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Central & South America
24 Jun 2016:
Cities on Six Continents
Join Forces to Combat Climate Change
Mayors from more than 7,100 cities on six continents
announced this week
that they are creating a new alliance to fight climate change at the local level.
New York City
The new group — a merger of the European Union-based Covenant of Mayors and the United Nations-backed Compact of Mayors — represents a combined 600 million people in 119 countries. The initiative aims to set city-based CO2 emissions cuts, build sustainable communities, and foster the sharing of resiliency policies and technologies. "Cities are key to solving the climate change challenge," former New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Maroš Šefčovič, vice-president of the European Commission,
wrote in
The Guardian
. "They account for most of the world's carbon emissions, and mayors often have control over the largest sources. Cities can also act quickly to confront climate change, without the political and bureaucratic hurdles that often hold back national governments."
23 Jun 2016:
Scientists Discover Contagious
Cancer in More Species of Shellfish
Last year, scientists discovered a type of contagious cancer in soft-shell clams in which free-floating cells transmitted the disease from one animal to another.
Now, a team of Columbia University researchers is reporting that contagious cancers in the ocean
may be more common than previously thought
and can not only jump from animal to animal, but across species. According to the new study published in Nature, the leukemia-like cancer, known as disseminated neoplasia, has been found in three more species of bivalves: mussels, cockles, and golden carpet shell clams. The cancer cells were genetically distinct from their hosts, indicating they originated elsewhere. Transmissible cancer had previously been found in
Tasmanian devils
and dogs, but there's no indication that humans are at risk. "I would only worry deeply if I was a mollusk," Stephen P. Goff, a molecular biologist at Columbia University and co-author of the study,
The New York Times
20 Jun 2016:
2015 Deadliest Year for
Environmentalists on Record, Finds Report
Last year was the deadliest year on record for environmentalists, according to a
new report from Global Witness
, a nonprofit that tracks environmental and human rights abuses worldwide.
Indigenous people protest a dam in the Amazon.
One hundred and eighty-five people were killed trying to stop development of land, forests, and rivers in 16 countries in 2015 — equal to more than three people per week. The tally represents a 59 percent increase over 2014, and is double the number of journalists killed in the same period, according to the report. Environmentalists were most at risk in Brazil, the Philippines, and Columbia, which had 50, 33, and 26 killings last year, respectively. "This report sheds light on the acute vulnerability of indigenous people, whose weak land rights and geographic isolation make them particularly exposed to land grabbing for natural resource exploitation," the Global Witness authors wrote. "In 2015, almost 40% of victims were indigenous."
16 Jun 2016:
Some Coral Reef "Bright Spots"
Remain, Despite Devastating Bleaching
After decades of being overfished and mismanaged, and the worst bleaching event on record this year, scientists
reported in the journal
this week
that there remain some "bright spots" among the world's coral reefs
Coral reef on the Palmyra Atoll in the Pacific.
– systems that are doing better than anyone expected. The study examined 18 different factors at 2,514 reefs in 46 nations, including water depth, tourism, fishing, and population density. Those systems that were still thriving — defined by the scientists as having more fish than expected — tended to be managed by, and accessible only to, local fishermen and indigenous groups. This included reefs in places like the Solomon Islands, parts of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Kiribati. "There's been a narrative about local involvement, but it's often very token," Joshua Cinner, a research fellow at James Cook University in Australia and lead author of the study,
The Atlantic
. He said there should be more opportunity for "communities to creatively confront their own challenges."
15 Jun 2016:
Clean Energy Could Cost Up To
59 Percent Less by 2025, Report Finds
The cost of solar energy could drop by as much as 59 percent by 2025, from 13 cents to 6 cents per kilowatt hour, according to a
new report from the International Renewable Energy Agency
Rooftop solar panels in Hannover, Germany.
Offshore wind could become 35 percent cheaper, and onshore wind 26 percent cheaper, by 2025. The cost of building renewable energy facilities is also likely to fall, by as much as 57 percent by the middle of next decade, the report found. "Historically, cost has been cited as one of the primary barriers to switching from fossil-based energy sources to renewable energy sources, but the narrative has now changed," Adnan Z. Amin, director-general of IRENA,
said in a statement
. "To continue driving the energy transition, we must now shift policy focus to support areas that will result in even greater cost declines and thus maximize the tremendous economic opportunity at hand."
09 Jun 2016:
Fish Can Recognize Human
Faces, According to One New Study
Fish now join humans, monkeys, primates, and birds as one of the few animals able to distinguish faces, according to
new research published in the journal
Scientific Reports
this week.
James St. John/Wikimedia
The skill requires a sophisticated
combination of perception and memory
— and generally, a neocortex. But scientists at the University of Oxford in England and the University of Queensland in Australia were able to train archerfish to recognize human faces, despite the fact that these tropical fish don't have complex brain structures. Archerfish typically feed by spitting water at prey, like insects. So the scientists taught the fish to spray water at images of particular human faces in exchange for food. Archerfish identified the correct person 81 percent of the time.
06 Jun 2016:
Fish Choose Plastic Over
Zooplankton in Polluted Waters
Fish that grow up in waters full of plastic particles develop a taste for trash, choosing to eat plastic over zooplankton, their natural food source, according to a
study published in the journal
Oona Lönnstedt
The research, by ecologists at Uppsala University in Swedish, found larval perch from the Baltic Sea exposed to microplastic pollution (less than 5mm in size) had stunted growth, were less active, ignored the smell of predators, and experienced increased mortality rates. Plastic pollution has become a major problem in the world's oceans, but scientists are just beginning to understand how these fragments can affect the health of marine species. "If early life-history stages of other species are similarly affected by microplastics, and this translates to increased mortality rates, the effects on aquatic ecosystems could be profound,"
said ecologist Oona Lönnstedt
, lead author of the study.
01 Jun 2016:
Climate Change Could Be Making
Food Crops More Toxic, UN Report Says
As extreme weather increases in frequency and intensity, food crops are producing more chemical compounds that can be toxic to humans in large doses, according to a recent
report by the United Nations Environment Programme
Sam Fentress/Wikimedia
Crops such as wheat, maize, and soybeans generate these compounds as a natural response to environmental stressors, such as drought, floods or heat waves. But when consumed by humans for extended periods of time, they can cause illnesses like neurological diseases or cancer, according to the study. One example, the
Thomson Reuters Foundation reports
, is nitrate. Drought slows down plants' conversion of nitrates into amino acids and proteins, leading to a build up of the compound. When consumed in large quantities, nitrates stop red blood cells from transporting oxygen in the human body. "We are just beginning to recognize the magnitude of toxin- related issues confronting farmers in developing countries of the tropics and sub-tropics," the UNEP report noted.
31 May 2016:
Bees' Fuzzy Bodies Help Them
Detect Electrical Charges From Flowers
Back in 2013, scientists discovered that bees can detect the electrical charges that flowers emit, helping them locate nearby food sources.
Mark Burnett/Wikimedia
Exactly how the bees were doing this, however, remained a mystery. Now, scientists have found that the hairs on bees' fuzzy bodies
move in response to the charges
, which send nerve signals to bees' brains that flowers are nearby. The finding is an important one: Scientists
have long thought
that only animals in marine or moist habitats could detect electric fields, since currents are carried through water. That bees can do this in dry air opens up the possibility that other insects might have the same ability. The research, conducted by scientists at the University of Bristol in the U.K., was published this week in the journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
24 May 2016:
Peru Declares Emergency to
Fight Mercury Pollution from Gold Mines
Peru has declared a 60-day emergency in the Amazon due to widespread mercury pollution from the region's booming gold mining industry,
the country's environment minister announced this week
Marcin Nowak/Wikimedia
Several studies have confirmed dangerously high levels of the neurotoxin in waterways, fish, and people living in the Madres de Dios region, near Peru's southeast border. Members of the Harakmbut indigenous group, for example, have mercury levels in their bodies
six times higher than what doctors deem safe
. Mercury is used to separate gold from ore, but it can have
serious health impacts
, including damaging brain, kidney, and lung function. In illegal mining operations — which make up the majority of mines in the Peruvian Amazon — workers often handle the substance with bare hands, and dump excess mercury into nearby rivers. During the 60-day emergency period, the government will supply uncontaminated fish to local communities and set up mobile health clinics.
23 May 2016:
World Could Warm 8 Degrees
Celsius If All Fossil Fuel Reserves Burned
As nations meet in Bonn, Germany this week to hash out how to achieve the 2-degree Celsius goal they set in Paris, new research is providing policymakers a glimpse of what would happen if the world does nothing to curb climate change.
What if nations chose instead to burn through all of their remaining fossil fuel reserves, equal to 5 trillion tons of CO2 emissions? According to the
new study published in the journal
Nature Climate Change
, the world would warm an average 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees F), or up to 17 degrees Celsius (30 degrees F) in the Arctic. The research was conducted by a team of climate scientists at the University of Victoria and Simon Fraser University in British Columbia who wanted to understand the worst-case scenario. "Such climate changes, if realized, would have extremely profound impacts on ecosystems, human health, agriculture, economies, and other sectors," the researchers write.
