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In a must-read book, The Age of the Crowd, the author, Serge Moscovici, writes on crowd psychology.
Tarde adopted Le Bons description of crowds almost to the letter, but maintained that they were spontaneous and transitory associations which could not remain perpetually in turmoil. They were destined either to break up and disappear as quickly as they had formed, leaving no trace, like a crowd of idlers, a meeting or a short-lived mob, or to develop into disciplined and stable bodies. Between the first and second kinds there was a chain of transformations that produced a new and distinctive character.
To see this clearly it is enough to observe the contrast between groups of individuals experiencing the same emotion or under the control of the same man during an earthquake, a football match or a pop festival and those formed deliberately and developing into a church, a political party or a firm. The difference, as can easily be seen, arises from the existence of an organisation based on a system of shared beliefs and operation in a hierarchy recognised by all its members.
That then is the characteristic that separates natural from artificial crowds and improvised, spontaneous associations from controlled and formal ones. There is a logical development between the two. A striking event of any kind will spontaneously produce:
that first level of association that we call a crowd. From that rudimentary, transitory and amorphous aggregate, a series of intermediate stages lead up to the kind of organised, hierarchical, durable and regular crowd that can be called a corporation, in the widest sense of the word. The most intense form of a religious corporation is a monastery, the most intense form of a secular one is a regiment or a workshop. The largest forms of them are respectively Church and State. (Tarde, 1910: 168)
We need not spend too long on something we are perfectly familiar with. What we perhaps ought rather to be concerned with is the nature of the transformation. From what we know, spontaneous crowds always come into being under the stimulus of a psychic factor or external conditions such as traffic jams, wet or fine weather (they are always popular in summer!) the time of day and so on. They are formed by a series of impulses and maintained by a quasi-mechanical series of actions and reactions such as shouting, processing and marching arm-in-arm.
Organised crowds, however, which are associations of a higher order, are formed and develop as a result of internal conditions and are moved by collective desires and beliefs and a chain of imitations which make their constituent individuals more like each other and their shared model, the leader. They are independent of variations in the physical milieu and immediate interpersonal stimuli. They also divide up time and space to suit their own convenience. Examples of this are calendars of parliamentary sessions, national or religious occasions, meeting-places, the arrangement of court-rooms or the positioning of platforms.
There are many instructive differences between the two kinds of crowd. The most important one, and the one that enables us to say that some are natural and some artificial, is the capacity that the latter have for imitation. This is what produces the much greater conformity visible in churches, political parties and the like, in which the individual is wholly caught up and shaped by a mimetic force for which there is no counterweight. When they are organising themselves, crowds simply intensify that potential force and transform an almost physical pressure into social suggestion. In Tarde's words, an organisation of itself creates nothing, invents nothing and differentiates nothing. Its only function is to coordinate and to suggest inventions (Tarde, 1895b: 227).
That provides the advantage that goes with replacing spontaneous masses by disciplined ones, a transformation that is always accompanied by an increase in general intelligence. As we have seen, anonymous, amorphous crowds reduce the reasoning power of individuals to the lowest common denominator, whereas those in which there is a certain amount of discipline oblige the inferior to imitate his superior, thus raising his faculties to a level perhaps higher than the average. Why should this be so? The answer is simple. Every member of an artificial crowd is always bound to imitate the leader who created it. It follows that his intelligence becomes theirs. Tarde, alluding to Le Bon, wrote:
And so we are right to see them as being generally of lower intelligence and morality than the average of their members. From this point of view not only is the social compound they represent, as is always the case, unlike that of its elements (of which it is the product and the combination rather than the sum) but it is usually inferior in value. That, however, is only true of crowds which come close to it. The opposite is the case when the esprit de corps is more dominant than the crowd spirit. When that happens, the social compound perpetuating the genius of a great organiser is superior to its current elements. (Tarde, 1910: 180)
Just as every logician can learn the rules of Aristotelian logic and reason like the great philosopher, every member of a political party or every officer in an army can acquire the political or military intelligence of the leader who founded the party or raised the army, whether he be a Lenin or a Napoleon. In other words, it is as if individuals, after having regressed and lost their own intellectual faculties in natural crowds, acquired, once they had become organised and made up to resemble each other through the discipline of imitation, social and intellectual faculties and raised themselves to the level of the leader of the artificial crowd they had joined.
We can take the police as an example. Their methods of seeking out criminals, procedures for enquiries and set forms for compiling statements have all, in principle, been worked out by people of above-average intelligence. This means that every policeman applies rules and reasoning processes that he would have been unable to work out for himself, since to do so would be beyond his natural ability. This fact drew the following humorous comment from Tarde:
If, according to the Latin proverb, it is true that the senators are good men, but the Senate is an evil beast, I have had many opportunities to note that policemen, although they are usually intelligent, are less intelligent than the police force. (Tarde, 1910: 180)
The irony of the phrase reverses its meaning, and the police force becomes more intelligent than its individual officers. The same would be true of any body of people. Professors and students would be less intelligent than the University, priests and people less virtuous than the Church, the secretary-general and members of the Communist Party less politically conscious than the party itself, and so on. That is why the University, the Church and the Party would always be right.
To sum up, what differentiates between crowds is the existence or otherwise of a system of organisation. Natural crowds obey mechanical laws, artificial ones the laws of social imitation. The former reduce the level of individual intelligence, the latter raise it to the level of a social intelligence that the leader shares with everyone. The great superiority of artificial crowds, and hence of corporations, comes from the fact that they embody the achievements of a superior and unusual man and reproduce thousands or millions of copies of the characteristics of a single individual like de Gaulle, Einstein or Jesus Christ. From the social point of view, the existence of these reproductions, these groups of leaders, the essential transmission belt between the individual and the crowd, is the hardest and the most important thing to achieve. In one sense they are more necessary than the mass itself, for they can act and invent without it, whereas the mass can do little or nothing without them. The mass is the dough, and they are the yeast.
This idea has also been very clearly expressed by Gramsci, who saw such people as being the motive element in a party, the main cog that effectively and powerfully harnessed a range of national forces which left to themselves would achieve virtually nothing. In itself, of course, this element would not form a party, but it would form one much more surely than the average mass, given the right conditions. They would, he said, be generals without an army, but in fact it was easier to create an army than to create generals. It was also true that an already existing army would be destroyed if the generals disappeared, while the existence of a group of generals trained to work together, in agreement among themselves and with common aims, would soon create an army where none existed (Gramsci, 1953: 24). I am not suggesting that the great Marxist theorist followed Tarde's teaching or was inspired by it, although such links cannot be ruled out. It is simply that he very clearly expresses the essentials of the latters ideas, and his words show just how far they had spread.


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The Arc of Northeast Tarrant County will hold a workshop called 'Fostering independence, Developing Confidence and Self-Reliance in Your Child' on Saturday, June 12, in Haltom City.
The presenter is Courtney Boggs - Kissel, Giggles Therapy and she will talk about ways to challenge their children and foster self-reliance and give you strategies for a more independent child.
This is part of the RISE series of workshops that strive to support families of children with special needs.
R.I.S.E. meetings are held the 2nd Saturday of each month from 2:30 – 4:30.
Meeting location: The Arc of NETC - (Arc House)
1806 Haltom Road Haltom City, Texas 76117
During each meeting, participants will hear from an invited guest from 2:30 – 4:00.
From 4:00 – 4:30 families will have time to reflect on information presented and network.
For more information visit: http://arcnetc.org/uploads/RISE.pdf or call 817-834-7700 or send an Email to: firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Marlins have been perennially bad since the won the world series 7 years ago, and are (once again) purging their payroll.
The Panthers have been out of the playoffs for a decade (in a sport where *everyone* makes the playoffs) and lost all three home games they played this week.
The Hurricanes just finished another "meh" season with way too many losses, and fired their coach last night.
And the Dolphins are no better than average, and are basically forgettable. Could a mediocre end-to-the-season cause them to replace the coach this season? We don't know.
But I have to assume so. As we hear it, Stephen Ross has expressed an "interest" in John Gruden. He likes the coaches style and approach to the game and might like to have him coaching here.
What a sad state of affairs for a city that has enjoyed a fair amount of success with its sports teams.


