text:
On this page, we will take a brief look at some of the complications encountered when attempting to define units of measurement with high accuracy.
The second is defined as the time taken by 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the microwave radio frequency produced by an atom of Cesium-133 when the electrons in that atom are in the ground state, except for one that has emitted this radiation by making the transition from the upper hyperfine level of this state to the lower one. This definition was chosen to make the length of the SI second the same as that of a second of Ephemeris Time and so when this second began to be used in civil timekeeping (the changeover to "atomic time"), the use of "leap-seconds" became necessary immediately.
The 1952 definition of the second of Ephemeris time was based on the instantaneous length of the tropical year being 31,556,925.9747 seconds at the beginning of the year 1900, which was considered to be Noon GMT of December 31st, 1899, but according to Ephemeris Time rather than civil time. However, while the length of the year at that time was the basis for the standard, the length of the second was not 1/86,400 of the length of the day at that time, but was rather based on the average of the length of the day from 1750 to 1892 as previously worked out by Simon Newcomb.
At one time, the metre was defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange red line in the spectrum of Krypton-86 which corresponded to the radiation emitted by an electron moving from the orbital
2 p to the orbital 5 d 10 5
in an unperturbed fashion.
However, a scientist proceeded to measure the speed of light by performing an accurate measurement of the ratio between the wavelengths (and/or frequencies) of these two types of radiation. In Zen-like fashion, this convinced those responsible for the standards of the fundamental absurdity of the situation, and so now the definition of the second stands, but the definition of the metre has been replaced; now, the metre derives from the second, through the speed of light, which is, by definition,
8 2.99792458 * 10
metres per second.
This leads to the length of a metre being approximately 30.6633189885 wavelengths of the Cesium-133 microwave radiation noted above: the fact that the wavelength is not a tiny fraction of a metre is why it had previously been considered more suitable to a standard of time, for which a radio frequency which can be manipulated by electronics is more accessible than an optical frequency, than one of distance.
The speed of light in a vacuum can also be given in units of the uniform US/British inch of 2.54 centimetres, which leads to light travelling 186,282 miles, 698 yards, 2 feet, and 5 21/127 inches every second in a vacuum.
Note that it is more convenient to measure the length of waves of light through interference fringes, and the time between oscillations of radio waves through electrical circuitry, however. So the dual definitions allowed both time and distance to be more accurately defined.
Incidentally, as far back as 1927, a definition of the metre in terms of a light wavelength existed, but that definition was based on a line in the spectrum of cadmium: the length of the metre was defined as 1,553,164.13 times the wavelength of the 6436.4696 Ångström cadmium red line.
A. A. Michaelson had found the cadmium red line to be particularly monochromatic; he had made a measurement of the International Prototype Metre in 1892 which indicated the length of the metre as 1,553,163.5 times the wavelength of the cadmium red line, the wavelength of which was taken to be 6436.472 Ångström units.
The figure used in the 1927 standard of 1,553,164.13 wavelengths per metre corresponds closely to a wavelength of 6436.4696 Ångströms for the cadmium red line; that the cadmium red line is exactly 6436.4696 Ångström units long was adopted as a standard for the definition of the international Ångström unit in 1907, based on measurements in 1906 by Benoit, Fabry, and Perot of the length of the metre in terms of the cadmium red line.
Cadmium, however, has eight stable isotopes, the most common of which, Cadmium-114, has a natural abundance of 28.73%. so the accuracy of a standard based on natural cadmium would be limited by the small variations in the wavelengths of the same spectral line between different isotopes.
Prior to the use of Krypton-86 for the standard length of the metre, another possibility that was considered was to use Mercury-198. This isotope of mercury was created in 1946 by bombarding gold with neutrons, as gold, like aluminum, has only one stable isotope, and this method of creating isotopically-pure mercury was simpler than attempting to separate the isotopes of mercury by their miniscule difference in weight. Its 5460.753 Ångström spectral line was the one considered for use as a standard. Also, a current secondary standard for the metre is an iodine-stabilized helium-neon laser, the light from which has a wavelength of 6329.9139822 Ångströms.
It is necessary at this point to add that 3515.3502 wavelengths of the cadmium red line would, by the 1927 definition, subtend some 2.2633475317 millimetres (as opposed to 2.2633485174 millimetres), which seems to indicate a discrepancy in the definition of the Potrzebie. As a little arithmetic shows that this definition of the Potrzebie would lead to a metre of 1,553,163.45 wavelengths of the red line of cadmium in length, it seems apparent that Donald Knuth, then a 19-year old high school student, had converted from millimetres to wavelengths of cadmium light using a reference giving the 1892 figure.
In my efforts to sort out the mystery of that discrepancy, which led me to finding out about the 1892 figure, I had encountered a biographical essay on A. Michaelson by Robert A. Millikan giving 6438.472 Ångströms as the wavelength of the red line of Cadmium as determined by Michaelson which would indeed lead to a standard of about 1,553,163.5 wavelengths per metre. In the essay, the resulting standard as 1,555,165.5, which I took to be a misprint. Thus, the mystery of the difference between the length of the Potrzebie as defined in terms of the metre and that as defined in terms of the cadmium red line appeared to be solved, and further searching led me both to confirmation that 1,553,163.5 was the figure arrived at by Michaelson in 1892 and to find that the later standard derived from the 1906 measurements of Benoit, Fabry, and Perot as noted above.
It may also be noted that in 1964, an agreement was reached between the U.S. and Britain to define the inch as 2.54 centimetres.
Prior to 1964, the inch was defined in the U.S. on the basis that a metre was exactly 39.37 inches long, which led to the inch being about 2.540005 centimetres long, and in Britain the inch was 2.539997 centimetres in length. (One older reference gives the metre being 39.37079 inches, and the inch therefore being 2.539954 centimetres in length.)
Or is the British inch 2.539996 centimetres? There are sources giving both values for the British inch. I found the 2.539997 figure in the Encyclopedia Britannica article on weights and measures, while the 2.539996 figure occurs in news stories from 1938 and 1958 about the ongoing negotiations to establish agreement between Britain and the United States on the inch of 2.54 centimetres, so I would have been inclined to believe the 2.539997 figure to be the more accurate one. Yet another source gives the length of the inch based on the British "Bronze Yard #11" to be 2.53999944 centimetres.
Unlike the case of the U.S. inch, where the inch was defined so that 39.37 inches equalled one metre, so that the U.S. inch must therefore be 2.54000508001016002032004064.. centimetres, the British inch was defined by a separate physical standard, so there is no inherent exact ratio between the British inch and the metre.
A 1928 scientific paper, titled "A New Determination of the Imperial Standard Yard to the International Prototype Metre", by Sears, Johnson, and Jolly, gave the ratio of 1 metre to 39.370147 British inches, which gives rise to an inch of 2.5399955596... centimetres. Incidentally, the International Prototype Metre was made in 1872, while the Imperial Standard Yard dates back to 1855.
An earlier measurement, from 1895, gave the length of the metre as 39.370113 British inches, leading to a British inch of 2.53999778969... centimetres. That rounds to 2.539998, and so it cannot alone be the source of the other value; despite the fact that one source notes that the 39.370113 figure was the de facto standard for the length of the British inch for many years.
The Imperial Standard Yard is made from a bronze alloy, 82% copper, 13% tin, and 5% zinc, and it is defined to have its standard length at a temperature of 62 degrees Fahrenheit; the International Prototype Metre is made of 90% platinum and 10% iridium, and its length is valid at 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit, or the freezing point of water).
Incidentally, the Imperial Standard Yard was noted as having shrunk by one part per million in a span of 20 years, calling its accuracy into question.
It may be noted that the Pyramid Inch was claimed to be 1.00106 English inches, so that would make it about 2.5426894 centimetres long. The Pyramid inch was said to be 1/25th of a royal cubit.
In fact, an ordinary cubit, about 18 inches long (so they were at least right that cubits related better to Imperial measure than to the metric system) was divided into six spans (each three inches long), which were in turn divided into four digits (each 3/4 of an inch; and, indeed, the keys on our typewriter keyboards have 3/4 of an inch spacing even today). A royal cubit is seven spans instead of six, and so, nominally, it should be 21 inches long, but then standards of measure were less accurate in those days. The royal cubit was used in the construction of the Great Pyramid; thus, its sides had a rise of one royal cubit for a run of five and one-half spans; which, multiplied by four, gives 3 1/7, giving the appearance that pi is involved in the construction of the Pyramids.