Interview: CO2 'Air Capture' Could
Be Key to Slowing Global Warming
For two decades, Klaus Lackner has pioneered efforts to combat climate change by pulling carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Klaus Lackner
Now, after years of watching the global community fail to bring greenhouse gas emissions under control, Lackner — director of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State University — is delivering a blunt message: The best hope to avoid major disruptions from global warming is to launch a massive program of CO2 "air capture" that will begin to reverse the buildup of billions of tons of carbon in our atmosphere. "We need to have the ability to walk this backwards," says Lackner. "I'm saying this is a war, and we need to use all the weapons at our disposal. You don't want to get into this fight with one hand tied behind your back."
Read the interview.
12 May 2016:
Despite Push for Renewables,
Fossil Fuels Likely to Dominate in 2040
World leaders pledged last year in Paris to cut CO2 emissions and limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius. Despite these promises, U.S. analysts
said Wednesday
that fossil fuels
— including coal — will still likely be the world's primary source of energy in 2040. The findings are part of the U.S. Energy Information Administration's annual World Energy Outlook report. Electricity from wind, solar, and hydropower will grow 2.9 percent annually, the report concluded, and by 2040, renewables, coal, and natural gas will each generate one-third of the world's electricity. But diesel and gasoline will still power the majority of vehicles, with electric cars making up only 1 percent of the market, the report said. The report also found that carbon emissions from energy consumption in the developing world could
grow 51 percent from 2012 to 2040
as countries like India and China modernize their economies, particularly by using coal.
10 May 2016:
More than 2,000 New
Plant Species Are Found Every Year
There are currently 391,000 plant species known to science—and another 2,000 are being discovered every year, according to a new report from the U.K.'s Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Paulo Gonella
Last year's new discoveries included a nearly five-foot tall carnivorous plant first identified on Facebook, a 105-ton tree in West Africa, and 90 new species of Begonia flowers. Brazil, Australia, and China were hotspots for species discovery. The
State of the World's Plants
report did find, however, that one-fifth of the world's plant species are at risk of extinction from habitat loss, disease, invasive species, and climate change. "Plants are absolutely fundamental to humankind," Kathy Willis, director of science at Kew,
The Guardian
. "Plants provide us with everything — food, fuel, medicines, timber, and they are incredibly important for our climate regulation. We are facing some devastating realities if we do not take stock and re-examine our priorities and efforts."
05 May 2016:
With Climate Change, It Is
Survival of the Oldest, Not the Fittest
When it comes to climate change, the world's oldest species are more likely to survive than newly evolved ones, says a
new study
published in the journal
BMC Evolutionary Biology
Brian Gratwicke/Flickr
The logic is relatively simple: The reason they're so old is that they've been tested by abrupt environmental shifts before and have come out on top. This group includes species like the cane toad and California sea lion. More specifically, the study found the planet's oldest animals all share at least one of the following characteristics: They come in various colors, give birth to live young (as opposed to eggs), and live at low latitudes. The research could help "predict which [species] could be better able to deal with current climate change and to better predict the threat status of species on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature,"
Sylvain Dubey, an ecologist at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland and co-author of the new study.
02 May 2016:
After a Decade of Decline,
Brazil's Deforestation Again on the Rise
Brazil is losing two soccer field-sized parcels of rainforest every minute, equal to 1,930 square miles annually, according to
new reporting from the Thompson Reuters Foundation
Matt Zimmerman/Flickr
The trend represents a significant blow to Brazil's decades-long fight against illegal logging activity, which achieved an 80 percent decline in deforestation from 2003 to 2013 due to aggressive government and civil monitoring of the forests. But these efforts have slackened in recent years, and loggers have changed their tactics to better hide their activities, said Tasso Azevedo, a conservationist and former director of the Brazilian Forest Service. "In some cases, we are walking backwards," he told Thompson Reuters. The uptick could pose a challenge to pledges Brazil made during international climate talks in Paris last December. The country promised to eliminate illegal deforestation and restore nearly 30 million acres of forest by 2030 to combat global warming.
28 Apr 2016:
Half of All Farmed Fish Have
Deformed Ear Bones That Cause Hearing Loss
Farmed fish have become an increasingly larger share of the world's seafood market in recent decades—now accounting for 50 percent of global seafood consumption.
At the same time, however, debate about the ethics, safety and health of farmed fish versus their wild counterparts has also intensified. A
new study
published in the journal
Nature Scientific Reports
finds that half of all farmed Atlantic salmon have deformed ear bones that lead to hearing loss. These salmon are 10 times more likely to have the deformity than wild fish. The findings "raise questions about the welfare of farmed animals,"
Tim Dempster, a biologist at the University of Melbourne involved in the study. It may also explain why efforts to boost wild populations by releasing farmed juveniles have proven unsuccessful. Hearing loss would prevent farmed fish from detecting predators, or restrict their ability to navigate to breeding sites, the scientists said.
27 Apr 2016:
Wooden Skypscrapers Grow in
Popularity in Effort to Reduce Emissions
Architects are increasingly abandoning traditional steel-and-cement skyscrapers in favor of wood-and-glue designs — a move that experts say could help drastically reduce CO2 emissions from the world's building sector.
Acton Ostry Architects
Creating steel, iron, and non-metallic minerals — including concrete — is an energy-intensive process that accounts for more than 10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. In the 1990s, developers created a product known as cross-laminated timber — planks of wood glued together by a polyurethane adhesive — with the strength and durability of traditional building materials, and far fewer CO2 emissions. With concern for climate change mounting,
wood-based skyscrapers have been popping up around the globe in recent years
. The University of British Columbia, for example, approved an 18-story, wooden housing complex in 2015. "This revolution has happened rather quietly and happened rather slow," Kris Spickler, a heavy timber specialist at Structurlam,
Popular Science
. "But I think we're in a year right now where we're going to see it explode."
From Mass Coral Bleaching,
A Scientist Looks for Lessons
Twice a year, Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb travels to Christmas Island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean to collect samples from coral reefs to better understand past and future climate change.
Kim Cobb
But when Cobb arrived on the island earlier this month, she was stunned. The corals she had spent the past 18 years studying were largely dead or dying. The scene has become a familiar one across the Pacific and Indian oceans this year as a record-breaking El Niño drove up water temperatures and caused fragile coral reef systems to bleach from stress or die. In an interview with
Yale Environment 360
, Cobb talked about the recent bleaching event, the race to make reefs more resilient, and how coral records could improve short-term climate projections. "What you think reefs might be experiencing in 20 years," she says, "they're experiencing now."
Read the interview.
22 Apr 2016:
Brazilian Officials Put a
Hold on Mega-Dam Project in the Amazon
A proposed 8,000-megawatt hydroelectric dam in the Amazon was put on hold this week by Brazil's environmental agency out of concerns over its impact on a local indigenous tribe.
The São Luiz do Tapajós project — which would be Brazil's second-largest dam and a cornerstone of government efforts to expand hydroelectric power — would require developers to flood an area the size of New York City and home to thousands of Munduruku people. The environmental agency, Ibama, said they were suspending the project's licensing because of "the infeasibility of the project from the prospective of indigenous issues." Brent Millikan, the Amazon program director for International Rivers,
told Reuters
, "The areas that would have been flooded include sites of important religious and cultural significance. The local communities have a huge amount of knowledge about the resources where they are — if they were forced off the land and into cities they would become unskilled workers."
21 Apr 2016:
A Town Made Almost Entirely Out
Of Plastic Bottles is Being Built in Panama
Construction has begun on the world's first town made almost entirely out of recycled plastic bottles. Located on Isla Colón in Panama, the village will consist of 120 houses and a lodge on 83 acres of tropical jungle.
The first two-bedroom home was built late last year, and is made from 10,000 plastic bottles pulled from Panama trashcans, roadsides, and beaches. The walls of the homes consist of steel cages filled with bottles and then encased in a concrete mix. They are flexible enough to withstand an earthquake, and insulating enough to keep the home up to 17 degrees F cooler than the jungle outside. Because there are so many recycled bottles on the island already, homes can be built quickly and cheaply, said Robert Bezeau, founder of the Plastic Bottle Village. "We are changing the world, without changing the Earth, one home at a time," he
says on the project's website
20 Apr 2016:
Entries Invited for Third
Annual Yale Environment 360 Video Contest
The third annual
Yale Environment 360
Video Contest is now accepting entries. The contest honors the year's best environmental videos. Submissions must focus on an environmental issue or theme, have not been widely viewed online, and be a maximum of 15 minutes in length. Videos that are funded by an organization or company and are primarily about that organization or company are not eligible. The first-place winner will receive $2,000, and two runners-up will each receive $500. The winning entries will be posted on
Yale Environment 360
. The contest judges will be
Yale Environment 360
editor Roger Cohn,
New Yorker
writer and
contributor Elizabeth Kolbert, and documentary filmmaker Thomas Lennon. Deadline for entries is June 10, 2016.
Read More.
18 Apr 2016:
The Complicated Case of
Global Warming's Impact on Agriculture
Scientists have long debated whether climate change could help or hurt the world's agricultural systems. Theoretically, additional CO2 in the atmosphere should help fuel crop growth.
Ananth BS
A farmer plows his fields in southern India.
But global warming's other impacts, such as shifting rain patterns, higher temperatures, and extreme weather, could reduce crop yields. A
new study in the journal
Nature Climate Change
by researchers in a half-dozen countries finds the answer depends on where you live. The scientists found yields of rain-fed wheat could increase by 10 percent, while irrigated wheat, the bulk of India and China's production, could decline by 4 percent. Maize will decrease almost everywhere, down 8.5 percent. Rice and soybean could flourish in some areas and falter in others. "Most of the discussion around climate impacts focuses only on changes in temperature and precipitation,"
Delphine Deryng, an environmental scientist at Columbia University who led the study. "To adapt adequately, we need to understand all the factors involved."