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Soul brother
Feb 4th, 2013 at 7:25 pm by susie
Todd Rundgren and Ethel:
Feb 4th, 2013 at 7:25 pm by susie
Todd Rundgren and Ethel:
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Tomorrow marks one month living in our home. We're moved in. Well, as moved in as we can…
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I so wish I could say that my blog post with the most hits was one of substance, one that would affect change in someone's life, one that would leave a mark. But alas, much like Billy Ray - who laughed all the way to the bank with "Achey Breaky", I am laughing all the way to Shanda's Best of 2011 Blog Hop at A Pause on the Path with the very…Continue
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Use this black Carthage wall mirror to add depth and style to your home decor.
Radiate style and charm in your home with this scroll pattern wall mirror. It features an antique black finish frame with bronze highlights. Also has beveled edges. A welcoming addition to your entryway. Resin construction.
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River otters were listed as a state
threatened species in 1977. Their status was downgraded to state endangered in
1989. It's likely that fewer than 100 otters existed in Illinois at this time.
The largest concentration lived along the Mississippi River and its backwaters
in northwestern Illinois. A smaller population occurred along the Cache River in
the southern tip of the state.
The Illinois Department of Natural Resources started
working on a recovery plan in the early 1990s. The chances of success seemed
good because habitat and water quality had improved in many parts of the state.
Also, the state's beaver population was at near-record numbers (beaver dams
create excellent otter habitat) and the state was engaging in some major efforts
to conserve wetlands and wooded areas along streams and rivers.
From 1994 through 1997, 346
otters were captured in Louisiana using small
foothold traps and released in southeastern and central Illinois. Thanks to these
efforts and expanding populations in nearby states, otters are now common and found in
every county in Illinois. Their status was upgraded from state endangered to
state threatened in 1999, and they were delisted in 2004.
Recovery efforts have been wildly successful. A study by Southern Illinois University estimated that the number of river otters in release areas grew to more than 8,400 in 2009 (about 1 otter per 5 square miles). This estimate does not include parts of western and southern Illinois where releases were not made because otters had colonized these areas naturally. DNR estimates that nearly 11,000 otters occurred statewide in 2009. This is expected to grow to more than 30,000 by 2014 if left unchecked.
Rivers, streams and lakes are key habitats. Those with wooded shorelines and
nearby wetlands are best. Water quality isn't a major concern unless it's so bad
that fish are scarce. Some types of contaminants can cause problems, but tests
show that otters from Illinois have little or no accumulation of these compounds
in their bodies. Beavers tend to make areas even more inviting for otters. Otters aren't able to dig their own burrows.
Abandoned beaver dens
are their favorite places for resting and raising young. Pools and wetlands
created by beaver dams are good places for otters to search for food.
River otters are most active at night. Adult males live along large
stretches of river, often up to 40 to 50 miles. Females aren't nearly as
mobile. Their home ranges are only 3 to 10 miles depending on habitat
quality and the time of year. A study in Missouri found that otters at one
conservation area had home ranges of 7 to 48 miles long and reached an average density
of one adult per five miles of shoreline. Home ranges were smaller at another area,
which supported one adult per 2 1/2 miles in more diverse and higher-quality
As many as nine otters have been spotted together in Illinois. Smaller
groups of three to five are more common, and usually consist of a female and her
offspring. Males tend to be solitary, but sometimes join a family group or even
form a bachelors club with other males.
Otters travel a lot but spend most of
their time at activity centers with abundant food and cover. Examples include
logjams, oxbows, pools below dams or spillways and springs or riffles that stay
free of ice all winter. Otters usually follow watercourses, but cut across land
if it's more convenient. Some crossings are used so often they have worn trails.
Areas visited frequently or for long periods of time are fairly obvious.
Otters tend to drag large fish onto the shoreline or a logjam to dine. Scales,
heads and other uneaten parts are left behind. Otter toilets (known as spraints) are marked
by piles of large, coarse droppings that are dark-colored and contain fish
scales and crayfish parts. Sometimes otters post territory by raking leaves and
grass into a mound that they mark with droppings or a thick yellowish fluid from their
anal glands.
Otters are graceful and powerful swimmers. Only the head and
shoulders show as they swim along the water's surface. They might swim like this
for long distances or take short, regular dives as they go. They can stay
submerged for three to four minutes and swim up to a quarter mile underwater.
They have a
bounding or loping gait on land. Tracks left in the snow are nearly unmistakable
because of their unique "bound-slide" mode of transportation. After a few bounds
forward, they slide on their bellies for 10 to 20 feet, reaching speeds of up to
15 to 18 miles per hour. While noted for their playful behavior and habit of
sliding down steep riverbanks, slides are fairly rare unless an area is used
It's not unusual for otters to approach within a few feet of a boat or
a person on shore because they're curious and near-sighted. Near-sightedness is
an adaptation that helps them to see better while underwater.
Fish are the river otter's main prey. Food studies done in different parts
of the United States show that they eat whatever species are most common and
easiest to catch. Biologists found remains of sunfish, carp and shad most often in
droppings collected in northwestern Illinois. Otters eat crayfish and frogs when abundant. Less common foods include salamanders, snails, clams, snakes,
turtles, birds and insects.
Breeding takes place from January through April. The fertilized eggs remain
dormant for 285 to 365 days, then they attach to the wall of the uterus and
continue to develop. The pups are born 60 to 63 days later, arriving between
January and May. Most litters have two to four young. Newborns are helpless but develop
quickly. Their eyes open at about 35 days of age. Brief trips outside the den
begin at 10 to 12 weeks. Females do most of the work when it comes to raising
the pups, but males help occasionally once the pups leave the nest. The young
otters are coaxed into the water for the first time at about 14 weeks of age.
They're weaned by 4 months of age, but often remain with their mother until the
following spring. Young females can breed at one year of age, but many wait
until they're 2 years of age.
Conserving wetlands and wooded areas along streams and rivers are top
priorities. Reducing soil erosion and preventing fertilizers and pesticides from
washing into streams are important measures, even where otters aren't likely to
visit. For example, soil particles washed into a stream can settle when they
reach slow-moving water, covering the rock, sand, or gravel that some fish need
to lay their eggs and raise young. Fewer fish means less food for otters.
Problems caused by otters have grown along with the population. Most problems stem from predation of fish in stocked ponds or aquaculture facilities. Effects of predation on natural fish communities have not been documented in Illinois, but the possibility exists given findings of studies in Missouri. Predation by otters was a major source of mortality for small alligator snapping turtles released in a stream in southern Illinois as part of an effort to restore this endangered reptile.


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10th Annual Duke's Choice Awards: Nominations are Open
By Tori Wieldt-Oracle on May 07, 2012
Entries are now being accepted for the 2012 Duke's Choice Awards, which celebrate extreme innovation in the world of Java technology. Nominate an individual, a group or company who show the best in Java innovation.
A 10-year old tradition in the Java community, the Duke's Choice Awards awards are granted to the best and most innovative projects using Java. The primary judging criteria for this prestigious award is innovation, putting small developer shops on an equal footing with multinational giants. You can view prior winners here. The ten most innovative submissions will be announced in the September/October issue of Java Magazine and showcased at Java One, September 30-October 4th. There are no predetermined categories-it's all about innovation. Nominate via the easy online form at www.Java.net/dukeschoice. Nominations are open until June 15, 2012.


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By Bill Kurz
April 5, 2012 | Vol. 42, No. 14
Here we go again with another change of borough managers. These changes cost us at least $200,000 each time simply for the change: Lost productivity, getting up to speed, new manager getting known to agencies. Near as I can tell we have only had o...
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It's the hottest list of the year: The New Year's resolutions. For 2014: think outside the body- to something bigger than yourself- your garden. Get thyself a notebook and commit to one month of planning with 11 months of follow up to a better garden.
January's main objective is to commit to creating your dream garden. By creating a notebook to queue from, you will organize your mind about what to do the rest of the year.
The mission statement
Yellow pad or iPad, write what purpose your garden needs to fulfill in order to best serve your needs. Is it a place for vegetables or volleyballs? Maybe it is both. Space can be multi-purpose, active or reserved for quiet reflection.
When you are satisfied that you know what sort of garden pleases you, print this guiding statement out. Punch holes and post it in a notebook. Having priorities to develop your outdoor space saves time, energy and money. Not to mention mistakes.
Picture what this looks like
For your second section in your notebook, sketch out the space to scale- marking entrances, exits and views looking out from the house. These are the most important spaces visually. Treat them as such.
Gather inspiration
Pictures explain your grand vision and supporting details faster than you can write. For your third section, buy some shelter magazines. Collect clippings of what appeals to you from internet design sources such as Pinterest and Houzz.
A plant you spotted in a magazine or big box store might not do well in our region. However chances are good that something with similar attributes can be spotted at the public spaces easy driving from the San Gabriel Valley. From A (The Los Angeles County Arboretum) to Z ( The Los Angeles County Zoo), we are very fortunate to have public gardens open year round.
Take your camera. Photograph what you love – along with the identifying tags. Together, when you go to actually stalk plants for your garden, this makes that job so much easier.
Study and Analyze
Take some pictures of what your property looks like on camera- compare this to what you want.
To help you analyze and strategize how to create your personal vision of what a beautiful garden looks like, I highly recommend ordering Yards Turn any Outdoor Space into the Garden of your Dreams by Santa Barbara based garden designer and writer,Billy Goodnick.
In this lively written, picture filled tome, Billy puts the fun in the fundamentals of planning a great home garden. His book is a triumph of beauty and efficiency. He manages to to advise everyone, from beginning do-it yourself-ers to people who want to communicate better with the professionals they hire.
Take Action
By the end of January, you should have a list of what needs to be bought, built or carted away.Divide this list between the 11 remaining months- then get to work. For the next New Year's list, the resolution can be to enjoy what you worked so hard to bring to life.


