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Silver Wraith (
1947 - 1959
1956 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith
1955 Silver Wraith
1957 Silver Wraith
1956 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith
Auction Results
Auction Results
1956 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith news, pictures, specifications, and information
Touring Limousine
Chassis Num:
High bid of $70,000 at
2009 Kruse International.
(did not sell)
Mrs. Fricke for the Hotel Paris in Paris, France, ordered this car in 1956. The car came to the USA in 1980 and was used in the 1981 motion picture hit 'Arthur,' which starred Dudley Moore, Liza Minelli, and Sir John Gielgud. This movie won Oscars for its theme and Sir John Gieglud's performance. Through this movie, the so-called 'Arthur' car, became famous. After the movie, the car was sold to a collector in Boca Raton, who owned it for 20 years. The present owners purchased the car in April 2004 and had it refurbished to look as clean and original as possible.
The Silver Wraith was produced from 1946 through 1958 and Rolls-Royce enthusiasts have often claimed it to be the last true Rolls-Royce built without regard to fashion or price. The car is powered by a 4.88-liter, 6-cylinder engine developing 135 horsepower and weighs 4,620-pounds.
Express Limousine
Chassis Num:
Sold for $118,250 at
2006 RM Auctions
Sold for $93,500 at
2010 RM Auctions
Sold for $79,773 (50,400) at
2010 RM Auctions
The Wraith was introduced in 1936 as its entry level vehicle and as a replacement for the 25/30. Production continued until the Second World War. When the war concluded the vehicle was updated and given the name Silver Wraith with production lasting from 1946 to 1959.
There were two wheelbases available on the Silver Wraith, the 127 and 134 inch. There were over 1200 examples built on the 127 inch platform and about half that amount on the 134 inch wheelbase. Under the hood was a 4.9 liter six-cylinder engine that was adequate enough to carry the vehicles along at a comfortable 80 mph. A four-speed manual gearbox was standard until 1952 when it was replaced with a four-speed automatic unit.
The Silver Wraith's were available as complete cars with factory coachwork or as 'chassis only'. The 'chassis-only' assembly allowed the buyer to completely customize their vehicle and have it finished by one of the renowned coachbuilders of the time, such as H.J. Mulliner, Park Ward, Hooper, and Freestone and Webb, to name a few.
Hooper Ltd. began bodying Rolls-Royce vehicles in the early 1920s. They built a reputation around their limousines and chauffer driven town cars, some the nicest designs in the business.
This 1956 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith with chassis number ELW60 is an Empress Limousine with design number 8390. It is one of only 13 Hooper Company coachbuilt examples built on a Silver Wraith chassis. The body is built from hand formed aluminum over a wooden skeleton. A chrome accent piece runs the entire beltline of the vehicle. The chauffeur's compartment is finished in silver-grey leather while the rear passenger compartment is matching silver-grey cloth. Hand polished woodwork can be found throughout the interior. The passenger's center console is equipped with a telescopic mirror and independent climate controls.
This Silver Wraith was created for the Chairman of the Libby Ball Bearings Company, Mr. Gwinn. Soon after its completion it was sent to the United States where it resided a Chicago Collection for a number of years. It was later purchased by a collector in Florida. The Silver Wraith stayed in the collection for 25 years before being purchased by its current owner. A mechanical and cosmetic restoration began in the 1990s and completed nearly 10 years later.
At the 2006 RM Auction in Meadow Brook, it was estimated to fetch between $80,000 - $120,000. It found a new home at a price of $118,250.
There were nearly 2,000 Silver Wraiths constructed. This example is one of only 13 Hooper examples. In 2010, this Empress Limousine by Hooper was offered for sale at RM Auctions 'Automobiles of Amelia Island' sale in Amelia Island, Florida. The car was estimated to sell for $75,000-$100,000 and offered without reserve. As bidding came to a close, the car has been sold for the sum of $93,500, inclusive of buyer's premium.
By Daniel Vaughan | Apr 2010
The Silver Wraith, launched in 1947, was an evolution of the pre-war Wraith and was offered in the traditional chassis form ready for the fitting of Bespoke coachwork. The 4,257cc overhead-inlet, side-exhaust engine developed before the war was used, as well as a modified coil and wishbone independent front suspension. Hydraulic brakes were used for the first time on a Rolls-Royce wîth hydraulic brakes.
The Silver Wraith was constantly refined during its production. The engine was replaced wîth the 'big bore' 4,566cc in 1951 and automatic transmission was offered as an option in 1952.
Once again the press raved about the car. 'All the world knows that Rolls-Royce carry on an unremitting search for engineering perfection in everything they undertake. The qualities which made their aircraft engines famous, and their cars the finest procurable, are the result of hard work scientifically conducted, and of a painstaking attention to detail from the large to the most minute. And now a new range of cars is about to appear it is believed that the new cars are the best that Rolls-Royce have ever built.'
The Silver Wraith was described like this: 'In common wîth all Rolls-Royce cars, the Silver Wraith has an indefinable something about it, a delicacy of behaviour, which escapes definition in written words. it is a car for the connoisseur in cars'.
Source - Rolls-Royce Motor Cars
At a time when most of England was suffering post war and didn't have much use for a luxury motorcar, Rolls Royce decided to no longer produce cars in strictly separate series. Instead they would create as many parts of the engine, chassis and gearbox that would be identical for the different makes, and therefore easily interchangeable. The British economy had suffered due to raw materials shortages, prohibitive purchase tax and petrol rationing. The Silver Wraith was the embodiment of the new company philosophy of a reliable car with components that could be easily maintained.
Considered by many to be the most technologically advanced Rolls Royce model in history, the Silver Wraith was an exceptional graceful and elegant automobile. Introduced in 1946 the Silver Wraith was produced at the Crewe factory. The first post-war Rolls-Royce model, the Silver Wraith rode on a 127-inch wheelbase that was based heavily on the pre-war Wraith with coil sprung independent front suspension and semi-elliptic rear with a live axle. Also based on the Wraith, the engine featured a cylinder head with overhead inlet valves and side exhaust valves and an initial capacity of 4,257 cc and 135 horsepower.
The capacity was increased to 4566 cc in 1951, and to 4887 in 1954 on the long-wheelbase models. The Wraith's braking system was a hybrid hydro mechanical system with hydraulic front brakes and mechanical rears that utilized the mechanical servo from the pre-war cars, which was patented by Hispano-Suiza and built by Rolls Royce under license. For the first time on a Rolls Royce hydraulic brakes were used.
In 1951 Rolls Royce announced the long, 133-inch wheelbase chassis. A total of 639 of these units were produced until 1969. The final short-wheelbase models were made in 1953. At first only a four-speed manual gearbox was available but in 1952 a General Motors automatic option was added to the list of offerings.
The Silver Wraith was the final Rolls-Royce model that would be delivered in 'chassis only' form with the intent to be bodied by independent coachbuilders. The number of specialist coachbuilders was quickly declining over the years. Many of the Silver Wraith bodies selected used 'formal limousine designs'. The Bentley Mark Vi was offered for customers that wanted to purchase their car with a standard body already fitted. The Silver Wraith differed from the Mark VI in the fact that it wasn't a complete car, merely a rolling chassis. The Silver Wraith outlived the Mark VI and continued to survive until 1959 by undergoing modernizations like automatic gearbox and power assisted steering. The Silver Wraith would be the final Rolls Royce that showed a vast variety of coachwork styles.
The Rolls Royce Silver Wraith has filled many official capacities over the years including the Royal Dutch State Limousine in 1958, the Royal Danish Ceremonial Car 'Store Krone' also in 1958, the Irish Presidential State Car from 1947 until now. Other official uses include the Ceremonial State Car for the Brazilian President in 1952. The
The Silver Wraith had numerous movie cameos over the years including 1968 'The Love Bug', 1975 'The Return of the Pink Panther', 1989 'Batman', 1992 'Batman Returns' and even the recent 2012 film 'The S
By Jessica Donaldson
For more information and related vehicles, click
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2015 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance Best of Show
PEBBLE BEACH, Calif. (August 17, 2015)
-- An Italian Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A Cabriolet that once turned heads and garnered top prizes in the classic era glided to victory at the 65th Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance on Sunday. The competition drew 219 cars from 16 countries and 29 U.S. states to the 18th fairway of Pebble Beach Golf Links. It also raised over $1.8 million to help people in need. Through the Pebble Beach Company Foundation, which celebrates its 40th anniversary this ...
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RM Auctions' Don Davis Collection Attracts Texas-Size Bids
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Rolls-Royce Phantom IV
Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud
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Rolls-Royce: 1951-1960
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Phantom IV
Silver Cloud
Phantom I
Phantom II / Phantom II Continental
Phantom III
Phantom IV
Phantom V
Phantom VI
Silver Cloud I, II, and III
Silver Dawn
Silver Ghost
Silver Seraph / Park Ward
Silver Shadow I, II/Silver Wraith II
Silver Spirit
Silver Wraith
1955 Silver Wraith
1957 Silver Wraith
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If you've been keeping up with video games in politics, you may or may not already know about HB1423, a bill being proposed in Massachusetts that would block the sale of violent games to minors. While there has been much debate amongst politicians since its introduction, best-selling author Stephen King cast his own personal vote on the matter in his latest Entertainment Weekly column.
King, who prefaced the article by stating that he was not a fan of video games at all, went on to blast the Massachusetts legislature, noting the hypocrisy of the 17-year-old who could legally get in to see a graphically violent movie such as Hostel: Part II in theaters but would be unable to purchase the significantly tamer Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. While King does not necessarily find much merit in the violence found in some games, he also believes that politicians should not play the surrogate parent. He goes on to comment that video games do have a ratings system and that the games intended for more mature audiences should be treated as such by adults that care for younger players. King believes that it is up to parents to take a stand and forbid objectionable material.
What truly seems to irk King, however, is the effect of legislature similar to HB1423 on media entertainment and pop culture as a whole. Being able to use video games, television, movies, and even books as a scapegoat for what King believes are deeper-rooted political and social problems, is much easier to do than address the issues themselves.
Read [ Entertainment Weekly ] Via [ GameSpot ]