12 Apr 2016:
Scientists Reimagine The
Tree of Life With New Microbe Knowledge
Following years of intense exploration and research into the microbial world,
scientists have reimagined the tree of life
—the iconic visual representation of the living world first proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859.
Banfield/UC Berkeley
The new tree of life.
The project was led by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, who over the last decade have been gathering DNA from across the globe—from everywhere from meadow soils and river mud to deep sea vents—to reconstruct genomes and describe thousands of new microbial species. Curious how their findings fit into the tree of life, the scientists
used a supercomputer
to visualize how more than 3,000 new and known species related to one another. They discovered that eukaryotes, the group that includes humans, exist on a thin twig compared to the microbial branch of the tree. "The tree of life as we know it has dramatically expanded due to new genomic sampling of previously enigmatic or unknown microbial lineages," the authors
For James Hansen, the Science
Demands Activism on Climate
Climate scientist James Hansen has been a prominent figure in the global climate conversation for more than 40 years. His 1988 congressional testimony on climate change helped introduce the problem of rising greenhouse gas emissions to the American public,
James Hansen
and he has led study after study examining how our world will change as a result of global warming. Eight years ago, Hansen made the rare decision to begin engaging in climate activism—a move that has earned him both praise and criticism from the media and scientific community. In an interview with
Yale Environment 360
last week, Hansen opened up about his unconventional career path and what he believes the world could look like a century from now. "I don't think that I have been alarmist — maybe alarming, but I don't think I'm an alarmist," he said. "We have a society in which most people have become unable to understand or appreciate science, and partly that's a communication problem, which we need to try to alleviate."
Read the interview.
07 Apr 2016:
How Ancient Algae Could
Help Cure Brain and Breast Cancer
One of the oldest life forms on earth may hold the key to battling hard-to-treat cancers, according to
new research
by scientists at Oregon State University. The compound, coibamide A, is found in blue-green algae, organisms that have existed for at least two billion years. It was found during a diving trip in Panama's Coiba National Park eight years ago and run through the National Cancer Institute's database of potential anti-cancer compounds. Coibamide A was tested on mice and found to be more effective at killing brain and triple negative breast cancer cells—two of the most aggressive and hard-to-treat types of the disease—than anything ever tested before. "The chemical diversity found in nature has always been a significant source of inspiration for drug design and development, but… marine environments remain relatively unexplored," said Jane Ishmael, a cellular biologist at Oregon State University and lead author of the new study.
06 Apr 2016:
Half of World Heritage Sites Are
Threatened By Industrial Development
Since 1972, the United Nations has worked to protect 229 locations in 96 countries known for their "exceptional natural beauty" and "cultural significance." These spots, known as World Heritage Sites,
Brian Kinney/Shutterstock
The Great Barrier Reef
range from Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania to the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, China's panda sanctuaries, and the Grand Canyon in the United States. A new survey by the World Wildlife Fund, however, has found
half of these sites are under threat
from oil and gas development, mining, illegal logging, overfishing, or other industrial activities. Eleven million people live in or near these sites, the report says, and depend on them for their housing, food, water, jobs, or ecosystem services like flood protection and CO2 sequestration. "We are not going to develop a just and prosperous future, nor defeat poverty and improve health, in a weakened or destroyed natural environment," the authors wrote.
05 Apr 2016:
El Nino Prevents Phytoplankton
Growth, Endangering Marine Food Web
El Nino—the cyclical warming of the Pacific Ocean—has
wreaked havoc on the world's weather
for the past two years, from a record-breaking number of cyclones in the North Pacific to flooding in South America.
Uz/NASA Goddard
Satellite images of phytoplankton growth.
But scientists at NASA
recently discovered
that the climate phenomenon also has a big impact on phytoplankton, the tiny oceanic organisms that serve as the base of the marine food chain. Normally, ocean currents drive cold, deep water to the surface near the equator, bringing with it a flood of nutrients that feed phytoplankton. El Nino's mass of warm water stops this upwelling. The result is a marked drop in phytoplankton levels. "This decline echoes through many species," said Stephanie Uz, an ocean scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland who led the study. "Small fish that feed on phytoplankton starve. This affects everything from penguin and iguana populations in the Galapagos to governments managing fisheries."
01 Apr 2016:
Scientists Study the Skies
To Create a Map of the World's Biomes
Curious where certain species live? Don't look down. Rather, study the skies, according to
new research published in the journal
PLoS Biology
. Scientists from the University of Buffalo and Yale University
Daniel Boyd/Flickr
used images from NASA satellites to build a database of cloud cover for every square kilometer of the planet from 2000 to 2014. They then used the information to map the world's biomes. They found that cloud patterns are a much more accurate way of predicting species distribution than using extrapolated on-the-ground observations, the method most conservationists use today. "Sunlight drives almost every aspect of ecology," Adam Wilson, an ecologist at the University of Buffalo who led the study,
New Scientist
. "So when you put something in between the sun and plants, that is going to have implications on the amount of energy they are receiving, soil moisture, leaf wetness, and humidity—almost everything that is important."
Interview: How Ocean Noise
Wreaks Havoc on Marine Life
Bowing to public pressure, the Obama administration recently reversed an earlier decision to allow oil drilling off the U.S. East Coast. But the five-year moratorium on drilling does not prohibit exploratory seismic air gun surveys
Christopher Clark
used to locate oil and gas reserves under the seabed, and those surveys are expected to be authorized this spring. Cornell University marine bioacoustics expert Christopher Clark says the testing, which can go on for weeks at a time, will only add to the rising din in the oceans. "Imagine that every 10 seconds there is an explosion that is rattling grandma's china out of the cupboard," he says, "and it is falling on the floor." In an interview with
Yale Environment 360
, Clark explains how noise, most of it from ship traffic, severely disrupts marine life, especially among whales. But the good news, he says, is that technologies are being developed to drastically reduce the noise from ships and geological surveying.
Read the interview.
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Home >
Issues (Journal) > Journal
V24 N4 (Oct - Dec 1998) >
The Anti-Ship Missile
- A Revolution in Naval Warfare
Anti-Ship Missile - A Revolution in Naval Warfare
by MAJ Stephen Sim
On 21 Oct 1967, the Eilat, an Israeli destroyer
burst into flames and sank into the Mediterranean amidst a
thick cloud of smoke. She had been struck by two Russian-made
SSN-2 missiles fired by a small Egyptian Osa fast attack craft
which did not even bother to leave Alexandria Harbour. The
missile came to be known the world over as the Styx.
The incident created shock waves throughout
the Western world, which had, until then, largely ignored
the destructive powers of the anti-ship missile and its potential
in winning a decisive naval battle. The ensuing years saw
the Western countries in a frenzy to develop their own anti-ship
missiles and shipboard defence systems, the latter to protect
the ships against these missiles. These early efforts laid
the foundation for the emergence of the present day anti-ship
missile which are faster, smaller, smarter, more accurate
and more deadly over longer ranges compared to those in the
The first real test of the modern anti-ship
missile came in the Falklands War in 1982. The British destroyer
HMS Sheffield, an advanced modern warship, was destroyed by
a single French made Exocet fired from an Argentinean Super
Etendard fighter aircraft. Two more Exocets were subsequently
used with success against the large container ship, Atlantic
Conveyor. Such was the lethality of the anti-ship missile
which left even the most heavily armed and defended warships
vulnerable. The advent of the anti-ship missile signaled the
end of guns and artillery as the mainstay of naval weapons.
Naval tactics and operations as well as the design of warships
also saw radical transformations as a consequence. Indeed,
the anti-ship missile is nothing short of a revolution in
naval history for it ushered in the modern age in naval warfare,
the abandoning of archaic and traditional war fighting methods
and the dependence on science and technology to achieve military
Although the anti-ship missile has its roots
as a simple radio-controlled glider bomb developed by Siemens-Shuckert
Werke of Germany in 1915, its first operational use was during
World War II. In the summer of 1944, Allied ships in the English
Channel were bombarded by German made Mistels. The Mistel
was actually a composite aircraft consisting of a Ju 88 rebuilt
with a gigantic warhead (approximately 7000 lbs) in place
of the crew compartment and guided by radio from a fighter
which flew to the target area actually mounted above the pilotless
bomber. The missile was crude and rudimentary and had limited
success against the Allied ships. Its smaller cousin, the
HS 293, essentially a 2304 lb bomb propelled by an underslung
rocket, had far more success. Some 2300 HS 293s were launched
during World War II and it had the distinction of being the
first missile ever to destroy a warship in battle when it
sank the escort HMS Egret on 27 August 1943. The HS 293 had
a manual guidance system which required an operator to steer
the missile to its intended target via radio remote control.
The missile was air-launched and had a range of up to 11 miles.
Like the Germans, the Americans also used
missiles during World War II. In May 1945, Bats hung under
the wings of US Navy PB4Y-2 Privateer patrol bombers sank
many Japanese ships, including a destroyer from a range of
20 miles. The 1880 lb missile distinguished itself from all
other missiles in those days in that it had a much more advanced
guidance system made possible by a small radar in the nose.