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Get in Touch with Us
Work/Life Connections
1211 21st Ave. South
Medical Arts Bldg, Ste. 010
Nashville, TN 37212
Psychological First Aid
Work/Life Connections-EAP coordinates Crisis Intervention Services and Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) Services for the Vanderbilt community.
Definition: A Critical Incident is "any event which has the potential to produce unusual or distressing emotional symptoms such as an accident, injury, death, disaster, threat or act of violence, or other traumatic event at the workplace."
Response: CISM facilitators respond to Critical Incidents/traumatic events which are impacting the Vanderbilt community. The facilitators have experience in psychological first aid using Critical Incident Stress Management techniques which are psychological interventions such as defusing, "de-griefing," and debriefing, crisis management briefing and other forms of crisis intervention.
Protocol: To inquire about CISM Interventions, faculty/staff can contact Work/Life Connections-EAP at 615-936-1327.
Posted on Thursday, September 29, 2011 in Services, Services for Managers, Work/Life Connections and tagged Crisis, Critical Incident Stress.
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We'll review your comment as soon as possible. If you have an immediate help request, please contact us at the following:
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Out with the old, in with the new Miami Dolphins
Sometimes it's a good idea to compare the old with the new because that gives us a more accurate assessment of the improvements made.
It's like looking at the before and after pictures of a remodeling job. The best way to see how far a project has come is by looking at the starting point.
A quick look at the outgoing Miami Dolphins – the players the team replaced this season via free agency, trade, or the draft – should make it very obvious the 2012 Dolphins have made substantial improvements to the team.
Not all of the moves made will pay off immediately. But the Dolphins have put together a younger roster, one that possesses some upside.
Here's a breakdown of each outgoing player, his replacement, and explanation of the position's status.
OLD: Quarterback Chad Henne was signed to a two-year, $6.75 million deal with the Jacksonville Jaguars, who envision him become Blaine Gabbert's backup.
NEW: The Dolphins drafted Texas A&M's Ryan Tannehill in the first-round of the 2012 draft, and he is the quarterback of the future. How quickly he becomes the team's starter is up to Tannehill's mastery of the offense, and his adjustment to the speed of the NFL game.
STATUS: The Dolphins improved by letting Henne, a quarterback with a 75.7 career quarterback rating, depart as a free agent. The future appears brighter with Tannehill, who is an ideal fit in the west coast offense.
OLD: Pro Bowl receiver Brandon Marshall was traded to the Bears for two third-round picks, the first of which was used to select tight end Michael Egnew after Miami traded down a few spots. The second third-round pick comes in the 2013 NFL draft.
NEW: The Dolphins signed Legedu Naanee to a one-year contract worth $700,000, drafted former Michigan State receiver B.J. Cunningham in the sixth round, and Nevada's Rishard Matthews in the seventh round. The Dolphins also signed Texas A&M's Jeff Fuller and Penn State's Derek Moye as undrafted rookie free agents. All five have a chance to make the 53-man roster, and become contributing players.
STATUS: It is unlikely that all five new receivers, much less one of them individually, will put up the numbers that compare favorably to what Marshall will accumulate in Chicago now that he's been reunited with Jay Cutler. However, it is possible that someone - Clyde Gates, Brian Hartline, Roberto Wallace, and Marlon Moore - will blossom and have a productive season as the Dolphins' front line receiver.
OLD: Cornerback Will Allen signed a one-year contract with the New England Patriots for the NFL minimum.
NEW: Cornerback Richard Marshall signed a three-year, $16 million contract with the Dolphins and should serve as the team's nickel cornerback.
STATUS: Marshall is younger (27), and was more productive (78 tackles, two sacks, three interceptions) than an aged Allen last season. He's one of the best tackling cornerbacks in the NFL, and should help the Dolphins defense become more versatile. However, the Dolphins did lose a veteran leader in the secondary and someone will need to fill that void.
OLD: Defensive end Kendall Langford signed a four-year, $24 million deal with the St. Louis Rams.
NEW: Defensive end Jared Odrick, the team's 2010 first-round pick, will likely be elevated into Langford's old role as the starting left end. Last year Odrick split the reps with Langford and contributed 22 tackles, six sacks, one forced fumble, and one interception. Tony McDaniel is also capable of filling the void Langford's departure creates. And seventh-round pick Kheeston Randall should have a good shot of making the 53-man roster.
STATUS: Langford's specialty was stuffing the run, which helped the Dolphins limit opponents to 3.7 yards per carry. Odrick has been a capable run stuffer in his first two seasons. The Dolphins are also moving towards a 4-3 front, which means Odrick might be used more as a pass rusher, which plays to his strengths.
OLD: Offensive guard Vernon Carey will possibly be forced into retirement
NEW: John Jerry could return to his status as the starting right guard, a role he held all of 2010, but it is possible he'll be pushed by Nate Garner, Ray Feinga, newcomer Artis Hicks, and the loser of the right tackle battle.
STATUS: The Dolphins are looking for a younger, and more athletic guard than Carey, who is a 30-year-old converted offensive tackle. Even though Carey played pretty well at his new spot in 2011, it is telling that he still hasn't found work.
OLD: Offensive tackle Marc Colombo retired as a Cowboy this offseason.
NEW: Stanford offensive tackle Jonathan Martin was drafted in the second-round to play right tackle. To earn the spot he'll need to beat out Lydon Murtha, who had a productive exhibition season as the starting left tackle before suffering a season-ending foot injury in the preseason finale.
STATUS: Colombo's retirement came a year too late because his play last season as horrendous. It's hard to believe Martin or Murtha could perform any worse in their first season as an NFL starter.
OLD: Pass rusher Jason Taylor retired after the 2011 season.
NEW: Former UM standout Olivier Vernon, who contributed 82 tackles and nine sacks in his 30 college games as a Hurricane, was drafted in the third-round to become the pass rusher paired with Cameron Wake.
STATUS: It's never easy replacing a Hall of Fame caliber player, but Taylor is 37, and has become a one trick pony. However, he did contribute seven sacks last season in a limited role. If Vernon contributed seven sacks in 2012 he'd probably be up for Rookie of the Year honors. Vernon is an unrefined pass rusher that needs a lot of coaching, and playing time.
OLD: Strong safety Yeremiah Bell is unsigned, but has a deal pending with the Chiefs, Eagles or Titans.
NEW: Tyrell Johnson signed a one-year for the NFL minimum, but that doesn't guarantee he'll be Bell's replacement. This defense will ideally use two interchangeable free safeties, which means the Dolphins are looking for safeties who are versatile, and can cover large areas of the field. That means Bell wouldn't fit into defensive coordinator Kevin Coyle's plans.
STATUS: Johnson, Reshad Jones, Chris Clemons, Tyrone Culver and converted cornerback Jimmy Wilson are all competing for the two starting safety spots. Who gets it, and how they perform will determine if the Dolphins miss Bell, who lead the team in tackles for the past four years.
OLD: Quarterback JP Losman is presently unemployed, and a fringe NFL player.
NEW: Quarterback David Garrard was signed to a one-year deal worth $3.35 million (which included a $1 million signing bonus), and will serve as a veteran presence in the locker room.
STATUS: Garrard has started 76 NFL games and has an 85.8 quarterback rating, which is superior to anything a Dolphins quarterback not named Chad Pennington has accomplished this past decade. However, Garrard's health issues, especially his back problems, could be a concern. But it's possible he could be a hold-the-fort down starter in 2012, bridging the gap for Tannehill.
OLD: Defensive end Phillip Merling was released last month after he decided to skip the team's OTA program. He hasn't been signed by another NFL team.
NEW: The Dolphins drafted Texas defensive tackle Kheeston Randall to add depth to the defensive line. Miami also signed undrafted rookie free agent defensive linemen Chas Alecxih and Jarrell Root.
STATUS: Merling, a second-round pick in 2008, tallied 66 tackles, one interception and 3.5 sacks in his four seasons with the Dolphins. But he contributed just four tackles and two pass deflections in the 10 games he played in last year. How much are the Dolphins really going to miss this former draft bust?
OLD: Reserve outside linebacker Ikaika Alama-Francis, who sparingly contributed in his two seasons with the Dolphins, hasn't been signed by another NFL team.
NEW: The Dolphins signed former Jets defensive end/linebacker Jamaal Westerman, who contributed 32 tackle, 3.5 sacks and forced one fumble last season last season. The Dolphins also signed undrafted rookies Derrick Shelby and Jacquies Smith.
STATUS: Even if Westerman become a part-time contributor to the defense he'll likely be adding more than the one tackle Alama-Francis contributed last season.
OLD: Reserve inside linebacker Marvin Mitchell, who contributed 30 tackles, one sack and one interception last season, signed a one-year deal with the Vikings.
NEW: Former New England Patriot Gary Guyton was signed to a one-year deal worth $765,000.
STATUS: Guyton, who started 32 games for the Patriots over the past four years, contributed 47 tackles and intercepted one pass last season. Guyton has far more starting experience than Mitchell, who started two NFL games in his five seasons, and is a more versatile player.
So, where do you see the most improvements made, and where is the biggest drop off with the 2012 Dolphins roster?


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Jiri Makovec joins In-Public
Sunday 01 July 2012
In-public are delighted to announce that Jiri Makovec has joined the collective. Jiri was born in the Czech Republic and has been living and working in New York over the last six years.
Using a Hasselblad and lots of film, Jiri has managed to capture the city in a truly unique and surprising way. We are all extremely pleased to have him on board as our new member.
In-Public was set up in 2000 to provide a home for Street Photographers.
Our aim is to promote Street Photography and to continue to explore its possibilities, we are a non commercial collective. All the photographers featured here have been invited to show their work because they have the ability to see the unusual in the everyday and to capture the moment. The pictures remind us that, if we let it, over-familiarity can make us blind to what's really going on in the world around us.Read more


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Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians
Hunt, John (E.)
Hunt, John (E.), trumpet, flugelhorn; b. Jackson, TN, 15 August 1939.
He began playing piano at age 10, then changed to trumpet at age 12. Played in the Merry High School Band and later in the Tennessee State University Band in Nashville, TN. Moved to Indianapolis, Indiana in the mid-sixties where he played with pianist, Ermond Hubbard and Carl Hines.
Moved to New York in the late sixties to go join the John 'Spider' Martin Band, a Tenor Saxophonist, formerly with Lionel Hampton. Left New York for St. Croix, U.S, Virgin Islands in 1970, where he worked with Jimmy Hamilton, formerly with Duke Ellington over the next twenty years. He played jazz with Quintets in cities such as, Dallas, TX; Philadelphia, PA; and Atlanta, GA.
He's currently the band leader of a Jazz Quintet formed in 1996 named the Jazz All Stars.


