text:
Indecent photographs of children
- The Law
- Relevant Case Law
- Defences
- Indecent Tracings
- Offences by corporations
- Jurisdiction
- Charging Practice
- Human Rights
- Consent to Prosecute
- Procedure - Pre-Trial
- Procedure - Post-Trial
- Useful Links/Information
The Law
The two main offence provisions in this area are section 1 of the Protection of Children Act 1978 (PCA 1978) and section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (CJA 1988).
The PCA 1978 addresses certain aspects of the sexual exploitation of children by penalising the taking, making, showing, distribution, possessing with a view to distributing, and publishing any advertisement of indecent photographs of children.
The CJA 1988 penalises the offence of possession of indecent photographs of children.
The Protection of Children Act 1978 (PCA 1978)
Section 1 of the PCA 1978 covers a wide range of offences involving indecent photographs of children. Furthermore, it and section 160 of the CJA 1988 extends to 'pseudo-photographs', defined as 'an image, whether made by computer graphics or otherwise, which appears to be a photograph'. In both Acts pseudo-photographs are put on the same footing as actual photographs. It is possible to convict a person of making a pseudo-photograph where the dominant impression conveyed is that the person shown is a child, notwithstanding that some of the physical characteristics shown are those of an adult (section 7(8) of the PCA 1978).
The PCA 1978 and section 160 of the CJA 1988 deal only with indecent photographs and pseudo-photographs of children. Other statues therefore, have to be used to prosecute offences involving drawings (see the guidance on Prohibited Images of Children), sound and text-based stories. The primary law in relation to this is the Obscene Publication Act 1959 (the test is: Does the material have a tendency to 'deprave and corrupt'?), see the guidance on Obscene Publications.
Offences relating to associated actual conduct with children are contained in sections 10, 11 and 48 - 50 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. There are of course other offences where the internet may be the vehicle of communication under that Act, such as arranging or facilitating the commission of a child sex offence (section 14), and the "grooming" offence under section 15. See the relevant sections of the Rape and Sexual Offences guidance for guidance on the Sexual Offences Act 2003.
Elements of the Offence
Section 1 Protection of Children Act 1978
Section 1(1) of the PCA 1978 creates a number of offences and has been given a wide interpretation by the courts. See Relevant Case Law below. These are either way offences with a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years if convicted on indictment.
For an offence under section 1 of the PCA 1978 the prosecution has to prove:
- That the defendant deliberately and/or knowingly either made, took, or permitted to be taken, distributed or showed indecent photographs or pseudo-photographs, or possessed them with a view to their being distributed or shown, published or caused to be published an advertisement for indecent photographs.
- The photograph or pseudo-photograph was indecent. In both section 1 of the PCA 1978 and section 160 of the CJA 1988 a photograph includes an indecent film, or a copy of a photograph or film, or computer data capable of conversion into a photograph. See section 7(4) of the PCA 1978 and section 160(4) of the CJA 1988.
Whether any photograph of a child is indecent is for the jury or magistrate or District Judge to decide based on what is the recognised standard of propriety. R v Stamford [1972] 2 Q.B. 391. The circumstances and motive of the defendant are not relevant to the question of indecency, although they may be relevant to the question of whether the photograph was deliberately taken or made, R v Graham-Kerr 88 Cr App R 302 CA; R v Smethurst [2002] 1 Cr App R 6, CA.
- The photograph or pseudo-photograph was of a "child" section 7(6) of the PCA 1978. On the 1 May 2004, the definition of a child was altered from a person under the age of 16 years to one under the age of 18 years by section 45(1) of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. The age of a child is ultimately for the jury to determine. It is a finding of fact for the jury, and expert evidence is inadmissible on the subject, since it is not a subject requiring the assistance of experts R v Land [1998] 1 Cr App R 301, CA. See also section 2(3) of the PCA 1978.
The National Police Chief's Council (NPCC) Child Protection and Abuse Investigations (CPAI) working group is in the process of developing new policing guidance for England and Wales relating to how it responds to and investigates allegations of 'sexting'. This is as a result of identified gaps in existing national and local guidance; emerging evidence to suggest that sexting is becoming increasingly prevalent behaviour by children and young people; and concerns raised by safeguarding partners that the existing policing response is leading to the over-criminalisation of children and young people. Further detail about this work is provided in a letter that was circulated to Chief Constables in April 2016.
The full NPCC guidance on 'sexting' should be launched in August 2016. The guidance will seek to re-affirm the commitment to deal with sexting reports as a safeguarding concern and, where appropriate, exercise discretion to avoid the over-criminalisation of children and young people through the use of the newly launched NCRS crime outcome code 'outcome 21'.
Relevant Case Law
There have been some landmark cases that have applied the PCA 1978 and section 160 CJA 1988 with varying effect; the most important ones are listed below.
The age of a child is ultimately for the jury to determine. See R v Land [1998] 1 Cr App R 301 and R v Charles William Owen (1988) 86 Cr App R 291.
In the case of Fellows and Arnold [1997] 1 Cr App R 244 providing another with a password to enable him to access pornographic data stored on a computer was said to be 'showing' him the data.
The downloading and/or printing of indecent images of children from the internet, is capable of amounting to an offence of 'making' the image contrary to section 1 (1) (a) of the PCA 1978. See R v Bowden [2000] 1 Cr App R 438.
Atkins v DPP; Goodlands v DPP [2000] 2 Cr App R 248 stated that knowledge was an essential ingredient of the offences of 'making' and/or possessing indecent photographs of children. Atkins v DPP also dealt with the legitimate reason defence.
The case of R v Westgarth Smith; Jayson [2002] EWCA Crim 683 establishes the requisite mental element for the offences of 'making' and stated that downloading an image that was capable of being converted into a photograph on to a screen or opening an email attachment is an act of making that image, subject to the requisite mens rea.
The case of R v Oliver, Hartrey and Baldwin Times Law Report, 6 December 2002 divided indecent images of children into five categories, and gave sentencing guidelines based on the categories. The sentencing guidelines have been amended by guidance from the Sentencing Council.
In R (on behalf of O'Shea) v Coventry Magistrates' Court [2004] EWHC Admin 905 the Divisional Court accepted that it was possible to incite another to distribute indecent images of children even where the 'purchase' of images was a fully-automated process.
In R v Dooley [2005] EWCA Crim 3093 the mental element required for the offence of possession of indecent photographs of children with a view to distribution was considered. It was held that leaving a selection of indecent photographs of children in "My Shared Folder", for others to view, using a peer to network would only attract liability, if it was proved that one of the defendant's purposes for keeping or leaving the images in that location was to enable others to view them.
In R v Porter [2006] EWCA Crim 560 it was held that in order to prove possession of indecent photographs of children the suspect should have custody or control of it. For recent decisions of the application of R v Porter, see R v Miller [2010] EWCA Crim 2833 and R v Leonard [2012] EWCA Crim 277.
The case of R v Harrison [2007] EWCA Crim 2976 extended the mental element for "making" to include a person who accessed an adult pornographic website knowing that the site will automatically generate "pop ups" likely to contain indecent images of children, commits the making offence each time such an image appears. If the person knows that such images accessed on screen will be automatically copied to and stored on the hard drive, he also commits the making offence when it is so copied.
Crown Prosecution Service v LR [2010] EWCA Crim 924 see Disclosure to defence below.
Statutory Defences
Section 1 Protection of Children Act 1978 (PCA)
The defences to section 1(1)(a) 'making', (b) 'distributing' and (c) 'possession with a view to distribution' and section 1(1)(d) of the PCA 1978 are those contained within section 1A of the PCA which covers marriage, etc. of a child aged 16 or 17. There is an additional statutory defence to section 1(1)(a) 'making' found in section 1B of the PCA as amended by section 46 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, which is an exception for criminal proceedings and investigations etc.
The section 1B defence is available where a person "making" an indecent photograph or pseudo-photograph can prove that it was necessary to do so for the purposes of the prevention, detection or investigation of crime, or for the purposes of criminal proceedings.
This reverse burden defence is intended to allow people instructed to act for the defence or prosecution who need to be able to identify and act on the receipt of an indecent photograph or pseudo-photograph, to deal with such images. This defence will also apply to defence solicitors, counsel, police officers, prosecutors, Judges and others who have to deal with indecent images of children in the course of their work etc.
The CPS and Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2004 which provides guidance to those who have a legitimate need to handle indecent images of children by setting out how the defence provided in section 1B of the PCA 1978 may be applied. The Memorandum provides guidance to the Police Service, CPS and others involved in the internet industry, in order to create the right balance between protecting children and effective investigation and prosecution of offences. Follow link to the Memorandum of Understanding.
Section 1(4) of the PCA 1978 provides two defences to the offences listed in section 1(1)(b) (distribute or show) and section 1(1)(c) (possess with a view to their being distributed or shown) of the PCA 1978. Namely that the defendant had a legitimate reason for distributing or showing the indecent photographs or that he had not himself seen the photographs or psuedo photographs and did not know nor had any cause to suspect them to be indecent.
Defence of Legitimate Reason
'Legitimate reason' is not defined anywhere in the Act. It follows that a particular defendant may advance a range of possibilities for any admitted possession of such material. The provision clearly afforded (prior to section 46 of the SOA 2003, which introduced an exception for criminal proceedings and investigations) a defence to any party within the criminal justice system who of necessity must have possession of evidential material. There is, of course, no licence to an individual prosecutor or expert to retain material beyond the proper requirements of a particular case.
A defendant claiming 'legitimate reason' is presumed to admit possession of the qualifying material. The language of the Act appears to place both the evidential and legal burdens upon the defendant and following Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General's Reference No 4 of 2002 [2005] 1 AC 264 it is likely that this will be accepted. As with other such defences that must be raised and proved by a defendant, the standard of proof is civil, namely that the defendant has established that 'it is more likely than not' that there was a legitimate reason for his possession of material.
Non Statutory Defences
The defendant may suggest that he was looking at adult pornography sites, or even sites not connected with pornography at all, when child pornography sites popped up on the screen uninvited. In order to refute such a defence your expert witness can show how often the defendant visited such sites and whether he saved the indecent images; see R v Harrison [2007] EWCA Crim 2976.
The defendant may suggest that someone else has access to the computer and has created the images. The police should always cover this in interview with the defendant. If others do have access, e.g. other family members or colleagues, then caution is needed. It maybe appropriate to ask the police to take statements from those who have access to the copmputer or other storage media to rebut any such suggestion arising at trial. It may be that there is clear evidence that the defendant has his own password to gain access to the computer or to the particular site on which the images have been found, or there maybe some other supporting evidence.
Section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988
Section 160 of the CJA 1988 covers the offence of possession of an indecent photograph of a child. There are four defences to this offence: three are listed in section 160(2) of the CJA 1988, and one is listed in section 160A. Three of these defences are very similar to those that apply to some of the offences under section 1 PCA 1978, i.e. marriage, etc of a child aged 16 or 17, legitimate reason, and the defendant's lack of knowledge. The fourth defence, which is not found in the PCA 1978, is that the photograph or pseudo-photograph was sent to the defendant without any prior request made by him and he did not keep it for an unreasonable time.
For the mental element that the prosecution must prove; and what appears to be a photograph (or pseudo-photograph see Atkins v DPP; Goodlands v DPP [2000] 2 Cr App R 248. This needs to be read in the context of the Court of Appeal judgment of R v Porter [2006] EWCA Crim 560.
Atkins v DPP is significant, in particular with respect to:
- Computers with multiple users, where there is no forensic evidence as to which user accessed a site, and
- Prosecutions relating to possession of material stored within automatically generated areas of the hard drive.
Forensic examination of the hard drive can usually identify what material is held within the temporary internet file, and assuming the identity of the user is known, such material may equally attract a charge of 'making' each such image without the need to prove knowledge of the automatic cache. If a user is demonstrated (e.g. by admission, or by proof that he has accessed the temporary internet file off-line) to have known of the existence and effect of automatic operating software, the offence of possession may arise.
In R v Porter the Court of Appeal held that an image will only be considered in possession if the defendant had custody or control of the image at that time. If at the time of possession the image is beyond his control, and not retrievable by the defendant then he will not be in possession of it.
This has implication for the use of forensic examinations if an image has been deleted, and is found in unallocated space or clusters. 'Possession' will depend on whether the defendant had the know-how and or the software to allow him to retrieve the image. Where, however, the offender admits that he downloaded the image or accessed it on the Internet then a charge of 'making' under section 1 PCA 1978 is more appropriate.
Subsection 160(2)(c) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988
The defendant must prove both 'that the photograph or pseudo-photograph was sent to him without any prior request made by him or on his behalf' and that 'he did not keep it for an unreasonable time'. The Act does not prescribe what constitutes a 'prior request', nor does it define the parameters of 'unreasonable time'. In particular, it is not clear whether time runs from when the image was received by the computer, or when it was known by a defendant to have been received. Consistent with the necessary mental element, the latter is likely.
The issue of pseudo photographs versus prohibited images
CPS guidance to prosecutors states that where indecent images of children are involved we prosecute such offences with the PCA 1978 or section 160 of the CJA 1988. A query has been raised as to the difference between a pseudo-photograph and prohibited images of children. The answer is if an image if printed would look like a photograph or a pseudo-photograph then it should be prosecuted as such. For example some high quality computer generated indecent images if printed may look like a photograph (or pseudo-photograph) and should be prosecuted contrary to PCA 1978 or section 160 of the CJA 1988.
Indecent Tracings
Section 69 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 extends the remit of the indecent photographs legislation (both section 1 of the PCA 1978 and section 160 of the CJA 1988) by amending the meaning of photograph within section 7 of the PCA 1978 to include derivatives of photographs, such as tracings or other forms of data. The amendment came into force on the 8 July 2008.
Prosecutors have to prove that the image is derived (either in whole or in part) from a photograph or pseudo-photograph. The police will have to gather sufficient evidence from evidence recovered at the scene and/or use computer facial recognition packages to identify whether an image is a known photograph. It is important there is evidence that it is a tracing and not, for example, a freehand drawing which would be outside of the scope of this provision.
What are Tracings?
The police have reported that some offenders have been caught with traced pictures. The offender (or some other person) takes a photograph and traces the outline of that photograph onto tracing paper and from there to a piece of paper. They then colour in the tracing and destroy the photograph.
Electronic Tracings
Tracings are not restricted to the old-fashioned technique however and technology has altered the way that a tracing could be produced. A scanner and appropriate software can 'trace' a photograph and digitally produce the results. This can then be coloured in or manipulated in the same way as a photograph.
Some mobile telephones have effects built into them so that when they take a photograph it produces a tracing rather than a full photograph. If the phone was seized with the image it produced, it could legitimately be said to be a photograph (because it was taken on a camera); and charged as a section 1 of the PCA 1978 (or section 160 of the CJA 1988) offence. If the image was sent to someone else or printed out it would be technically difficult to prove that this was a photograph.
Graphic Filters
The reference in section 7 of the PCA 1978 to images other than tracings is designed to cover electronic conversions. Most basic scanner or graphic manipulation packages can turn photographs into different types of 'art' including cartoons, paintings, drawings, etc. All are, of course, simply effects, often produced by taking the principal features or blurring lines, etc. However the same limitations as discussed above would occur.
Where a person possesses an image not knowing that it is, a tracing, for example: D downloads what he thinks is a hand-drawn picture from the Internet (and accordingly legal) but in fact it is (unbeknown to him) a tracing. He is probably not guilty of possession under section 160 of the CJA 1988 as the courts will interpret section 160(2)(b) to provide a defence. Certainly the wording of section 160(2)(b) when read in conjunction with PCA 1978 could entitle the courts to argue that the defence exists where a person does not know, nor has any cause to believe, that he is in possession of an indecent photograph, pseudo-photograph or tracing of a child. Whilst it would be ordinarily difficult to argue that someone would not know they were in possession of a photograph or pseudo-photograph the same cannot be said of tracings.
Whilst it may be unlikely to result in many prosecutions, section 7 of the PCA 1978 does mean that where the police identify tracings they can now use their revised powers of forfeiture (PCA 1978 as amended by section 39 of the Police and Justice Act 2006), which is perhaps the most useful aspect of the legislative change.
Offences by corporations
See section 3 PCA of the 1978, with familiar provisions as to culpability (consent, connivance or neglect) of qualifying company officers.
The general rule used to be that English courts did not accept jurisdiction over offences committed outside England and Wales (see the legal guidance on Jurisdiction). That general rule is now subject to a number of statutory exceptions, as the UK has extended its jurisdiction to become extra-territorial for specified offences, and has made special provision for the determination of where the actus reus of the offence took place.
The starting points for jurisdictional matters are the provisions of the Sexual Offences (Conspiracy and Incitement) Act 1996 and section 72 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (SOA 2003) in force from 01 May 2004. Section 72 of the SOA 2003 confers extra-territorial jurisdiction on the courts of England and Wales in respect of offences contrary to the PCA 1978 and section 160 of the CJA 1988.
Where images originating on foreign websites are downloaded for viewing in the United Kingdom, the act of making is within the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. In the case of R v Waddon 6 April 2000 Court of Appeal the court held that the content of American websites could come under British jurisdiction when downloaded in the United Kingdom. See also R v Perrin [2002] 4 Archbold News 2, CA which is specifically concerned with 'publishing' electronic data under the Obscene Publications Act 1959.
Prosecutors should be aware that it is not necessarily a criminal offence in the United States of America to make, distribute, or possess indecent pseudo-photographs of children.
An attempt to commit a crime is triable in England provided the completed offence would have been triable here if the attempt had succeeded: DPP v Stonehouse [1978] A C 55.
A conspiracy to do something in England and Wales, even if no overt act pursuant to the conspiracy is done here, is justiciable: Liangsiriprasert v Government of the United States [1991] AC 225.
Inciting someone outside of the jurisdiction to distribute indecent images of children within the jurisdiction of the courts in England and Wales can be tried in the United Kingdom because the incitement takes place in this country. The case of R (on behalf of O'Shea) v Coventry Magistrates' Court [2004] EWHC Admin 905 is a useful example of this principle.
Cases relying on the extension of jurisdiction will of necessity involve close CPS - police liaison from an early stage in the investigation.
Charging Practice
Use of summaries in cases of indecent images of children referred to the CPS for charging decisions
Overriding principle
The overriding principle is that in cases involving indecent images of children when making charging decisions, prosecutors should view the indecent images (or a proportion of them).
Importance of viewing indecent images of children
Generally, in cases involving indecent images of children, there is no substitute for the prosecutor viewing the images (or a proportion of them), in order that an assessment can be made of the evidence.
Technical issues
Due to current technical limitations and the sensitivity of the evidence, it is not always possible to view the images during the initial period of detention and this can cause delay in cases that are otherwise ready to charge and could proceed to court to be dealt with the next day or for an application to remand into custody.
Conditions to be met for charging without seeing the visual evidence
Pending development of a technical solution, where it is not practicable for the images to be viewed personally by the prosecutor making a charging decision, the prosecutor may consider accepting a written summary from a police officer describing the images.
The prosecutor's approach to assessing the evidence
The prosecutor must then exercise judgement as to whether it is appropriate in all the circumstances to make the charging decision relying on the summary.
