text:
Many notable people in the Liberty Community have endorsed the Free State Project, and some are even signed up as Participants. If you know of an endorsement to add, let us know.
Ron Paul Endorses the FSP
"I am a friend of the Free State Project. Absolutely! Check it out, find out, and if you like it, join, and continue the effort."
Congressman Ron Paul is a former candidate for the Republican Party nomination for President 2012.
Michael Badnarik: I Am Proud to Be an FSP Participant
"I am proud to be one of the many American patriots who endorses the Free State Project. Many people claim to support freedom, however the members of the Free State Project have made a commitment to DO something about it. Like the signers of the Declaration of Independence, they have pledged their lives and fortunes in support of the cause of Liberty. They have promised to leave their homes across America to relocate in New Hampshire to become part of the biggest freedom movement since the Pilgrims left England on the Mayflower.
"As a proud member of the Free State Project, I want to help prove that Liberty promotes happiness, and a higher standard of living. I want to rekindle the spirit of independence by demonstrating that people are capable of living peacefully with little or no government interference in their lives. If you believe that you are the best person to make the crucial decisions about your life, please join me as a member of the Free State Project. Make a commitment to come to New Hampshire to help me "Light the fires of Liberty". It's not every day that you have an opportunity to shape the course of history."
Michael Badnarik was the Libertarian Party Candidate for President 2004, is the author of Good to be King: The Foundation of Our Constitutional Freedom, teaches Introduction to the Constitution, and is a Participant in the Free State Project.
Ted Sares: FSP Is a Super Idea
"FSP is a super idea. As one who believes strongly in the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand, I am proud to support the goals of the Free State Project. The views of the FSP resonate extremely well with mine and I strongly support them. That you have chosen New Hampshire the 'Live free or die' State is even more reason for giving you my full support."
Ted Sares is a semi-retired private investor who lives in the White Mountains area of Northern New Hampshire.
Libertarian Party of Florida Congratulates and Thanks the FSP
The following resolution was passed by the delegates to the state convention of the Libertarian Party of Florida in Boca Raton, Florida on 3/26/06:
"The Libertarian Party of Florida has decided to officially endorse the efforts of the Free State Project. From the deep south to the far northeast, the Libertarian Party of Florida congratulates and thanks the Free State Project for their work in support of freedom in New Hampshire. Keep up the good work, for all Americans."
Liberty Forum of Ohio Is Proud to Pledge Its Support to the FSP
"There is to be no doubt: without such a grass-roots movement as the Free State Project, the usurpation of our rights will only continue to grow until this country needs one day be drenched in the blood of patriots, for a third time. Surely, the Free State Project has provided us with a peaceful alternative to such future bloodshed. Let us not forsake this opportunity to accomplish what those before us were willing to die for: good government, not against, but for the people.
The Liberty Forum of Ohio is proud to pledge its support to the prodigious efforts of the Free State Project. May we stand united in this fight for truth and reason!"
See the full letter here.
Stephen Valentine Hodos, Co-Founder and Director of Public Relations
Dr. Walter Block: The FSP Is A Fresh, Practical Idea for Promoting Liberty
"You people are doing the Lord's work. The FSP is one of the freshest practical ideas for promoting liberty that has come out of the libertarian movement in the past few decades. May you succeed beyond your wildest dreams, and thus demonstrate in yet another empirical way the benefits and blessings of liberty."
Dr. Walter Block, an Austrian school economist and libertarian/anarcho-capitalist philosopher, is Professor of Economics at Loyola University New Orleans and Senior Fellow with the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
David Bergland: The FSP Could Change the World
"The lucky folks in New Hampshire may soon be the beneficiaries of a libertarian 'tipping point.' It is wonderful to imagine and anticipate the changes toward liberty we will see in New Hampshire when the Free State Project's goal of 20,000 libertarians moving there is realized. Then, think about the effect on neighboring New England states, then all the states, then all of North America. And why stop there. The Free State Project just could (and should) change the world. The sooner the better."
David Bergland was the 1984 LP Presidential Candidate and is author of Libertarianism In One Lesson.
Tom Bowler Fully Supports the Aims of the FSP
"The Free State Project favors the growth of liberty and has a plan to achieve it that goes beyond merely presenting facts. By encouraging libertarian minded Americans to join together, the Free State Project intends to create a libertarian enclave that will become a political force with clout. It makes perfect sense that New Hampshire – 'Live free or die' – is where they have chosen to establish their political community. I fully support the aims of the Free State Project."
Tom Bowler is proprietor of the weblog Libertarian Leanings.
Keith Stroup Admires the FSP
"This is lovely. I really admire you guys. I hope it works."
Keith Stroup is the Director of NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws).
Libertarian Party of Utah: We Hope the FSP Efforts Spread Throughout the U.S.
At its June 2003 State Central Committee meeting, the Libertarian Party of Utah endorsed the Free State Project:
"The Free State Project is a very libertarian endeavor and should encourage those seeking more individual liberty and personal responsibility through smaller government," says Fran Tully, State Chair of the Libertarian Party of Utah. "We wholeheartedly endorse the project."
In response to those who might interpret the endorsement as giving up on freedom in Utah, Tully says: "Nothing could be further from the truth. We will never give up on freedom in Utah. The success of the Free State Project can only benefit Utahns. If the Free State Project demonstrates that by shrinking the role of the state it can improve the quality of life for Free State residents, then other states will emulate its policies."
Adds Tully: "We commend Jason Sorens and his team for their work on this project and wish they and all Free State Project members and friends success. We hope that their efforts spread through the United States, and brings freedom and liberty back to the people."
Fran Tully, State Chair, Libertarian Party of Utah
And also, the State Central Committee of the Libertarian Party of Utah endorsed the following statement at its meeting on July 16, 2005:
"The Libertarian Party of Utah proudly affirms its support for the Free State Project, and congratulates its membership for having chosen New Hampshire as its destination state for this ambitious project. We also salute those LPUtah members participating in the Free State Project. The Free Staters' work to advance the cause of liberty, whether near or far, sustains our efforts to do the same in Utah."
J. Robert Latham, Chairman, Libertarian Party of Utah


text:
To eat an object of food.
Girl: I loved Larsing that pie!
Dude: Well who doesn't like to Lars pie?
Girl: Who knows? I love to Lars!
Dude: Well who doesn't like to Lars pie?
Girl: Who knows? I love to Lars!
Food eater Mamninator tərəfindən 10 Yanvar 2012
A nickname used to annoy someone
Person : HI LAR!
Lar: shut up
Lar: shut up
Dont worry , be happy tərəfindən 25 Oktyabr 2009
Used to describe the love a pathetic loser has for a woman completely out of his league.
ryan's obsession for natalie is lar
jean-paul sartre tərəfindən 07 Fevral 2007
The sound of a car door being slammed
-Hey! Close the car door would ya?
rfoat tərəfindən 19 Avqust 2010
A person or group of people that are from a foreign country that have horrible English grammar. Named for their use of "lar" at the end of sentences by the founders of Powro. Usually they add lar, leh, liao, lor or la to the end of a sentence typed in english.
ei sir can haf itams pls lar
Oban tərəfindən 11 Yanvar 2005
Lost and retarded!!!
Dude your so lar, do you even have a clue of what's goin on?!?
shadowkid375 tərəfindən 25 Aprel 2009
The bag in which dodgeballs are kept. Also a unit of weight measurement. 1 Lars is eqaul to 500 pounds.
Dude her comes our gym teacher with the lars, we must be playing dodgeball today.
How many Lars' can you bench press?
How many Lars' can you bench press?
thepac13 tərəfindən 03 İyun 2010

subset: commoncrawl


text:
35+ Catchy Examples of Creative Logos
A logo is an important graphical element and it's used by many companies for immediate recognition of their brands. Designers are aware of this and that's why it's not easy to make/create a logo even those which seems to be very simple. If you're searching for the creative logo design idea, here's a collection of creative logo and logotype inspiration designs that rightly display an excellent idea. Check em' out!