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|Dealers and Galleries Home
Previous Exhibitions - Green On Red GalleryBea McMahon Two-Fold
11 Nov - 11 Dec. 2010
Green on Red Gallery is delighted to announce the opening of its next exhibition of new work, Two-Fold, by Bea McMahon on Thursday, November 11, running until December 11, 2010. The exhibition centres around InDivisible, a moving image work using the apparatus of 3D film technology.
Bea is an artist of exceptional talent and originality as evidenced by the level of intellectual engagement with her subjects and the imaginative invention in the execution. She completed her MA in Visual Art only after completing her post-graduate work as a Mathematical physicist and immediately launched her artistic career with highly original works in video, sculpture and drawing/collage. â Sometimes the work can seem elliptical and elusive, only allowing you the pleasure when you can board this spinning set of allusions and reference points, a process that more than rewards the effort it takes â (Mike Nelson, the curator in Curated Visual Arts Award, 2008)
Her work travels along a strange and boundless path between an inner reality of thought and the ordinary outside world. Although her practice does not subscribe to an obvious visual lexicon of science, it does rely on thought processes she learned through the study of mathematics â one that exists in a state before logic and before language.
In the opening paragraph of Ralph Ellisonâs 1952 novel Invisible Man the protagonist says âI am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me.â
Her filmâs onscreen title viewed through 3D glasses reads DIVISIBLE in the left eye and INVISIBLE in the right eye. The real time elements of this film installation were shot using two cameras simultaneously. During filming, in Braddock and Sewickly, the cameras were positioned on a device that replicates the short distance between human eyes. This footage of figures mounted on a horse, repeated circular forms and a figure was then combined with a number of animated sequences. The synchronized films are projected onto the same screen made of mirror and spray coated in milk. One projector has a right hand circular polarizing filter covering its lens, the other a left hand circular polarizing filter. 3D glasses worn by the viewer, along with the perfectly reflecting surface of the screen, allow the superimposed double image to be separated into the viewerâs right and left eye.
The mechanics of binocular human vision are drawn to the fore; two eyes yet one image. And more than exploring the illusion created by 3D cinema technology, the parallax effect is disrupted in certain sequences that contain entirely different images for each eye, this adds a further layer of complication to viewing conditions in the gallery, where the viewerâs attention is split between the inside of the frame (the film) and the outside of the frame (the gallery space around the screen) and with the viewer also asserts control over which way to see with their own eyes.
In this work the mechanics of production and the materials of display coalesce with the conceptual arguments and subject matter, creating a situation where elements reference and reveal aspects of each other. It counts out and orders an illogical, complicated, unreasonable thing; an irregular set of possibilities not admitted by the secular capitalist system we live in which has monopolized myths in the course of generating its own. 3D cinema has been advertised as being more ârealâ. Spinoza states that the more reality that belongs to the nature of anything, the greater is the power for existence it derives from itself. Yet our attention on the light which has been reflected, halved, added and separated point toward things escaping our vision, extant but not seen.
Since her last exhibition in Green On Red Gallery in 2008 she has featured in numerous projects and exhibitions including her residency and exhibition, Nothing is Impossible, in the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh curated by Georgina Jackson and Mark Garry, Into Irish Drawing, Limerick City Gallery, Hengelo, Holland and The Centre Culturel Irlandais, Paris, The Visual Artistâs Award, Douglas Hyde Gallery, Dublin and Void Gallery, Derry, Timespace, Burren College of Art, Gracelands, 2010 and 2009, Mimetic House, Leitrim, the Sinop Biennale, Istanbul 2010 selected by Vaari Claffey, among others. She will now will take up residency culminating in a show in the foundation dedicated to Johathan Latham, called Flat Time House in London and will participate in The Yvonne Rainer Project curated by Chantal Pontbriand at the BFI, London. Her new video work Field ( 2010 ) was shown in the series of curated exhibitions called Unbuilding in Mermaid Arts Centre, Bray, last month and was described as operating â between multiple planes that combine land art with Mathematical Theory, Theoretical Physics, astronomy, nature studies, science-fiction and spiritual mysticism â. The work seen in Two-Fold was made during her residency in the US in early 2010.
For more information contact Jerome O Drisceoil or Mary Caffrey at T: +353 1 6713414 / E: firstname.lastname@example.com.
The next exhibition at the gallery is an exhibition of new works by gallery artists, present and future opening to the public on December 14 and running until January 29th, 2011.
Back to dealer/gallery profile


text: From here on out, anything with two doors in the BMW lineup will have an even-numbered designation, meaning that the 3 Series Coupe will now become the 4 Series. The big exception to this rule, of course, is BMW's new-found passion for the four-door coupe. The 6 Series Gran Coupe made its debut this year, but next year a smaller version of this design is on its way to the U.S. courtesy of the all-new 4 Series Gran Coupe.


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According to a Sept. 1 report from Mstars News, the WWE's creative team threw wrestling fans for a loop last night on WWE Monday Night Raw in Des Moines, Iowa, as they merged two of the hottest storylines heading into Night of Champions. Nikki and Brie Bella had been feuding for the past several weeks, as had AJ Lee and Paige.
Their feuds were completely separate and not had nothing to do with each other, but the WWE made the shocking decision to mesh them together. It now appears the Nikki Bella vs. Brie Bella and Paige vs. Lee angles have merged. Last night on WWE Monday Night Raw, WWE head honcho Stephanie McMahon walked out to the ring with Nikki Bella.
She told Bella that she would be granted a shot at the WWE Divas title. Brie Bella then walked out to the ring and confronted McMahon and Nikki. Moments later, Lee emerged from backstage and went toe-to-toe with McMahon. She told the boss lady that she is the true contender for the WWE Divas Championship, so she was fuming when it was announced that Bella would receive a title shot.
To wrap up the segment, WWE Divas Champion, Paige, walked out to the ring and confronted each of the ladies in the ring. She told McMahon that she's the true champion of the WWE Divas Division. Shockingly, Brie then smashed Nikki Bella and Paige to the mat, before walking off set. Lee quickly picked up the belt, before McMahon took it back from her.
What does this mean for the Nikki Bella vs. Brie Bella and Paige vs. Lee angles? No one knows for sure except WWE's creative team. It was expected that Lee would be colliding with Paige in a singles match for the WWE Divas Championship, later this month at Night of Champions. Nikki Bella was also slated to compete against Brie Bella in a singles match on the pay-per-view card.
After last night's episode of WWE Monday Night Raw, the promotion could take the new angle a number of different ways. In all likelihood, the WWE will script AJ Lee to align with Brie Bella, for a collision between Paige and Nikki Bella. That would make the most sense, but time will tell how the WWE plays it.


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Given parametric curve: $x=t\cos(t)$, $y=t^2$, how can i rotate the curve about the origin by an angle $\theta=\pi/3$?
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In $x,y$ coordinates, counterclockwise rotation by $\theta$ takes $(x,y)$ to $(u,v) = (x \cos(\theta) - y \sin(\theta), x \sin(\theta) + y \cos(\theta))$.


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With the second annual Dogwood Classic just two months away, Colonial Downs has announced a special incentive offer to partygoers who purchase tailgate spaces before the end of February.
An invitation-only Dogwood Classic "Launch Party" will be held at Richmond's "Bull & Bear" Club on Saturday March 1st from 4-8 PM. and each early-bird tailgate purchaser will get an invite for them and a guest.
The all-inclusive kickoff party includes food, beverages, "for fun" casino games and live music with the band Vinyl Headlights.
Tailgating spots and general admission passes to the April 5th Dogwood Classic will be available to purchase that evening in addition to all other events at Colonial Downs this year including the Virginia Mega Mile AMA Pro Motorcycle Race, the Virginia Stampede Pro Rodeo and the Virginia Derby.
The Dogwood Classic is an afternoon of steeplechase racing and tailgating on the track at Colonial Downs, home of the Virginia Derby. Reserved tailgating spots along the rail are $200 along the homestretch or $125 along the backstretch and in the turns. Each spot includes six general admission tickets for the driver, passengers and friends. Additional tickets can be purchased for $10.


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Document Actions
Intellectual Property Agreement Forms
The University Intellectual Property Agreement (IPA) is required to be completed and signed by individuals first appointed or transferred to the following classification categories:
- a). Executive, administrator, academic administrator, and academic throughout the University; b) faculty, staff exempt, staff nonexempt, and technical service in academic or academic service units throughout the University.
- For any existing employee in the above classification categories who has not signed an IPA Form.
- Graduate assistants and fellows/trainees at the time of their first appointment.
- Undergraduate/graduate students, postdoctoral trainees/research associates, wage payroll employees, visiting scholars/scientists, emeritus/retired faculty and others who may be in a position to make, conceive or reduce to practice inventions or otherwise develop technology.
In the specified classification categories, signing this form is a condition of employment. See University Policies IP01, "Ownership and Management of Intellectual Property," and RA12, "Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurial Activity (Faculty Research)," for further information.
- Intellectual Property Agreement Form
- Student IP Agreement Form (Form 1) - for use when assigning IP to Penn State
- Student IP Agreement Form (Form 2) - for use when assigning IP to a company sponsor
- Student
Research Sponsorship Acknowledgment (Form 3)
- Petition For Assignment of Patent Rights to Inventor


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Red Rock at Dusk. Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. October 8, 2012. © Copyright 2012 G Dan Mitchell – all rights reserved.
Red rock sandstone cliffs at dusk in the Fruita area of Capitol Reef National Park, Utah.
The farther mesa or tableland is a prominent feature of the Fruita District area of Capitol Reef National Park as seen when approaching from the west – though here it is photographed from a slightly different point of view that is more to the south. There is a prominent feature – not seen in this photograph – along the upper rim of these cliffs that is known as "The Organ," and which is pointed out in guides and maps to the area. However, I'm surprise that the spectacular cliff and mesa itself seems to either not have a name or else have a name that is not widely known. I asked about this when I was there, and several people who should know did not know of a name for it, and one suggested a name that comes from another feature that is more general.
Nonetheless, these cliffs certainly impress me, named or not! The photograph was made rather late in the day, as the sun was just about to drop above the edge of the higher country to the left/west of here. Thin clouds somewhat diffused and softened the evening light, but not so much as to remove the warm coloration of the light. Among the strata visible here is one along the low ridge at front right that contains starkly differentiated layers of lighter and darker rock. Near the far lower left corner is a small area of trees that is not far from the campgrounds of the Fruita area.
G Dan Mitchell is a California photographer and visual opportunist whose subjects include the Pacific coast, redwood forests, central California oak/grasslands, the Sierra Nevada, California deserts, urban landscapes, night photography, and more.
Blog | About | Flickr | Twitter | Facebook | Google+ | 500px.com | LinkedIn | Email
Text, photographs, and other media are © Copyright G Dan Mitchell (or others when indicated) and are not in the public domain and may not be used on websites, blogs, or in other media without advance permission from G Dan Mitchell.