The summary should be accepted unless the prosecutor concludes the charging decision cannot properly be made without viewing the material, although cases where the images are alleged to be at Level 1(images of erotic posing, with no sexual activity) only are likely to be ones where a viewing of the images would be essential pre-charge.
Preparation of summaries by police officers
Summaries should be provided in report form on the MG3 or a separate report attached to the MG3 and provided with the case papers to the prosecutor making the charging decision.
Actions by the charging prosecutor
The prosecutor making the charging decision will make a note on the MG3 that the images have not been viewed prior to the making of the charging decision. Once a decision is made to prosecute, the DPP's consent to prosecute should be given and the appropriate form of consent should be completed and placed on the case file. Guidance to Consents to Prosecute.
Actions post charging by the CPS Area
An Area prosecutor should ensure that the indecent images, or a proportion of them, are viewed by secure means (note: not by e-mail) as soon as possible. They should then be assessed against the summary provided by the police and it should be determined whether it is appropriate for the case to proceed on the basis of the original decision. This should be recorded as a review note on the file and on CMS.
Compliance monitoring
Serious discrepancies between the indecent images of children viewed and the summary provided by the police must be reported to line management who will refer the matter to police line managers.
Choice of charge and acceptance of pleas
Where indecent photographs/pseudo-photographs of children are found on the suspect's computer system or other property, the usual choice of charge is likely to be one of 'making' an indecent photograph of a child contrary to section 1(1)(a) of the PCA 1978 or possessing such images contrary to section 160 of the CJA 1988. An advantage of charging 'making' rather than 'possession' of an indecent photograph of a child in such cases is the absence of a defence (except in a very limited category - see the section on Defences above) to a charge of 'making'.
The decision by the police to administer a caution will ordinarily be made in conjunction with the CPS. although the police do, theoretically, retain a right to administer a caution.
The prosecutor before offering a caution must apply his or her mind to the public interest factors. Every case should be decided upon its own facts.
In applying the public interest stage of the Full Code Test, a caution is unlikely to be a suitable method of disposal in cases where indecent images of children are found on the suspect's computer. Similarly, conditional cautions may be considered but are unlikely to be a suitable method of disposal. The lowest starting point stated in the sentencing guidelines is a high-level community order. The lowest starting point where conditional cautions are normally considered are at medium-level or below.
Cases that may be appropriate for a caution (subject to the application of the Code) are cases where indecent images of children are not found on the suspect's computer, but the suspect admits to having previously accessed such sites to obtain indecent images of children.
Specimen charges
The practice of charging specimen counts was ended by the case of R v Kidd, R v Canavan, R v Shaw [1998] 1 WLR 604 which stated that a defendant 'should be sentenced only for an offence proved against him or which he has admitted and asked the court to take into consideration when passing sentence.' Crown Court Judges may disapprove of indictments containing too many counts. In charging an offence of 'making' where there are a large number of images an average of 16 counts is advisable. In order to ensure that the Judge has sufficient sentencing powers consider charging the remaining images as a possession offence contrary to section 160 CJA 1988.
If the defendant is charged with possession of images contrary to section 160 CJA 1988, it may well be possible to treat the possession of one file containing numerous images as a single offence. This would not be a suitable solution to an offence of 'making' as each act of downloading may have to be treated as a separate offence unless you can argue it is a single continuing or continuous offence.
Following R v Kidd indictments have become necessarily longer to reflect the overall seriousness of the offending and to allow for adequate sentencing powers. It is essential that we have sufficient counts on the indictment to ensure that the courts have adequate information to sentence appropriately. In deciding how many counts are appropriate prosecutors should have regard to the case of R v Oliver, R v Hartrey and R v Baldwin [2003] 1 Cr App R 28. See also R v Thompson [2004] and Archbold 31 - 117, which gives detail on drafting the indictment, in any indecent photograph of children cases when specimen or sample counts are to be indicted; and see Mode of Trial below. Reference should also be made to the Sentencing Council's Sexual Offences Act 2003 definitive guidelines (see Part 6A). Counts in such cases should span the categories of images, looking at the nature and types of the images, the number of the images and also the time period of the offending. It is important that any representation of the quantity of images in each level is accurate (see R v Feuer [2005] EWCA Crim 2415) and care should be taken when preparing a schedule or inviting a police officer to testify as to the quantity and classification of the images.
Prosecuting multiple offending
The Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2007 came into force from 2 April 2007.
The Amendment Rules revoke the Indictment Rules 1971 and consolidate them within Part 14 of the Criminal Procedure Rules 2010. They apply to all cases committed for trial on or after the 2 April 2007, regardless of the date of the offending.
The rules allow a prosecutor, in certain circumstances, to bring a single charge against a defendant even though that includes more than one incident of the offence alleged. The rules are supplemented by a Practice Direction giving guidance on when a multiple incident count under rule 14 may be appropriate and when it may be appropriate to apply for a two-stage trial.
Form and content: duplicity and "multiple incidents" counts
Rule 14.2 concerns the form and content of the indictment. The main and most important change to this rule is Rule 14.2(2). This is a revision of what is often called the "rule against duplicity".
The rule against duplicity requires that only one offence should be charged in any single count. The rule has been developed at common law to allow, in certain circumstances, a single count to be charged in relation to distinct criminal acts which occurred on two or more occasions. The circumstance in which such a practice is permissible is to be regarded as a continuing offence.
The question of whether an offence amounts to a continuous offence depends on the circumstances of each case and is one of fact and degree. The common law has also developed the concept of "general deficiency" which is most commonly used in cases of theft where the evidence does not disclose the precise dates and amounts of each taking but where it is clear on the evidence that a large amount of property has been stolen.
The Rule in 14.2 has been reformulated to make it clear that it includes the concepts of a "continuous offence" and "general deficiency" and provides prosecutors with greater latitude to include within a single count offending behaviour occurring on two or more occasions.
This Rule allows the prosecution to charge, where appropriate, a single count to embrace repeated behaviour to reflect the totality of the offending. For example, where D has laundered the proceeds of drug trafficking in comparatively small weekly sums for week after week, or has sexually assaulted the same victim in the same way repeatedly over a period of time.
In cases involving Indecent photographs of children Rule 14.2.2 permits examples of multiple offending, committed over a period of time to be indicted within one count without duplicity: if the defence is the same, then there is no prejudice.
This means that the form of the indictment may require separate counts for different types of electronic storage media, or device (e.g. different storage media, such as hardrive or different parts of the hard drive, laptop, mobile phone, memory stick, CD, DVD, camera, or internet cloud etc ...).
This does not eliminate the "specimen count" approach if that is preferred, but it does allow for multiple incidents of the commission of the same offence to be indicted in one count between two dates.
Prosecutors are reminded that sections 17-21 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (multiple offending - trial by jury and then by judge alone) is concerned with multiple separate offences and not where multiple incidents amount to a continuous offence. Full guidance on the process can be found in Prosecuting Multiple Offending: Two Stage Trials.
Rule 14.2.2 is compatible with ECHR because an accused person will be aware of the allegation made against him by reference to the initial charge, the indictment and other supporting materials (statements, exhibits, prosecution opening). Full guidance on Drafting the Indictment can be found in the Indictments section of the Legal Guidance.
The application of Rule 14.2.2 still enables defendants to be indicted for counts of 'making' rather than using the "specimen counts" approach, whilst still reflecting the full extent of the offender's criminality, covering the full period and method of offending, over the different types of media from which the indecent photographs of children are recovered.
Human Rights
There has not yet been a successful human rights challenge to section 1 of the PCA 1978. The defendant in R v Bowden [2000] 2 WLR 1083 argued that his rights under Article 8 (private and family life) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) had been violated. In R v Smethurst [2002] 1 Cr App R 6 Articles 8 and 10 (freedom of expression) were argued. The appeals of both Bowden and Smethurst were dismissed as the court held that Articles 8 and 10 are qualified rights and the protection of children as envisaged by section 1(1) of the PCA 1978 was a justifiable limitation of those rights.
The European Court of Human Rights has arguably confirmed this approach in its ruling in O'Carroll v United Kingdom (2005) 41 EHRR SE1 where the European Court rejected the argument and ruled inadmissible a complaint regarding a conviction under section 170(2)(b) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979. The applicant had been convicted of importing an indecent image of a child. The applicant sought to argue that the common law definition of 'indecent' was not certain and thus contrary to the Convention.
Consent To Prosecute
Offences contrary to section 1 of the PCA 1978 and section 160 of the CJA 1988 require the consent of the DPP for the institution of proceedings.
A Crown Prosecutor can give consent on behalf of the Director of Public Prosecutions by virtue of section 1(7) of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. Consent cannot be implied merely because the CPS is conducting proceedings. A Crown Prosecutor must specifically consider the case and decide whether or not proceedings should be instituted or continued. The decision to grant consent is in all cases to be taken applying the principles of the Code for Crown Prosecutors and CPS policies.
Consent cases should be reviewed at the earliest possible opportunity. If the case is submitted for pre-charge advice and a decision is made to prosecute, consent should be obtained or given at that stage. The police may ask you to consent on behalf of the DPP over the telephone; prosecutors should not do this, as they will need to review the case in accordance with the Code and consent should always be given in writing. If an offence is to be started by summons then consent must be given before the information is laid; the information must state that it is laid on behalf of the DPP. If the defendant has already been charged, consent must be obtained in either way offences before or at mode of trial.
Procedure - Pre-Trial
Mode of Trial
The Sentencing Council's Sexual Offences Definitive Guidelines apply to all offenders aged 18 or over who are sentenced on or after 1 April 2014.
General principles to be considered in the sentencing of youths are in the Sentencing Guideline's Councils Definitive Guideline, Overarching Principles - Sentencing Youths.
The new regime in relation to indecent photographs of children is set out in the Sentencing Guidelines Council Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines at pages 281 to 285. It reduces the category of indecent images to three - Categories A, B and C with Category A covering the most serious images. All three offence categories cover possession, distribution and production of the images. Making an image by simple downloading will be treated as possession for the purposes of sentencing.
- Category A covers penetrative sexual activity and sexual activity with an animal or sadism.
- Category B covers non- penetrative sexual activity.
- Category C covers other indecent images not falling within categories A or B.
In sentencing such cases the court will do the following:
- Step One: Determine the offence category as set out at page 282 of the guidelines.
- Step Two: Use the corresponding custody starting points to reach a sentence within the category range set out at page 283. A list of aggravating and mitigating factors is provided. It is important to note that many of the aggravating factors have changed; and that things like keyword search terms are now brought to the attention of the court.
- Steps Three to Nine: Direct the court to consider reductions in sentence, dangerousness, the totality principle, ancillary orders, reasons for sentence and credit for time spent on bail.
Prosecutors will need to ensure that all material is reviewed in accordance with the duties imposed by the CPIA.
Disclosure to defence
If the defendant's solicitor or counsel or expert (for any reason) wishes to view the indecent photographs/pseudo-photographs or examine the defendant's hard drive, the prosecution should provide the defence with suitable access to the relevant material. Such access must enable the defendant to have private and confidential discussions with his legal advisers, unsupervised and unobserved by police officers or representatives of the CPS. Whenever possible, such access should take place either on police premises, or at the offices of either the defendant's solicitors or the offices of the defence or prosecution expert. The accused should, of course, only be permitted access whilst in the company of their legal representative.
Prosecutors should remember that defence solicitors have a duty to defend their clients properly, whilst law enforcement agencies have a duty to ensure that they do not unnecessarily create more indecent images of children or compromise sensitive confidential material. See the case of Crown Prosecution Service v LR [2010] EWCA Crim 924.
It will not always be the case that the defence need full access to a forensic computer image. Likewise it may not always be appropriate for law enforcement agencies to deny access to a forensic computer image.
When the issue arises as to the disclosure of such material, in order to decide whether or not to release such material, the following approach should be adopted:
- a. In cases involving a request for a technical examination of the evidence, a meeting should take place between defence and prosecution technical experts in order to agree what should be supplied. If it is necessary the defence technical witness may be given private (or controlled) facilities to examine the images at law enforcement premises at reasonable hours.
- b. If the person in charge of the investigation considers it necessary, then the work may take place other than at police premises if the defence technical witness signs an appropriate undertaking.
- c. If the defence team cannot for good reason view the indecent images at a police station, for example in cases where the defendant is in custody, the prosecution should correspond with the defence in order too agree access to the indecent images by the defence team. Such access can be at an appropriate venue for example a court, the defence solicitor's office or counsel's chambers etc.
- d. In situations (a), (b) and (c) above, where no agreement is reached, the case should be referred to the court to hear argument and, if necessary, issue appropriate directions.
- e. If the court directs that copies of the indecent images should be supplied to the defence solicitor or counsel, prosecutors should ensure that the order contains a proviso that the material is to be released only upon the solicitor or counsel signing an undertaking as to the safe custody and control of the image etc
In the case of a technical witness, prosecutors should ensure that the order contains a proviso that the material is to be released only upon the technical witness signing an undertaking as to the safe custody and control of the image etc.
For a copy of a draft undertaking see Memorandum of Understanding - indecent photographs of children. Breach of the undertaking may leave the signatory open to prosecution and disciplinary action from their professional body.
Handling of Exhibits
Prosecutors should view the indecent photographs/pseudo-photographs of children in order to ascertain whether there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction. Arrangements should be made with the police for such images to be viewed on the police officer's laptop or other computer equipment at a mutually agreeable location. A CD-ROM (or other media) containing indecent images of children should not in any circumstances be inserted into any CPS computer or laptop. It is undesirable for CPS prosecutors to take possession of indecent photographs of children. If it is deemed necessary to do so, such exhibits have to be dealt with as sensitive material, i.e. as having a protective marking of Official Sensitive, they should be kept in a safe and a log should be maintained recording dates accessed, by whom, length of time and the reason accessed.
Search, Seizure and Forfeiture
A justice of the peace may issue a warrant authorising a police officer to enter and search premises and seize indecent photographs or pseudo-photographs of children. Prior to 1 April 2008, a justice of the peace to whom such articles were brought under section 4(3) of the PCA 1978 could issue a summons requiring the occupier to attend and show cause why the articles should not be forfeited.
Section 39 of the Police and Justice Act 2006 and Schedule 11 to the Act amend the PCA 1978, to provide a mechanism to allow police to forfeit indecent photographs of children held by the police following any lawful seizure. The provisions came into effect on 1 April 2008 and provide an administrative regime to forfeit images where a decision not to proceed with a prosecution is made or where a caution is issued.
Section 39(6) of the Police and Justice Act 2006 states that the new forfeiture provisions apply regardless of whether the seizure took place before or after the commencement of the section (1 April 2008). Accordingly the provisions, in this regard, are fully retrospective. However the change to the meaning of 'premises' (section 39(2)(b) Police and Justice Act 2006) only applies to warrants made after the commencement date.
Prosecutors at court following the conviction of the defendant should always request forfeiture of indecent images of children using the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000. The new administrative regime can be used to forfeit images in cases where the prosecutor at court has forgotten to ask for forfeiture of the images or where there is no conviction: for example where a caution has been given or charges dropped.
The reforms allow forfeiture of articles that are impossible to separate from legal data on a computer hard drive. They allow police to forfeit articles they believe are likely to be or contain indecent images of children. For example this will allow police to forfeit a vast collection of discs/videos without having to go through every single item, as long as they have reasonable grounds to believe they were or contained such images.
The Schedule gives the Courts, on appeal, the power to order forfeiture, return or separation of articles, including copying of legal data.
Once a defendant has been found guilty of or pleaded guilty to possession or/and making pornographic photographs of children from the Internet, the prosecution can make an application for the forfeiture of the hard disks upon which those images were stored. In the case of R v Jonathan Aslett, Manchester Crown Court, 25 September 2002, Neutral Citation No: T2001/0383, the court was satisfied that it was impossible to be one hundred percent certain that all indecent material had been deleted from the computer hard disk.
Schedule 11 of the Act gives the Courts, on appeal, the power to order forfeiture, return or separation of articles, including copying of legal data.
Procedure - Post-Trial
Part 2 of the SOA 2003 requires those convicted or cautioned for relevant sex offences, including offences contrary to section 1 PCA 1978 and section 160 CJA 1988, to notify the police of certain personal details including name, addresses and National Insurance Numbers. Any change of name or address or of staying away for a qualifying period must be notified to the police within three days. Offenders must also re-notify the police of their details annually. The police keep this information on the Dangerous Persons Database ViSOR, in what has become commonly known as the Sex Offenders' Register.
Failure to register is an either-way offence punishable by a fine and/or a maximum of five years' imprisonment. Those who received a conditional or absolute discharge were not subject to the notification requirements under Part 1 of the Sex Offenders Act 1997. This is because section 14 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 states that a discharge is only a conviction for the purposes of the proceedings in which the order is made (see R v Longworth [2006] UKHL 1). However, following the SOA 2003, a person who is conditionally discharged is subject to the requirements for the duration of the discharge. Those given an absolute discharge are not subject to the requirements.
The European Court ruled in Ibbotson v UK (1998) 27 EHRR CD 332 that the requirement to register under part 1 of the Sex Offenders Act 1997 did not amount to a penalty within the meaning of Article 7 ECHR.
In Adamson v UK 42293/98 the applicant stated that the requirement to register under part 1 of the Sex Offenders Act 1997 was a violation of Article 3, 5, 7 and 8 of the Convention on Human Rights. The European Court ruled that these requirements in the Sex Offenders Act were not inconsistent with the Convention.
Other Preventative Orders
The SOA 2003 provides for a range of orders that are not all contingent upon criminal conviction. In criminal proceedings, or where a prosecution fails, there should be ongoing review of what, if any, application is appropriate.
Sections 80 to 103 SOA 2003 make provision for 'notification orders'; the court must make an order if conditions set out in section 96 SOA 2003 are met. The effect of such an order is set out in section 98 SOA 2003. The ability to apply for an interim notification order is set out in section 100 SOA 2003. Provision to appeal to the crown court is made in either case by section 101 SOA 2003. Notification orders apply only to those who have been convicted of an offence outside of the UK (see section 97 SOA 2003).
Sexual Offences Prevention Orders (SOPO)
Sections 104 to 113 of the Sexual Offences Prevention Order 2003 (SOPO), see the Ancillary Orders Toolkit section on SOPO.
Dangerous Offenders: Indeterminate Sentences
See the relevant section iin the legal guidance on Sentencing Dangerous Offenders.
Useful Links/Information
- The ACPO "Good Practice Guide for Computer Based Electronic Evidence"
- Guidance on investigating child abuse and safeguarding children ACPO/NPIA, Second edition 2009
- Link to CPS guidance on Prohibited Images of Children
- Link to CPS guidance on Obscene Publications
- Link to a Protocol between the CPS, Police and Local Authorities in the exchange of information in the investigation and prosecution of child abuse cases.


