, snaring (non-selective) and direct persecution. For example, during a radio-tracking study in 2000, in the buffer zone of Kanha Tiger Reserve, central India, at least 16 out of 24 dholes in one pack died from a sudden strychnine poisoning (L. Durbin pers. obs.). In southern India, such persecution is moderate to low and often occurs indirectly when cattle graziers and others inadvertently go close to dhole dens and disturb adults and pups, disrupting breeding and rearing (A. Venkataraman pers. obs.). "By-catch" in snares and other traps is probably a significant threat to dholes across Indochina at least.
Competition with other species: Apparently, free-living dogs have been seen and/or camera trapped in many parts of Indochina, but there is no evidence for existence of large populations. Undoubtedly, the main competitor for prey species in Indochina is people. There is no evidence that feral dogs are significant competitors with dholes in Indonesia. In many parts of their range, dholes are sympatric with tigers and leopards and so the potential for significant interspecific competition for prey exists, especially if the prey populations are reduced as a result of hunting by people.
Disease and pathogens: Particularly those transmitted by feral and/or domestic dogs (e.g., mange, canine distemper, parvovirus and rabies). The significance of disease is unclear in Indochina, but diseases are a significant threat in South Asia and probably in parts of Indonesia.
There is no widespread exploitation for fur or other purposes, though medicinal use should be investigated in China.
Conservation Actions
In Cambodia, the current wildlife decrees give the dhole protection from all hunting. A new forestry law is under preparation, and a proposal to list the species as a fully protected species is under discussion. In India, the dhole is protected under Schedule 2 of the Wildlife Act of 1972 (permission is required to kill any individual unless in self defence or if an individual is a man killer). The creation of Project Tiger Reserves in India has provided some protection for populations of the dukhunensis subspecies (A.J.T. Johnsingh pers. comm., L. Durbin, pers. obs.). In the Russian Federation, dholes received the status of "protected animal" in 1974 (A. Poyarkov and N. Ovsyanikov in litt.); however, the poisoning of grey wolves may inadvertently affect any remnant dhole populations (V. Puzanskii pers. comm.). In Viet Nam, the dhole is protected by Decree 18/HDBT (17/01/1992) and the amendment Decree 48/2002/ND-DP (22/04/2002) under category IIB, which limits extraction and utilization. However, the levels of extraction or utilization are not quantified (B. Long in litt. 2003). Dholes are listed as a category II protected species under the Chinese wildlife protection act of 1988.
The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.
No conservation measures specifically focused on dholes have been reported for most range states. In India, Project Tiger could potentially maintain dhole prey bases in areas where tigers and dholes coexist. There do not appear to be any specific measures for dhole conservation in Indochina, although the declaration of relatively large protected area networks in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam will, when these areas become functional realities on the ground, form a suitable conservation system for the species in at least Cambodia and Lao PDR.
There are at least 110 dholes in captivity, and the sex ratio is approximately even. Except for some captive populations in India heterozygosity appears to be good, but there is little chance of breeding the putative subspecies as animals from diverse geographical origins have been widely interbred (M. Boeer pers. comm.).
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Although this occurs on rare occasions, dholes can attack livestock at the cost of the owner.
Dholes have become an indirect food source for the residents of the jungles. Dholes do not attack human beings, and they usually retreat at the sight of a person. Human residents of the jungle follow dholes when they are hunting. When the dhole ccompletes its kill, the human hunters scare it away and steal its kill.
The dhole (Cuon alpinus) is a canid native to Central and Southeast Asia. Other English names for the species include Indian wild dog,[3] whistling dog, chennai, Asiatic wild dog,[4] red wolf[5] (not to be confused with Canis rufus), red dog[6] and mountain wolf.[7] It is genetically close to species within the genus Canis,[8](Fig. 10) though its skull is convex rather than concave in profile, it lacks a third lower molar,[9] and the upper molars sport only a single cusp as opposed to 2–4.[5] During the Pleistocene, the dhole ranged throughout Asia, Europe and North America, but became restricted to its historical range 12,000–18,000 years ago.[10]
The dhole is a highly social animal, living in large clans without rigid dominance hierarchies[11] and containing multiple breeding females.[12] Such clans usually consist of 12 individuals, but groups of over 40 are known.[6] It is a diurnal pack hunter which preferentially targets medium and large sized ungulates.[13] In tropical forests, the dhole competes with tigers and leopards, targeting somewhat different prey species, but still with substantial dietary overlap.[14]
It is listed as Endangered by the IUCN, as populations are decreasing and estimated at less than 2,500 adults. Factors contributing to this decline include habitat loss, loss of prey, competition with other species, persecution, and disease transfer from domestic dogs.[2]
- 1 Characteristics
- 2 Distribution and habitat
- 3 Ecology and behaviour
- 4 Threats
- 5 Conservation
- 6 Discovery, taxonomy and evolution
- 7 In culture and literature
- 8 Etymology and naming
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
In appearance, the dhole has been variously described as combining the physical characteristics of the grey wolf and red fox,[5] and as being "cat-like" on account of its long backbone and slender limbs.[15] It has a wide and massive skull with a well-developed sagittal crest,[5] and its masseter muscles are highly developed compared to other canid species, giving the face an almost hyena-like appearance.[16] The rostrum is shorter than that of domestic dogs and most other canids.[6] The species has six rather than seven lower molars.[17] The upper molars are weak, being one-third to one-half the size of those of wolves, and have only one cusp as opposed to 2–4, as is usual in canids,[5] an adaptation thought to improve shearing ability, thus allowing it to compete more successfully with kleptoparasites.[13] Adults may weigh over 18 kg (40 lb), with females usually weighing 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) less than males. It stands 17–22 inches at the shoulder and measures three feet in body length. Like the African wild dog, its ears are rounded rather than pointed.[17] It has 6–7 teats, sometimes eight.[5]
The general tone of the fur is reddish, with the brightest hues occurring in winter. In the winter coat, the back is clothed in a saturated rusty-red to reddish colour with brownish highlights along the top of the head, neck and shoulders. The throat, chest, flanks, belly and the upper parts of the limbs are less brightly coloured, and are more yellowish in tone. The lower parts of the limbs are whitish, with dark brownish bands on the anterior sides of the forelimbs. The muzzle and forehead are greyish-reddish. The tail is very luxuriant and fluffy, and is mainly of a reddish-ocherous colour, with a dark brown tip. The summer coat is shorter, coarser and darker.[5] The dorsal and lateral guard hairs in adults measure 20–30 mm in length. Dholes in the Moscow Zoo moult once a year from March to May.[6]
Dholes produce whistles resembling the calls of red foxes, sometimes rendered as coo-coo. How this sound is produced is unknown, though it is thought to help in coordinating the pack when travelling through thick brush. When attacking prey, they emit screaming KaKaKaKAA sounds.[18] Other sounds include whines (food soliciting), growls (warning), screams, chatterings (both of which are alarm calls) and yapping cries.[19] In contrast to wolves, dholes do not howl or bark.[5] Dholes have a complex body language. Friendly or submissive greetings are accompanied by horizontal lip retraction and the lowering of the tail, as well as licking. Playful dholes will open their mouths with their lips retracted and their tails held in a vertical position whilst assuming a play bow. Aggressive or threatening dholes will pucker their lips forward in a snarl and raise the hairs on their backs, as well as keep their tails horizontal or vertical. When afraid, they pull their lips back horizontally with their tails tucked and their ears flat against the skull.[20]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
There are currently no confirmed recent reports of dhole being present in Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan or Tajikistan, though one specimen was caught in southern China's Jiangxi district. It is unknown if dholes continue to inhabit Tien Shan, though they possibly occur in small numbers in Gansu Province, with one pack being sighted in the Qilian Mountains within that province in 2006.[21] Dholes still occur in Tibet, and may still inhabit North Korea. Although they have not been recorded in Pakistan, they once occurred in the alpine steppes extending into Kashmir.[2] They occur in most of India south of the Ganges, particularly in the Central Indian Highlands and the Western and Eastern Ghats of the southern states. In north-east India, they inhabit Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal. The situation of dholes in the Himalaya and north-west India is precarious, and populations fragmented. They may occur in Kashmir's Ladakh area.[2]
Dholes once occurred in the Indo-Gangetic Plain's Terai region.[2] In 2011, dhole packs were recorded by camera traps in the Chitwan National Park.[22] Their presence was confirmed in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area in 2011 by camera traps.[23]
In Bhutan, dholes have recovered from a poisoning campaign during the 1970s, and became re-established in the 1990s.[24] Today they occur in the Jigme Dorji National Park.[25]
It is unknown whether the species still lives in Bangladesh, where it once inhabited the forested areas of the Chittagong and Sylhet District. The presence of dholes in Myanmar was confirmed by camera trapping in 11 areas and, alongside leopards, have apparently replaced tigers as the country's top predators.[2]
Their range is highly fragmented in the Malaysian Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Vietnam and Thailand.[2] A camera trapping survey in the Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary during January 2008 to February 2010 revealed at least one healthy dhole pack.[26]
In Central Asia, dholes primarily inhabit mountainous areas; in the western half of its range, they live mostly in alpine meadows and high-montane steppes high above sea level, while in the east, they mainly ranges in montane taigas, though may appear along coastlines. In India, Myanmar, Indochina, Indonesia and China, they prefer forested areas in alpine zones, and occasionally also in plains regions.[5]
Ecology and behaviour[edit]