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Population figures from the 2011 Census didn't tell us much that we didn't know already, at least in a general sense. B.C. and its large, Lower Mainland communities are growing at a brisk clip. The population of the province increased … Continue reading
neighbourhood planning RSS
Editorial: Yeah, we're growing, but are we happy?
Should Greater Vancouver just keep growing until it resembles New York City? Is that what we all want? (MCT FILES)


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Death Race Showtimes and Tickets
Read Movie Reviews about Death Race Write a Movie Review for Death Race
Dvd Release Date: 2008-12-21
Genre: Action/Adventure, Suspense/Thriller
Rating: R
Duration: 1hr 29min
Terminal Island: The very near future. The world's hunger for extreme sports and reality competitions has grown into reality TV bloodlust. Now, the most extreme racing competition has emerged and its contestants are murderous prisoners. Tricked-out cars, caged thugs and smoking-hot navigators combine to create a juggernaut series with bigger ratings than the Super Bowl. The rules of the Death Race are simple: Win five events, and you're set free. Lose and you're road kill splashed across the Internet. Three-time speedway champion Jensen Ames is an ex-con framed for a gruesome murder. Forced to don the mask of the mythical driver Frankenstein, a Death Race crowd favorite who seems impossible to kill, Ames is given an easy choice by Terminal Island's ruthless Warden Hennessey: Suit up and drive or never see his little girl again. His face hidden by a hideous mask, one convict will enter an insane three-day challenge in order to gain freedom. But to claim the prize, Ames must survive a gauntlet of the most vicious criminals--including nemesis Machine Gun Joe--in the country's toughest prison. Trained by his coach to drive a monster Mustang V8 Fastback outfitted with two mounted mini-guns, flamethrowers and napalm, an innocent man will destroy everything in his path to win the most twisted spectator sport on Earth.
Cast and Crew
- Starring
Joan Allen, Tyrese Gibson, Ian McShane, Jason Statham, Natalie Martinez
- Directed by Paul W.S. Anderson
- Produced by Tom Cruise, Paula Wagner, Roger Corman, Paul W.S. Anderson, Jeremy Bolt
- Written by Robert Thom, Charles Griffith, Ib Melchior, Paul W.S. Anderson
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Here is another question that concerns analytic capacity. For a compact set $K$ in the plane, define the analytic capacity of $K$ by $$\gamma(K):=\sup|f'(\infty)|,$$ where the supremum is taken over all functions $f$ holomorphic and bounded by $1$ in the complement of $K$. Here
$$f'(∞)=\lim_{z \rightarrow \infty}z(f(z)−f(\infty)).$$
It was conjectured by Vitushkin, in view to applications in approximation theory, that analytic capacity is semi-additive, i.e. there exists a universal constant $C$ such that $$\gamma(E \cup F) \leq C(\gamma(E) + \gamma(F)).$$
This was proved by Tolsa in 2003. From what I know, wether or not analytic capacity is subadditive, i.e. if we can take $C=1$, is still open. However, I can't find much about this problem in the literature, hence the question :
What is the status on this problem? Has it been proved that analytic capacity is indeed subadditive in some particular cases?
The only thing I found about this is an article by Suita, "On subadditivity of analytic capacity for two continua.", in which it is proved that analytic capacity is subadditive in the case where $E,F$ are disjoint connected compact sets. The proof relies deeply on the fact that for compact connected sets, analytic capacity equals logarithmic capacity, which does not hold in the disconnected case.
Any reference about this is welcome.
Thank you, Malik


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breaking news
Alarm saves Qld girl from deliberate fire
- From: AAP
- May 03, 2014
A TEENAGE girl has escaped a house fire that may have been deliberately lit in central Queensland.
The fire started at a home in Bundaberg just before midnight on Friday.
A smoke alarm woke a 15-year-old girl, who managed to get out of the house just in time.
Police believe Chad Mclean Hunter, 32, may be able to assist them with their investigations and have called for him to come forward.


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Download Around the Paris Opera at Rush Hour video
Download Around the Paris Opera at Rush Hour video on savevid.com
Download Around the Paris Opera at Rush Hour streaming video in flv, mp4, avi formats direct easily on Savevid.com.
Around the Paris Opera at Rush Hour
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A 13-minute look at the large roundabout in front of the Opéra Garnier in Paris, France, during afternoon rush hour on an absolutely beautiful spring day in March. Lots of shots of people and cars making their way through and around the intersection. Pictures of tourists and Parisians standing and strolling about. A few images of the façade of the Opera itself.
The last third of the video, starting at about 07:22, is a quick, continuous stroll around the entire perimeter of the intersection.
This video should also help dispel the myth that Parisians dress like super models every day. The truth is that they dress like everyone else.
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- Category: Flag video


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HWTM Holiday Sneak Peek
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The holidays are right around the corner… and here's a little preview of 4 of the new holiday themes that will be posted on hwtm.com this December…
Thanksgiving hostess gift ideas
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Looking for some gift ideas to help you say thanks to your Thanksgiving hostess with the mostess and/or host with the most? Here are a bunch of fun options to consider… The entire first set comes from the always hip & unique online shop, Patina . {pictured above} bright mini nesting bowls , onion goggles […]
HWTM Thanksgiving ideas
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Hi Everyone – Just wanted to let you know that we have new Thanksgiving party/tabletop themes and ideas up on hwtm.com ! The first is "Autumn Spice " and is super affordable – almost entirely made up of scrapbooking papers & embellishments, exotic-looking dried flowers from Michael's , and cinnamon stick filler from Target (for […]
SURPRISE GIVEAWAY: Rosanna, Inc.
Ready to get into holiday party mode? This fantastic giveaway from contemporary dish & tableware company: Rosanna, Inc . should do the trick! I have to admit I'm in love with this prize – Rosanna is offering up TWO sets of their super-cool 12 Days of Christmas appetizer plates AND another product of your choice […]
A few tempting signature drink ideas for your Thanksgiving Soriee, featuring some very Thanksgiving-appropriate ingredients… • Pumpkin Pie – features Kahlua, Malibu Rum, Milk, Cinnamon, and Pumpkin Pie Filling {recipe via cocktailtimes.com – see below for our modified version}• Gingersnap cocktail – features spiced rum, ginger brandy, eggnog, and a gingersnap cookie! {recipe via thebar.com}• […]
DIY Thanksgiving Drink Charms
Here's a super easy way to dress up your Thanksgiving cocktail or wine glasses: do-it-yourself drink tags made from scrapbooking coaster tags! For the "charms" pictured here, I used the contemporary, autumn-themed Madera Island mini coaster tags by SEI. The mini coasters are made of chipboard and ready to go as-is, so all you need […]


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Firecracker 4th Birthday (26 photos)
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Born on the 14th of July
A firework-themed 4th birthday celebration for a Yankee Doodle Boy
How do you best celebrate a 4th birthday in July? With a star spangled party of course. Inspired and styled by Pink Peppermint Parties, this Born on the 14th of July celebration was rooted in all things red, white and blue. Setting the tone for this event was a festive invitation, which foreshadowed the main event—FIREWORKS. Other party details included lots of fabulous DIY details, including a literal Red Hot outdoor wreath and lantern lined walkway, tin cans made into fireworks using deco mesh tubing, colored duck tape and washi, lots of outdoor luminaries and fun flag- and firework-inspired décor adorning outdoor spaces like transom windows, outdoor pinwheels, banners and table bunting.
For dinner, good, old-fashioned 4th of July BBQ fare was served in red diner baskets with a blue gingham wax liners. Food items included hot dogs, hamburgers, chips, corn pinwheels, watermelon stars, blueberries and strawberries served with flag picks, "Call it Macaroni (and Cheese)" bites and mini cherry pies.
After dinner, the Yankee Doodle Birthday Boy and his guests flocked to the front porch for the main event…a firework display set to a playlist of traditional 4th of July favorites. Thank goodness the rain held out long enough for the kids to enjoy every pop, bang and boom and have a little fun of their own with sparklers, complete with cup guards to protect little hands.