text:
RSS | Free Trial
Home | Advertise | Classifieds | About | Contact
Sign In
Reader Comments (0)
By JAMES EIKStaff Reporter
November 7, 2013 | Vol. 117 -- No. 29
A second public hearing at the Monday, Nov. 4 Airway Heights City Council meeting regarding the 2014 budget covered a summary of projected expenses next year.
Continuing the beginning stages of the city's budgeting season, City Treasurer Richard Cook went through a summary of the expenses listed in the current draft form of the 2014 budget. Largely, next year's budget retains the same levels as this years, changing very little.
Among the transfers of money include $125,000 from the current expense fund to the street fund.
"The economy is slowly improving," City Manager Albert Trip...
For access to this article please sign in or subscribe.
Cheney Free Press | 1616 W. First St., Cheney, WA 99004
Ph: (509) 235-6184 | firstname.lastname@example.com | www.cheneyfreepress.com Content and information copyright 2015 Free Press Publishing Inc.
Powered by ROAR Online Publication Software
© Copyright 2015 Lions Light Corp.
— Software for newspapers & magazines

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Disaster Supplies and Shopping List
If you plan to stay at home during a hurricane, you should have the following items on hand. It is a good idea to get these items at the beginning of hurricane season because as a storm approaches, stores become very busy and stock is depleted quickly. Use the 11-week shopping list to help you gather your supplies.
WEEK 1 - FOOD (per person)
__ 3 gallons water
__ Sandwich bread
__ 3 boxes quick energy snacks
__ 2 cans ready-to-eat soup
__ 1 box each crackers
__ 1 box cereal
__ 3 cans fruit


