text:
SUBJECT: Blood Borne Pathogens Exposure Control
ORIGINAL: August 30, 1993
LAST UPDATED: October 12, 2009
Table of Contents
- References
- Scope
- Introduction
- Costs
- Implementation and Compliance Responsibilities
- Key Definitions
- I. Exposure Determination
- II. Universal Precautions
- III. Engineering and Work Practice Controls
- IV. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- V. Housekeeping
- VI. Regulated Waste
- VII. Contaminated Laundry
- VIII. Hepatitis B Vaccination, Post-Exposure Evaluation and Follow-Up
- IX. Post-Exposure Evaluation and Follow-Up
- X. Information Provided to the Healthcare Professional
- XI. Healthcare Professional's Written Opinion
- XII. Recordkeeping
- XIII. Communication of Hazards to Employees
- XIV. Contract Labor
- XV. Students
- XVI. Good Samaritans and Volunteers
- Approval
- Appendices
This Bloodborne Pathogens Exposure Control Standard applies to all University of Wisconsin - La Crosse employees whose position duties may reasonably be anticipated to result in occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials. (Other potentially infectious materials and other phrases and words are defined on page 2, under Key Definitions.) The personnel affected by the Standard are identified in Section I on Exposure Determination. The purpose of the UW-L plan is to provide information which will assist personnel in minimizing or eliminating their potential exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens. The secondary purpose is to comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations as enforced by the Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor and Human Relations (DILHR).
Employees in certain occupations face an increased health risk as a result of potential exposure to blood and other infectious materials which may contain bloodborne pathogens. Such pathogens include hepatitis B virus (HBV), which may cause a serious liver disease, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). These health risks can be minimized by using a combination of universal precautions, engineering and work practice controls, personal protective equipment, scrupulous housekeeping, training, appropriate vaccination, and medical evaluation and treatment following any actual exposure incidents.
All costs associated with program implementation will be funded by the University of Wisconsin. As follows, expenses or charges at the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse will be funded through centralized university funds or decentralized department funds.
Centralized costs
- Post-exposure and follow-up evaluations conducted by private or contract healthcare professional.
- Regulated waste disposal.
De-Centralized costs
- Personal protective equipment (PPE) and spill response kits.
- Appropriately color-coded or labeled waste receptacles.
- Any engineering controls necessary to implement the program.
- Biohazard warning labels and signs.
- Hepatitis B vaccination series and future booster vaccinations provided by the Health Center.
Implementation and Compliance Responsibilities
Every University of Wisconsin - La Crosse employee has personal responsibility for compliance and implementation of this written Bloodborne Pathogens Program. Generic responsibilities of identified organizations or personnel are as described below; refer to the written Program for a detailed description of responsibilities.
Appendix A contains a schedule for specific organization and individual implementation and compliance assignments.
Chancellor is:
Ultimately responsible for the UW-L compliance and implementation of the Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control Standard.
Environmental Health and Safety shall:
- Administrate implementation of the Bloodborne Pathogens Program.
- Conduct or arrange for training of personnel with occupational exposure.
- Conduct unannounced periodic inspections to evaluate program compliance.
- Coordinate biohazard waste disposal.
- Assist supervisors and others with determining the correct type of PPE.
- Annually review the written program and update as needed.
- Investigate and recommend methods to correct events where PPE is not used because it would have prevented the delivery of health care or would have posed an increased risk to any individual.
Health Center shall:
- Provide consultative medical services related to implementation of the Bloodborne Pathogens Program.
- Provide hepatitis B vaccinations, as requested.
- Coordinate vaccination recordkeeping and scheduling requirements with Human Resources, supervisor and employee.
Human Resources shall:
- Complete OSHA recordkeeping requirements and maintain employee medical records related to the
- Maintain training and exposure determination records.
- Work with employee to coordinate scheduling of post-exposure evaluations and follow-ups with private or contract healthcare professionals.
Supervisors and Directors shall:
- Ensure that safe work practices, controls and PPE are being correctly utilized.
- Ensure availability of adequate PPE supplies.
- Develop specific written guidelines, if not already provided in Section III (Engineering and Work Practice Controls), to address unique hazards associated with their laboratory procedures or equipment.
- Familiarize their employees with the contents of Appendix C or C2.
- Arrange to conduct an exposure incident investigation, with the Environmental Health and Safety Office, to develop and recommend methods to prevent recurrence of similar incidents.
- Document annually consideration and implementation of appropriate commercially available and effective medical devices designed to eliminate or minimize occupational exposure.
All Employees shall:
- Familiarize themselves with the contents of Appendix C or C2 and their responsibilities listed therein.
- Immediately report an exposure incident to their Supervisor and Human Resources. If the Human Resources is not available, contact Protective Services.
Employees with occupational exposure shall:
- Question their immediate supervisor regarding any point of the program they do not understand.
- Use PPE as directed in training, written area procedures and by their supervisor.
- Use engineering and administrative controls to minimize or eliminate exposure.
- Maintain facilities which use blood or other potentially infectious materials in a clean and sanitary condition.
- Coordinate with supervisor and Health center the scheduling of Hepatitis B vaccinations.
Custodial Staff shall:
- Perform housekeeping responsibilities in common area's and support cleaning activities in other area's.
Course Instructors, Coaches, etc. shall:
- Minimize or eliminate the use of human blood and other potentially infectious materials in all curricula.
- Observe and familiarize their students, team members and similar individuals with requirements specified in the policy on students in Section XV.
Purchasing shall:
Ensure that compliance with the OSHA Standards is included as a contract requirement whenever contract service or contract labor is procured.
University Police shall:
- Coordinate emergency response activities.
Key Definitions
Appropriately labeled or Color-coded means the following: "Label" refers to the universal biohazard symbol, printed in fluorescent orange or orange-red color, with the word "Biohazard" printed in contrasting color. "Color-coded" refers to bags or containers that are red.
Bloodborne pathogens means pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Contaminated means the presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of human blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface.
Contaminated laundry means laundry which has been soiled with blood or other potentially infectious materials.
Contaminated sharps means any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to needles, scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes, and exposed ends of deutal wires.
Decontamination means the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal.
Engineering controls means controls (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices, such as sharps with engineered sharps, injury protections and needleless systems) that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens hazard from the work-place.
Exposure incident means a specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties.
Hand washing facilities means a facility providing an adequate supply of running potable water, soap and single use towel or hot air drying machines.
HBV means hepatitis B virus.
HIV means human immunodeficiency virus.
Needleless Systems means a device that does not use needles for: (1) The collection of bodily fluids or withdrawal of body after initial venous or arterial access is established; (2) The administration of medication or fluids; or (3) And other procedure involving the potential for occupational expose to bloodborne pathogens due to percutaneous injuries from contaminated sharps.
Occupational exposure means reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties.
Other potentially infectious materials means (1) The following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids; and (2) any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and (3) HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV-containing culture medium or other solution; and blood, organs, or other tissue from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV.
Parenteral means piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needle-sticks, human bites, cuts and abrasions.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard. General work clothes (e.g., uniforms, pants, shirts or blouses) not intended to function as protection against a hazard are not considered personal protective equipment.
Regulated waste means liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials; contaminated items that would release blood or other potentially infectious materials in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with dried blood or other potentially infectious materials are capable of releasing these materials during handling; contaminated sharps, pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or other potentially infectious materials.
Sharps with engineered sharps injury protections means a non-needle sharp or a needle device used for withdrawing body fluids, accessing a vein or artery, or administering medications or other fluids, with a built-in safety feature or mechanism that effectively reduces the risk of an exposure incident.
Source individual means any individual, living or dead, whose blood or other potentially infectious materials may be a source of occupational exposure to the employee. Examples include, but are not limited to, hospital and clinic patients; clients in institutions for the developmentally disabled; trauma victims; clients of drug and alcohol treatment facilities; residents of hospices and nursing homes; human remains; and individuals who donate or sell blood or blood components.
Universal precautions is an approach to infection control. The approach treats all human blood and certain human body fluids as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
Work practice controls means controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed. (e.g. prohibiting recapping of needles by a two-handed technique.)
All University of Wisconsin - La Crosse employees in the following job classifications have occupational exposure.
- Physicians
- Health Center Nurses
- Laboratory Technicians in Health Center
- Medical Technology staff
- Campus Police and Security Officers
- Sports Medicine Specialists
- Athletic Department first aid providers and lifeguards
- Environmental Health and Safety staff
- Electricians and personnel that are safety back-ups for personnel that work on energized electrical systems.
- Custodial Staff in campus buildings.
Some University of Wisconsin-La Crosse employees in the following job classifications have occupational exposure. Specific exposure tasks are identified after the job classifications.
- Coaches and Athletic Trainers from the Athletic Department who are involved with providing first aid treatment and/or handling contaminated laundry.
- Researchers, Instructors, student employees or other personnel from any laboratory where human blood or other infectious materials are used or studied.
- Persons in any job title who are engaged in drawing human blood or obtaining samples of other potentially infectious materials.
- Any first-aid or cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) trained personnel who have been specifically authorized through a written job description to respond to emergencies that may involve blood or other potentially infectious materials.
- All personnel involved in handling or transporting regulated infectious waste.
- Laundry workers who handle contaminated laundry and any employee's who handle contaminated laundry.
- Personnel who work on effluent plumbing systems or other equipment which may be contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials.
- Child Care Center employees who are required by Wisconsin statute to provide first-aid services.
Personnel required to perform these activities as part of their assigned job duties have occupational exposure and are affected by the Standard.
Personnel that are included in this list are required to comply with all requirements of the Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control Standard.
Students are not affected by this Standard unless they are employed, and receive monetary payment, from the University of Wisconsin in one of the above listed job classifications or job class specific tasks. However, the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse will take action to minimize or eliminate students exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials in courses and other campus sponsored activities.
All University of Wisconsin personnel with occupational exposure are to observe universal precautions.
Universal precautions apply to blood and other potentially infectious materials. Universal precautions do not apply to feces, nasal secretions, sputum, saliva, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus, unless they contain visible blood. Under circumstances in which differentiation between body fluid types is difficult or impossible (such as certain emergency response situations), all body fluids should be considered potentially infectious.
The following engineering and work practice controls shall be observed and implemented by all UW-La Crosse employees who have occupational exposure:
- Hand washing facilities shall be readily accessible. Where provision of such facilities is not feasible, antiseptic cleansers or towelettes shall be used, followed as soon as possible by hand washing.
- All employees shall wash their hands immediately or as soon as feasible after removal of gloves or other PPE.
- All employees are to wash their hands and any other skin with soap and water or to flush mucous membranes with water immediately or as soon as feasible following contact of such body areas with blood or other potentially infectious materials.
- Contaminated needles and sharps are not to be recapped or removed unless such action is required by a specific medical procedure. If recapping or needle removal is required, it must be done through the use of a mechanical device (e.g., a hemostat or needle holder) or by a one-handed technique.
- Immediately or as soon as possible after use, contaminated disposable sharps and needles are to be placed in leak-proof, puncture resistant designated sharps containers that are appropriately labeled or color coded. Sharps containers must be conveniently located and accessible to the areas where sharps are being used.
- Eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, and handling contact lenses are prohibited in work areas where there is a reasonable likelihood of occupational exposure.
- Food and drink shall not be kept in refrigerators, freezers, shelves cabinets or on countertops or bench tops where blood or other potentially infectious materials are present.
- Specimens of blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be placed in a container which prevents leakage during collection, handling, processing, storage, transport, or shipping. All containers shall be appropriately labeled or color-coded.
- If outside contamination of the primary container occurs, the primary container shall be placed within an appropriately labeled or color-coded second container which prevents leakage during handling, processing, storage, transport, or shipping.
- All procedures involving blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be performed in such a manner as to minimize splashing, spraying, spattering and generation of droplets of these substances.
- Mouth pipetting/suctioning of blood or other potentially infectious materials is prohibited.
- Equipment which may become contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be examined prior to servicing or shipping and shall be decontaminated as necessary. If it is not feasible to decontaminate the equipment, a readily observable biohazard label shall be attached to the equipment stating which portions remain contaminated.
- Properly chosen, maintained and exhausted ventilation equipment shall be used during procedures which could cause aerosols of the infectious materials.
- UW-La Crosse personnel who organize blood drives must inform the organization conducting the blood drive, in writing, of their necessity to comply with Bloodborne Pathogen Standards specified in reference 1. Additional requirements are as follows: a) Rooms in which blood drives are conducted should have a tile floor or other impermeable flooring surface. b) The room in which a blood drive is conducted must be cleaned by personnel from the organization conducting the blood drive or custodial staff identified in Section I. c) The organization conducting the blood drive must remove and properly dispose of all potentially infectious waste materials they have generated. d) The organization conducting the blood drive must follow reasonable engineering and work practice controls to limit the likelihood of exposure.
Since the above engineering and work practice controls do not account for every conceivable method to minimize exposures, some Departments may need to develop specific written guidelines to address unique hazards associated with their laboratory procedures.
The University of Wisconsin-La Crosse will make PPE available, at no cost, to employees who have potential for occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
In the context of exposure control, PPE refers to the following types of items:
- fluid resistant gloves;
- fluid resistant gown or apron;
- face shield or mask;
- eye protection;
- items of clothing that cover other parts of the body (e.g. shoe covers, caps, full body suits, etc.); and
- mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, pocket masks, and other ventilation devices.
There is no substitute for good judgment in deciding which items of PPE to wear in particular settings. At a minimum, protective gloves should be worn in any situation where there is potential for exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including cleaning and removal of contaminated materials or laundry.
Additional items of PPE should be added based upon good judgment and according to the type of job or task being performed. Personnel should utilize the PPE specified by their supervisor and as advised in bloodborne pathogens training. Course Instructors shall inform students of PPE requirements prior to any use of blood or other potentially infectious materials.
UW-La Crosse shall assume that appropriate PPE is used to prevent blood or other potentially infectious materials from contacting skin, eyes, mouth, other mucous membranes, or clothing. Where an employee under rare and extraordinary conditions exercises their professional judgment that the use of PPE would have prevented the delivery of health care or would have posed an increased risk to any individual, the event shall be reported to Human Resources. An investigation shall be conducted and documented in order to determine whether changes can be instituted to prevent such occurrences in the future.
All campus locations with personnel that have a chance of exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials shall have a readily visible supply of gloves and other PPE available. Professional judgment of area personnel should be utilized to determine which items of PPE to wear in particular settings. Such locations shall also have emergency response kits readily available. The Health Center should have mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, pocket masks, or other ventilation devices available.
All emergency response kits shall include:
- fluid resistant gloves and gown or apron;
- masks that cover the oral cavity and nose;
- safety glasses with side shields; goggles or face shield; and
- additional PPE and other supplies available for cleaning, decontamination and disposal of the potentially infectious materials.
Personnel who are required and properly trained to provide ventilatory assistance should have some type of ventilatory or CPR mask in their emergency response kits.
Emergency response kits, PPE and other program implementation supplies are available for purchase through Campus Stores.
Disposal of PPE