text:
Visit our other Wisconsin Historical Society websites!
Refine or narrow your results by clicking any term in the gray boxes below.
Expand your results by removing any breadcrumb in a gray outlined box above. Click on the blue "X" to remove the term.
Narrow your results by entering a keyword into the search box above. Then click the "Search Within" checkbox, then click on the orange "Search" button.
If you did not find what you are looking for or you did not get any results, try changing your search term(s). See our Search Help page for more tips.
Date: 1971-07-18
Description: Exterior view of the Pierce House at 424 North Pinckney Street, which was designed by Samuel H. Donnell, an architectural partner of August Kutzbach (Kutzb...
Date: date unknown
Description: Full-length studio portrait in front of a painted backdrop of an unidentified European American woman posed standing with her hands on the back of a chair...
Description: View of the entrance to Camp Indianola on the north shore of Lake Mendota, which was one of the nation's oldest camps. In the background across the lawn is...
Description: An Apache Native American woman with a baby in a papoose on her back.
Date: 1880 ca.
Description: A standing full-length cabinet card portrait of William Conrad Seipp, the oldest son of Chicago brewer Conrad Seipp. He rests his left forearm on an ornate...
Description: Exterior view of Directors' Cabin situated in wooded area, with a slope down to the lake on the right. Original caption notes that this cabin "also serves...
Date: 1915 ca.
Description: Family posed with Christmas tree in living room. Identified from left as Donna Taylor Adams, Alma Reinhardt Taylor, Ellen Taylor Higgins, and Fred Taylor...
Date: 1941 ca.
Description: Sauk City author August Derleth sits in a wing back chair near a fireplace in his home, "The Place of Hawks."
Date: 1973 ca.
Description: Color photograph of four children holding books and standing beside a gravel road in front of a suburban residence. An International rear-engine drive scho...
Date: 1935-04-29 ca.
Description: A woman outdoors next to a house stands over a large, black pot, possibly doing laundry. Four children play around the woman near the entrance.
Description: A woman stands in a garden holding a plate.
Description: Elevated view of the grounds and capitol fountain of the executive mansion, which was located at 130 East Gilman Street. There is a birdhouse on a pole nea...
Date: 1913 ca.
Description: The Stewart mausoleum located in Pine Grove Cemetery. Flowers and a wreath are at the front door of the mausoleum.
Description: Three men posed standing against a fence holding pipes in a yard. In the background is a river clogged with floating logs floating. Several wooden building...
Date: 1916
Description: View of the Senate Parlor in the Wisconsin State Capitol. The walls are of African mahogany, and the mantels and plinth are of Greek marble.
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Great Uncle Cary posing with Everetta and Cary Bass. They are most likely seated inside the Bass family home, 207 Clay Street.
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: Mother and children on front porch. Identified as Fred Taylor in the baby carriage, Ellen Taylor Higgins, Alma Reinhardt Taylor, and Donna Taylor Adams.
Date: 1897-09-25
Description: Outdoor group portrait of Thomas Turvill, William Turvill and Anna McConnell. They are sitting on the ground with a dog in front of the Turvill family home...
Description: Interior of hat shop illuminated by skylight.
Date: 1932-04-25
Description: Artist Frances Hawkins sits in a wicker chair and paints at the easel in her studio.
If you didn't find the material you searched for, our Library Reference Staff can help.
Call our reference desk at 608-264-6535 or email us at:
© 1996-2016 Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706


text:
Volume 14, Number 1—January 2008
Telephone Survey to Assess Influenza-like Illness, United States, 2006
Table 2
|A. Do you have a cat(s)?
|A.1. How many?
|A.2. How many are recently sick?
| A.3. How many have died?
|B. Do you have chickens?
|B.1. What proportion, if any, are sick?
| B.2. Have there been more deaths of chickens than usual this week?
|C. Now we would like to ask you a few questions related to a research study conducted by the University of Texas Science Center at Houston. Are you willing to participate?
|C.1. Do you have the flu?
|C.1.1. Have you received your flu shot this year?
|C.1.2. What is your body temperature (fever)?
|C.1.2. Do any of your contacts have flu?
|C.1.3. Do you have shaking chills?
|C.1.4. Do you have body aches and muscle pain, in the back, arms or legs?
|C.1.5. Do you have a cough?
|C.1.6. Do you have a runny nose?
|C.1.7. Are you short-winded?
|C.1.8. Do you have a sore throat?
|C.1.9. Have you traveled to Southeast Asia recently?
|C.1.10. How long have you had these symptoms?
*Questions A–C were asked of all adults taking the telephone survey. Only respondents who answered "yes" to Question C were asked Question C.1; only respondents who answered "yes" to C.1 were asked the follow-up questions C.1.1 through C.1.10.
- Page created: July 08, 2010
- Page last updated: July 08, 2010
- Page last reviewed: July 08, 2010
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)
Office of the Director (OD)


text:
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(C) 2008 - 2010 BRD - Groupe Societe Generale


text:
Tuesday, Jan. 14, veteran script analyst and writer Kate Herbert will present "Behind the Scenes" at the meeting of the Arizona Press Women at the Bluewater Grill, 1720 E. Camelback Road, Phoenix. The meet and greet starts at 5:30 p.m., and the meeting promptly at 6 p.m. There is no fee to attend, but dinner is $15 plus tax and tip. R.S.V.P. to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Herbert will discuss what she learned while making the film "To Each Her Art," including all the problems, situations, creative battles and other such things that occurred when the camera wasn't operating. In addition to sharing her expertise in film analyses and scriptwriting, she will answer questions about writing and selling screenplays.
Herbert has analyzed hundreds of movie and television scripts, has taught screenwriting for 12 years and has authored three books on screenwriting.
Enjoy this article? Receive email alerts when new articles are available. Just click on Subscribe above.
Follow me on Twitter @DorisNehrbass.


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Information for Prospective Students
Auditions Required
All students, regardless of their chosen program of study, must audition for admission to the Hayes School of Music.
Students do not need to be accepted to Appalachian to audition. However, if you are accepted to the Hayes School of Music you must also be accepted to Appalachian State University.
Bring this form to your audition
After you schedule an audition time, print and fill out this form. Bring it with you to your audition. Download PDF (86K)
Audition Dates
Audition & Scholarship Schedule
- December 3, 2016 (Instrumental Areas)*
- January 21, 2017 (Instrumental & Vocal Areas)*
- January 28, 2017 (Instrumental & Vocal Areas)*
- February 11, 2017 (Instrumental & Vocal Areas)
- March 4, 2017 (Instrumental & Vocal Areas; for Admission Only)
*To be considered for the Hayes Young Artist Scholarship and Competition, and to participate in the competition process, prospective students must audition on one of the *starred* dates.
The first four audition dates, of the five, are "scholarship auditions" in that all prospective students come under scholarship consideration.
Prospective vocal students must complete the Vocal Audition form found on our audition page and submit appropriate audition material.
The video submission deadline is Wednesday, December 2, 2015 for consideration to audition on Saturday, January 16, 2016 or Saturday, January 30, 2016.
The video submission deadline is Wednesday, January 27, 2016 for consideration to audition on Saturday, February 27, 2016.
The Hayes School of Music at Appalachian attracts students who exhibit a high level of musicianship and artistry that extends beyond mere talent: a strong work ethic, self-motivation, an engagement in learning, and a collaborative working relationship with fellow students and professors.
Our graduates typically move into professional music careers, including performing, teaching, clinical work, research and business. Music majors from Appalachian also are coveted by other career fields that value collaboration, logical reasoning, and creative thinking.
No matter how they use their degrees, Hayes School of Music alumni share a deep enjoyment of and commitment to music throughout their lives.
Undergraduate Students
How and When to Apply
- Get started. Preparing for music studies at Appalachian begins in high school.
- Apply for admission to Appalachian State University. The first application deadline is Nov. 15.
- Request an audition. Reservations open in September. (Audition FAQs)
- Review instrument and degree specific audition requirements.
Try us out
We'll let you be a Student for a Day to see if we are a good fit for your educational and career goals.
Graduate Students
How and When to Apply
- Review specific applications requirements for your program.
- Apply for admission to the Graduate School. The application deadline to be considered for assistantships is March 1, though many programs will still accept applications until July 1. (Application FAQ)
- Request an audition. Reservations open in September. (Audition FAQ)
- Review instrument and degree specific audition requirements.
More than 25 percent of the Hayes School of Music's students are supported by the school's musicianship-based scholarship program.
- Undergraduate scholarships
- Including the Hayes Young Artist Competition
- Graduate assistantships and scholarships
Accepted Students
You will be notified of your acceptance/denial into the Hayes School of Music via letter, usually sent within two weeks of audition. If you also are accepted into Appalachian, you must accept the university's offer of admission by May 1. You then will:
- Take the On-line Music Theory Placement Test (incoming freshmen). Only students who pass the test may take MUS1001: Music Theory I and MUS1007: Aural Skills I, which is offered every semester. Those who do not pass must first complete MUS 0900: Introduction to Music Theory.
- Access Orientation and Advising information
- Receive assignment to a faculty member for private instruction


text:
Job-hunting expenses can be deductible if you meet certain requirements
First you must be looking for a new job in your present line of work. Expenses for this type of search are deductible even if a new job is not found. Expenses incurred looking for a job in a new trade or business are not deductible, even if a job is found. Thus job-hunting expenses for most new college graduates are not deductible as one's first "real" job is considered by the IRS to be in a new trade or business.
Second you must itemize your deductions as job-hunting expenses fall under the category "miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% floor." This means that the deductions you wish to claim must exceed 2% of your adjusted gross income (the bottom line number on page 1 of Form 1040) before you will receive any tax benefit for them.
Examples of deductible job-hunting expenses include:
- transportation costs to job interviews (cab fare or parking and mileage at 55 cents per mile)
- fees for legal or tax advice relating to employment contracts.
- 50% of meals and entertainments expenses directly related to job searches
- fees paid to employment agencies or job search websites
- postage on correspondence related to the job search
- newspapers and professional subscriptions bought for employment advertisements
- career counseling services
- out-of-town travel expenses including meanls, lodging and local transportation, if the trip is primarily to look for a new job. If the primary purpose of the trip is personal, travel costs are not deductible. However, out-of-pocket job-hunting expenses at the dsitination are still deductible.
Examples of non-deductible job-hunting expenses include:
- professional clothing to wear to interviews
- haircuts and manicures
As with any tax deduction, be sure to keep receipts to support the job-hunting expenses deducted on your tax returns. Better yet, make notes on the receipts to indicate the potential employer or position that expense relates to.