text:
RSS | Free Trial
Home | Advertise | About | Contact
Sign In
Reader Comments (0)
By Jim OrrCourier Publisher
Glasgow Swim Team Places Fourth At State, Wins Seven Event Championships
August 7, 2013 | Volume 100 / Number 32
Georgie Kulczyk / For The Courier
The 13/14-year-old girls 200-meter freestyle relay team of, from left, Cara Goeke, Jordan Kulczyk, DJ Rasmusan and Khloe Krumwiede, won the state championship in 2:06.
Seven event championships. A fourth place team finish. The Glasgow Kiwanis Swim Team made a nice, big splash at the Montana State Swim Meet.
As a team, the 32 Kiwanis Kids competing Aug. 3 and 4 at Sidney made good on their qualifying performances at the Eastern Divisionals in their home pool. The top five teams at State, in order, were Bitterroot, Sidney, Lewistown, Glasgow and Chinook.
Five Kiwanis swimmers were involved in the local club's seven event championships.
The 13/14-year-old girls 200-meter freestyle relay team of Cara Goeke, Khloe Krumwiede, Jordan Kulczyk and DJ Rasmusan wo...
For access to this article please sign in or subscribe.
The Glasgow Courier | 341 Third Avenue South, Glasgow, MT 59230
Ph: (406) 228-9301 | email@example.com | www.glasgowcourier.com Content and information copyright 2015 Glasgow Courier, Inc.
Powered by ROAR Online Publication Software
© Copyright 2015 Lions Light Corp.
— Software for newspapers & magazines