Most items of PPE, especially gloves, will be designed to be single use items and shall be discarded after use and before leaving the work area. Disposable clothing is recommended for all areas that have minimal use of clothing. Refer to section VII for cleaning instructions for non-disposable clothing. If an item of PPE becomes excessively soiled during use, it shall be removed and disposed into a designated biohazard waste container or laundry bag. The user shall then wash their hands prior to putting on clean equipment.
PPE that is not designed for disposal (e.g. goggles, safety glasses) should be disinfected in a freshly prepared 10% household bleach in water solution, rinsed and allowed to air dry prior to re-use. PPE should not be cleaned with alcohol, autoclaved or exposed to other cleaning methods which may damage the equipment.
All facilities which use blood and other potentially infectious materials are to be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. All equipment and working surfaces shall be cleaned and decontaminated after contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials.
All personnel identified as having occupational exposure are responsible for housekeeping duties in their work area. Custodial Staff will perform housekeeping responsibilities in common area's and support cleaning activities in other area's.
Decontamination should, to the extent feasible, be conducted with disposable cleaning supplies. All disposable cleaning supplies and other contaminated items should be discarded in color-coded or labeled infectious waste receptacles. An adequate supply of waste receptacles should be placed in each area were infectious waste is normally generated. When proper waste receptacles are not available in the area, as in the case of medical emergencies, the waste should be retained by the generator in a secure location. The generator shall notify Environmental Health and Safety that the material needs to be disposed. Non-disposable cleaning supplies should be decontaminated after use.
Contaminated work surfaces shall be decontaminated with an appropriate disinfectant after completion of procedures; immediately or as soon as feasible when surfaces are overtly contaminated; after any spill of blood or other potentially infectious materials; and, at the end of the work shift if the surface may have become contaminated since the last cleaning. Appropriate disinfectant includes a freshly prepared 10% household bleach solution in water or other EPA registered disinfectants.
Cleaning of the Campus Health Center shall be performed in accordance with the routine custodial cleaning schedule. Since the building in which the Health Center is located is used by a variety of occupants, the schedule varies depending upon occupant and building requirements.
All bins, pails, cans, and similar receptacles intended for re-use, which have a reasonable likelihood for becoming contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials, shall be periodically inspected and decontaminated. Such receptacles shall be cleaned and decontaminated immediately or as soon as feasible upon visible contamination.
Broken glassware shall not be picked up directly with the hands. It should be cleaned up using mechanical means, such as a brush and dust pan, tongs, or forceps. Contaminated broken glassware should be placed in a biohazard sharps container. Other broken glassware should be placed in a puncture resistant container.
Employees are not to reach by hand into containers where contaminated sharps have been placed.
All blood and other potentially infectious regulated waste materials are to be placed in durable leak-proof containers that are appropriately color-coded or labeled. As feasible, all containers should be autoclaved prior to disposal. Containers that will be autoclaved should have an indicator strip placed on the container prior to autoclaving. Autoclaved containers should be over-packed in sealable containers that are opaque to the inner containers. These containers can then be placed in any solid waste trash dumpster.
Containers that are not autoclaved prior to disposal should have no liquid or semi-liquid blood or OPIM. Contact Environmental Health and Safety to coordinate or receive instructions on the appropriate waste disposal methods.
The following discard and containment procedures applies to all locations and personnel that use single-use sharps, other sharps and broken glassware. The procedure also applies to all personnel that are needle dependant for insulin, allergy, or other shots, while on campus. Needle dependant personnel will be offered containers for proper handling of contaminated needles. The Health Center will supply empty containers and dispose of full containers.
- Contaminated sharps shall be discarded immediately or as soon as feasible in single use containers that are: a) closable, b) puncture resistant, c) leak-proof, d) appropriately labeled or color coded, and e) designed with an opening that will not allow easy access of any body part.
- During use, containers for contaminated sharps shall be: a) easily accessible to personnel and located as close as is feasible to the immediate area where sharps are used or can be reasonably anticipated to be found, b) maintained upright throughout use, c) maintained closed when not in use; and d) replaced routinely and not allowed to overfill.
- When moving containers of contaminated sharps from the area of use, the containers shall be: a) closed to prevent spillage or protrusion of contents during handling, storage, transport or shipping; b) if damaged, placed in a secondary container as specified in section A above, if leakage is possible.
The following discard and containment procedures applies to all locations and personnel that generate non-sharps regulated waste.
- Regulated wastes shall be discarded immediately or as soon as feasible in single use containers that are: a) closable, b) leak-proof, and c) appropriately labeled or color coded.
- During use, containers shall be: a) easily accessible to personnel and located as close as is feasible to the immediate area; b) maintained upright throughout use, c) maintained closed when not in use, and d) replaced routinely and not allowed to overfill.
- When moving containers from the area of use, the containers shall be: a) closed to prevent spillage or protrusion of contents during handling, storage, transport or shipping, b) if damaged, placed in a secondary container as specified in section A above, if leakage is possible.
Soiled sanitary napkins and other feminine hygiene products do not have to be treated as a regulated waste. However, the containers for these products shall be lined with a plastic or wax paper bag and the personnel handling the bags should wear suitable gloves.
Contaminated laundry includes any garments, whether the employer's or employee's, or other laundry spotted with visible blood or other potentially infectious materials.
Contaminated laundry is to be handled as little as possible and with a minimum of agitation. Contaminated laundry shall be bagged or containerized at the location where it was used and shall not be sorted or rinsed in the location of use. Contaminated laundry shall be placed and transported in appropriately labeled or color-coded bags or containers.
Whenever contaminated laundry is wet and presents a reasonable likelihood of soak-through or leakage from the bag or container, the laundry shall be placed and transported in bags or containers which prevent soak-through and/or leakage of fluids to the exterior.
All contaminated laundry must be delivered to a departments designated laundromat in leak-proof bags or containers that are appropriately labeled or color-coded. Facilities that have minimal use of laundry services, not including the Campus Health Center and Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department, are recommended to use disposable clothing.
UW-La Crosse, at no cost to the employee, shall make available hepatitis B vaccination to all employees who have occupational exposure. All vaccinations, post-exposure evaluations and follow-ups will be coordinated by the Human Resources Office. Hepatitis B vaccinations will be offered by the Health Center.
All medical evaluations and procedures, including the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series and post-exposure evaluation and follow-up, will be performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician or another licensed healthcare professional. All such actions will be provided according to recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service current at the time these evaluations and procedures take place. All laboratory tests will be conducted by an accredited laboratory at no cost to the employee.
Hepatitis B Vaccination
The employee shall be offered an opportunity to receive hepatitis B vaccination at the conclusion of the initial bloodborne pathogen exposure avoidance training session. The employee must initially accept or decline the opportunity to accept the vaccination within 10 working days.
If an employee initially declines hepatitis B vaccination but at a later date while still covered under this standard decides to accept the vaccination, UW-La Crosse shall make the vaccination available at that time.
If subsequent recommendations from the U.S. Public Health Service indicate that a "booster" dose of the vaccine is required, such dose will be offered by UW-La Crosse, at no cost, to all employees who have occupational exposure.
Any employee who declines to receive the hepatitis B vaccination for any reason shall sign the appropriate statement of declination that appears on the Information/Authorization Form for Hepatitis Type B Immunization (Appendix B).
Any employee with occupational exposure who has an exposure incident shall follow the procedures outlined in Appendix C.
Following a report of an exposure incident the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse shall, in coordination with any private or contract healthcare provider, immediately make available to the exposed employee a confidential medical evaluation and follow-up.
The University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Human Resources Office and the healthcare professional evaluating an employee after an exposure incident will coordinate data-sharing consistent with the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard and the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
Within 15 days of the completion of the evaluation of an exposed employee, the UW-La Crosse Human Resources Office will assure the employee receives healthcare professional's written opinion containing the below listed information.
- In the case of evaluation of hepatitis B vaccination requirements, a statement regarding the need for vaccination and whether the employee has received such vaccination.
- In the case of post-exposure evaluation and follow-up, a statement limited to the following information: a) that the employee has been informed of the results of the evaluation, b) that the employee has been told about any medical conditions resulting from exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials which require further evaluation or treatment, c) all other findings or diagnoses shall remain confidential and shall not be included in the written report.
The UW-La Crosse Human Resources Office in coordination with the UW Office of Safety and Loss Prevention (worker's compensation function) shall maintain in the standard employee medical record an account of any occupational exposure. Such record will include the following:
- name and social security number of the employee;
- a copy of the employee's hepatitis B vaccination status including the dates of all the hepatitis B vaccinations and any medical records relative to the employee's ability to receive vaccination;
- a copy of all results of examinations, medical testing, and follow-up procedures relating to post-exposure evaluation and follow-up of an exposure incident;
- the employer's copy of the healthcare professional's written opinion; and
- a copy of the information provided to the healthcare professional as described above.
All employee medical records are confidential and are not to be disclosed or reported to any person within or outside of UW-La Crosse without the express written consent of the employee except as may be required by law. These records are to be retained by the University of Wisconsin for at least the duration of employment plus 30 years in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
Employee training records shall be maintained for at least three years from the date on which the training occurs. A copy of all training records should be forwarded to Environmental Health and Safety and Human Resources.
UW-La Crosse shall ensure that all employees with occupational exposure participate in a training program which will be provided during working hours and at no cost to the employee. Training shall be provided before the time of initial assignment to tasks where occupational exposure may take place and annually thereafter. Personnel will be informed in writing of annual training dates.
If there are modifications of tasks or procedures, or institution of new tasks or procedures that affect the employee's occupational exposure, UW-La Crosse shall provide additional training that addresses these newly created exposures.
The training program shall contain the following elements:
- an accessible copy of 29 CFR 1910.1030 and an explanation of its contents;
- a general explanation of the epidemiology and symptoms of bloodborne diseases;
- an explanation of the modes of transmission of bloodborne pathogens;
- an explanation of UW-La Crosse's exposure control standard and the means by which the employee can obtain a copy of the written standard;
- an explanation of how to recognize tasks and other activities that may involve exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials;
- an explanation of the use and limitations of methods that will prevent or reduce exposure including appropriate engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment;
- information on the types, proper use, location, removal, handling, decontamination and disposal of personal protective equipment;
- an explanation of the basis for selection of personnel protective equipment;
- information on hepatitis B vaccine, including information on its efficacy, safety, method of administration, the benefits of being vaccinated, and that the vaccine and vaccination will be offered free of charge;
- information on the appropriate actions to take and persons to contact in an emergency involving blood or other potentially infectious materials;
- an explanation of the procedure to follow if an exposure incident occurs, including the method of reporting the incident and the medical follow-up that will be made available;
- information on the post-exposure evaluation and follow-up that the employer is required to provide for the employee following an exposure incident;
- an explanation of any signs, labels or color coding utilized; and
- an opportunity for interactive questions and answers with the person conducting the training session.
The person conducting the training shall be knowledgeable in the subject matter covered by the elements contained in the training program, as it relates to the work-place that the training will address.
Labels and signs
Biohazard warning labels shall be affixed to containers of regulated waste, refrigerators, freezers and contaminated equipment containing blood or other potentially infectious materials, contaminated laundry; and other containers used to store, transport or ship blood or other potentially infectious materials. Red bags or red containers may be substituted for labels.
Individual containers of blood or other potentially infectious materials that are placed in a labeled container during storage, transport, shipment or disposal are exempted from the labeling requirement.
It is UW-La Crosse's policy to have all independent contract service providers handle the compliance requirements for their employees. Purchasing shall ensure that compliance with the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard is included as a contract requirement whenever contract service or contract labor is procured. UW-La Crosse will work with contract employers to ensure compliance with the Standard.
Students who have a reasonably anticipated exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials through their involvement with campus sponsored curricula, programs or activities, will be informed of these potential hazards. This policy does not refer to the student acting as a "good Samaritan". To the extent feasible, UW - Lacrosse will take actions to reduce student exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
The student is responsible for determining their acceptance or avoidance of the hazard and circumstances that can result from this decision. If the student determines that the hazard poses an unreasonable risk, the student may, after consultation and agreement with the instructor or other directly affected campus employee, decline to accept the risk without detrimental affect on their grade. However, additional justified assignments may be required to fulfill course-work requirements.
Course instructors, coaches, and other campus employee's who are involved with students that could have an exposure incident should take the following actions.
- Train students, to the level necessary, in the epidemiology and transmissivity of HBV and HIV, methods to reduce exposures, vaccination availability from Health Center, post exposure follow-up, waste handling procedures and appropriate use of PPE. Special emphasis should be placed on financial issues related to exposure prevention and prophylaxis.
- Present required information to the student in the first course session or meeting, and as necessary.
- Insure that students use PPE. All PPE, except for eye protection, will be provided to the student by UW-La Crosse. The minimum level of PPE for students will be gloves and eye protection.
- Take action to eliminate or reduce the use/volume of human blood and other potentially infectious materials. In addition, use less virulent organisms whenever possible.
To allow students to engage in hazardous activities without risk communication, proper training and ensuring the use of appropriate PPE, opens UW-L to liability under legal negligence theories.
Any student who has exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials should be informed to follow the procedure described in Appendix C-1, Procedures for Students Following an Exposure Incident.
Students should be informed that they will not be directly charged for professional healthcare administered by Health Center staff. However, the student will be billed for any medical services provided by private healthcare professionals, which they seek on their own accord. Based upon the potential costs associated with treatment, students may desire to acquire private medical insurance coverage.
When evaluating students who have had an exposure incident the Health Center should make appropriate recommendations based upon their professional judgment and guidelines established by the Centers for Disease Control, for evaluation and post exposure follow-up.
Students who are not employees shall be prohibited from handling contaminated laundry and handling, treatment, or sewering of infectious waste, other than the handling required to immediately containerize an infectious waste generated by their laboratory or academic procedures. Students who are not employees shall be prohibited from the handling of contaminated laundry for University related purposes.
Personnel who volunteer their services to the University should not ordinarily be requested or allowed to conduct any work that could reasonably be anticipated to result in exposure to human blood or other potentially infectious materials. If it is reasonably anticipated that the volunteer may have a potential for an exposure incident, the organization requesting the volunteer should ensure that the individual receives exposure control training, PPE is provided and other necessary actions are taken to minimize or eliminate an exposure incident. The campus organization which accepts the volunteer assistance is responsible for compliance with this policy.
Personnel who respond to incidents involving blood or other potentially infectious materials, that are not identified as having occupational exposure in Section I, Exposure Determination, are treated as "Good Samaritans". A "Good Samaritan" is defined as any individual not covered by this written program that responds to an unexpected emergency in an unofficial capacity.
Any "Good Samaritan" or volunteer who has exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials should be informed to follow the procedure described in Appendix C-2, Procedures for Volunteers and Good Samaritans Following an Exposure Incident.
Good Samaritans and Volunteers medical costs associated with post exposure evaluation and follow-up will not be covered by this written Bloodborne Pathogens Program
This written Bloodborne Pathogens Exposure Control Program and its Appendices are effective immediately. All personnel shall fulfill their responsibilities as designated within the written program and appendices.
Written Signature and Date on File in Environmental Health and Safety Office
Appendix A Implementation and compliance responsibility and schedule.
Appendix B Hepatitis B vaccination procedures and information
Appendix C Procedures for employees and supervisors following an exposure incident.
Appendix C1 Procedures for students following an exposure incident.
Appendix C2 Procedures for good Samaritans and volunteers following an exposure incident.