The missile homed in on the radar reflections from the target
ship - the first appearance of active radar homing technology.
Strangely enough, American missile development
seemed to have taken a step backwards in the immediate post-war
period when it opted for the manually guided Bullpup. The
air-launched missile was produced in huge quantities for use
by many American aircraft ranging from the A-4 Skyhawks and
the F-104 to the P-3 Orion. The first batch of Bullpups entered
service in 1959. It was crude in comparison with the Bat and
was essentially a 250 lb bomb with a rocket at the back. The
missile was guided to its target by an operator through a
miniature joystick on the launch aircraft.
While the Americans abandoned radar guidance
in the 1950s, the Swedes adopted the radar homing technology
from the Bat. A collaboration between a group of Swedish companies
and a British rocket-motor supplier saw the introduction of
the RB 04 in 1958. The missile utilised active-radar homing
and had a range of 20 miles. It was designed to be air-launched
(such as from the AJ37A Viggen) and had a 661 lb warhead.
The RB 04 had a true "fire-and-forget" capability.
As soon as the launch aircraft had sighted the distant target
on radar, it could cue the missile's own radar to lock on,
and the aircraft would release the missile. The aircraft could
then turn away immediately, leaving the missile to home on
the target by itself.
Up until the late 1950s, all anti-ship missiles
were either rocket-propelled bombs or essentially small airplanes
packed with explosives, and could be launched only by an aircraft.
The next major development arrived in the form of the Russian-made
SSN-2 Styx. The missile had a range of 26 miles and a speed
of 600 mph. Its guidance system was considerably more sophisticated
than those mentioned earlier. Mid-course guidance was either
through auto-pilot or radio-command guidance, while the terminal
guidance could have active-radar or infra-red homing. With
a launch weight of 5550 lbs and a warhead of 882 lbs, the
Styx could destroy all but the largest warship, and cause
severe damage to the latter. Perhaps the most significant
feature of the Styx was that it was packaged into aluminum
box launchers which were then installed on small fast patrol
boats (FPBs) such as the Komars and Osas which displaced no
more than 250 tons. This effectively gave small FPBs the fire-power
to threaten their more illustrious brethren, the destroyers
and cruisers. Indeed, capital ships armed only with guns were
at the mercy of these fast-moving missile-armed FPBs and this
was amply demonstrated in the sinking of the Eilat.
The next stage of development of the missile
was the introduction of sea-skimmers, such as the Russian
SSN-7 which had active-radar homing and a range of up to 35
miles. It was also the first missile to combine sea skimming
with submerged launch capability. The SSN-7 was developed
in an era when it was realised that reaching a heavily armed
warship bristling with radar equipment required that the missile
come in as low above the water as possible to avoid radar
detection. Sea-skimmers are held by radio altimeter and autopilot
at a very low height above the sea to avoid radar detection.
Examples of other early sea skimmers include the Israeli Gabriel,
the Swedish RB 08 and the Norwegian Penguin.
By the late 1960s, the missiles bore much
resemblance to the modem ones which we are familiar with today.
The missiles were no longer merely bombs with a rocket attachment
at the back, nor small airplanes packed with explosives, but
had purpose-built rocket propulsion, cruciform wings and were
compact, sleek and aerodynamic. The missiles were usually
small enough to reduce the possibility of radar detection
at long ranges and were agile and fast to avoid being shot
down by shipboard defences. In addition, most were sea-skimmers
to further make radar detection difficult. Terminal pop-up
attacks were also frequently incorporated to present the missile
radar seeker a better view of its target prior to homing as
well as to confuse the target ship's defences in the last
few vital seconds before impact. The missile warheads had
a delay fuze to ensure hull penetration prior to detonation
of the explosives in order to inflict maximum damage to the
The present day anti-ship missile is epitomised
by the Harpoon, a "fire-and-forget" cruise missile
built by MacDonnell Douglas. The Harpoon entered service with
the US Navy in 1976 as the Block lA. The Block lA was powered
by a small turbojet engine which gave it a range in excess
of 60 miles. It was armed with a 500 lb penetration/blast
type warhead which was capable of disabling all ships except
large cruisers and carriers. Mid-course guidance was by a
strapdown inertial platform and the terminal guidance was
active homing through a Texas Instruments frequency-agile
radar. The missile was equipped with a host of ECCM (Electronic
Counter Counter-measures) such as passive-homing, re-acquisition
and fly-through recovery, etc. that ensured a high kill probability.
The terminal phase can either be a sea-skim or a pop-up manoeuvre.
The Harpoon can be launched from aircraft, ships (including
FPBs) and submarines. Several versions of the Harpoon have
been developed over the years incorporating improvements in
the range, the guidance system and ECCM features.
The greatest rival to the Harpoon is arguably
the Exocet, built by Aerospatiale of France. Like the Harpoon,
the Exocet has a "fire-and-forget" capability, a
mid-course inertial guidance and active-radar homing in the
terminal phase. However, unlike the Harpoon, the Exocet has
rocket propulsion giving it a higher cruise speed but a shorter
maximum range. The rocket propulsion also enables the missile
to be fired at only a few seconds notice. The Exocet is a
sea-skimmer, cruising at an altitude of 8 feet all the way
to the target. Detonation of the warhead can be either through
delay action or proximity fuze.
The Harpoon and Exocet have been widely exported
to navies around the world and both missiles have demonstrated
operational success particularly during the Falklands War
in 1982 and the Gulf War in 1991. Such reported successes
have made the anti-ship missile almost mandatory on modern
warships and its incorporation into the ship's weaponry has
greatly influenced modern ship design and even naval operations.
Technology Evolution
Until the Eilat saga in the mid l960s, the
primary anti-ship weapons were naval guns and, to a lesser
extent, torpedoes. In spite of modern sophisticated fire control
systems, gun fire is relatively inaccurate since the ballistics
of the ammunition is heavily dependent on meteorological conditions
such as wind, temperature, precipitation, etc. This limitation,
together with the small warhead on most gun ammunition, meant
that more rounds would be needed to achieve the same degree
of damage to the enemy vessel which would otherwise be inflicted
by a single anti-ship missile.
As a result of this limitation, heavier calibre
guns were mounted on warships to increase the lethality and
range. This was evident during World War II which saw the
commissioning of mammoth guns with calibre ranging from 15-in
to 18-in on the battleships. Artilleries of such calibre require
platforms of monstrous proportions. For instance the Yamato
of the Japanese Navy, armed with nine 18-in guns in three
turrets, was 263m long and displaced an outrageous 71 659
tons - the largest and most heavily armed battleship ever
to put to sea. The more familiar Iowa of the US Navy, armed
with nine 16-in guns in three turrets, measures 270m and displaced
55 710 tons. Yet in spite of such grandeur and spectacle,
the humble FPB could have easily inflicted substantial damage
on the colossal Yamato and Iowa with the longer range, greater
accuracy and a more lethal warhead, which the anti-ship missile
Torpedo-armed ships are likely to be FPBs
due to the short ranges of torpedoes. In this case, high speed
and manoeuvrability are essential to enable the FPB to get
close enough to the enemy ship and fire the torpedoes. As
torpedoes are of much shorter ranges than guns and missiles,
the FPB would be subjected to enemy fire well before it is
in a position to launch its torpedoes. Although torpedo-armed
FPBs are still very much in use in many navies in the world,
their roles are generally limited to strike operations against
gun boats or the harassment of merchant shipping. Against
missile-armed warships, the torpedo-armed FPB is virtually
The anti-ship missile scores on many counts
over guns and torpedoes. For example, a single Exocet is able
to strike an enemy ship beyond the horizon (up to 20 miles)
at high sub-sonic speed with deadly accuracy and deliver a
364 lb warhead that is sufficient to inflict considerable
damage and incapacitate all but the largest warship. Two or
more salvoes would be capable of disabling the latter. In
contrast, to achieve such ranges, a gun calibre of about 15-in
or greater would be needed, and more rounds would have to
be expended due to inherent inaccuracies of ballistic flight.
While the Exocet firer is free to manoeuvre upon releasing
the weapon, the gun platform has to maintain a constant lock-on
using the fire control system or gun fire director, and this
exposes the ship to subsequent attacks.
As mentioned earlier, a huge platform would
be needed for mounting heavy calibre guns. The anti-ship missile,
on the other hand, is light and compact and can be found on
small FPBs, giving the latter a destructive power equivalent
to a large gun-armed capital ship. For example, the Harpoon
RGM-84A weighs only 1470 lb, a third of which is the warhead,
and it can be fired from a 21- in tube of a submarine. Eight
Harpoons can easily be mounted on a FPB displacing no more
than 250 tons. FPBs are much cheaper compared to destroyers
and frigates, and present an inexpensive solution to third
world countries in search of a capable and modern naval force.
Following the sinking of the Eilat, large numbers of missile-armed
FPBs were acquired by navies throughout the world. The appearance
of the anti-ship missile marked the end of the big guns of
World War II and battleships were largely consigned to the
annals of military history and in naval museums.
Besides giving the FPBs the fire power of
much larger warships, the anti-ship missile enables large
warships to specialise in other aspects of naval warfare such
as AAW and ASW. For instance, firing compact missiles at frigates
and destroyers means that they are able to dispense with large
calibre guns for anti-ship operations. In place of guns, other
weapons and equipment may be fitted, such as surface-to-air
missiles, electronic warfare systems, ASW systems, etc. Only
small calibre guns are retained on the ships for anti-air
defence and anti-ship missile defence.