text:
Free in home Estimates
spa room
Painting an interior room takes time, practice, patience, and a steady hand to do correctly. With over 13 years of experience, let Affordable painters help you complete your painting project!
We require that all items are removed from the walls and furniture moved back at least 3 feet. If you are unable to remove or move these items we will be happy to do it for you for a nominal fee.
When our professional painters have your project completed, we require you look at the job that was done, thoroughly. Make sure that the job is done to your satisfaction. You will have to sign a waiver of completion when they are finished. Once we leave you must pay a trip fee for us to come back for touch ups.


text:
Jaden. *sighs, looking at him w/ adoring eyes*
Jaden. *sighs, looking at him w/ adoring eyes*
that's funny, UG.
Chaz is #2 on my list for Yu-Gi-Oh! GX. I love his black jacket, not so much his attitude.
He dooesn't have the blue jacket for too long. He eventually leaves, then returns, but always wears a gray jacket until Sartorious comes along. Then he always wears a white jacket because he's a member of the Society of Light.


text:
Giles had understood perfectly. Lucetta had no doubts about that, but she realised instinctively that admitting her feelings for Sam had both shaken and hurt the man to whom she owed so much.
During the weeks that followed Giles said nothing to make her feel uncomfortable, but sometimes Lucetta caught him looking at her with a serious, almost wistful expression in his dark eyes. It was gone in an instant, replaced by his normal insouciant smile, convincing her that she had imagined the whole thing. After all, he had never spoken to her of love or romance and he was a good ten years her senior. What would a man of the world like Giles see in a penniless orphan? Despite the generous Christmas present and his obvious pleasure in her company, she decided that he was just being kind. His real interest must lie with Mary, whose feelings were painfully obvious, at least to Lucetta who had grown to love her like a sister.
The days passed pleasantly enough, although the weather continued to be dreadful with continuous snowstorms and reports of drifts several feet deep making travel outside London virtually impossible. Lucetta hoped that this was the reason for the lack of a response to the letter she had sent Sam, but she was still determined to go to Devonshire the moment that winter released its icy grip. She worked diligently for Sir Hector, and even when Parliament returned after the Christmas recess she continued to write much of his private correspondence, for which he paid her a modest salary. She saved every penny of her wages, placing the coins in an old stocking that was too laddered to darn, and stowing it away in a drawer with her clean undergarments.
Soon after Christmas, Sir Hector had taken Lucetta and Mary to the studio of a photographer who was renowned for his daguerreotype portraits. Sir Hector and Mary had their likenesses taken together and separately, posing rather self-consciously amongst potted palms set against a lavish curtained backdrop. Then it was Lucetta's turn to sit on the horsehair sofa for what seemed like hours while her image was captured for posterity and an extra print ordered so that it could be sent to Bali for validation by the consul.
'It seems as though this is the only way we can prove your true identity,' Sir Hector had said. 'Even if you find your young seafarer, I doubt whether his word alone would be enough to convince a magistrate that your uncle is lying.'


text:
Even though it's not really that cold (Just ask the Yankee tourists.), right now it's colder than we want it to be, and that makes it even easier to park it in the house and get bored.
If cabin fever has you longing for a return to the native, head for Ormond Beach on Friday.
25th Annual Ormond Beach Native American Festival
By now no one, not even northeast-Florida part-timers, should be surprised that Indians have lived here more or less continuously for the past 12,000 years.
By the time the Spanish sailed up to Ormond Beach in the 1500s, the Indians had plenty of colonies of their own.
At least half a dozen nations comprised of many tribes and speaking at least 10 different dialects called Ormond and Greater Jacksonville home.
The Ormond Beach Native American Festival celebrates the cultures of many Indian nations, not just those associated with Florida and the southeast.
As you'd expect with a festival devoted to native cultures, there will again be wildlife exhibits and the obligatory alligator and snake shows and ongoing demonstrations of flint knapping, native dolls, blowgun, archery, and pine-needle basket making.
As ever there's family-friendly fun in spades: Native American cuisine, over 30 trading booths, Aztec Dancers from Mexico, intertribal native dancers, craftspeople and performers from around the United States.
This year's festival features David Wethers, snake handle from 'America's Got Talent' and Jimmy Riffle and his crew from 'Gator Boys' on Animal Planet.
If you've lived in GreaterJax™ and met the Indians yet, you need to let yourself be welcomed in.
There's no time like the present.
25th Annual Ormond Beach Native American Festival
- Fri., Jan. 25 & Sat., Jan. 24 10 a.m.-9 p.m., Sun., Jan. 26, 10 a.m.-5 p.m.
- Admission: Adults $6.00, Seniors $5.00, Children $4.00, The Casements
- 25 Riverside Drive,
- Ormond Beach, Florida 32176
- Phone: 386-676-3216
- E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
©2014 All rights reserved.
OFFICIAL BIO: K Truitt is a second-generation, native Floridian born in Jacksonville. Truitt worked in public higher education for 25 years and knows newspaper publishing, printing and graphic design. Contact: email@example.com


text:
The trustee has rebutted the presumption that the Chapter 7 debtor correctly claimed an exemption for a vehicle voucher her employer furnished as part of the debtor's retirement package. The vehicle voucher is not reasonably necessary for the debtor's support, ...Read More »
Home / Opinion Digests / U.S. Bankruptcy Court (page 2)
U.S. Bankruptcy Court
Feed Subscription
Chapter 13 – Automatic Stay – No Extension
The court denies a motion to extend the automatic stay due to the impossibility of concluding a hearing on the motion before the expiration of the 30-day period for bringing the application provided by 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(B). Under 11 ...Read More »
Adversary Motion – Legal Malpractice Claim Trial Ordered
Legal Malpractice Claim Trial OrderedRead More »
Chapter 7 – Preferential Transfer — Antecedent Debt
Preferential Transfer -- Antecedent DebtRead More »
Consumer Debt – Intent To Repay — Discharge
Intent To Repay -- DischargeRead More »
Chapter 7 – Student Loans — No Discharge
Student Loans -- No DischargeRead More »
Chapter 13 – Tax Claims — Objections
Tax Claims -- ObjectionsRead More »
Bankruptcy – Protective Claim — Income Tax
Protective Claim -- Income TaxRead More »
Bankruptcy – Preferential Transfers — Attorney Fees
Preferential Transfers -- Attorney FeesRead More »
Bankruptcy – Junior Liens — Tenancy By The Entireties
Junior Liens -- Tenancy By The EntiretiesRead More »


text:
I know that webcamstudio live exists still even though it is not developed anymore. I tried to install the .deb package on ubuntu 12.04 amd64. But gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse is missing from the repository.
So what I am asking is if there are any alternatives to webcamstudio which work on ubuntu 12.10 amd64?