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Atheist Centre 1940-1990 Golden Jubilee
International Conference Souvenir
Vijayawada, February 3, 4, and 5, 1990
[OCR, Tim Sullivan; HTML, editing, Cliff Walker]
Progress of Atheism in India
A Historical Perspective
Umesh Patri, Ph.D.
Prativa Devi, M.A., M.Ed., PGDTE.
The atheistic heritage of India is extremely rich and Lavanam's atheism grows from this rich tradition. Compared to the western atheism India is the oldest country in atheistic thought and ideas. To our surprise Atheist Centre at Vijayawada of which Lavanam is the director, is the first known Atheist Centre of the world, established by his father Gora.
From the time of the Vedas till Lavanam there is an unbroken chain of atheistic tradition in the Indian soil. It is an astonishing fact that the Rigvedic sages at times were skeptic and agnostic. Max-Muller asserted Rigveda to be the oldest record in the library of the world and even in this oldest record of mankind atheistic idea was present in the form of skepticism and agnosticism. To establish the cause and effect relation in nature Vedic Rishis were asking a number of questions like: "Why does the sun not fall although it is not supported by anything or fixed to anything?" Where is the sun by night?" "Were go the stars by day?" "Whence comes the wind, and whither goes it?" "Why does it raise no dust on celestial roads?" A superimposition of God in nature like light, heat, fire, sound expressed through sun, thunder and air subsequently took the human form. The entire Rig Vedic hymn on creation can be quoted for its quest for Truth. Its beauty lies With skeptic attitude expressed by the ancient sages of India such as:
|Non-being then existed not being:
There was no air, nor sky that is beyond it.
What was concealed? Where in? In whose protection?
And was there deep unfathomable water?
Death then existed not nor life immortal;
Darkness there was at first by darkness hidden;
Desire entered the one in the beginning:
Their way extended light across the darkness:
Who knows for certain? Who shall here declare it?
None knoweth whence creation has arisen:
(Rg Ved 10:129 :1-7)
In another verse the priests doubt the existence of India: "Indra (God) does not exist, who has seen him (hence) whom shall we praise?" (8:100.3)
The Satapatha Brahmana brings out Materialistic Pihlosophy by telling "the beginning of all beginnings was water". The waters bore a golden embryo and out of the egg came the ancestor of all living beings.
In the Upanishadic period sages seem to have a dialectical process of solving many intellectual problems. Nachiketa's doubts and questions to Yama prove his agnostic attitude. The Prasna Upanishad which consists of six sections containing six fundamental questions relating to the nature of the original cause, sufficiently prove the existence of atheistic trend in it.
The disciple quests from his teacher which one is primary, the body or the mind? The teacher Uddalaka explained to him through a practical example by making the disciple fast for a week. The fasting made the disciple lose his power of memory. Then the teacher offered a cup of buttermilk to regain his memory. The teacher wanted to tell the disciple that "Food is God."
Out of six orthodox Philosophies of India four are atheistic in nature. The Sankhya Philosophy of Kapila explains the evolution of matter into 24 categories. For it, the number or Sankhya is very important to understand the process of evolution. In Sankhya two principles of the universe are explained as Prakrti or "nature" which includes matter to mind and Purusha or "man" means the pure consciousness, Without the help of nature, pure consciousness is helpless and vice-versa. God has nothing to do with the system. Prakrti is like a blind man and Purusha a lame. One can walk and the other can see. If a lame sits on the shoulders of the blind, the former can guide the latter and both can walk and live. Allegorically it illustrates the intellectual aspect of atheism, which has nothing to do with God.
In Sankhya matter is eternal. So said in Gita too that "It postulates that nothing comes out of nothing and things are not totally destroyed, they only change forms.".... That which does not exist, cannot come into existence." The negation of qualitative and quantitive changes, the matter is always evolving in the process of development. So matter first lay in inactive and passive and inert form, with its 3 qualities of Sat, Raj and Tamas lying dormant. That these 3 properties were inherent in matter and were inseparably interconnected, that matter is finally totally indestructible, but its various forms are changing and perishable. The law of matter as described in Sankhya can be compared with the Law of conservation of matter. This is based on cause and effect theory. When a property is formed from another property, the equalities of the former are retained in the latter. This is called the law of negation of negation. It is applicable both in organic and inorganic field. The four dimensional space time continuum theory was not unknown to the Vedic rishies. In the vedas the concept is that time does not exist without the existence of matter, nor can space exist without motion. They exist in relation to each other.
Sankhya's materialistic theory of knowledge in its latter form became highly rational and encourage for social duty. "Bhagavadgita is the highest form of Sankhya, the man must perform his social duty. One should not run away from it. Arjuna, the warrior is the personification of sthitha prajna, who does his duty not with any personal motive but as a matter of duty". (The Atheist, March 1981, 36)
Like Sankhya, Nyaya speaks of "right" or "just" which is a science of right or just reasoning. If truth is not verifiable it is out right rejected. God can be rejected or proved through logic, not through faith is the Philosophy of Nyaya.
Vaisesika another orthodox philosophy, a system propounded by Kanada is a Philosophical treat of physics and metaphysics. It speaks of matter, in the form of atom or Pilu the world that exists. Kanada was so deeply involved in atomic theory that on his death bed few of his friends insisted him to utter the word god at least once. He smiled and before his death he uttered "pilu, pilu, atom." Kanada explains matter with its five elements, i.e., earth, water, fire, air and ether. In the beginning the primordial matter was subtle, invisible, eternal and infinite which existed in the form of atoms. This atomic theory was not properly developed during the period of Democritus of Greece. It is Einstein who as late as 20th Century could properly explore while splitting the atom. In the philosophy of India God is simply one among the many categories. He holds no power and prestige. Though yoga is called the "Samkhya with God," God has practically nothing to do with the universe. To please the theists God idea might have been added to the system.
In the Ramayana there is a reference to sage Jabali who was connected with the court of king Dasaratha. Jabali was a teacher to Rama and his brothers. Jabali informs his pupils about atheism also. This clearly shows atheism was very much prevalent in those days as something to be taken note of and Jabali as a teacher did not want his pupils to be ignorant of it. Vana Parva of Mahabhrata clearly indicates that Draupadi, her father and brother were once guided by a brahmin who was an atheist.
Jayanta Bhatta enlisted some of the typical arguments of non-believers including the Buddhists and Jains: "Since God is not perceived, his existence cannot be inferred. The works of a God are not produced like pots which are made; if God were like a potter, he would have to have a body. But if he has no body, who created him? Every body has a beginning. Does he act in accordance with some law or does he act capriciously? If the former, he is not free; if the latter he is human. If he guides and controls merits and demerits, he becomes dependent on them."
(The Encyclopedia of Unbelief, P.317)
'The philosophical skepticism, logical fatalism and religious indifferentism' rightly developed in the Bruhaspati Sutra are supposed to be burnt in the great fire of the Nalanda library. The doctrine of the Sutra is called Charvaka Lokayata. Lokayata means world. Only this world exists. Nothing beyond and nothing after. They preached evolution not creation. Life originates from matter as the red colour is produced from the combination of betel, arecanut, and lime. They draw their conclusion that the only source of knowledge is our sense perception, where internal perceptions speak of our rational attitude and external perceptions confine to the activity of the five sense organs. To them when a man dies, the earthly element returns and relapses in to the earth, the watery element returns into the water, the fiery element returns into the fire, the airy element returns into the air, the senses pass into space. Their atheism is known from one of their famous lines:
|While life is yours, live joyously:
None can escape Death's searching eye;
When once this frame of ours they burn
How shall it e'er again return?
It is said that most of the Charvaka thinkers were born slave. They were the slaves run away from their master's houses and became saints. So they criticised everything religious and rituals. They argued that world is beginningless so endless, it is neither created nor can it be destroyed. There is no ground to believe that Charvakas were escaped slaves in saint disguised. It was a school of thought like other schools of philosophy in India. They were remaining in four sects according to their mental gradations. They were Dhurta (Clever), Vitandavadin (Scoffers), Tottvaopaplva Vadin (debators of categories) and Sushkishita (Learned and wise).
It is the orthodoxy, ritualism and the abuse of the caste system that attracted the attention of the Jain Tirthankers, about 2600 years ago. Jainism is heretic in nature. They believe matter or Pudgala is primary, which is never created by god. But every man can attain godhood or Arhathood through right action.
It is well known that Buddhism is a religion without God. Buddhism is atheistic because it denies the creator (God). The word creator itself is meaningless because God cannot be considered the creator of a created world. Buddha was very much skeptical about God-centered religious beliefs.
Atheism in India has nothing to do with God. It stands alone. According to the great grammarian Panini a nastika is he who does not believe in the other world. (Astadhy ie 4:4:60). Manu the first and the foremost law-giver of the world declared a person atheist who vilifies the Vedas or the knowledge. In India the god-idea is found only in folk tradition, but not in the system of truth-seeking and knowledge. It may be only to satisfy the gullible people god idea is superimposed later in truth-seeking and knowledge. Thus philosophy in India is not god related. "Neti, Neti" or "Not this, Not that" was the first principle in seeking the truth. The ancient truth-seekers proposed a hypothesis and did not accept it as Truth without questioning it. Through questions one may disprove anything and everything. So any Truth cannot be taken for granted. This way they proposed no idea is final or there is no last word for Truth seeking.
From the time of Vedas until Buddha, Gandhi and Gora freethought took a long way in different routes. The tradition of freethought is as old as India itself. It is a part of Indian Culture. Without atheism Indian philosophy is incomplete. So it has been considered as one of the postulates to seek the truth and. the ultimate. As the ways of life depend upon the philosophy of life, atheistic approach to seek truth has prompted a positive way of life in India. In India the thread of atheism can be seen in Quest for truth and social reform.
Contemporary religious institutions have always supported the traditionalism and there were revolutions in religions to oppose social evils of the contemporary society which was sanctioned by religion. These revolutions in religion were branded as heresy by the contemporary religious people because any change in society was opposed by religious vested interest and the priestly class. Likewise in the western society all sciences were opposed by the religious vested interest. Inspire of these harassments social reform and science progressed and they refined and reformed religion. Thus heresy made religion more human and humane. But because of the inherent weakness of religious approach the very revolution in religion which was considered to be heretic, in course of time got degenerated into tradition and again that was to be opposed. Thus revolutions in religion have been a continuity to promote liberalism and humane values within religion. To promote peace in the midst of hatred and violence between religions, an inter religious approach was needed. Thus came the World Parliament of Religions. Every leader of the revolution in religion exerted the people to defy the dictates of the contemporary religious authority. In the flowing stream of history came Raja Ram Moban Roy, Swamy Dayanand Saraswati, Vivekananda, Jori Rao Phule, Pandita Ramabai, Maharshi Karve, Paranjype and Mahatma Gandhi who questioned the orthodox beliefs. They opposed casteism, untouchability and animal sacrifice. Because of their insistence on reason and interest in truth-seeking they indirectly helped atheism to assert itself. Then came a powerful flow of self-respect movement of PERIYER, Radical Humanism of M.N. Roy, challenge to miracle mind and superstitious beliefs of Abraham Kovoor and Atheist movement of Gora. They were the four pillars of the modern secular movement.
Gora has put atheism in the context of human free-will, that is freedom to think, freedom to act and freedom to correct oneself. These triple freedoms were another name for positive Atheism. Positive Atheism moves "god-centred" universe to "human-centred" universe. It moves "god-centred" knowledge and society to human-centred knowledge and society. It removes the institution of God and promotes "peace without god." God remains an institution of hypothesis and myth. religion a fraud and prayer simply a delusion. We believe in god for four reasons, such as: to understand phenomena, sustaining morality, obtaining solace, and for the promotion of fine arts. These four can be promoted without god-belief or religion and that is what the atheists are showing to the world. That's why Gora called his atheism Positive Atheism. One cannot enjoy the fruits of positive atheism as long as he is not free from the steel box of religion. Upon that very rock stands Lavanam.
Lavanam left his formal education because he disagreed with the educational system that enslaved our society, politics and economic systems. Lavanam, like his father, Gora, declared himself an Atheist because he is not an agnostic, realist, deist, rationalist, secularist, humanist, heretic, iconoclast, infidel, objectivist, ethical culturist, unitarian. He does not want to hide himself in any other disguise. He is an open atheist. Through his deep study of different religions he asserted, in the present situation, Christianity as the religion of trade and imperialism. Islam as the religion of violence and intolerance, Hinduism as the religion of inaction and caste system, and Buddhism as the religion of non-entity. He found how man is outgrowing religion and leaving behind the religious society. That made him feel the emergence of a "Post-Religious Society." He finds some elements of atheism in every man whether he is a priest or pope.
Gora presented Atheism through every activity whereas Lavanam presents every activity through atheism. If Gora's concept of Positive Atheism is pure science Lavanam's concept of Post-Religious Society can be called applied science. Lavanam explains atheism as a psychological evolution of the physical man.
The positive expression about atheism and the universality of atheism as proposed by Lavanam compels everyone whether one agrees with him or not to give a serious thought to his views. On the threshold of 21st Century humankind is experiencing a terrible uneasiness about old institutions and old ideas. The situation demands a bold new thinking. Technology has stepped in to produce new gadgets for the emerging new man but we have not yet produced a new philosophy and a new social structure for the emerging new man. New gadgets of technological advancement in the hands of the old philosophy and the old structure may create havoc which may lead to intellectual and social suicide. Hence new ideas should be welcomed and new thinking promoted. The concepts of Positive Atheism and Post-Religious Society compel us to take note of them for this new challenging situation.
challenges people progressively to be more human, more self-confident
and more self-reliant. Thus Atheism develops better individuals, and
in turn with their interaction, they build better institutions. If the
individual is changed and the institutions are not changed, it is bad.
If the institutions are changed and still the individual is not changed
it is worse. Today we are facing both these situations at the same time.
So, Atheism as a positive force aims at changing both individuals and the
institutions simultaneously.
-- Lavanam