In fact, though, serious archaeologists and historians now know that the Egyptian royal cubit was about 52.6 centimetres (give or take 3mm), or 20.7 inches - so it was indeed near to 21 inches, and actually somewhat smaller, and thus not 25.0265 inches long. To the extent, therefore, that such a thing as an ancient Egyptian inch has any meaning, therefore, it would be about 98 4/7 percent of an inch, not 1.00106 inches, in length.
While the Egyptian measure relates to Imperial measure by a factor of about .986, the currently accepted value for the Roman foot makes it .971 feet long; thus, while the foot grew on its way to Britain, in the middle, as it passed through Rome, it shrank. And the Romans did divide the foot into 16 digits as well as 12 inches, and so linking the cubit to the inch as I have done is legitimate.
I think it is unfortunate that they missed their chance to define the inch as being about 2.540002 centimetres in length, so that the diagonal of a square 152 inches on a side would be exactly 546 centimetres, or the diagonal of a square 273 centimetres on a side would be exactly 152 inches. After all, supporters of the metric system have always criticized the Imperial system as irrational; and it would be convenient if having two systems of measurement allowed one, by using both of them, to measure exactly both the sides of a square and its diagonal.
Of course, lengths of 152 inches and 273 centimetres are somewhat unwieldy. However, as rulers measuring inches are often divided in tenths of an inch, one could relate 15.2 inches to 273 millimetres. But inch rulers are more often divided into sixteenths of an inch.
If one were to use the same method to relate the sixteenth of an inch to a millimetre, defining the inch as about 2.5399946 centimetres would lead to a square 284 millimetres on a side having a diagonal of 15 and 13/16 of an inch.
However, failing changes in our systems of measurement, one can always simply make use of the fact that 20 squared is 400, 21 squared is 441, and 29 squared is 841 to come reasonably close to a 45 degree angle and still use exact distances.
Also, even if redefining the inch is excluded, if only a single unit of measurement is used, comparable ratios to approximate the square root of two would be 239:169 and 577:408, which are in error by 0.000875 percent and 0.000150 percent respectively, while, using the inch of 2.54 centimetres, the ratio 152 inches to 273 centimetres approximates the square root of two with an error of 0.000078 percent.
The diagonal of a square 273 centimetres on a side is 386.0803025278548... centimetres, while 152 inches of 2.54 centimetres each are 386.08 centimetres, so there is an excess of 0.0003025278548... centimetres. The older U.S. inch, such that 39.37 inches equal one metre, is still in use for survey purposes, and this inch is equal to 2.54000508001016... centimetres. If, of the 152 inches of the diagonal, 59 and 9/16 of those inches were measured using the older U.S. inch, and the other 92 and 7/16 of those inches were measured using the current inch of 2.54 cm, an even closer approximation to the square root of two would be obtained.
A more approximate measurement of the diagonal of the square can be obtained using much simpler numbers. The diagonal of a square 9 centimetres on a side is 5.0109929... inches in length. For comparison, the diagonal of a square 7 centimetres on a side is 9.8994949... centimetres in length. The discrepancy, in addition to being in the opposite direction, is very nearly 3.6 times as large. So, the diagonal of a square 39.4 centimetres on a side, which is 55.7200143574999... centimetres, is very close to 10 centimetres (about the diagonal of 7 centimetres) plus 18 inches (about the diagonal of the other 32.4 centimetres) since 18 inches is 45.72 centimetres.
Since these are all even numbers, we can note that 9 inches plus 5 centimetres is approximately the diagonal of 19.7 centimetres.
Since those words were written, it occured to me that there might be another irrational number that should instead be used to define the relationship between the centimetre and a modified inch.
If one decides that a computer keyboard should be tilted at an angle of ten degrees, then while the spacing of circuit traces for the different keys would be, horizontally, three-quarters of an inch, vertically they would be that distance divided by the cosine of ten degrees. So, if that could be made something reasonably easy to specify...
With an inch of 2.54 centimetres, the distance in question is 1.93438769564234419687... centimetres approximately. If, for example, we want that distance to instead be 1.9344 cm exactly, we would have to change the inch to 2.540016156569... centimetres.
On one page on this site, I note that the Egyptians had a royal cubit of seven spans as opposed to the regular cubit of six spans. But I note at least one page that claims the original form of the royal cubit in Egypt was a measuring unit for measuring diagonals.
The U.S. pound was redefined as 453.59237 grams in 1959, having previously been defined on the basis of 2.2062234 pounds equalling one kilogram exactly, leading to a pound of about 453.5924277 grams, nearly identical to the British pound, which was 453.59243 grams before also being redefined to the international standard avoirdupois pound of 453.59237 grams, which Britain adopted in 1963.
A pound is 7000 grains in weight, that is, the normal, 453.59 gram pound used to weigh food. Thus, if you have peas to weigh, you use this pound, which is called the avoirdupois pound. The troy ounce, which is used to weigh gold, however, is 480 grains in weight, and there are twelve troy ounces in a troy pound.
Thus, the relevant conversions are:
Grains Grams Avoirdupois Pound 7000 453.59237 Troy Pound 5760 373.2417216 Troy Ounce 480 31.1034768 Avoirdupois Ounce 437.5 28.349523125 Grain 1 0.06479891
And so we can make this chart of ounces versus grams for some common chocolate bar sizes:
Ounces Grams 1 28.35 1 1/2 42.52 1.58733 45 1 3/5 49.36 1 3/4 49.61 2 56.7 2 1/2 70.87 2.64555 75 3 85.05 3 1/2 99.22 3.5274 100 4 113.4
Here is a rough table of some values for gold, and the relative value of a dollar in terms of gold under those values:
-1834 -1933 -1971 2011 Up to 1834: $19.38 $1.00 $1.07 $1.81 $81.80 Up to 1933: $20.67 94¢ $1.00 $1.69 $76.69 Up to 1971: $35.00 55¢ 59¢ $1.00 $45.29 January 21, 1980 $850.00 2.28¢ 2,43¢ 4.12¢ $1.86 April 2, 2001 $255.95 7.57¢ 8.08¢ 13.67¢ $6.19 July 13, 2011: $1,585.20 1.22¢ 1.3¢ 2.2¢ $1.00
The peak high in 1980 (New York), the peak low in 2001 (London), and the new record-setting price (New York) are noted.
People writing mediaeval role-playing games should note that due to the difference in density between gold and silver, if one uses the historic ratio that gold is 16 times more valuable than silver by weight, then it is also (approximately) 25 times more valuable than silver by volume. This will make it possible to determine more accurately how much treasure your characters can carry in their backpacks, while still using handy round numbers.
Prior to the devaluation of the U.S. dollar in 1933, which also led to the abolishment of gold coinage, the U.S. dollar was defined by defining the Gold Eagle, a coin with a denomination of $10, as being composed of 258 grains of 9/10 fine gold. In U.S. coins, the remaining tenth was made up of half silver and half copper, which were not without value themselves.
The Constitution originally defined the dollar as 371.25 grains of silver, and that is 90% of 412.5. In 1872, the weight of the silver dollar was reduced to 384 grains of 9/10 fine silver, because the price of silver had gone up again relative to that of gold, and gold was generally accepted as the international standard of monetary value. However, unlike the previous silver dollar, while this coin was still intended to be worth nearly a dollar, it was not expected to be worth exactly a full dollar; it was not token coinage, but it was subsidiary coinage.
If the situation between 1834 and 1872 is used as the basis, then, an attempt can be made to determine the exact nominal value of pure gold in U.S. dollars.
A gold dollar of 25.8 grains of 9/10 fine gold consists of 23.22 grains of pure gold, 1.29 grains of pure silver, and 1.29 grains of copper.
371.25 grains of pure silver and 41.25 grains of copper equal a dollar.
Thus, 1.29 grains of pure silver and 0.14333... grains of copper equal 0.3474747... cents.
So, 23.22 grains of pure gold and the remaining 1.15333... grains of copper equal 99.6525252... cents; thus, if we neglect the value of the copper, that works out to one troy ounce of gold (480 grains) being worth almost exactly $20.60 instead of $20.67.
If silver were worth 1/16th as much as gold, this would make 371.25 grains of silver worth about 99.58 cents instead of a dollar.
In 1805, the price of copper was considered high at 138 pounds a ton, or about $690 a ton. A ton being 2000 avoirdupois pounds of 7000 grains, this would be about 2.366 cents per troy ounce, compared to about $1.29 per troy ounce for silver and $20.60 per troy ounce for gold. Thus, the ratio of value by weight, historically, had been in the neighborhood of 50 to 1 between silver and copper, or perhaps higher.
Given the composition of the Gold Eagle above, a half-eagle, with a $5 denomination, would be composed of 116.1 grains of pure gold, 6.45 grains of pure silver, and 6.45 grains of pure copper. A Gold Sovereign from Britain, on the other hand, is composed of 113.0015 grains of pure gold, and 10.2729 grains of copper, for a total weight of 123.2744 grains, or 7.9881 grams. Another source gives the weight of a British Gold Sovereign as 5 pennyweights, 3 171/623 grains; one pennyweight is 24 grains, so this is 123 171/623 grains, or approximately 123.2744783306581 grains. This works out to about 113.0016 grains of pure gold at 22 carats.