text:
Sept. 14, 1999
PULLMAN, Wash. - Washington State travels to Missoula to play in the Montana Diadora Cup. The Cougs will face the Universities of Utah and Montana in the tournament and it will be the first time in history that WSU will face either team.
"We play two tough matches," said WSU coach Dan Tobias. "We are playing in a tournament at the University of Montana and we have back-to-back games on Saturday and Sunday. Both of those teams are very strong, very fast."
The first game in the tournament for the Cougars is Saturday at 1 p.m. against the Utes. WSU will face the Grizzlies on Sunday at noon to conclude the Montana Diadora Cup.
After two shutout victories in which WSU dominated most of the matches, Tobias decided to give his team the day off on Monday.
"We will use that day to rest up," he said. "We will train a few days this week and be ready to take off on Friday for out trip to Montana."
The Cougar women's soccer team improved their record to 3-1-0 on the season after shutting out both Lousiville and Wyoming 3-0 this past week.
The offense was led by Deka DeWitt (Auburn, Wash.) and Christina Pallan (Las Vegas, Nev.) who each scored two goals last week while Kristin Mak (Redmond, Wash.) and Niki Ironside (Kent, Wash.) each added their first goals of the year.
The defense also played solid against Louisville and Wyoming allowing only a total of 11 shots.
Goalkeeper Lindsey Jorgensen (North Bend, Wash.) recorded two shutouts last weekend collecting 10 saves in the process. Jorgensen is one shutout away from tying Jessica Glazer for most career shutouts at 10.
Washington State is tied for third place the Pac-10 non-conference winning percentage at .750. Only UCLA and USC, who are tied with a 4-1-0 record, have a better winning percentage than the Cougs. Arizona State sits atop the Pac-10 standings after defeating Arizona 4-0 on September 1 in the only conference game so far.


text:
Local Photographer Liz Smith chronicled the Graybeards recent fundraiser at Russo's on The Bay for The Wave. Steve and Kenny Good, the proprietors of both The Beach Club catering Hall and The Rockaway Sunset Diner were honored for all the work they have done for the community.
Copyright 1999 - 2016 Wave Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved


text:
Customer orientation is of ultimate importance to deliver value added products. There are 4 basic stages for customer orientation
1) Develop
- Development has to be done keeping customer needs into mind.
- Products should be customer oriented.
- The development cycle time should be minimal
2) Manufacture
- As per the product, the manufacturing should be such that it gives the best products to the customer
- Quality should not be compromised
- Manufacturing cycle time should be reduced
3) Market
- Identifying and targeting the right customer
- Processing the demand as early as possible
- Customization of the products for the market
4) Deliver
- Deliver to the target customer
- Reduce delivery time
- Value for money products
Thus by these 4 steps, A value added product is delivered.


text:
Isaac Redman (twitter: @ired33)
Position: RB
Height: 6-0 Weight: 230 lbs.
Born: November 10, 1984 in Paulsboro, NJ
High School: Paulsboro
College: Bowie St.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 9 (7518th overall since 1950)
Sponsor this page for $5 and help Pro-Football-Reference.com provide this service. Your message will replace this ad.
|0 Accepted Penalty


text: After purchasing the PC version of SW-KotOR, I have encountered a frustrating problem. After the Ebon hawk is caught in a tractor beam, and the main party is tortured, the admiral...general...whatever he is, walks away and the screen fades to black. Normally the game would continue but it seems to have gotten stuck more or less. It didn't "freeze" or "lock up" because the sound is still on, you can still hear all the NPC's still moving about in their scripted movements, sound fx can still be heard, etc. However the game does not advance past this point and merely stays at the faded black screen. I've tried to turn down the graphics in hoping of reducing lag and thus stopping this problem but to no avail. Any help would be useful, any suggestions welcome. If you know of how to fix this situation, then please tell me.


text:
College Hockey:UMD Edges Denver In Wild Affair
DULUTH, Minn. — Ryan Geris scored one goal and notched an assist, and Beau Geisler added three assists to lead the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs to a wild 6-5 win over the No. 9 Denver Pioneers in WCHA action Friday at the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center.
With the loss, Denver falls to 17-8-4 overall and 8-7-4 in the WCHA. Minnesota-Duluth improves to 12-11-4 overall and 8-8-3 in the WCHA.
Junior Connor James had a goal and two assists to lead Denver, which couldn't overcome four separate two-goal deficits. The Pioneers pulled junior goaltender Adam Berkhoel with 2:08 left in the third period, but couldn't tie the score and possibly send the game to overtime.
"We constantly got beat to the net, got turned and our coverages broke down, which cost us the game," head coach George Gwozdecky said. "We fought back, but it's really tough to try and keep fighting back."
Jon Francisco scored the winning goal for Minnesota-Duluth when he knocked in a Geisler rebound at 13:01 of the third period. Geisler's third assist of the night gave the Bulldogs a 6-4 lead.
Senior Aaron MacKenzie scored on the power play at 15:06 to cut the lead to 6-5. MacKenzie's 10th goal of the season was assisted by James and junior Greg Keith, who recorded his first three-point game with one goal and two assists.
Minnesota-Duluth and goaltender Isaac Reichmuth held on to the 6-5 win after Denver pulled Berkhoel with 2:08 left. Reichmuth made 31 saves for Minnesota-Duluth, while Berkhoel had 25 saves for Denver.
James became the 84th student-athlete in Denver history to reach the 100-point barrier. His assist on Keith's second period goal was his 100th career point. He joins teammate Kevin Doell as current Pioneers with 100 or more points.
The Pioneers will try for a split with Minnesota-Duluth Saturday night in game two.
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
Please also keep "woofing," taunting, and otherwise unsportsmanlike behavior to a minimum. Your posts will more than likely be deleted, and worse yet, you reflect badly on yourself, your favorite team and your conference.


text:
Nevada Game to Air on FX
Wednesday, June 1, 3:30 p.m. PT
The addition of the game against the Wolfpack increased UO's number of games to be televised to five, with several other broadcast windows remaining to be filled as the season develops. Previously, ESPN and ABC made their early choices, selecting the following: Sept. 3 Cowboys Classic vs. LSU in Arlington, Tex. (ABC, 5 p.m. PT), Sept. 24 at Arizona (ESPN or ESPN2, 7:15 p.m.), Oct. 6 vs. Cal (ESPN, 6 p.m. PT) and Nov. 19 vs. USC (ABC, 5 p.m. PT).
Potential national broadcast slots remain for every other game day on the Ducks' schedule with the exception of Sept. 17, when UO hosts Missouri State.
Oregon's game on FX will be its first on the network since Oct. 11, 1997, when the Ducks faced UCLA at Autzen Stadium.
Last season, 10 of Oregon's 13 games ended up being carried by national networks.
blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
Alternative medicine goes mainstream
Accupuncture, meditation, massage, yoga no longer ruled out
|Kim Ricci relaxes with acupuncture needles in her ear while receiving a treatment at The Gynecologic Cancer Center in Orlando on May 15, 2014. Ricci, a breast cancer survivor started acupuncture ro relive pain after a recommendation from her oncologist. (Jacob Langston/Orlando Sentinel/MCT)
Ricci, 50, says she was surprised when her doctor suggested she get acupuncture to relieve the pain and discomfort she was experiencing after her breast-cancer surgery.
She was even more surprised when the therapy worked.
"While I can't say I thought of it as voodoo, I never thought it was a solution for me," the Orlando woman said.
Though acupuncture, meditation, massage and yoga are not typically what the doctor orders, that's changing as more mainstream medical practitioners incorporate therapies once considered alternative into their conventional practices.
UF Health Cancer Center at Orlando Health started an integrative-medicine program last year, and at the University of Florida's medical school, a course in alternative medicine is about to become part of the curriculum. At the University of Central Florida's College of Medicine, students are learning how to make unconventional therapies part of conventional treatment plans.
"It heartens me to see more doctors starting to treat the whole person rather than just cutting them and giving them medicine," said Diane Robinson, a neuropsychologist and the program director of integrative medicine at the cancer center.
Applications for alternative medicine reach far beyond cancer treatment.
Physicians from many fields who just a few years ago would have balked at incorporating therapies once considered "mystic" into their treatment plans are now recommending them to treat a range of ailments, including headaches, pain, arthritis, stress and depression, said Dr. Irene Estores, an integrative-medicine physician who started UF Health's Integrative Medicine Program a year ago.
When Paula Duffy of Groveland, Fla., developed low thyroid, and her doctor put her on prescription thyroid medication, "the side effects were violent," she said.
Though her dose was low, the 75-year-old woman had the shakes and her heart raced. About a month ago, she went to Estores, who prescribed botanical supplements, including selenium and seaweed containing iodine. Duffy tolerates the combination well.
"I was so lucky to find a doctor like her. I want to try everything first that's not invasive, but regular doctors do not understand about supplements, and few believe in meditation and yoga," said Duffy, a Brazilian native who has practiced yoga, meditation and tai chi for decades.
That acceptance will likely increase as, across Florida, more medical students are being trained in the emerging field of integrative medicine. This fall, Estores will teach a course on the subject to fourth-year UF medical students.
At UCF's College of Medicine, Dr. Lisa Barkley, assistant dean for diversity and inclusion, said, "We teach our medical students to incorporate complementary methods into their care plans along with more traditional approaches. It's important they understand other perspectives, alternatives and cultures."
Ricci is grateful for the philosophical shift. After her double mastectomy in December 2011, the business analyst and mother of three grown daughters experienced painful muscle spasms and skin tightening around her chest and back.
She took pain medication and muscle relaxants but didn't want to become dependent on pills.
"I was pretty miserable," she said. "The muscles were so tight through my breast and back it was a struggle to breathe or move or just get through the day."
She began getting treatments in March at the Gynecologic Cancer Center, part of the UF Health Cancer Center in Orlando. "I feel completely different. Now I can take a deep breath," she said. "My muscle pain is 95 percent better."
This is exactly how Orlando Health's Robinson wants doctors and patients to use alternative therapies, she said, adding that good scientific evidence is emerging to support many alternative methods.
Acupuncture, for instance, has been shown to bring pain relief in animal studies, which would rule out a placebo effect.
Massage, yoga and mindfulness are also "very well supported by science for relieving pain, tension and stress," she said.
However, other areas, including light, energy or magnet therapies, are "very questionable."
"Some treatments are not studied and not tested," said UCF's Barkley, who cautions medical students to note the line between evidence-based treatments and quackery.
Though proponents of the integrative trend argue that adding alternative treatments to traditional medicine could reduce health-care costs overall by lessening pain and increasing compliance, insurance companies approve few treatments. Most patients, including Ricci, pay out of pocket.
Ricci pays $50 for each one-hour acupuncture session.
Dr. Frank Stone, an internist and pediatrician at Florida Hospital, understands the resistance among some of his colleagues. "We like to think we're scientists and can prove what works, but not everything in life lends itself to that approach."
Whether it makes sense scientifically isn't really relevant if it helps, said Stone, who doesn't prescribe alternative therapies himself.
"Modern medicine often ignores the connection between mind and body," Stone said. "If the brain thinks it's helping, then the body has a related response. If people believe it will make a difference, it makes a difference."
-Pick a good practitioner. Ask what medical facilities they are affiliated with. Those providers linked to well-established medical institutions or practices likely have the proper training and credentials.
-Get a doctor's recommendation. Don't just go for a therapy because "it worked well for your neighbor," said Diane Robinson, program director of integrative medicine at UF Health Cancer Center at Orlando Health.
-Don't seek treatments online. "Almost every week on the Internet some mushroom is being touted as a cure for something," said Dr. Lisa Barkley, assistant dean for diversity and inclusion at the UCF College of Medicine. "But who knows what you're putting in your body?"
-Beware of interactions. The area where most harm can happen is when patients combine herbal supplements, which haven't been studied, and prescription drugs. The interactions are unknown and can be dangerous.
-Don't use them to replace traditional medicine. "My concern with alternative therapies is when patients turn to them to relieve symptoms for problems that need mainstream medical treatment," said Dr. Frank Stone, an internist at Florida Hospital. Pain, for instance, can be a sign of a problem that needs traditional medical attention.
Follow Us
Post a reader commentWe encourage your feedback and dialog.
Please be civil and respectful.
If you're witty, to the point and quotable, your reader comments may also be included on the Around the Towns page of The Sunday Republican.
Readers must be registered and logged in to post comments on the site. Registration is free. Click Here to register.
A Subscription is not required to post comments only a Registration.
Log In
|Register / Forgotten Password?
- Delving into the pain of osteoarthritis
- Affordable Care Act gives pregnant women options
- Bodybuilder has heavy goal at 80
- Up, up, and away ... Sinus treatment balloons
- Squeeze more out of your bridge
- How to create a winning team on the field or anywhere else
- Inner peace inside the wall
- Tattoo health risks: Why you should think before you ink
- Coconut oil's surprising benefits
- Health-saving tips experts want men to know


