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Rodent Research Hardware and Operations Validation (Rodent Research-1) - 03.30.16
The Rodent Research Hardware provides a platform aboard the International Space Station for long-duration rodent experiments in space. Such experiments will examine how microgravity affects the animals, providing information relevant to human spaceflight, discoveries in basic biology, and knowledge that will have direct impact toward human health on Earth. Rodent Research-1 is a test of the operational capabilities of the new hardware system, including the Transporter, Rodent Habitat, and Access Unit.
Science Results for Everyone
Information Pending
Principal Investigator(s)
Information Pending
Information Pending
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
Sponsoring Space Agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Sponsoring Organization
National Laboratory (NL)
Research Benefits
Earth Benefits, Scientific Discovery, Space Exploration
ISS Expedition Duration 1
September 2014 - March 2015
Expeditions Assigned
Previous ISS Missions
This is the first flight of the Transporter and Rodent Habitat hardware. Both units are based on the Animal Enclosure Modules and have modifications which allow them to either transport animals on the SpX vehicle or maintain and house animals on the ISS. The Animal Enclosure Modules supported rodents on 27 space shuttle missions.
Experiment Description
Research Overview
The mission objectives of the validation flight are:
The addition of the rodent research system expands the utilization of ISS for research on the effects of microgravity on rodents.
The demonstration of the hardware capability to support rodent research for long-duration missions on ISS is accomplished.
A validation of the operational capabilities of the hardware to support rodent research provides valuable information applicable to future long-term space missions.
Based on the recommendations from the National Research Council's Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era (2011), and on surveys of potential ISS users from industry and other government agencies, the ISS Program has created an on-orbit rodent research program as an essential tool for understanding the impacts of space flight on physiological systems and for development of potential therapies that will mitigate detrimental responses and advance disease treatments in certain populations on Earth. Researchers use both similarities and differences between rodents and humans to gain insight into complex human biological systems, and past rodent spaceflight experiments have contributed significantly to our understanding of the effects of microgravity on biological processes that are directly relevant to humans in space. Physiological systems of interest for human exploration of space are targeted at the following systems:
Bone loss
Muscle loss
Immune system changes
Cardiovascular system changes
Nervous system changes
There are no science objectives for this flight, and no PI assigned. CASIS and their commercial partner for this flight are conducting research in support of their commercial research objectives. The purpose of Rodent Research-1 (NASA) is to validate the Rodent Research hardware and a limited set of generic science operations.
Rodent Research-1 consists of Rodent Research-1 (NASA) and Rodent Research-1 (CASIS) and plans to launch 20 mice, including 10 NASA mice, and 10 CASIS mice. The 10 NASA research mice are 16-week-old C57Bl/6J females. Two mice are euthanized and dissected inside the MSG 30 days after transfer on station. Their livers and spleens are harvested and stowed in the MELFI until it is returned on another SpX vehicle. The remaining 8 mice are euthanized and preserved for downmass to confirm body weight is maintained while on station. This allows researchers to verify that the mice are eating and drinking properly on the station.
The main objective of this flight is to validate the Rodent Research hardware and a limited set of generic science operations in preparation of upcoming Rodent research. Validation of hardware is based on animal health checks and post-flight body weight. More specifically, Rodent Research-1 (NASA) aims to:
Validate that the Rodent Habitat Hardware can deliver and maintain healthy animals
Rodent Habitat – provides on-orbit housing for rodents in an EXPRESS rack
Transporter – provides housing for rodents during ascent on Dragon
Animal Access Unit (AAU) – Interfaces with both the Habitat and Transporter for transfer of the animals between the units and access to the animals for science operations
Validate that on-orbit activities to support hardware operations can be performed
Validate that a limited set of generic on-orbit operations can be performed to support future science objectives
Space Applications
This is the first flight of the Rodent Research system for long-duration use on the International Space Station. The validation of the rodent habitat hardware and operations allows for future rodent investigations that will provide invaluable information about changes that occur to the body that are directly relevant to humans in space.
Earth Applications
Rodent research may lead to significant results in the field of human aging and disease, as well as in additional research areas where gravity (and the lack thereof) has strong effects on many biological and physical processes. Some of these changes allow scientists to study and develop new drugs to treat diseases on Earth.
Operational Requirements
Video downlink is required.
Operational Protocols
Crew installs the Habitat into the Express Rack, connects the power connectors and turns on lights and fans, and installs food bars. The Transporter and Access Unit are de-stowed and animals are transferred from the Transporter to two Habitats using Mouse Transfer Boxes. Half of the animals are used to support CASIS science, the other half support NASA hardware validation. Every 3 days for the first 12 days crewmembers check the water box through the lid and report any obvious signs of leakage or condensation indicating a problem with the water system.
There is one dissection session no earlier than 21 days after transfer to Habitat, preferably 30 days after transfer, in which 2 NASA animals are transferred to the MSG, euthanized, and tissues dissected and stored in the MELFI. Crewmembers dissect and freeze the animals' livers and preserve their spleens by fixation. The remaining samples are frozen for return on the following SpaceX vehicle. During the final NASA rodent operations on-orbit session, the remaining 8 animals are euthanized and frozen in the MELFI for downmass to verify animal body weight. This allows researchers to verify that the animals were eating and drinking properly. All samples will be returned home on a SpaceX vehicle.^ back to top
Decadal Survey Recommendations
Information Pending^ back to top
Results/More Information
Information Pending^ back to top
Results Publications
Ground Based Results Publications
ISS Patents
Related Publications
Ronca AE, Alwood JS, Globus RK, Souza KA. Mammalian reproduction and development on the International Space Station (ISS): Proceedings of the Rodent Mark III Habitat Workshop. Gravitational and Space Research. 2013 October; 1(1): 107-123.
Related Websites


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Mason Douglas Unck
Position: LB
Height: 6-3 Weight: 235 lbs.
Born: March 30, 1980 in Ogden, UT
High School: Bonneville
College: Arizona St. (school history) (Unck college stats)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 4 (9949th overall since 1950)
Other SR Links: College Football at Sports-Reference.com
Like this page? Sponsor it for $5. Your message will replace this ad.
Output includes all games from 1920 to 2015.

subset: commoncrawl


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Oct 1, 2012 9:15 AM
All of you out there sporting Peter Pan collars this season can now take it to the next level. The Tasha Sequin Squares Collar ($38) is the black-tie version of this season's most sought-after accessory. We suggest going full Rose Dawson and suggesting your boyfriend draw you like one of his French girls, wearing this and only this.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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- Stay low.
- Proceed to the nearest front or rear exit - count the rows between your seat and the exits.
- Follow floor lighting to exit.
- Jump feet first onto evacuation slide. Don't sit down to slide. Place arms across your chest, elbows in, and legs and feet together. Remove high-heeled shoes.
- Exit the aircraft and clear the area.
- Remain alert for emergency vehicles.
Electronics on Board
- The FCC and FAA ban cell phones for airborne use because its signals could interfere with critical aircraft instruments. Radios and televisions are also prohibited.
- Laptops and other personal electronic devices (PEDs) such as hand-held computer games and tape or CD players are also restricted to use above 10,000 feet owing to concerns they could interfere with aircraft instrumentation
Exit Row Seating
- You must be physically capable and willing to perform emergency actions when seated in emergency or exit rows. If you are not, ask for another seat.
- Thoroughly familiarize yourself with the emergency evacuation techniques outlined on the written safety instructions. Ask questions if instructions are unclear.
Fire or Smoke
- Use a wet napkin or handkerchief over nose and mouth.
- Move away from fire and smoke.
- Stay low.
Passenger Safety Information
- Review the passenger safety card before takeoff and landing.
- Listen carefully to the safety briefing.
- Be able to locate emergency exits both in front and behind you. Count the rows between you and the nearest front and rear exits.
- Locate the flotation device.
- Make a mental plan of action in case of emergency.