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text:
John E. Repetski1, James D. Loch2, and Raymond L. Ethington3
2Earth Sciences Department, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093; and
3Geological Sciences Department, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
1U.S. Geological Survey, MS 926A National Center, Reston, VA 20192;
Figure 1Map showing location of Ozark National Scenic Riverways and the watershed areas of the Current and Jacks Fork Rivers in southeastern Missouri. Triangle indicates location of Jacks Fork crossing section.
The Ozark Plateau region (Figure 1), comprising basically that part of Missouri south of the Missouri River and the part of Arkansas north of the Buffalo and White Rivers, contains one of the largest areas of exposed Lower Ordovician, or Ibexian Series, rocks in the United States. Due to its inboard location on the trailing margin of Laurentia, in tropical to subtropical latitudes during that time of deposition, this area accumulated chiefly shallow-marine carbonate sediments. Most of this section is now dolostone, much of it primary or early diagenetic. However, much of it also is coarsely-grained dolostone, often chert-rich, reflecting one or more periods of subsequent diagenetic episodes, such as the periods of massive diagenesis related to subsurface hydrothermal fluids that moved through the section in the Pennsylvanian and Permian associated with the Ouachita orogeny (e.g., see Leach and Rowan, 1986; Leach and others, 1997).
The section also contains many sandstones; nearly all are quartz sands, and most of them probably are multiply-reworked, as the region was hundreds of miles from the low- lying exposed sources of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks in the upper Midwest. Most of these Ozarks sands are thin lenses, stringers, and channels, with only local lateral extent, but some horizons or intervals contain apparently laterally-persistent sands that have been used for both subdividing the section into formations and for local and long-distance correlations. Numerous hills and pinnacles of Precambrian volcanic rocks of the St. Francois Mountains complex apparently were emergent periodically during the Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician, and these certainly affected the local sediment distribution patterns. However, these Ozarks volcanics did not contribute significant volumes of sand to the Ibexian units. Some of the sand intervals have been incorporated into sequence stratigraphic schemes of various scales, but without rigorous control of their positions in a stratigraphic framework. Our work on conodonts (Figure2) and trilobites in the Ibexian of the Ozarks is only in its early stages, but we are able to make some refinements in the age control in some of the stratigraphic marker horizons.
Very little biostratigraphic control exists for this
succession of rock, especially considering its areal extent. The
depositional environments for most of the units were probably
somewhat hypersaline and with restricted circulation, and were
not conducive for development of diverse faunas. In addition,
the pervasive secondary dolomitization wiped out much of
the original shelly record. Most of the macrofauna known
from the Ibexian of the Ozarks is preserved in chert.
Presumably, local replacement of the carbonate rocks by secondary
chert took place before pervasive dolomitization had destroyed
the invertebrates, as must have happened where chert did not form.
Because much of the record is from chert float blocks,
precise occurrence and stratigraphic range data are seriously lacking.
Mollusks are the most abundant and diverse of these
macrofossils; trilobites are known from relatively few intervals.
Most of these faunas were described in a very few works, in
the 1930's to 1950's (e.g., Bridge, 1930; Heller, 1954). This
study is part of a cooperative U.S. Geological Survey-National
Park Service project of bedrock mapping in the Ozarks of Missouri.
Figure 2Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs of some representative conodont elements from the Gasconade, Roubidoux, and Jefferson City formations in southeastern Missouri. Illustrated specimens are reposited in the type collections of the Paleobiology Department, U.S. National Museum (USNM), Washington, D.C. 20560. A_B, Juanognathus? felicitii (Ji and Barnes); posterolateral views of two specimens from sample RC-149 at Roubidoux Creek section, X 85, USNM 498496 and 498497. C, Drepanodus sp., inner lateral view of drepanodontiform element, from sample RC-149, Roubidoux Creek section, X 85, USNM 498498. D_E, Colaptoconus quadraplicatus (Branson and Mehl); posterolateral (D) and lateral (E) views of triplicatiform and quadraplicatiform elements, respectively; D, from sample JF-H, Jacks Fork section, X 110, USNM 498499; E, from sample JC-J, lower part of Jefferson City Dolomite at Jim's Creek section, X 64, USNM 498500. F, cf. Colaptoconus quadraplicatus (Branson and Mehl); shallowly grooved specimen, from sample JF-J at Jacks Fork section, X 90, USNM 498501. G, Ulrichodina deflexa Furnish; posterolateral view of immature(?) specimen from lower part of Jefferson City Dolomite at Jim's Creek section, sample JC-J, X 110, USNM 498502. H, Paroistodus? sp.; inner lateral view of scandodontiform element, same sample and location as G, X 110, USNM 498503. I_L, Histiodella donnae Repetski; posterior views of blade-like elements (I, K, L) and inner lateral view of coniform element (J), from samples JF-H (K) and JF-J (I, K, L) at Jacks Fork section, I and J -X 90, K -X 170, L -X 110, USNM 498504_507. M. Laurentoscandodus? n. sp.; inner posterolateral view of short-based element, from sample JF-J at Jacks Fork section, X 70, USNM 498508. N, Drepanoistodus sp.; inner lateral view of drepanodontiform element, from sample JF-J at Jacks Fork section, X 90, USNM 498509. O, Juanognathus? n. sp.; posterior view of nearly symmetrical element, from sample JF-J at Jacks Fork section, X 90, USNM 498510. P_Q, Striatodontus? prolificus Ji and Barnes; posterolateral views, P from sample JF-J at Jacks Fork section, X 90; Q from upper part of Gasconade Dolomite (sample RC-02) at Roubidoux Creek section, X 95, USNM 498511 and 498512. R_S, Oneotodus aff. O. simplex (Furnish); posterior and lateral views of two specimens from lower part of upper Gasconade Dol. at Phillips Quarry, Bartlett 7-1/2 minute quadrangle, Shannon Co., MO, X 65, USNM 498513 and 498514. T, Chosonodina herfurthi Müller; posterior view of specimen from upper part of middle Gasconade Dol. at Phillips Quarry, X 75, USNM 498515. U, Rossodus manitouensis Repetski and Ethington; inner lateral view of coniform element; same sample as T, X 50, USNM 498516. V, Loxodus bransoni Furnish; inner lateral view; specimen broke during preparation; from upper part of middle Gasconade Dol. at a section near Rolla, MO, X 45, USNM 498517. W, Acanthodus uncinatus Furnish; lateral view of non-serrate suberectiform element, from same sample as T, X 50, USNM 498518. X, Variabiloconus bassleri (Furnish); inner lateral view, X 60, same sample as T, USNM 498519. Y, Oneotodus simplex (Furnish); lateral view, X 75, USNM 498520. Z, Scolopodus sulcatus Furnish; inner lateral view of scandodontiform element, X 75, same sample as T, USNM 498521.
The Ozark National Scenic Riverways is a National Park Service unit along the Current and Jacks Fork Rivers (Figure 1). Large tracts in the Ozarks are part of the Mark Twain National Forest. Fort Leonard Wood, a major U.S. Army reservation, is nearby. Associated with these public lands, and the region as a whole, are a variety of land-use issues for which accurate geologic maps are vital. This is a world-famous karst region, with vast cave systems, thousands of sinkholes and springs, and all the hydrogeological problems associated with those regions. This region also is host to the world's largest known lead deposits, hosted mainly in Upper Cambrian carbonate rocks. Lead sulfide exploration is continuing, and accurate knowledge of the geologic framework is needed, especially as it pertains to the public lands tracts, for the permitting process.
From a few preliminary studies (Kurtz, 1981)
conodonts were known to occur, at least sparsely, in some of the
formations of the Ozarks. We therefore began a systematic
examination of these dolostones, involving sampling of key
sured sections for conodonts as well as other fossils, to try to establish a refined biostratigraphic framework that can be applied to the mapping and other studies in these units and to better correlate the Ozark succession with other regions.
The Ibexian section in the south-central Missouri Ozarks is up to more than a thousand feet thick. The units are, in ascending order: the Eminence Dolomite, only the upper part of which is Ibexian; the Gasconade Dolomite, about 300 feet thick; the Roubidoux Formation, 100 to 300 feet thick; Jefferson City Dolomite, 125 to 350 feet thick; and the Cotter/Powell formations, about 100 to more than 300 feet thick (Thompson, 1991). Because of mapping needs, we began our biostratigraphic work with the Roubidoux Formation, including its position relative to the underlying Gasconade Dolomite and to the lower part of the overlying Jefferson City Dolomite.
We located and measured several sections of the Roubidoux, including the type section, and concentrated on sections which contain formational boundaries and other marker horizons. For this work we collect and process samples of 4- to 6-kilograms from the estimated best lithologies, and concentrate on bracketing these boundaries and markers. The large samples have proven necessary, as our productive samples average only a few conodont elements per kg. A fine sieve size also is necessary; we use a 200-mesh bottom sieve. In most samples there are few accessory minerals in the heavy residues; following magnetic separation, the heavy residue is almost exclusively snowy-white diagenetic dolomite rhombs. The color alteration index (CAI) of the conodonts is 1 to 1-1/2, indicating only low levels of long-term post-burial heating, in the range of less than 50° to about 90° C. Preservation of the conodont elements tends to be quite good.
As with artifacts and living plants and animals, the fossils of this and all other National Parks can be collected only with formal permission from the appropriate Park Superintendent.
Gasconade Dolomite
Previously, Kurtz (1981) showed, from a few samples near Camdenton, MO, some tens of miles north-northwest of our study area, that the lower part of the Gasconade Dolomite is lower Ibexian, rather than Upper Cambrian as earlier studies and maps had assumed. Our initial sampling from the middle Gasconade near Rolla, MO (Repetski and others, 1993; Repetski and others, in press) yielded species typical of the Rossodus manitouensis Zone, including the diagnostic species Loxodus bransoni (Figure 2:V) Furnish, Scolopodus sulcatus (Figure 2:Z), and R. manitouensis itself (Figure 2:U). Subsequently we have sampled several additional sections that expose the upper part of the Gasconade.
Somewhat surprising was finding that the uppermost Gasconade has the fauna of the so-called "Low Diversity Interval" of Ethington and Clark (1981). This interval, characterized by presence of only a few coniform taxa of rather simple morphologies, mostly assignable to species of Oneotodus, Teridontus, Striatodontus?, and Eucharodus (e.g., Figure 2:P-S), follows the abrupt disappearance of most of the taxa of the taxi of the subjacent R. manitouensis Zone. This abrupt faunal changeover was documented by Ethington, Engel, and Elliott (1987) to occur almost precisely at the Mackenzie Hill - Cool Creek formation contact in Oklahoma, and similarly at the House - Fillmore formation boundary in Utah. Recently, Ji and Barnes (1993) also discussed this same turnover within the Boat Harbour Formation of the St. George Group of western Newfoundland, Canada. What surprised us is that this faunal changeover in the Ozarks does not coincide with the Gasconade - Roubidoux contact, which is recognized at a regionally significant influx of sand, but it occurs somewhat lower, at a level near or at the boundary between the cherty middle part and the non-cherty upper part of the Gasconade.
The rather diverse fauna that is typical for the R. manitouensis Zone occurs, in low numbers of specimens per kg of rock, beginning low in the Gasconade (Kurtz, 1981). It contains mostly shallow-water Laurentian species such as Loxodus bransoni, Scolopodus sulcatus, and Variabiloconus bassleri (Figure 2:V,Z,X). Uncommonly, cosmopolitan species such as Chosonodina herfurthi (Figure 2:T) also occur in this part of the Gasconade.
The uppermost member of the Gasconade contains mostly morphologically "simple" coniform elements of species similar to, and presumed related to, Oneotodus simplex (Figure 2:Y), which occurs in the underlying R. manitouensis Zone. The most significant appearance in this interval is that of Striatodontus? prolificus Ji and Barnes (Figure 2:P,Q), which continues upward as one of the numerically dominant species of the Roubidoux Formation.
Roubidoux Formation
Figure 3Top surface of a large chert float block from middle part of the Roubidoux Formation, preserving molds of the gastropod Lecanospira. This moldic mode of preservation is typical for mollusks found in the Roubidoux. Block collected in steep slope immediately east of Pike Creek; SW 1/4 of section 22, T. 27N., R. 3W., Low Wassie 7-1/2 minute quadrangle, Shannon Co., MO; USGS fossil locality number 11527-CO; USNM 498495. Scale bar is 2 inches long.
The Roubidoux Formation is separated from the Gasconade by its higher content of quartz sand, including numerous sandstone beds especially in the upper half, and generally thinner bedding (see Thompson, 1991, for history of nomenclature and usage). The quartz sand content also serves to distinguish the Roubidoux from the overlying Jefferson City Dolomite. Partly because of the increased permeability due to the sandstones and partly due to the thin- to medium-bedded nature of its carbonate beds, the Roubidoux weathers back rapidly and the resulting slopes are characterized by loose blocks of sandstone. Chert float blocks from the middle part of the formation are common in some areas; sometimes they preserve the molds of gastropods (Figure 3), nautiloid cephalopods, and, rarely, of trilobites. Significant exposed thicknesses of the Roubidoux are extremely rare, leading to difficulties in studying the actual succession of rocks and fossils within the formation, and thereby hindering attempts to biostratigraphically subdivide the unit.
The designated type section of the Roubidoux (Heller, 1954) is a cut-bank cliff along Roubidoux Creek, Texas County, MO. It affords reasonably good exposure of the entire formation, including both lower and upper contacts. Conodont samples from the Roubidoux type section confirm again that the Low Diversity Interval begins well below the base of the Roubidoux (Figure 4). We can document here that the base of the next biozone, the Macerodus dianae Zone, falls in the lower part of the middle Roubidoux, indicated by the appearance of Histiodella donnae (Figure 2I_L) and Ulrichodina n. sp. 1 of Repetski (1982). The few samples near the top were not diagnostic of a zonal call near the base of the Jefferson City.
Figure 4 also shows the distribution of conodonts and some trilobites that we collected from Heller's (1954) section at Ava, Douglas Co., approximately 50 miles west of the National Park. This section does not expose either base or top of the Roubidoux, but it preserves the interval from the Low Diversity Interval to the M. dianae Zone and it allows some calibration of the conodont and trilobite ranges for this region.
Jacks Fork Crossing Section
We sampled another section that exposes most of
the Roubidoux and more than 50 feet of the upper
Gasconade, where Highway 17 crosses the Jacks Fork River, within
the boundary of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways. From
the level of the river below the bridge to approximately the
level of the highway at the north end of the bridge, the
thick-bedded dolomite of the uppermost part of the Gasconade forms
a cliffy exposure. The Roubidoux drops back in profile
because of weathering of the sandy dolostone beds. The sandstone
beds tend to stand out and they become more prominent higher
in the section. This section was described in detail by
Muilenberg and Beveridge (1954), and their section description is
repeated in Thompson (1991)
Figure 4Conodont and trilobite faunal distribution charts for the Ava and Roubidoux Creek sections.
Figure 5.Conodont faunal distribution chart for the section at Jacks Fork crossing section.
Figure 6Conodont zonation for the Ibexian Series (Lower Ordovician) of the North American Midcontinent faunal realm, following Ross and others (1997), and showing the biostratigraphic range of conodonts recovered from the Roubidoux Formation in southeastern Missouri.
Figure 5 shows the conodont distribution for the Jacks Fork crossing section. A little more than 100 feet of the Roubidoux is exposed here; we estimate that about 50 feet is covered above. All of the exposed Gasconade is in the "Low Diversity Interval." Histiodella donnae (Figure 2:I-L), and probably also Ulrichodina n. sp. 1 of Repetski (1982), appearing in the middle Roubidoux marks the Macerodus dianae Zone. It is clear now that the widespread influx of sand marking the base of the Roubidoux does not coincide with any notable change in the conodont fauna. However, the thicker and more prominent sandstone beds that begin in the middle part of the Roubidoux do grossly coincide with the base of the M. dianae Zone within the current resolution of our faunal control.
Lithologic and biostratigraphic relations at the boundary between the Roubidoux and overlying Jefferson City Dolomite are difficult to assess because that contact is so rarely exposed. For mapping purposes, that contact is usually drawn at 25 to 35 feet below the base of the "Quarry Ledge" of the Jefferson City, a 12- to 15-foot thick widespread marker bed that is more often exposed than the beds beneath it, due to its characteristic thick to massive bedding.
The Quarry Ledge also is significant because its top and immediately overlying beds have produced most of the trilobites known from the lower Jefferson City. We sampled a short section in the lower part of the Jefferson City Dolomite near Vichy, MO, about 40 miles north of the National Park, that yielded both trilobites and conodonts. This interval not only yielded a number of trilobite taxa, essentially marking the Jeffersonian Stage assemblage, but the conodonts allow recognition of the Acodus deltatus - Oneotodus costatus Biozone at this level, from the appearance of Ulrichodina deflexa (Figure 2:G) and Eucharodus toomeyi.
Another of our Jefferson City sections, Jim's Creek, yields conodont data that suggest that the boundary between the Macerodus dianae Zone and the Acodus deltatus-Oneotodus costatus Zone may well fall near or at the base of the "Quarry Ledge."
Even though much more work remains to be done in refining the Ibexian framework for the Ozark region, the work thus far shows that the conodonts, especially, are both present and biostratigraphically useful in these strata. They are already allowing a firming up of some of the formational and marker bed age constraints. Figure 6 represents our latest age assignment for the Roubidoux Formation against the current Ibexian conodont biozonal framework for the North American Midcontinent faunal realm (Ross et al., 1997).
On a broader scale, some recent sequence
stratigraphic interpretations within this interval have been made
assuming age-equivalency for certain levels essentially based only
on physical stratigraphic grounds. For example, some
have correlated the coeval stratigraphic break at the House-Fillmore contact in Utah and the McKenzie Hill-Cool Creek in Oklahoma with the base of the Rockdale Run Formation and Nittany Dolomite in the central Appalachians (Goldhammer and others, 1993). Conodonts show that the Stonehenge-Rockdale Run and Stonehenge-Nittany contacts in Maryland and central Pennsylvania, respectively, occur within the Rossodus manitouensis Zone, and thus are demonstrably older than either the base of the Roubidoux, base of the Fillmore, or base of the Cool Creek. Likewise, the fossils demonstrate that the influx of sand at the base of the Roubidoux is younger than the House-Fillmore and McKenzie Hill-Cool Creek contacts. Biostratigraphy can be a powerful ally to sequence stratigraphers; certainly it should not be ignored.
Ongoing and planned paleontological work in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways includes: 1) continued biostratigraphic support for the geologic mapping efforts; 2) refinement of the placement of the individual biozonal bases within the Ibexian formations relative to formation contacts and other marker beds or intervals; 3) testing of the lateral continuity, i.e., the reliability to mapping, of these marker beds; and 4) documentation of the fossil successions through the other formations in this region.
We thank our colleagues of the National Park Service, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, for their continued cooperation and interest in all phases of this project, the numerous landowners who kindly gave us access to their properties, and R.C. McDowell and D.J. Weary, for helpful reviews of this manuscript. Ellis L. Yochelson, USGS-Emeritus, confirmed the identification of Lecanospira on the illustrated chert block, and D.J. Weary, USGS, helped with the graphics.
Bridge, J. 1930. Geology of the Eminence and Cardareva quadrangles: Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, ser. 2, v. 24, 228 p.
Ethington R. L., and D. L. Clark. 1981. Lower Ordovician conodonts in North America, in Sweet, W.C., and Bergstrom, S.M. (eds.), Symposium on conodont biostratigraphy: Geological Society of America, Memoir 127, p. 63-82.
, K. M. Engel, and K. L. Elliott. 1987. An abrupt change in conodont faunas in the Lower Ordovician of the Midcontinent Province, in, Aldridge, R.J. (ed.), Palaeobiology of conodonts: Ellis Horwood, Ltd., Chichester, p. 111-127.
Goldhammer, R.K., P. J. Lehmann, and P. A. Dunn. 1993. The origin of high-frequency platform carbonate cycles and third-order sequences (Lower Ordovician El Paso Gp, West Texas): constraints from outcrop data and stratigraphic modeling: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, no. 3, p. 318-359.
Heller, R.L. 1954. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Roubidoux formation of Missouri: Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources, 2nd Series, v. 35, 118 p.
Ji, Z. and C. R. Barnes. 1993. A major conodont extinction event during the Early Ordovician within the Midcontinent Realm: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 104, p. 37-47.
Kurtz, V. E. 1981. The Cambrian-Ordovician boundary in
Missouri as determined by conodonts, in, Taylor, M.E. (ed.), Short
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pers for the Second International Symposium on the Cambrian System: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 81-743, p. 115-117.
Leach, D. L., and E. L. Rowan. 1986. Genetic link between Ouachita foldbelt tectonism and the Mississippi Valley-type lead zinc deposits of the Ozarks: Geology, v. 19, p. 931-935.
, L. E. Apodaca, J. E. Repetski, J. W. Powell, and E. L. Rowan. 1997. Evidence for hot Mississippi Valley-type brines in the Reelfoot rift complex, south-central United States, in late Pennsylvanian - early Permian: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1577, 36 p.
Muilenberg, G. A., and T. R. Beveridge. 1954. Guidebook, 17th regional field conference, Kanss Geological Society, southeastern and south-central Missouri: Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources Report of Investigations 17, 63 p.
Repetski, J. E. 1982. Conodonts from El Paso Group (Lower Ordovician) of westernmost Texas and southern New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Memoir 40, 121 p.
, R. L. Ethington, W. M. Furnish, and D. J.
Kennedy. 1993. Conodonts from the Oneota and Gasconade Dolomites
Ordovician) of the central midcontinent, U.S.A. [abs.]: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, North-Central Section, v. 25(3), p. 74, 75.
, J. D. Loch, R. L. Ethington, and R. I. Dresbach. In press. A preliminary re-evaluation of the stratigraphy of the Roubidoux Formation of Missouri and correlative Lower Ordovician units in the southern midcontinent, U.S.A.: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular.
Ross, R.J., Jr., L. F. Hintze, R. L. Ethington, J. F. Miller, M. E. Taylor, and J. E. Repetski. 1997. The Ibexian, lowermost Series in the North American Ordovician, with a section on Echinoderm biostratigraphy, by J. Sprinkle and T.E., Guensberg, 1997, In Taylor, M.E. (ed.), Early Paleozoic biochronology of the Great Basin, western United States: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1579, p. 1-50, + 1 oversize plate.
Thompson, T. L. 1991. Paleozoic succession in Missouri, Part 2, Ordovician System: Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Report of Investigations No. 70, 282 p.