text:
Gerald Thomas Burch
Position: WR-P
Height: 6-1 Weight: 195 lbs.
Born: December 13, 1939
High School: McGill Institute
College: Georgia Tech (school history)
Drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the 6th round (71st overall) of the 1961 NFL Draft.
Drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the 13th round (100th overall) of the 1961 AFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 1 (13070th overall since 1950)
Let people know you like this site. Sponsor this page for $5. Your message will replace this ad.


text:
Posted: Saturday, January 25, 2014 12:17 PM
SEEKING informal partnership with smart, reasonably ambitious PALM BEACH practitioners to share space, business development in general practice featuring Foreclosure offense & defense, real estate and other investment related, Crim defense, family /matrimonial, PI, transactional, landlord-tenant, Trusts. We have effective marketing you may benefit from. Talk to JACK 917 204 5099 email@example.com or email@example.com
• Location: West Palm Beach
• Post ID: 21817999 westpalmbeach


text:
Facebook's Instagram buyout is a done deal
Acquisition complete as Instagram hits five billion photo milestone
SOCIAL NETWORK Facebook has completed its acquisition of Instagram.
Facebook announced its plans to acquire Instagram back in April, and today, two weeks after the deal was cleared by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC), it announced that the $1bn buyout is a done deal.
In a blog post, Facebook reaffirmed that it will keep Instagram completely separate from its business, good news for hipsters across the globe.
The social network said, "As we said from the beginning, we are committed to building and growing Instagram independently.
"Instagram will continue to serve its community, and we will help Instagram continue to grow by using Facebook's strong engineering team and infrastructure. We also can't wait to work with the talented Instagram team to improve the mobile experience."
Instagram also applauded the deal in a blog post, as well as announcing that its mobile app has now passed the five billion photo milestone.
It said, "This is an exciting time for us - the community continues to grow and over 5 billion photos have now been shared through Instagram.
"What makes this more exciting is that our deal with Facebook has closed, which means we can now work together to evolve and build a better Instagram for everyone.
"While our team is making the short move to the Facebook offices, Instagram isn't going anywhere. The Instagram app and its features will stay the same one you know and love, and we'll keep working together to build a better Instagram for everyone." µ
INQ Latest
Google Updates: YouTube live after you check you're not dead
It's time for our regular two-step through the Google news
Uber picks up Portugese pen-testers with profiteering plans
Bug bounty offer: accepted


text:
The Purdue University North Central Baseball program is pleased to add another name to the list of professionals that have come through the program. A member of the 2013 Panthers, Spencer Anderson recently signed a professional contract with the Normal Cornbelters of the Frontier League.
As a senior for the Panthers, the athletic Anderson earned First Team All CCAC honors while patroling the outfield. While playing in 41 games, he boasted a .375 batting average and led the team in Runs Scored (45), Hits, (57), Triples (5), Total Bases (83), and Stolen Bases (15). His speed made him a constant threat to opponents on the basepaths. In 18 stolen base attempts, he only managed to be thrown out three times. Combining his speed and hustle, he often turned many singles into extra base hits.
"It's a blessing to be able to get an opportunity like this. Playing pro ball has always been my dream and the Frontier League will be a good start for me. I'm hoping the great season I had last year at PNC will transcend even more this year with the Cornbelters," said Spencer Anderson.
Anderson had the opportunity to work out for many professional teams and was an MLB draft prospect at the conclusion of the 2013 season, but the pieces were not able to fall into place for a roster spot last summer. With the new season came a new opportunity for Anderson, who impressed the Normal Cornbelter's staff enough to offer an early contract.
A news release on the Normal Cornbelter's website states:
"Anderson will be starting his first season in professional baseball after graduating from Purdue University North Central in 2013. There he led the team with a .375 batting average and was third on the team with 27 RBI. He also stole 15 bases out of 18 attempts. His senior season he was named first team for the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference.
'Spencer was recommended to us by a scout we really trust. He's an athletic outfielder with a lot of tools that will give him a chance to succeed in our league,' said Cornbelters Manager Brooks Carey."
After attending Vincennes University and Mid-Continent University, Anderson joined the Panther baseball program for his senior year. While calling Purdue North Central home, he was able to use all the opportunities given to succeed and move on to the next level.
Anderson is the sixth player in eight years from the program to sign a professional contract. He joins the professional ranks of current head coach Shane Prance from 2012, Nate Bryan from 2011, Chris Schultz from 2009, and Steve Georgian & Steve Hudson from 2007. Being a small college program, the Panthers are proud to boast the accomplishment of giving numerous players the opportunity to move on and play at the next level.
The PNC baseball program hopes to continue its trend of ensuring academic success and opening the door to professional baseball throughout the coming years. The 2014 season opener under the direction of first year skipper Shane Prance is scheduled for February 22 against Ashford University in Jacksonville, IL.
To keep up with Anderson as he progresses as a professional, follow along at http://www.normalbaseball.com/
Follow us on Twitter: @PNCBaseball


text:
The Modern Language Association, or MLA, provides a writing style guide for both scholars and students of the humanities and liberal arts, particularly in the subjects of language and literature. MLA style is a set of rules for structuring academic papers, citing sources, and unifying punctuation and capitalization. An MLA bibliography lists all sources you consulted in planning or writing a paper. The rules are the same as for the more commonly-used works cited page, which includes only works that were directly cited in the article.
Your bibliography should begin on its own page with the title, "Bibliography," centered at the top. Other titles, according to the seventh edition of the MLA Handbook, include "Works Cited," "Works Consulted" or "Literature Consulted." The margins should be one inch all around. Alphabetize your entries by the last name of authors or editors or the first word of the title. Your list should be double spaced, and if an entry runs longer than one line, subsequent lines for each citation should be indented one-half inch.
General Rules
Capitalize all words in titles except for articles, prepositions or conjunctions, unless they are the first word of a title. Titles of larger works, such as books, journals, magazines and films, should be italicized unless you are handwriting your bibliography, in which case you should underline the titles. Titles for shorter works, such as articles, poems and songs, should appear in quotation marks. Authors names should be listed last name first, followed by first name and middle initial. Titles or degrees are not listed, but suffixes, such as Jr., Sr., III, are listed after the middle initial.
When listing books in your bibliography, put the author's name first, then the title in italics, followed by a period. Next, list the city of publication, followed by a colon, the name of the publisher, followed by a comma, and the year of publication, followed by a period. Lastly, list the medium of publication. For example: "Franzen, Jonathan, Freedom: A Novel. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. Print." Be sure to italicize the title or underline it if handwritten. If there are two or more authors, list only the first author in the last name first. List subsequent authors with the first name, followed by the last name. For example: "Roberts, Edgar V and Robert ZweigIf." For three authors, use the same format: "Abcarian, Richard, Marvin Klotz and Samuel CohenIf." For more more than three authors, you have the option of listing them all, or just listing the first author, followed by "et al." For example: "Abcarian, Richard, et al."
Entries for print periodicals -- magazines, newspapers and journals -- are listed much like books, except that the title of the article is enclosed in quotation marks and precedes the title of the publication which, like book publishers, is italicized. Because periodicals appear at intervals, it's important to write the date of the issue or volume number and the page numbers of the article. For example: "Maksik, Alexander. "Deeper Winter" Harper's 6 Mar. 2013: 56-64. Print."
MLA no longer requires URLs in internet citations. However, if the site would be difficult to find by your citation, it would be a good idea to include it in angle brackets. In citing websites, use as much of the following information as possible: author or editor name, title of the article in quotations, website name in italics, version, date or issue number, website publisher name, page number, medium of publication and date accessed. Online magazines and journals are cited the same as the print versions, with the medium of the publication being web instead of print. For example: "Bolick, Kate. "Working Girl." Poetry Magazine. Poetry Foundation.org, 12 Feb. 2013. Web. 7 Mar. 2013." If a journal is accessed though a database, list the database in italics right before the medium.
Style Your World With Color
Style Your Pink Wardrobe With Ease
See how the colors in your closet help determine your mood.View Article
Stay Fashionably on Trend This Season
Explore a range of beautiful hues with the year's must-have colors.View Article
Do You Have an Eye for Fashion?
Let your imagination run wild with these easy-to-pair colors.View Article
Stay on Trend This Fashion Season
Explore a range of deep greens with the year's "it" colors.View Article
- Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition
- MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, Third Edition
- Purdue Online Writing Lab: MLA Formatting and Style Guide
- Cornell University Library: MLA Style
Photo Credits
- Jupiterimages, Brand X Pictures/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images