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Dec. 24, 2012
Hawkeyes in the NFL: 2012 Photo Gallery
IOWA CITY, Iowa -- The University of Iowa football program is tied for ninth in the nation with 25 former players on active NFL rosters. In addition, nine other Hawkeyes reside on practice squads or injured reserve.
Iowa ties Michigan for second in the Big Ten amongst NFL alumni on active rosters. Ohio State leads the way with 35. Iowa has five former tight ends in the league, which equals USC and Stanford for the most.
The NFL continued regular season action over the weekend. A number of former Hawkeyes saw action and had success for their respective teams.
Jonathan Babineaux - DL - Atlanta Falcons: Babineaux recorded a tackle and a pass breakup in the win over the Lions on Saturday night. He has started the last 75 games for Atlanta. Babineaux leads the Falcons with seven tackles for loss this year.
Christian Ballard - DL - Minnesota Vikings: Ballard, one of a Big Ten-best six Hawkeyes drafted in 2011, did not record any statistics in Minnesota's win at Houston on Sunday. The defensive tackle played in all 16 games, with two starts, a year ago. He has played in all 15 contests this season.
Jordan Bernstine - DB - Washington Redskins: Bernstine was moved to the Redskins' injured reserve list after an injury in the season opener.
Bryan Bulaga - OL - Green Bay Packers: Bulaga has been placed on injured reserve. He is in his third season with Green Bay, and has made 33 career starts. Bulaga won a Super Bowl ring during his rookie season with the Packers in 2010.
Scott Chandler - TE - Buffalo Bills: Chandler turned in one reception for 25 yards in the Bills loss at Miami on Sunday.
Dallas Clark - TE - Tampa Bay Buccaneers: Clark registered four catches for 33 yards on Sunday in the loss to St. Louis. The former Iowa All-American and John Mackey Award winner has hauled in four touchdown receptions this season and 50 in his career.
Adrian Clayborn - DL - Tampa Bay Buccaneers: In his second year in the league, Clayborn is on the Buccaneers' injured reserve list. The former Iowa All-American started all 19 games in his career for Tampa Bay prior to the injury. Clayborn registered 7.5 sacks during his rookie campaign in 2011.
Sean Considine - DB - Baltimore Ravens: Recorded no statistics in team's win over the Giants on Sunday. Considine has competed in all 15 games this season.
Mike Daniels - DL - Green Bay Packers: Daniels notched two solo tackles, including a tackle for loss, in the 55-7 win over Tennessee on Sunday.
A.J. Edds - LB - Indianapolis Colts: In his third year in the league, Edds is on the Colts' injured reserve list.
Bradley Fletcher - DB - St. Louis Rams: Played in his 42nd career game in the team's win at Tampa Bay on Sunday, recording two solo tackles.
Adam Gettis - OL - Washington Redskins: Listed as second team right guard for the Redskins.
Charles Godfrey - DB - Carolina Panthers: Godfrey registered two tackles and a pass breakup in Carolina's win against Oakland on Sunday. He became the first rookie in team history to start all 16 games at safety in 2008. Godfrey has started 70 of the last 72 games for the Panthers.
Shonn Greene - RB - New York Jets: Greene rushed 14 times for 38 yards and two touchdowns in the Jets loss at home to San Diego. He added two receptions for 42 yards. The former All-American and 2008 Doak Walker Award Winner has started 27 of the last 30 contests. He is 11th in the NFL with eight rushing scores this season.
Chad Greenway - LB - Minnesota Vikings: Greenway registered four solo stops, including a tackle for loss, in the Vikings win at Houston on Sunday. The former Iowa All-American is second in the NFL with 145 tackles.
Brad Herman - TE - New England Patriots: In his first year in the league, Herman is on the Patriots' injured reserve list.
Karl Klug - DL - Tennessee Titans: Klug saw action in the loss at Green Bay on Sunday, recording no statistics. Klug has appeared in all 30 games for Tennessee during his first two seasons, making one start in each. As a rookie in 2011, Klug compiled a team-high seven sacks. The total tied for sixth place in sacks among all NFL rookies, tied for fourth among all NFL defensive tackles, and led all NFL rookie defensive tackles.
Bryan Mattison - OL - Kansas City Chiefs: Played in his third game of the season on Sunday as the Chiefs fell to the Colts at home.
Marvin McNutt - WR - Philadelphia Eagles: Saw action against the Redskins on Sunday, recording no statistics.
Tony Moeaki - TE - Kansas City Chiefs: Moeaki did not play due to injury on Sunday. He has started 13 of 14 games this season, and 28 of 29 in his career.
Brandon Myers - TE - Oakland Raiders: Myers tallied three receptions for 10 yards in Oakland's loss to Carolina on Sunday. He leads Oakland in catches (75) and receiving yards (753) this season.
Seth Olsen - OL - Indianapolis Colts: After starting the first three games of the season for Indianapolis, Olsen was placed on the team's injured reserve list.
Shaun Prater - DB - Cincinnati Bengals: In his first year in the league, Prater is on the Bengals' injured reserve list.
Riley Reiff - OL - Detroit Lions: Reiff made his seventh start of the season on Saturday night as the Lions fell to Atlanta. He has played in all 15 games this season. Reiff was Detroit's first round pick in 2012, marking the third-straight season an Iowa player was selected in the first round of the NFL Draft.
Allen Reisner - TE - Minnesota Vikings: Reisner is a member of the Vikings' practice squad. He has played in four games this season.
Tyler Sash - DB - New York Giants: Did not see action due to injury. Sash won a Super Bowl ring during his rookie season with the Giants in 2011.
Amari Spievey - DB - Detroit Lions: Spievey has been placed on injured reserve.
Ricky Stanzi - QB - Kansas City Chiefs: Did not see action.
Jeff Tarpinian - LB - New England Patriots: Tarpinian is a member of New England's practice squad. He played in seven games with one start for the Patriots in 2011, and has played in three contests this season.
Julian Vandervelde - OL - Philadelphia Eagles: Vandervelde is in his second season with the Eagles. He was selected by the team in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL Draft.
Marshal Yanda - OL - Baltimore Ravens: Yanda started for the Ravens on Sunday after missing the previous game due to injury. He has made 72 career starts in six years for the Ravens.
Markus Zusevics - OL - New England Patriots: In his first year in the league, Zusevics has not seen action to date.


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County Line Self Storage 317-885-7025
County Line Self Storage office is open during business hours to serve you. If you prefer, I can be reached by phone at 317-885-7025, or by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com, or by text message at 317-840-9472.
Hi, I am Dawn.
I want to thank you for visiting County Line Self Storage, today.
I will do my best to ensure your stay at County Line Self Storage is hassle-free and a pleasant one.
County Line Self Storage is family owned and operated; our goal is to ensure that our customers are responded to in a straight-forward, responsive, and value-oriented manner.
You are important to us at County Line Self Storage; you are not just another "number." We know our customers and we value the fact that you may choose to place your trust and confidence in us during your stay at County Line Self Storage.
Our customer service is available 24 / 7 / 365. If I happen to miss your call, I will return your call at the next available moment. Alternatively, you may stop by the office, as well, during business hours.
Whether by phone, or online, or a visit to the office, or an e-mail, or a text message, we are here to help.
Again, my name is Dawn, you can reach me at 317-885-7025, or at email@example.com, or you can send me a text message at 317-840-9472. I am here to help, please do not hesitate to contact me.
County Line Self Storage
1485 W. County Line Rd
Greenwood, IN 46142


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Vote On Team USA's Top Athletes From April
May 04, 2016
Tatyana McFadden and Mikey Brannigan are nominees for Team USA's Best of April awards.
Class is in Session with Mr. Hinze
Joe Clarke May 03, 2016
Nate Hinze explains what it takes to be a teacher and Paralympian on National Teacher Appreciation Day.
Working Out With Team USA: Meet Team USA's Melissa Stockwell
May 02, 2016
The 2008 Paralympian, who was the first woman to lose a limb in the Iraq War, has her sights set on gold in Rio.
10 Athletes Earn Spots On Canoe/Kayak Sprint National Team, Set Sights On Rio
Craig Bohnert May 01, 2016
Athletes will try to qualify for the Olympic and Paralympic Games later in May.
U.S. Wins Sonar Bronze At Sailing World Cup As Four Athletes Qualify For Rio Paralympics
Craig Bohnert April 30, 2016
Doerr, Freund and Kendell medaled and qualified; Dee Smith qualified in 2.4mR.
Nick Rogers upsets with Paralympic 200 win at Drake Relays
Brianna Tammaro April 29, 2016
Rogers clocked a personal best time of 22.07 at the Blue Oval for first major win
Drake Relays welcome Paralympic athletes for second year
Brianna Tammaro April 29, 2016
U.S. stars return to Des Moines for 200-meter and high jump events
Global swimwear brand arena named official supplier of U.S. Paralympics Swimming Team
U.S. Paralympics April 26, 2016
arena to outfit U.S. Paralympics Swimming Team for the next two years
U.S. Para-Swimming Social Recap: Rio Test Event
U.S. Paralympics April 25, 2016
Take the trip to Rio through the lens of social media with Team USA at the Rio swimming test event.
First Seven Rowers Qualify For The 2016 U.S. Olympic Team; Haxton, Kapinowski Qualify For Paralympics
Craig Bohnert April 24, 2016
The winners include two Olympians, a Paralympian and six athletes who will head to their first Games.