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Find an independent contractor in the Area ().
Ruud is excited to announce a groundbreaking association with the Valley Electric Association (VEA) to launch the largest Domestic Solar Water Heating (DSWH) program ever undertaken in the U.S.
This program offers each member of VEA, an electrical co-op serving 150,000 residents in Nevada and California, an opportunity to install a Ruud SolPak® active solar water heating system in their residence. "With an 80-year business history, $2-billion in annual sales, and tested equipment for solar water heaters, VEA feels Ruud adds the confidence in a solid product that was essential to our business model" says Thomas Husted, CEO of Valley Electric Association, Inc.
It's estimated that members switching from electric or propane water heating systems will save between $250 and $550 annually on water heating. This program will also help to eliminate 15.4 million pounds of carbon dioxide annually and save $34 million, collectively, on energy costs over the next 20 years. Zero percent interest financing to members who choose to participate in the DSWH program and participating members will also be eligible to receive a Federal tax credit of up to 30 percent of the installed cost including labor.
For more information on the DSWH program, please visit www.vea.coop. For more information about Ruud and its alternative energy products, please contact your local Ruud representative.
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Sweet Potatoes with Apples RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
- 3 to 3-1/2 pounds sweet potatoes
- 2 tart apples, peeled, cored and cut into 1/4-inch rings
- 1/2 cup orange juice
- 1/4 cup packed brown sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
- 1/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 2 tablespoons butter
- Place sweet potatoes in a large saucepan and cover with water. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cover and cook for 30 minutes or until just tender. Drain and cool slightly. Peel and cut into 1/4-in. slices.
- In a greased 13-in. x 9-in. baking dish, alternately layer potatoes and apples. Pour orange juice over top. Combine the brown sugar, ginger and cinnamon; sprinkle over potatoes and apples. Dot with butter.
- Bake, uncovered, at 350° for 35-45 minutes or until apples are tender. Yield: 8 servings.
Reviews for Sweet Potatoes with Apples
"A favorite among my whole family. We have made this many times over and enjoy it as a welcome change from the typical overly sweetened sweet potatoes with marshmallows. Also works well to make this ahead and refrigerate before cooking."
"Wow! We grow sweet potatos, so we had tons! This is a tasty way to eat them!"
"This is a welcome change after eating candied sweet potatoes for years. I would recommend this to anyone who loves apples and sweet potatoes. Yum!"
"This is delicious! The sweet potatoes compliment the apples and the other way around. I really did enjoy this. There were hardly any leftovers after I made this!"
"Very few recipes say "autumn" like this recipe. We love the combination of sweet poataoes and apples. It has just the right touch of spices to make this dish soooo good. It's a keeper!"