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What was it like being in the studio with Metallica as they recorded some of their earliest albums: Ride the Lightning, Master of Puppets and … And Justice For All? Producer Flemming Rasmussen knows. Tapped by James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich, Kirk Hammett and Cliff Burton in 1984, Rasmussen was hired to produce Metallica's second studio album, Ride the Lightning. The thrash classic followed the band's 1983 debut, Kill 'Em All, and brought the band to Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen, Denmark, where they connected with Rasmussen.
On the 30th anniversary of Ride the Lightning, Flemming Rasmussen visited the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, during a trip to the region to deliver a keynote speech and master classes at Capital University's Music Technology Workshop. While in Cleveland, Flemming donated studio photos to the Rock Hall's Library and Archives, and sat down to talk about recording three seminal heavy metal recordings with 2009 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees Metallica, including the recording of "For Whom the Bell Tolls" and "Master of Puppets," and what he believes is the best Metallica recording.
Rock Hall: How did you first start working with Metallica?
Flemming Rasmussen: I think what happened was that Metallica was, they recorded Kill 'Em All in New York on a small independent label. They were looking for a studio in Europe because the dollar was very strong there, and they found out that they could get twice the amount of studio time in Europe compared to what it costs in the states. So what they did was: they listened to alot of albums because they wanted a studio with a good in-house engineer, and they wanted to hear what different studios sounded like. So they would listen to a lot of different albums. They picked up on the albums I'd done with Ritchie Blackmore – probably mainly Difficult to Cure with Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow – and actually they contacted me. I hadn't heard about the band before that ever. I didn't know they existed. And since Lars was from Denmark it was a good opportunity for him to come back and say 'hi,' to some of his friends and family. So that's how that came about.
Rock Hall: Tell us about recording "For Whom the Bell Tolls" from Ride the Lightning...
Flemming Rasmussen: That's probably a bit special because that was one of the only songs that wasn't written, when they came to Copenhagen to do Ride the Lightning. We worked at night doing Ride the Lightning, in the winter, it was cold. Lars was in a big warehouse building–like room to get the huge ambient sound. So we heated that with gas heaters, but I think they actually wrote that in the studio. I'm not totally sure but in my recollection they wrote that in the studio. And that's the first song ever with Metallica that's recorded to a click-track because I wanted it to be that tight.
Rock Hall: What about recording Master of Puppets and its title track?
Flemming Rasmussen: That was epic. That was really good. That was one of the really good tracks to record... I remember it as being somewhat effortless, because it more or less played itself, because that song is so well-written and the parts are so well-linked. The whole Master session was actually just one big smile. We had that positive energy thing where 'this is going to be the best album we've ever done; this is going to blow 'em all away,' and we all excelled, I think. That's a really, really good album.
I did stuff on "Sanitarium" where ... they would play the guitar, and I flicked some of the effects from mono to stereo. Stuff like that is all on the tape because, you know in those days, because of limitation of the techniques, I did a lot of stuff in the recording process, so like once you took the tape off you didn't have to sit and push 10,000 buttons, it was already there.
Rock Hall: Takes us into the studio during the recording of ...And Justice For All.
Flemming Rasmussen: ... And Justice was just hard to get because there were such intricate parts. The thing with Metallica is, in my opinion, they've always set the bar really high; and in those days they weren't as skilled as they are now, but they wanted that level of performance and the only thing that was hard with that was that it took time. It just involved doing it a lot of times till it was nailed ... basically because they set the bar so high, it was tough, and it took time. There were a couple of the drum tracks on ...And Justice, the whole album, that were kind of difficult; and strangely, what I would have thought was the most difficult part of all, which is the machine gun part of "One," that was all done in one take. Lars just nailed that.
Rock Hall: Do you have a favorite Metallica recording, one you're most proud of?
Flemming Rasmussen: I would say "Sanitarium" on Master Of Puppets is probably one of them. That's the one with the mono-stereo – and I'm a sucker for that kind of shit, you know, when you sit with headphones and you go, 'what the hell was that?' ... There's a lot of those, I think theres a lot of songs on all three albums that I'm really proud of. I think "Creeping Death" on the first one was probably where we really nailed the Metallica sound. That whole epic kind of thing. It's also a very, very good song – that of course has something to do with it.
We all had this feeling where what we were doing, we were going to go a long way. We were going to change music history. And I think that was the project from the beginning. Also, you know, we think about it and they had their own thing going, and they had this tremendous energy, that kind of is a trademark for the band. They don't want to rely on MTV to play their videos, so they didn't make any videos, because they didn't care because that wasn't important to them. It's been like that with Metallica always.
More information about the Metallica exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum.
Flemming Rasmussen is actively producing and opened his newest studio in June 2014 - Sweet Silence North - housed at Murergade complex in Denmark.


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Sunday, June 1, Barb Gulley, Detroit Tea Examiner and owner of Barb's TEA Shop Seminars, will present a tea etiquette talk at The Townsend Hotel in Birmingham. Situated in the luxury hotel's tea lobby, guests will be treated to light hors d'ouevres and bottomless cups of tea during the tea presentation.
To readers of the Examiner, I am excited to share information about this event as I have found The Townsend to be an uptown, hidden gem of a place to experience afternoon tea. The ambiance created by the crystal chandeliers, working fireplace, velvety sofas and fresh floral arrangements throughout the hotel's lobby makes it a perfect spot to celebrate any occasion with friends over a cup of tea.
The tea talk presentation will cover not only tea manners and protocol, but the origin of tea, the types of tea and tea's place in different cultures. Tea has been incorporated in many societies and it's remarkable that this beverage has held such importance to command its own set of rituals in various ceremonies throughout the world.
The talk will conclude on a personal note as I share some tea room recommendations from venues I have personally visited in New York, London, Paris, and most recently, Dublin.
The event will be held June 1 from noon to 2:00 pm. Cost is $36.00 per person. Reservations are required. For more information and reservations, call 248-647-2196 or visit The Townsend Hotel Afternoon Tea page on their website.


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July 19, 2014 is going to be a great day for visitors of Todos Santos Park in Concord, California: Because renowned Christian Contemporary artist, Matt Maher will be in the park performing. The event is called, "Praise in the Park," and the best part is yet to come… its free.
According San Francisco radio station, KFAX, "This family-friendly event features internationally renowned Matt Maher, multiple local bands, food, fellowship, and service opportunities. There will be help groups attending to assist the community with homelessness, alcoholism, abuse, and many other social issues. The funds raised from the event will go to assist low income seniors that live in the Heritage Towers right across the street from the location of the event, Todos Santos Park in downtown Concord. This event is sponsored by many churches in the Valley - Catholic, Mainline Protestant and Non-Denominational alike all focused on building the community through love and service to those living in the area." Todos Santos Park is a local hotspot for many local bands all year round, but rarely are we ever treated to an artist as special as Matt Maher. You will not want to miss this free concert.
Some of you may know Matt Maher from his latest release in April, 2013 titled, "All The People Said Amen." You may also recognize his single, "Your Grace Is Enough." The rest of you however, are probably well aware of Matt Maher's resume thus far with his seven solo releases, multiple appearances on Billboard's Christian chart and his three Dove Awards.
The concert begins at 3pm and ends at 10pm. Show up early to find good parking. For more information, visit the Praise in the Park events page on Facebook.
Todos Santos Park
2151 Salvio St.
Concord, CA 94520


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Joined on Jul 2, 2012
|Total: 2, showing: 1 – 2
fred 76: This SLR is of no use in astro-photography :
Remote Capture is impossible with it !
That's crazy for such an expensive camera.
tjbates: It's funny to me that one of the main critisisms of Canon was that they didn't have auto focus lenses optimized for video. The thing is that anyone who has a clue about focussing for video with a DSLR doesn't use auto focus even if it is available.
Now we have a lens that apparently can't easily be manually focussed. OOoopps.
Which market is this for?
I don't own a jib but I'd imagine you're almost always at infinity if you're using one. But if you did need to focus I suppose you'd do it the same way as with any other video camera - a monitor and a remote.
|Total: 2, showing: 1 – 2