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When America's Next Top Model Cycle 21 premiers on the CW network at 9pm on August 22nd, we will see the return of runway coach J. Alexander as he re-joins the Top Model team as one of the judges in the search of the next big fashion modeling star.
Hosted by supermodel Tyra Banks, America's Next Top Model isn't the only televised modeling competition to make headlines this year. In what has been dubbed 'the year of the model' 2014 has seen more than its fair share of model TV, and then some.
But the real story is not the competitive nature of modeling, as much as in the stories behind these model citizens, who are living proof that good looks shouldn't be taken only at face value.
Chantelle Young, ANTM Cycle 21
Cycle 21 of America's Next Top Model with host one contestant living with a unique skin pigmentation condition called vitiligo, Chantelle Young. The pigment disorder causes areas of discoloration on the skin, making it appear white, and it has been known to cause emotional stress in patients. Interestingly though, in Young's case the white patches are symmetrically formed on her face. Hailing from Toronto, Canada, she said in her Top Model video that 'a lot of people have a story and a background, but mine is painted on my body.' Young adds that just like she went for her dreams, she wants everyone to know that 'you can do it.'
Tiana Zarlin, The Face Season 2
The Face Season 2 winner Tiana Zarlin, originally from San Diego, California, said in her contestant bio on Oxygen.com that she 'loves to volunteer' and intends to use modeling as a 'platform to give back to her community.' Looks like she will get the chance to do just that, as the new face of Fekkai, a company associated with charitable events like the GiveLight Foundation's Annual Women's Gala.
Aleyda Ortiz, Nuestra Belleza Latina
When Aleyda Ortiz of Puerto Rico won the title Nuestra Belleza Latina 2014, she was not only chosen because of her abilities as a model, but also as a role model. Ortiz overcame her personal struggles with health and weight issues by changing her diet and fitness routine, gaining the confidence to compete and win the title of Miss Puerto Rico, before going on to compete in the 8th annual modeling event Nuestra Belleza Latina broadcast on Univision.
Heather Meyer, The Fashion Hero
New reality TV modeling competition The Fashion Hero has attracted contestants from around the globe with the slogan 'Everyone can become a model.' The online voter-driven competition, still seeking to add to its roster of contestants, sponsors and affiliates, is set to film at a Mexico location in November of 2014. One aspiring model leading the pack, Heather M. of South Fork, Colorado, is a survivor of childhood abuse who went on to become an Early Childhood Specialist and an advocate for Sexual Assault Awareness.
Mekayla Diehl, Miss Indiana USA
Among the 51 contestants competing for the title of Miss USA on Sunday, June 8th, will be young ladies who have overcome many forms of adversity from health problems, to family struggles and even rape, to become successful models and budding professionals. Miss Indiana USA, Mekayla Diehl speaks openly about her past experiences with child abuse, in the hopes of inspiring the youth of her community to 'be the best we can be' while teaming with organizations like Bashor Children's Home, which provides services to victimized children.


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William Hung is best known for getting rejected on "American Idol." The singer of "She Bangs" is now a married man. On Tuesday, Entertain This shared the news that William is now a married man. Things are going really good for this singer now.
He got married on June 17, but somehow he was able to keep the news under wraps until now. Fans are glad to see that he has found love and moved on from his time on "American Idol." It really didn't look like singing was in his future. His version of "She Bangs" by Ricky Martin is something that fans of the show will never forget. That and his amazing dancing moves.
Inquistr shared a bit more information about the big wedding today. The wedding did happen in in Alhambra, California. There is a picture of Hung and his new bride looking very happy together circulating the Internet.
Hung actually auditioned for "American Idol" during season 3. Things went terrible, but he has been remembered and even had a career in music for a while because of it. He has a big heart and a great spirit while out on the stage. Simon Cowell couldn't help give him a hard time while on the show but Paula Abdul said he was pretty entertaining. She seemed to like his attitude just like the world loved the way that he acted on stage.
Now that William Hung is married there might be a few disappointed ladies in the world. He did pick up some big fans when on the show. At this time, he has been able to keep his lady out of the spotlight and there is not any news out about her and what she thinks of his music. Maybe Hung even sang at the wedding, but nobody knows. Hopefully William will decide to speak out about this all very soon and let his fans in on some information.
Suggested Links
- Julianne Hough judge: Dancer could be returning to 'DWTS'
- Jessa Duggar engagement ring: Why isn't she showing the ring?
- 'Married at First Sight' star Jamie Otis can't get enough kisses from Doug
- 'Bachelor in Paradise' update: How are Chris and Elise now?
- Luke Bryan's song 'Drink A Beer': The story behind it revealed


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New Video: Oracle And Intel Collaboration
By Roxana Babiciu on Jul 26, 2014
We just published a webcast discussing the technical collaboration between Oracle and Intel. The panel highlights the recent collaborations on elastic computing, Oracle Database In-Memory, and the newly announced products Exadata Database Machine X4-8 and Sun Server X4-8. In addition, panelists reflect on the specific technical advances that have resulted from over twenty years of partnership.


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Have you guys been watching "Nashville," the ABC country music soap opera starring Hayden Panettiere and Connie Britton? You probably should be, since it's fun and the music's good and it's got Mrs. Coach in it, but if you haven't been, you'll have another reason to soon enough—the presence of Wyclef Jean, ex-Fugee and "Gone Till November" hitmaker, who will be playing a music label head in an upcoming story arc. Jean tweeted about his new role, posting a pic with "thé hotest cast on T V":
On the With thé hotest cast on T V #Nashville @sampalladio @clarembee @jonathanjacksonRya kihlstedt twitter.com/wyclef/status/…
— Wyclef Jean (@wyclef) October 18, 2012
Exciting—we don't think we've ever seen 'Clef act before, and we're sure he'll be fine. Of course, we're really only writing about this so we have an excuse to post this pic again, which is still one of the ten greatest things to ever happen to us:
We just hope this is how he shows up on set every day, and that he's constantly badgering J.D. Souther to take a ride with him in his passenger car.


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Head Coach Dann Nelson
July 6, 2012
By Tyler Wooten
The Saluki men's tennis team will hold two summer clinics over the next two weeks in Carbondale with instruction from head coach Dann Nelson and senior Brandon Florez.
The Saluki Tennis Academy ATP Junior Clinics will have two sessions on July 9-13 and July 16-20 from 1-2:30 p.m. each day. The clinics are open to any and all ages from grades seven to 12. For more information, see the attached brochure or contact Dann Nelson at firstname.lastname@example.com or call 618-453-7247.


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BroadwayGlobal and Theatre Chat review Actors' Playhouse current hit play, "End of the Rainbow" offering music and a heartbreaking journey of the last six months the iconic star Judy Garland. The substance abuse, multiple relationships are just a few things make Judy Garland's life one that we find compelling to our society. Those who fall in life, and then get back up are the true life stories we still follow today. Why, because they are human.
Stars with flaws make for great inspiration. If the little girl who made it to wizard can't overcome lives failures, no one can. The iconic star who changed her name from Frances Ethel Gumm to Judy Garland, left imperfections in life that still inspire us today.
We all have vices, watching a star go through ups and downs in life give us all hope in our own lives. Just like the small child singing "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" our society likes to dream we can fly, soar over any problems that may get in our yellow brick road path. "The End of the Rainbow" is the most dangerous play of the season, not to be missed." Theatre Chat.
Before we share the review Actors' Playhouse in partnership with Baptist Health South Florida are presenting pre-show discussions prior to each "End of Rainbow" production, with lead physicians from South Miami Hospital Addiction Treatment and Recovery Center. For more information please visit www.actorsplayhouse.org or call 305-444-9293.
As a young star in The Wizard of Oz, Judy Garland was introduced to substances that helped her get through long days of rehearsals and filming. Those substance addictions never left the star. "End of the Rainbow" sheds light on those imperfect qualities and Judy's hearbreaking relationships.
Kathy St. George (Judy Garland) performance is breathtaking, and awe inspiring. Kathy's voice has the qualities and inflections of the late star. Her acting, mannerisms are most likely going to honor her with award nominations from the sun shine state. The "greatest star who ever lived' is singing on stage at Actors' Playhouse, and Fred Astaire would agree. Judy's life is recaptured, displayed as a lesson to us all. www.kathystgeorge.com.
Colin McPhillamy (Anthony) plays Judy's long time pianist with pure honesty. McPhillamy gives one of the best performances that I have ever seen on any stage. Out of hundreds, maybe thousands of plays witnessed in my life time, I can't think of a supporting actor that has mesmerized the audience with such an honest portrayal. Colin McPhillamy is a name to remember. www.mcphillamy.com.
Michael Laurino (Mickey Deans) plays Judy's fiance, who manages her comeback by taking away the substances that Judy had relied on her entire life. Michael gives a stunning perforance.
Terry M. Cain (BBC Interviewer/Porter/ASM) mannerisms create each of his wonderful supporting characters. Terry proves there are no small parts.
When Judy's London concert becomes more important than her addiction, all hell breakes loose. This play honors the iconic star, sharing some of her most beloved songs. The live horns, drums and the band itself is reason to purchase tickets for freinds and family. Music Direction by David Nagy is a highlight of this show. Scenic Design by Tim Bennett is exquisite.
Multi Carbonell Award winning Director David Arisco has outdone himself down to every minute detail. "End of the Rainbow magnifies lifes perfection in imperfection. Actors' Playhouse delivers Florida another hit play. Live theatre doesn't get any bettter than this!" BroadwayGlobal.
Florida Theatre Chat has over 7,600 fans "Keeping Artists employed and Patrons informed", becuase of theatres like Actors' Playhouse who offer award winning plays and musicals for teh fun in the sun arts destination. Subscribe above and visit www.facebook.com/groups/FloridaTheatreChat to share this link and your arts reviews. For tickets to "The End of the Rainbow" or more information on the special pre-show discussions, please visit www.actorsplayhouse.org or call 305-444-9293. Share Theatre Chat's # 1 arts A to Z list. Florida is the Broadway of the South!