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This course presents an exciting opportunity for human resource practitioners to develop their personal and professional knowledge of HR issues to Masters.
Fees and funding:
Please see the fees and funding information.
Please be aware that fees are subject to annual review.
This course gives human resource practitioners an exciting opportunity to:
The course is approved by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) as meeting the knowledge requirements that are pre-requisite for Chartered Membership or Chartered Fellowship of the CIPD.
Contact usEmailTelephone: +44 (0)115 848 4460Visit the Nottingham Business School website
This course develops your knowledge and critical understanding of conceptual frameworks, perspectives and issues associated with the management of human resources and enables you to apply this to practical, organisational situations. It will increase your awareness of the changing context for the practice of human resourcing via a range of compulsory and specialist elective modules.
Core modules:
With our specialist elective modules you can develop skills and knowledge in an area of your own particular interest. Whilst completing your dissertation in your second year you will also undertake three elective modules. The specialist options we offer may include:
Download more information on these modules.
AssessmentAssessment is carried out through assignments and exams which will be based on your organisation. Part of the assessment for the Research Methods and Professional Skills element will require you to provide evidence of the development of HR skills for business leadership and your continuing professional development (CPD) through the submission of a portfolio. Your portfolio will be assessed on the relevance of your reflections of in-course learning and of both planned and incidental learning at work and elsewhere.
Study and supportTeaching normally takes place in the afternoons and evenings as this is popular with both students and employers. Attendance in both years is mostly on a weekly basis. Your induction will be held over two full days and you will be expected to attend a residential during HRM in its business context.
How many contact hours will there be? 54 per module
How many places are available?30
At Nottingham Trent University, we provide first-class learning facilities for our students. Our campus has undergone substantial redevelopment during recent years, and provides an abundance of teaching space, a range of lecture theatres of different sizes, and masses of space for social learning. With wireless connection throughout, students will be able to work on their laptops in any part of the building.
Graduates on our MSc HRM have reported enhanced career opportunities that enable them to operate confidently at a more senior level within the HR field.
This course does not offer placements as students on the course are generally in employment. The course balances theory with the practical nature of human resource management.
Applicants should have a first degree or other qualification at an equivalent level or be able to provide sufficient evidence of capability to successfully complete a programme of study at M level. Please see the how to apply section for further entry requirements.
English language requirements for International and EU students.
Entry requirements
English language requirementsEnglish language entry requirements for courses at Nottingham Business School and a full list of all English language qualifications accepted by the University are available on our website.
Applications should be made online using the apply online button at the top of the page.
Any questions?Email usTelephone: +44 (0)115 848 4460Visit the Nottingham Business School website
Please read our notes on the University's commitment to delivering the educational services advertised.
Nottingham Trent UniversityBurton StreetNottinghamNG1 4BU+44 (0)115 941 8418