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It's that time of the year when walking and running for good causes come to fruition. Whatever your cause, there is a charitable event to help raise money and the Andy Caress Melanoma Foundation is no different but has a special cause that is close to many people's heart. The foundation is hosting a Run/Walk 5K & after Party on May 10, 2014 in historic Glendale.
Andy Caress was diagnosed with melanoma cancer in 2008. He blogged his treatments, struggles and fight for life. "The message of my life is that people know more about melanoma," Caress journaled.
Caress lost his fight with cancer on August 4, 2010, but not without touching the lives of so many and educating thousands with his knowledge of skin cancer. In a blog entry dated May 6, 2010, he describes melanoma cancer development. "When DNA is damaged, new cells may begin to grow out of control and can eventually form a mass of cancerous cells. Cancer is a complex disease that often results from a combination of factors, including environmental and genetic factors, rather than from a single cause. Still, excessive exposure to UV radiation is a leading factor in the development of melanoma, whether the radiation is from the sun or from tanning lamps and beds."
Event Details:
4th Annual Andy Caress Melanoma Foundation Block the Sun Run and After Party
When: May 10, 2014 at 5:30 p.m.
Where: Glendale Square, Glendale, OH
This year's event will also feature a free kids' 100 yard race and an after party on Glendale Square with food, beverages, live music, silent auction, kids' games and much, much more. Invite friends, family and co-workers to support this great cause and cheer the runners and walkers on from the start to the finish line.
All proceeds from the race will be used to directly support the mission of Andy Caress- Wiping melanoma off the face of the planet through education, prevention and the support to find a cure. For more information regarding the Andy Caress Melanoma Foundation, go to http://www.andycaress.org/5K/.


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A gay teacher has been fired by Marian High school in Bloomfield Hills, ostensibly for being pregnant. She is not married and has been with a 'partner' for more than five years. In short, she may have been terminated for not one, not two, but three reasons, all of which are clearly in violation of traditional Roman Catholic theology. And she would not be the first teacher relieved of duties at a Catholic school for similar reasons.
We hear now, as we have before when other instructors openly defiant of Catholic dogma have been fired, that the chemistry teacher, one Barbara Webb, was an inspiration and that the Church is somehow wrong about the issue. After all, we're supposed to be tolerant and accepting, aren't we, fellow Christians? Never mind that those arguing for tolerance and acceptance are, by the very nature of their assertions, being themselves intolerant and unaccepting of Catholics.
Ms. Webb has asked that people stand up for change. This is nothing more than prattle: the best response to being asked by others to change, that is, to conform to their will rather than your own, is to ask them to change to your point of view, if it's really only about change anyway. They won't, because they don't mean change any more than they mean tolerate or accept. How can anyone, with the barest moment of thought, take such arguments seriously?
Because we're not asked to think. We're asked to emote, and without consideration of whether emotion hurts or helps the questions at hand.
This simply should not be news. An employee who openly defies the religious rules of a private, mainstream religious institution should expect to be fired. Knowing the likely outcome if their situation should become too clear to ignore, which surely Ms. Webb knew when she took the job, reeks of an arrogance normally reserved for the haters of religion: you can't tell me what to do, but I sure as Hades can tell you.
Yet Marian High School and the Catholic Church are the bad guys here. It is truly a warped world we have these days.


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During the May 4 episode of Promoting Real Women, hard-hitting Michigan striker Amanda Bobby "ABC" Cooper (1-0 Pro MMA) told show host Jason Adams that she would love the opportunity to welcome UFC vet Roxanne "The Happy Warrior" Modafferi (15-11) to the Invicta FC cage. Cooper, 22, holds no ill will towards Modafferi, and it was nothing more than a respectful callout. She simply wants the fight in order to test her skills against a grizzled WMMA legend.
Cooper, a standout boxer who shocked the world with a submission victory over Brittany Dugas in her pro debut earlier this year, doesn't want an easy warmup fight for her Invicta FC debut. She's looking to jump into deep waters with a bout against a tough veteran such as Modafferi. Is Cooper truly ready to step into the cage with the 31-year-old submission ace?
No one knows for sure until it actually happens, but Cooper deserves props for putting it out there that she wants to fight Modafferi. The only way to be a legend is to beat a legend, and no one knows that better than Cooper. Since Modafferi has been in the MMA game for over a decade, and has appeared everywhere from Smackgirl to HooknShoot to The Ultimate Fighter reality show, she's a well-known name in the women's mixed martial arts community.
"The Happy Warrior" may have technically dropped her past six fights, but MMA fans haven't forgotten that she has beaten some of the best female fighters to have ever lived. Modafferi, who signed with Invicta FC following a short stint with the UFC, holds victories over legends such as Tara LaRosa, Marloes Coenen and Vanessa Porto.
Modafferi also beat Megumi Yabushita twice, and defeated Keiko Tamai in Japan. Additionally, she tapped out Hee Jin Lee via armbar in a fight in Japan in 2007, and finished Molly Helsel with a gorgeous rear-naked choke in a King of the Cage fight four years ago. Despite her recent woes, Modafferi is a legit contender both at 125 and 135 pounds.
If Cooper is able to beat her, it would instantly propel her to star status and possibly draw attention from UFC matchmakers. The 22-year-old may just have one pro victory under her belt, but she has proven over the course of her career that she can hang with high-level talent.
Cooper is riding a five-fight win streak, including three victories by way of knockout. The Cooper vs Modafferi matchup would be a classic striker vs submission ace clash, but both ladies have shown off well-rounded skillsets of late. Cooper had been known for her spectacular knockout finishes early in her career, yet she defeated Dugas via armbar in her most recent fight.
Modafferi was primarily known for her submission skills, but she seemed willing to stand and bang in her recent fights under the UFC banner. No word yet when the next Invicta FC card will be. When it is announced, hopefully Invicta FC officials will consider pairing up Cooper and Modafferi. It would have "Fight of the Night" written all over it.
Suggested Links
- Sexy MMA fighter Livia von Plettenberg plans to eat donuts after Invicta FC 6
- CM Punk's upcoming television appearance irks WWE officials
- WWE Monday Night Raw: Sheamus vs Randy Orton results
- UFC boss thinks MMA will become Olympic sport in the wake of wrestling's demise
- UFC boss says Julianna Pena's knee injury is 'the worst he has ever seen' in MMA