Social and territorial behaviour[edit]
Dholes are more social than grey wolves,[5] and have less of a dominance hierarchy, as seasonal scarcity of food is not a serious concern for them. In this manner, they closely resemble African wild dogs in social structure.[11] They live in clans rather than packs, as the latter term refers to a group of animals that always hunt together. In contrast, dhole clans frequently break into small packs of 3–5 animals, particularly during the spring season, as this is the optimal number for catching fawns.[27] Dominant dholes are hard to identify, as they do not engage in dominance displays as wolves do, though other clan members will show submissive behaviour toward them.[12] Intragroup fighting is rarely observed.[28] Dholes are far less territorial than wolves, with pups from one clan often joining another without trouble once they mature sexually.[29] Clans typically number 5-12 individuals in India, though clans of 40 have been reported. In Thailand, clans rarely exceed three individuals.[6] Unlike other canids, there is no evidence of dholes using urine to mark their territories or travel routes. They may defecate in conspicuous places, though a territorial function is unlikely, as faeces are mostly deposited within the clan's territory rather than the periphery. Faeces are often deposited in what appear to be communal latrines. They do not scrape the earth with their feet as other canids do to mark their territories.[20]
Four kinds of den have been described; simple earth dens with one entrance (usually remodeled striped hyena or porcupine dens); complex cavernous earth dens with more than one entrance; simple cavernous dens excavated under or between rocks; and complex cavernous dens with several other dens in the vicinity, some of which are interconnected. Dens are typically located under dense scrub or on the banks of dry rivers or creeks. The entrance to a dhole den can be almost vertical, with a sharp turn three to four feet down. The tunnel opens into an antechamber, from which extends more than one passage. Some dens may have up to six entrances leading up to 100 feet (30 m) of interconnecting tunnels. These "cities" may be developed over many generations of dholes, and are shared by the clan females when raising young together.[30] Like African wild dogs and dingoes, dholes will avoid killing prey close to their dens.[31]
Reproduction and development[edit]
In India, the mating season occurs between mid-October and January, while captive dholes in the Moscow Zoo breed mostly in February.[6] Unlike wolf packs, dhole clans may contain more than one breeding female.[12] More than one female dhole may den and rear their litters together in the same den.[28] During mating, the female assumes a crouched, cat-like position. There is no copulatory tie characteristic of other canids when the male dismounts. Instead, the pair lie on their sides facing each other in a semicircular formation.[32] The gestation period lasts 60–63 days, with litter sizes averaging 4–6 pups.[6] Their growth rate is much faster than that of wolves, being similar in rate to that of coyotes. Pups are suckled at least 58 days. During this time, the pack feeds the mother at the den site. Dholes do not use rendezvous sites to meet their pups as wolves do, though one or more adults will stay with the pups at the den while the rest of the pack hunts. Once weaning begins, the adults of the clan will regurgitate food for the pups until they are old enough to join in hunting. They remain at the den site 70–80 days. By the age of six months, pups accompany the adults on hunts, and will assist in killing large prey such as sambar by the age of eight months.[31] Maximum longevity in captivity is 15–16 years.[28]
Hunting behaviour[edit]
Before embarking on a hunt, clans go through elaborate prehunt social rituals involving nuzzling, body rubbing and homo- and heterosexual mounting.[33] Dholes are primarily diurnal hunters, hunting in the early hours of the morning. They rarely hunt nocturnally, except on moonlit nights, indicating they greatly rely on sight when hunting.[34] Though not as fast as jackals and foxes, they can chase their prey for many hours.[5] During a pursuit, one or more dholes may take over chasing their prey, while the rest of the pack keeps up at a steadier pace behind, taking over once the other group tires. Most chases are short, lasting only 500 m.[35] When chasing fleet-footed prey, they run at a pace of 30 mph.[5] Dholes frequently drive their prey into water bodies, where the targeted animal's movements are hindered.[36]
Once large prey is caught, one dhole will grab the prey's nose, while the rest of the pack pulls the animal down by the flanks and hindquarters. They do not use a killing bite to the throat.[16] They occasionally blind their prey by attacking the eyes.[37] Serows are among the only ungulate species capable of effectively defending themselves against dhole attacks, due to their thick, protective coats and short, sharp horns capable of easily impaling dholes.[3] They will tear open their prey's flanks and disembowel it, eating the heart, liver, lungs and some sections of the intestines. The stomach and rumen are usually left untouched.[38] Prey weighing less than 50 kg is usually killed within two minutes, while large stags may take 15 minutes to die. Once prey is secured, dholes will tear off pieces of the carcass and eat in seclusion.[39] Unlike wolf packs, in which the breeding pair monopolises food, dholes give priority to the pups when feeding at a kill, allowing them to eat first.[12] They are generally tolerant of scavengers at their kills.[40] Both mother and young are provided with regurgitated food by other pack members.[28]
Feeding ecology[edit]
Prey animals in India include chital, sambar, muntjac, mouse deer, swamp deer, wild boar, gaur, water buffalo, banteng, cattle, nilgai, goats, Indian Hares, Himalayan Field Rats and langurs.[6][41][42] There is one record of a pack bringing down an Indian elephant calf in Assam, despite desperate defense of the mother resulting in numerous losses to the pack.[7] In Kashmir, they may hunt markhor,[41] and thamin in Burma.[6] Javan Rusas are hunted in Java.[13] In the Tien Shan and Tarbagatai Mountains, dholes prey on Siberian ibexes, arkhar, roe deer, maral and wild boar. In the Altai and Sayan Mountains, they prey on musk deer and reindeer. In eastern Siberia, they prey on roe deer, Manchurian wapiti, wild boar, musk deer, and reindeer, while in Primorye they feed on sika deer and goral, too. In Mongolia, they prey on argali and rarely Siberian ibex.[5] Like African wild dogs, but unlike wolves, dholes are not known to attack people.[5][41] Dholes eat fruit and vegetable matter more readily than other canids. In captivity, they eat various kinds of grasses, herbs and leaves, seemingly for pleasure rather than just when ill.[43] In summertime in the Tien Shan Mountains, dholes eat large quantities of mountain rhubarb.[5] Although opportunistic, dholes have a seeming aversion to hunting cattle and their calves.[44] Livestock predation by dholes has been a problem in Bhutan since the late 1990s, as domestic animals are often left outside to graze in the forest, sometimes for weeks at a time. Livestock stall-fed at night and grazed near homes are never attacked. Oxen are killed more often than cows are, probably because they are given less protection.[45]
Enemies and competitors[edit]
In some areas, dholes are sympatric to tigers and leopards. Competition between these species is mostly avoided through differences in prey selection, although there is still substantial dietary overlap. Along with leopards, dholes typically target animals in the 30–175 kg range (mean weights of 35.3 kg for dhole and 23.4 kg for leopard), while tigers selected for prey animals heavier than 176 kg (but their mean prey weight was 65.5 kg). Also, other characteristics of the prey, such as sex, arboreality, and aggressiveness, may play a role in prey selection. For example, dholes preferentially select male chital, whereas leopards kill both sexes more evenly (and tigers prefer larger prey altogether), dholes and tigers kill langurs rarely compared to leopards due to the leopards' greater arboreality, while leopards kill wild boar infrequently due to the inability of this relatively light predator to tackle aggressive prey of comparable weight.[14]
On some rare occasions, dholes may attack tigers. When confronted by dholes, tigers will seek refuge in trees or stand with their backs to a tree or bush, where they may be mobbed for lengthy periods before finally attempting escape. Escaping tigers are usually killed, while tigers which stand their ground have a greater chance of survival.[41] Tigers are extremely dangerous opponents for dholes, as they have sufficient strength to kill a single dhole with one paw strike. Even a successful tiger kill is usually accompanied by losses to the pack.[7] Dhole packs may steal leopard kills, while leopards may kill dholes if they encounter them singly or in pairs.[41] Since leopards are smaller than tigers and more likely hunt dholes, dhole packs tend to react more aggressively toward them than they do towards tigers.[46]
There are numerous records of leopards being treed by dholes.[28] Dholes sometimes drive tiger, leopards, and bears (see below) from their kills.[28] Dholes were once thought to be a major factor in reducing Asiatic Cheetah populations, though this is doubtful, as cheetahs live in open areas as opposed to forested areas favoured by dholes.[47]
Dhole packs occasionally attack Asiatic black bears and sloth bears. When attacking bears, dholes will attempt to prevent them from seeking refuge in caves, and lacerate their hindquarters.[41]
Though usually antagonistic toward wolves,[5] they may hunt and feed alongside one another.[48] There is at least one record of a lone wolf associating with a pair of dholes in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary.[49] They infrequently associate in mixed groups with golden jackals. Domestic dogs may kill dholes, though they will feed alongside them on occasion.[50]
Diseases and parasites[edit]
Dholes are vulnerable to a number of different diseases, particularly in areas where they are sympatric with other canid species. Infectious pathogens such as Toxocara canis are present in their faeces. They may suffer from rabies, canine distemper, mange, trypanosomiasis, canine parvovirus, and endoparasites such as cestodes and roundworms.[13]
The dhole only rarely takes domestic livestock. Certain people, such as the Kurumbas and some Mon Khmer-speaking tribes will appropriate dhole kills; some Indian villagers welcome the dhole because of this appropriation of dhole kills.[28] Dholes were persecuted throughout India for bounties until they were given protection by the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. Methods used for dhole hunting included poisoning, snaring, shooting and clubbing at den sites. Native Indian people killed dholes primarily to protect livestock, while British sporthunters during the British Raj did so under the conviction that dholes were responsible for drops in game populations. Persecution of dholes still occurs with varying degrees of intensity according to region.[13] Bounties paid for dholes used to be 25 rupees, though this was reduced to 20 in 1926 after the number of presented dhole carcasses became too numerous to maintain the established reward.[51] In Indochina, dholes suffer heavily from nonselective hunting techniques such as snaring.[13]