text:
1. Houston: Jadeveon Clowney, DE, South Carolina - In a decision between Jadeveon or a QB the Texans choose Clowney.
2. St. Louis (WAS): Greg Robinson, LT, Auburn - If the Rams are going to find out if QB Sam Bradford is their QB, St. Louis has to protect him.
3. Jacksonville: Sammy Watkins, WR, Clemson – The new regime needs a franchise QB, but are in desperate need of a #1 WR in light of Justin Blackman's issues.
4. Cleveland: Jake Matthews, LT, Texas A&M – In need of a franchise QB the Browns select the highest rated player on their draft board. Matthews could start at right tackle to give the Browns two bookend offensive tackles.
5. Oakland: Khalil Mack, OLB, Buffalo – In need of an impact player on both sides of the ball, the Raiders select a difference maker on defense. Mack would instantly upgrade the raiders pass rush and give the MAC Top-10 picks in back-to-back years.
6. Atlanta: Taylor Lewan, LT, Michigan – QB Matt Ryan sacked 44 times, hit 100 times and hurried on 206 plays. Matthews could be the Falcons LT for the next 10+ years.
7. Tampa Bay: Mike Evans, WR, Texas A&M – WR's Vincent Jackson & Mike Williams were productive in 2013, but the Bucs did not have a speed Receiver to stretch the field, Evans has deceptive long speed to fill that need.
8. Minnesota: Johnny Manziel, QB, Texas A&M – In need of a franchise quarterback the Vikings select the most exciting quarterback in college football in 2013. Manziel must adjust his game in the NFL.
9. Buffalo: Eric Ebron, TE, UNC – The Bills are in need of a big, physical wideout who can make plays down the field and in the red zone, with Mike Evans off the board the Bills select the top rated tight end.
10. Detroit: Calvin Pryor, FS, Louisville – The Lions played well defensively, but need help at safety. Pryor could replace Louis Delmas and solidify the backend of the Lions defense.
11. Tennessee: Teddy Bridgewater, QB, Louisville – The uncertainty of QB Jake Locker's health and lack of depth at the position makes quarterback a huge need. The Titans look past Bridgewater's Pro Day workout, focus his game tapes and select the former Louisville Cardinal.
12. New York Giants: Zack Martin, LT, Notre Dame – QB Eli Manning under constant pressure threw 27 interceptions and sacked 39 times, both career highs.
13. St. Louis: Ha'Sean Clinton-Dix, FS, Alabama – After providing protection for their franchise quarterback the Rams add a Free Safety to play next to T.J. McDonald and solidify the backend of a talented defense.
14. Chicago: Aaron Donald, DT, Pittsburgh – The Bears lost DT Henry Melton and are in need of someone to help plug the inside as well as provide an interior pass rush.
15. Pittsburgh: Stephen Tuitt, DE, Notre Dame – The Steelers are in need of a cornerback, although the run defense was terrible. The pick up of NT Cam Thomas in free agency was huge, but it is time to replace Brett Keisel and solidify the DE position opposite Cameron Heyward.
16. Dallas: Jimmie Ward, SS, Northern Illinois – The Cowboys could trade up or down. The Cowboys need to improve a defense that gave up the most yards, most passing yards and first downs in team history. Ward is well rounded safety known for his man coverage skills.
17. Baltimore: Kelvin Benjamin, WR, Florida State – The Ravens add a playmaker that could replace WR Anquan Boldin and start opposite deep threat WR Torrey Smith.
18. New York Jets: Odell Beckham, WR, LSU – The Jets need receivers in the worst way; Jeremy Kerley, their leading receiver had 43 catches – the fewest by a Jets leading receiver since 1979.
19. Miami: Cyrus Kouandjio, LT, Alabama – The Dolphins allowed a franchise-worst 58 sacks.
20. Arizona: Anthony Barr, OLB, UCLA – The Cardinals are solid defensively, but their best pass rusher, John Abraham, is 35 years old.
21. Green Bay: C.J. Mosley, ILB, Alabama - The Packers are after help at safety, tight end and defensive end. No player at those positions rate high enough to take at this spot so the Packers select a the top rated inside linebacker after that position was depleted in the 2013 NFL Playoffs.
22. Philadelphia: Ryan Shazier, OLB, Ohio State – The Eagles in need of help at Outside Linebacker and select the the third highest-rated Outside Linebacker in the draft to replace Trent Cole who struggled on the outside in 2013.
23. Kansas City: Justin Gilbert, CB, Oklahoma State – The Chiefs have three solid corners in Brandon Flowers, Sean Smith and Marcus Cooper, but in today's NFL you need more.
24. Cincinnati: Bradley Roby, CB, Ohio State – The Bengals lost cornerback Leon Hall to injury in 2013. Terrence Newman was one of the 10 most targeted corners in the league, but had few very breakdowns. Due to age the Bengals are in need of depth at the position.
25. San Diego: Kyle Fuller, CB, Virginia Tech – The Chargers had issues in the secondary in 2013; blown coverages and missed tackles were the norm until late in the season.
26. Cleveland: Carlos Hyde, RB, Ohio State – The Browns were without a starter when RB Trent Richardson was trade and scored only four rushing touchdowns and struggled in short yardage situations. Hyde is a workhorse running back that would help the Browns eliminate the issues with the running game.
27. New Orleans: Demarcus Lawrence, OLB, Boise State – The Saints linebackers were active and aggressive under first-year Defensive Coordinator Rob Ryan, Victor Butler will return from injury, but the unit is in need of depth.
28. Carolina: Darqueze Dennard, CB, Michigan State- The Panthers had a pieced-together secondary in 2013, the weakest unit coming into the year, that held up very well. Dennard could start and be a playmaker opposite LCB Captain Munnerlyn.
29. New England: Jace Amaro, TE - Texas Tech – The Patriots are hopeful that TE Rob Gronkowski will be healthy enough to start in 2014. Amaro would allow the Patriots to run their two tight end offense.
30. San Francisco: Jordan Matthews, WR, Vanderbilt – The 49ers are in need of depth at wide receiver behind Anquan Boldin, Michael Crabtree & Quinton Patton and decide to select a big, physical receiver who is a solid route runner with good long speed who also happens to Jerry Rice cousin.
31. Denver: Davante Adams, WR, Fresno State – The Broncos in need of getting the taste of "35" (the amount they lost the Super Bowl, by. 43-8) out of their mouths choose to replace Eric Decker with the sixth highest rated wide receiver.
32. Seattle: Troy Niklas, TE, Notre Dame – Seahawks Tight End Zach Miller had 33 receptions in 2013 and battled some nagging injuries. Seattle needs depth at the tight end position.


text:
The Master's College is hosting a creation science symposium at 7 p.m. Saturday, Feb. 20.
More details will be posted here as they become available. Those interested may also contact the college via phone (800.568.6248) or the college's website (www.masters.edu/contact).
The Master's College is a Christian liberal arts school founded by Dr. John MacArthur, the college's president. The Master's College is located at 21726 Placerita Canyon Road in Santa Clarita.