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I am try to build a wireless sensor(right now I am using an adxl335 accelerometer with an analog output) but this project should be general for any sensor that outputs analog. The issue is that I have to first convert the analog to digital to transmit it over RF(I have a 12d,12e RF series which is a four channel Rf transmitter with reciever). But the issue is if I need to convert the analog to digital then I need a microcontroller for the CS as well as clock lines. This just adds enormously to the cost of the project as well as the number of hours I would spend assembling them together and a microcontroller for each sensor does not seem sensible at all. I am wondering what is the general route taken to make an accelerometer or any other sensor that outputs anolog wireless.
It is very common to take an analog signal, pass it through and ADC, into a microcontoller, and out a digital radio. There are many wireless microcontrollers with integrated radios and ADCs for just this task. One example is the mc13224v that's on an Econotag.
The other option would be to transmit the analog signal directly with AM or FM.
You may want to consider using RF transmitter/receivers that have an onboard ADC, such as the XBee series (available from https://www.sparkfun.com/categories/111). If all you want is to ADC the analog signal and transmit it, this may be your easiest option.
You could consider an IR transmitter Receiver link and come up with your own carrier modulation and receiver or multiplex them into one channel depending on accuracy needed and bandwidth for range but must use RF for longer range.
If it is low bandwidth, you can configure an inexpensive TV RF modulator with an analog TV like signal with H sync and analog MUX all the signals using grey as o and black white as peak to peak signal and using a synchronous analog Mux send all the channels in one line at say a 20KHz rate and use a nyquist filter on each channel to prevent aliasing noise. Then use a receiver to DEMUX the analog to S&H buffered outputs Dynamic range will certainly not be as good as digital but 40dB is certainly possible with a good carrier / noise ratio.
With a vertical sync you might be able to watch it on TV. ;)


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Fed by multiple waterways, Brazil's Negro River is the Amazon River's largest tributary. The river courses through the country's Jau National Park. The mosaic of partially submerged islands visible in the channel disappears when rainy season downpours raise the water level. This image was acquired by Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) sensor. Image Credit: NASA/USGS


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Group Booking Terms and Conditions
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A cruise ship packed with over 3,500 World Cup soccer fans reported that one of their passengers, a Mexican national, is missing. On Wednesday evening, the man was reportedly seen leaping or falling into the sea about 30 miles off the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte in northeastern Brazil.
Reports FoxSports.com:
The travel agency that arranged the cruise, Grupo Mundomex, identified the passenger as Jorge Alberto Lopez Amores and said that four witnesses reported that he had leaped from the MSC Divina – from a height equivalent to 15 stories – of his own will.
The Divina was leaving the coastal city of Fortaleza on Wednesday and on its way to Recife for a Mexico / Croatia Group A World Cup game when Amores was seen falling into the South Atlantic ocean. The Brazilian navy has been called in to search for the missing man. The Davina made a full stop and the crew searched for the man until the navy arrived and took over search operations.
"Immediately after we were notified by the cruise, we sent a rescue ship to the area, but so far we have not found the passenger," a spokeswoman for the regional navy said. "He fell in high seas, deep waters."
Amores was reportedly heavily intoxicated, and either fell or jumped off the 15th deck, falling 50 meters to the water below.
"It's really sad. We were watching Spain playing Chile and were looking forward to arrive in Recife and celebrate," fellow passenger Felipe de los Cobos said. "Then the alarm bell rang three times announcing a man had fallen overboard."
"[Brazilian] rescue teams using fast boats are searching for our countryman in the area where he presumably fell," Brazil's consulate said.


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Employment and wages in elementary and secondary schools
August 20, 2003
Nationwide, on average, teachers in elementary and secondary schools earned $44,120 per year in 2001.
Mean annual salaries for teachers ranged from $31,847 in Montana to $59,615 in New York. On average, teacher support workers earn half as much as teachers, at $22,180. The average administrative salary in the elementary and secondary schools industry was $66,690 per year in 2001, about one and a half times the teachers' average salary.
There are about 3.6 million teachers in elementary and secondary schools nationwide, about 1 million teacher support workers, and about 300,000 administrative workers. In addition, there are close to 3 million workers in other occupations, such as counselors and school bus drivers.
These data are from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics program. To learn more, see Occupational Employment and Wages, 2001, Bulletin 2559, June 2003. "Teacher support workers" includes librarians, library technicians, audio-visual collections specialists, instructional coordinators, and teacher assistants. "Administrative workers" include employees in managerial, business, and financial occupations. Besides counselors and school bus drivers, "other occupations" include food service workers, janitors, and clerical workers.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Employment and wages in elementary and secondary schools on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2003/aug/wk3/art03.htm (visited June 27, 2016).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
Employment and Wages in Healthcare Occupations
Healthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.
Fifty years of looking at changes in peoples lives
Longitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.
- A look at pay at the top, the bottom, and in between
The Spotlight examines how earnings and wages have changed over time and how they differ within a geographic area, industry, or occupation.


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Strange combination of artists, but we ain't mad. From Blade Of The Ronin, hitting March 3rd.
In promotion of El Da Sensei's Nu World Remix EP, which is now available on iTunes, the Nu Jeru legend reunites with his Artifacts cohorts Tame One & DJ Kaos for the !llmind Remix of "Everyday In The Street". Directed by Monstar Films, this video signifies the first time that all three Boom Skwad members [cont.]
El's new remix EP is on Itunes now – stream the whole thing below and purchase if you feel so inclined: After a year since the release of El Da Sensei's acclaimed Global Takeover 2: Nu World LP (GT2), the Nu Jeru legend has returned with a follow-up EP, appropriately titled, The Nu World Remix [cont.]
For El Da Sensei's latest collaborative effort, he gets some help from his Artifacts partner in rhyme Tame-One and New Jeru's first lady, Rah Digga for the !llmind Remix of "Everyday In The Street". As featured on The Nu World Remix EP, which drops next Tuesday (11.15.11), this song signifies the first time that El, [cont.]
After nearly a fifteen year hiatus, the New Jeruz trifecta consisting of El Da Sensei, Tame One & DJ Kaos, better known at The Artifacts are back on the scene with "Turn It Out". Produced by King I Divine, this hard hitting banger that is also featured on The Official SXSW Mixtape, presented by UniqueSquared.com [cont.]
Lead single from Foul Mouth Jerk's 2010 LP, The Oldest Trick In The Book, featuring the 1st appearance from the recently reunited Artifacts aka Tame One & El Da Sensei.
Check out some footage of El's performance at Kevin Nottingham's A3C showcase. Be ready for a nice surprise at the end of the vid. It's what we've been waiting for ya'll. El and The Returners new album, GT2: Nu World is in stores now, but peep the track "Toxic Words" featuring John Robinson & Reks. [cont.]
HHS: One thing I've always noticed about you is your consistency. In all of your releases you have a trademark sound and seem to know who you are. A lot of artists try to re-invent themselves, even with success, what keeps you consistent? El The Sensei: I think it's really just the formula that I [cont.]
Do you listen to Poetical Prophets, Brick City Kids, Original Flavor, Ricky D, Kid Wizard Rakim, Simply II Positive, or Darkman X? You probably do, but just don't know it yet. A blog called Onetwann digs into the archives and unearths a treasure trove of lost pre-major label demos from the likes of Jay-Z, Slick [cont.]
- Raekwon Sets A Release Date For "F.I.L.A." Album
- BUSH: A Snoop Odyssey Produced By Pharrell Williams [Preview]
- Drake – "If You're Reading This It's Too Late" Surprise Album on iTunes Now
- Action Bronson "Mr. Wonderful" Cover Art and Tracklist
- Juicy J "Blue Dream & Lean 2″ Mixtape Cover Art & Release Date Revealed
- MF Grimm "MF Love Songs" Cover Art + Tracklist
- Lord Hakim – "Brass Knucklez" (feat. Vast Aire & Phizz Ed)
- IAMSU! – "Hella Good" (feat. Tyga)
- DJ Kay Slay – "I Declare War" (feat. Styles P, Sheek Louch, Vado, Raekwon, & Rell)
- Maverick Sabre – "We Don't Wanna Be" (feat. Joey Bada$$)
- Cannibal Ox – "Blade: Art of Ox" (feat. Artifacts & U-God; prod. Black Milk)
- Asher Roth – "Blow Your Head" (prod. Nottz)
- It's Time To Say Goodbye...
Commented on by Yungplex
- It's Time To Say Goodbye...
Commented on by geedubbleyoo
- Fat Trel - "In My Bag" (feat. Wale)
Commented on by Katae
- Kanye West's "Runaway": What Does It All Mean?
Commented on by fidgar
- Sole Vs. El-P: Part One - Sole
Commented on by Reno Yakavetta
- It's Time To Say Goodbye...
Commented on by Atom


