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June-July 2011
Nobody can make you feel inferior
without your consent.
Something to think about....
Those are governed best who are governed
I had planned on writing something totally different
for this section, but after this morning's news I had to write about the
horrible commentary/article just published in the Journal of the
American Medical Association titled "State Intervention in
Life-Threatening Childhood Obesity." Below is a link to a news report on
the article, titled "Should Parents Lose Custody of Their
Extremely Obese Kids?"
The first two paragraphs of this article scare me to death.
One way to manage the nation's childhood obesity crisis might be to take the most severely overweight kids away from their parents, argues Harvard pediatrics professor and obesity expert David Ludwig in a controversial commentary published Tuesday in one of the country's most well-regarded medical journals.
The recommendation in the Journal of the American Medical Association to consign extremely obese kids to foster care is eye-popping, but it's already transpired in a handful of U.S. cases in which a morbidly obese child was at risk of serious health problems.
In the meantime, the mortality rate
associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate of
ALL causes of death for females 15–24 years old. In the meantime, "an
analysis by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that
hospitalizations for eating disorders jumped by 119 percent between 1999
and 2006 for kids younger than 12."
In the meantime, "A six-year-old girl obsesses over her
weight, while another young girl eats paper instead of food to fill up.
Why are prepubescent girls developing eating disorders? Sydney Forbis
seems like an ordinary teenager: She wears skin-tight clothing, worries
about her figure and painstakingly picks out each new outfit when she goes
shopping with her mother. The extraordinary thing about Sydney is
that she is only 6 years old."
So is the AMA or Big Brother going to come in and take these eating disordered children away from their parents? No. This isn't about our children in general. It's about our FAT children. It's about making fat the enemy. It's about trying to force everyone to be a certain size.
We have to stand up and fight this!
It might be
more worthwhile if we stopped wringing our hands
Hi everyone!
Surprise! I'm still alive. Again I
find myself apologizing for getting behind with The QP,
but I have a good excuse, even though it was of my own doing.
Something To Think About: Reflections on Life, Family, Body Image & Other Weighty Matters by the Queen of Rubenesque Romances
Download it for free at
Visit Pat's Place at
www.patballard.com | Write me at
Click on the Bookbuzzr graphic (if visible on your computer screen) to browse an excerpt from Pat's newest book.
Dangerous Love
But after Ava saw some research she wasn't supposed to, someone wants her dead. And now she has to deal with the Southern talking, g-dropping, charming LAPD detective Ricky Don McKinzie.
Her life is just beginning to get complicated.
More info at the
Pearlsong Press
(All copies of Dangerous Love
purchased from the Pearlsong Press website are autographed by Pat.)
Weighty Matters
It seems that our lives are driven by one force these days. Our BMI (Body Mass Index). Our doctors judge us by it. Our children are judged by it in school. Every where we turn, we're coming face to face with something pertaining to our BMI, and we're considered "less than" if our BMI isn't "right."
Below is a wonderful article on the Body Mass Index craze by Keith Devlin.
Top 10 Reasons why the BMI is Bogus.
1. The person who dreamed up the BMI said explicitly that it could not and should not be used to indicate the level of fatness in an individual.
The BMI was introduced in the early 19th century by a Belgian named Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet. He was a mathematician, not a physician. He produced the formula to give a quick and easy way to measure the degree of obesity of the general population to assist the government in allocating resources. In other words, it is a 200-year-old hack.
2. It is scientifically nonsensical.
There is no physiological reason to square a person's height (Quetelet had to square the height to get a formula that matched the overall data. If you can't fix the data, rig the formula!). Moreover, it ignores waist size, which is a clear indicator of obesity level.
3. It is physiologically wrong.
It makes no allowance for the relative proportions of bone, muscle and fat in the body. But bone is denser than muscle and twice as dense as fat, so a person with strong bones, good muscle tone and low fat will have a high BMI. Thus, athletes and fit, health-conscious movie stars who work out a lot tend to find themselves classified as overweight or even obese.
Read the rest here:
Reader Review of the
Listen to
a Feb. 11, 2009 Conversation with Pat Ballard
Calendar of Events
Now available from Pearlsong Press—Pat's newest book, Dangerous Love.
Pat is now co-hosting Radio Free Nashville's Health At Every Size show, which airs every Monday morning. The show is streamed live over the Internet 10-11 a.m. CST Mondays. You can also subscribe to the podcast of the show. Go to http://www.healthateverysize.info for more info, including archived recordings, or to subscribe.
You can also listen to or download recordings
of many of the shows at
Ask your public
library to add
Pat's books to their collection!
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College Hockey:Jan. 31-Feb. 1 WCHA picks
Kind of a quiet week in the WCHA with only three series going on. But each of the three could have a big impact on the standings.
Michigan Tech at Bowling Green
Shane: The biggest surprise in the standings right now might be that the Huskies are flirting with missing the postseason. While there's a lot of hockey left to be played, this is a huge road series for Tech. The Falcons, meanwhile, have a chance to put — or keep — themselves in the MacNaughton mix. Huskies 3-2, Falcons 4-1
Matt: These were the two teams I was the most curious about during the preseason. It seemed both had the potential to finish in the top four of the WCHA, but they had yet to prove they could make that jump. So far, the Falcons are living up to their potential. The Huskies are not. Tech needs a win badly this weekend. Falcons 3-1, Huskies 2-1
Minnesota State at Northern Michigan
Shane: The Mavericks swept this series in Mankato two months ago, but they'll face a very different-looking Wildcats team this time around in Marquette. I think MSU bounces back from last week's losses in the North Star Cup and a sweep can put them into first place, but it hasn't been dominant on the road. Mavericks 4-2, Wildcats 2-1
Matt: The sixth-place Wildcats have games in hand and then some on everyone in the league, but NMU's next four games are against the top two teams in the WCHA. NMU should be overjoyed if it can walk away from its next four games 2-2. MSU's road woes lead me to believe NMU can steal two points this weekend. Wildcats 4-3, Mavericks 5-4
Alabama-Huntsville at Alaska
Shane: Like Michigan Tech, Alaska's trying to avoid the WCHA's relegation. The Nanooks have too much talent to miss the playoffs, right? The Chargers are capable of stealing a point, maybe two, but I'm not sure I can take that leap. Nanooks 5-1, 3-2
Matt: If this series is in Huntsville, I think the Chargers get a win, but since it's in Fairbanks, I think the Nanooks will take care of business. Nanooks 4-1, 3-1.
Last week: Shane 3-7-0, Matt 4-6-0. Overall: Shane 101-49-20, Matt 95-55-20
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
Please also keep "woofing," taunting, and otherwise unsportsmanlike behavior to a minimum. Your posts will more than likely be deleted, and worse yet, you reflect badly on yourself, your favorite team and your conference.