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Rogers' and Bell's BlackBerry Pearl 9100 to cost $449 free of contract
Apart from coming to Fido, the unannounced BlackBerry Pearl 9100 will also be released via Rogers and Bell in Canada – although we don't know when exactly.
What we do know is the no-contract price of RIM's upcoming smartphone.
MobileSyrup has it that both Rogers and Bell will sell the BlackBerry Pearl 9100 for $449.99 to customers who don't need a new contract agreement. The price with an annual contract is not known, but it's expected to be around $50.
The Pearl 9100 (pictured above) looks nicer than the older BlackBerry Pearls and it should feature Wi-Fi, 3G, SureType QWERTY keyboard, optical trackpad, dedicated music keys, and a 3MP camera with LED flash. It will be interesting to see if the Pearl 9100 comes with BlackBerry OS 6.0, like RIM's rumored new 9670 clamshell.


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Perhaps the heart of coal country is the last place one would expect a utility to reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants. However, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is ahead of schedule on its target to reduce greenhouse gasses. The utility announced it has reduced carbon pollution to 23% below 2005 levels. Moreover, TVA appears on target to achieve reductions of 40% below 2005 levels by 2020.
The TVA was established under FDR's administration to build flood control dams in a multi-state region in the south and use those dams to generate inexpensive hydro-electric power to a poverty stricken region where millions did not have electricity. Since that time the TVA has expanded its electrical generation into coal-fired and gas fired plants. In recent years, in part because of incentives provided under the Obama administration, the TVA has been developing renewable energy sources.
TVA's reductions surpass both the Energy Information Association's (EIA) projections that the utility sector as a whole will reduce GHG emissions by 11 percent below 2005 levels by 2020, and the White House Climate Action Plan target of 17 percent reductions from 2005 levels by 2020.
The reduction in TVA's greenhouse gases can largely be attributed to the utility's planned retirement of 5,580 MW of coal-fired power plants, with more retirements likely to come. The projected drop in future carbon dioxide (CO2) rates will put TVA in line with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) New Source Performance Standards for new gas turbines, as well as the new EPA carbon rules expected this summer.
TVA has reduced carbon pollution 28% since its peak year in 1995. In addition, TVA has reduced SO2 emissions 97% since the peak year in 1977, and reduced NOX by 90% from the peak in 1995. They have done this in large part by reducing coal consumption from 5.5 million tons a year in 2008 to less than 5 million tons in 2013. TVA projects that it will reduce coal consumption to less than 2.5 million tons by 2017—cutting it in half.
If a utility in the heart of coal country can do this, why can't utilities located far from coal country do the same?
Dr. Stephen Smith, executive director of the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy (SACE), commented:
"These are impressive numbers, which represent a critical step toward mitigating climate change impacts while proving that cleaner energy will protect air and water in the Tennessee Valley. The utility's steady decline in past emissions, coupled with a lower projected future rate of emissions, demonstrate that TVA's system-wide numbers appear to be well positioned ahead of new emission limits for existing sources of pollution from EPA this summer."
There is another benefit for the region by retirement of these coal-fired plants and that is air quality. Pollution largely attributed to burning coal has shrouded scenic areas like the Smokey Mountains in a deep haze. They were named Smoky Mountains because of the natural ozone, but the additional haze from pollution has made it hard to see the beautiful mountains.
The Grand Canyon and other National Parks in the west suffer with the same haze largely from burning coal to make electricity. Maybe those utilities can follow TVA's lead.
If you like this article share it, or find me on Facebook or Twitter.


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Miami Dolphins rookie camp begins today; who will shine? (Links)
The Miami Dolphins finally get their first look at their 2012 NFL draft picks, and undrafted free agents.
Practice opens at 2:30 p.m. It's open to reporters, and closed to the public.
I'll provide updates via my Twitter account (@IzzyGould), the blog and our Dolphins home page.
Today marks the first look at first-round draft pick Ryan Tannehill in a Dolphins' uniform. It also marks the beginning of many position battles including second-round pick Jonathan Martin and his bid to win the right tackle job.
This also marks an opportunity for maligned Dolphins general manager Jeff Ireland to show everyone what he told The Finsider, "If our (draft) board was right, then we killed it."
Below, I've posted links to our stories in the past week including draft stories, analysis and break downs of some UFA's.
Who do you look forward to learning more about this weekend?
* Bios: Miami Dolphins 2012 draft picks
* Meet five UFA set to join the Miami Dolphins
* Meet five more UFA's set to join the Miami Dolphins
* Bios of six more UFA's set to join Miami Dolphins rookie camp
* Jacory Harris to join other former Hurricanes at Dolphins camp
* Son of Jim 'Mad Dog' Mandich gets tryout with the Miami Dolphins
* The good, the bad and the vision for the Miami Dolphins 2012 draft picks
* How many starters will be in the Miami Dolphins' rookie class?
* Dolphins Draft Day 1: Miami Dolphins' first pick meets S. Florida media
* Dolphins Draft Day 2: Stanford OT Jonathan Martin, 'Canes DE Olivier Vernon, Missouri TE Michael Egnew
* Dolphins Draft Day 3: Jeff Ireland knows Dolphins need impact players in 2012 draft
* Miami Dolphins, Hurricanes lean on each other for NFL success
* Jeff Ireland addresses Miami Dolphins OT Jake Long; won't talk Cameron Wake contract
Twitter | @IzzyGould
Email | firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook | facebook.com/dolphinsbeat
Phone | 954.372.5504


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I'm in San Diego, a hop-loving city if there ever was one, for the Brewbound conference. Last night Dogfish co-hosted the welcome session at the Museum of Man with our pals at Hopunion.
Above you see me sniffing on a brewers cut of hops with Don and Scott Bryant of Hop Union. We set up two Randall The Enamel Animals and ran the same keg of 90 Minute IPA through each of them. One Randall was loaded with an experimental hop variety that smelled like a Christmas tree fell on your head and knocked you out while you were clipping mint leaves from your herb garden. The hop variety in the second Randall smelled like you accidentally plowed over a lime tree while mowing your lawn. Both were fantastic and so different. The Randall device allows beer lovers to experience for themselves just how different hop varieties can be from each other.
Hop Union also supports Dogfish on our AHopEclipse Now! beer dinner series. The series is over 25 beer dinners across the country (next series starts in February/March) where we pair each course with a different Dogfish IPA (from wood-aged Burton Baton to grape-infused Sixty-one, from 60 Minute to 120 Minute IPA, and more). At least one of those is served through a hop-packed Randall. But, I digress …
The Museum of Man is currently mounting a really cool 'history of beer' exhibit featuring an epic collection of brewing and drinking vessels from around the world and thousands of years ago. Dogfish is a major sponsor of this exhibit and our series of Ancient Ales is included within it. Dr. Rex, who curated the exhibit, gave us Brewbound attendees a behind-the-scenes tour focusing on his most cherished artifacts, including a 1,000-year-old golden chicha chalice. It's beautiful, but it gave me flashbacks to a few painful days of corn chewing and spitting when we brewed a chicha in Delaware a few years back.
Tonight I hit my old pal Tom Nickel's craft beer mecca O'Briens to host a happy hour where we will feature hard-to-find Dogfish beers and some of our beer-centric foods. Come on by!


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Contrasting images depicting African and Antarctic landscapes of hot and cold, wet and dry.
I am passionate about wildlife, the wilderness, conservation and photography. My career as a professional guide in African now spans twenty five years and has afforded me many unique opportunities to capture sights seldom seen by others. After successful sales in Sydney, a photographic exhibition of some of my work is now being planned for later in the year in Johannesburg.
Comment posted.
redtreeme says
Stunning work. Wonderful book. I am so glad to have this opportunity to vote for you.
posted at 02:16PM Aug 19 PST
scotweb says Wonderful landscape captured in great photos
posted at 12:34PM Jul 19 PST
bosada says
Very interesting book with great photographs.
Thank you for commenting on my book as well. I appreciate it!
posted at 02:34PM Jul 14 PST
Log in or create an account to post a comment.


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We have partnered with Bongo International to service our customers Worldwide!
Bongo International provides our customers with their very own US address. Once you have a US address, you will be able to make purchases with us as well as other US based online retailers. Bongo receives your purchases and logs them into their online system which you can use to view your items and consolidate them with multiple orders.
International customers can save up to 82% off typical international shipping rates by following these three easy steps:
Bongo will make the purchase on our site on your behalf and ship the items to you.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Bongo through live chat or by e-mail. They will be glad to assist you.
Electric Scooters Galore is careful to choose only the most reliable, top quality brand names to be included in our store. We want you to be happy with what you purchase from us, so we've already screened our manufacturers and distributors to offer you the best in the industry today.
We accept:


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- Profile
- Map
- The Derby Coupons
Sponsored Links
About The DerbyLast Updated: Dec 11, 2014
The Derby is a Steakhouse restaurant located in the Arcadia neighborhood at 233 E. Huntington Dr. (bet. Gateway Dr. & 2nd Ave.) in Arcadia, CA 91006. The Derby has been described as an Good Steakhouse restaurant and has received an average rating of 5 by our members.
User Reviews for The Derby
All Reviews for The Derby


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Anaphylaxis (cont.)
Jerry R. Balentine, DO, FACEP
Dr. Balentine received his undergraduate degree from McDaniel College in Westminster, Maryland. He attended medical school at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine graduating in1983. He completed his internship at St. Joseph's Hospital in Philadelphia and his Emergency Medicine residency at Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center in the Bronx, where he served as chief resident.
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
In this Article
- Anaphylaxis facts
- What is anaphylaxis?
- What is the history of anaphylaxis?
- What are common causes of anaphylaxis?
- What are anaphylaxis symptoms and signs?
- What happens after the symptoms begin?
- Are there any disorders that appear similar to anaphylaxis?
- How is anaphylaxis diagnosed?
- How do we manage anaphylaxis?
- What are emergency measures used in the treatment of anaphylaxis?
- Is it possible to prevent anaphylaxis?
- Find a local Doctor in your town
What are anaphylaxis symptoms and signs?
Anaphylaxis is a severe reaction that affects multiple areas of the body.
- The severity of the reaction varies from person to person.
- Subsequent reactions to the same trigger are typically similar in nature.
- The more rapid the onset of symptoms, the more severe the reaction is likely to be.
- A history of allergic disease (rhinitis, eczema, asthma) does not increase the risk of developing IgE mediated anaphylaxis, but it does incline the person to a non-IgE-mediated reaction.
- Underlying asthma may result in a more severe reaction and can be more difficult to treat.
The symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction may occur within seconds of exposure or be delayed 15-30 minutes, or even an hour or more after exposure (typical of reactions to aspirin and similar drugs). Early symptoms are often related to the skin and include
- flushing (warmth and redness of the skin),
- itching (often in the groin or armpits),
- hives.
These symptoms are often accompanied by
- a feeling of "impending doom,"
- anxiety,
- sometimes a rapid, irregular pulse.
Frequently following the above symptoms, throat and tongue swelling results in hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing.
Symptoms of rhinitis (hay fever) or asthma may occur, causing
- a runny nose;
- sneezing, and wheezing, which may worsen the breathing difficulty;
- vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps may develop.
Some of the time, the mediators flooding the bloodstream cause a generalized opening of capillaries (tiny blood vessels) which results in
- a drop in blood pressure,
- lightheadedness,
- even loss of consciousness.
These are the typical features of anaphylactic shock.
Allergies & Asthma
Improve treatments & prevent attacks.