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Season to Share: Help local families
Palm Beach County Police shootings
Private Prisons: Profit, Politics, Pain
Gaming the Lottery
Florida's Death Penalty Unconstitutional
Nightmare Bacteria
The celebrities and scenemakers come for the shows of New York Fashion Week, but they stay for the after-parties.
The boldface types who hobnobbed around Manhattan this past week...
The week's highlights and newsworthy images: In Liberia, the government quarantines a neighborhood in Monrovia, hoping to stop the spread of Ebola; a deadly landslide hits Hiroshima; Lindsay Lohan...
Surf's up next summer.
From rash guards to zipper-brief bottoms, sporty-chic looks made waves on the runway in Miami Beach for Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Swim, which celebrated its 10th year with...
Banana Joe didn't monkey around this time.
The little affenpinscher with the bouncy step and shiny black coat walked off as America's top dog Tuesday night, winning Best in Show at the Westminster...
Blasts of color, astounding artistry and exotic performances highlight the 2010 Daegu International Bodypainting festival in South Korea, August 27-29, 2010.
The festival is the world's largest...
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The Kidney Clinic of Oxford--Gregory J. Hale, M.D.
Partnering in your kidney health.
The Kidney Clinic of Oxford is a full service nephrology clinic serving Oxford, Mississippi and the surrounding areas. Dr. Hale has over fifteen years of experience in treating kidney diseases and hypertension. We would like to partner with you to keep your kidneys as healthy as possible.
Dr. Hale has priviledges at the Baptist Memorial Hospital--North Mississippi in Oxford. He is available for hospital consults and also for hospital admissions in certain instances. As well, Dr. Hale treats dialysis patients in the outpatient dialysis clinics in the surrounding area.
If you feel our services might be of benefit to you, please feel free to call and schedule an appointment. Office visits are by appointment only but no referral is necessary.


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Former Monroe-Woodbury hockey coach Paul Bacsardi was inducted this month into the New York State High School Hockey Hall of Fame.
Bacsardi started the Crusaders' vaunted program after forming an intramural program in the early 1980s. He began the scholastic program on the varsity level in 1986.
Bacsardi led Monroe-Woodbury to a 315-190 record and the 2007 state title in 27 years before retiring following the 2013 season.


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MOOM Rewind Time Wrinkle Cream is an all-natural tightening cream contains three advanced ingredients—Matrixil, from France, shown to significantly decrease the visible appearance of wrinkles; hyaluronic acid, one of the world's best moisturizers; and Argireline, from Spain, that relaxes expression lines.
Directions: Apply MOOM Rewind Time Wrinkle Cream on the face morning and night after cleansing.
Net Weight: 1.5 oz./50 ml
Ingredients: Purified water, Cetearyl alcohol, Glyceryl, Strearate and PEG-100 stearate, Isostearic Acid, Stearic Acid, Acetyl Hexapeptide-3, Octyl Benzoate, Dimethicone, Sodium Hyaluronate, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, Fragrance.
Disclaimer: Ingredients are subject to change at the manufacturer's discretion. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, please refer to the product packaging.
If you need any help for applying these offers or any other issue please call us toll-free at 1-866-830-6161.


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by Marian Wang, ProPublica, A few months after he buried his son, Francisco Reynoso began getting notices in the mail. Then the debt collectors came calling. "They would say, 'We don't care what happened with your son, you have to pay us,'" recalled Reynoso, a gardener from Palmdale, Calif. Reynoso's son, Freddy, had been the pride of his family and ... Read More »
Do You Have a Will? If Not, It's Time For You to Write Your Will.
It's a subject that none of us want to think about. Whether we're young and just starting life or older and approaching the end, we don't want to think about our own death. And, adding money to the mix only makes it worse. But, the truth is that all adults need to think about what will happen to their financial ... Read More »
Can you advise my mom on what to do as a recent widow left with credit card debt? – Tonya
My Mom is a recent widow (dec.2-2011) and didn't know the extent of credit card debt that my Dad had aquired. Two of the cards were in her name.. the approximate debt is 28,000.00 high interest and No insurance. Income tax has not been filed in 2the yrs either.. help! She has been responsible and paid her cards off in ... Read More »
How to Handle Collection Calls For A Deceased Person's Debt
By Mary Reed and Gerri Detweiler, coauthors of Debt Collection Answers: How to Use Debt Collection Laws to Protect Your Rights Are you being contacted about a deceased person's debt? The last thing you need when you are mourning the death of a loved one are calls from debt collectors demanding that you pay his or her past due debts. ... Read More »
Advocates Pushing Back on FTC Proposal Over Debt Collection from Dead People
The Wall Street Journal is reporting some consumer advocates are a bit flummoxed over a recent proposal by the FTC regarding diminished legal liability for debt collectors that chase people to pay the debt of dead people. "The plain language of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act does not allow collectors to contact friends, neighbors or relatives except to obtain ... Read More »
Widow or Widower: How to Handle the Bills After the Death of a Loved One
You'll go through a tremendous amount of emotional and financial stress after losing a spouse. Trying to take charge of all the household responsibilities while making important decisions about your future can seem overwhelming. This publication is designed to help you take control of one small, but very important, part of your financial life: the bills. As soon as possible ... Read More »
Mother-Daughter Team Pretend to be from Credit Card Company and Call Widowers for Money Owed by Deceased Spouse
A mother and daughter team out of Niles Michigan, 44-year-old Bettye Turnbo of Niles and her daughter, 27-year-old Christina Turnbo were arrested after they had been using the obituaries to call the surviving spouses of dead seniors and telling them the dead spouse owed money and they had to pay up. The Turnbo's allegedly then asked for a blank check ... Read More »


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05.18.2010 / Huskers to the Big 10? Blog Posting by Mike Babcock, Huskers Illustrated Magazine.
Is Nebraska going to the Big 10? Who would be joining? What are the benefits of the deal? Has an offer been made? What is going on in Lincoln?
The words of Mark Twain would seem to be appropriate here, on some level. "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated," he once said.
So, apparently, was a recent report by a Kansas City radio station. According to the report, Nebraska was among four schools receiving "initial" offers to join the Big Ten Conference.
Nebraska officials quickly denied receiving such an offer.
However, the denial, in a release from UNL University Communications, was open-ended, "Until the Big 10 Conference makes and announces its decision on expansion, the University of Nebraska will have no further comment, and we do not intend to continue to respond further to questions of speculations on this subject," the release said.
Big Ten commissioner Jim Delany also denied that such offers had been made. Nevertheless, the speculation continued, vigorously, in fact. What has not been exaggerated is interest from the Big Ten in expanding, by either one, three or five schools. The 11-team conference needs at least one more for a championship game.
In addition, expansion would increase the saturation of the Big Ten television network. Both the championship game and the TV saturation would mean more money, lots of it. That's the bottom line here. The Big Ten is wealthy, and looking to become wealthier. Big Ten schools received more than $20 million each from the conference's television money last season. The top teams in the Big 12 received about half that amount. The Big Ten shares TV revenue equally. The Big 12 does not.
The schools mentioned besides Nebraska were Notre Dame, Missouri and Rutgers. If all four were to agree to join the Big Ten, according to the report, another would be invited. The most likely candidates would be Pittsburgh, Connecticut and Syracuse. The situation is fluid, certainly, with rampant rumors and daily discussion of the implications of Nebraska's leaving the Big 12 and joining the Big Ten – something that has been mentioned at various times throughout the history of Cornhusker football, going back almost to the beginning.
During a news conference to discuss the arena that will become home to Husker basketball following the passage of a bond issue in Lincoln last week, Nebraska Athletic Director Tom Osborne and Chancellor Harvey Perlman were asked a question phrased to elicit a response related to the Big Ten. Perlman reiterated that there would be no comment on the matter. "We do know that we're not returning to the Missouri Valley Conference," he said. "I will confirm that."
The Missouri Valley Conference to which Perlman referred became the Big Six in the late 1920s. It started playing football as the Big Seven in 1948, the Big Eight in 1960 and the Big 12 in 1996.
In announcing the formation of the Big 12, Big Eight officials indicated that four Texas schools would be joining the league. It was presented as an expansion. Some, however, now suggest it was a takeover, with the power and focus moving south. Hence, there seems to be significant Husker fan interest in joining the Big Ten.
That's an opinion rather than a report. But it doesn't seem to be much of an exaggeration.
For more great content on the Huskers, check out Huskers Illustrated Magazine or huskersillustrated.com.
Are the Huskers going to the Big 10? What are your thoughts? Let us know!