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Explore the Entrepreneurship.org Resource Center to find resources. Designed with entrepreneurs in mind, our resource center allows you to find materials to grow great ideas.
Urmee Mehta Mankar is the Deputy COO of Swadhaar. She received her Masters Degree in Urban Planning from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, with a specialization in International Development Planning and a
Bachelors Degree in Architecture from CEPT, Ahmedabad, India. She has completed several academic research initiatives dealing with the challenges of urban development.
Vice President & Chief Internet Evangelist Vinton G. Cerf is vice president and Chief Internet Evangelist for Google. He is responsible for identifying new enabling technologies and applications on the Internet and
other platforms for the company. Widely known as a "Father of the Internet," Vint is the co-designer with Robert Kahn of TCP/IP protocols and basic architecture of the Internet. In 1997, President Clinton recognized their work with the
U.S. National Medal of Technology. In 2005, Vint and Bob received the highest civilian honor bestowed in the U.S., the Presidential Medal of Freedom. It recognizes the fact that their work on the software code used to transmit data across
the Internet has put them "at the forefront of a digital revolution that has transformed global commerce, communication, and entertainment." From 1994-2005, Vint served as Senior Vice President at MCI. Prior to that, he was Vice President
of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), and from 1982-86 he served as Vice President of MCI. During his tenure with the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) from 1976-1982, Vint played
a key role leading the development of Internet and Internet-related data packet and security technologies. Since 2000, Vint has served as chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and he has
been a Visiting Scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory since 1998. He served as founding president of the Internet Society (ISOC) from 1992-1995 and was on the ISOC board until 2000. Vint is a Fellow of the IEEE, ACM, AAAS, the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the International Engineering Consortium, the Computer History Museum and the National Academy of Engineering. Vint has received numerous awards and commendations in connection with his work on the
Internet, including the Marconi Fellowship,
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HP's Enterprise Business marketing organization wanted to establish better systems for planning, creating, and publishing customer-focused content on HP.com. In order to better engage its customers and support their purchase process with relevant content, the business unit needed to establish new editorial and publishing processes and best practices.
Tendo interviewed key stakeholders across the organization, then designed and rolled out a content creation process that ensured relevant editorial content and reinforced HP's enterprise messaging. Tendo's new process included editorial theme research, development, story planning, content development, and measurement. HP's new editorial content creation process met each business unit's needs and enhanced the customer buying cycle by enabling higher quality, customer-focused content.
Tendo services include:
- Print and digital publishing