If the halfpenny were exactly equal to the cent, making the British pound equal to $4.80 in value, 113 grains of gold to the pound would imply about 117.7 grains of gold to five dollars; thus, while a pound was not worth quite as much as five U.S. dollars, it was actually worth about $4.85 at the time of the gold standard. (Actually, the value of the mint par of exchange used at the time was $4.8665.) While the Canadian dollar was made to be equal to the U.S. dollar, the Newfoundland dollar was about 1 1/3 cents more than a U.S. dollar, as one would expect from a dollar equal to 100 ha'pennies.
In that era, other countries also had currencies which were fixed in value in terms of gold, and thus to one another. Thus, 19.2952 cents, at 4.48036 grains of gold, was the value of a French Franc, a Swiss Franc, a Belgian Franc, an Italian Lira, a Bulgarian Lev, or a Greek Drachma in those days.
Here is a rough table of coin diametres and values, where the values are in terms of the value of U. S. currency in precious metals between 1892 and 1933, and the upper value is for silver coins, the lower for gold coins:
13mm 15mm 16mm 17mm 4 5 6 1/4 7 13/16 $1.00 $1.25 $1.56 1/4 $2.45 5/16 17mm 18mm 19mm 20mm 8 10 12 1/2 15 5/8 $2.00 $2.50 $3.12 1/2 $3.90 5/8 20mm 22mm 24mm 26mm 16 20 25 31 1/4 $4.00 $5.00 $6.25 $7.81 1/4 26mm 28mm 31mm 33mm 32 40 50 62 1/2 $8.00 $10.00 $12.50 $15.62 1/2 33mm 35mm 38mm 41mm 64 80 $1.00 $1.25 $16.00 $20.00 $25.00 $31.25
Moving one column to the right increases the weight and value of the coin by a factor of 1.25, moving one row down doubles the weight and value of the coin. The sizes have been formed on the basis of the currencies of several different countries, and thus they tend to be smaller than the sizes of U.S. coins, and/or larger than the sizes of British coins of corresponding value (1 shilling = 25 cents, 1 florin = 50 cents, 1 crown = $1.25, 1 pound = $5.00) up to the year 1919.
Because copper or bronze coins tend to be token coinage, their size is quite variable; the value ratio of 20:1 for gold and silver at the same diametre is consistent, but that between silver and copper can vary from 25:1 to 50:1.
The density of gold is 19.32 grams per cubic centimetre, that of silver 10.5 grams/cc, that of copper 8.96 grams/cc. A ratio of 64:1 in value by weight would lead to a ratio of 75:1 in value by volume for silver and copper as metals. Copper coins tend, however, to be a token currency, that is, a metal form of paper money as it were, and so the ratio in weight of copper coin to silver coin would be more like 16:1 or 32:1.
The atomic weight of gold is 196.9665, and its one stable isotope is Gold-197. An atomic mass unit is
-24 1.6605655 * 10
Thus, one grain of gold is .064798918... grams of gold, and would contain some
20 1.9811592 * 10
atoms of gold.
Using a 16:1 ratio of value between gold and silver, and a 64:1 ratio of value between silver and copper for a 1024:1 ratio of value between gold and copper, one finds that U.S. gold coins have a metal content whose value is that of
25.8 * (.9 + .05/16 + .05/1024) = 24.038847656...
grains of gold per dollar, one could, if one wished, define a dollar as the pecuniary value of
21 4.7624784 * 10
atoms of Gold-197, or, as they say,
197 Au 79
contained in a good delivery gold bar, which is a bar of gold that is at least 99.5% fine, and which has a mass of approximately 400 troy ounces, ranging from 350 troy ounces to 430 troy ounces (the actual fineness and the weight being marked on the bar). 400 troy ounces is about 12,441.4 grams, and the range would be from a low of 10,886.22 grams to a high of 13,374.49 grams.
(Whether or not the avoirdupois pound is a unit of force instead of a unit of mass, the troy ounce is definitely a unit of mass.)
The kilogram is a unit of mass, and the metric unit of force is the Newton, which is the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram to a velocity of one metre per second in a second, thus it has the dimensions of one kilogram per metre squared.
It was more common to measure forces in terms of kilograms of force, based on a standard for the acceleration of the Earth's gravity of 9.80665 metres/second2, which means that a kilogram of force is equal to 9.80665 Newtons. This is based on the intensity of gravity, less the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation, in Paris.
As the pound may be a unit of force (in the British unit of energy, the foot-pound), or a unit of mass, it has two companion units.
A slug is 32.174049 pounds of mass, and a pound of force is 32.174049 poundals.
This is based on an acceleration of gravity of 32.174049 feet per second squared; that many feet is 9.8066501352 metres, so that figure was clearly derived from the metric standard. However, I have also seen references that gave 32.174 exactly as the relation between pounds-force and poundals as well as slugs and pounds-mass; a different standard gravity, say that felt around London, could have been used for the British system.
In addition to the troy ounce, there were other alternative pounds used in Britain. Thus, the Tower pound was twelve Tower ounces, the Tower ounce being 15/16ths of a Troy ounce, or 450 grains. As well, a Merchant pound was 15 Tower ounces (6750 grains), and a London pound was 16 Tower ounces or 15 Troy ounces (7200 grains). Naturally, these units, being liable to cause confusion, tended to fall into disuse.
The Tower pound does have some historical significance. Prior to 1528 (!) the pound sterling was a Tower pound rather than a Troy pound of sterling (0.925 fine) silver; the Tower pound was originally established to be the weight of 120 silver dirhems, a coin from Arabia. Thus, while the British system of weights and measures largely, like most other European pre-metric systems of measurements, derives from that of ancient Rome, the fundamental standard on which the exact value of British weights were based came from Arabia.
Incidentally, when I note that the Avoirdupois pound is defined as 7000 grains, while the Troy ounce is defined as 480 grains, in both cases I am using the same grain, the troy grain. However, while there is no such thing as an Avoirdupois grain, there is also a Tower grain; so while a Tower ounce is 450 Troy grains, it is 640 Tower grains.
This would lead to the dirhem being defined as 45 Troy grains, or about 2.91595 grams. Incidentally, Wikipedia gives several modern values of the dirhem, 3.207 grams (the standard in the late Ottoman Empire), 3.088 grams (an Egyptian standard, defined as 47.661 Troy grains), and two modern proposals for reviving the dirham as a unit for measuring the weight of silver, 3 grams, and 2.975 grams, all heavier than the value preserved in the pound.
The name of the dirhem or dirham derives from that of the Greek drachma; in ancient Greece, a drachma was 4.3 grams of silver, and originally in modern coinage a drachma was 4.5 grams of 0.900 fine silver.
Speaking of the kilogram, I have read news items noting that the international standard kilogram has experienced changes in its mass, and that an effort was underway to make a more accurate standard from a sphere of silicon.
The metre and the second can be defined in terms of spectral lines or microwave emissions from specific substances. Could the gram be physically defined?
Originally, the litre was defined as the volume of a kilogram of water. As well, a litre was nominally 1,000 cubic centimetres of water. However, because water has a pronounced tendency to dissolve, at least to a limited extent, almost any other substance, it is not a good material to use for a physical standard. Thus, for a time, a litre, instead of being exactly 1,000 cubic centimetres or one cubic decimetre, was instead officially defined as 1.000028 cubic decimetres, because this was, as near as could be determined, the volume that a kilogram of water actually occupied; this anomaly was corrected in 1964, and thus now one millilitre (ml) is exactly the same as a cubic centimetre (often noted by the non-SI abbreviation cc instead of cm3).
Thus, if it were desired to give the kilogram a reproducible physical definition based on water, it would have to be redefined so that the new kilogram was 0.999972 existing kilograms, and this would not be acceptable, being too large a change, and affecting the derived units of energy and force, and hence the various electrical units.
Liquid measure has always been one of the more confusing areas of measurement.
In the United States, a gallon is 231 cubic inches by definition.
In the British imperial system, a gallon was originally defined as the volume of ten pounds of water. Subsequently, the British gallon was defined in terms of metric units as 4.54609 litres; this was in 1985, after the litre had become exactly a cubic decilitre.
The Imperial gallon is larger than the U.S. gallon, but the Imperial fluid ounce is smaller than the than the U.S. fluid ounce, due to one difference between the two systems:
U.S. Customary British Imperial 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 3.785411784 litre 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 4.54609 litre 1 quart = 2 pints = 946.352946 ml 1 quart = 2 pints = 1.1365225 litre 1 pint = 2 cups = 473.176473 ml 1 pint = 2 1/2 cups = 568.26125 ml 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces = 236.5882365 ml 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces = 227.3045 ml 1 fluid ounce = 8 drams = 29.5735295625 ml 1 fluid ounce = 8 drams = 28.4130625 ml 1 tablespoon = 4 drams = 14.78676478125 ml 1 tablespoon = 4 drams = 14.20653125 ml 1 teaspoon = 4 scruples = 4.92892159375 ml 1 teaspoon = 4 scruples = 4.73551041667 ml 1 dram = 3 scruples = 3.6966911953125 ml 1 dram = 3 scruples = 3.5516328125 ml 1 scruple = 1.2322303984375 ml 1 scruple = 1.18387760041667 ml
the space in the table dividing the part in which the U.S. units are smaller from the part in which the U.S. units are larger. Often, the tablespoon is approximated by 15 ml in recipies now, although I've read that in Australia, 20 ml is instead used as the approximation. Thus, one could speak of a metric scruple of 1.25 ml.