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Cyndi Lee is one of our Buddhist yoga funny-snarky-sweet NYC idols. Nick Rosen is one of our bestest bad boy buddies, a climber and filmmaker and writer and smoker and bike commuter…and now reluctant yogi and star of Enlighten Up, which we've previously loved the hell out of. And yogi, sort of. "In the beginner's mind there are many possibilities." ~ Suzuki Roshi Video:
Nick Rosen, elephant journal buddy & star of Enlighten Up!, tries yoga w/ Cyndi Lee of Om Yoga.
Incorrect source, offensive, or found a typo? Email us (please put title in subject bar of email so we'll be able to fix). Or do you want to write for Elephant?
{Waylon H. Lewis Enterprises 2016: Use Rights in perpetuity. Ownership remains with author.}
2 Responses to "Nick Rosen, elephant journal buddy & star of Enlighten Up!, tries yoga w/ Cyndi Lee of Om Yoga."
[…] think…after holding off for months…I can officially say…I knew Nick Rosen when. Of course, he has been in the Times a fair amount before…still, the below must […]
[…] few months back, I was in the Trident cafe, downtown Boulder, talking with my longtime acquaintance Nick Rosen, and he was talking about how, in the course of starring in Enlighten Up!, and meeting with Pattabhi […]


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The conventional, primary methods of treating cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy/biological therapy. Your doctor will determine which treatment or treatments are best for you.
The first step in preparing for your cancer treatment is to find an oncologist and treatment center. Ask your general or primary care physician for a referral or contact government and professional medical organizations, such as your state's health department, the National Cancer Institute, or the American Medical Association, for information on cancer specialists and treatment centers in your area.
Chemotherapy and radiation treatments save lives. They also can bring a variety of temporary but unpleasant side effects.
Many people don't realize that they could be at risk for getting another cancer after having been successfully treated for the first one. This risk is low, however.
Use this chart daily to record the symptoms that you are experiencing. Rate the symptoms according to severity, using a scale of 1 to 4.
Dry mouth is a common complaint during some types of cancer treatments.
Older adults are less likely to be screened for cancer in the first place. And if they are diagnosed with cancer, it's less likely that their doctors will recommend treatment to cure the cancer.
Your cancer treatment may involve several types of health care professionals who, with you, form the "cancer care team."


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"Is the new City Hall too elegant?" Really? Really? I read Editor Lou Brancaccio's Sept. 24 Press Talk column, thought about it, read it again with a puzzled look on my face.
What? Why would Brancaccio ask this question?
He asks "Now I don't want to drizzle on anyone's parade, but am I the only one who is thinking that maybe, just maybe, the new City Hall is (dramatic pause required here) too nice?" … "You know what I'm saying?"
What kind of question is that? You know what I'm saying? If City Hall had that building built and the money to build it, it wouldn't be that "elegant." They didn't have anything to do with it being "elegant." Did you want them to "trash" it down before they moved in? Again, why?
Paula Person