text:
Skydiving.com now has a network skydiving location serving Campbellton and Jackson County in Florida. Call Skydiving.com at 1-800-617-7948 for details, free information and specials on skydiving in Campbellton, FL today!
Popular Tags for Skydiving Campbellton:
Skydiving Campbellton, Skydiving in Campbellton, Sky Diving Campbellton, Skydive Campbellton FL, Skydiving 32426, Campbellton Skydiving, Skydiving Campbellton Florida, Skydiving near Campbellton, Skydiving in Campbellton Florida, Campbellton Sky Diving, Skydive 32426, Skydiving Campbellton FL, Skydive Campbellton, Skydiving Jackson County, Skydive in 32426, Skydiving FL, Sky Diving Campbellton FL, Campbellton, Florida
Sign up for our newsletter and receive updatesand specials on skydiving across America!


text:
12 Jun 11:47 2014
ANN: io-memoize 1.1
Dan Burton <danburton.email <at> gmail.com>
Have you ever wanted to restrict an IO action such that it could only be invoked once? Now you can with System.IO.Memoize.once (formerly known as ioMemo).
Need slightly more complicated logic? (e.g. An IO callback that takes an argument but then only executes the first time around, essentially ignoring the argument the other times it is called.) Leverage the dead simple "write once" Control.Concurrent.Cache api for fun and profit.
1. Create an empty cache with newCache
2. fetch repeatedly from the cache, each time providing a fallback in case it is empty.
3. There is no step 3.
Fetching from a Cache is thread safe: only one "fallback" will execute at a time, and after the first successful fallback, the cached value will be set and no other fallbacks will be called.
-- Dan Burton
_______________________________________________ Haskell mailing list Haskell <at> haskell.org http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/haskell


text:
August 2009
Nobody can make you feel inferior
without your consent.
Something to think about....
A merry heart doeth good [like] a medicine: but a broken spirit drieth the bones.
Proverbs 17:22
Recent studies have shown that laughing can, indeed, be good for our health, both mental and physical. I find it fascinating that our modern science is just now "proving" what was written as fact, in the scripture above, so many years ago.
The word "medicine" in Proverbs 17:22 actually means "heal," like a medicine.
Laughter, along with an active sense of humor, may help protect you against a heart attack, according to a recent study by cardiologists at the U niversity of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore. The study, which is the first to indicate that laughter may help prevent heart disease, found that people with heart disease were 40 percent less likely to laugh in a variety of situations compared to people of the same age without heart disease.
In an article "Laughter is the Best Medicine," at http://helpguide.org/life/humor_laughter_health.htm
we find that:
● Laughter relaxes the whole body. A good, hearty laugh relieves physical tension
and stress, leaving your muscles relaxed for up to 45 minutes after.
● Laughter boosts the immune system. Laughter decreases stress hormones and
increases immune cells and infection-fighting antibodies, thus improving your
resistance to disease.
● Laughter triggers the release of endorphins, the body's natural feel-good chemicals.
Endorphins promote an overall sense of well-being and can even temporarily relieve
● Laughter protects the heart. Laughter improves the function of blood vessels and
increases blood flow, which can help protect you against a heart attack and other
cardiovascular problems.
And in an article, "The Stress Management and Health Benefits of Laughter," at http://stress.about.com/od/stresshealth/a/laughter.htm we find that:
Laughter reduces the level of stress hormones like cortisol, epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine and growth hormone. It also increases the level of health-enhancing hormones like endorphins, and neurotransmitters. Laughter increases the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of T-cells. All this means a stronger immune system, as well as fewer physical effects of stress.
Some of us come into the world as "born laughers." My mom and her siblings were born laughers. And I'm thankful that I and my siblings inherited that trait. We'll laugh at just about anything, and some of the time this gets us into trouble. I remember my mom's older sister saying her husband used to get angry with her because she laughed at "everything." He told her he believed she'd even laugh at a funeral.
Guilty. I've done exactly that.
But sometimes we get so wrapped up in life and the everyday stress of just getting through the day, it's hard to find anything funny.
So maybe we need to start planning a little time each day to watch a funny sitcom, read a joke book or find some way to get a good chuckle. We might see our health improving, along with our attitudes.
Okay, I'm off to watch one of my favorites―Reba!
A Word From Pat
August, already?
That's really hard to believe. Maybe because we've had such a cool, rainy
summer here in Nashville, it doesn't seem as if we've had a summer at all.
But I think that's about to change, since we're supposed to be in the low
to mid-nineties this coming week. Okay, this is where I say, "YUK"! Gimme
the cool and rainy!
I worked most of July at the office where I fill in when someone is out. And if you read the July issue of The QP, you know that I dogsat my granddog and fell totally in love with her, although she did add to my "stuff to do" list. Also, I got talked into being the Events Chair for the local chapter of the Women's National Book Association, and later they asked me to be Vice President. Without seeking professional, psychological help, I agreed. So I've been going to meetings like crazy, trying to gear up for the coming year's agenda.
And on top of that, I'm
trying desperately to finish book number 9, which is another
Visit Pat's Place at
www.patballard.com | Write me at
Click on the Bookbuzzr graphic to browse an excerpt from Pat's newest book,
Links About The Queen & Her Books
Weighty Matters
What is HAES?
Read rest of the article here:
Reader Review of the
Browse and share excerpts from Pat Ballard's books online.
Listen to Pat on the
June 1, 2009
Health At Every Size radio show
Listen to
a Feb. 11, 2009 Conversation with Pat Ballard
Read an interview with Pat at The F-word (Food. Fat. Feminism.) blog.
Communicate with Pat
via her "Amazon Connect" blog on Amazon.com!
Pat's romantic suspense novel Abigail's Revenge is featured on the Beautiful
Portal website:
An article on Pat has been
posted at:
Calendar of Events
Join Pat, her fearless publisher, and several other Pearlsong Press
authors in a free
Conversation teleconference call Wed., August 12, 2009 at
noon Eastern/11 a.m. Central. During the call Pat and other authors
will discuss creating fat friendly fiction and fat-positive characters.
New from Pearlsong Press—Pat's latest (and first nonfiction) book, 10 Steps to Loving Your Body (No Matter What Size You Are). See www.pearlsong.com/10steps.htm to order. All copies purchased directly from the Pearlsong Press website will be autographed by the author.
Pat regularly guests on Radio Free Nashville's Health At Every Size show, which airs every Monday morning. She's usually in the studio on the fourth Monday of the month. The show is streamed live over the Internet 10-11 a.m. CST Mondays. You can also subscribe to the podcast of the show (automatically receive the mp3 recordings of the weekly shows on your computer, iPod or mp3 player) via iTunes. Click on the "subscribe in a reader" button/link in the upper lefthand column, and select "Add to iTunes" or the podcatcher of your choice.
Listen to the live
broadcasts over the Internet at
http://www.radiofreenashville.org/. You can also listen to
the live broadcasts through your telephone via UPSNAP.COM. See the
Health At Every Size show website or the
Radio Free Nashville website
for details. Davidson County, Tennessee residents can also hear the show
live through the Secondary Audio Programming of Comcast cable's Channel
Give someone a good
read as well as support in loving themselves.
Newsletter Archives
Read previous issues
of The Queen's Proclamation at
Subscribe Me! Remove Me!
Did someone forward this newsletter to you, and you'd like to sign up to receive future issues yourself? Use the form below to subscribe.
Already a subscriber, but want to remove your email address from the Queen's mailing list? You can also use the form below to unsubscribe — just fill it in, select "Remove" from the drop-down menu, and click "Go!"
Queen's Proclamation is published by Pearlsong Press.


text:
More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
Professional School Counseling: Best Practices for Working in the Schools, Third Edition
ISBN13:by Thompson; Dr. Rosemary
Nonspecific Binding
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
This is the 3rd edition with a publication date of 1/27/2012.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
- The eBook copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically only the book itself is included.
Today's children and adolescents are constantly facing new and unique challenges, and school counselors must respond to this by expanding their role and function within the school. Rosemary Thompson has created this practical and highly useful guidebook to address these issues, as well as the necessary steps school counselors need to take in order to adapt and effectively deal with them. This revised and expanded edition of Thompson's invaluable text explores these vital and necessary changes while emphasizing the inherent benefits of and need for professional counseling in our schools, making it an essential resource for every school counselor.
Table of Contents
Section I: Background, Fundamentals, and Models 1. Historical Perspectives and Future Implications: School Counseling from a Developmental Consumer/Community/Standard-Based Program Model. 2. Transforming the School Counseling Profession: Closing the Achievement Gap between Disenfranchised Students, Minorities, Children of Color, and Children of Poverty (Education Trust Model). 3. Program Development, Program Delivery, Program Evaluation, and Program Advocacy (ASCA Model). 4. Outcome Research: What School Interventions Work and Improve Student Behavior and Achievment. Section II: Culture, Diversity, Ethics, and Legal Issues 5. Understanding Diversity and Developing Multicultural Competence. 6. Developmental Counseling from a Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Framework: Implementing a Psycheducational Life- Skills Approach to Student Development. 7. A Profile of Child and Adolescent Well-Being: Advocating for the Mental Health Needs of Children and Adolescents in Today's Society. 8. Ethical and Legal Issues in School Counseling: Confidentiality Issues with Minors. Section III: Applications 9. Crisis Intervention and Crisis Management: Debriefing Strategies for Different Populations. 10. Working with Children with Disabilities and 504 Plans. Section IV: Consultation, Accountability, and Self-Care 11. Consulting with Teachers, Parents, and Support Personnel. 12. Academic and Career Planning and Special Programs for First Generation College Students. 13. Accountability: Program Development, Program Evaluation, and Program Advocacy. 14. Professional Development and Personal Renewal: Understanding the Dynamics of Compassion Fatigue - the Professional Liability of Caring too much.