The fur trade does not pose a significant threat to dholes.[13] The people of India do not eat dhole flesh, and their fur is not considered overly valuable.[43] Due to their rarity, dholes were never harvested for their skins in large numbers in the Soviet Union, and were sometimes accepted as dog or wolf pelts (being labeled as "half wolf" for the latter). The winter fur was prized by the Chinese, who bought dhole pelts in Ussuriysk during the late 1860s for a few silver rubles. In the early 20th century, dhole pelts reached eight rubles in Manchuria. In Semirechye, fur coats made from dhole skin were considered the warmest, but were very costly.[5]
The dhole is protected under Schedule 2 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The creation of reserves under Project Tiger provided some protection for dhole populations sympatric with tigers. In 2014, the Indian government sanctioned its first dhole conservation breeding centre at the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) in Visakhapatnam.[52] The dhole has been protected in Russia since 1974, though it is vulnerable to poison let out for wolves. In China, the animal is listed as a category II protected species under the Chinese wildlife protection act of 1988. In Cambodia, the dhole is protected from all hunting, while conservation laws in Vietnam limit extraction and utilization.[2]
Discovery, taxonomy and evolution[edit]
The species was first described in literature in 1794 by an explorer named Pesteref, who encountered dholes during his travels in far eastern Russia. He described the animal as being a regular pack hunter of Alpine ibex, and of bearing many similarities with the golden jackal. It was given the binomial name Canis alpinus in 1811 by Peter Pallas, who described its range as encompassing the upper levels of Udskoi Ostrog in Amurland, towards the eastern side of the Lena River, though he wrote that it also occurred around the Yenisei, and that it occasionally crossed into China.[53] The British naturalist Brian Hodgson gave the dhole the binomial name Canis primaevus, assuming that it is the progenitor of the domestic dog.[54] Hodgson later took note of the dhole's physical distinctiveness from the genus Canis and assigned it to a new genus Cuon.[55]
The first study on the origins of the species was conducted by paleontologist Erich Thenius, who concluded that the dhole was a post-Pleistocene descendant of a golden jackal-like ancestor.[15] The earliest known member of the genus Cuon is the Chinese C. majori of the Villafranchian period. It resembled Canis in its physical form more than the modern species, which has greatly reduced molars, whose cusps have developed into sharply trenchant points. By the Middle Pleistocene, C. majori had lost the last lower molar altogether. C. alpinus itself arose during the late Middle Pleistocene, by which point the transformation of the lower molar into a single cusped, slicing tooth had been completed. Late Middle Pleistocene dholes were virtually indistinguishable from their modern descendants, save for their greater size, which closely approached that of the grey wolf. The dhole became extinct in much of Europe during the late Würm period,[57] though it may have survived up until the early Holocene in the Iberian Peninsula[58] and at Riparo Fredian in northern Italy[59] The fossil record indicates that the species also occurred in North America, with remains being found in Beringia and Mexico.[60]
The dhole's distinctive morphology has been a source of much confusion in determining the species' systematic position among the canidae. George Simpson placed the dhole in the subfamily Simocyoninae alongside the African wild dog and the bush dog, on account of all three species' similar dentition.[61] Subsequent authors, including Juliet Clutton-Brock, noted greater morphological similarities to canids of the genera Canis, Dusicyon and Alopex than to either Speothos or Lycaon, with any resemblance to the latter two being due to convergent evolution.[9] Subsequent studies on the canid genome revealed that the dhole and African wild dog are closely related to members of the genus Canis, and that both are more closely related to grey wolves, coyotes, golden jackals and Ethiopian wolves than the more basal black-backed and side-striped jackals are.[8] This closeness to Canis may have been confirmed in a menagerie in Madras where, according to zoologist Reginald Pocock, a dhole interbred with a golden jackal.[41]
Historically, up to ten subspecies of dhole have been recognised.[62] As of 2005[update], only three subspecies are recognised by MSW3.[1]
|Trinomial authority
|Common names
|C. a. alpinus
|Pallas, 1811
|Indian wild dog
Southern dhole[43]
Ussuri dhole[5]
|Large subspecies with bright red coat and narrow skull.[5]
|Far eastern Russia, Mongolia, China, Nepal, Indian subcontinent, Bhutan, Burma, Indochina and Java.
|adustus (Pocock, 1941), antiquus (Matthew & Granger, 1923), clamitans (Heude, 1892), dukhunensis (Sykes, 1831), fumosus (Pocock, 1936), grayiformis (Hodgson, 1863), infuscus (Pocock, 1936), javanicus (Desmarest, 1820), laniger (Pocock, 1936), lepturus (Heude, 1892), primaevus (Hodgson, 1833), rutilans (Müller, 1839)
|C. a. hesperius
|Afanasjev and Zolotarev, 1935
|Northern dhole[43]
Tien Shan dhole[5]
|Smaller than C. a. alpinus, with wider skull and lighter coloured winter fur.[5]
|Altai, Tien Shan and possibly Pamir and Kashmir
|jason (Pocock, 1936)
|C. a. sumatrensis
|Hardwicke, 1821
|Sumatran dhole
|Has short, coarse fur with no woolly underfur, and much black on the back.[43]
However, studies on dhole mtDNA and microsatellite genotype showed that there are no clear subspecific distinctions. Nevertheless, two major phylogeographic groupings were discovered in dholes of the Asian mainland, which likely diverged during a glaciation event. One population extends from South, Central, and North India (south of the Ganges) into Burma, and the other extends from India north of the Ganges into northeastern India, Burma, Thailand and the Malaysian Peninsula. The origin of dholes in Sumatra and Java is, as of 2005, unclear, as they show greater relatedness to dholes in India, Burma and China rather than with those in nearby Malaysia. In the absence of further data, the researchers involved in the study speculated that Javan and Sumatran dholes could have been introduced to the islands by humans.[63]
In culture and literature[edit]
Three dhole-like animals are featured on the coping stone of the Bharhut stupa dating from 100 BC. They are shown waiting by a tree, with a woman or spirit trapped up it, a scene reminiscent of dholes treeing tigers.[64] The animal's fearsome reputation in India is reflected by the number of pejorative names it possesses in Hindi, which variously translate as "red devil", "devil dog", "jungle devil", or "hound of Kali".[7] According to zoologist and explorer Leopold von Schrenck, he had trouble obtaining dhole specimens during his exploration of Amurland, as the local Gilyaks greatly feared the species. This fear and superstition was not however shared by neighbouring Tungusic peoples. Von Schrenk speculated that this differing attitude towards dholes was due to the Tungusic people's more nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle.[56] Dhole-like animals are described in numerous old European texts, including the Ostrogoth sagas, where they are portrayed as hell hounds. The demon dogs accompanying Hellequin in Mediaeval French passion plays, as well as the ones inhabiting the legendary forest of Brocéliande, have been attributed to dholes. According to Charles Hamilton Smith, the dangerous wild canids mentioned by Scaliger as having lived in the forests of Montefalcone could have been based on dholes, as they were described as unlike wolves in habits, voice and appearance. The Montefalcone family's coat of arms had a pair of red dogs as supporters.[65]
Dholes appear in Rudyard Kipling's Red Dog, where they are portrayed as aggressive and bloodthirsty animals which descend from the Deccan Plateau into the Seeonee Hills inhabited by Mowgli and his adopted wolf pack to cause carnage among the jungle's denizens. They are described as living in packs numbering hundreds of individuals, and that even Shere Khan and Hathi make way for them when they descend into the jungle. The dholes are despised by the wolves because of their destructiveness, their habit of not living in dens and the hair between their toes. With Mowgli and Kaa's help, the Seeonee wolf pack manages to wipe out the dholes by leading them through bee hives and torrential waters before finishing off the rest in battle. Japanese author Uchida Roan wrote 犬物語 (Inu monogatari; A dog's tale) in 1901 as a nationalistic critique of the declining popularity of indigenous dog breeds, which he asserted were descended from the dhole.[66]
Brian Houghton Hodgson kept captured dholes in captivity, and found, with the exception of one animal, they remained shy and vicious even after 10 months.[43] According to Richard Lydekker, adult dholes are nearly impossible to tame, though pups are docile and can even be allowed to play with domestic dog pups until they reach early adulthood.[3] A dhole may have been presented as a gift to Ibbi-Sin as tribute.[67]
Etymology and naming[edit]
The etymology of 'dhole' is unclear. The earliest possible written use of the word in English occurred in 1808 by soldier Thomas Williamson, who encountered the animal in Ramghur district. He stated that 'dhole' was a common local name for the species.[68] In 1827, Charles Hamilton Smith claimed that it was derived from a language spoken in 'various parts of the East'.[69] Two years later, Smith connected this word with Turkish: deli 'mad, crazy', and erroneously compared the Turkish word with Old Saxon: dol and Dutch: dol (cfr. also English: dull; German: toll),[65] which are in fact from the Proto-Germanic *dwalaz 'foolish, stupid'.[70] Richard Lydekker wrote nearly 80 years later that the word was not used by the natives living within the species' range.[3] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary theorises that it may have come from the Kannada: tōḷa ('wolf').[71]
Local and indigenous names[edit]
|Linguistic group or area
|Indigenous name
rang kukur[13]
|Ӡурби (zurbi)[13]
|豺狼 (tsai-lang)[13]
豺蜀 (chai shu)[72]
豺 (chai)[72]
|કુત્ર (kutra)[13]
|Ho Kol
anjing hutan[13]
|asu alas[13]
|kadu nai[13]
|Чуе (chue)[13]
|ចឰ បែ (chkai prey)[13]
|Чуе (chue)[13]
Няар (nyar)[13]
|ໝາໃນ (ma nai)[13]
|செந்நாய் (chen nai)[13]
|Дшергул (dshergul)[13]
|balia kukura[13]
|Красный волк (krasnyi volk)[13]
Ди́кая собака (dikaya sobaka)[13]
Чикалка (chikalka)[13]
|అడవి కుక్క (resu kukka)[13]
రేసు కుక్క (adavi-kutta)[3]
|หมาใน (maa nay)[13]
|Дергил (dzergil)[13]
|chó sói lửa[13]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Durbin, L.S., Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., Tyson, M., Lyenga, A. & Venkataraman, A. (IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group – Dhole Working Group) (2008). "Cuon alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lydekker, R. (1907). The game animals of India, Burma, Malaya, and Tibet. London: R. Ward Limited.