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- About this Journal ·
- Abstracting and Indexing ·
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- Table of Contents
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 690974, 10 pages
RoadGate: Mobility-Centric Roadside Units Deployment for Vehicular Networks
1State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
2Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Received 31 December 2012; Accepted 12 February 2013
Academic Editor: Jianwei Niu
Copyright © 2013 Yongping Xiong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
With the increase of the storage capacity, computing, and wireless networking of the vehicular embedded devices, the vehicular networks bring a potential to enable new applications for drivers and passengers in the vehicles. Due to the prohibitive cost of deployment and management of a roadside unit (RSU), it is difficult to cover roads with a large number of RSUs so that every vehicle can always keep a connection with the nearby RSU. In this paper, we study the problem of deploying the RSUs to provide the desired connectivity performance while minimizing the number of the deployed RSUs. The key idea of our solution is to exploit the time-stable mobility pattern to find the optimal deployment places. We analyze a realistic vehicle trace, observe the mobility pattern, and propose a graph model to characterize it. Based on the graph model, we transform the gateway deployment problem into a vertex selection problem in a graph. By reducing it into the minimum vertex coverage problem, we show that the RSU deployment problem is NP-complete. Then, a heuristic algorithm RoadGate is proposed to search greedily the optimal positions. Extensive simulations based on the synthetic and realistic scenarios are carried out to evaluate the performance. The results show that RoadGate outperforms other approaches in terms of the number of required RSUs and the actual achieved coverage performance.
1. Introduction
Today, a growing number of vehicles are equipped with the embedded communication devices that can facilitate vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Increased storage capacity, computing, and communications power, coupled with the advanced wireless networking technology, bring a potential to enable new applications for drivers and passengers in the vehicles. Therefore, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) recently have started to attract attention from many researchers in both industry and academia. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States has allocated specifically 5.850–5.925 GHz band and enacted the dedicated short range communications (DSRCs) standard using that band [1]. DSRC is designed to support an intelligent transportation system (ITS) with public safety and private operations for vehicle-to-roadside units (RSUs) and intervehicle communications.
In the typical vehicular networks applications, the vehicles can be equipped with various sensors to collect the traffic and environmental data such as air pollution level, pavement condition, driving habits, and road congestion. The data are reported to the backend servers via the wireless interface embedded in the vehicles. Besides, those Internet services including email, news, entertainment, and location-based services such as ads and navigation are also be provided by the vehicle-to-RSU communication paradigm.
However, a number of technical challenges should be solved before vehicular networks become a reality. In vehicle-roadside communication, RSUs act as RSUs to the Internet and to the infrastructure of other systems such as an ITS, vehicles transmit their gathered data and Internet access requests to RSUs. RSUs send responses to the Internet queries and road information to vehicles. Due to the prohibitive cost of deployment and management of an RSU (typical cost is 3000$/node [2]), it is difficult to cover roads with a large number of RSUs so that every vehicle on road can always be connected to at least one nearby RSU. The solution that can leverage intermittent connectivity provided by RSUs is more scalable and competitive. The experiments in various controlled environments have confirmed the feasibility of RSU-based vehicular Internet access for noninteractive applications. However, solutions based on intermittent connectivity of RSUs can provide opportunistic services without any worst case service guarantees, which poses great difficulty to its application.
In this paper, we study the problem of RSUs placement that required the minimum number of RSUs, with the vehicle-to-RSU contact probability guarantee given that an intermittent single-hop connectivity exists between vehicles and RSUs in a road region. We firstly analyze a realistic vehicles trace and observed that there is time-stable statistical mobility pattern in the realistic trace. Then, we propose a graph model to characterize this pattern and show that the RSUs deployment problem is NP-complete by reducing it into the minimum vertex coverage problem. Finally, we propose a heuristic greedy algorithm RoadGate to find the optimal locations. Extensive experiments in the synthetic and realistic scenarios are carried out to evaluate the performance of our solution. The results show that our solution achieves the desired coverage performance and minimize the number of the required RSUs.
We make the following contributions in this paper.(1)We disclose the time-stable statistical mobility pattern existing in the realistic vehicles and develop a graph model to characterize it.(2)We show that the RSU deployment problem is NP-complete and propose a heuristic algorithm to find the optimal places.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we briefly review the related works. We firstly describe the system model in Section 3, then analyze a realistic vehicle trace to verify its time-stable mobility pattern, and propose a graph model to characterize it in Section 4. We formulate the RSU deployment problem and prove it is NP-complete, then develop a heuristic algorithm in Section 5. In Section 6, we evaluate the solution performance in two scenarios. Finally, we make conclusions in Section 7.
2. Related Works
Wireless AP or Base Station placement is a well-known research topic in the cellular, wireless sensor networks, and mesh networks; however, most of the works that have addressed this problem so far consider a continuous infrastructure radio coverage. Here, we just describe those most relevant RSUs deployment works in vehicular networks.
There are some works studying the feasibility of leveraging the RSUs in the vehicular networks. Drive-thru Internet [3] was first introduced in the paper, which shows that a vehicle moving with the velocity of 180 km/h can access internet data via a roadside AP. Refrences [4, 5] confirm the feasibility of WiFi-based vehicular Internet access for noninteractive applications. Cabernet [6] aims to deliver data to and from moving vehicles by using WiFi access points. It only provides the intermittent network connectivity with the current deployed APs. Cartel [7] is a mobile sensor computing system which collect, process, and deliver data from vehicular sensors to the server located in Internet by opportunistically using the roadside APs. All these works are assumed to utilize the unplanned deployment APs without the service guarantee. The feasibility of information dissemination using stationary supporting units (SSUs) is investigated in [8] mainly based on computer simulations. However, the deployment issues have not been carefully studied in these works.
Thus, the dedicated RSUs are proposed to be integrated into the vehicular networks to achieve the system scalability, and various RSUs deployment strategies are developed. Banerjee et al. [2] consider a simple nonuniform strategy that places more stationary nodes in the network core. However, it was completely based on intuition without providing any performance guarantees. Alpha coverage [9] provides the intermittent coverage and guarantees the number of contact between vehicles and RSUs. The authors further present an efficient deployment method that maximizes the worst case contact opportunity under a budget constraint [10]. Li et al. [11] consider the optimal placement of RSUs to minimize the average number of hops from APs to RSUs. Lee and Kim [12] seek optimal placement of RSUs by analyzing the number of the reported locations per minute by taxis to telematics system. Lochert et al. [13] use genetic algorithm for optimal placement of RSUs for a VANET traffic information system. The optimal placement is aimed at minimizing the travel time based on aggregated sharing of traffic information. A centrality-based AP deployment scheme was proposed to optimize the end-to-end delay in [14]. Trullols et al. [15] consider that a given number of RSUs have to be deployed for disseminating information to vehicles in an urban area. They formulate it as a maximum coverage problem (MCP) and seek to maximize the number of vehicles that get in contact with the RSUs over the considered area. The deployment scheme proposed in [16] can guarantee that vehicles at any place could communicate with RSUs in certain driving time by proving it equivalent to the set-covering problem. In [17], the deployment optimization objective guarantees a required maximum vehicle-to-RSU data packet delivery delay with a certain predetermined delay violation probability. Besides, [18] uses the game theory to model the RSUs deployment when multiple operators perform their deployment decisions concurrently.
3. System Model
In this section, we firstly present the system model and then give the problem description.
As depicted in Figure 1, a typical VANET consists of three entities in city scenarios: the top server, the fixed RSUs or gateway along the roadside, and the mobile OBUs (on-board units) equipped on the running vehicles. The servers depend on the specific application, and we will not give detailed description. All RSUs are planned to provide communication services. The RSUs and OBUs are equipped with short-range radio interfaces such as 802.11 b/g/p, and they can exchange data when entering into their mutual transmission ranges. The RSUs have the powerful storage space to cache the data reported by vehicle or the disseminated data from the server. Moreover, RSUs may connect to the server in the Internet to download or upload data.
Considering a limited geographical region, vehicles enter and leave, autonomously and continuously, the region. All RSUs can be installed at any place in the region. When a vehicle moves into the radio range of any RSU, it may use the opportunity to establish connectivity with the RSU and then send or receive data from it. The capacity of the communication system gets fairly important when the amount of transferred data becomes large. The capacity of the intermittently connected network relies on a few factors such as the vehicle speed, the radio range, and the data rate. For example, the higher the data rate is, the larger the throughput is. However, in this paper, we focus on the impact of meeting probability which indicates the possibility that a vehicle can access the deployed RSU when it goes through the area.
Our goal is to guarantee the meeting probability specified by users while minimizing the deployment cost, say, the number of the required RSUs. Specifically, the meeting probability is the probability with which any vehicle can enter the communication range of at least on installed RSU after it moves within a given distance from entering the region. This enables our solution work at the situation that the vehicles sojourn or stay within the area. Note that we do not take the possible available open access points into account, but our work provides a lower bound of system performance when that way is allowed.
4. Mobility Graph
In this section, we firstly analyze a realistic vehicle trace and observe the time-stable statistical mobility pattern. Then, we give the definition of the graph model to characterize the mobility pattern.
4.1. Analysis on Realistic Vehicle Trace
Some existing works also study the performance enhancement in mobile networks by deploying stationary nodes. But these works basically assume the nodes move according to the simplistic random models. These models are usually easy to implement in simulations and allow statistical analysis of large-scale protocols and systems. However, they do not capture the characteristic of people move in realistic environment.
Recent that studies [19] on some realistic traces of moving users show that nodes within a social environment do not move completely randomly. Instead, they usually move around a set of landmarks such as home, office, and park. Specifically, nodes show preference for a small number of landmarks and would move less often to the neighborhood of other landmarks. The second observation is that in some social environments the node trajectory in time is almost deterministic [20]. This means a node has its own mobility schedule and it generally moves between landmarks according to that schedule, subject to few random deviations.
Above observations disclose the long-term mobility pattern of people in reality. Inspired by above observations from the study on the realistic people traces, Piorkowski also [21] analyzed a realistic GPS-based mobility traces of taxi in San Francisco, USA. This dataset contains the GPS coordinates of 665 taxis collected over 30 days in the Bay Area. His work verifies that the spatially heterogeneous mobility pattern appears to be stable in time.
As the taxi trace is only a sample of the urban mobility pattern, we use a realistic vehicle trace containing different type mobile nodes (buses, taxis, pedestrians, etc.). This trace is generated by MMTS (multiagent microscopic traffic simulator) [22] which accurately models the public and private traffic over real regional road maps of Switzerland with a high level of realism [23]. Figure 2 shows the simulation involving around 260000 vehicles in an area of around 250 km × 260 km in the canton of Zurich, the largest city in Switzerland.
For the purpose of our analysis, we extract the traffic data over around 18 hours in an area of around 3000 m × 3000 m in the central city of Zurich. The whole area is divided into a set of nonoverlapped uniform zones. Each zone has an area of 200 m × 200 m, 300 m × 300 m, and 600 m × 600 m, respectively, in three experiments. With the time unit of 20 minutes, we count the number of vehicles passing zone and the number of vehicles entering zone after leaving zone for each time unit. Then, we use as the estimation of transition probability. In each experiment, we record and plot the transition probability of five pairs of zones shown in Figure 3.
Some key characteristics are observed from the above statistical results. (1) The transition probabilities between two zones stay approximately stable which fluctuate around a mean value within two traffic peak time. (2) The transition probability between two same zones is different in two peak time, as depicted by blue lines in Figures 3(b) and 3(c). The possible reason is the regular mobility behaviors of people. For example, people usually move from their home to office in the morning and return along the inverse routine in the evening. (3) There is no obvious impact of the size of zone on the time stability of transition probability. However, the transition probability may vary with time when the zone is very small. We do not consider the case because our zone division is big enough.
4.2. Definition
Based on the above observations, we define a mobility graph to characterize the time-stable statistical mobility pattern in a region.
Let us consider a connected and bounded geographical area , we divide it into nonoverlapped uniform zones. A Mobility Graph is a directed graph , whose vertex set corresponds to the set of zones. Its edge set corresponds to the set of mobility links between zones on which vehicles travel. There exists a mobility link between two neighboring zones and only if a vehicle leaves zone and then enters zone immediately. Each edge is associated with a transition probability which indicates the probability that a random node moves from to . We use the similar approach used in Section 4.1 to compute the transition probability. Let denote the time unit, the transition probability is computed as follows: where and are, respectively, the set of vehicles located in zones and within a time unit . As stated in Section 4.1, transition probability between two zones is basically time stable for a long period of time and changes for another duration in a day. Then, the average of all time units in the total statistical time is computed as the final weight of the corresponding edge.