The anti-ship missile also triggered the
development of hard-kill and soft-kill anti-ship missile defence
systems (ASMD). As a result of the proliferation of the anti-ship
missile, most modern warships such as destroyers and frigates,
and to a lesser extent, corvettes and FPBs, are equipped with
ASMD systems for protection. Such defence systems were non-existent
before the 1950s. The need for hard-kill missile defences
saw a new generation of highly accurate, small calibre guns
with astonishingly high rates of fire designed strictly to
shoot down incoming missiles. Examples of such guns are the
Vulcan Phalanx and the Goalkeeper. Short range missiles such
as the Israeli Barak and the British Sea Wolf, were also developed
to shoot down incoming anti-ship missiles. In addition, chaff
systems have also become common place, even in FPBs, to provide
some form of protection against anti-ship missiles. The anti-ship
missile had not merely influenced the development of existing
weapons and equipment but was also responsible for the emergence
of entirely new technology.
The pivotal factor influencing the way modern
warships operate is the missile's lethality and effectiveness
over long ranges. Not only do missiles extend the range of
a ship's striking power, but the ship extends the range of
missiles even more. As such, modern naval battles are fought
over long distances and involve, almost without exception,
an exchange of missile fire.
Effectively, the range of the missile only
extends to the distance at which the force is able to locate
the enemy ship. There is very little value in having missiles
with ranges in excess of 40 miles when the detection means
reaches to little more than the visual horizon. The need to
maximise the range of the missile imposes tremendous demands
on shipboard sensors such as radar, electronic warfare, long
range air surveillance, etc. Development of radar and electronic
warfare systems have progressed at a frenetic pace since the
early 1960s and long range air surveillance from maritime
patrol aircraft have become a common feature in present day
naval operations. Targeting accuracy have been greatly enhanced
through the availability of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning
System and improvements in missile guidance technology. Modern
missiles are quite capable of hitting their targets even after
a flight of some 100 miles or more.
Early naval battles involving gun battles
were close range, straight forward affairs where both sides
attempted to fire as early and as many rounds as possible
against the enemy ship. Such exchanges often involved heavy
casualties on both sides and bore very little subtlety and
sophistication. The modern naval battle, in contrast, has
evolved into a cat and mouse game fought at long ranges, the
objective being to localise and engage the enemy ship without
revealing and exposing oneself to enemy fire. Such encounters
are necessarily complex and heavily dependent on technology
and military hardware.
The evolution of the anti-ship missile continues
as it attempts to adapt and overcome advances in ASMD technology.
In 1993, the US Navy conducted a test at Point Mugu. A number
of anti-ship missiles, including the Exocet MM38, Harpoon
Block lDs and straight flying supersonic targets, were fired
with a view to testing their invulnerability to shipboard
defences - all missiles were shot down. It was obvious that
the development of ASMD technology has reached a point as
to render current anti-ship missiles ineffective. Defence
industries all over the world have stepped up their efforts
to develop a new generation of anti-ship missiles capable
of defeating the advanced shipboard defence systems of today.
Several fundamental requirements shape the
design of the new generation anti-ship missile. First of all,
the missile should be capable of attacking not only when the
target is isolated on the open sea, but also when it is in
a bay, among islands, surrounded by other vessels, or even
in harbour. Similarly, the missile should have "fire-and-forget"
capability to minimise the risk to the launch platform and
allow several salvoes to be fired in rapid succession. To
increase the probability of reaching the target, the missile
should have low observability characteristics. This implies
an ability to cruise at sea-skimming height at high speed
and approach the target from any direction using a dog-leg
track at supersonic speeds. For a high kill probability, the
missile should strike close to the waterline and ideally in
the vicinity of the engine room. It should also penetrate
the hull prior to detonation.
Given the above conditions, the anti-ship
missile of the 21st century is likely to be powered by a ramjet
engine. Ramjet propulsion combines the long range of a turbojet
and the high speed of a rocket. Another significant advantage
which it offers is throttle control. A ramjet powered missile
will be able to achieve an initial cruise to the target area
at a relatively low supersonic speed (about Mach 2) at sea-skimming
altitude, followed by a sudden pop-up manoeuvre and a furious
Mach 3.5 zigzag dive onto the target. At Mach 3.5, the missile
is able to cover 35 kilometres in half a minute, or over one
kilometre in one second. This will leave very little warning
time for the shipboard defences to react and hence enhance
the probability of reaching the target. The new generation
missile is likely to have dual seekers to enhance the probability
of hitting the intended target and achieving a kill. An active-radar
system provides autonomous guidance and all-weather capability,
while an infra-red imaging system provides the precision and
increases the probability of hitting the engine room. Other
target-imaging options are millimetric wave and laser radars.
It is obvious that the anti-ship missile
of the 21st century will be radically different from those
that we know today. The missile represents an amalgamation
of microwave, airframe, propulsion, ordnance, control and
computer technologies. As we enter the next millennium, we
witness yet another transformation in the design and capabilities
of the anti-ship missile. Within a short span of some 30 years,
the anti-ship missile has positioned itself as the pillar
of the warship's offensive capability. With increased capabilities,
complexity and virtually no competitors, it will remain so
for many years to come.
1. Trevor N. Dupuy, International
Military and Defense Encyclopedia, Brassey's (US), Inc.
2. Nels A. Parson, Jr.,
Missiles and the Revolution in Warfare, Harvard University
Press, 1962.
3. Robert Berman & Bill
Gunston, Rockets & Missiles of World War III, Bison Books,
4. Richard K. Betts, Cruise
Missiles - Technology, Strategy, Politics, Brookings Institution,
5. Armada International
Staff; Supersonic Anti-ship Missiles Needed, Armada International,
Aug/Sept 1993.
6. Roy Graybrook, Anti-ship
Missiles - Pay Your Money and Take Your Choice, Asia-Pacific
Defence Reporter, Aug/Sep 1994.
MAJ Stephen Sim is currently the CO of an
RSN ship. He graduated with a B.Eng degree in Electrical Engineering
from the National University of Singapore. MAJ Sim has held
various appointments on board other RSN vessels as well as
within MINDEF.
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subset: commoncrawl


text: yes, i did use the -remove flag to remove it. I have since reinstalled 3.3.2 (r1) and i can connect as soon as the login prompt appears again. regards titus ps, i can send you 3.3.2 if you like, i have the win32 and sol binaries. > As to the problem below, had you -removed and uninstalled the old version > before installing the new? You might try that in any case. > > -----Original Message----- > From: Titus 'Jim Beam' Chiu [SMTP:titus "at" phillip.forest.nsw.gov.au] > Sent: Sunday, July 26, 1998 8:21 AM > > Hi there.. I'm a new subscriber of vnc.. i downloaded and installed > 3.3.2 not too long ago.. and hit the 8bit colour problem. 3.3.2r2 > fixed this, but has bought a new problem. With 3.3.2 running as a service > under Win95(B), I was able to boot the machine up, and as soon as the > login prompt appears, connect using vncviewer remotely. With 3.3.2r2, > this behavior seems to have changed. I cannot connect remotely until > I login on the console. However, if I logout subsequently, I can disconnect > and connect using vncviewer at the login prompt. Has anyone else noticed > this behavior? Is is correct? (I hope not). I also experienced the > "appearing tray icon" when installing as per reported by others, but the > tray icon disappeared for me when rebooted. -- Titus 'Jim Beam' Chiu Phone: +61-2-9980-4380 Manager, GIS Database and Systems email: titus "at" forest.nsw.gov.au GIS Unit, Forest Policy and Programs, "Don't drink and drive home, State Forests of NSW get stoned and fly home!" quote, me! --------------------------------------------------------------------- The VNC mailing list - see http://www.orl.co.uk/vnc/intouch.html ---------------------------------------------------------------------


text:
Warne Marsh: Yardbird Suite
Yardbird Suite
Warne Marsh (tenor sax)
Warne Marsh (Atlantic 1291)
Warne Marsh (tenor sax), Paul Chambers (bass), Paul Motian (drums).
Composed by Charlie Parker.
Recorded: New York, January 16, 1958
Rating: 90/100 (learn more)
Listening to any member of the Tristano School play a Bird/Diz/Monk standard is always a fascinating representation of the alteration of jazz styles. This track is certainly no exception, and right after an ordinary yet swinging statement of the melody, Marsh is off and running with his vertically improvised lines played mostly in the upper register. Marsh is in a playful mood here and leaves a bit more breathing room than on many of his other extended-line improvisations. Of special note is Marsh's polyrhythmic solo break and his bold playing after bassist Paul Chambers's solo.
Reviewer: Eric Novod
Tags: 1950s jazz · charlie parker covers · tenor sax · yardbird suite
Comments are closed.


text:
As the Born of the Gods rumor season trundles on, the horizontal cycles in the set are beginning to become apparent. Besides five of the multicolor gods, of course, the set also has a couple of enchantment creature cycles, one of token makers with inspired, three Temple scrylands... and a rare cycle of instants with Fated in their names that also scry when used on one's own turn. All of them are shaping up to be potentially powerful cards - and only the black one remains unknown.