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Interscholastic Cycling May 2014 Recap
USA Cycling works with several interscholastic leagues that allow athletes to compete for their schools in the tradition of collegiate cycling. Each league is unique with different disciplines during different seasons but all focus on allowing students to participate in a sport that until recently was not available within a school structure. Read the following recaps from our league directors to find out more about their league and the current racing seasons. If you are interested in starting a league in your area, or getting involved with an existing one please feel free to contact USA Cycling's Interscholastic and Club Development Coordinator Emily Palmer or one of the league directors below.
Virginia High School Mountain Bike SeriesBy: Peter Hufnagel, Virginia High School League Director
Round 4 of the Virginia High School Mountain Bike Series was held on the rocky trails in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The venue has become a bit of a legend within the series, for it has the most technically challenging course and often leads to changes in the overall standings. Interestingly, the race has only been won in the Varsity Boys category by a local Harrisonburg rider on the Rocktown Team. Home-court advantage in this case means knowing every rock and root on the course and all the fastest lines. After narrowly taking the leaders jersey from Kyle Plunkett (Eastcoasters) at Miller School of Albemarle, Adam Croft (Pure XC) was eager to stamp his authority on the Series by winning a second race in the Boys Varsity event. Jake King (Miller School of Albemarle) was also hoping for another win after he rode away with a convincing victory on his home course at the previous race. However, regular podium finisher and veteran racer in the series, Derek Elliott (Rocktown), proved again that locals rule in Harrisonburg. With a big hometown crowd cheering and a local news station filming, Elliott launched an attack at the gun and never looked back. His technical skills and strong riding proved unmatchable by the other fifty riders in the Varsity field. He extended his lead over chasers, every lap and crossed the line ecstatic to keep the Rocktown team tradition of winning at home going another year. Behind Elliott, Croft finished ahead of King, G Shulz, Tyler Smith, Chris Derby, Ben Casella, Ryan Cullen, and Plunkett. Justin Mitchell (Woodberry Forest) had a breakthrough race to finish 3rd place.
In the Girls Varsity race, Mason Hopkins (Pure XC) was eager to earn back the Leaders Jersey from teammate Elizabeth Shaw. Familiar with the Rocktown trails, Hopkins attacked early in the second lap and put in a sizable lead over Shaw. Not far behind, Shaw worked hard to limit her loses on the technical trails and kept Hopkins within a minute until the final lap. In the final lap, Hopkins put it into a higher gear and stretched her lead to over two minutes by the finish. She won the race and the Leaders Jersey.
The JV Boys race was dominated by the technical prowess of
baggy-short-wearing mountain biker Josh Craig (unattached). He
The dual between the Girardi sisters (Pure XC) continued in the Girls JV race. Going into the race, Mia held a small lead over Ellie in the Series competition. However, Ellie entered the race with confidence after her win the previous race at Miller School of Albemarle. Both riders are strong technical riders and were comfortable on the challenging Harrisonburg course. After riding a few seconds apart in the first lap, Ellie attacked on second lap and opened small lead. She held it to the finish and moved within a few points of taking the Leaders Jersey back from her sister.
The Elementary race was the largest in the Series' history. Sixteen elementary school riders, including seven girls, conquered the rockgardens and roots. Robert Berry (Eastcoasters) narrowly finished ahead Austin Payne (BRC) as second week in a row. Closely behind the duo, Ryan Little (BRC) sprinted ahead of Spencer Line (Bike Factory). Consistent and strong riding earned Tyler Corliss (Williamsburg) the final podium spot.
Autumn Bartels (Williamsburg) continued to excel in the girls Elementary category. After a mechanical early in the race, Bartels kept her composure and finished seventh overall and first among the girls. Ellie Hoskins (Cutaway Girls) and Ella House (Cutaway Girls) were not far behind. Lucia Hoskins (Cutaway Girls) and Mia Block rounded out the podium by narrowly outsprinting the strong Katrina Tremaglio.
Texas High School Cycling League: 8th Annual Scholastic Road Series
By: Andrew Armstrong, Texas High School League Director
From May 10-11 over 50 middle and high school student athletes competed in the 8th annual Texas Road Series Finale and State Championships. Students came from across Texas to compete in the Coldspring Road Race and the Houston Grand Criterium. The state road race, criterium and series overall championships were all on the line and competition was intense.
With three category offerings for boys and two for girls competitors were on par with each other making for good, close racing in fields. Jesuit College Prep Dallas won the coed combined team overall series championship but Wichita Falls ISD had the chance to take it away over the course of the final weekend. The largest field of the weekend was the novice boy's category and with over twenty competitors it will end up being one of the largest Junior fields of similar ability at any Texas race all year.
All told there were nine races over four race weekends with 84 different student athletes representing 40 different schools, including a number of home school students. In fact the top three finiehers in the boys' varsity criterium made it a home school podium sweep. Additionally the league had a female participation rate of 16.5% overall. For full overall team standings and individual varsity results as well as more details on the league please visit the league's website.
In the fall the league will continue with the scholastic mountain bike series joining with the Texas Mountain Bike Racing Association races in Texas. To be part of the exciting scene of scholastic cycling in Texas feel free to email Andrew Armstrong, Texas league director.
Connecticut Cycling Advancement Program: Root66/ CCAP High School MTB SeriesBy: Karen Franzen, Connecticut High School League Co-Director
The individual omnium award went to Lane Maher (Bristol) with 470 points. John Pavolich (Watkinson) and Robbie Desmarais (Bristol) were tied with 450 points and Jared Barlow (Watkinson) was not far behind with 448 points. Sarah Bosco (Berlin) took the girl's title for the series. The Team Participation award went to Hartford's Watkinson High School.
A huge thanks goes out to the race series promoters and supporters of the Hop Brook Dam MTB Race, the Winding Trails Fat Tire Classic, Race the Wrock and Bikers Edge WInsted Woods mountain bike races. Individuals like Jill and Chris Logan from the Root66 Series and Craig Kennedy from Createx Colors, were instumental in launching the first
CCAP High School Mountain Bike Series. With their help the CCAP has been able to bring
in larger fields for the junior races.
The CCAP Tuesday Night Training Series is in full swing with the high school/junior clinics and mock races. Averaging 15-20 riders each week, CCAP is providing a true racing experience on a weekly basis. There is also a weekly training ride for the CCAP Junior Travel Team and CCAP Club Members which continues to enforce race tactics and drills while building team camaraderie.
Related Articles
- Interscholastic Cycling April 2014 Recap - May 09, 2014
This Article Updated June 16, 2014 @ 04:49 PM For more information contact:


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A Finnigan Instrument Corporation Model 1015 GC/MS/DS. From left to right: a minicomputer from Digital Equipment; part of the quadrupole mass spectrometer; the remainder of the mass spectrometer electronics console and gas chromatograph. Image courtesy of Robert Finnigan.
It was here that Finnigan saw a special advantage for the quadrupole mass spectrometer: its mode of operation made it particularly suited to control by a minicomputer. Finnigan believed a computerized GC/MS using quadrupole technology would provide both speed and power. When he failed to convince EAI to back an effort to develop such a product, he created a new organization to build the new instrument: the Finnigan Instrument Corporation, established in January 1967.
By early 1968 Finnigan's company delivered prototype quadrupole GC/MS instruments to Lederberg's Stanford lab and to the chemistry department at Purdue University. Within months the firm had introduced a fully computerized GC/MS. The instrument, with its advanced quadrupole mass spectrometer and customized minicomputer and software, cost $100,000. Despite its sophistication, power, and speed, only one order was delivered in 1969. Finnigan's start-up would quickly fail unless he convinced potential customers that it made sense to buy a new form of instrument with a dedicated computer. Enter the EPA.
Scientists at the EPA had just begun an arduous process to determine which instruments and measurement methods would be used to construct and enforce pollution-control regulations. These instruments and methods would become the standard adopted by government, industry, and courts. Finnigan saw his future in a marriage between environmental regulation and his computerized GC/MS: it could rapidly and assuredly identify and quantify the organic compounds of greatest concern to the EPA. Following an intense courtship by Finnigan and his coworkers, in 1971 EPA scientists placed an order for 20 computerized GC/MS instruments for evaluation. This promising beginning blossomed after a 1975 article by an EPA scientist praised the computerized GC/MS for reducing thousands of man-hours to a single day's work. Soon the EPA selected the computerized GC/MS as an approved way of measuring pollutants, and courts responded by accepting evidence from these instruments. Both government and industrial organizations bought and used the computerized GC/MS in rapidly increasing numbers in the 1980s.
By the 2000s computerized GC/MS instruments using quadrupole technology had become both essential to chemical research and one of the foremost instruments used for organic analysis. Today computerized GC/MS instruments are widely used in environmental monitoring of water, air, and soil; in the regulation of agriculture and food safety; and in the discovery and production of medicines. Looking back on the story of computerized GC/MS and quadrupole technology, Finnigan is still astonished by his unlikely journey from cold war military research to environmental protection.
David C. Brock is a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Contemporary History and Policy, and co-author of Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor (MIT Press, 2010). An expanded version of this essay is on dcbrock.net.
Transistor radio
©2010–2016 Chemical Heritage Foundation