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May 27, 2014 10:46 AM
Here's some insight into our maturity level: at first glance, we totally thought this peach hand cream ($8) was a butt. And that kind of makes us want it even more.
It looks like the Peachoid in House of Cards…
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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Toggi Calgary long riding boots are designed to be extremely comfortable. They have a full length zip and elastic insert for a perfect fit. They have a PU/rubber sole for great impact absorbtion and a water resisitant oily leather outer to protect them from the elements. Colour: Cheeco or blackSizes: 36 to 42 in standard or wide fitContact: 0113270 7000, ...
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Below are some excerpts from an article regarding the invasion of the preditory cannibalistic Asian tiger shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico, followed by some pertinent info and a link to the full article, as well as a link to our first post on the topic relating to potential disease carried by the shrimp...
Asian tiger shrimp are spreading through the Gulf of Mexico and Eastern Seaboard and menacing those areas' ecosystems.
The crustaceans can measure up to 13 inches long and weigh nearly a pound...
...last year the numbers suddenly increased tenfold in one year.
Like most other shrimp, the jumbo prawns are cannibalistic and because of their size, they can gobble up many of their smaller Gulf cousins and their larvae.
They also compete for the native shrimp's food supply and spread through their environs, disrupting the eco-balance.
Tiger shrimp spawn between 50,000 and 1 million eggs a cycle.
Once they take hold, it's nearly impossible to eradicate them.
Though last year's numbers appear small compared with the vastness of the Gulf, they represent a fraction of the actual number of tiger shrimp believed to be in the Gulf and along the Eastern Seaboard...
The real concern will be if their numbers continue to grow exponentially each year.
Note that our first post on this invasion of the exotic Asian tiger shrimp (Exotic Asian tiger shrimp in ocean waters near you?) regarded another article which noted the distinct possibility that this non-native Asian species was a disease carrier.
Although that first article was did specifically clarigy the disease issue, we are reminded of the invasive non-native Asian tiger mosquito which is now increasingly ubiquitous in the Caribbean and the lower southern states and is the carrier for the deadly dengue hemorrhagic"fever" disease.
The article also noted that the Asian tiger shrimp "escaped" from a lab in North Carolina. We have to wonder how a non-native exotic disease carrying shrimp -- relatively large -- could escape from the confines of a lab, and whether or not it may have been intentional.
That scenario also reminds us of the labs where technicians "experiment" with deadly diseases such as bubonic plague.
Then too there is the new deadly mutant H5N1 bird flu which has been reworked -- in a lab -- to be easily transmissable between humans (before which, it was only transmissable from animal to human). If you have not heard of this fiasco, a major controversy evolved whereby scientists desparately wanted to publish the method they discovered by which the H5N1 bird flu was mutated from a relatively harmless virus to a deadly pandemic virus. Think maybe those scientists were encouraged by bribe money from big pharma vaccine companies?
Ah, that's just good ole Rebublican social Darwinism: let's kill off the masses so we don't have to pay them back all the money they paid into their social security "trust fund", which politicians convert to treasury bonds to drain the cash out to use for their own pork barrel, earmark, bridge to nowhere projects for their own personal gain. The ole shameless Republican reverse-Robin-Hood robber-Barron trickle-up tactic of forcing disparate social inequality upon the masses...
Link to full article Asian tiger shrimp invade U.S. waters.
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Lurie, Stephen J. MD, PhD; Mooney, Christopher J. MA; Lyness, Jeffrey M. MD
Dr. Lurie is director of assessment, Office of Curriculum and Assessment, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
Mr. Mooney is information analyst, Office of Curriculum and Assessment, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
Dr. Lyness is director of curriculum, Office of Curriculum and Assessment, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Lurie, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 601, Rochester NY, 14642; telephone: (585) 273-4323; e-mail: (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Purpose: To evaluate published evidence that the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's six general competencies can each be measured in a valid and reliable way.
Method: In March 2008, the authors conducted searches of Medline and ERIC using combinations of search terms "ACGME," "Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education," "core competencies," "general competencies," and the specific competencies "systems-based practice" (SBP) and "practice based learning and improvement (PBLI)." Included were all publications presenting new qualitative or quantitative data about specific assessment modalities related to the general competencies since 1999; opinion pieces, review articles, and reports of consensus conferences were excluded. The search yielded 127 articles, of which 56 met inclusion criteria. Articles were subdivided into four categories: (1) quantitative/psychometric evaluations, (2) preliminary studies, (3) studies of SBP and PBLI, and (4) surveys.
Results: Quantitative/psychometric studies of evaluation tools failed to develop measures reflecting the six competencies in a reliable or valid way. Few preliminary studies led to published quantitative data regarding reliability or validity. Only two published surveys met quality criteria. Studies of SBP and PBLI generally operationalized these competencies as properties of systems, not of individual trainees.
Conclusions: The peer-reviewed literature provides no evidence that current measurement tools can assess the competencies independently of one another. Because further efforts are unlikely to be successful, the authors recommend using the competencies to guide and coordinate specific evaluation efforts, rather than attempting to develop instruments to measure the competencies directly.
In February 1999, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), which is responsible for accrediting all U.S. clinical residency and fellowship programs, unveiled its Outcome Project.1 This 10-year plan began with a consensus process that defined six general competencies (patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and systems-based practice) thought to be common to physicians training in all specialties. The long-term goal of the Outcome Project is to develop a new model of accreditation based on defining outcomes linked to the six general competencies. Furthermore, because the Outcome Project was created in conjunction with the American Board of Medical Specialties, there is the potential for this model of certification to be extended to ongoing accreditation of U.S. physicians throughout their careers.
This new model was, at least in part, a reaction to a widespread feeling that "medical education seemed to be mired in legions of new requirements," resulting in "a geometric increase in the number of 'musts' and 'shoulds' facing the director of a GME [graduate medical education] program."2 By contrast, an accreditation model based on general competencies was predicted to "invite creative responses to a challenge rather than prescribing a narrow set of particular responses."2
Having defined the six general competencies in a series of discussions with representatives of its constituent organizations, the ACGME then invited program directors to define specific behaviors that would reflect the general competencies in their own specialties. One goal of this project was that appropriate measures of the general competencies would be derived from the needs and insights of those most directly involved in GME, rather than imposed from above by centralized ACGME leadership. Ultimately, it was hoped that such appropriate specification of the general competencies would lead to more rigorous assessment methods: "Program and Institutional Requirements (will)… require programs to use increasingly more useful, reliable, and valid methods of assessing residents' attainment of these competency-based objectives."1
As a part of this process, the ACGME expected that the Outcome Project would provide a "new challenge for program directors" to "encourag(e) the use of evidence and measurement in the redesign of GME [graduate medical education]." Furthermore, this would help program directors in that "heretofore their work was viewed as administrative rather than academic, and they were often unsuccessful when they appeared before promotion and tenure committees." The authors concluded that this "legitimate knowledge-building agenda" would "ultimately result… in peer-reviewed publications."2
According to the Outcome Project timeline,3 the goal of Phase Two of the project (which was to have occurred between July 2002 and June 2006) was to have involved "sharpening the focus and definition of the [core] competencies and assessment tools." This would then set the stage for Phase Three (July 2006 through June 2011), the goal of which is to achieve "full integration of the [core] competencies and their assessment with learning and clinical care."3
The Outcome Project has led to vast changes in evaluative strategy affecting every U.S. postgraduate medical training program (and potentially every practicing U.S. physician). Yet, it remains unclear to what degree the Outcome Project has achieved its stated Phase Two goals of measuring the six general competencies. This is a timely issue, not only because sufficient time has elapsed since the end of Phase Two for resulting literature to appear in print but also because the success of Phase Three seems to be depend, at least in part, on the project having reached its Phase Two goals.
Although the ACGME has published an online toolbox of assessment methodologies,4 including general psychometric properties of these tools, the document does not comment on how the tools relate to the core competencies. Thus, we sought to evaluate the evidence about whether the six general competencies can currently be measured independently of one another in a valid and reliable way. Indeed, if the six core competencies cannot be measured independently of one another, there would be little practical utility in specifying them as independent criteria of competence. In their description of assessment of the core competencies, the ACGME requires "use of dependable measures to assess residents' competence in patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and systems-based practice." In addition to assessing individual residents, programs are also expected to "use resident performance and outcome assessment results in their evaluation of the educational effectiveness of the residency program."5 This language implies that the competencies can be measured, at least to some degree, independently of one another for purposes of evaluation.
Assessment of the core competencies has become an immediately pressing issue for residency directors, who must demonstrate attainment of these competencies by their trainees. The concept of competency-based assessment has also been gaining ground both in undergraduate medical education and as a central aspect of ongoing board certification of practicing physicians.6 Thus, we felt that it was timely to address the question of the reliability and validity with which these competencies can be directly assessed by current measurement tools.
As a secondary question, we sought to evaluate the literature on the two newly defined competencies—systems-based practice (SBP) and problem-based learning and improvement (PBLI). Because these latter two competencies were a particularly innovative aspect of the Outcome Project and did not exist in a formally stated way before 1999, we felt that a complete review of these specific competencies would be achievable within the scope of our study and would further shed light on the new achievements of the Outcome Project. By contrast, the other four competencies have been discussed by medical educators for decades, and each has its own respective and vast literature.
Finally, we sought to assess the nature of the peer-reviewed literature that has addressed the general competencies. This question addresses the ACGME's goal that the Outcome Project would lead to new intellectual activity and publications.
We searched Medline and ERIC using combinations of the search terms "ACGME," "Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education," "general competencies," and "core competencies." We also searched on the terms "systems based practice" and "practice based learning and improvement" for publications appearing from 1999 until March 2008.
We then reviewed reference lists of initially identified studies for any studies that were missed by our search. We included publications that presented descriptions of assessment modalities that had been used in specified samples. Because of the very diverse nature of this literature, we felt it would have been inappropriate to have been overly restrictive in this criterion. In addition to including studies that presented psychometric data, we included studies that simply provided narrative accounts. Studies were included if the authors explicitly stated that their aim was to develop and test an assessment tool as it related to the ACGME core competencies and if the article presented any kind of result based on previously unpublished experience in a specific sample. Thus, our inclusion criterion allowed us to exclude opinion pieces, review articles, and reports of consensus conferences because none of these are based on new data relating to the performance of specific tests. We also excluded studies that were not published in peer-reviewed journals.
Our search yielded 127 articles, of which 56 met our inclusion criteria. Because of the exploratory nature of this study, we did not have preconceived ideas of how to organize these studies. Based on our review of the content of these articles, the following four categories emerged as most reflective of the articles that we found: (1) quantitative/psychometric evaluation of the six general competencies, (2) preliminary studies of the general competencies, (3) studies specifically about SBP and PBLI, and (4) surveys or about the general competencies.
Because we had no a priori sense of the kinds of studies we would encounter in the review, we were unable to develop a prespecified quality index. In the cases of survey studies, we judged the quality of work according to the three following traditional criteria: (1) Was there a clear description of the sampling strategy? (2) Did the sample represent a nationally representative sample of the population of interest rather than a local or convenience sample? and (3) Was the response rate at least 60%?
Finally, we discovered that a number of publications have provided grids describing, in various specialties, which assessment methods would in principle be expected to reflect which of the six general competencies. We examined these grids to assess whether their conclusions were similar to the findings of the studies we reviewed.
Summary rating forms, which allow faculty to assess trainees' abilities over multiple occasions, are probably the most ubiquitous assessment tools in residency programs. We identified five studies that specifically evaluated the ability of global rating forms to assess the six general competencies (Table 1). These studies have relatively large numbers of participants, which perhaps reflects the widespread nature of these assessment tools. In the largest of these, Silber et al7 derived items on a global rating scale directly from the language of the general competencies. These authors then determined the scale's structure based on a sample of nearly 1,300 residents. They found that the 23 items on the scale clustered into the two dimensions of medical knowledge and interpersonal skill rather than the six general competencies on which the items were based.
In general, the other four studies also support the conclusion that evaluators cannot distinguish trainees' levels of attainment of the six general competencies in a global rating scale. When individual core competency scores were computed from a global rating form, all six of these scores were significantly related to a written exam,8 suggesting that the scores were also significantly correlated with one another. Another study9 found that derived scores (which were related to some but not all of the general competencies) were all significantly correlated with one another. Finally, Reisdorff et al10 found that all six core-competency scores improved with level of training. In a follow-up analysis,11 these authors reported that each of the six subscales seemed to be unidimensional in their factor structures, although there was considerable variability across the six competencies. The authors did not analyze the factor structure of all the items considered together, and thus they did not address the extent to which the six scales shared common variance.