So what could it do? This has to be an effect that is printable at instant speed, it definitely has triple black in its cost... but other than that, this question appears pretty open-ended. Here's what is known: It's not removal, as the red Fated instant already takes care of the spot removal and the white one of mass removal. It's also probably not reanimation, as the two other cards revealed thus far somehow give you creatures. Discard is also out of the picture, as instant-speed discard is simply not done.
However, our red card notably does not hit players with its burn - perhaps to open up the effect for the black one? Here's my guess for it:
Fated Agony 2BBB
Instant (Rare)
Target player loses 4 life and you gain 4 life. If it's your turn, scry 2.
The art on this one would probably make reference to Tantalus's torment in the Underworld.
What do you think the last Fated card will be? Let me know in the comments.


text:
A Note from the Kucinich Fan Club
Welcome, Elizabeth Kucinich. I am thrilled to hear of this wonderful match between two exceptional people. I have followed the career of Dennis Kucinich for decades and have marveled at his consistency and dedication to high ideals. I have also secretly hoped for a like-minded woman to join him. Voilá!
Pamelinda O'Keefe
Money & the Mrs.
Elizabeth Kucinich's "better alternative" to the current monetary system is to have money put into circulation via the investment decisions of the government? I'd argue that, unfortunately, with federal expenditures expected to top $2.5 trillion in 2006, we're just about there already.
Call me a capitalist, but I think completely crowding out or eliminating private-sector investment, as Mrs. Kucinich advocates, would be a mistake. Central economic planning could not have worked out much worse for the Soviet Union, mostly because an economy can't grow when no one is held accountable for how its resources are deployed. Free markets, on the other hand, are pretty good at that sort of thing.
Young people should always be given lots of slack, if nothing else because of their lack of experience and insight into how the real world works. But be careful what you wish for, Elizabeth. Depending on who's holding the purse strings, Halliburton or General Dynamics might look like a better 'investment' than Habitat for Humanity.
David Dalton
Northfield Center
To say that Elizabeth Kucinich is young, smart and interesting is ridiculous. First of all, a person with any sense would not marry a man 30 years her senior who has been married twice before. I am more interested in finding out the validity of the marriage. It seems to be a hoax. Also, her thoughts about printing new money are absurd. The great Mark Twain once said, 'It is often better to keep one's mouth shut and appear stupid than open it and remove all doubt.' She has removed all doubt.
Chuck Jaite
Rocky River
Editor's Note: The monetary policy Elizabeth Kucinich discussed in our profile is no doubt complicated and controversial. We've included a link to the American Monetary Institute at www.clevelandmagazine.com (you can find it by searching for 'Elizabeth Kucinich: More to Say'), so our readers can learn more about her point of view.
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text:
Tag Archives: anniversary
The Quilt Place is celebrating its 12th anniversary on Saturday, April 7. Come and party with us. We will be having food, drinks, special sales, live entertainment and much more. It's also End of Bolt day so it's going to be … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged anniversary, party Leave a comment


text:
Trinity Goes Wireless
New Technology on campus
Thanks to a generous gift from an anonymous donor, Trinity School for Ministry now has a wireless network operating on campus. "Over the past several years Trinity has noticed an increase in the use of tablets and iPads among our students and guests. These devices cannot be connected through a traditional wired network," stated Heather Henkel, Trinity's IT Manager. "The new wireless network will allow students and guests to securely use these new technologies to access the internet and participate in the online components of their classes."
Many have wondered why it has taken Trinity so long to install WiFi on our campus. Ms. Henkel responds by saying, "We wanted to make sure that whatever wireless solution we used would be a secure one.
With the newer, more robust security that is now offered in wireless systems, individuals can access the internet while still maintaining the security of our network and of sensitive data."
Trinity is pleased to be able to support local industry with this new installation.
Both the technology and the installation were provided by Blackbox, an international technology company which is headquartered in Pittsburgh.
The new network is for the use of Trinity students, faculty, and staff. Instructions for accessing the network will be provided.
Post new comment
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text:
Jul 22, 2009 8:30 AM
You all know the story by now; you finally find that perfect new mascara, eye shadow, or lipstick hue that's juuuuust right… but it doesn't last. Within an hour, color's fading or feathering, liners have smudged, and half your mascara's on your cheekbones, making you look like you've gone twelve rounds with the champ. Enter BeneFit Cosmetics' She Laq, ($30) a clear miracle elixir that can be painted over makeup to make it instantly waterproof, fadeproof, and smudgeproof. The bottle comes with four brushes for different kinds of makeup, from a mascara wand to a tiny lip brush, so you don't have to worry about cross-contamination. When you finally head home at the end of a long day's work, you'll look just as fresh and beautiful as you did when you first dabbed on lipstick in the morning!
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
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Use By Date is No Joke!
Tuesday, February 26, 2013
So I don't have a whole lot going on lately. I haven't been super consistent with tracking, which I need to get better at. I go through a few days where I'm great at tracking everything and then I don't for a few days...then I do... then I don't... I am slowly getting back into working out. I wanted to work out yesterday, but I felt like I might toss my cookies all day yesterday and the night before, and also had to tutor from 7-8:00 last night and decided that working out was not a good idea. I fought to get through the day and stopped and got some Pepto and ginger-ale on my way home from work. I took the Pepto as soon as I got in the door (after having a 40 minute conversation with "The Boy"- he had had a rough day and needed to vent about it). Luckily the Pepto worked.
I had felt really horrible since eating some pasta and hamburger meat with sauce the night before. The "Use By" date was 2-20-13, but i smelled the meat, looked at it a few times and decided that it should be fine to eat... I'm not completely positive it was the meat, but I started feeling sick about 30-45 minutes after eating it. I slept horribly Sunday night and just hoped for a snow day (we had a pretty nice snow storm on Sunday) but all I got was a 1 hour delay (teachers still had to report at the normal time). I got through yesterday by trying to not stand or move much. I felt bad because I had a MUCH shorter fuse with my students yesterday than I usually do. Anywho, last night by about 8:30 I was feeling a little better, took 2 more Pepto capsules (I can't stand liquid medicine) and went to bed at 8:45. I'm still not sure how much I'll be eating today (don't want to push it) but I definitely feel more "normal" today. I might work out today before I go to tutor again, but we shall see how the day goes.
I've almost been "craving" to go workout the last week or 2, but have only been a few times. I need to get back into the swing of things and just make it a habit again. I've just been feeling SOOOO lazy. I get home and just want to sit around or go to "The Boy's" and hang out with him haha. I've been pretty good about eating 2-3 meals a day and maybe a snack thrown in. I need to still work on that piece, but its definitely better than it used to be.
I feel like I've just been going back and forth between the same 8 pounds lately. I've finally started to consistently go down which has been nice for a change. I just want to get into two-derville. 17 pounds to go and I'll finally be there- I know I can do it- but I definitely need to up my game. I want to be down to 295 by my birthday (June 2). I think I can do it, I just need to focus!!
I hope that everyone is having a great week!
Until Next Time
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Ugh, feeling bad sucks. Hope you are doing much better now. I know how it is to track on and off. I have to plan ahead or I eat far more than I should. You can get back into the swing of things and see your goal accomplished!
1216 days ago
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Sorry you have got sick yes definitely abide by the use by dates!
1218 days ago
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Food poisoning is no fun, that's for sure. I'm happy to hear it sounds short lived. Pat yourself on the back for making steady improvements to diet and exercise. If you find you're having a hard time going out again after getting home, you might pack a snack and your workout gear and head straight to the gym from work. Hope you feel 100% soon!
1219 days ago
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You can definately achieve your goal. I hope you will be back to normal and not feeling sick ASAP. Yeah, for some reason I've developed the stomach of steel, but I still don't mess with expired meat. Other expired products are one thing, meat is a complete other. I'm getting back into regular exercise as well, and it feels great. Now when I'm bored or lazy I do planks during commercials or go walking before going to bed. Goodluck.
1219 days ago
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Sounds like you had an extra hard Monday...but you got through it so now on to better days !!
1219 days ago
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Jeff Thomas of the Springfield Republican looks at the quarterback situation for UMass with Kellen Pagel and Brandon Hill leading the charge as the top two signal callers.
Of the four candidates, sophomore transfer Kellen Pagel and redshirt freshman Brandon Hill appear to be the frontrunners as they have taken the most snaps with the first team in practice.
Sophomore Ray Pendagast, who is also competing for the starting punter job, and true freshman Mike Wegzyn are in the mix as well.


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Nov. 28, 2008
Final Stats
RENO, Nev. -
Despite a solid effort, the Alabama women's basketball team dropped a tough game to No. 7/8 Louisville 73-56 in the first round of the Nugget Classic at the Lawlor Events Center. With the loss, the Crimson Tide slips to 3-2 on the season, while the Cardinals improve to 5-0 overall.
"We never gave up in that game," said head coach Wendell Hudson. "I am really proud of our effort. We competed out there."
Freshman Ericka Russell led Alabama with a career-best 16 points. Classmate Carmen McCoy topped all Tide players with six rebounds and three blocks, and junior Dedrea Magee handed out four assists. For Louisville, senior Angel McCoughtry chipped in a game-high 28 points.
Alabama kept it close early in the first and took the lead at 7:50 when Russell hit her first of four three pointers putting the Tide up 17-14. Louisville would take the lead back minutes later and go into the locker room with the 35-28 edge.