- ^ Fox 1984
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N. P. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 566–86, ISBN 1-886106-81-9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cohen, J. A. (1978). Cuon alpinus. Mammalian Species 100: 1–3.
- ^ a b c d Perry, R. (1964). The World of the Tiger. London: Cassell.
- ^ a b Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C. M.; Mikkelsen, T. S.; Karlsson, E. K.; Jaffe, D. B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J. L.; Kulbokas, E. J.; Zody, M. C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R. K.; Ostrander, E. A.; Ponting, C. P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D. R.; Dejong, P. J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.; Biagi, T.; Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C. W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M. J.; Decaprio, D. et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
- ^ a b Clutton-Brock, J., Corbet, G. G., and Hills, M. (1976). "A review of the family Canidae, with a classification by numerical methods". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 29: 179–180.
- ^ Zhang, H.; Chen, L. (2010). "The complete mitochondrial genome of dhole Cuon alpinus: Phylogenetic analysis and dating evolutionary divergence within canidae". Molecular Biology Reports 38 (3): 1651. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-0276-y. PMID 20859694.
- ^ a b Fox 1984, p. 85
- ^ a b c d Fox 1984, pp. 86–7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Durbin, L.S., Venkataraman, A., Hedges, S. & Duckworth, W. (2004). Dhole Cuon alpinus (Pallas 1811), in Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. & Macdonald, D.W. (eds.) Canids: Foxes, Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C., Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + pp. 210–219
- ^ a b Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, M. E. (1995). "Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests". Journal of Animal Ecology 64 (4): 439–450. doi:10.2307/5647. JSTOR 5647.
- ^ a b Thenius, E. (1955). "Zur Abstammung der Rotwölfe (Gattung Cuon Hodgson) [On the origins of the dholes (Genus Cuon Hodgson)]". Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift (in German) 5: 377–388.
- ^ a b Fox 1984, pp. 61–2
- ^ a b Fox 1984, pp. 41
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 93
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 95
- ^ a b Fox 1984, p. 97
- ^ Harris, R. B. (2006). "Attempted predation on blue sheep Pseudois nayaur by dholes Cuon alpinus". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103: 95–97.
- ^ Thapa, K., Kelly, M. J., Karki, J. B. and Subedi, N. (2013). "First camera trap record of pack hunting dholes in Chitwan National Park, Nepal". Canid Biology & Conservation 16 (2): 4–7.
- ^ Khatiwada, A. P.; Awasthi, K. D.; Gautam, N. P.; Jnawali, S. R.; Subedi, N.; Aryal, A. (2011). "The Pack Hunter (Dhole): Received Little Scientific Attention". The Initiation 4. doi:10.3126/init.v4i0.5531.
- ^ Wangchuk, T. (2004). "Predator-prey dynamics: the role of predators in the control of problem species". J. Bhutan Studies 10: 68–89.
- ^ Thinley, P., Kamler, J. F., Wang, S. W., Lham, K., Stenkewitz, U. (2011). "Seasonal diet of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in northwestern Bhutan". Mammalian Biology 76: 518–520. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2011.02.003.
- ^ Jenks, K. E., Songsasen, N. and P. Leimgruber (2012). "Camera trap records of dholes in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand". Canid News. online: 1–5.
- ^ Fox 1984, pp. 81–2
- ^ a b c d e f g Walker, E. P., Nowak, R. M., Warnick, F. (1983). Walker's Mammals of the World. 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 92
- ^ Fox 1984, pp. 43–49
- ^ a b Fox 1984, p. 80
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 79
- ^ Fox 1984, pp. 100–1
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 50
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 73
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 67
- ^ Grassman, L. I., Jr., M. E. Tewes, N. J. Silvy, and K. Kreetiyutanont (2005). "Spatial ecology and diet of the dhole Cuon alpinus (Canidae, Carnivora) in north central Thailand". Mammalia 69 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1515/mamm.2005.002.
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 63
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 70
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 51
- ^ a b c d e f g Pocock, R. I. (1941), Fauna of British India: Mammals volume 2, Taylor & Francis, pp. 146–63
- ^ Fox 1984, pp. 58–60
- ^ a b c d e f Mivart, G. (1890), Dogs, Jackals, Wolves and Foxes: A Monograph of the Canidæ, London : R.H. Porter : Dulau, pp. 177–88
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 71
- ^ Johnsingh, A.J.T., Yonten, Deki & Wangchuck, Sangay (2007). "Livestock-Dhole Conflict in Western Bhutan". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 104 (2): 201.
- ^ Venkataraman, A. (1995). "Do dholes (Cuon alpinus) live in packs in response to competition with or predation by large cats?". Current Science 11: 934–936.
- ^ Finn, F. (1929). Sterndale's Mammalia of India. London: Thacker, Spink & Co.
- ^ Shrestha, T. J. (1997). Mammals of Nepal: (with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan). Kathmandu: Bimala Shrestha. ISBN 0-9524390-6-9.
- ^ Nair, M. V. & Panda, S. K. (2013). Just Friends. Sanctuary Asia, Vol. XXXIII, No. 3
- ^ Humphrey, S. R., Bain, J. R. (1990). Endangered Animals of Thailand. Gainesville: Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 1-877743-07-0.
- ^ Fox 1984, p. 109
- ^ Zoo to have conservation breeding centre for 'dhole', The Hindu (August 18, 2014)
- ^ Pallas, P. S. (1811), Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica : sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum, Petropoli : In officina Caes. Acadamiae Scientiarum Impress. MDCCCXI, pp. 34–5
- ^ Hodgson, B. H. (1833). "Description and Characters of the Wild Dog of the Himalaya (Canis primævus)". Asiatic Researches. XVIII, Part 2: 221–237.
- ^ Hodgson, B. H. (1842). "European Notices of Indian Canines, with Further Illustrations of the New Genus Cuon vel Chrysæus". Calcutta Journal of Natural History II: 205–209.
- ^ a b c (German) Schrenk, L. v. (1859), Reisen und forschungen im Amur-lande in den jahren 1854–1856, St. Petersburg : K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 48–50
- ^ Kurtén, Björn (1968), Pleistocene mammals of Europe, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, pp. 111–114
- ^ Ripoll, M. P. R.; Morales Pérez, J. V.; Sanchis Serra, A.; Aura Tortosa, J. E.; Montañana, I. S. N. (2010). "Presence of the genus Cuon in upper Pleistocene and initial Holocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula: New remains identified in archaeological contexts of the Mediterranean region". Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (3): 437. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.008.
- ^ Petrucci, Mauro; Romiti, Serena; Sardella, Raffaele (2012). "The Middle-Late Pleistocene Cuon Hodgson, 1838 (Carnivora, Canidae) from Italy". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 51 (2): 146.
- ^ Kurtén, Björn (1980), Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231516967, p. 172
- ^ Simpson, G.G. (1945), The principles of classification and a classification of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85:1–350
- ^ Ellerman, J.R. & Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals, British Museum (Natural History), London, UK.
- ^ Iyengar, A., Babu, V. N., Hedges, S., Venkataraman, A. B., Maclean, N. and P. A. Morin (2005). "Phylogeography, genetic structure, and diversity in the dhole (Cuon alpinus)". Molecular Ecology 14 (8): 2281–2297. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02582.x. PMID 15969714.
- ^ van der Geer, A. A. E. (2008), Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time, BRILL, p. 188, ISBN 90-04-16819-2
- ^ a b Smith, C. H. & Jardine, W. (1839). The natural history of dogs : canidae or genus canis of authors ; including also the genera hyaena and proteles, Vol. I. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars.