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. - Gregg Allman is getting married for the seventh time.
The Hinesville Area Arts Council Gallery, 102 Commerce Street, will have special hours this summer due to construction. Hours are 10 a.m.-2 p.m Tuesday-Thursday and extended Thursday from 4-8 p.m. This excludes all class schedules that may keep the space open longer and/or different hours.
Water pollution problems happen every day in our community. These problems are caused when we make poor choices around our homes and areas where we live and work.
A huge, bluish-green, cactus-like plant that looks like it could be a prop from a science fiction movie is getting a lot of attention in one Hinesville neighborhood.
Boys can see toy trucks come to life, while parents shop for the produce and agricultural items Thursday in downtown Hinesville.
Michelle Caraballo of Hinesville won the Coastal Courier's Mother's Day Contest.
Keeping Liberty beautiful is supposed to be a group effort. I used to feel a sense of ownership - or actually, a lonely sense of responsibility - when I would see a pile of litter that someone had tossed on the side of the road because, I guess, they wanted their car to be clean.
Two Waldo Pafford Elementary School students have been chosen as state finalists in the National American Miss Georgia Pageant, which will be in July in Atlanta.
I recently read an article about living during the Great Depression. It reminded me about the things I learned from my parents, who both grew up during the Depression. That distinct way of living in that era had an impact on them the rest of their lives.
"To be as involved as you can be is my vision for seniors," the new pastor of Hinesville First Baptist Church told members of the Goldenheirs at their April meeting.
Money was scarce as hens' teeth in 1955, but Mother's Day was coming up and I wanted to give Mama a special gift. As I was 8 and had no way of going to a store by myself, but did not want to buy something off rolling store. In fact, at that time in my life, I had never been inside a real store other than the jukejoint at the end of our road. I had one whole dollar to spend, and I wanted the most for it.
What started as a celebration of Arbor Day turned into a search for stolen trees in Allenhurst.
I am sure you have seen that spotted, bright-orange lizard around town a time or two.
Hinesville native Jerry Poppell has painted in private for more than 12 years. So he said many friends were shocked when his watercolor and acrylic works went on display last week.
SAN JOSE, Calif. - Officials are confirming that artist Thomas Kinkade died from an accidental overdose of alcohol and prescription tranquilizers.
Jamari Darnell Sibley was born at 2:40 a.m. May 11 to Jasmine Sibley of Reidsville.
Liberty County native T.C. Stevens was enjoying a pipe after supper in his yard a few nights ago when his mind rambled back to ...
Long County Family Connection hosted a tribute to the late Rev. William Miller on Monday at the Long County Senior Center.
SAVANNAH - The Rotary Club of Savannah West is joining forces with The Maritime Bethel at Savannah to host an appreciation and awareness People of the ...
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Academic Paper
|Generating basic skills reports for low-skilled readers
|Sandra Williams
|click here TO access email
|The Open University
|Ehud Reiter
|University of Aberdeen
|Linguistic Field:
|We describe , a Natural Language Generation (NLG) system that generates a personalised feedback report for someone who has just completed a screening assessment of their basic literacy and numeracy skills. Because many users have limited literacy, the generated reports must be easily comprehended by people with limited reading skills; this is the most novel aspect of , and the focus of this paper. We used two approaches to maximise readability. First, for determining content and structure (document planning), we did not explicitly model readability, but rather followed a pragmatic approach of repeatedly revising content and structure following pilot experiments and interviews with domain experts. Second, for choosing linguistic expressions (microplanning), we attempted to formulate explicitly the choices that enhanced readability, using a constraints approach and preference rules; our constraints were based on corpus analysis and our preference rules were based on psycholinguistic findings. Evaluation of the system was twofold: it compared the usefulness of NLG technology to that of canned text output, and it assessed the effectiveness of the readability model. Results showed that NLG was more effective than canned text at enhancing users' knowledge of their skills, and also suggested that the empirical 'revise based on experiments and interviews' approach made a substantial contribution to readability as well as our explicit psycholinguistically inspired models of readability choices.
This article appears IN Natural Language Engineering Vol. 14, Issue 4, which you can READ on Cambridge's site or on LINGUIST .
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|21st February 2011, 02:39 PM
|#141 (permalink)
I can never pick just one.
Shooter: System Shock or Terminator: Future Shock
Platformer: Sonic or Ghosts n Goblins.
Fighting: Bushido Blade or Barbarian (C64)
Action: Gunstar Heroes or Tenchu
RPG: Kings Quest IV or Ultima 7
Racing: Wipeout, Stunts or Racing Destruction Set (C64)
Strategy: Master of Orion, Ascendancy, Master of Magic
Sim: Tie Fighter or Mech Warrior 2
Last edited by Drac; 21st February 2011 at 02:42 PM.
|9th August 2011, 02:22 AM
|#143 (permalink)
Frontier2 ( Elite 3 ). It's been made even better now by a russian team with updated graphics and wotnot. You can download it for free at spacesimcentral.com. Well worth a go.
And Bubble Bobble, arcade version........ Oh and Shadow of the Colossus on the PS2, Secret of Mana 1 & 2 on the snes. No. 2 only available on the Jap snes and U.S. famicom. I've only played a couple of years back on an emulator. The same with Chrono Trigger, Which I could also add to this list......
Can't really decide which of these out rank the other, but to be honest. I could make this list a wholle lot bigger. There's just too much classic stuff out there. But that won't help anything
|21st August 2011, 08:05 PM
|#148 (permalink)
If I had to pick the game I enjoyed the most and for the longest time I would have to say it was my first MMORPG - Ultima Online. Still miss some of the player housing mechanics that I haven't seen in an onliner since
TheOlderGamers.com ..."Never too old to play games!"
|24th August 2011, 05:18 PM
|#149 (permalink)
For me it's a toss up between Wing Comander: Privateer and the 1st UFO game. I still go back and play those game and I am still waiting for somthing as good. New games like X3 and the new UFO games are OK but still not as good. I'm still mad about the control in Freelancer (No Joysticks WTF!!)
|24th August 2011, 07:29 PM
|#150 (permalink)
My picks:
Master of Magic
Quakeworld TeamFortress
Ultima V
Castlevania SoTN on PSX
Tekken 2/3
Super Fine Pitch
|Thread Tools


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Ah, boating season is once again upon us. I have taken my Dramamine, tied my sailor's knots and the cooler is filled with beer. In addition I'm all decked out in white khakis, blue blazer and my linen captain's hat. I'm ready to pull up anchor and head out in to the open waters.
I have many fond memories of being out at sea. Two seasons ago my cabin cruiser ran out of gas and I drifted aimlessly for a few hours until a chap with two bathing beauties approached me on his skiff. I stood proudly on the bow and hailed him. "Hey buddy! Can I borrow one of your oars?" He shouted back, "These ain't no oars, this is my mother and sister!"
Truth is, I hate boats. Little boats are…well, too little, ocean liners carry disease and desperate widows, ferries have a habit of sinking and off-shore power boating is way too bumpy.
But I do like to try out nautical recipes on dry land. Some of these dishes are pretty unique between the devil and the deep blue sea, taste great, are easy to fathom and will tide you over.
Asparagus Rafts
16 Thick Asparagus Spears, Ends Trimmed
8 Bamboo Skewers, Soaked
¼ Cup Teriyaki Marinade
Sea Salt/Freshly Ground Black Pepper
White Sesame Seeds
Wash the spears and line up 4 in a row. Insert skewer at bottom of each spear and then insert at top just under the flower. Place rafts on hot grill, season and brush with marinade. Grill for 2-3 minutes per side or until you get grill marks. Remove from grill and sprinkle with sesame.
Zucchini Canoes
- Medium 2" Wide Zucchini, Cut in Half Lengthwise
Sea Salt/Freshly Ground Black Pepper
1 Tbs. Virgin Olive Oil
1 Tbs. Rice Wine Vinegar
1 Tbs. Minced Shallot
1 Cup Grape Tomatoes, Quartered
1/2 Cup Fresh Mozzarella Cheese, Diced
1/4 Cup Thinly Sliced Fresh Basil
Cut a thin slice off the backs of zukes so each half sits flat. Scoop out the pulp, leaving a 1/4-inch shell. Finely chop the pulp; set aside.
Place the zucchini halves in a microwave-safe dish. Sprinkle with 1/4 teaspoon each salt and pepper. Steam in a steamer basket over 1 inch of boiling water in a large skillet or pot.
Whisk oil, vinegar, shallot and the remaining 1/4 teaspoon each salt and pepper in a medium bowl. Add tomatoes, cheese, basil and the reserved zucchini pulp; toss to combine. Divide the filling among the zuke-canoes.
Endive Chicken Boats
1-2 Lb. Roasted Chicken,
⅔ Cup Peanut Sauce
¼ Cup Honey-Roasted Peanuts, Chopped
¼ Cup Fresh Cilantro, Chopped
2 Tbs. Fresh Lime Juice
1 Tbs. Brown Sugar
3 Heads Belgian Endive, Separated into Leaves
Remove and discard skin and bones from chicken; chop chicken.
In a large bowl, combine peanut sauce, peanuts, 1/4 cup cilantro, lime juice, and brown sugar. Stir in chicken. Spoon mixture onto endive leaves. Garnish with additional cilantro.
Check out the slideshow for some pictures of my memorable moments at sea.
Happy boating everybody.


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Nieman Journalism Lab Predictions For 2013
Just when you thought you'd caught up on all of the 2012 year-end lists, Harvard's Nieman Lab looks to some of its go-to thinkers to provide 35 predictions for journalism this year…
If you missed Nieman Lab's Predictions for Journalism 2013 that was published last month, carve out some time.
Many predictions centered on continuations of trends that picked up in the last couple of years, such as Amy Schmitz Weiss' bet that "Data was the big star in 2012 and will continue to be big in 2013."
David Skok was hopeful, predicting that "2013 will be a unique snapshot in time: the incumbents, fighting to stave off the disruptors, will invest in original journalism, and the disruptors, fighting to increase their market share, will also invest in original journalism."
Among our faves is Jake Levine's take on the "broadcast-ification of social media," where the Twitter's of the world started off as a "many-to-many" platform on which anyone could publish. But today, Twitter is more like a broadcaster, with many following few. It's a great observation that matters.
More strong prediction, insights, and questions on Nieman's site.
Category: Ideas and Innovation, Think Pieces


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Mixed messages
|Michael Ramirez, Investors.com
|Photo: Cellou Binani/AFP/Getty Images
Fear and managing risk
Our greatest fears often revolve around areas where we lack experience, and very few healthcare workers in the US have ever cared for a patient with viral hemorrhagic fever. Importantly, not only does Ebola Fever have a high mortality rate and no proven effective therapies, there is also no post-exposure prophylaxis. A simple lapse in infection control protocol cannot be undone with a pill or injection. One way we attempt to manage fear is to overprotect: if one barrier works, two must be better. In general, redundancies mitigate risk, but this isn't absolute. As Dan pointed out in his post yesterday, we may inadvertently increase risk by complicating infection control protocols with gear that healthcare workers may find distracting, uncomfortable, and lack training to use. The litigious nature of American society also impacts our decisions regarding infection prevention strategies. And many healthcare workers, while willing to accept much greater health risks in their personal lives, demand zero occupational risk.
Non-epidemiologic decision making
In many hospitals today, healthcare epidemiology staff have become advisors to hospital administrators who ultimately make decisions regarding the logistics of infection prevention. And their decisions may not be purely based on science. They often have aversion to approaches that would appear to be out of the mainstream of what other hospitals are doing, even if that's suboptimal. In addition, infection prevention seems to be increasingly used as a public relations tool. If you don't believe that, do a simple Google search and you will find scores of press releases published in local newspapers from hospitals who have purchased germ-zapping robots. By the way, I believe that one of the best uses for a hydrogen peroxide vapor robot would be terminal disinfection of the Ebola patient room. Perhaps those hospitals who have invested in this technology should be the first to receive Ebola patients.
Paramilitarization of public health
In the run-up to the Iraq War, the Bush administration sought to engage the public health and medical communities in the war on terror. Much effort was devoted to preparations for bioterrorism. Who can forget the smallpox vaccine debacle? Preparedness was all the rage, and the Joint Commission couldn't resist jumping on that bandwagon. Admittedly, some of the impacts of this were positive. For example, hospitals became more tightly linked to public health agencies and those agencies became much more engaged and proactive. But a new group of professionals emerged who are employed to make us prepared, and perhaps a little scared. A physician colleague who works in the IT world tells me that the constant fear mongering by IT security specialists is in part a job security tactic. So the folks who work in preparedness stand ready to help, perhaps in a more aggressive way than necessary this time.
Ok, anyone still surprised we've cranked it up to 11? I'm with Dan in hoping that we'll be able to dial it down to 8 this week.