After Louisville hit the first bucket of the second half, Russell knocked down five straight points to bring Alabama within four points at 37-33. The Cardinals then took off on a 12-0 run over 4:27. Louisville extended its lead to as many as 20, but the Tide rallied back to cut the lead to 13 on two occasions. The Cardinals held on in the end to take the game and remain undefeated on the season.
For the fourth time in five games, the Alabama bench outscored its opponent with the Tide reserves collecting 43 points to Louisville's 24. For the game, Alabama shot 32.7 percent from the floor and 73.9 percent from the free throw line hitting 17 of 23 attempts.
"We've got some things to clean up, but I look back on where we were when we started in October and see the giant steps we've taken," added Hudson. "I couldn't have asked for anything more effort-wise from this group tonight."
Alabama continues play at the Nugget Classic Saturday when it takes on Northern Iowa in the consolation game. Tipoff is slated for 7:00 p.m. (CST). Fans can watch the game live on the web by clicking here and can also listen along on the radio on the Crimson Tide Sports Network.


text: Branch: England RunAge Level: Elementary School KidsTeensDetailsDescription: Play video games, create art and get together with fans of Japanese manga. Come in March for a special Teen Tech Week project! Drop-in. Grades 6-12. Full ScheduleTime: Repeats every month on the third Friday until Sat May 18 2013. Friday, March 15, 2013 - 3:30pm to 5:00pmFriday, April 19, 2013 - 3:30pm to 5:00pmFriday, May 17, 2013 - 3:30pm to 5:00pm


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« Kooser Said He's Had His Fill | Home | Invasion Tuck Box »
Two Example Invasion Cards
By Lester | December 9, 2012
Brad turned in the final Invasion of the Saucer People illustration on Saturday, as pictured below:
Kate has been assembling cards. Here are two examples (click for a larger view):
While she prepares the printing templates, I'm weighing printer options. (A new player has entered the field since we launched the project.) Printing should begin this week.
Topics: Announcements, Game Design, Popcorn Press | No Comments »


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VB:I was wondering if there is a way so the cursor will set its position relative to the active window.SetCursorPos Lib "user32" _ (ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long) As LongIf you like these VB formatting tags please consider sponsoring the author in support of injured Royal Marines
'Item If Target.Address = ("$E$6") Then Range("E8").Select ElseIf Target.Column = 5 And Target.Row = 6 Then Range("E8").Select End IfWhich is repeated in a sheet several times so that when data is entered in various cells the cursor automatically moves to the next relevant box.
VB:clsFormChanger Private Sub CB_Discard_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdSave_Click() apeRng.Value = Replace(Replace(ActionPlan.TextBox1.Value, Chr(13), ""), Chr(9), " ") Unload Me Set apeRng = Nothing End Sub Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() End Sub Private Sub CommandButton3_Click() End Sub Private Sub Label1_Click() End Sub Private Sub ResizeForm() With Me '.StartUpPosition = 0 'this is not essential as the form can obviously be sized at design time 'but some of the objects become invisible after resizing so this allows 'those objects to remain visible in design mode 'also removing the title bar requires the form to be partially resized anyway .Width = 244 .Height = 202 End With End Sub 'ResizeForm Private Sub TextBox1_Change() End Sub Private Sub UserForm_Initialize() Set mclsFormChanger = New clsFormChanger Set mclsFormChanger.Form = Me With mclsFormChanger .ShowCloseBtn = False .ShowSysMenu = False .ShowCaption = False End With ResizeForm 'SetFormStyle cmdSave.SetFocus End Sub ' Comments: Prevent the form being closed using Alt+F4 Private Sub UserForm_QueryClose(Cancel As Integer, CloseMode As Integer) Cancel = (CloseMode = vbFormControlMenu) End SubIf you like these VB formatting tags please consider sponsoring the author in support of injured Royal Marines
VB:Would really appreciate help on this one. Been trying it for a couple of hours without success. Thank you.Range Public Sub PopupAPE() Dim PS As Positions Dim fProtected As Boolean, fProtScen As Boolean, fProtDraw As Boolean Dim sRes As String #If VBA6 Then Dim HO As cstFormHorizontalPosition Dim VO As cstFormVerticalPosition #Else Dim HO As Long Dim VO As Long #End If HO = cstFhpAuto 'position the form relative to rActive VO = cstFvpAuto 'position the form relative to rActive PS = PositionForm(WhatForm:=ActionPlan, AnchorRange:=apeRng, HorizOrientation:=HO, VertOrientation:=VO) With ActionPlan .Caption = "Action Plan: " & ThisWorkbook.Sheets("Open Paper").Range("B" & apeRng.Row).Value .Left = PS.Cell1Left .Top = PS.Cell1Top .SpecialEffect = fmSpecialEffectRaised .TextBox1.Value = apeRng.Value .Show vbModal End With End SubIf you like these VB formatting tags please consider sponsoring the author in support of injured Royal Marines


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College Hockey:2008-09 Clarkson Season Preview
The Knights lost some serious mojo in Zalewski (21-12-33), Dodge (12-14-26) and Cayer (10-12-22), not to mention Clitsome's offensive bent (5-17-22). When Leggio is thrown in the mix, perhaps you can understand why this correspondent has referred to them as George Roll's "Miracle Class."
And yet, while Clarkson finished second in the league in scoring last season, it was only seventh in overall scoring at 2.77 goals per game. The offense was both a strength and a liability, as it couldn't come through for the Green and Gold in the out-of-conference matches. The Knights potted 28 goals in 12 non-con clashes in the regular season, and only scored two against St. Cloud and Michigan in the NCAA regional in Albany.
But then came the NHL Draft. Four incoming Knights were picked by the boys in the Big Show, giving Roll and this year's Potsdam icers a big jolt of credibility.
"The entire class is going to make a strong impact on the program," said Roll. Possessing a lot of skill and speed, "they can really get up and down the ice."
"This is the deepest team we've had, up front and on the blueline," he stated.
Between Beca (10-24-34), D'Alvise (12-17-29) and Guthrie (9-13-22), Clarkson has some veterans to give the opposition something to think about as well.
"If I had to pick one guy up front [to break out this season], it would be Shea," said Roll.
"I think these are some guys in D'Alvise, [defenseman Tyrell] Mason (1-9-10), [defenseman Philippe] Paquet (1-3-4) and Beca for whom it's their turn to step up," challenged the coach.
For what it's worth, Clitsome was the only Knight to step off the Clarkson blue line for good this spring. Three sentinels return after playing more than 30 games last year (senior Mason, soph Bryan Rufenach and senior Adam Bellows), and three of the other four returners played in more than 20 tilts (sophomore Tom Pizzo, senior Paquet, and sophomore Dan Reed).
No wonder Roll is loving the depth of his roster; we haven't even mentioned third-year Knight Jeremiah Crowe (17 games played in '07-08) or incoming six-foot-one 19-year-old Mark Borowiecki (2008′s Central Ontario JHL Defenseman of the Year). The defense ought to give this team a lot of much-needed support early on, as the squad tries to redefine itself in the wake of the Miracle Class.
No question, this is The Question for Clarkson this season. Packed up in Leggio's suitcases were 103 games, over 6,000 minutes, 2,706 saves, a .650 winning percentage and eight Golden shutouts. How do you hope to replace that?
"We're a bit of an unknown this year," Roll admits, pondering whether Leggio's absence has bred doubters around the league.
Battling for the opportunity to cast a new shadow on the Cheel crease will be junior Tim Potter and newcomers Paul Karpowich and Richie LaVeau.
Karpowich comes out of Wellington of the Ontario Provincial league, and is property of the St. Louis Blues. The big six-foot-three 19-year-old will turn 20 in late October, and in what little Roll has seen of him, has pegged him as a relative standup 'keeper with an aptitude for playing the puck.
Potter "played a few minutes in his year and a half here … and has shown signs he can play at this level, but he needs to be more consistent," said Roll, who described the six-two Potter as "athletic and acrobatic."
A lot is riding on the freshman class, but as stated, the Knights' depth and experience on the blueline could come in huge early in the season as the youngsters find their legs. It's impossible to say what will happen atop the blue ice this year, but at least the goalie probably won't have to be the load-bearer for this team.
It will be a steeper climb than in recent years to reach that top-four plateau, but this team seems well-equipped to give it a go.
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
Please also keep "woofing," taunting, and otherwise unsportsmanlike behavior to a minimum. Your posts will more than likely be deleted, and worse yet, you reflect badly on yourself, your favorite team and your conference.


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March 24, 2012
Salt Lake City, Utah - The first-ever Pac-12 Gymnastics Championship was one for the ages, with top-seeded UCLA coming from behind on balance beam in the final rotation to win its 17th conference title. The Bruins recorded 197.425 to outscore second-place and host team Utah, 197.375. Oregon State was third with 197.025, and Stanford placed fourth with 196.825.
Stanford held the lead for each of the first three rotations before falling out of contention during the fourth and final rotation. The Bruins kept close throughout the meet and showed tremendous grace under pressure in the final rotation, scoring 49.375 on beam to overtake Stanford and hold off a surging Utah, who scored 49.525 on floor. Senior Aisha Gerber led off with a season-high-tying 9.9 to get the Bruins going on the right course, but a pair of falls from Olivia Courtney put pressure on the rest of the team to hit. And hit they did. After Mattie Larson's 9.7, Vanessa Zamarripa hit for a season-high 9.95. Elyse Hopfner-Hibbs earned a pair of perfect 10s and finished with a final score of 9.975. And Samantha Peszek rebounded from a scary fall on bars to score 9.85 and clinch the victory for UCLA.