- ^ Skabelund, A. H. (2011). Empire of Dogs: Canines, Japan, and the Making of the Modern Imperial World. Cornell University Press, p. 85, ISBN 0801463246
- ^ McIntosh, J. (2008). The ancient Indus Valley: new perspectives, p. 130, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-907-4
- ^ Williamson, T. (1808). Oriental field sports: being a complete, detailed, and accurate description of the wild sports of the East. Volume II. London: Orme.
- ^ Smith, C. H. (1827). The class Mammalia. London: Geo. B. Whittaker.
- ^ Orel, V. (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 81, ISBN 90-04-12875-1
- ^ dhole. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ^ a b Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie, Robert S. Hoffmann, Darrin Lunde, John MacKinnon, Don E. Wilson, W. Chris Wozencraft (2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 418–19. ISBN 1400834112
- Fox, M. W. (1984). The Whistling Hunters: Field Studies of the Asiatic Wild Dog (Cuon Alpinus). Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-9524390-6-9.
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text:
Brian's exclusive forecast for Washington DC:
This afternoon: Mostly sunny and mild with a high in the upper 70s to lower 80s.
Tonight: Mostly clear with a low in the upper 60s.
Saturday: Clouds and sun. Warm with a high in the lower 80s.
Saturday Night: Mostly cloudy with a scattered shower. The low will be in the upper 60s.
Sunday: Mostly cloudy with a few showers, especially south of town. The high will be in the upper 70s.
The extended outlook calls for clouds and sun on Monday and Tuesday with a chance of a shower. Lows will be in the upper 60s and the highs will be around 80. Mostly sunny on Wednesday with a low in the mid 60s and a high in the lower 80s.
Weather Summary
High pressure is influencing our weather today and providing plenty of sunshine along with mild temperatures for the first week of August. Readings this afternoon range from the upper 70s to lower 80s. Meanwhile, waves of low pressure will move along a stalled boundary to our south on Sunday and Monday. This will result in more cloudiness and a few rain showers, especially over southern Maryland and the lower Eastern Shore. A cold front will move through the region early next week, producing more showers and perhaps a thundershower on Tuesday into Wednesday. Mostly sunny conditions are expected by Thursday and Friday of next week.
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Baltimore average lows and highs
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Centre for Mathematical
Seminar Series 2008-2009
of talks
Location: Fields Institute
, 222 College Street, Toronto
February 27, 2009 - 3:30pm
Bill Langford
University of Guelph
Models of Cheyne-Stokes
Respiration with Cardiovascular Pathologies
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
is a periodic breathing pattern, characterized by
short intervals of very little or no breathing (apnea)
each followed by an interval of very heavy breathing
(hyperpnea). This work expands on previous mathematical
models of the human cardio-respiratory system, simulating
the factors that determine the concentration of
carbon dioxide in compartments of the cardiovascular
system and lungs. The parameter boundary on which
Hopf bifurcation gives birth to a stable CSR oscillation
has been determined. The model predicts that the
onset of Cheyne-Stokes oscillations may result from
an increase in any of: ventilation-perfusion ratio,
feedback controller gain, transport delay, left
heart volume, lung congestion or cardiovascular
efficiency. Clinically, it is known that Cheyne-Stokes
respiration is more likely to occur in people with
cardiopulmonary pathologies such as chronic heart
failure, pulmonary edema or encephalitis, and also
in healthy humans during acclimatization to high
altitudes or after hyperventilation. The model gives
plausible physical explanations for each of these
This work is joint with Fang Dong of Dalian, China.
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text:
For kids growing up in the Seventies, Carole King's "Tapestry" album was the pivotal album of independent women and a testament that relationships and feelings went far beyond "He's So Fine" and "Some Kind of Wonderful." The fact that it stayed on top of the charts for the better portion of two years gives credence to its staying power. Yet, more important than its heartfelt songs was the emergence of the songwriter into a performer of great worth and import.
King had a troubled upbringing, emerging from a broken Jewish home in Brooklyn to begin penning popular love songs from the Broadway mill at the tender age of 16. As the book by Douglas McGrath explains, she was a prodigy who, despite classical training, yearned to be a writer of popular song. Music came naturally to the precocious teen, but the words were more daunting.
The mark of truly gifted actor is an innate ability to take on the role, but at the same time to find their own persona in it. No one knows exactly how Carole King talks, but everyone knows exactly how she sings. It was important to the producers that the star of the show carry off the physical similarities to King, but also mimic King's style so as to give a truly accurate performance.
In Jessie Mueller one finds a rare commodity on Broadway - an actress with a truly beautiful voice who not merely emulates her subject, but adds her own vocal twists and turns that enhance the live performance. When she plays King as a struggling teen, there is a tentativeness and uncertainty in her demeanor. When she portrays an older mother raising her children while trying to eke out a career as a songwriter, she exudes confidence.
And another key element to enjoying the show is Mueller's impressive piano skills. She is not merely sitting at the piano pretending to play; she is actually producing the notes and stylings of King while maintaining her character and working with the full orchestra accompanying her in the pit. This is clearly an advantage most Broadway leading actresses lack and could very well be key (pun intended) as to why she won that coveted Tony Award.
At the beginning of the run of "Beautiful: The Carole King Musical," the title subject indicated a reluctance to see the musical based on her early married life to lyricist and partner Gerry Goffin, who recently died. The relationship with her first husband was still so very painful to her that she avoided seeing the show.
It is understandable, but the outstanding performances by Mueller and Jake Epstein, who plays Goffin, capture the emotional roller coaster ride that the couple experienced in gut wrenching ways. When King finally did stop by a performance two months ago, she expressed feelings of thanks and seemed able to cope with the very private portions of her life.
Also to be given kudos for great singing and comedic timing are Jarrod Spector and Anika Larsen, who portray competing songwriters Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil.
That competition between Goffin and King and Mann and Weil is a critical component to McGrath's book. Pitting the two couples against each other is the design of music impressario Don Kirschner, who is played by Jeb Brown.
While all of the supporting players - including a cast of talented performers who portray the Drifters, the Shirelles and a host of others from the era - are good enough to move the plot along, the focus of the musical rests squarely on the shoulders of Mueller and her effective channeling of King.
The songs by King (and Goffin) play well and follow successful hits by Mann and Weil, who, as the musical shows, also moved their partnership into a marriage. Whereas Goffin and King got married a bit too early, Mann and Weil avoided the trappings of advancing into a marriage for the sake of their careers.
These songs speak for themselves as touchstones from the era. A medley of hits from the 1650 Broadway building may not be exactly like the fabled Brill Building, where other Jewish songwriters and performers hung out and churned out hit after hit. But it is remarkably similar.
"It Might As Well Rain Until September" and "Some Kind of Wonderful" document the early success of the young couple. Then come other hits by Mann and Weil like "He's Sure the Boy I Love" and "Walking in the Rain."
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow," "Up on the Roof," "On Broadway," "The Locomotion" and "One Fine Day" are but a few of the songs given an opportunity to shine with nice choreography by Josh Prince. Scenic design by Derek McLane and costumes by Alejo Vietti also enhance the vocal performances greatly.
The second act shows the young couple spinning out of control and out of love as Goffin begins to suffer from the ravages of drug abuse and mental illness, forcing his young bride to have to grow up in a hurry. Mann expresses his love for Weil, but she is reluctant to ruin a successful songwriting team with the prospect of an unhappy marriage. Eventually, that too is resolved.
When the final, classic songs from "Tapestry" are heard – "It's Too Late," "You've Got a Friend," "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" and "Beautiful" – the audience has taken a journey with King to a place where her insecurities are broken down and she begins to shine as a solo performer.
The word on the show had been positive and upbeat even before the Tony Awards. Following Mueller's Tony Award, the musical has been establishing new records at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre, playing to standing room only audiences. With the highest gross ever seen there, tickets are extremely difficult to get, but are highly recommended.
Ticket prices for "Beautiful" range from $99.00 – $169.00 and are available for purchase via Telecharge.com or by calling 212-239-6200. Additionally, they may be obtained in person at the Sondheim Theatre box office.
"Beautiful: The Carole King Musical" plays at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre, 124 W. 43rd Street, Tuesday through Thursday at 7:00 p.m. and Friday and Saturday at 8:00 p.m. Matinees are held Wednesday and Saturday at 2:00 p.m. and on Sunday at 3:00 p.m.


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The Peavey Vypyr 75 Guitar Combo Amplifier is 75 watts of quality amp modeled sound.
The Vypyr is an everything you need kind of amplifier, an Amp for practicing, a modeler for trying different amp sounds and even a USB 2.0 to record your ideas straight to your computer. 75 watts of quality sound, on-board Looper and a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) interface on the face of your amp make this amplifier an excellent deal and perfect for anyone. 24 amp channel models (clean and distorted channels of 12 popular amps) and 11 editable preamp stomp box effects and 11 editable post-amp rackeffects (five effects simultaneous). When using one of the optional Peavey Sanpera foot controllers, your preset options expand from 12 built-in presets to 400 programmable presets.
Peavey Vypyr 75 Features
Guitars/Basses, Amp, Pre-Amps, Mixers, Electronic Crossovers & EQs: 2 years *(+ 3 years)Drums: 2 years *(+ 1 year)Enclosures: 3 years *(+ 2 years)Digital Effects, Keyboard & MIDI Controllers: 1 year *(+ 1 year)Mics: 2 yearsSpeaker Components (incl. replacement parts) and all Accessories: 1 yearTubes & Meters: 90 days* Add'l warranty period applicable if Warranty Registration Card is completed & returned to Peavey by original retail purchaser within 90 days.