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Caroline Young
Sept. 30, 2013
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (SMU) - Caroline Young was named American Athletic Conference Player of the Week for the second consecutive week, becoming the first player in league history to earn multiple honors. She earned the first award in conference play after leading the SMU volleyball team to a 2-0 record on the league's first weekend.
The junior scored 15 kills at Connecticut to lead the Mustangs to the first win in American Athletic Conference history, defeating the Huskies in 1:25, eight minutes before Houston beat Rutgers. Young had 32 kills in seven sets against UConn and Rutgers, and was one of just two players in the conference to average 5.0 kills per set in a match with her 15 in Storrs, Conn.
Young scored her second double-double of the season with 17 kills and 15 digs in a 3-1 win at Rutgers as the Mustangs picked up their 10th win of the season. The outside hitter had a .365 attack percentage for the weekend, and also had seven blocks. For the season, Young has a team-best 194 kills and is fifth in the American with 3.46 per set. She also has 81 digs with 34 blocks, and is tied for third in the league with 18 aces.
After three weeks on the road, the Mustangs return home for just the second time this season to host Louisville, the preseason favorite in the conference, Friday at 7 p.m. in the Dedman Center. SMU will conclude its first home conference weekend against Cincinnati at 1 p.m. There is no charge for admission to all home SMU volleyball matches this season.


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WATCH: Kim Kardashian Flour Bomb Video
Kim Kardashian was flour bombed on the red carpet at her fragrance launch on Thursday, with a still unidentified woman heaving a bag full of white powder on the reality star.
While a non-criminal battery report was taken, no charges were filed.
Immediately after the "attack," Kardashian was stunned (and a mess), but she eventually returned to the evening's festivities for her True Reflection scent.
Check out the videos below!
See PHOTOS from the flour bomb attack here!


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|INGREDIENTS: 1 qt. diced celery, 1 c. finely chopped onion, 1 c. butter or margarine (2 sticks), 4 qts. bread cubes-firmly packed (2-3 days old), 1 Tbs. salt, 2 tsp. poultry seasoning (sage), ½ tsp. pepper, 1-1/2 to 2 c. broth, milk or waster
|DIRECTIONS: Cook celery and onion in butter over low heat, stirring occasionally until onion is tender, but not brown. Meanwhile, blend bread cubes and seasonings. Add celery, onion and butter; toss lightly to blend. Pour broth, milk or water gradually over bread mixture, tossing lightly. Add more seasoning as desired. Makes enough stuffing for neck and body cavities of a 14-18 lb. turkey.
|INGREDIENTS: BOTTOM LAYER: 5 sweet potatoes, 1 c. brown sugar, ½ c. butter, ½ tsp. nutmeg, 1 tsp. cinnamon, milk, salt TOP LAYER: 4 Tbs. butter, 2 Tbs. milk, ½ c. sugar, ¼ tsp. salt, 1 tsp. vanilla, ½ c. chopped pecans
|DIRECTIONS: BOTTOM LAYER: Peel and cube potatoes, boil until tender. Mash potatoes with butter, nutmeg, cinnamon, brown sugar and salt; adding enough milk to make mashed potatoes. Pour into 10" baking dish. TOP LAYER: Mix butter, sugar, milk and salt in a saucepan and cook over low heat, stirring until thick and bubbly. Cool a little, then add vanilla. Sprinkle pecans over potatoes, then pour topping over pecans. Bake @ 400 degrees for 20 minutes. Serves 6
|INGREDIENTS: 1 (8-1/4 oz.) can crushed pineapple, 1(3 oz.) pkg. raspberry Jell-O, 1 (16 oz.) can whole cranberry sauce, 1 tsp. shredded orange peel, 1 (11 oz.) mandarin oranges- drained, 1 c. whipping cream
|DIRECTIONS: Drain pineapple, reserve syrup. Add boiling water to reserved syrup to make 1 cup. Dissolve Jell-O in hot liquid. Stir in cranberry sauce & orange peel. Chill till partially set. Fold in orange sections and pineapple. Whip cream till soft peaks form; fold into fruit mixture. Pour into 6-cup mold. Chill till set. Unmold and garnish with frosted fruit. FROSTED FRUIT: Break 1 lb. green grapes into small clusters. Dip grapes and ½ lb. cranberries into beaten egg white; then dip fruit into sugar to coat. Place fruit on rack to dry for 2 hours.
|INGREDIENTS: 1 Devils Food cake mix, 1-1/4 c. water, ½ c. vegetable oil, 3 large eggs FROSTING & DECORATIONS:1 can vanilla frosting, 1-1/8 c. candy corn pieces, 34 large gum drops, 2 small red gum drops
|DIRECTIONS: Heat oven to 350 degrees. Line 24 muffin cups with paper baking cups. Combine all cupcakes ingredients in large bowl at low speed until moistened; beat 2" on high. Pour batter into prepared muffin cups. Bake 20 to 30 minutes or until toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool 15"; remove from pan. Cool completely. Frost tops of cupcakes with frosting. To form each body, take a large gumdrop and press a piece of candy corn large end down into center of gum drop at an angle to resemble a beak. Cut each red gum drop into 12 thin strips about ¼" long; press one strip below each beak to form "wattle". Place one completed gum drop in center of each cupcake. To form tail feathers, arrange about 5 candy corn pieces in half circle around edge of each cupcake, points toward center.
|INGREDIENTS: 1 (18 lb.) turkey, about 12 cups of your favorite stuffing, 1 stick butter at room temperature, salt and pepper, 2-1/2 qts. turkey stock or more as needed, butter-melted as needed, ¾ c. flour
|DIRECTIONS: Preheat to 325 degrees. Reserve the neck and giblets to use in gravy or stock. Rinse the turkey inside and out with cold water. Pat the turkey skin dry. Loosely fill the neck cavity with stuffing. Using a thin wooded or metal skewer, pin the neck skin to the back. Fold the turkey's wings behind the back and tie with kitchen string. Loosely fill the large body cavity with stuffing. Place remaining stuffing in a lightly buttered casserole, cover and refrigerate to bake as a side dish. Place turkey, breast side up on rack in the roasting pan. Rub all over with the softened butter. Season with salt and pepper. Tightly cover the breast area with aluminum foil. Pour 2 c. turkey stock onto the bottom of the pan. Roast the turkey basting all over every 30 minutes with the juices on the bottom of the pan, until meat thermometer inserted in the meaty part of the thigh reads 180 degrees and the stuffing is at least 160 degrees, about 4-1/2 hrs. Whenever the drippings evaporate, add stock to moisten them, about 1-1/.2 c. at a time. Remove the foil during the last hour to allow the breast skin to brown. Transfer the turkey to large serving platter and let stand for at least 20 minutes before carving. Increase the oven temperature to 350 degrees. Drizzle ½ c. turkey stock over the stuffing in the casserole, cover and bake until heated through, about 30 minutes. Serves 12


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Nov. 9, 2012
Senior Johnathan Franklin has been selected as one of 10 semifinalists for the 2012 Doak Walker Award which recognizes the nation's best running back. Senior Jeff Locke was named one of 10 semifinalists for the Ray Guy Award which is awarded annually to the nation's top punter.
Franklin, who became UCLA's all-time leading rusher last week against Arizona with 3,873 yards, rates as the nation's fourth-best rusher in the latest NCAA rankings (133.78 yards per game). He also ranks tied for 12th in the nation in all-purpose yardage (160.0) and has caught a career-best 20 passes this season.
Locke leads the Pac-12 Conference in punts landed inside the 20-yard line this season with 24, 17 of which have been downed at or inside the 10-yard line. He ranks 21st in the nation with a punting average of 42.94 yards per kick. Twenty-four of his 49 punts this season have resulted in fair catches and only eight kicks have been returned for a 6.4-yard average.
The Doak Walker Award was created in 1989 to recognize the nation's premier running back for his accomplishments on the field, achievement in the classroom and citizenship in the community. It is named after three-time SMU All-America running back and 1948 Heisman Trophy winner Doak Walker who is now a member of both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame.
The Ray Guy Award winner is selected by a national voting body of Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) coaches, sports information directors, national media and former Ray Guy Award winners. Punters are evaluated on their overall statistics and contribution to the team. Particular emphasis is placed on the following statistics: net average, percentage of total punts inside the 20-yard line and percentage of punts not returned. The award is named after punter Ray Guy, a former All-American at Southern Mississippi and an all-pro player for the Oakland Raiders.
Members of the Doak Walker Award National Selection Committee will cast their votes to determine the 2012 finalists. On Monday, November 19, three finalists will be named. The 2012 recipient will be announced live on the The Home Depot College Football Award on Thursday, December 6, on ESPN. The formal presentation banquet will take place on Feb. 15, 2013 in Dallas, TX.
Finalists for the Ray Guy Award will be announced on November 19 and the award will be presented on December 6 at The Home Depot College Football Awards show in Orlando, FL. The formal presentation banquet will take place in January of 2013 in Augusta, GA.
The Doak Walker semifinalists (in alphabetical order) are: Montee Ball (Sr.) Wisconsin; Kenjon Barner (Sr.) Oregon; Le'Veon Bell (Jr.) Michigan State; Giovani Bernard (So.) North Carolina; David Fluellen (Jr.) Toledo; Johnathan Franklin (Sr.) UCLA; Stefphon Jefferson (Jr.) Nevada; Venric Mark (Jr.) Northwestern; Joseph Randle (Jr.) Oklahoma State; Stepfan Taylor (Sr.) Stanford.
The Ray Guy semifinalists (in alphabetical order) are: Ryan Allen (Sr.) - Louisiana Tech; Kyle Christy (So.) - Florida; Steven Clark (Jr.) - Auburn; Josh Hubner (Sr.) - Arizona State; Scott Kovanda (Sr.) - Ball State; Jeff Locke (Sr.) - UCLA; Riley Stephenson (Sr.) - BYU; Kirby Van Der Kamp (Jr.) - Iowa State; Tyler Williams (Fr.) - Marshall; Brad Wing (So.) - LSU.