subset: commoncrawl


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John R. Gamble Jr., 61, of Rittman, passed away Sunday, April 27, 2008, at Akron City Hospital.
He was born Nov. 14, 1946, in Lodi to John R. Sr. and Dorothy M. (Heath) Gamble and lived in Rittman since 1975. He grew up in Seville and enjoyed spending summers on his grandparents' farm. He was a 1964 graduate of Cloverleaf High School and attended Ashland College and the University of Akron. He was employed at Morton Salt Co., where he started in an entry-level position and retired as plant comptroller. Mr. Gamble sponsored a child from the Christian Children's Fund for several years. He enjoyed reading, trips to the Bahamas for golf and scuba diving, fishing vacations in Canada and sailing on Lake Erie and in the Florida Keys. He was a veteran of the Army, serving in Korea during the Vietnam War era.
He is survived by his mother, Dorothy Gamble of Rittman; brother, Gary (Sara) Gamble of Westfield Center; sister, Judy Lucas of Medina; aunt, Clara Belle Johnson of Aiken, S.C.; uncle, Charles (Jill) Heath of Lafayette Township; three nephews; one niece; a grand-nephew; and many friends.
Service: 10 a.m. Thursday at Gillman Funeral Home, 360 W. Sunset Drive, Rittman. The Rev. E. Dennis Henkle will officiate.
Burial: Ohio Western Reserve National Cemetery, Rittman.
Visiting hours: 5 to 8 p.m. today at the funeral home.
In lieu of flowers, contributions may be made to the Christian Children's Fund, P.O. Box 26507, Richmond, VA 23261-6507; or Rittman Public Library, 49 W. Ohio Ave., Rittman, 44270.
On the Net — www.gillmanfuneralhome.com