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Harper's published an insightful interview with Glenn Greenwald yesterday on the evolving PRISM story. It's very much worth a read.
Gordon Humphrey served in the US Senate for 12 years and was a member of the Foreign Relations Committee, the Armed Services Committee, and the Judiciary Committee. The exchange below was shared with Glenn Greenwald.
Contact: Nathan Fuller, 516-578-2628
Bradley Manning supporters hopeful for dismissal of major charges
On Monday, July 15, military judge Colonel Denise Lind will hear oral arguments regarding four defense motions to dismiss major charges against U.S. Army whistle-blower PFC Bradley Manning. Proceedings begin at 3:00 PM, at Fort Meade, MD.
Sweden used a veto to stop the EU from asking critical questions of the US about the superpower's extensive espionage programme, a matter the Swedish media chose to not report to their readers.
Both Nicaragua and Venezuela have now offered asylum to NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden. Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro has already reject the US request for the rendition of Snowden.
Now that the extralegal financial blockade of WikiLeaks is collapsing, with an Icelandic supreme court ruling on its illegality and both MasterCard and Visa ending their legal fights, WikiLeaks and payment processor DataCell are turning the tables and suing Visa and Valitor for damages. The amount sought is Íkr (Icelandic krónur) 9,000,000,000.
Sweden and the UK have blocked talks between Europe and the US on the surveillance scandal. The talks, due to begin Monday, will now be limited to the more abstract issues of privacy and PRISM. A second working group, to be set up to confront the US with the most recent developments, had the support of the entire EU save Sweden and the UK, who both used their veto to prevent its formation.
Denying Bolivian president Evo Morales air space was a metaphor for the gangsterism that now rules the world, writes John Pilger. Oliver Stone says the world is in danger with the tyranny of the US.
"Europeans are furious", reported Spiegel Online. "Revelations that the US intelligence service National Security Agency (NSA) targeted the European Union and several European countries with its far-reaching spying activities have led to angry reactions from several senior EU and German politicians."
The German Federal Prosecutors Office is looking into allegations that the NSA conducted massive spying against German citizens. A first formal complaint has already been lodged in one city, reported Spiegel Online.
The revelations of and the US hunt for Snowden, together with violations of the Vienna Convention by the US in connection with the flight of Bolivian President Evo Morales from Moscow to La Paz, have resulted in considerable political fallout in South America.
The Salt Lake Tribune published an in-depth look at the NSA Bluffdale data centre, one of six such centres in the US which will go operational soon.
"In many ways, the new Utah Data Center is the quintessential black box", wrote the SLT. "The Utah Data Center spans 1 million square feet, with a 100,000-square-foot, raised-floor area divided into four separate data halls, each holding what the NSA calls "mission-critical" computing servers and data-storage capacity."
It's now possible to donate to WikiLeaks with MasterCard and Visa.
WikiLeaks press release Wednesday July 3, 17:00 UTC
MasterCard has broken ranks in the US-linked banking blockade against WikiLeaks.
For almost three years, US financial giants VISA, MasterCard, PayPal, the Bank of America and Western Union have been engaged in an unlawful banking blockade against WikiLeaks. The blockade started in December 2010 in response to the start of WikiLeaks' publication of US diplomatic cables.
July 1, 2013
CONTACT: Bradley Manning Support Network Nathan Fuller, 516-578-2628, firstname.lastname@example.com
Over Thousand Marched in Bradley Manning Support Contingent at SF Pride 2013
SAN FRANCISCO - July 1 - Over 1,000 supporters of openly gay whistle-blower, PFC Bradley Manning, marched in the Bradley Manning Support Network contingent in the SF Pride Parade today. The anchors of KOFY TV's live coverage noted that it was the largest non-corporate contingent in the Parade, second only to Google overall.
Edward Snowden was expected to fly to Havana today at 14:05 Moscow time, together with WikiLeaks legal advisors. But Snowden's seat 17A was empty at takeoff, and no one seems to know where he is. Julian Assange has however stated that Snowden is safe and in good spirits. Assange says he knows where Snowden is but will not say.
Earlier this morning, WikiLeaks announced that NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden had left Hong Kong with the assistance of WikiLeaks legal advisors.
FLASH: WikiLeaks has assisted Mr. Snowden's political asylum in a democratic country, travel papers ans safe exit from Hong Kong. More soon.
— WikiLeaks (@wikileaks) June 23, 2013
Bradley Manning Support Network
Contact: Nathan Fuller, 01-516-578-2628
While Pfc. Bradley Manning stands trial at Ft. Meade, MD, pop-culture celebrities declare their support for the Army whistleblower, in a five-minute advocacy video released late yesterday. More than 20 well-known actors, musicians, and activists released statements of support in the new video, titled "I am Bradley Manning".
As I type these lines, on June 3, 2013, Private First Class Bradley Edward Manning is being tried in a sequestered room at Fort Meade, Maryland, for the alleged crime of telling the truth. The court martial of the most prominent political prisoner in modern US history has now, finally, begun.
Bradley Manning Support Network
ADVISORY FOR: June 1, 2013
Contact: Nathan Fuller, 516-578-2628
Nearly two thousand supporters of US Army PFC Bradley Manning rallied and marched on Fort Meade, Maryland, this afternoon for the young whistleblower.
Bradley Manning Support Network
ADVISORY FOR: May 31, 2013
Contact: Nathan Fuller, 516-578-2628
March: 2 PM, Reece Rd. and US 175, Ft. Meade, MD
Rally: featured speakers will talk at 3 PM, at Llewellyn Ave. and US 175
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A Chico based shuttle service that gives students rides to and from the Sacramento River during the Labor Day float, allowing them to drink on the bus, says the new alcohol ban on the river is going to create chaos rather than solve problems.
They say it won't stop student from enjoying themselves.
Chico River Adventures shuttles more than a thousand tubers each year during the Labor Day float- and they expect the same amount, maybe even more this weekend.
"The alcohol ban is going to cause more chaos for both sides of the law and the kids," said Nick Morris, owner of Chico River Adventures.
Morris believes the new alcohol ban for the Labor Day float is "ridiculous."
"We are trying to step in and keep this thing alive. This has been a local event that has been going on for decades, generations going back. Our parents and grandparents have been doing it forever in this town," said Morris.
For $25.00- Nick and his company offer shuttle buses that take tubers from Chico to the river and back. They even let people drink on the bus who are 21 and older.
"Our main objective is to get DUI's off the road. That seems to be the biggest problems in this community are the DUI's more than the alcohol on the river," said Morris.
He believes college kids will come in full force this weekend, and the new rules, will not stop them having a good time, and even if it's away from the river - and away from his buses.
"I was out there watching them firsthand drive drunk out of there. That's why we have these shuttle buses to keep drunk kids off the roads. That was way more dangerous than a kid drinking a beer on the float," said Morris.
Students at Chico State are singing the same tune.
"My sister is a freshman here and I think it would interesting for her to see what I've seen which is pretty crazy with floaties everywhere, crowded all over the place," said Chico State senior, Sonia Orozco.
"I think people are still going to go because it's a tradition. I know people that come up from LA and Berkeley to come float," said Nate Turner, a Chico State junior.
They point out that tubers will just drink more before hitting the water.
"I do drink but there's always a limit on what people have but I'm definitely going to drink," said Turner.
It's a tradition that Nick Morris doesn't want to see fade away.
"This is something we like to share with the college kids and it's something that shouldn't be taken away from us," said Morris.
The ban was put into place following the death of Brett Olson last year. Law enforcement says this will help keep everyone safe this year. Students agree this is a good idea, but believe it will not work.