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Jun 17, 2014 9:40 AM
If your closet looks anything like ours, you probably already have too many Star Wars T-shirts. But do you have a Guerre Stellari shirt ($13)? We didn't think so. Luke and Leia are a little more scantily clad than we remember, but still, this shirt seems more legitimate than Turkish Star Wars merch.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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This option will only be accessible to registered and authorized users.
The IEKHS Alumni Association, Inc. is an advocacy organization acting on behalf and in the interest of
It was established in 1971 as the Nazareth Bay Secondary School serving as a junior high and senior High School . In 1973, It became a senior high school with the construction of Bertha C. Boschulte Middle School. Its first graduation was also held in that same year. In 1975, It was renamed the Ivanna Eudora Kean High School to honor Ivanna Eudora Kean, an educator in the Virgin Islands for 52 years. The school's namesake died on February 27, 1979
Dr. Jerry R. Smith
Selwyn Boom Gumbs
Click Here


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Eugene Wapniarski, 72
Published: Sunday, March 6, 2005 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, March 6, 2005 at 12:00 a.m.
Eugene Wapniarski, 72, of Hendersonville passed away Saturday, March 4, 2005.
Thos. Shepherd & Son Funeral Directors is in charge of the arrangements.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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One Direction bonus
by Kate Smith
Additional tickets on sale on Saturday.
Fans who thought they had missed out one of the most hotly-anticipated concerts ever staged at the Stadium of Light are being given another chance to get their hands on tickets for the opening night of One Direction's UK leg of their 'Where We Are' 2014 World Tour.
Following the finalising of the stage set up and sight lines for technical equipment, additional tickets are set to be released for the show, which takes place on Wednesday 28th May, 2014.
Sunderland's Stadium of Light is one of only four UK venues to host the tour – along with Manchester's Ethiad Stadium, Murrayfield in Edinburgh and Wembley Stadium, London – and demand for tickets has been unprecedented.
The bands' recently released movie One Direction: This Is Us, broke box office records across the world and their eagerly awaited new album, Midnight Memories, which will feature heavily in the tour, is set to be released in November.
SAFC Commercial Director, Gary Hutchinson, said: "One Direction are the biggest boyband in the world right now and demand for tickets for the Stadium of Light show, as the only venue between Manchester and Edinburgh, was incredible. We know that many fans were left disappointed at the thought of not being able to see their idols, so the release of these additional tickets is great news for everyone."
There is only a very limited allocation of additional tickets and demand is expected to be huge. Fans are advised to book promptly on Saturday to avoid disappointment.
Tickets will be on sale from 10am, Saturday 28 September, 2013 through a number of online ticket agencies and hotlines. Please note, tickets ARE NOT available from the Stadium of Light ticket office or SAFC phonelines.
Take a look at the stadium plan.
www.gigsandtours.com, www.ticketmaster.co.uk, www.ticketline.co.uk,www.theticketfactory.com
0844 811 0051, 0844 826 2826, 0844 338 8000
Standing tickets only available to persons aged 12 and over. No under 16s will be allowed on the pitch unless accompanied by an adult. There are no age restrictions for seated tickets.
Fans can enjoy the show from the relaxed comfort of the Stadium of Light's fantastichospitality suites and private executive boxes.
With something to suit every taste and budget, prices start from just £145 per person, including some of the best seats in the house.
Call 0871 911 1555 or email firstname.lastname@example.com to make a booking. Demand is expected to be exceptionally high so prompt booking is advised. Existing SAFC hospitality customers should contact the club immediately.
For general enquiries email firstname.lastname@example.com
Fans can keep up to date with all the latest information at the Stadium of Light's official Facebook page www.facebook.com/stadiumoflight or join the conversation on Twitter@SoLConcerts using #1DSoL.


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More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
The Education of Selves How Psychology Transformed Students
ISBN13:by Martin, Jack; McLellan, Ann-Marie
Oxford University Press
Questions About This Book?
Why should I rent this book?
Renting is easy, fast, and cheap! Renting from eCampus.com can save you hundreds of dollars compared to the cost of new or used books each semester. At the end of the semester, simply ship the book back to us with a free UPS shipping label! No need to worry about selling it back.
How do rental returns work?
Returning books is as easy as possible. As your rental due date approaches, we will email you several courtesy reminders. When you are ready to return, you can print a free UPS shipping label from our website at any time. Then, just return the book to your UPS driver or any staffed UPS location. You can even use the same box we shipped it in!
What version or edition is this?
This is the 1st edition with a publication date of 2/12/2013.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
- The Used copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included.
- The Rental copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. You may receive a brand new copy, but typically, only the book itself.
Most contemporary North Americans, as well as many other Westerners, take for granted their conceptions of themselves as individuals with uniquely valuable and complex inner lives -- lives filled with beliefs, imaginings, understandings, and motives that determine their actions and accomplishments. Yet, such psychological conceptions of selfhood are relatively recent, dating mostly from the late eighteenth century. Perhaps more surprisingly, our understandings of ourselves as creatively self-expressive and strategically self-managing are, for the most part, products of twentieth-century innovations in Enlightenment-based social sciences, especially psychology. Fueled by the enthusiasm for self-expression and self-actualization that emerged in the 1960s, humanistic, cognitive, developmental, and educational psychologists published widely on the overwhelmingly positive consequences of increased self-esteem in children and adolescents. While previous generations had been wary of self-confidence and self-interest, these qualities became widely regarded as desirable traits to be cultivated in both the home and the school. In The Education of Selves, Jack Martin and Ann-Marie McLellan examine ways in which psychological theories, research, and interventions employed in American and Canadian schools during the last half of the twentieth century changed our understanding of students, conceptualizing ideal students as self-expressive, enterprising, and entitled to forms of education that recognize and cater to such expressivity and enterprise. The authors address each of the major programs of psychological research and intervention in American and Canadian schools from 1950 to 2000: self-esteem, self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. They give critical consideration to definitions and conceptualizations, research measures and methods, intervention practices, and the social, cultural consequences of these programs of inquiry and practice. The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen a backlash against what some have come to regard as a self-absorbed generation of young people. Such criticism may be interpreted, at least in part, as a reaction to the scientific and professional activities of psychologists, many of whom now appear to share in the general concern about where their activities have left students, schools, and society at large.


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Lancaster is always full of activities and tonight is no different. There's musical acts and art to be seen and plays to watch. No matter what you choose, be sure to save some energy for tomorrow's first – and hopefully annual – King Street Seisiún.
The Allegro Chamber Orchestra's Music in the Round, "If It's Not Baroque," will be performed at the Ware Center, 42 North Prince Street, on Friday evening. A reception will be held at 6:45 followed by the performance at 7:30 p.m. General admission is $25. Tickets can be secured at www.MUTicketsOnline.com.
Canyon & Friends will perform Friday night at Commonwealth on Queen. The performance is slated for 7 p.m. Admission is free and open to all ages. Commonwealth on Queen is located at 301 North Queen Street.
Miss Tess and the Talkbacks will take the stage this evening at Tellus360. Doors open at 7 p.m. and the show will start at 9 p.m. Cover charge is just $5. Tellus360 is located at 24 East King Street.
"Young Frankenstein" will be performed this month at the Fulton Theatre . Tickets range from $25 to $35. Tonight's performance is scheduled for 7:30 p.m.
QuiltWeek continues in Lancaster today. This year the American Quilter's Society is holding its annual Quilt Week today through 15 March at the Lancaster Convention Center. The show runs 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. today.
"Folklore" will be the featured exhibit at the Pennsylvania College of Art & Design (PCA&D) through 18 April. The contemporary works of art by Amy Cutler, Clare Grill, Clare Rojas and others will be featured during the month long exhibit. PCA&D is handicapped accessible. The school is located at 204 N Prince Street.
Spring is right around the corner. Rachel's Café & Creperie has opened up its deck. Rachel's is located at 201 West Walnut Street. Carmen & David's Creamery began its spring hours this week. The Creamery is located at 25 North Prince Street. Rita's has opened. Spring hours are noon to 9 p.m. Sundays through Thursdays and noon to 9:30 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays. The first day of Spring is 20 March and as usual that means it will be Free Ice Day! Rita's is located at 1951 Lincoln Highway East, next to Amelia's Grocery Store.
Single game tickets for the Lancaster Barnstormers are now available. Stop by Clipper Stadium on Prince Street today to get your tickets. The home opener is scheduled for 1 May.
Kindergarten registration for the School District of Lancaster will be held starting Monday, 24 March. If your child will be five on or before 1 September, then he or she will be eligible to enroll.
Yesterday, Lancaster City Police announced the passing of Sergeant Robert A. Means. Sgt. Means passed at his home Wednesday after an extended illness. He had served with the LCPD for the past 24 years in the Patrol Division. Sgt. Means was a Field Training Officer (FTO) for many new officers and an instructor at Harrisburg Area Community College (HACC) teaching police updates and the Emergency Vehicle Operator Course (EVOC). He was a member of the Bureau's Crash Investigation Team and was instrumental in updating many of the team's practices and policies. He is survived by his wife, Julie and his two children, Matthew and Madison. Funeral arrangements will be announced as they become available. May His Memory Be Eternal.