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Oct. 20, 2006
Tucson, Ariz. - Junior Danesha Adams broke up a scoreless tie in the 69th minute Friday evening at Arizona's Murphey Stadium, as the third-ranked UCLA women's soccer team remained perfect in the Pac-10 with a 1-0 victory over Arizona. The Bruins, who improve to 13-2 overall, are the only undefeated and untied team in the conference. Arizona falls to 8-7-1 overall and 1-3-1 in the Pac-10 with the loss.
Adams, who has tallied the game winner in three of UCLA's last four victories, put the Bruins on the board at the 68:53 mark of the second half on an assist from sophomore Christina DiMartino.
UCLA was able to hold Arizona scoreless for the remaining 21 minutes to pull out its seventh-straight victory. The Bruins outshot the Wildcats, 26-12 on the night. Bruin goalkeeper Valerie Henderson finished with seven saves.
The Bruins will face Arizona State this Sunday at 1:00 p.m. in Tempe, Ariz.


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ChelanCounty Commissioners signed an agreement Tuesday that will have the county making improvements to a Department of Transportation sidewalk project in Manson.
Commissioner Doug England, told KOZI that the upgrade stems from standards in order to come into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
The sidewalk upgrade will take place during Phase 2 of the Manson Downtown Business District Project- – set to begin right after Memorial Weekend and will continue through most of June and July.
"CLICK HERE" for Audio


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"This acquisition is about strength and growth," said TI CEO Rich Templeton. "National has an excellent development team, and its products combined with our own can offer customers an analog portfolio of unmatched depth and breadth." Templeton said that the combined sales team will be 10 times larger than National's is today and its portfolio will be exposed to more customers.
"Our two companies complement each other very well," said Don Macleod, National's CEO. TI offers some 30,000 analog products and "extensive customer reach," while National touts 12,000 analog products with customers in the industrial power market.
Company officials claim there is little overlap on the product offerings of the two companies even though they are often seen as direct competitors. Upon merging, National will become a part of TI's analog segment, which will represent almost 50% of the company's revenue.
According to iSuppli, the combined TI-National Semiconductor would push the company to the third position among chip makers, with revenues of approximately $14.5 billion.


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What to Look For When Buying a Tablet
Comparison shop and research what to look for when buying a tablet.
Comparison shop and research what to look for when buying a tablet.
Learn the benefits of creating and adding video to your blog or website.
Ways that the Amazon Kindle Fire Tablet can emerge as a viable competitor to the iPad.
Kiboomu combines music with a variety of printables and online elements to make learning fun for your child.
Steve Jobs death left many reeling, here is our tribute to his life and how people have been dealing with the news.
Google+ is now available to all users. If you're new to the social media service, check out our Google+ Guide.
Get amazing photos with your smart phone by following these basic guidelines.
With f8, just around the corner, Facebook introduces major enhancements and innovations.
Tablets have infiltrated the market. Learn the reasons you may want to buy one over a laptop.
Gadgets and apps for moms and kids – whether you're taking digital photos, scheduling activities, or protecting computer peripherals.