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Kid Fitness Tip #5: Offer positive feedback.
Praise a child for perfecting that handstand or figuring out how to pump those legs to swing high in the sky. Out-of-shape or uncoordinated children need to hear encouragement for reaching even small goals, such as walking or biking further than last time. Remember, acknowledge the effort — choosing to be active or trying to improve a skill — rather than the outcome to help build your child's confidence.
Children who aren't naturally athletic may be self-conscious about their physical skills (or lack of them). They may also fear public failure, embarrassment, or teasing. A child may just be physically cautious. These kids need all the support and cheerleading you can offer. Nagging or negative comments don't work and will only serve to make your child feel bad.
Martial arts is a great way t help build your childs self confidence.
Reference: http://www.webmd.com/parenting/features/
To be continued…


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There is still time to join ARF on their fundraising walk on May 18 in Walnut Creek, CA. Supporters can join as individual walkers or create a team of three people and more to sign-up as pack walkers. Those who can't attend in person for the event can be virtual fundraisers and create an online donation page on the ARF website. Individual and pack walkers who raise a minimum of $100 qualify for treats.
As an incentive to raise as much funds as possible, ARF will rewards fundraisers with the following treats:
- $100: T-shirt, bandana and "Treat" bag
- $250: All of the above and Animals on Broadway cap
- $500: All of the above plus $25 Lou Russa's Boutique gift certificate and custom wall tile in ARF's garden
- $750: All of the above plus ARF silver necklace
- $1,000: All of the above plus two tickets to ARF's Wine & Whiskers Event
- $2,500: All of the above plus Hall of Fame Baseball signed by Tony La Russa
- $5,000: All of the above plus two tickets to ARF's Stars to the Rescue XXIV concert
This year's fundraising walk will be held on Sunday, May 18, at Heather Farm Park in Walnut Creek. Registration begins at 8:30am until 10:00am. The Pet Walk starts at 10:30am, The one mile walk coincides with the Animals on Broadway and Pet Wellness Fair which runs from 11am to 4pm.
ARF aims to raise $75,000 in 2014.


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Brian Reavy
Successfully connected to Oracle.
Current research interests
- Identification and characterisation of plant caspase-like proteases induced by plant pathogens in crop plants.
- Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that acts to limit pathogen infection of plants by the death of infected cells. In addition PCD can regulate the growth and development of plants as well as their response to abiotic stresses. Caspases (cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinases) have a critical role in PCD in animal cells. Work at The James Hutton Institute has identified plant proteins with caspase-like protease activity which are a functional analogue of the animal caspases. Our work aims to identify and characterise caspase activities in crop plants (potato and barley) and understand the function of this activity in the response to pathogen attack in these plants.
- Improvement of plant transformation technologies.
- This work aims to utilise the knowledge we have gained from fundamental work on plant responses to pathogens to improve gene transfer and plant regeneration technologies.
Past research
- BSc in Molecular Biology University of Glasgow.
- DPhil University of Oxford. My thesis studied molecular events occuring in the replication of RNA-containing viruses of insects.
- Post-doctoral research fellow at the Animal Virus Research Institute (now Institute for Animal Health), Pirbright, Surrey studying how to use genetic recombination in foot-and-mouth disease virus to improve production of vaccine strains of the virus.
- Research Scientist at Beecham pharmaceuticals working on the development of novel recombinant fibrinolytic proteins.
- Research Scientist at SCRI – during my time at the Institute I have worked on development of transgenic plants resistant to virus infection; the mechanisms of virus-vector interactions with potato leafroll virus/aphids and potato mop-top virus/Spongospora subterranea; assembly of virus ribonuclear particles and virions; molecular mechanisms of gene silencing suppression by plant virus genes.
- Reavy, B., Bagirova S., Chichkova N. V., Fedoseeva S. V., Kim S. H., Vartapetian A. B. and Taliansky M. E. 2007. Caspase-resistant VirD2 protein provides enhanced gene delivery and expression in plants. Plant Cell Reports (in press).
- Reavy, B., Dawson, S., Canto, T. and MacFarlane, S.A. 2004. Heterologous expression of plant virus genes that suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing results in suppression of RNA interference in Drosophila cells. BMC Biotechnology 4, 18.
- Jones, J. Reavy, B. Smant, G. and Prior A. 2004. Glutathione peroxidases of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Gene 324, 47-54.
- Liu, H., Reavy, B., Swanson, M. and MacFarlane, S.A. 2002. Functional replacement of the tobacco rattle virus cysteine-rich protein by pathogenicity proteins from unrelated plant viruses. Virology 298, 232-239.
- Reavy, B. and Mayo, M.A. 2002. Persistent transmission of luteoviruses by aphids. Advances in Botanical Research 36, 21-46.
- Racman, D., McGeachy, K., Reavy, B., Štrukelj, B., Zel, J. and Barker, H. 2001. Strong resistance to potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease in potato induced by transformation with coat protein gene sequences from an NTN isolate of Potato virus Y. Annals of Applied Biology 139, 269-275.
- Mayo, M.A. and Reavy, B. 2000. Sequiviruses. In Encyclopaedia of Plant Pathology. Edited by O.C. Maloy and T.D. Murray, John Wiley and Sons. pp 899-900.
- Gildow, F.E., Reavy, B., Mayo, M.A., Duncan, G.H., Woodford, J.A.T., Lamb, J.W. and Hay, R.T. 2000. Aphid cell ultrastructure associated with acquisition and transmission by Myzus persicae of Potato leafroll virus-like particles lacking P5 readthrough protein. Phytopathology 90, 1153-1161.
- Reavy, B., Ziegler, A., Diplexcito, J., Macintosh, S.M., Torrance, L. and Mayo, M. 2000. Expression of functional recombinant antibody molecules in insect cell expression systems. Protein Expression and Purification 18, 221-228.
Scientific posters/conferences
|Caspase-resistant VirD2 protein provides enhanced gene delivery and expression in plants
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Erm, not a bad effort actually.
Erm, not a bad effort actually.
"I am easily satisfied with the very best".
Top review, next!
A guy in work has just sold his four year old X type for a top spec Insignia. He couldn't believe how good it was, he liked it so much, he bought one.
I don't blame him. People have a downer on Vauxhall and the Vectra was pretty poor but this deserves to be a big success for them. I wouldn't rule out one myself - when they get to 12 months old that is.
"I am easily satisfied with the very best".
The Vectra didn't suit me. (That's a polite way of saying that I thought it was a candidate for scrappage from the showroom!)
The Insignia? Not keen on the styling, but I won't pass judgement 'til I've driven it.
Any comments on how it compares to the Mondeo?
Only driven the Mondeo once, a Zetec model with a 1.8 tdci engine. From memory the Mondeo was a better drive but apart from that I much prefered the Insignia, it just felt a much classier car.
"I am easily satisfied with the very best".
I've driven the Mondeo TDCi in several guises now - always as a hired car. It doesn't feel particularly classy, but I think it does well for a mass-produced car. There's a certain slightly tinny quality about it, but it's comfortable, handles well, the engine is great, the gearchange slick, and the interior space excellent.
Is it still the yardstick in this class of car, and a direct competitor to the Insignia? I'll have to check the mags in the newsagents to know for sure!
I've had decent spec Insignias and Modeos as hire cars recently. Insignia was probably the first Vauxhall I'd consider buying. Certainly the first for a while that didn't leave me with a crippled back.
Mark LJ wrote:The first one I had was an SRi with a few bits added, I suspect one of these 'packs' manufacturers seem to go for these days, I'll admit I never found out what most of it did. The second was a boggo SRi in a flat blue, seemed to have a firmer ride than the first, I suspect someone at Eurocar got a bit carried away with the air.I've had decent spec Insignias and Modeos as hire cars recently. Insignia was probably the first Vauxhall I'd consider buying. Certainly the first for a while that didn't leave me with a crippled back.
One strange thing; the missus did not share the same excitement as me when the needles did a full sweep at switch on nor did she see anything remotely interesting about the pinpoint light on the vernier style gauges. Women eh!
"I am easily satisfied with the very best".
The only time the Insignia got caught out was on a bumpy bend somewhere between Moffat and Romano Bridge. Smooth sweeping bends were fine but it just got into a jumpy wallowing motion on a bad section. It did most things well and I like the looks (it was one of the sport estate type thingys)
There is no knowledge that is not power