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Conduit 2
Question from Chesluk
Stuck trying to get the hidden PUNCHOUT achievement, anyone know what I need to do?
I've found the Five Invaluable Secret Techniques, located the Lost Wafulandrum, reached the tomb of Kuledonius Emertol, and I supercharged the Kulsehcutar. For some reason I still don't have the achievement. wat do? :c
4 years ago
Think what you need to do is either, keep on playing until you eventually get it, or if you want look in the manual that comes with the game, page 5673, section 2, sub-paragraph 6, its under the heading "Getting the Impossible" Good Luck.
4 years ago
You must first beat me, PUNCHOUT...
...which shouldn't be too hard :(
4 years ago
First, travel to Losimgalia and travel straightfoward until you hit the tunnel. Then, keep meleeing the rubble until it opens up a new passageway. Go down this passage until you see the hallway with the corpse in it, and take the key in his suitcase. Now, travel back out of the tunnel up the ladder and go along the edge of the mountain range. Make sure you don't fall off the edge. Use the key to unlock Portal B (not Portal A or else you have to start over) and melee the helpless soldier.
If done correctly, you should get the PUNCHOUT award.
4 years ago
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Putting Out the Light"Please just let us watch the whole thing!" my students begged when I stopped the senate scene of "Othello" with Laurence Fishburne. Instead, we watched the same scene from "Othello" with Laurence Olivier. The students noted the differences between the actors, the costumes, the sets, and the props - the production elements - to which they are already very much attuned. As we continued our study of "Othello," the students demonstrated a continued interest in film versions of the play. One Friday, Cameron and Isaac, two tenth-grade boys who had the lowest grades in their class, informed me that their plans for that evening included renting "O", a recent adaptation of the tragedy, set in a high school. They came back Monday explaining what they liked and didn't like about it. Many other students rented "Othello" and "O", and the films became a regular part of our discussions of the text. Encouraged that my students were interested in hearing this same story over and over and in seeing different interpretations of it, I decided to progress further into a study of film and take them to the next step - analyzing film techniques such as camera angle, lighting, and sound.
First, we enjoyed a day of learning film terms by using paper "cameras" and my rolling chair as a dolly. Then the students were ready to put what they learned to the test. I assigned students specific elements to look for and played Act 5, scene 2, where Othello finally confronts and kills Desdemona. For the first clip, I used the 1952 version directed by and starring Orson Welles. After a discussion of the elements in that clip, we returned to the 1995 version. Armed with terms to explain what they saw, my students delved deeper into the film and articulated their understanding of the text. Watching clips that only lasted a few minutes sparked a discussion that lasted an entire class period and that demonstrated the students' knowledge of film techniques as well as theme and character development and motivation.
"The way Othello was shot at a low angle really shows his power over Desdemona in this scene. He has all of the information and she has no idea what is going on."
"And the use of side lighting makes him look really evil!"
"I don't see him as being evil - he is not a bad person. It is Iago's fault that he turns out like this. He was just manipulated."
By comparing different versions the students were able to see how the same text can have multiple interpretations.
"The Welles' version looks like a horror movie. I think it shows how completely obsessed he has become."
"You can't really feel bad for someone in a horror movie. I think we are supposed to feel a little sorry for Othello, so I think the Fishburne version is more realistic and makes him seem more human."
Including comparative film clips and teaching film terms in my "Othello" unit engaged my students and enhanced their analytical skills as well as their enjoyment of the play. (See handouts 1 and 2) Most of my students listed this unit as their favorite of the year and one student said it was "much better than just reading." I didn't remind her that we had read the play twice - once with the lights on and once with the lights out.
About the AuthorSarah Kirkpatrick teaches tenth grade English in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
HandoutsComparing Film Version of Act 5, scene 2 of "Othello"
Comparison Chart
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Necropolis: London and Its Dead (edition 2007)
by Catharine Arnold
Work details
Necropolis: London and Its Dead by Catharine Arnold
No current Talk conversations about this book.
The question of what heavily populated communities that have been inhabited for hundreds or thousands of years do with their dead is something that I've always wondered about. So I was intrigued when this came up as an Amazon daily deal a few months ago. A lot of my questions were answered, though the book could have been more comprehensive. Not surprisingly, the bulk of the book was devoted to the Victorian era, since not only was that when the city reached a burial crisis, but it was also an era of intense fascination with death and mourning. There is very little about modern times, since one short chapter covers the last century, which included two World Wars and the influenza epidemic. I liked it, though I did end up skipping a couple of Victorian chapters that just didn't interest me.
Necropolis is surprisingly compelling and readable. Most of it isn't at all dry or dull -- at times the names and dates blur into each other, but most of it is fascinating. It covers traditions of burial and mourning from the pre-Roman period to more or less the present, especially as concerns London.
It's kind of amazing how we take relatively recent burial traditions for granted -- for my family, the plot of land bought years ago, the simple headstones, a flowerbed over the grave, and an expectation that all that will remain ours and as it is until long after we've died ourselves. We expect the cemetary to be green and peaceful, kept tidy and the grass mown... Yet this sort of thing couldn't be expected even in the Victorian period.
Anyway, a fascinating book -- quite light reading, which might seem odd given the subject matter, but that's how it is.
Fascinating study of how London has dealt with its dead over the years, beginning with the Celts and the Romans. Arnold discusses the difficulties encountered with burials during the multiple plagues and epidemics experienced in London, the development of the famous cemeteries outside of London, Victorian mourning rituals, cremation, through the two World Wars, and a brief look at current day practices.
It doesn't SOUND like it would be that interesting, but I was mesmerized from start to finish!
I can't see any sense in lamenting that this book doesn't achieve a high level of scholastic rigour or focus, given that it is mass published paperback. It is, as the tag on the cover of the edition in my library explains, an 'entertainment'. Does it entertain? Well in parts. Personally the history of the economy of death and burial was the most interesting - both the legitimate economy (church fees and cemeteries as commercial enterprises) and the underground (or should I say black...) economy of grave robbing, diversion of bodies for profit, and plot reselling. Arnold writes very well on these particular issues in the period from age of Elizabeth through to Victorian times, but then seems to miss an incredible opportunity to expose modern practices (and malpractice) that would show that nothing much changes, only the profits get larger with time. One imagine the book's editors may have counselled that any events more recent than a 100 years past might best rest in peace else they come with a lawyer attached. And I could imagine that the editors might have prompted Arnold to spend more time on the macabre and less on the monetary side of the business. I suppose it is a saving grace - at least - that Arnold wasn't inspired (or coerced) into adding a section about vampire activities, although there are wooden stakes through the heart aplenty for reasons that I will leave for the reader to discover. All up Arnold does a fine job with the material. The only thing missing - and it's absence felt on almost every page - was a host of maps and pictures. Arnolds descriptions of places and memorial is extraordinarily detailed and relevant to the development of the story, and this calls out for some extra resources to satisfy the readers interest. Recommended.
Excellent romp through burial in London's past - including sections on plague. Highly readable.
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English (4)
Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0743268334, Hardcover)
Necropolis is a luminous, oddly beguiling account of how London has treated its dead, ranging from Roman burial rites to the horrors of the plague, from the founding of the great Victorian cemeteries to the more recent trends of collective grief and the cult of mourning, such as that surrounding the death of Princess Diana. Leaving no headstone unturned, Catherine Arnold unearths one of the great untold histories of the nation's capitol. Skillfully blending history, architecture, archaeology, and anecdote, she also explores phenomena like bodysnatching, public executions, and the rise of the undertaking trade. Ghoulishly entertaining and full of fascinating nuggets of information, Necropolis is destined to become a classic work on the city.
(retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:00:49 -0400)
From Roman burial rites to the horrors of the plague, from the founding of the great Victorian cemeteries to the development of cremation and the current approach of metropolitan society towards death and bereavement -- including more recent trends to displays of collective grief and the cult of mourning, such as that surrounding the death of Diana, Princess of Wales -- NECROPOLIS: LONDON AND ITS DEAD offers a vivid historical narrative of this great city's attitude to going the way of all flesh. As layer upon layer of London soil reveals burials from pre-historic and medieval times, the city is revealed as one giant grave, filled with the remains of previous eras -- pagan, Roman, medieval, Victorian. This fascinating blend of archaeology, architecture and anecdote includes such phenomena as the rise of the undertaking trade and the pageantry of state funerals; public executions and bodysnatching. Ghoulishly entertaining and full of fascinating nuggets of information, Necropolis leaves no headstone unturned in its exploration of our changing attitudes to the deceased among us. Both anecdotal history and cultural commentary, Necropolis will take its place alongside classics of the city such as Peter Ackroyd's LONDON.… (more)
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