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The food-on-wheels craze rolls into Hialeah on Friday March 2, 2012 through Saturday, March 3, 2012, for Hialeah's Art on Palm. Join Hialeah for two nights of great art, food and classic cars and bikes!
For cities like Los Angeles and New York, it's nothing new. The food truck craze has been swarming around Hialeah and Miami for the last few months and now, the chefs are getting the recognition they deserve.
Food trucks are a low-cost way for a Chef to build their business and doing what they love! Truck locations change frequently, so most food trucks use websites like Twitter and Facebook to keep their fans in the loop of where they will be.
The trucks have been holding rallies where over a dozen trucks are gathered at one location, to get the publics attention and the vendors cook up their dishes. The variety of dishes is a phenomenon that has left more food trucks hitting the streets and the public wanting more.
Food trucks are cool, colorful, creative and delicious, and now you can share in the fun at Art on Palm! See you there!


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On Sunday, CBS's Face the Nation took a moment to note the latest embarrassing revelations in the Hillary Clinton email investigation, as ABC's This Week and NBC's Meet the Press both ignored the finding. Even CBS buried the development at the end of its roundtable segment, as host John Dickerson hurriedly raised the issue: "Susan, we have just about 20 seconds left. There was news on the email front with Hillary Clinton. Didn't turn over an email that showed there were problems with her server. That's not good."
Latest Posts
By Tom Blumer | | June 26, 2016 | 7:11 PM EDT
An example of how unhinged press bias builds on itself was on display Sunday morning on CNN's Inside Politics.
Associated Press reporter Lisa Lerer told other panel members who were criticizing Hillary Clinton for her lack of an in-person public statement on the the results of Thursday's Brexit referendum that they should doubt the legitimacy of the result. She did so by referring to "all the great anecdotal stories on the BBC and other outlets" which found a few voters, clearly surprised by the result given pre-election polling which predicted that Remain would win, who said, in Lerer's words, "Well it was a protest vote. I didn't think we'd leave."
By Tom Johnson | | June 26, 2016 | 4:47 PM EDT
Penn State prof Sophia McClennen, a Bernie Sanders backer, really dislikes Hillary Clinton. "We are literally watching the Clinton campaign drain any claim to nuance, critical thinking, reasoned logic, and attention to facts from the Democratic party," alleged McClennen in a recent screed for Salon. "The fact that Clinton is now the favorite of many on the right...should be evidence enough of a real merging of the right and the 'left.'"
In other words, McClennen suggested, Hillary's almost an honorary Republican, given that her campaign, much like the GOP's campaigns starting with the 2002 midterms, has in many ways been "dominated by binary thinking, irrationality, and panic…The number one reason that Bernie Sanders supporters are told they should vote for Hillary is to stop Trump…If the primary argument to vote for Hillary is out of fear—then the Democrats have now joined with the GOP in promoting a politics of hysteria."
By Tim Graham | | June 26, 2016 | 3:54 PM EDT
Eddie Scarry at the Washington Examiner reports MSNBC weekend host Rev. Al Sharpton made some rude jokes about Fox News at a Kennedy Center "roast" for James Carville.
"It's better than Fox," Sharpton said of his MSNBC gig. "Because over there, they'd make me drink from a separate water fountain."
By Nicholas Fondacaro | | June 26, 2016 | 3:16 PM EDT
After spending the start of his own CNN show condemning the supporters of Brexit for being ignorant racists, Fareed Zakaria appeared on Reliable Sources to condemn pro-Brexit papers. The disgraced reporter admitted that the media does "tend to be, probably, left of center," but argued the real bias is that, "the media does have a bias in favor of facts." Zakaria accused papers in favor of Brexit of using only an emotional argument.
By Brad Wilmouth | | June 26, 2016 | 3:02 PM EDT
Appearing as a panel member on Sunday's Inside Politics, CNN's Jeff Zeleny asserted that, although the House Democratic sit-in to protest in favor of more gun control was a "stunt," that it was a "stunt that the vast majority of the country supports." The CNN correspondent was presumably reacting to a flawed CNN poll which host John King had just cited claiming that 90 percent of respondents support "background checks" for gun purchases while 85 percent favor banning those on terrorism watch lists from buying guns.
By Nicholas Fondacaro | | June 26, 2016 | 12:52 PM EDT
Clinton lackey George Stephanopoulos seemed to have let his personal feelings about Brexit take over during ABC's This Week on Sunday. The moderator asked rather ridiculous and rude questions to Sir Kim Darroch, Britain's Ambassador to the US, about their relationship with the United States going forward. In one of his early questions, Stephanopoulos wondered why the US would even bother with Britain anymore, "if Britain has less leverage in Europe, is it still going to be the first call of the president of the United States?"
By Clay Waters | | June 26, 2016 | 12:05 PM EDT
Some of the endless Brexit-result bashing from the New York Times on Saturday got personal. In her "reporter's notebook," European culture correspondent Rachel Donadio didn't hide her contempt for the "open xenophobia" and evident ignorance of the Leave side: "This week, it wasn't Greece that was kicked out. It was Britain that voted to leave, after a campaign of open xenophobia." Also, White House reporters Julie Hirschfeld Davis and Mark Landler sadly revealed just how much the voters of Britain have disappointed President Obama
Liberal Pundit Josh Marshall: American Right Favored Brexit Because of the 'Same…Nonsense That Animates Trumpism'By Tom Johnson | | June 26, 2016 | 11:54 AM EDT
Though the Brexit debate didn't break down along ideological lines, some liberal writers focused their morning-after scorn on pro-Leave conservatives. Talking Points Memo editor and publisher Josh Marshall wrote that American conservatives rooted for Brexit because of "the same turn back…the clock to glory nonsense that animates Trumpism…American conservative glee [over Brexit] is just a retreat to the tribalism at the core [of] its nature." The Washington Monthly's Martin Longman thinks Brexit further decreases the chance of a Trump win: "There's a lot of speculation that something similar could happen here in America in our presidential election. But giving the American people a few months to witness the shitstorm created by this right-wing tantrum in England probably makes that less likely than ever."
By Tim Graham | | June 26, 2016 | 7:49 AM EDT
Washington Post media blogger Erik Wemple took up a NewsBusters post on Thursday: "NPR issues large correction about stay-at-home mom/gun-control activist." Wemple wrote "NewsBusters, the very vigilant group that monitors the mainstream media for lefty bias, appears to have pushed NPR toward this step."
But the really jaw-dropping part of the piece was Wemple's interview with Shannon Watts, the allegedly inexperienced new politico NPR originally presented. Watts spat: "Here's what happens: There's a story about me and then immediately the gun lobby and the trolls, they try to pick apart who I am."
By Clay Waters | | June 25, 2016 | 9:07 PM EDT
After Britain's shocking vote to leave the European Union, the country's leftist elites (and the New York Times) shouted bootless cries of "xenophobia" to the rafters. Inside the paper lurked doom-saying, paranoia, and "xenophobia," among other plagues to be visited upon Britain for its reckless leap from the crushing embrace of the European Union, an unelected, unaccountable bureaucracy staffed by wealthy elites.
By Tim Graham | | June 25, 2016 | 7:08 PM EDT
The bizarre inaccuracy of reporting on transgender activists was demonstrated by a recent New York Times blog post (for their "Women of the World" project) headlined "Transgender man opens up about breastfeeding his sons."
He breast-feeds? "He'd undergone surgery to have his breasts removed, but his body still produced milk and he was able to breastfeed — or chestfeed, as he puts it — both of his children. He even started a blog called Milk Junkies and chronicled his experiences."
By Brad Wilmouth | | June 25, 2016 | 3:38 PM EDT
Concluding his Real Time show on Friday, HBO comedian Bill Maher called on President Barack Obama to go on an "apology tour" around the world to "drive Republicans nuts" and, presumably if Donald Trump loses the presidential election, to send a message that America is "back on our meds." On one of his most anti-America rants, Maher asserted that America "did some bad s***" in its history and has "acted like a nasty drunk" toward other countries. Maher listed Iraq among the list of countries the U.S. should apologize to as he called it "our eternal drunken booty call" which the U.S. invaded because "We were pretty badly hooked on oil at the time, and it made us do some crazy things."
By Scott Whitlock | | June 25, 2016 | 3:00 PM EDT
The Washington Post on Friday railed with politically correct anger at the new Civil War-era film Free State of Jones. According to a headline for the Ann Hornaday review, it's the "wrong time for a white Knight's tale." The true story, starring Matthew McConaughey, centers around Netwon Knight, a Missippian who wages war against he Confederacy and the slave-holding class.
By Jerome Woehrle | | June 25, 2016 | 2:00 PM EDT
As the late Illinois governor Adlai Stevenson observed, the "truth is often unpopular," and people will frequently choose "agreeable fantasy" over "disagreeable fact." This is particularly true of liberal reporters writing about intractable racial problems, like the persistently high-rates of crime and misbehavior among black and inner-city students.