In principle, evaluation by colleagues and coworkers provides feedback from persons who may directly observe one another's actual daily behaviors. The method may be further refined by framing the questions in terms of the six core competencies. We identified six studies that provided statistical analysis of such assessment tools (Table 1). These relatively small studies do not provide support for the idea that 360-degree evaluations can be used to distinguish individuals' levels of attainment of the six general competencies. Two of the studies found that all the items clustered on a single factor,12,13 whereas another14 found that the items separated into three factors that were not related in a simple way to the six general competencies. One study15 found that residents and attending physicians had little agreement on ratings of residents' competencies. The other two studies16,17 did not explicitly look at the degree of concordance between the items and the general competencies.
We found only two studies that directly assessed how well faculty are able to rate learners' general competencies by observing them in specific situations (Table 1). Neither provides compelling evidence that this sort of instrument can be used to assess the general competencies in a valid way. The first18 found that faculty were able directly to observe fewer than 7% of residents' behaviors in a naturalistic setting. In the second study,19 raters observed a standardized video of a resident, whom they then rated on the general competencies. No data were presented on the degree to which the derived competency scores were related to one another.
The ACGME has recently launched a project to introduce portfolios into assessment of residents.20 A portfolio comprises a series of documents that chronicle a learner's evolving competence. Thus, portfolios are appealing not only as summative evaluation tools but also because of the ways that they might guide learners to seek out experiences to help them to develop specific competencies. We were not able to identify any studies of portfolios that specifically sought to measure the ACGME general competencies. Nonetheless, the relatively small literature on portfolios suggests that portfolio scores will not be straightforward to interpret. In their systematic review of studies of portfolios, Carraccio and Englander21 concluded that "Evidence to date, in studying unstructured portfolios, has demonstrated the difficulty in achieving what is typically considered acceptable standards of reliability and validity in educational measurement." In a subsequent psychometrically rigorous study of a structured portfolio, O'Sullivan et al22 found that raters had good reliability for judging the overall quality of a portfolio but poor agreement on specific topics (which were derived specifically for psychiatry residents and were, thus, more specific than the ACGME general competencies).
We identified 18 peer-reviewed publications that described development or pilot studies of specific assessment tools but that did not provide any quantitative data relating to the tool's reliability or validity.23–40 Although these articles do not address the reliability or validity of their respective measurement tools, we included them to fully characterize the current state of the literature. All are narrative studies with substantial methodological limitations, including very small sample sizes, lack of quantitative data, or atypical populations.
We discovered that three of these articles resulted in later quantitative follow-up studies.27,35,36 We then contacted each corresponding author of the remaining studies and enquired whether he or she had any plans to further study the tool in terms of reliability or validity. We received responses from 11 of 15 authors, all of whom told us that they had no plans to further study the instrument they had described.
We identified 14 studies that specifically addressed initiatives to assess the ACGME-defined competencies of SBP and PBLI (Table 2).26,41–53 Because many of these studies stated that they aimed to assess both competencies, we did not further subdivide the studies according to the two competencies. As shown in Table 2, eight of these26,41–47 involved author-defined quality improvement projects. For each of these studies, the dependent measure was a relevant clinical outcome rather than assessment of participants. The other six studies48–53 presented a curriculum or elective opportunity and then measured participants' self-reported confidence or knowledge.
We identified 11 published studies that described surveys about the ACGME competencies with varying samples and response rates (Table 3).54–64 These studies are difficult to summarize because of differences in methodology and populations studied. Only two of these studies met all three of our quality criteria for surveys.56,60 In the first of these,56 family medicine program directors consistently rated SBP and PBLI as their lowest educational priorities. Similar rankings of self-rated competency were found among physicians who had completed an allergy and immunology fellowship in the United States between 1995 and 2000.60
We identified seven publications in which authors developed grids that cross-referenced available assessment tools with the six competencies.31,38,65–69 In general, the purpose of these publications is to develop a checklist of which general competencies can reasonably be assessed with which methodologies. In every case, multiple assessment methods mapped onto multiple general competencies. Thus, at a conceptual level, it did not seem that experts were able to define measurement tools that uniquely capture the general competencies, or general competencies that are unique to assessment methods.
We find that the literature to date has not yielded any method that can assess the six ACGME general competencies as independent constructs. Rather, all currently available measurement tools generally yield a single dimension of overall measured competency or, sometimes, several measured dimensions that do not relate to the competencies in a simple manner. This lack of simple correspondence between the general competencies and measurement is mirrored in the several published attempts to conceptually map the general competencies onto observable behaviors—such attempts consistently yield grids in which all possible measurable behaviors consistently map onto three or more of the general competencies. Scores obtained by any of the currently available assessment tools represent various admixtures of the underlying hypothetical general competencies. That is, it currently does not seem possible to "measure the competencies" independently of one another in any psychometrically meaningful way.
In terms of our goal of characterizing the existing literature that has grown up around the ACGME competencies, we find that only 13 of 127 (10%) of published studies presented any psychometric data on assessment tools. Another 14 of these (11%) presented descriptions of interventions to assess PBLI or SBP, although not all of these were psychometrically rigorous. Of the 127 studies we identified, 18 of these presented preliminary data, although 15 of them (12%) did not have any subsequent follow-up publications. Finally, 11 of these studies (9%) presented survey data, although few of them met rigorous standards. The remaining 71 publications (56%) represent consensus conferences, editorials, thought pieces, etc.
The exception to this challenge of measuring competencies seems to be "medical knowledge." This competency is generally measured with written examinations in which the examinee answers a series of standardized questions that assess factual knowledge. Recently, this approach has been expanded with the use of script-concordance tests, which offer examinees a series of choices that attempt to mirror real-world decision making, and in which examinees' scores are determined by their degree of concordance with the responses of a reference panel of medical experts.70–73 Because this technique assesses application of knowledge in typical clinical conditions of uncertainty, these tests seem to fulfill the ACGME's requirement that trainees demonstrate "application of knowledge to patient care." Furthermore, it has been shown that, in a large sample of physicians, paper-and-pencil tests of knowledge have significant relationships to later markers of quality of clinical care.74,75 Thus, these measures, which reliably assess medical knowledge, also seem to be valid predictors of important later clinical behaviors. Much of this success seems to be a reflection of the way that "medical knowledge" is composed of a very large series of identifiable facts and relationships among facts, the veracity of which can be independently assessed.
By contrast, the other five competencies reflect, in varying degrees, personal attributes of trainees rather than knowledge of objectively derived information. Furthermore, the relative values of these attributes are more socially and culturally determined than are the abilities comprising "medical knowledge." Thus, to date, these competencies have proven considerably more challenging to quantify in a reliable and valid way. Although we did not systematically survey the literature on these additional competencies, each has been the subject of several prior review articles, which we believe are helpful for providing additional context. For instance, the construct of "professionalism," which predated the ACGME general competencies, has continued to defy a clear operational definition despite several decades of attempts to derive one. In addition to deep philosophical differences over the various possible meanings of the term "professionalism," the inherent challenges of measurement and psychometric analyses add additional layers of uncertainty. In her systematic review of measurement of professionalism, Arnold76 concluded that "interrater agreement on humanistic terms can be particularly low." Even if raters could agree on how to judge particular items relating to such a high-order construct as "professionalism," relationships among items seem unstable; depending on the measurement tool chosen, a purely empirical definition of "professionalism" may contain as few as three subscales77,78 or as many as seven79 or eight.80 Thus, at a measurement level, the meaning of "professionalism" becomes mired in the technical minutiae of psychometric analysis, irrespective of any philosophical beliefs about the nature of the construct itself.
On the basis of our results, we suspect that such concerns will likely continue to thwart attempts at measurement of the other general competencies as well. This is not because the general competencies are, in any sense, "incorrect"; rather, it is a reflection of the Outcome Project's assumption that the general competencies, once defined, would reveal themselves in a straightforward fashion through measurement. It will remain a challenge to develop objective measures that correspond neatly to these generalized educational constructs. In addition to disagreements over theoretical issues, measurement of actual human behaviors is subject to a host of nontheoretical biases and technical challenges, including the well-known psychometric problems of method variance, observer biases, expectation and contextual effects, logistical constraints, and random error.
It would be unfortunate, however, if these failures of quantification were to lead to cynicism about the general competencies or to the conclusion that such principles are of no practical value. As initially conceived by the leadership of the ACGME, the general competencies were meant as a response to "overspecification" of training and assessment requirements. Although we agree with this concern in principle, we feel that the problem was not so much overspecification (because measurement requirements must always be stated with some specificity) but, rather, a lack of coherent specification. Without an overarching set of principles, a list of detailed requirements runs the risk of seeming random and arbitrary. Thus, the general competencies could have an invaluable role in guiding assessment strategy as long as it is clear that the six general competencies themselves exist in a realm outside of measurement. What remains missing from the Outcome Project, in our view, is an explicitly stated set of expectations that would link the ideals of the general competencies to the realities of measurement. Thus, a next step in development of an overall theory of assessment would not be to abandon the general competencies but, rather, to explicitly develop a more fully elaborated model to rationalize and prioritize various assessment tools in light of the general competencies. Although it is possible that such a measurement model could arise from the kind of grassroots effort proposed in the Outcome Project, we suspect that this will need to come from further consensus and deliberation by the ACGME and its constituent organizations.
As one contribution to the development of such a model, we find that the two newer ACGME competencies—SBP and PBLI—are viewed by many authors as representing aspects of health systems and teams rather than those of particular individuals. Thus, it is possible that environmental variables may exert significant influence on trainees' behaviors surrounding these competences. It is possible, for instance, that a trainee with relatively good understanding of systems-based issues may nonetheless seem to perform poorly when placed in a practice environment that hinders good communication among caregivers. Further refinements of the operational definitions of these competencies should include measures of health systems in addition to any measures of individuals.
Our study has several limitations. First, we did not assess conference presentations, posters, or other unpublished material. We recognize that much communication among program directors, as well as between program directors and the ACGME, occurs on this informal, face-to-face level. It is possible that we may have missed important additional information that was communicated in this way. Nonetheless, we deliberately chose not to examine such material in light of the ACGME's stated intent that the competencies would result in enhanced scientific activity, which implies publication and peer review. Second, because of the ongoing nature of the Outcome Project, it is possible that our review failed to reflect studies that may be currently ongoing. We suspect, however, that we did not miss a significant number of these because we contacted all authors who had previously published preliminary or pilot descriptions of assessment projects. Finally, we did not consult officials of the ACGME in preparing our review.
Despite these difficulties, we recognize that attention to the six ACGME competencies has already led to some of their intended benefits. For example, many residency programs now have additional curricular time and effort devoted to areas such as interpersonal and communications skills, which were previously perceived to be lacking in many training programs. Future assessment methodologies should incorporate these beneficial attributes while striving to define assessments that can be measured reliably and, thus, to provide empirical benchmarks for further educational reform.
The authors thank Diane M. Hartmann, MD, and David R. Lambert, MD, for their many thoughtful comments on this work.
This article has been cited 26 time(s).
© 2009 Association of American Medical Colleges
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text:
Current Residence: near the border, arizona.
deviantWEAR sizing preference: Anorexic Small.
Print preference: Fantasy.
Favourite genre of music: Pop
Favourite photographer: Myself.
Favourite style of art: Surreal, Furcadian Portraits, Photos.
Operating System: Windows 7
MP3 player of choice: MY COMPUTER
Shell of choice: TURTLE SOUP
Wallpaper of choice: Minimalistic
Skin of choice: HUMAN SKIN
Favourite cartoon character: Spongebob Nakedpants.
Personal Quote: anytime.


text:
A book about the historical and the new,signals and semaphores,operations and signalboxes of the south of Ireland.
This book is part of a series of books.
This book concentrates on Cork and its branches.
I am a signal engineer on the British mainline network, for my sins I also am a signal engineer on some local heritage railways too,my reasons for doing the books are partly that with my parents living in Ireland I get to travel round by train a lot and see the signalling there and also because as time progresses it becomes rarer and rarer with modernisation,so this is an attempt to capture both the old and the new and try to put into writing and pictures the more interesting or unusual aspects of railway signalling in Eire.
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From Semaphore to C.T.C. Published March 01, 2011


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