We also explore the mobility process of all vehicles passing the boundary of the area . We introduce a virtual vertex to represent the exterior zone beyond . If there are the vehicles entering from the bounding zone , then an edge exists between vertex and vertex . The corresponding transition probability is computed in the similar way to the ordinary edges. An example is shown in Figure 4. Its left part shows that the geographical area is divided into 6 zones, say, zone from to , and the corresponding mobility graph is depicted in right side. Here, we find that all the vehicles only move into the area from and zones with the probability of 0.8 and 0.2, respectively. Meanwhile, they only leave the area from zones and with the probability of 0.3 and 0.6, respectively. The red curves represent, respectively, the physical path 1-3-4-6 in the geographical area and that on the Mobility Graph.
Now, we discuss some methods to optimize the constructed mobility graph. First, we delete those vertices corresponding to the zones which do not contain roads because all vehicles cannot move into them. Additionally, we also delete those vertices that contain only a road segment because they have no chance of moving to other zones but the two fixed neighbors. Finally, those edges associated with the transition probability smaller than a given threshold should be removed because they nearly have no impact on the final computation.
5. RSU Deployment Problem
In this section, we firstly present the several definitions and assumptions, then formally define the Minimum RSUs deployment problem (MRDP). Finally, we prove it is NP-hard and develop a greedy heuristic algorithm to find the optimal deployment solution.
5.1. Assumptions and Definitions
For the sake of convenience to make our idea clear, we make the following assumptions. We assume that each zone can be covered by the communication range of an RSU. That is to say, the vehicles can exchange data with the installed RSU once they enter the zone. We assume that the transmission ranges of all RSUs are fixed, so we have to adjust the size of zones to meet that assumption. Let us take the RSU integrating the 802.11 g interface as an example. The outdoor standard transmission distance of 802.11 g is around 300 m. Thus, the area of a zone may be selected as 400 × 400 m2 if the RSU is placed at the center of the zone. The size of a zone should be set smaller while considering the signal decay caused by the buildings. In the following, we introduce several key definitions. The symbols and notations used in the paper are summarized in Table 1.
Definition 1 (transition matrix). Since there are the time-stable transition probabilities between all zones, the statistical mobility pattern can be represented by a time homogeneous Markov chain. Its state space is exactly corresponding to the vertex set, say, all zones. Therefore, the transition probability distribution between the state space can be represented by the transition matrix . A journey of a vehicle passing the area can be denoted as a path in the Markov chain.
Definition 2 (vertex visiting probability (VVP)). is the probability of a node that moves from vertex to within a given maximal length . It is computed as where is the probability of a node move from vertex to within the exact length . Let denote the transition matrix of mobility graph, then we have where is the -step transition probability, which can be computed as the th power of the transition matrix .
Definition 3 (set visiting probability (SVP)). is defined as the probability with which a node moves from vertex to at least one vertex . It is derived as follows:
5.2. MRDP and Its Complexity
Based on the above definitions, we transform the minimum RSU deployment problem to a problem of selecting vertex subset. The formulation of MRDP is formulated as follows. Given a mobility graph modeling the statistical mobility pattern over the area and the meeting probability threshold specified by users, the objective of MRDP is to find the smallest subset such that the SVP from any vertex to is not smaller than the probability specified by user, say,
We have the following theorem regarding the complexity of the MRDP.
Theorem 4. The MRDP problem is NP-complete.
Proof. The MRDP problem can be reduced to the classical minimum vertex cover problem which is a well-known NP-complete problem. First, for each vertex , we compute its VVS to all vertex , according to (2). Then, we find a vertex subset and . It contains all reachable vertices from vertex within the constraint of given path length and the visiting probability specified by user. By repeating the process, we can compute the above set for each starting vertex , say, . Then, we construct a set for each vertex , , containing those starting vertices from which a node can visit the vertex within the constraint of the given path length and meeting probability threshold. Finally, the MRDP is equivalent to the problem of finding a subset ,
Obviously, the formulation is the classical minimum vertex cover problem, which has been shown as NP-complete. Note that we just consider the visiting probability from all vertices to a single vertex in the instead of the SVP, which usually is greater than the former. However, this point cannot affect the correctness of the proving procedure because it just equivalent to that the meeting probability specified by user is set to a smaller value. Consequently, MRDP is still an NP-complete problem.
5.3. RoadGate Algorithm
In order to solve the MRDP problem, we develop a heuristic algorithm RoadGate which uses the greedy strategy to search optimal RSU deployment. The details of the algorithm are shown in Algorithm 1.
In this algorithm, the first 3 lines are responsible for computing the VVP from any vertex to other vertex . The vertex set being searched is initialized in line 4. In line 5, the algorithm initializes a set from which the SVP to the set being searched is not smaller than the probability specified by user. Line 6 shows the following procedure terminates until all SVP from all vertices to the result set are not smaller than predefined probability. Line 7, the key idea of RoadGate, searches greedily the vertex which can maximize the number of vertices whose SVP to the result set is not smaller than the predefined threshold. The found vertex is added the result vertex set in line 8. Finally the set is updated after the new vertex is added. Clearly, the time complexity of this algorithm is .
6. Performance Evaluation
6.1. Methodology
In this section, we evaluate the performance of RoadGate algorithm in two different scenarios. The first is a synthetic scenario shown in the left side of Figure 5. A m2 area is divided into 20 zones, each with m2. Thus, the corresponding mobility graph contains 21 vertices. The largest degree of each vertex is 4 because the vehicles only move from current zone to 4 neighboring zones. The average path length is zones when a vehicle passes the whole area. The experiment is conducted for 200 runs. Each of those generates randomly the mobility graph with different random seeds.
Another experiment scenario is the realistic vehicle trace used in Section 4.1. We choose a central city area of in Zurich. It is divided into 50 zones each with . Then, we use the approach proposed in Section 4.1 to compute the statistical transition probability and then construct the corresponding mobility graph. Moreover, we also choose a larger area including both two scenarios to simulate the vehicles that enter and leave the scenarios.
We compare RoadGate with other two baseline algorithms. The first is the Random Deployment (RandDeploy), which selects randomly a vertex to be added the result set until the SVP of all vertices to the result set is not smaller than the predefined threshold. The second is the Degree First Deployment (DegFDeploy). Contrary to the RandDeploy, it chooses greedily the vertex with the largest degree to be added to the result set. The higher the degree of a vertex is, the more popular the corresponding zone is. Thus, DegFDeploy captures the stationary statistical pattern of the mobility in the target area in contrast to the RoadGate.
The following performance metrics are evaluated. (1) The number of required RSUs indicates the deployment cost which is the key metric of our system. (2) Actual meeting probability. It represents the achieved coverage performance when the vehicles go through the above scenarios. We implement the deployment solution in the simulator ONE (opportunistic network environment) [24] and drive the nodes to move to count the realistic meeting probability.
6.2. The Number of Required RSUs
We firstly compute the number of required RSUs when the meeting probability specified by user is 70% and 90% in the synthetic scenario. Figure 6 shows the cumulative distribution of 200 experiment results. It can be seen that RoadGate requires much less RSUs than other algorithms. When the expected meeting probability of users is 70%, 5 RSUs are needed for RoadGate, but RandDeploy and DegFDeploy need nearly 8 RSUs in most cases. Similarly, RoadGate also outperforms the other two algorithms when the meeting probability specified by user is 90%. It can be explained as follows. RandDeploy blindly chooses the placement zones thus achieves and the worst performance. DegFDeploy only uses the coarse statistical information of the mobility pattern in the area. Thus, it has the poor performance in the random mobility graph. RoadGate utilizes the fine-grained statistical characteristic of mobility and can select the optimal places to install RSUs.
Only one deterministic mobility graph can be generated from the realistic vehicle traces. Therefore, we vary the meeting probability specified by user to observe its impact on the required number of RSUs in the three algorithms. As shown in Figure 7, the higher the meeting probability specified by users, the larger the number of the required RSUs. Moreover, our algorithm RoadGate always outperforms the two baseline algorithms. Since RoadGate can take full advantage of the coverage capability of each added RSU, it needs to add a few RSUs to fulfil the increase of users' expected meeting probability.
6.3. Actual Meeting Probability
We also evaluate the achieved meeting probability when vehicles go through the experiment scenarios. In the synthetic scenario, we compute the RSU deployment solution, respectively, by using, three algorithms for the meeting probability specified by users, which is 70% and 90%. In the 200 experiments in the synthetic scenario, we place 1000 vehicles in the experiment area and let them move according to the generated mobility graph. The RSUs are deployed according to the result computed by the three algorithms. When a vehicle moves into the zone with RSU, it succeeds in communication with the RSU. The actual meeting probability is computed as the ratio of the number of the vehicles meeting RSUs to total vehicle number. The cumulative distribution of 200 experiment results is shown in Figure 8.
As can be seen, all three algorithms succeed in meeting the meeting probability requirement of users. However, in contrast to RandDeploy and DegFDeploy, the real meeting probability achieved by our RoadGate fairly matches the expected probability. Most of its results fall in the interval of 70%–80% when the specified probability is 70%. It shows that RoadGate is capable of selecting accurately the deployment places to meet the coverage requirement.
We measure the actual meeting probability in the realistic scenario. Similarly, we compute the deployment solution by using the three algorithms for the user's specified probability, which is 70% and 90%. Then, we make use of the solution to place the RSU in the scenario in the ONE simulator. These RSUs broadcast a beacon packet periodically. The experiments are carried out for 24 runs. Each run uses the extracted realistic vehicles trace lasting for 20 minutes from the total 8 hours peak time. These traces are fed into the simulator to drive the vehicles move. The actual meeting probability is calculated as the ratio of the number of the vehicles receiving the beacon to the total vehicle number in current run. The cumulative distributions of actual meeting probability are shown in Figure 9.
It can be observed from the above figures that the actual meeting probability achieved by the three algorithms basically varies in a large range and failes to meet the users' specified performance threshold. For example, when the expected meeting probability is 90%, around 40% probability achieved by RoadGate is smaller than the threshold. However, our RoadGate still outperforms RandDeploy and DegFDeploy. The reasons are described as follows. The analysis result of Section 4.1 shows that the transition probability between a same pair of zones is probably different for different time periods in a day. However, the mobility graph is constructed by using the average transition probability, causing probably a considerable deviation. Thus, the three algorithms running on the graph are hard to fulfill accurately the users' performance requirement. We also consider some possible strategies to relieve the problem. For example, we build an individual mobility graph for each possible transition probability of an edge. Then, we run the algorithm in each graph to get a deployment solution and then combine them as the final solution. Its essence is to meet the expected coverage performance by adding more RSUs.
7. Conclusions
In this paper, we study the problem of deploying RSUs for mobile vehicles in the vehicle-to-roadside communication system. Due to the limited transmission range and high deployment and maintenance cost, it is difficult to decide how many and where the RSUs should be placed. The objective of our study is to satisfy the connectivity requirement for all vehicles passing the coverage region. At the same times, the deployment cost such as the number of RSUs must be minimized. Our solution RoadGate uses the time-stable statistical mobility pattern observed in the realistic vehicle traces to find the optimal installation places. We propose a graph model to characterize this pattern and show that the RSU deployment problem is NP-complete by reducing it the minimum vertex coverage problem. Finally, we propose a heuristic greedy algorithm RoadGate to find the optimal installation places. Extensive experiments in the synthetic and realistic scenarios are carried out to evaluate the performance of our solution. The results show that our solution achieves the desired coverage performance and minimizes the number of the required RSUs.
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants no. 61202436 and 61271041) and the National Basic Research Program of China (973Program) (Grant no. 2009CB320504).
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"If you ever suffer from insomnia, walk barefoot on the grass for ten minutes before getting into bed. Nature has a marvelous way of healing many maladies. Anytime in your life when you're feeling out of sorts in any way, go to nature and find your peace."
"What day is it?' asked Pooh. "It's today," squeaked Piglet. "My favorite day," said Pooh.
My morning prayer- to be joyful for this day. Blessed to be awake so early by my puppy, to see my life at daybreak, to read, to pray, to write all of this- my aliveness flows through me.
Nonviolence mens avoiding not only external physical violence, but also internal violence of spirit. You not only refuse to shoot a man, but you refuse to hate him. -Martin Luther King Jr.
Thank you for all the participants in the "Language of the Psyche: Using Sandtray Approaches in the Arena" workshop. I feel honored to have shared a space with you all. My body and heart also feel grateful that there are so many of you working in such a deep and respectful way with clients and horses.
-Hildegard von Bingen
When I think about how unconditional love feels in my heart and my body, I am reminded of a quote from Pearl Bailey that says "I see their souls, and I hold them in my hand, and because I love them, they weigh nothing."
2013 Jamie Anesi