The events above listed are by no means a comprehensive list. Subscribe to receive free instant updates on events and happenings that keep Lancaster City Buzz-ing!
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Lancaster City is located in South Central Pennsylvania. Home to over 60,000 people, it is the County Seat. Do you have an upcoming event or information that would interest the Lancaster community? If so, please email Jeanne Ruczhak-Eckman at email@example.com.
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LOS ANGELES (LALATE) – The Banning Fire Map 2013 tonight has grown as the Silver Fire nears Poppet Flats, Twins Pines, and Silent Valley. The Riverside County Fire which started on Poppet Flats Rd near Hwy 243, south of Banning, grew to three hundred acres between 2 pm and 4 pm. But by 6:30 pm today August 7, 2013, officials now warn that the blaze has grown from three hundred to five thousand acres. CalFire is describing the blaze as one of the most aggressive wildfires in California this summer.
The latest Banning Fire Map 2013 news update was issued just moments ago. Officials report that mandatory evacuation orders for Poppet Flats, Twin Pines and Silent Valley will remain in place tonight. Residents are being sent to two possible evacuation centers. They are Hemet High School on 41701 East Stetson Avenue and Beaumont High School on 39139 Cherry Valley Boulevard. Animals are being taken to the San Jacinto Valley Animal Campus on 581 South Grand Avenue.
Officials are keeping highway 243 closed tonight. The fire is being battled by CalFire with Riverside county Fire. Seventy-one engines are on scene tonight. An hour ago, officials reported two injuries. "Update 5:30 p.m.: Fire is now estimated at 5000 acres and 0% contained. Multiple structures involved in Twin Pines.
One firefighter and one civilian injury reported unknown extent. " No homes have been lost. Officials warn news that the fire is burring at a critical rate, is at zero percent containment, and is not improving on any front tonight. For the latest fire map click HERE and select "Silver Fire" on the left. For continuing coverage click HERE.


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Dora Bee Sting Doctor
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Dora was playing outside so that she could smell the freshly blossomed flowers when she made the mistake of disturbing a beehive and was attacked by a swarm of bees. Unfortunately, Dora is allergic to bee stings and will need to be rushed to the hospital to avoid going into anaphylactic shock. Follow the doctor's instructions and use the tools provided to give Dora a check up and treat her wounds so that she can make a swift recovery in this fun online doctor game for girls!
Follow the in-game instructions and use your mouse to treat Dora's bee stings!


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Home Depot Under Investigation After Credit Cards May Have Been Hacked
Written by Your 5News Team
Last updated on September 02, 2014 @ 11:55PM
Created on September 02, 2014 @ 4:39PM
Most of you probably remember the Target breach that happened at the beginning of the year and there could be another one like it, this time at Home Depot.
According to USA Today, there was a batch of credit and debit card information that went on sale on a criminal internet site Tuesday and that information could be from Home Depot stores. Security experts say this incident could be linked to the hackers responsible for the breaches at Target and P.F. Chang's.
According to journalist Brian Krebs' blog, krebsonsecurity.com, the breach could have started in late April or early May of this year.
5 News reached out to the manager of the Home Depot in Bridgeport and he said they were notified of an investigation. He said there is an investigation into unusual activity related to the credit cards but he stressed that nothing has been proven.
All card holders will be notified immediately if there is evidence that the cards at this store have been hacked.
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- Location:
- Phoenix, Arizona
- Party Albums:
- 1
Logan's Sock Monkey 1st Birthday Party (23 photos)
Sign In or Register Now
We celebrated Logan's 1st birthday with a red and aqua sock monkey themed party. Guests were greeted at the door with a sock monkey yarn wreath, finished off with mini bunting to match the decor inside. Instead of a traditional guest book, guest signed the Happy Birthday Book by Dr. Seuss and wrote wishes that went into a time capsule. Guests enjoyed decorating their own sock monkey and scooping up monkey treats from the candy buffet, that included handmade sock monkey cookies and cake pops. The birthday boy wore a sock monkey romper that matched the handsewn table runners at the party. Everyone had a blast and the birthday boy was spoiled!
You can find more details at: www.seevanessacraft.com


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As Indiana residents, many of us were surprised by the story of "The Praying Robber." Twenty three year old Gregory Smith entered an Advance Cash America loan office in Indianapolis, Indiana carrying a gun (1). He claims that he intended to rob the establishment in order to help provide for his family (1). However, upon seeing the loan office clerk cry and pray, Smith was overcome with guilt (1). He apologized, surrendered the bullet in his gun to the clerk, dropped to his knees, and prayed with the clerk for 10 minutes (1). He then explained his hardships to the clerk, took the clerk's cell phone and twenty dollars, and left the rest of the cash when he exited (1).
This, now infamous, robbery made headlines because of the astounding actions that resulted from feelings of guilt. As evident from this case, as well as from most of our personal experiences, guilt greatly influences how we behave. However, why we feel guilt is a question psychologists have varying opinions about.
One theory is that guilt prevents us from making the same mistakes over again (2). This is referred to as withdrawal motivation, and it is believed to be the way we punish ourselves (2). Another theory is that guilt helps us to behave in a way that is socially acceptable (2). In this type of situation, when guilt fuels our desire to correct our mistakes, it is referred to as approach motivation (2).
According to the Association for Psychological Science, guilt may begin as withdrawal motivation (2). However when an individual finds a way to rectify the situation, they shift their focus from disciplining themselves to approach motivation in order to undo the damage they caused (2). This hypothesis was confirmed by brain activity measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG) (2).
Overall, most of us would agree that without guilt, our society would be chaotic and immoral. Whether it causes us to withdraw in repentance, teaches us not to repeat mistakes, or encourages us to make amends, guilt is a very valuable emotion. In fact studies show that nature tends to favor individuals who are more likely to feel guilty. These individuals tend to have a greater chance of forming strong bonds with others, reaching adulthood, and producing offspring (3). So the next time we feel guilty about a mistake, we should not let it consume us. Instead we can follow through with the behaviors that the emotion elicits. We can learn from our mistakes, take the necessary steps to move on, and do our part to help society function optimally as a whole.


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David H.K. Chui, MD, FRCPC
|PI: David H.K. Chui, MD, FRCPC
Title: Professor of Medicine, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
Research Overview:
Throughout his academic career, Dr. Chui has maintained a keen interest in the developmental biology of erythropoiesis in health and disease. In the 70's, he studied the developmental cell biology and pathophysiology of anemic mutant mice, particularly that of the Steel mutation, now known to be caused by aberrant Steel factor, or stem cell factor. During the 80's, Dr. Chui concentrated on the study of hemoglobin ontogeny in mice and in man. He discovered that human embryonic hemoglobins persist throughout intrauterine life, and even into adulthood in some hereditary disorders.
In the 90's, Dr. Chui applied molecular biology techniques to study human diseases. He was the Founding Director of the Provincial Hemoglobinopathy DNA Diagnostic Laboratory in Ontario, Canada, and contributed to the study of thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies, including a novel diagnostic strategy applicable for population screening to detect α-thalassemia carriers. His laboratory cloned and characterized three then novel genes found in erythroid cells: Nrf 2, Hn1, and Ermap.
Since joining the Boston University in 2003, Dr. Chui has established another successful Hemoglobin Diagnostic Reference Laboratory, to which patients' samples have been referred from throughout Massachusetts, the United States, and beyond. It is a repository for unusual or novel globin gene mutations, some of which form the basis for further laboratory research. Dr. Chui continues to pursue issues related to thalassemia and population health. Concurrently, Dr. Chui is engaged in a large genetic association research project using SNP genotyping in β-thalassemia patients and their family members to search for hereditary factors that regulate Hb F production.
Selected Recent Publications:
Dr. Chui has over 180 publications, and has successfully collaborated with investigators in the United States, Canada, and abroad.
1. Chui DHK, Fucharoen S, Chan V. Hemoglobin H disease: not necessarily a benign disorder. Blood. 101: 791-800, 2003.
2. Ding C, Chiu RWK, Lau TK, Leung TN, Chan LC, Chan AYY, Charoenkwan P, Ng ISL, Law H-Y, Ma ESK, Xu X, Wanapirak C, Sanguansermsri T, Liao C, Ai MATJ, Chui DHK, Cantor CR, Lo YMD. MS analysis of single-nucleotide differences in circulating nucleic acids: Application to noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101: 10762-10767, 2004.
3. Gibney GT*, Panhuysen CIM, So JCC, Ma ESK, Ha SY, Li CK, Lee ACW, Li CK, Yuen HL, Lau YL, Johnson DM, Farrell JJ, Bisbee AB, Farrer LA, Steinberg MH, Chan LC, Chui DHK. Variation and heritability of Hb F and F-cells among b-thalassemia heterozygotes in Hong Kong. Am J Hematol. 83: 458-464, 2008.
4. Chen ZY, Luo H-Y, Basran RK*, Hsu T-H*, Mang DWH*, Nuntakarn L*, Rosenfield CG, Patrinos GP, Hardison RC, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. A T>G transversion at NT -567 upstream of HBG2 in a GATA-1 binding motif is associated with elevated Hb F. Mol Cell Biol. 28: 4386-4393, 2008.