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X Games 16 Skateboarding Results Roundup 2010
As far as skateboarding goes, X Games 16 is over. We tried something new by tweeting the play-by-play of a few of the events from @livesesh, and we'll try to do it again in the future. Well without further delay, here's all the X Games skateboarding results in one place.
Jump to an event:
- Big Air
- Women's Vert
- Men's Vert
- Vert Ams
- Vert Best Trick
- Men's Street
- Women's Street
- Park Legends
- Game of Skate
- Skateboard Park
- Gaby Ponce
- Lyn-z Adams Hawkins
- Karen Jonz
- Mimi Knoop
- Cara-Beth Burnside
- Nora Vasconcellos
- Allysha Bergado
- Juli Kindstrand
August 1, 2010 at 9:13 pm

subset: commoncrawl


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Comments from DavePrice
Showing 51 - 75 of 88 comments
My father always said that when the Warner Bldg was built it was planned that a theater be there but what with the Depression etc it didn't get done for many years. I rode through town the night the Tennessee was opened and saw the crowds but didn't get to go to the gala opening at which some movie premiered.
By the way I believe the old Capitol occupied part of the Odd Fellows building at 6th and Church. The Odd Fellows Lodge might have owned the property as I seem to recall that it was simply leased for 100 years to the builders of the Warner building and I understamnd they had a Lodge on the top floor. They might even yet own the propertty. I think the high-rise condo building there is called the Cumberland- is this correct?
The Dixie was on Fifth Avenue, not Church Street.
It opened in 1907 and according to one of Tony Sudekum's grandsons the seating was 170 so that at 5¢ a seat a full house brought in $8.50.
It is said that the Dixie had Nashville's first curved marquee featuring twelve electric light bulbs.
The Colonial was owned by one John F Marshall by 1918. In about 1926 it became the Elite (possibly having been bought by Crescent at the time) and survived under this name until demolished about 1935 or 36 and replaced by the Capitol. Note there were four Elites and two Capitols here at various times.
Why is there no listing for the Colonial Drive-In on Gallatin Road in Madison, or for that matter why not the Montague Drive-In also in Madison?
I believe that Lloyd Lawrence managed the original Madison at one time. He had two brothers who also managed Crescent houses: Johnny at the Rex and Joe at the Woodland.
The Hillsboro was operated by M A Lightman or "Malco" out of Memphis and had movies and vaudeville acts. It is said that Tony Sudekum built the Belmont on the next corner to run Lightrman out of Nashville and it worked.
The original entrance was on 21st and if you look at the tavern there called I believe the Villager you will see the name Hillsboro in the concrete and brick cornice of the building.
If you go inside the tavern and walk to the back you will see an atrium style lobby complete with a dome overhead. Worth the trip.
During the time when this was the Community Playhouse it also served as the Children's Theater for plays directed at the younger set. If you went to these plays and saved your programs you could turn them in for admission to an Ice Cream Festival in the spring. I have attended many such.
One side of the Belcourt still has the beautiful proscenium arch and I believe the name Hillsboro can be seen in it.
This is a very late response to the question above about an Orpheum Theater in Nashville. Yes there was indeed an Orpheum. It faced 7th Avenue and the stage entrance was on Capitol Blvd right across from the Knickerbocker. In other words it was behind Castners and downhill from the YMCA. It was eventually torn down for a parking lot. It began life as a vaudeville house but later went to road shows and served as the playhouse here until the late 1930s, when those attractions started playing the Ryman. Why there is not a page on this program for our Orpheum I do not know. Possibly because it wasn't a movie house, ergo not a Cinema Treasure.
The Ryman is between Commerce and Broad. The various movie theaters we have discussed on Fifth Avenue were between Union and Church. This includes the Alhambra, Rex, Fifth Avenue, Strand, one of the Elites, two of the Crescents, the Dixie, the Rialto and the Crystal.
Can someone please tell me why there is no page for Nashville's Orpheum? I wanted to ask some questions and of course share some wisdom with the younger set.
I think that 314 address is wrong. I think the Star was at 412, being between 4th and 5th or right around the corner from the Bijou.
There was a tiny Excell next door at 416 and then a few doors up the Lincoln at 424 and then the very small Majestic at 426. All for African-American audiences and all short-lived.
The Rex was a Crescent house. I have a newspaper clipping showing the Crescent execs standing in the entrance of the Rex.
The Rex was ten (10) seats wide and showed "C" pictures if there is such a grade. They would have a double feature (both very old) and then several worn out shorts, also from years back.
It was claimed that rats were sometimes seen in the Rex.
It cost 12¢ to get in but the mosaic on the lobby floor said 10¢.
This building was behind NES and sat unused for many years after it was closed. The sides of the building were overgrown with vines and weeds.
I recall that the Sarratt was named after one Madison Sarratt. My wife and I used to go there occasionally when she worked at Vanderbilt. I finally got to see Citizen Cane or Kane there
I am not familiar with another Roxy on 6th Ave. Any info is welcome.
I once nearly got kicked out of the Roxy by putting my feet on the seat in front of me.
When my mother went there in about 1923 it was simply called Glenn Elementary School. It was an interesting old building so naturally the school board tore it down. The Roxy was in what we called Northeast Nashville but the Woodbine was not, being out on Nolensville Road.
Old family friend Delmas Jenkins told me he once went to the Peafowl and was terrified at the rough crowd in the place. At one point the manager came down the aisle cracking a bull whip to restore order!!!
Can you top that story?
The bowling alley was in a building back behind the theater.
The Inglewood also had a party room. I went to a birthday party there one time. I believe the Cry Room was on one side of the center aisle and the Party Room was on the other.
Tom Sharp, later a councilman, had a drug store just a door or two from the Inglewood. I believe the theater was built on the site of the old Creamland ice cream shop.
I was amused when the building became Joywood Salvage as the Joywood community was miles from there over near Trinity Lane.
The Four different Elites were the one on Charlotte across from Richland Park, the one on the west side of Fifth Avenue which you can see on some older postcards, the one on Monroe, which building still stands, and the one on 2nd Ave South, which was torn down when the new Capitol was built on the site.
I imagine all four were pronounced EEE-lite.
Listen to an older guy here. There were two different Crescents in the block of Fifth Avenue between Church and Union. Both on the west side. The first was up toward Union at 233 and appears in some old postcards of the neighborhood. This theater opened about 1908 or 1909 and was later about 1910 renamed the Elite, one of four Elites we had over the years. Then there was one starting about 1915 down closer to Church Street at 217 in a building that still stands. Nashville Old Timer Delmas Jenkins told me this one was formed by combining two smaller "twin" theaters that used the same box office, which is to say ticket booth. This one was still listed in 1924 but was gone by 1926. The only connection between these and the re-naming of the New Princess was that all were owned by Crescent Amusement Co.
See my comments on the other Capitol page. The Capitol was at the west end of the block and the Princess lobby was just east of McKendrie Church. The Capitol lobby was where the Warner Building, later called Sudekum Bldg and later called Tennessee Bldg was located and right next door to where the much later Tennessee Theater was built.
tisloews: I don't understand your comment about the location of this theater. If you're talking about the place where the Tennessean is published/printed, it is a long way from this site.
Also I question the statement above about the Capitol "moving." The Capitol on Churh Street opened in 1926 and burned in 1929. Sound equipment had been ordered for this house but was then sent to the Fifth Avenue which then went from a vaudeville policy to a talking picture policy.
The Capitol on 2nd Ave South didn't open until I believe 1937 and was built on the site of one of the four Elite Theaters that Nashville had at one time.
I have been in here many times, in fact I once roomed with the manager and his wife, William A and Martha McPherson, and I used to go up to his office in the concessions/projection building and talk to him. Mr Mack had formerly managed the Capitol on 2nd Avenue South. Wonderful people. My wife and I went by their graves in Spring Hill just this past Wednesday to pay our respects.
I have been in the Bijou building twice: once unsuccessfully to see a stage show and once after the theater was closed and awaiting demolition. My father and I went to see the show with friend who knew Alfred Starr and we thought we could get in but after awhile one of the employees came and told us we had to leave as they had been unable to reach Mr Starr and their orders had been to admit no whites without his okay. Of course the theater was darkened on this occasion and we couldn't seee very much of the interior, but when I went back into the closed building I could see what was left of a box seat up near the stage. I also went up to the office where the files had been emptied and there were many papers on the floor which I now wish I had looked through.
Sorry guys- the Fifth Avenue occupied the southerly part of what is now an expanded Walgreens. The stage entrance is still somewhat visible in the alley, though altered. The Fifth Ave was at 218, the Alhambra was next door to the south at 216 and then the Rex was at 214 one more door down as you went toward Church Street. All on the east side of Fifth Ave. There have been something like a dozen theaters in this block, mostly movie houses and now all gone and forgotten.
Yes, I well remember the very nice plaque of Marcus Loew in the lobby. You may be aware that for many years Loew's did not have a concession stand and that was considered a plus by many patrons who did not like to have to hear the rattle of popcorn sacks. But eventually management gave way to the bottom line reasons for selling popcorn etc etc.
I bring this up because the plaque was near the concessions as I recall. Of course as a child I had no idea who Mr Loew was but I still admired the plaque, which was kept bright and shiny.
To begin with there was Henry Sudekum, a baker and merchant, born in Pittsburgh in 1855 and died in Nashville in 1952 at a very respectable age, as you can see. Henry's wife was Sara Eggensperger or Eggensberger- I have seen it both ways. Their crypt is in the old mausoleum at Spring Hill if you care to pay your respects. They had seven children, four of whom were sons and would be involved with Crescent Amusement Company.
Henry and son Anthony ("Mr Tony") and Wiley J Williams opened their
first theater -the Dixie- on Nashville's 5th Avenue in 1907. This little theater seated 170 and at a nickel a pop a full house brought in $8.40. By 1916 Tony had become the top man of the growing concern.
Mr Tony married Nettie Elizabeth Fessler and they had four daughters: Viola, Betsy, Marie and Sara, all of whom have now passed on. Viola and Sara were married to top men in Crescent: Vi to Elmer Baulch and Sara to Kermit Stengel.
Mr Tony's brothers William, Harry and Clarence "Hap" were all at various times managers of one or the other of the company's moving picture houses.
William managed the Elite on Monroe and later the Elite on Charlotte (Note: there were four different Elites in Nashville over the years and they were all pronounced E-lite) and eventually was a branch manager of Crescent.
Harry managed the Princess at one time and Hap ran the Roxy. This is not a complete listing of these brothers' careers but you get the point.
Bob Baulch, a grandson of Mr Tony's, once told me the firm at peak had partnerships in about 125 houses and owned about 75 outright. These extended from Union City on the west to Kingsport the east and as far north as Madisonville, KY, and as far south as Gadsden, AL. The firm also owned the Union Ice Cream of my youth as well as Hippodrome Ford and the Hippodrome Roller Rink. Bob said the Princess and the Orpheum were Mr Tony's favorite theaters. Crescent sold their theaters to Martin in 1961 but kept other interests until later years.
Please send in any corrections to the above- thanks.