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The Office of Strategic Planning Division was established in 1996, replacing the Special Services Division. The Office of Strategic Planning Division was established in recognition of the trend in the fire service towards a multifaceted organization. Nationally, the requirement of an Incident Command System for all types of emergencies, including, but not limited to, catastrophic, man-made, or natural disasters has been adopted by the fire service. Massachusetts state regulations and the Boston City Ordinances mandate the Fire Department as the lead agency for these emergencies. The Boston Fire Department accepted this role in the past, and with the establishment of the Office of Strategic Planning Division, prepares for the future.
The Office of Strategic Planning Division is comprised of Planning and Logistics, Local Emergency Planning Committee(LEPC) Office, and the Office of Emergency Management.
Learn More About the Office of Emergency Management


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Winneram International is one of the nations leading importers of Asian Grocery Goods and full service exporters to the Pacific Islands.
Since 1991, Winneram has prided itself for its impeccable service and quality goods. We look forward to many more years of bringing you the food you want and thank you for turning to us for these past 24 years!
Thank you for visiting Winneram.com
Click on Products tab to see our full Catalog!
A portion of our proceeds go to benefit disabled students in China. Please visit www.lifelightfoundation.org for more details.


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APWA's certification programs will provide a strong benefit to the public works industry and ultimately to our communities by providing recognized hiring and promotion standards that will lead to an improved workforce and improved delivery of services.
The APWA national headquarters office has moved. All certification related materials should be mailed to:
Attn: Certification
1200 Main, Suite 1400
Kansas City, MO 64105-2100
Certified Stormwater Manager
Certification will be awarded upon meeting the eligibility requirements and successful passing of the CSM Examination. Click the link above for more information.
Certified Public Fleet Professional (CPFP)
Certified Public Infrastructure Inspector (CPII)
The purpose of the Public Infrastructure Inspector Certification is to promote quality infrastructure throughout the community by advancing the knowledge and practice of construction inspection to benefit the community and public agencies. The CPII is intended for individuals that inspect the construction of public infrastructure and facilities and other types of construction work and materials to ensure compliance with plans and specifications.


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The Top 25 Hottest Girls from Christmas Movies
by Greg 369k views 25 items tags
Christmas movies are a long standing tradition in America, and as long as we've had Christmas films we've also had Christmas hotties. In their honor, here are, the 25 most beautiful girls in Christmas films. From Christmas horror movies and Christmas comedies to Christmas actions movies and Christmas dramas, they all bring their own version of the Christmas dream girl.
Who are the hottest girls in Christmas movies? There are a bunch of Christmas movies to choose from so there are plenty of attractive actresses who been in these films. Take a look and see who the hottest girls from Christmas movies are.


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Online trading is a great way to make money. A proper understanding of current markets and trends will assist you in making wise Forex investments. Dont stretch your budget too far or spend your earnings too fast if you find early success. Make some extra money online by auditing websites that are already made. The layout of a website is such an important aspect of the sales that a company can generate, so they will need to make improvements from time to time. You can alter the fonts, change the images or insert flash to improve the quality of the site.
If you intend to make money online, join at least one forum first. There is a lot to be learned, and you can do so from other peoples mistakes, rather than having to make your own. Introduce yourself, ask questions and make connections too. Networking for online money-making situations can turn into very lucrative jobs. Do you love to take photographs? If so, you can put those photographs online and begin making money. There are many websites that offer pay for your stunning photographs. Companies want beautiful photographs for brochures, pamphlets and websites. Therefore, you can sell the rights to companies for use of your photographs.
How can you turn your real life job into a second income online? If you are a carpenter by trade, you could sell instructions, blueprints or kits online for projects like a shed or deck. If you are a graphic designer, moonlight as a contractor and sell your skills online! Are you a grammar nut? Do you understand the nuances of the English language? Consider working as a copy editor. You can get paid to look over articles that were written by others, seeking out any errors in the work and then correcting them. The best part is that you can do it all from the comfort of your own home. Avoid up-front fees that some online portals ask for. Any company that asks for money in order to hire you is in the business of scamming people. Companies who ask for money up front are generally a scam. Dont use these companies.
You can make money online with affiliate marketing. You will need a website with a good readership. Find a topic that you are passionate about and write about it. Look for a website offering an affiliate program and join up. This will net you a commission on each purchase.
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In order to make money online, youll have to be organized. You should create a schedule and stick to it strictly. Dont let distractions take you away from your job. At the same time, pencil in some time to spend with family and friends. The more dedicated you are, the better. Give domain name flipping a try. A creative person can make good money by purchasing potentially popular domain names and selling them later at a profit. Its kind of like real estate online and is something you should invest your time in. Adsense is useful for identifying trending keywords. Buy domain names that dont have acronyms. Predicting popular domain names of the future can be quite profitable. Give it a try! Online transcription is a good way to make money online if you are a fast and accurate typist. Transcripts of video and audio communication are in hot demand for use by people with hearing impairment or those who simply prefer to read than listen. You can find online transcription work at websites such as oDesk or eLance, among others. There is a lot of people wanting to buy handmade things right now, mainly because of Hipsters and their movement. If youre handy at making crafts, like quilts or birdcages, do it. Try selling your handmade items on Etsy or auctioning them off on eBay. Sign up to become a mystery shopper. This is a great way to make money as you will have to shop at various places and take notes on your shopping experience. When you are finished, you will have to write up a report on the computer, which you will be compensated for.
While the Internet is a 24/7/365 kind of place, you can still make money thinking seasonally. After a major holiday, like Christmas, buy as much holiday decor and related items when they are on clearance. Save the merchandise for nine or ten months and then resell when demand is high again. Some families store entire warehouses full of holiday yard inflatables for substantial profits a year later.
Even though you may be able to make money online regularly, keeping physical records of your work and earnings is still important. Print out the data from a well-maintained spreadsheet or keep a notebook by your computer. Keep accurate and up to date information that you will later need for tax purposes, to verify income or just for your own purposes. Data can be lost all too easily online.
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the latest news
Introducing Healthy Choices Kentucky
Representatives from 26 area health, fitness and community organizations announced today the formation of Healthy Choices Kentucky, a consortium formed as a response to Eastern Kentucky's high obesity rates. Today's announcement also included notice of the coalition's first public event, a health symposium to take place Thursday, Jan. 24 at Bellefonte Pavilion (2000 Ashland Drive, Russell).
The mission of Healthy Choices Kentucky is to collaborate to improve the health of residents of Boyd and Greenup counties. Healthy Choices Kentucky representatives have stated their overall goal is a three-year project aimed at obesity. The group intends to halt the rise of the BMI (Body Mass Index) average of Boyd and Greenup counties. A person with a BMI of 30 or greater is considered obese. Boyd County has an obesity rate of 32.3 percent and Greenup has a rate of 31.9 percent.
"As the obesity rates in our region continue to skyrocket, our group of stakeholders have come together to draw a line in the sand and say 'no more'," said Ashland mayor-elect Chuck Charles. "This coalition will halt the rise of obesity in Boyd and Greenup counties and then we intend to see that BMI rate begin to decrease. We have a unique mix of hospitals, health departments, fitness facilities, restaurants, grocers, educators, employers and other invested partners who share this common goal and will see that it is accomplished."
The members of Healthy Choices Kentucky are:
• Applebee's Restaurant
• Ashland Alliance
• Ashland Area YMCA
• Ashland Boyd County Health Department
• Ashland Community and Technical College
• Ashland Independent Schools
• Ashland Kroger
• Boyd County Extension Office
• Boyd County Judge Executive
• Boyd County Public Library
• Boyd County Medical Alliance
• City of Ashland
• Greenup County Extension Office
• Greenup County Health Department
• Greenup County Judge Executive
• Greenup County Schools
• Highlands Museum and Discovery Center
• Jim Fannin, Coach of Champions
• Kentucky Heart Foundation/Healthy Kids Healthy Communities Coalition
• Lawrence County Health & Wellness Initiative
• Morehead State University
• Ohio University Southern
• Our Lady of Bellefonte Hospital
• River Cities Harvest
• Russell Independent Schools
Healthy Choices Kentucky will promote nutrition and exercise as a way to a healthier life. "Obesity is our focus, but really the coalition is here to educate and promote any number of health initiatives that will improve the wellbeing of area residents," Charles, said. "Our three year project to lower BMI rates is just the beginning of what Healthy Choices Kentucky will accomplish."
As part of the announcement of the formation of Healthy Choices Kentucky, the collaborative's first public event has been scheduled. Healthy Choices Kentucky will present a free health symposium Thursday, Jan. 24 at Bellefonte Pavilion (2000 Ashland Drive, Russell). The event is open to the public and will feature speakers, demonstrations and other educational opportunities. More information on the event will be forthcoming.
For more information concerning Healthy Choices Kentucky, contact Tim O'Toole at (606) 833-3515.