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Night of the Nonnas: Two Italian Grandmothers Review Carbone
Between them, the women have 95 years of cooking experience.
Even though Carbone, the latest restaurant from the much-acclaimed Torrisi team, is New York's biggest opening of 2013, the spot's selling point is that it aims to re-create the experience of eating out in New York circa 1955. It's a red-sauce simulacrum where Bobby Darin plays in the background and tuxedo-wearing floor captains toss Caesar salads tableside. So to get a real sense of how well the spot manages to evoke the mid-century feel, Grub Street turned to the best people for the job: two Italian grandmothers who used to frequent the original restaurants Carbone aims to replicate.
My dates for the night are Fran, who was raised near the border of Crown Heights and Brownsville, and has nearly 50 years of experience cooking for her husband and kids; and Annebeth, who grew up on Grant Street in the Bronx near 165th Street. ("We couldn't afford the Concourse.") She's been cooking for nearly 45 years and has been going out to restaurants for 40. Rounding out our group is Christopher Bonanos, an editor at New York and Fran's son-in-law.
The restaurant isn't an homage to any single place. It's a mash-up: the clubby atmosphere from Rao's; the graceful old-timer staff of Bamonte's; food that's refined-yet-comfortable instead of challenging; and a space that evokes, at least in part, Louis Italian-American Restaurant — the fictional spot where Michael Corleone guns down a mobster and a cop in The Godfather. (Per partner Jeff Zalaznick in an interview with the Times.)
As we sit down, "Be My Baby" bleeds straight into "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?" on the speakers. We're given the enormous menus. They're printed on heavy stock and have a three-foot wingspan when opened. Fran disappears behind hers immediately. "The size of this thing is unbelievable," Annebeth says, trying to read it without hitting a water glass. It's too big to put down on the tabletop, so she stands it on her lap.
Fran's voice drifts out from behind her menu. "Very cumbersome."
We're hungry, so it only seems fitting that we order a lot. To start: the baked clam "assortment," sweetbreads Milanese, and chilled seafood salad served cupped in radicchio. But as soon as we sit, huge fragments of Parmigiano Reggiano are served out of an oversize wheel onto heavy, hand-painted plates. The ladies love the cheese.
More freebies: strips of focaccia, shaved ham, a bowl of giardiniera in an oil pool decorated with lemon zest, butter-soaked garlic bread and grissini in the bread basket. The grandmothers are happy.
Marco, our tuxedoed waiter, brings the first round of food. The Chiffons seem to be getting louder.
Fran looks at him. "Marco, may I ask —"
"Yes," he jumps in. "Before you ask, yes."
"Where were you before you were here?"
Marco hands out share plates. "I don't want your food to get cold." He turns to go, but before he does: "Trust me," he says. "I have 32 years in the city." The old-timer charm is authentic.
The starters get nods of approval, as does the tableside prep for a Caesar salad that the diners next to us ordered. "I don't remember the last time I saw that," Annebeth says. Another point for authenticity.
Pasta arrives. Everyone loves the lobster black ties, even if it's more modern than anything Fran or Annebeth remembers. But the kitchen's decision to use fresh peppers in a cappelini dish draws notice. Annebeth leans in and, in true nonna fashion, uses it as an opportunity to school a younger generation: "In the really Italian restaurants they say, Bring me the formaggio Calabrese. They use dried pepper like cheese. Just a little bit of trivia for you."
It's not just the peppers. Neither Fran nor Annebeth is impressed with Carbone's actual pasta: "It's a little bit softer," Fran notes. "I wonder if they're doing it on purpose."
"You should never have to ask for your pasta al dente in a restaurant," Annebeth says. "If anything, you should have to ask for it 'soft.'" The ravioli Caruso, filled with chicken livers, gets knocked, too. "To me this isn't reminiscent of any Italian red-sauce restaurant I've been to," Annebeth says. "I can appreciate they took the pasta Caruso and put it on the menu, and that they wanted to take it up a notch. I love liver and I eat it all the time. But I'm not loving this. To me, it's like chopped liver in a pierogi. Sorry, darling."
Dean Martin's voice fills the dining room: Ain't that a kick in the head?
Carbone and its food inevitably invite comparisons to other bygone restaurants: "I really wish that my friend Gianni Minale was around to make you pasta alla Caruso," Annebeth says. Minale owned Alfredo's in midtown for many years, until the restaurant closed in the eighties and became San Domenico, which Michael White eventually turned into Marea. "Gianni was on the floor," Annebeth boasts. "Every lunch, every dinner." It seems his pasta Caruso, or at least its memory, was better, too.
Entrees arrive and Marco makes his way around the table and dishes out Carbone's version of chicken scarpariello from a bowl. Both women are overjoyed to see it served on the bone, but quickly report the pieces to be slightly undercooked. Fran likes the sauce, which is fragrant with wine and herbs, and filled with morel mushrooms and sausage. "One thing I will say I'm thrilled about," Annebeth says, "I'm not seeing a lot of pieces of garlic. When I see pieces of garlic in the food, I get crazy."
The veal parmesan is an enormous, inch-thick slab of flesh, flanked by a roasted bone. "That is a huuuge portion," Annebeth says, reaching for the steak knife. That's not a good thing.
The problem is that details at Carbone — the doneness of the chicken and the pasta, for example — often take a backseat to showmanship, and the server's "moves" don't impress Fran and Annebeth, even if Marco is as professional and charming as they come. Good food is what makes a good night, and the more-more-more feeling of Carbone's menu takes its toll on both nonnas.
"I feel really weighed down," Fran says as we finish the entrees.
A porter brings two bottles to the table and pours: Grappa infused with fennel and figs, and a bottle of cold, housemade limoncello. "Is it rude to say no?" Fran asks. "Or is it ruder to leave it here?"
No one wants dessert, but then a plate piled with fried dough and powdered sugar arrives. It is promptly dismantled. An enormous display of desserts — cheesecake, tiramisu bound with cookies and string, a chocolate terrine — arrives tableside on a huge tray, and we order a wedge of tiramisu. Marco opens a bottle of Lazzaroni sambuca and leaves it on the table.
"Gianni Minale was one of the first, if not the first, to serve tiramisu at a restaurant," Annebeth says. "He brought it back from Italy. It wasn't like this."
Fran sits back in her chair and sighs. "The cheese was the best thing."
All told, the bill is $480 after tax and tip — a high price even by 2013 standards. But how well did Carbone do in re-creating the feeling of mid-century fine dining in Manhattan? "I absolutely love the atmosphere," Annebeth enthuses. "But I can't say it's reflective of any particular time I can remember."


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Moraine Park Technical College is now accepting nominations for its 2014 Distinguished Alumnus Award.
Nominees must hold a one- or two-year technical diploma, associate degree or associate of applied science degree from a Moraine Park program. Additional criteria include demonstrated service and/or support of Moraine Park, the Wisconsin Technical College System and the community at large, as well as distinguishing oneself through a career or civic activity.
If you know of a deserving alumnus, submit your nomination by Friday, Jan. 24, 2014, to morainepark.edu/distinguishedalum.
For more information about the Distinguished Alumnus Award, contact Joan Brezinsky at 920-924-3263 or email@example.com.
Moraine Park Technical College is accredited by the HigherLearning Commission
Contact Info/Legal / TERMS OF USE
Moraine Park Technical College | 235 North National Avenue | Fond du Lac, WI 54936-1940 | An Equal Opportunity College | © 2013