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Wrestling fans around the world have been waiting for the icon known as Sting to appear in WWE, and he has yet to actually arrive in the ring, but he has shown his face. On July 24, 2014, WWE Universe tweeted that Sting had made a surprise appearance at the San Diego Comic-Con 2014 to appear on the panel for WWE and Mattel figures.
Sting was not alone on the panel at SDCC as he was joined by Hulk Hogan, Daniel Bryan, and Paul Heyman to make an excellent representation for WWE.
WrestleZone reported that a new Sting action figure was in the works from Mattel, and that has now been confirmed. The panel at San Diego Comic-Con is the first time that Sting has officially shown up for a WWE-sponsored live appearance.
This past week, it was unveiled that Sting would be a playable character in WWE 2K15. The announcement was done perfectly in a short commercial shown on "Raw," and it looked like Sting was in great shape.
Upon appearing at the panel for SDCC, Sting looked to be in even better shape than seen in the commercial from a week ago. He received a standing ovation from all in the room including Daniel Bryan, Hulk Hogan, and Paul Heyman.
A very short video of Sting also appeared on WWE's Instagram account that showed the icon backstage and preparing to go out for the panel. The video showed his back to the camera, he turned around and simply said, "It's showtime."
There's still no word on if or when he will appear in a WWE ring, but it seems the unlikely possibility is getting closer than ever.
Suggested Links
- Report: Sting officially, finally signs a contract with WWE
- Chris Jericho is back: The many returns of Y2J to the squared circle
- Full list of WWE releases: Evan Bourne, Brodus Clay, Aksana, more
- Bill Goldberg confirms interest in returning to WWE, possible opponents
- Early WWE 'WrestleMania 31' plans: Roman Reigns, Bray Wyatt, Bad News Barrett


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Eugene M. Bricker
Bricker was both a standout tackle in football and one of the Midwest's top discus throwers. The 1928 football team finished 7-1-2, including seven shutouts. He captained the 1930 track squad. Bricker became a physician after graduation and won the prestigious Ferdinand C. Valentine Award in 1977 by the New York Academy of Medicine.