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Dance this week
This week, dance fans can see everything from a lavish fairytale to a show that puts theatre technicians centre stage.
Dance this week: new season!
It's autumn! The leaves are starting to fall, and dance companies are back on stage for the new season.
Watch this Space
There's more dance and performance from Watch This Space, the National Theatre's outdoor performance festival, on London's South Bank this week.
On stage this week
The Guangdong Acrobatic Troupe of China return to the UK this week. The company's unique view of Swan Lake (pictured) is at the London Coliseum from Tuesday 9 until Sunday, August 14, with further performances at the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff and Birmingham Hippodrome next week. The company use the ballet as a framework for impossible feats. In the most spectacular, already a hit on YouTube, the heroine dances, on pointe, on top of her partner's head. Yes, really. I've seen it. She does.
Performance this week: The Gandinis
Watch This Space, the festival of free performance held outside London's National Theatre, celebrates juggling with The Gandinis this week, from August 3–7. In the past, the company have regularly created works with dance artists, including Gill Clarke of Siobhan Davies dance.
No heavy petting, bombing or running
Dive into the past, present and future with Dear Lido, a playful site-specific work based on and around the splendour of the much-loved outdoor pool.
Dance this week
We welcome The Maryinsky Ballet, whose London summer season opens at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden tonight.


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May 12, 2010 9:16 AM
Hyundai might not be a name you equate with "premium luxury sedan," but it soon will be. With more horse power than an Audi A8, rear wheel drive, excellent fuel economy, Driver Information System in HD, rear back up camera with Parking Guide System, Lane Departure Warning System and too many bells and whistles to mention, the Hyundai Equus 2011 ($TBA) is the clear choice for your next vehicle. The hardest part of your car buying experience? Which color Equus to drive off the lot!
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Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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|RPG, Simulation, Strategy and Others Public discussion forum for Strategy and Other games.
|Thread Tools
|29th May 2013, 04:34 PM
|#41 (permalink)
This game has posts in so many spots on our forum. It just goes to show that it has the potential to change some of the preconceptions that have been formed.
Oh and yes I got the freelancer package. My best times in Eve were probing for sites and wormholes. Running in the deep dark with baddies everywhere. My hope is that they make exploration a good part of the game and a high fuel, medium cargo hold ship will be worth it.
Has anyone kept up on the multi-player types? I think that it starts you off on a single player game that is kind of themepark walk in that they have a linear story. Then once you complete that you can go to a private server that the admin will be able to run mods on, or you can go to a CSI server. Seems that in order to get that to work without exploits is that the CSI server will need to hold all your info.This way no client side monkey business could be brought in. It also seems that your private server character and your CSI server character would need to be different.
Am I even close to whats been released so far? I haven't read up on it for a few months and really should I guess.
Last edited by Ludy; 29th May 2013 at 04:37 PM.
|29th May 2013, 07:59 PM
|#42 (permalink)
Ludy, as you say, I doubt you'll be able to move a character or ships back and forth between the official Star Citizen servers and private servers. You'll more likely have to create a separate character for each, and never shall the two meet. Anything else would be an exploit nightmare.
As for the single player/co-op themepark campaign (Squadron 42), I think of it as a separate game, with only a loose connection to the persistent world sandbox (Star Citizen). Your character will be able to leave the campaign and enter the persistent world, but your actions in the campaign won't influence the persistent world much, aside perhaps from earning you a little cash and determining which star system you start off in.
Last edited by Cromulent; 29th May 2013 at 08:06 PM.
|29th May 2013, 11:00 PM
|#43 (permalink)
Just watched the below interview with Cris Roberts and he mentioned that if the guild had a capital ship it would have to be manned 24/7 to prevent it from being hijacked. As a multi-national guild that may work in our favour.
Catching up with Chris Roberts, the original Star Citizen - Star Citizen
Last edited by DigitalFog; 29th May 2013 at 11:05 PM.
|30th May 2013, 11:39 AM
|#44 (permalink)
|30th May 2013, 03:47 PM
|#45 (permalink)
Manned 24/7?
Sounds like a job. o_o
georgeckwong.com | photography & spatial information systems
Last edited by Pinkeh; 30th May 2013 at 03:59 PM.
|1st June 2013, 11:32 PM
|#47 (permalink)
As a side note, I want to buy a joystick and pedals, what game(s) should I get to obtain some dogfighting experience?
Anxiously awaiting Star Citizen!
I like apples.
|2nd June 2013, 11:41 AM
|#48 (permalink)
EDIT: Re-read your post. Sorry stuffed up there.
Dogfight experience in Star citizen, by all accounts, will be a totally different kettle of fish. True Newtonian physics and added axes of thrust/manoeuvre mean that any terrestrial based combat sim will leave you wanting.
For fast paced stuff, with little in the way of physics, might I recommend something simple, like HAWX 2.
Alternatively, the is the fab "lite" sim Flaming Cliffs 3.
The down side is you need to own a copy of Lock on: Modern Air Combat (LOMAC)
On HOTAS, depends on how much you want to spend
PC Aviator Australia - The Flight Simulation Company
I have both the Thrustmaster Warthog and Saitek X-52 Pro(not listed here)
The Saitek has some slop in the joystick action (movement in the stick not translated to game), whereas the Warthog is tight, and has the highest resolution tracking on the market. Naturally, you pay for it though.
PC Flight Simulator Rudder Pedals - PC Aviator Australia
I have the Saitek Pro flight pedals, and while they have served me well for over 4 years, so much has been said on the quality of the Saitek Combat pedals. If I had the coin, I'd upgrade to the combat pedals.
Last edited by astrospud; 2nd June 2013 at 11:48 AM.
|2nd June 2013, 08:08 PM
|#49 (permalink)
I know the space combat will have more axis of movement, but I thought I would get 'something' to at least get some experience under my belt.
I have seen mention of the DCS stuff before so might look into that more.
Anxiously awaiting Star Citizen!
I like apples.
Last edited by DeclanH; 2nd June 2013 at 08:21 PM.
|3rd June 2013, 09:05 AM
|#50 (permalink)
Reposted from another thread on TOG about Star Citizen....
As a tester, I am encouraged by RSI's commitment to Open Development. The Devs will be showing everything they are creating as they create it. They will be producing individual modules of the game, each to be tested before being joined into the online world. They are using a vblog to demonstrate ideas/feedback/creativity of the Devs and their fan base. They are trying to be as transparent as a game company can be in these modern times.
For instance, check out their official Vblog called "Wingman's Hanger" on YouTube. Start with episode 1 or you may get a bit lost...there are a bunch of in-jokes/situations discussed!
Episode 001 - Wingman's Hanger
Robert Space Industries YouTube Channel
|Thread Tools


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A few stacked images
KEVZPHOTOS wrote:
KWEnz wrote:
Kev, interesting discussion above and thanks for sharing your techniques to obtain jet-black backgrounds via software. What are your thoughts on using a (good quality) black velvet backdrop instead of getting black backgrounds using software? For location shooting of flowers velvet is probably not too practical, but in a studio setting I suspect it could be as good as using software - or is it?
Well, I've used all kinds of black materials as backgrounds over the past 42 years....and yes velvet is good....simply because it absorbs light very well and doesn't reflect much back....so hence, it's one of the darkest black cloths out there that one can find.
Remember, black is not a colour..but simply the absence of light.
However, you do need to use the high quality (fine weave) velvet that won't show up any pattern lines in the image.
Also, when shooting against it....the subject really needs to be well in front (2-3 ft) to avoid any contouring effect.
IF you wish to use velvet as a back-drop....get a large piece of card (or even thin plywood) and affix the velvet to that so it lies perfectly flat & even.
The only downside with velvet is that is shows up flick/hair/dust terribly....so there's often quick a bit of speck cleanup in post....IF you are shooting the subject close to it.
IF you go the software route...of course none of these precautions are applicable.
You won't find a card (at any ART supply store)...that is even close to "jet-black"...it's always just a darker variant of "grey".
Instead of velvet, you might want to checkout some of the new Lastolite type black collapsible backgrounds.....I think that kind of thing would now be better than velvet. They are made from a very black material that reflects very little light. Plus they are light-weight and easy to carry around.
So long as you can 'extract' the subject matter really well in CS6 (I use the pen tool, it's rather laborious...but very accurate) and then just drop in a 0.0.0. black layer behind....this will always produce a 100% perfect jet-black background.
Thanks Ken for the kind sentiments.
KEV-- hide signature --
"No problem can be solved at the level of consciousness which created it" - Albert Einstein
Thanks for your comprehensive reply Kev.
I didn't know about Lastolite but found we have an importer here in New Zealand so I'll have a close look at what they offer. I will also try your method of dropping in a pure black background in CS6 - it clearly gives excellent results although the work involved in masking may make it worth doing for the very best photos only.
Thanks again for sharing your expertise.
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