5. Sedgewick AE, Timofeev N, Sebastiani P, So JCC, Ma ESK, Chan LC, Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, Barbosa CG, Vardarajan BN, Farrer LA, Baldwin CT, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. BCL11A is a major HbF quantitative trait locus in three different populations with β-hemoglobinopathies. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 41: 255-258, 2008.
6. Chen ZY, Luo H-Y, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. BCL11A represses HBG transcription in K562 cells. Blood Cell Mol Dis. 42: 144-149, 2009.
7. Verhovsek M*, Henderson MPA, Cox G, Luo H-Y, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. Unexpectedly low pulse oximetry measurements associated with variant hemoglobins: A systematic review. Am J Hematol. 86: 722-725, 2011.
8. Giardine B, Borg J, Higgs DR, Maglott D, Basak AN, Clark B, Faustino P, Felice AE, Francina A, Gallivan MVE, Georgitsi M, Gibbons RJ, Giordano PC, Harteveld CL, Joly P, Kanavakis E, Kollia P, Menzel S, Miller W, Moradkhani K, Old J, Papachatzopoulou A, Papakdakis MN, Papadopoulos P, Pavlovic S, Philipson S, Radmilovic M, Riemer C, Schrijver I, Stojiljkovic M, Thein SL, Traeger-Synodinos J, Tully R, Wada T, Waye JS, Wiemann C, Zukic B, Chui DHK, Wajcman H, Hardison RC, Patrinos GP. Systematic documentation and analysis of human genetic variation in hemoglobinopathies using the microattribution approach. Nat Genet. 43: 295-301, 2011.
9. Farrell JJ, Sherva RM, Chen ZY, Luo H-Y, Chu BF*, Ha SY, Li CK, Lee ACW, Li RCH, Li CKeung, Yuen HL, So JCC, Ma ESK, Chan LC, Chan V, Sebastiani P, Farrer LA, Baldwin CT, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. A 3-bp deletion in the HBS1L-MYB intergenic region on chromosome 6q23 is associated with HbF expression. Blood. 117: 4935-4945, 2011.
10. Verhovsek M*, So CC, O'Shea T, Gibney GT*, Ma ESK, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. Is HbA2 level a reliable diagnostic measurement for β-thalassemia trait in people with iron deficiency? Am J Hematol 87: 114-116, 2012.
11. Akinsheye I*, Solovieff N, Ngo DA, Malek A, Sabastiani P, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia: Molecular characterization of unusually high fetal hemoglobin phenotype in African Americans. Am J Hematol. 87: 217-219, 2012.
12. Verhovsek M*, Shah NR, Wilcox I*, Koenig SC*, Barros T*, Thornburg CD, Steinberg MH, Luo H-Y, Chui DHK. Severe fetal and neonatal hemolytic anemia due to a 198 kb deletion removing the complete β-globin gene cluster. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 59: 941-944, 2012.
13. Verhovsek M, Chui DHK. Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects. Lancet. 380: 1305-1306, 2012.
14. Croteau SE, Luo H-Y, Lehmann LE, Chui, DHK, Neufeld EJ. Novel dominant β-thalassemia: Hb Boston-Kuwait [Codon 139/140 (+T)]. Pediatr Blood Cancer. (In press).
*Student, post-doctoral fellow, or medical resident in Dr. Chui's laboratory.


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Hello and welcome. My name is Duncan and I am writing to you from my home in Vancouver Canada.
Thanks for visiting to learn a little more about me. I was born in UK, and grew up in New Zealand.
I am a man who loves the sun wind and ocean. I am a keen motorcyclist and a lover of freedom, I have now lived in 6 countries and traveled to many more.
My wife Duong and I have an adorable 6 year old who definitely puts the twinkle in my eye. I am so grateful to having a business that gives me the opportunity to spend so much time with him. I can't wait for you to meet Ethan! I enjoy swimming in our salt water swimming pool, playing dance music that I can run along to. ..
My first career, which spanned 20 years, was in the art industry in Auckland, New Zealand.
It's an awesome and exciting industry working with high-end galleries and renown artists, helping them present and display their works of art to international standards.
I am now working with direct sales with high end gourmet food which gives me an enormous freedom to work and play when I like.
I also have a huge interest in ecommerce and online marketing. The money is great and the potential unlimited. So different to traditional business. You can learn more about that here.
I ride a Ducati and have been riding since 14 years old. Anything else? Just shoot me an email.
All the very best,


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Mike Todd, chairman of the Medina Township Board of Trustees, has submitted his resignation, effective Oct. 1.
In an email sent to trustees Monday morning, Todd did not give a specific reason for quitting.
"While I have enjoyed my last nearly nine years as trustee, the indeterminate nature of my absence leads me to make this decision," he wrote.
"Serving as a trustee has been one of the great experiences of my life," he wrote. "I am a better man for having been touched by the residents of Medina Township."
Trustee Ken DeMichael said Todd's resignation was unexpected.
"It is kind of a surprise," he said.
DeMichael said he has not been in direct contact with Todd since June 5 — the last time Todd attended a trustee's meeting.
"The only contact I have had with him is group emails," he said. "He has responded, basically through the secretary.
"He said that he would miss a couple meetings but didn't get specific as to why he would miss them."
Todd could not be reached for comment.
DeMichael said he was not aware of reports that Todd had been in the South Pacific, in the island Republic of Palau earlier this summer.
Todd works full time as an attorney for the Summit County Prosecutor's Office in the criminal division and also serves on the board of Medina Creative Housing.
DeMichael said he and Trustee Ray Jarrett will have 30 days from the point of Todd's resignation to appoint a new trustee.
"I am hopeful that Ray and I can fill the position within those 30 days," he said.
DeMichael will take Todd's place as chairman, effective Oct. 1.
He said anyone interested in applying to become interim trustee should drop off a resume and letter of interest at the Medina Township Hall, 3799 Huffman Road.
Contact reporter Andrew Davis at (330) 721-4050 or email@example.com.


text:
Tk::Trace - emulate Tcl/Tk trace functions.
use Tk::Trace $mw->traceVariable(\$v, 'wru' => [\&update_meter, $scale]); %vinfo = $mw->traceVinfo(\$v); print "Trace info :\n ", join("\n ", @{$vinfo{-legible}}), "\n"; $mw->traceVdelete(\$v);
This class module emulates the Tcl/Tk trace family of commands by binding subroutines of your devising to Perl variables using simple Tie::Watch features.
Callback format is patterned after the Perl/Tk scheme: supply either a code reference, or, supply an array reference and pass the callback code reference in the first element of the array, followed by callback arguments.
User callbacks are passed these arguments:
$_[0] = undef for a scalar, index/key for array/hash $_[1] = variable's current (read), new (write), final (undef) value $_[2] = operation (r, w, or u) $_[3 .. $#_] = optional user callback arguments
As a Trace user, you have an important responsibility when writing your callback, since you control the final value assigned to the variable. A typical callback might look like:
sub callback { my($index, $value, $op, @args) = @_; return if $op eq 'u'; # .... code which uses $value ... return $value; # variable's final value }
Note that the callback's return value becomes the variable's final value, for either read or write traces.
For write operations, the variable is updated with its new value before the callback is invoked.
Only one callback can be attached to a variable, but read, write and undef operations can be traced simultaneously.
varRef is a reference to the scalar, array or hash variable you wish to trace. op is the trace operation, and can be any combination of r for read, w for write, and u for undef. callback is a standard Perl/Tk callback, and is invoked, depending upon the value of op, whenever the variable is read, written, or destroyed.
Returns a hash detailing the internals of the Trace object, with these keys:
%vinfo = ( -variable => varRef -debug => '0' -shadow => '1' -value => 'HELLO SCALAR' -destroy => callback -fetch => callback -store => callback -legible => above data formatted as a list of string, for printing );
For array and hash Trace objects, the -value key is replaced with a -ptr key which is a reference to the parallel array or hash. Additionally, for an array or hash, there are key/value pairs for all the variable specific callbacks.
Stop tracing the variable.
use Tk; # Trace a Scale's variable and move a meter in unison. $pi = 3.1415926; $mw = MainWindow->new; $c = $mw->Canvas(qw/-width 200 -height 110 -bd 2 -relief sunken/)->grid; $c->createLine(qw/100 100 10 100 -tag meter/); $s = $mw->Scale(qw/-orient h -from 0 -to 100 -variable/ => \$v)->grid; $mw->Label(-text => 'Slide Me for 5 Seconds')->grid; $mw->traceVariable(\$v, 'w' => [\&update_meter, $s]); $mw->after(5000 => sub { print "Untrace time ...\n"; %vinfo = $s->traceVinfo(\$v); print "Watch info :\n ", join("\n ", @{$vinfo{-legible}}), "\n"; $c->traceVdelete(\$v); }); MainLoop; sub update_meter { my($index, $value, $op, @args) = @_; return if $op eq 'u'; $min = $s->cget(-from); $max = $s->cget(-to); $pos = $value / abs($max - $min); $x = 100.0 - 90.0 * (cos( $pos * $pi )); $y = 100.0 - 90.0 * (sin( $pos * $pi )); $c->coords(qw/meter 100 100/, $x, $y); return $value; }
email@example.com, Lehigh University Computing Center, 2000/08/01 . Version 1.0, for Tk800.022.
Copyright (C) 2000 - 2000 Stephen O. Lidie. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.