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Jul 25, 2012 11:45 AM
Keep your backpack clutter organized with these Fjällräven Pack Bags ($30, set of 5). Sure, that's what bag and purse pockets are supposed to be for, but ours currently contain the following: gum wrappers with ABC gum smooshed inside, an ink-crusted and rusted pen from 1999, and dried out wet wipes. A few pack bags will come in handy for stashing our sunglasses, checkbooks, and other things we generally want to keep away from pocket nastiness we're too lazy to clean.
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Ducks open season with four-game series at Hawaii: The University of Oregon opens the 2013 baseball season with a four-game series starting this Friday at the University of Hawaii. The Ducks and Rainbows play a single game Friday through Monday with first pitch scheduled for 8:05 p.m. on both Friday and Saturday, and 3:05 p.m. on Sunday and Monday.
Oregon is opening its season in Hawaii for the third straight season, while playing on the Islands for the third straight year. UO won three of four against the Rainbows last season after splitting four games to open the season with UH in 2011. Hawaii won three of four during the second week of the 2010 season. The Ducks are 6-7 against the Rainbows, including a loss in Portland in 2009, since the program's return. The Rainbows lead the overall series 12-6 with all but one game played in Hawaii. Oregon is in the midst of a three-game winning streak, taking the final three games of last year's four-game series. After losing the season-opener 4-1, the Ducks picked up a 3-2 win in 12 innings, a 14-5 win and a 12-6 victory. UO outscored UH 30-17 last year.
Ducks open home schedule Feb. 22 vs. Loyola Marymount: Oregon's home schedule gets underway Feb. 22 when the Ducks host Loyola Marymount in the opener of a three-game series at 6 p.m. at PK Park. The Ducks and Lions will also play single games Saturday (Feb. 23) at 2 p.m. and Sunday (Feb. 24) at Noon.
The three-game series against LMU is the beginning of a 29-game home schedule for the Ducks which includes five Pac-12 series. UO hosts Arizona, Washington, UCLA, Stanford and Oregon State in league play. The Ducks also entertain nationally-ranked Vanderbilt March 8-10 at PK Park. The Commodores are ranked as high as second in the nation and are in the top five in four of the five preseason polls.
Oregon's home schedule includes a pair of seven-game home stands with both coming in March. UO entertains Cal State Northridge (2 games), Vanderbilt (3 games) and Texas State (2 games) March 4-13. The Ducks host Arizona (3 games), Portland (1 game) and Washington (3 games) March 22-30.
Oregon picked fourth in preseason Pac-12 Coaches Poll: The Oregon Ducks are picked to finish fourth in the 2013 Pac-12 Preseason Baseball Coaches' Poll. UO received 73 points behind only preseason favorite Stanford, UCLA and Oregon State. The Ducks won a school-record 46 games in 2012 before ending their season in the Super Regional in Eugene. UO returns seven position player starters this season behind a pitching staff that features four returning starters and an All-American reliever.
UO opens season ranked in all five preseason polls, including a No. 6 ranking in the Collegiate Baseball and USA Today Coaches Polls: Oregon enters the 2013 season as a consensus top 15 team in the country. The Ducks are ranked in all five preseason polls, with the Collegiate Baseball and USA Today Coaches polls ranking UO sixth. The National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association placed Oregon eighth, while Perfect Game has the Ducks 10th and Baseball America ranks UO 15th heading to Hawaii.
Oregon faces another tough schedule in 2013: The Ducks head into the 2013 season with what figures to be another tough schedule. Oregon will play seven teams ranked in the preseason top 25, including five teams from the Pac-12. UO first plays a team ranked in the top 25 when the Ducks travel to Cal State Fullerton (March 1-3) to play George Horton's old team in a three-game series. The Titans, the defending Big West Conference champions, open the season ranked 22nd in the country. Five days later Oregon entertains No. 2 Vanderbilt (March 8-10) at PK Park. UO opens the home portion of conference action against defending national champion and 10th-ranked Arizona (March 22-24). The Ducks also play at No. 16 Arizona State (April 5-7), vs. No. 6 Oregon State (April 9 at OSU, May 17-19 at PK Park, May 21 at OSU), while hosting both No. 2 UCLA (April 19-21) and No. 4 Stanford (April 26-28).
Ducks coming off best season in program history: Oregon heads into the 2013 season with momentum thanks to a record-setting 2012 campaign. The Ducks finished the season last year with a school record 46 wins and the school's first ever Super Regional appearance in the modern era. UO finished the season ranked in all five national polls, including a No. 11 ranking by Baseball America. Oregon also finished with 19 Pac-12 Conference wins, the most in program history, and UO's third-place conference finish was the best for the program since taking second place in the Northern Division in 1978. Senior Alex Keudell's 11 wins set a new UO single-season record, and he was the first Duck in program history to be named Pac-12 Pitcher of the Year. Sophomore Jimmy Sherfy's 19 saves set new Oregon single-season and all-time records, and ranked second in the nation.
Oregon returns bulk of 2012 squad: Oregon heads into the 2013 season with experience throughout the lineup and on the mound. The Ducks return 11 position players, including seven position starters. UO also has eight returning pitchers, including four of last year's starters and All-American closer Jimmie Sherfy.
Sherfy named to NCBWA Stopper of the Year watch list; junior also on three preseason All-America teams: Jimmie Sherfy has been named to the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association Stopper of the Year watch list. Sherfy, who is one of 75 players named to the preseason list, was a Stopper of the Year finalist as a sophomore last season. The Camarillo, Calif. native also has claimed a number of preseason All-America honors. He was named a preseason first-team All-American by the NCBWA and Louisville Slugger, and was a second-team preseason pick by Perfect Game. Sherfy earned multiple postseason All-America honors as a sophomore after finishing the season with 19 saves and a 2.20 ERA. The right-handed reliever claimed first-team ABCA/Rawlings All-America recognition, while being named second-team All-America by the NCBWA, Baseball America, and Perfect Game, and third-team by Louisville Slugger. Sherfy was also a NCBWA Stopper of the Year finalist and claimed first-team All-Pac 12 accolades after leading the league in saves. Sherfy set an Oregon record with 19 saves while finishing with a 5-3 record in 36 appearances. He struck out 93 hitters in just 61.1 innings (an average of 13.6 strikeouts per nine innings pitched) and held opponents to a .172 batting average.
Sherfy Preseason Honors
NCBWA Stopper of the Year Watch List
NCBWA Preseason 1st-Team All-America
Louisville Slugger Preseason 1st-Team All-America
Perfect Game Preseason 2nd-Team All-America
Sherfy 2012 Postseason Honors
NCBWA Stopper of the Year Finalist
ABCA/Rawlings 1st-Team All-America
Baseball America 2nd-Team All-America
Perfect Game 2nd-Team All-America
NCBWA 2nd-Team All-America
Louisville Slugger 3rd-Team All-America
Pac-12 1st-Team All-Conference
Horton named 2012 Division I Coach of the Year by FieldTurf: University of Oregon head baseball coach George Horton won the 7th annual FieldTurf Baseball Award as the 2012 NCAA Division I Coach of the Year Field Turf announced in January. Horton led the Ducks to within one win of the College World Series in just the program's fourth season after it was reinstated for the 2009 season. Under Horton's tutelage, Oregon finished the 2012 season with a 46-19 record and a No. 11 ranking in the final Baseball America Top-25 poll. The Super Regional appearance was the eighth by a Horton coached team, and the first for Oregon since 1954. The 40-win season was the ninth in Horton's 15 years as a head coach at the Division I level and the team's .708 winning percentage was the best by a Ducks team since 1978.
Ducks 2013 recruiting class ranked No. 6 by Perfect game: The Oregon Ducks 2013 baseball recruiting class is ranked sixth in the nation by Perfect Game. The Ducks signed the nationally-ranked class after advancing to within one game of the College World Series last season. Oregon won a school-record 46 games in 2012 before ending its season in the Super Regional in Eugene.
Quick Hits: The Ducks return a wealth of experience in the field with eight players who started at least 18 games in 2012 returning as probable starters in 2013. Oregon returns its entire infield with first baseman Ryan Healy (65 starts), second baseman Aaron Payne (65 starts), third baseman Ryan Hambright (25 starts) and shortstop J.J. Altobelli (51 starts) combining to start 206 games last season. UO's projected starting eight behind the Ducks' pitchers and the designated hitter have combined to start 362 games last season if Shaun Chase starts behind the plate. Scott Heineman moves to centerfield after starting 27 games at third base in 2012, while Brett Thomas is back in left field after making 53 starts last season. Kyle Garlick will open the season at DH for Oregon after splitting his 58 starts last season between right field and the DH position. Steven Packard will get the starting nod in right field, and though he was not on the team in 2012 while finishing a two-year church mission, he is experienced with 45 starts as a true freshman in 2010.
Oregon's pitching staff features a nice blend of experience and youth. The Ducks' four projected starters for the Hawaii series feature two pitchers (Jake Reed, Jeff Gold) who combined to start 30 games in 2012, while the other two starters have a combined one start between them. The Ducks' bullpen is also deep and talented. Jimmy Sherfy is on the watch list for the Stopper of the Year award, while freshman Garrett Cleavinger will share short relief duties with Sherfy, a returning All-American. Christian Jones, who headed into last season as a top of the rotation starter, will open the season in the bullpen after recovering from an elbow injury that forced him to miss the entire 2012 season. Jones will bring experience to the bullpen with 13 career starts, along with Brando Tessar who started nine games last season before suffering an injury. Cole Wiper, Darrell Hunter also expect to contribute with key innings.


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I loved reading your comments from the Heddleston Hootenanny Part I — trust me bloggies, I was terrified of those guns! It was definitely an educational experience — not something I plan on doing frequently by any means. I also must add that Mr. Healthy's family does not hunt. We were just learning about the riffle / hand gun and doing target practice. I literally only shot each gun twice.
Moving on to part two…
The annual Heddleston bonfire was a blast! This was my first experience and I enjoyed every minute of it! After Part I of the Hootenanny it started to sprinkle, and while we had a cookout in the garage, it down poured rain. We hung out inside playing games and pool, starting to think the bon fire might not actually happen. Around 10:30 pm the rain stopped and Mr. Healthy, his dad, and Sam went to get the party started! At this point I was soooo tired already but got a second wind and really enjoyed the night (er, and the morning.. I was awake until 4:30 am – yikes!)
Dear Mr. Healthy: you are so cute and fun to be around!
Anyway, a slumber party ensued and Joe and I pretty much talked the night away from 3:00 – 4:30 am. We became friends in college and now we will see each other more since we moved to Beachwood — yippee! This picture is a Katie burrito in the morning. You all know I'm usually not camera shy, however after 5 hours of sleep I'm not very functional.
Heddleston Hillbilly Hootenanny 2010 = Success!!


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Commercial Confidential: International Business Park
About 15 years ago, there was a plan for International Business Park. That plan has changed, thanks to the economy.


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This February, Zombie Godfather George Romero's next undead epic continues in "Empire of the Dead #2" – written by George Romero and drawn by critically acclaimed artist Alex Maleev.
According to the official plot synopsis distributed by publisher Marvel Comics:
Something is rotten in the big apple. And it's not just the rotten flesh of the Zombies overrunning Manhattan! Deep in the pit of the bloody Circus Maximus – the undead battle for the amusement of the living. But not all here is as it seems. Amid the fury of the arena, vampires roam New York City, hiding in plain sight! What menacing secrets lie in the dark corners of the once bustling metropolis? And when the zombies and vampires prowl – where does that leave the humans? Find out in George Romero's "Empire of the Dead #2."
"Like a surgeon, George Romero is once again using the horror genre as a scalpel, cutting through the surface of everyday life to expose society's undercurrents," said editor Bill Rosemann, in a Marvel press release. "One could say that the vampires are the Haves and the zombies are the Have-Nots. And us poor humans? We're the ones getting caught in the crossfire of their escalating war. It's a violent clash indeed, and Alex Maleev is bringing this undead battle to horrifying – but beautiful – life!"
"Empire of the Dead #2" hits comic stores everywhere on February 26th.