The competition was fierce among each of the top four seeds competing in the second session. In the first rotation, each team scored 49.2 or higher, with Stanford taking the lead after a 49.5 on beam. UCLA and Utah tied with scores of 49.3 on floor and vault, respectively, and Oregon State was fourth with 49.2. The Bruins were led by Peszek's 9.9 and counted score of 9.825 or better from Tauny Frattone (9.825), Zamarripa (9.85), Olivia Courtney (9.875) and Alyssa Pritchett (9.85).
The Bruins moved to vault for the second rotation and blasted a meet-high 49.55. Kaelie Baer led off with a 9.825, followed by a stuck vault from Hopfner-Hibbs that scored 9.9. Peszek added a 9.85, and Courtney powered a big vault with a stuck landing for a 9.95. Frattone contributed 9.9, and Zamarripa closed with a 9.95 to tie for first with Courtney. Despite the Bruins' high score on vault, however, Stanford remained in first place after scoring 49.425 on floor, and Utah surged ahead of the Bruins with a 49.6 on uneven bars.
After two rotations, the Bruins stood in third place with 98.85, trailing Stanford (98.925) and Utah (98.9) and leading Oregon State (98.475). UCLA was solid but not spectacular on bars, scoring 49.2 for a three-event total of 148.050. Gerber's 9.875 led the way, and Monique De La Torre and Larson each contributed 9.85s, while Zamarripa scored 9.825. Stanford, meanwhile, built up its lead with a 49.45 on vault and a three-event total of 148.375. Utah had to count a fall on beam but still scored 48.95 and remained just two-tenths behind the second-place Bruins with a 147.850. Oregon State was just .025 behind the Utes with 147.825.
UCLA's clutch beam rotation pushed the Bruins into first. Utah made a run at it by scoring big on floor with 49.525, but the Bruins had just enough to hold off the Utes. Oregon State also finished strong with 49.2 on vault to post its second-highest team score of the year. Although Stanford faltered on bars, scoring 48.45, the Cardinal posted its highest team score of the year with 196.825.
"We were really excited to come out here for the inaugural Pac-12 Championship meet because we knew Utah would do it big and they would do it just like a national championship, and that's exactly what it felt like," said UCLA head coach Valorie Kondos Field. "It was an exciting competition. It was hard, I always want to keep myself in my little Bruin bubble, and it was really hard to do that, not just because of the fans, but because of the teams. Every team was doing great, and that's how you want athletics to go."
Courtney defended her conference vault title, tying with Zamarripa and Stanford's Ivana Hong for first with a 9.95. Hopfner-Hibbs won the beam title with a 9.975. Kondos Field was voted the Pac-12 Coach of the Year for the fourth time in her career and first since 2003.
UCLA will next compete Apr. 7 at the NCAA Regionals. The NCAA selection show to announce the regional pairings will be on Monday, Mar. 26 at Noon PT on NCAA.com.


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This is a discussion on Security Guard tries to take pistol from OC'er. within the Open Carry Issues & Discussions forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; Originally Posted by spooter66 Please tell me it involved a flute! well yes it did, I had 11 no wait 14 guards running after me ...
Protecting my family, until the U.N. takes that right away from us
An armed society is a polite society. Manners are good when one may have to back up his acts with his life. - Robert A. Heinlein
Well I'm just about to set out to that Wal-Mart. I'll be concealed considering its damn cold out there. No chance my down coat is going to 'print' or 'bulge' so if they have Magnatometers, which I doubt they have, they will be no chance that they will know I'm armed.
I will also check before entering for any 'gun's not permitted' signs on the entry door.
I checked with my son, his brother in law was Sam's Club Loss Prevention and there is no way they would have been allowed to stop, detain, or disarm someone unless there was a 'retail fraud' in which case they can detain for the LEO's but they can not forcibly dis-arm a lawfully carrying citizen.
ADDENDUM: No posted signs, normal loss prevention magnetometer at entrances and exits, no issues at all. My coat was on however.
Last edited by mel5051; January 13th, 2010 at 03:09 PM.
Walther P99 AS full size 9mm
Kahr P9 compact 9mm
Michigan Sheriff's Association
The key is to hit them hard, hit them fast, and hit them repeatedly. The one shot stop is a unit of measurement not a tactical philosophy. Evan Marshall
This is my first post here, so I would like to say hello at the same time. - I am an armed guard and CCW holder out in California. I take my job seriously, while at the same time having no desire to be seen as a "Mall Cop," or wanna be cop. I have taken all the training available to me including firearms, baton, chemical weapons and stun gun. I'm also an NR-EMT and Woofer. - My first thought to this incident is what the hell happened to "observe and report." THIS is what a guards primary job is. We are NOT cops. We have not been trained as such. This guard is just another example of the ones that make me cringe, and that embarrass me.
As for me....IF the OC guy had made my antenna go up for a good reason, I would do as I was trained...observe and report. I would then discreetly watch from a distance, while praying to the powers that be, that I will not be forced to do anything. And this is assuming the OC did anything to warrant any extra attention. Having a gun on his hip would not be enough in my mind.....more guns...less crime.
So, has this incident been determined to be legitimate?
Be not far from me, for trouble is near; For there is none to help. psalm22:11
My question too.....has this been resolved (the validity of the reported event)
Magazine <> clip - know the difference
martyr is a fancy name for crappy fighter
You have never lived until you have almost died. For those that have fought for it, life has a special flavor the protected will never know
IF this story is true.....the guard is lucky he is still breathing
what an idiot
Certified Glock Armorer
"I got a touch of hangover bureaucrat, don't push me"
--G.W. McClintock
Independence is declared; it must be maintained. Sam Houston-3/2/1836
If loose gun laws are good for criminals why do criminals support gun control?
Absolutely not. Even if it was a police officer, and even if the guy was carrying illegally, it still would have been a stupid move to try disarming him in this manner.
My blog
WARNING: This post may contain material offensive to those who lack wit, humor, common sense and/or supporting factual or anecdotal evidence. All statements and assertions contained herein may be subject to literary devices not limited to: irony, metaphor, allusion and dripping sarcasm.
looks like this guy was some kind of security person with military training, and guard is lucky to be alive


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It's good news that the gadgets, electronics and appliances of tomorrow will be more environmentally friendly and thus cheaper to operate. Sadly, I suspect this will have no impact on utility customers' bills. Efficiency is a losing proposition for energy providers, which by definition profit most when we use more, not less, energy. PUCs will increase costs to compensate for lower demand. One can only hope that the commissions that regulate energy providers will be wise to the games they will play to prevent us from seeing any savings on our monthly utility bills. Already, the PUCs are taking action to lobby state governments to increase their rates so that the decline of the American consumer and/or the improved energy-efficiency of future products will not translate into a decline in their own profits. I'm a believer that certain universal human needs should be met by not-for-profit enterprises. Healthcare, energy --- they ought to be nonprofits.
Efficiency Standards to Save Americans More Than $1 Trillion by 2035
Sadly, America's wildly successful energy efficiency standards have fallen victim to politics in recent years. Despite being used over the decades as a way to encourage innovation, increase customer choice, and reduce pollution, efficiency targets have been bizarrely branded as a government tool to control people's lives.
Well, here's more evidence that energy efficiency standards for equipment and lighting actually help consumers: A new report from the American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy shows that these standards reduced energy consumption by 7% in 2010 — and could help consumers save $1.1 trillion in energy costs by 2035.
Assuming that 11 new standards being considered for computer equipment, electric motors, fans, and pumps get established, the U.S. could see a 14% reduction in annual electricity use by 2035 compared with current projections. According to the ACEEE report, assuming household appliances are updated every 15 years through 2040, the average American household could save 180 megawatt-hours of electricity and over 200,000 gallons of water. Translated into understandable figures: Roughly $30,000.
Here are some other interesting factoids on energy savings from these standards:
- Annual natural gas savings in 2035 of about 950 trillion British thermal units (TBtu), or enough to heat 32% of all natural-gas-heated U.S. homes.
- Peak demand savings in 2035 of about 240 gigawatt (GW), saving about 18% of what the total generating capacity projected for 2035 would have been without standards.
- The CO2 savings from existing standards in 2010 were 203 million metric tons, an amount equal to the CO2 emitted by 51 coal-fired power plants. By 2025, the CO2 savings grow to 448 milion metric tons, an amount equal to the emissions of 112 average-sized coal-fired power plants.
- Annual emissions reductions in 2035 of around 470 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), an amount equal to the emissions of 118 coal-fired power plants.
Since they were established in the 80′s, efficiency standards have clearly worked. They are a no-brainer for helping reduce peak demand, save consumers money and reduce global warming pollution. They also help drive innovation in business through consistent national standards.
Why would such common-sense measures get dragged into politics?


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Jun 28, 2013 8:05 AM
Standing out from the crowd at the luggage carousel doesn't have to mean buying a neon polka-dot suitcase. This Dilli Luggage Tag ($25) will do the job just fine, for a much more reasonable price, and without making you look like a clown while you're lugging your bag through the airport.
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