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I've recently been playing with Hadoop. I have a six node cluster up and running - with HDFS, and having run a number of MapRed jobs. So far, so good. However I'm now looking to do this more systematically and with a larger number of nodes. Our base system is Ubuntu and the current setup has been administered using apt (to install the correct java runtime) and ssh/scp (to propagate out the various conf files). This is clearly not scalable over time.
Does anyone have any experience of good systems for administering (possibly slightly heterogenous: different disk sizes, different numbers of cpus on each node) hadoop clusters automagically? I would consider diskless boot - but imagine that with a large cluster, getting the cluster up and running might be bottle-necked on the machine serving the OS. Or some form of distributed debian apt to keep the machines native environment synchronised? And how do people successfully manage the conf files over a number of (potentially heterogenous) machines?
Thanks very much in advance,


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For more information about this meeting, contact Robert Vaughan.
|Motivation and history of some recent conjectures comparing symbolic and ordinary powers of ideals
|Algebra and Number Theory Seminar
|Brian Harbourne, University of Nebraska
|Work in transcendence theory led Waldschmidt, Skoda and Chudnovsky in the 70s to give bounds, using complex analytic methods, on the least degree of a polynomial vanishing to given order at each point of a finite general set of points in a finite dimensional complex vector space. These bounds were soon improved by Esnault and Viehweg using methods of algebraic geometry. It turns out some of these results (and more general versions of them) are easy consequences of recent purely algebraic work comparing symbolic and ordinary powers of ideals in polynomial rings. This fact has led the speaker, in joint work with C. Huneke, to propose conjectures which would imply all of the former results. This talk will discuss the framework and some of the evidence which induced the speaker and Huneke to pose the conjectures, some of which go well beyond anything previously proved or imagined.
Room Reservation Information
|Room Number:
|11 / 17 / 2011
|11:15am - 12:05pm


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Beef Roast with Gravy RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
4.5 21 25
"I always asked Mom to fix this for special occasions just to smell the aroma of that rich gravy as it cooked." —Nancy Kreiser, Lebanon, Pennsylvania
- 1 pound fresh baby carrots
- 1 can (4 ounces) mushroom stems and pieces, drained
- 1 beef rump roast or bottom round roast (3 pounds)
- 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- 1 tablespoon canola oil
- 1 jar (12 ounces) beef gravy
- 1 can (10-3/4 ounces) condensed cream of mushroom soup, undiluted
- 1 cup water
- 1 envelope onion soup mix
- Place carrots and mushrooms in a 4- or 5-qt. slow cooker. Sprinkle roast with garlic powder and pepper. In a large skillet, brown roast in oil on all sides. Transfer to slow cooker.
- Combine the gravy, mushroom soup, water and onion soup mix; pour over roast. Cover and cook on low for 6-8 hours or until meat is tender. Skim fat from gravy if necessary; serve gravy with beef. Yield: 8 servings.
Originally published as Beef Roast with Gravy in Taste of Home June/July 2010, p77
Light-Bodied Red Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a light-bodied red wine such as Pinot Noir.
Reviews for Beef Roast with Gravy
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Reviewed Jan. 4, 2016
"Very tasty dish!! The only issue was that my roast never seemed to be fork tender. Still good, but I am used to a fork tender roast. Might have been the cut of meat though."
Reviewed Feb. 19, 2015
"Big disappointment. The gravy was runny and way too salty. Will look for a different recipe for fixing a roast next time."
Reviewed Jan. 25, 2015
"This has become a stand by at least once a weak. My family wants to eat the gravey with a spoon!"
Reviewed Mar. 17, 2014
"This was my first real slow cooker meal and it turned out great. I fixed it up before work, and when I got home it was done. Super easy. Although it was great as is, next time I will add potatoes and celery."
Reviewed Jul. 6, 2013
"Yummy! Definitely worth making!~ Theresa"