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Bob Cook Memorial Mount Evans Hill Climb
Registration opens February 1st! 45th Annual Bob Cook Memorial Mt. Evans Hill Climb. Race date is July 24th. State Hill Climb Championships. Learn more about the history of the Mt Evans Hill Climb
Clear Creek Middle School, Idaho Springs
320 Chicago Creek Rd. (Hwy 103)
Brief Description
Bicycle race starting in Idaho Springs to the Summit of Mt. Evans. The longest running hill climb in the USA! The race starts at 7,540 feet in front of the Clear Creek Middle School and proceeds to Echo Lake where the race turns and climbs to the summit (14,264 feet.).
Additional Information
The race was renamed in 1981 in honor of five-time race winner Bob Cook, who died of cancer at the age of 23. Bob Cook held the course record from 1975-1980. The first three years he held the record he was a junior. The present record holder is Tom Danielson, set in 2004 with a time of 1:41:20. The Senior Women's course record is held by Jeannie Longo from France with a time of 1:59.19.
The climb is 28 miles in length. The start is at 7,540 feet in front of the Clear Creek Middle School in Idaho Springs and proceeds to Echo Lake where the race turns and climbs to the summit of Mt. Evans (14,264 feet).
Online registration closes July 16th or when the event is sold out.
No Race Day Registration.
Packet Pick-up takes place at the following locations during the time and dates listed:
7/19 REI Englewood, 9637 E. County Line Rd 9 a.m. - 9 p.m.
7/20 REI Boulder, 1789 29th St 9 a.m. - 9 p.m.
7/21 Basil Docs - 2107 E. Virginia - Denver 6 - 8 p.m.
7/22 Big Ring Cycles - 600 12th Street - Golden 6 - 8 p.m.
7/24 Race Day Pick-up for all remaining.
The option to have your packet mailed for $10 to address of registration is available for those who register by July 4th.
Update! Start list published!
5 Comments
where is the start list the
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
where is the start list the promotor has been saying will be posted?????
Mt Evan's Hill Climb start list is up
Submitted by Kris Thompson on
Ask and you shall receive... list is linked on this page and the parent Mt Evan's page
My name is John Shively and
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
My name is John Shively and not that it matters but examining your list it has me in the 50-50 list when I am 61.
you just posted in a 2 year
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
you just posted in a 2 year old topic
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on


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The Sugar Land Skeeters could not get their offense on track on Mother's Day, May 11, 2014 and fell to the Somerset Patriots by the score of 4-0 in the final game of their current six-game series.
The Houston area baseball fans that made the choice to spend Mother's Day at the ball park saw the Patriots score three runs in the fifth inning and add an insurance run in the eighth to down the Skeeters for the fifth straight game.
The Skeeters tallied six hits, but could not get anyone home in the afternoon match.
Sugar Land had its best opportunity in the fifth inning when Patriot starting pitcher Matt Langwell loaded the bases in the fifth inning with third baseman Alex Nunez coming to the plate for the Skeeters.
He took a ball and a strike from Langwell before flying out to center field and closing out the inning for the Skeeters.
The Skeeters won the first game of the six-game series on Tuesday, May 6 by the score of 4-2.
In the next five games, the Skeeters were outscored by the Patriots 27-9.
With the loss, the Skeeters fall to 6-10 for the season and remain in fourth place in the Freedom Division of the Atlantic League.
Starter Matt Wright pitched five inning and dropped his season record to 1-3 with the loss.
Sugar Land now prepares for a six-game roads trip with three games against the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs on May 13-15 and the Patriots on May 16-18.
They will return to the friendly confines of Constellation Field on May 19 for a four-game series against the York Revolution.


text: John R. Hauser is the Kirin Professor of Marketing at M.I.T.'s Sloan School of Management where he teaches new product development, marketing management, and statistical and research methodology. He has served MIT as Head of the MIT Marketing Group, Head of the Management Science Area, Research Director of the Center for Innovation in Product Development, and co-Director of the International Center for Research on the Management of Technology. He is the co-author of two textbooks, Design and Marketing of New Products and Essentials of New Product Management, and a former editor of Marketing Science. He has published over eighty scientific papers. Among his awards include the Converse Award for contributions to the science of marketing and the Parlin Award, the oldest award offered by the American Marketing Association for contributions to marketing research. With some of his many co-authors he was fortunate to win the MSI award for the most significant contribution to practice, the AMA's Explor award for contributions to on-line marketing research, and four ISMS Little best-paper awards. He and co-authors have also been close as a finalists for the Little, Green, O'Dell, and JPIM awards alas, more than once for some of these. He received an award from the MIT Sloan School for outstanding teaching in the Master's program. His students have won major thesis awards including the Brooke's Prize, the Zennetos' Prize, the AMA Howard award (twice), and the INFORMS Bass Award (twice). He has consulted for a variety of corporations on product development, sales forecasting, marketing research, voice of the customer, defensive strategy, and R&D management and has been an expert witness in over fifty cases. He is a founder and principal at Applied Marketing Science, Inc., a fellow of INFORMS, an inaugural fellow of the INFORMS Society of Marketing Science (ISMS), and serves on many editorial boards. He served as an academic trustee of the Marketing Science Institute, a founding officer of the ISMS, a Departmental Editor at Management Science, an Associate Editor at the Journal of Marketing Research, and an affiliate of both the Analysis Group and Cornerstone Research.


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Article ID: 918 - Last Modified: May 25, 2011
When preparing a Glide grid, the native ligand is removed. How do I specify the native ligand as the core to be used for RMSD calculations?
First, create an entry for the native ligand. With the (prepared) structure in the Workspace, select the ligand molecule, and create an entry for the selected atoms.
With this reference molecule in the Workspace, use the Core tab of the Ligand Docking panel to set up the RMSD calculation with respect to the desired core atoms of that molecule. If you don't want to apply a docking constraint to the core atoms, select the "Use for RMSD calculations only" option.
The simplest way to get the SMARTS pattern for the reference core is to select the desired atoms, and then click "Get From Selection", to let Maestro generate the SMARTS pattern for you.
Keywords: Glide, grid, core, RMSD
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If Lou Vincent and Naved Arif are found guilty, it would be the first proven case of an ECB match being fixed.
15:46, UK, Thursday 22 May 2014
Two cricket players are to be charged by the ECB with match-fixing offences in relation to a county game, it is understood.
Sky sources confirmed Lou Vincent and his former Sussex teammate Naved Arif will be charged with fixing the outcome of a county match.
The alleged offences occurred in a 40-over match between Sussex and Kent at Hove in August 2011.
The pair, neither of whom still play in England, face lifetime worldwide bans if the charges are proven.
Lou Vincent is already under investigation by the International Cricket Council for alleged match-fixing but this would be an England & Wales Cricket Board charge and the first case of an ECB match being fixed.
According to the Daily Telegraph, a total of more than £12m was gambled on the match through one website alone, the highest total for any match of its kind in the past three years.
The betting patterns drew suspicion at the time but were cleared by the ICC's anti-corruption unit.
There is no suggestion that any other player from either Sussex or Kent was involved.


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Shannon Kudrow's Mom Answers Activity
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My lo used to love avocado and then suddenly started refusing it. Today she loved it again so just give old foods a break and try them ag...posted by a BabyCenter Member


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Saturday was a 'Be Bold, Wear Gold' day at Kinnick....and National Varsity Club Hall of Fame inductee Royce Alger was dressed appropriately.
Sept. 17, 2012
IOWA CITY, Iowa -- -- Random thoughts on a great day to be a Hawkeye!
Is there anything nicer than a sun-drenched day at historic Kinnick Stadium? Yes. Of course there is: A sun-drenched day at historic Kinnick Stadium with the good guys walking off the Pro Turf the winners. That's pretty good. No. That's really good.
Here's one guy's take on the victory: HERE. Here's a link to some video highlights: HERE. Enjoy. The Hawkeyes did. It was hard-earned and they played well against a very, very good football team that will win more than their fair share of games during the balance of 2012.
"We got a win. That was important, most important, and then also I thought our guys really played hard. And I'll back it up; they had a good week in practice, and I thought we had a productive week, got some things done. You know, showed improvement." -- Kirk post-game. I've talked before about what I think is our head coach's natural ability to be straight-forward. You know, kind of like Sergeant Friday on the old television show, Dragnet. "Just the facts, ma'am."
Be Bold, Wear Gold... I thought Kinnick looked fantatic yesterday. Sure, a smattering of purple here and there and, why not? There are sure to be a few "mixed households" among the fan base. All in all, however, kudos to the 70,000 in Kinnick for bringing their "A" game. As Kirk said during his halftime chat with Rob Brooks of the Hawkeye Radio Network, the game was going to be a "full 60" and, in games like that, the energy created by the paying customers is really important.
I don't know what you might have been thinking when you saw the Hawkeyes swarming yesterday, but I'll tell you what was running through my mind: As much as I've enjoyed our Throwback games and uniforms, I really liked seeing the traditional black and gold and Tigerhawk. They're classic. They're timeless. They are Iowa Football.
Now, speaking of game-day attire, did you catch UI Athletics Hall of Fame inductee Royce Alger at halftime? Royce was quite a showman on the mat for the Hawkeyes and it was pretty clear that he's still quite a showman.
I don't know what you might have been thinking when you saw the Hawkeyes swarming yesterday, but I'll tell you what was running through my mind: As much as I've enjoyed our Throwback games and uniforms, I really liked seeing the traditional black and gold and Tigerhawk. They're classic. They're timeless. They are Iowa Football.
Kudos to the National Varsity Club, too. Man, that was a star-studded cast yesterday: The 1968 and 1970 basketball teams...The 2002 football squad...Hall of Famers...honorary letterwinners. Good stuff!
Our undefeated and, now, nationally ranked (For the first time ever? I need to check that.) women's soccer team opens its Big Ten Conference season today at 2 p.m. against Illinois in Champaign. I was looking forward to watching the event on BTN, but, alas, I'm a Dish Network customer...
So, who is Mark Weisman? Well, here's a link to his bio: HERE. And here's a link to Kirk's post-game press conference of yesterday: HERE. Mark, of course, is a topic of conversation. And, lastly, here's something on Mark from our own Darren Miller: HERE.
There's a bunch of great video inside Hawkeye All-Access: HERE I invite you to check out the "Kid Captain" video that is here compliments of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.
Oh, yeah. Did you see that yesterday? The O-line brought it. Jimmy V, too. And Morris and Hitchens and Meyer. So, to those of you who weren't so sure the Hawkeyes would ever reach paydirt or find the win column again, I offer what I was told some time ago by a very wise man: You're never as bad as they say or as good as you think you are.
Speaking of "O," here's a nice piece on a pair of UI receivers: HERE. They had a pretty good day, too.
Here's a link to our football "Game Day" page: HERE. I recommend you bookmark this one and check it out each Friday and Saturday. Great stuff...all in one convenient place.
Eddie mentioned it yesterday on the radio broadcast and I concur: Fans at Kinnick Stadium sure appreciate good defense. I like that. It speaks to having real knowledge and appreciation of the game. A tip of the fedora to you if you are among the many that rise out of their seat on third down and applaud our defense when it's forced a change of possession.
There was a lot to like about yesterday's game: Answering the Panthers' opening drive for seven with our own, another strong defensive effort, and another win in the battle of turnovers. I personally like the fact that we put points on the board in all four quarters and we did it with a balanced offense...and I know how much our head coach likes a balanced offense. Here's a link to the stat pack for Game 2 of 4 in Kinnick in September: HERE
Have a great week...and why don't you consider joining us next Friday night at the Iowa Soccer Complex. Iowa vs. Indiana. Game time is 7 bells.


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Mad Life
It's a guilty fear for all moms: do we favor one child over another? What does it mean to have a favorite, and how can we do more to make sure all our kids feel equally loved? Check out what Andrew, Chuck and Joanie have to say.
Do You Have a Favorite Child?
by TerriCApril 1, 2013 at 12:30 PM
I truly do not. I enjoy both of my girls equally.
by MichelleK41April 1, 2013 at 12:33 PM
Nope they are all equal. =)
April 1, 2013 at 12:33 PM
No but the reason I only had 1 bio child is because he had some health issues and I was afraid I wouldn't give another child all the love and attention they needed. Later on I ended up marrying a man who had 3 boys whose mom had walked out on them so I raised them too. I got 3 more the easy way. lol :)
by brittany208April 1, 2013 at 3:07 PMI only have one child--he's my favorite :) When my second comes along, I'll tell them both that they are my favorite.
by natesmom1228April 1, 2013 at 6:36 PM
I only have one child. He is my favorite.
April 1, 2013 at 8:44 PMYep, but I only have one child.
by wandepApril 1, 2013 at 8:57 PMNope :)
by kmqw229April 1, 2013 at 9:47 PMNo, but I feel like I love them in different ways
by liveforeverApril 1, 2013 at 10:32 PM
I do, but its ok since I only have 1!
by sanj1213April 1, 2013 at 10:59 PM
I only have one:)


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"Teen Mom" star Jenelle Evans may have thought that her marriage to Courtland Rogers was the best decision for her, but it sounds like it wasn't. After just two months of marriage, she was already out the door and planning on filing for a legal separation. If that wasn't enough, she tried to distance herself from him, so she wouldn't be affected by his drug issues in court. According to a new Wetpaint Entertainment report published on Feb. 18, "Teen Mom" star Jenelle Evans is now revealing that she is very excited about getting a divorce from Courtland Rogers.
The two have been legally separated and both have moved on. Some things have come out afterwards, such as Jenelle aborting her child with Courtland Rogers while he was in jail. That came out during a "Teen Mom 2" preview. In addition, Jenelle didn't wait long to move on to Nathan. The two were planning a baby just months later.
"It's almost divorce time… Lol getting pumped and excited," Jenelle tweeted yesterday, sharing her excitement about finalizing her marriage. One can imagine that she and Nathan are planning to get married, since the two are expecting their first child. And this wedding won't be as surprising as her secret marriage to Courtland.
"My mother was totally shocked and had to hear it from someone else. Our whole family is shocked because they have not been dating very long. I'm sure she did this to distract from all the drug accusations that have been flying around and of course she thinks it will help her get custody of Jace back from mom if she is married," revealed Jenelle's sister, Ashleigh.
What do you think of her getting a divorce?


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The Philadelphia 76ers seemed to be getting the Miami Heat at the right time on Jan. 17. The Sixers faced a Heat team on a three-game losing streak, with all the losses coming against sub .500 clubs. Given that the Heat tend to sleepwalk for a stretch or two -- since they can afford it -- the Sixers had a chance to keep them sleeping, yet Miami finally woke up in a 101-86 win.
The game was barely that close, as the Heat never trailed for a second. Unlike when Philadelphia upset Miami in its first game of the season, it couldn't take the two-time champions by surprise. That Sixers team which started 3-0 is long gone, as it proved when it trailed by as many as 25 points.
A 2-for-20 performance from beyond the arc for the Sixers didn't help, and neither did Chris Bosh's 25 points or LeBron James' 21. Michael Carter-Williams began his career with a spectacular performance against Miami three months ago, but only mustered seven points, one field goal and five turnovers in the rematch.
It says something about the Sixers that three other teams below .500 beat the Heat, yet they didn't stand a chance. Or perhaps it just says something about Miami's ability to turn the switch back on at any time. Still, the Heat are half a season away from really needing to turn themselves back on, in spite of how they are in a fight for the No. 1 seed against the Indiana Pacers.
The Sixers only need to worry about how high their lottery pick will be, in a season where they were expected to tank all along. As such, their opening night win over the Heat didn't really go according to plan. But with a 13-26 overall record after this loss, Philadelphia has certainly made up for it now.


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In the summer of 2009 my goddaughter was getting married near Lisbon. This provided us with the excuse to explore Portugal for the first time, and to visit northern Spain - in particular, to make a pilgrimage to Bilbao to see Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum. And to spend some time in Madrid, a city I had always enjoyed, but which Lisa had never visited.
Our travels exceeded our expectations. We both fell in love with Portugal, discovered gems such as Obidos, Batalha and Burgos, and adored the Guggenheim. One of our best European itineraries ever.
Howard Banwell is an incurable traveller, writer and photographer who developed an interest in bird watching in 2008. Since when he has spent countless frustrating but most enjoyable days searching out birds, photographing them, and attempting to identify what he has seen and taken pictures of. Howard lives in Singapore with his wife Lisa, their Golden Retriever, Sambal, their endlessly amusing Lovebirds, Lemon and Lime, and a pond full of Koi Carp.
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Bhutan Publicado 20 de junio de 2010
Antarctica Publicado 18 de abril de 2010
South Publicado 08 de febrero de 2010
2008 and 2009 Family Friends & Festivities Publicado 24 de enero de 2010
Malaysia on a Whim Publicado 09 de octubre de 2009
Burma: The Golden Land Publicado 28 de abril de 2009
South India Publicado 28 de noviembre de 2008
CUBA Island of Rum and Revolution Publicado 07 de agosto de 2008


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Panda Plane & Crew Awaits Transport of Tai Shan
On February 4, 2010, Panda Tai Shan was transferred from the National Zoo to Washington-Dulles International Airport by FedEx for his trip to China. Tai Shan departed Dulles on this specially painted FedEx Boeing 777. Photo By Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum photographer Dane A. Penland.
Image Number: WEB11321-2010
Credit: Image by Dane Penland, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution
For print or commercial use please see our permissions page.


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Glenpool Community Campus
Tulsa Community College is proud to announce that it is making higher education more accessible to residents of the City of Glenpool—and the surrounding communities—at the newly renovated Glenpool Community Campus.
TCC Glenpool students have access to the following services and classes:
Learn More.
Experience the convenience of taking college courses in your home town. Call today for more info or to schedule a personal tour of the new TCC Glenpool Community Campus. 918.595.2040
Located at:
140 W 141st Street
(141st and Hwy 75)
Glenpool, OK 74033


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Skydiving.com now has a network skydiving location serving Nehalem and Tillamook County in Oregon. Call Skydiving.com at 1-800-617-7948 for details, free information and specials on skydiving in Nehalem, OR today!
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Bringing home a the new addition to the family means ensuring the must-have items are in place and ready for baby. A great bassinet is one of those essential baby items. Even new moms know that having a newborn means that sleep will be hard to come by for quite some time.
The Travel Sleep Solution Bassinet from Delta Children is perfect for keeping the new baby right next to your bed and so much safer than being tempted to allow the baby to sleep with you. The bassinet makes those midnight feedings and diaper changes easier with baby close by.
So what about traveling with the new bundle of joy? Easy peasy! The Travel Sleep Solution Bassinet is portable and an awesome on-the-go baby bed. Folding up for travel or storage is quick, uncomplicated and compact. This lightweight bassinet is very sturdy and the plush mattress pad and fabric are soft and comfy. What more could new parents ask for in baby gear?
Visit the Delta Children website for all of your Baby Gear!
Get social with Delta Children on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.


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Rock of AgesWed, August 28, 2013 - 7:30 PMGarrick Theatre in London, UK
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