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Monthly Archives: March 2012
Amazon makes the Kindle even friendlier
If you love reading your books electronically, then you may love the news that Amazon is launching a touchscreen version of its Kindle e-reader in the UK, Germany, France, Spain and Italy. It is clear that this is Amazon's attempt … Continue reading
Apple plays nice & offers refunds despite doing nothing wrong
Apple has very kindly decided to offer refunds to recent Australian iPad buyers who felt they were misled to believe Apple's latest iPad is capable of connecting to the 4G/LTE network in Australia, even though the tech giant believes it … Continue reading
Exciting news for Kindle readers…
Online retail giant Amazon has announced plans to develop its Kindle tablet range with the launch of three new models in 2012. Amazon will debut two new 7-inch devices and one 8.9-inch tablet, targeting different consumer markets; that is the low, … Continue reading
Have you been snapping up CDs and DVDs before the VAT loophole closes?
There is now just a week left until the legal loophole which allows retailers based in the Channel Islands to send goods to the UK without paying VAT ends. Last week the High Court dismissed a challenge by the governments … Continue reading
Seven tips and tricks for using daily deals sites that you cannot afford to ignore
If you are like most business owners, then you will assume that sites like Groupon are bad for business considering all the negative press it has received, and with BuySellAds reporting that 82% of businesses are unsatisfied with daily deal … Continue reading
To flog or not to flog? That is the question for eBayers…
I am sure there have been times you have listed something on eBay, and to your frustration it has not sold, making you think, is it really worth it? Sometimes I have listed items I am sure will sell, but … Continue reading
Would you prefer to shop online? …The downfall of high street shops
Apparently up to 40% of high street shops 'could close over next five years', to be replaced with coffee shops and internet cafés, as consumers turn more and more to online shopping instead of visiting British high streets. Deloitte has … Continue reading
Why are UK shoppers abandoning over £1 billion transactions online?
Experian, the marketing data, insight and technology firm, has revealed that UK consumers abandoned more than £1 billion worth of online shopping transactions last year after getting frustrated with old and inefficient identity measures. Even worse is the revelation that … Continue reading
5 of the best tips & tricks for your iPad
1. How to take a screenshot Ever been lost on how to take a screenshot of what you are doing on your iPad? All you have to do is press and hold the sleep/wake button and the home button at … Continue reading
8 essential tips for keeping your business safe in 2012
With the speed of IT moving faster and faster, data keeps on growing, and social media and mobile opportunities expanding, cyber-criminals are getting more and more sophisticated, putting your business and potentially your livelihood at risk. So how can you … Continue reading


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- Details
Proto® - 8 Pc. Protoblack™Round Shank Screwdriver Sets
- With an accurate tip width and depth to suit screw opening
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- Screwdrivers with various lengths and uses the English measuring system
SpecificationsSelect options above to see specifications.
Brand Proto® Description Tip Type: Phillips®, Slotted, Includes: (1) Standard 1/4 in, 4 in. Blade, (1) Standard 5/16 in, 6 in. Blade, (1) Cabinet 1/8 in, 3 in. Blade, (1) Cabinet 3/16 in, 3 in. Blade, (1) Cabinet 3/16 in, 6 in. Blade, (1) #1 Phillips, 3 in. Blade, (1) #2 Phil Easy Reorder Eligible Yes Manufacturer Proto® Manufacturer Part Number Proto® 88818B
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Need more details or have questions about this product?
We have experts on staff to answer all your questions Monday-Friday, 7:30am to 7:00pm EST


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In today's environment, many teens volunteer out of concern for their resumes. However, there are other benefits of volunteering as a teen. Teens who volunteer create a win-win situation for themselves and the communities they serve. Teens who volunteer are 50% less likely to abuse cigarettes, become pregnant, or engage in other destructive behavior. They learn to respect and help others and are likely to have a strong work ethic as adults. Teen who volunteer are also three times more likely to volunteer as adults and contribute to charitable organizations.
Additionally, recent research has found that teens who volunteer show significantly lower markers for cardiovascular disease risk, including body mass index and cholesterol levels when compared with students in a control group. The teens who increased the most in empathy and altruistic behaviors, and who decreased the most in negative mood, also showed the greatest decrease in their cardiovascular disease risk. The study was done by researchers at several institutions and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics.(JAMA)
Psychologists at the University of California in Riverside and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver found that preteens who performed "acts of kindness" reported improved levels of happiness and received higher levels of social acceptance among their peers. The authors of this study speculated that performing kind acts might reduce the likelihood a child will be bullied.
With so much emphasis on teens' risky behaviors, it is interesting to note that constructive social factors, such as volunteering, have a positive effect on teen health and well being. Since many adults hold negative beliefs about teenagers, teens who volunteer are also providing an opportunity for different generations to work together for a common goal as well as creating an opportunity for mutual understanding. The positive effects of teens' volunteering impact the community as well as the individual teen.


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AVON LAKE – It took three times, but Karl "KC" Zuber finally will be known as mayor.
After unsuccessfully running for mayor in 1993 and 2001, Zuber bested incumbent Mayor Robert J. Berner on Tuesday night.
Zuber collected 3,268 votes to Berner`s 2,307 votes, or 58.6 percent to 41.4 percent, according to unofficial election results.
"Politics all comes down to timing," Zuber said Tuesday night. "The timing was there for (Berner) in 2001, but the timing was right for me in 2007. This is my eighth election. I`ll be batting 500 after (Tuesday) night."
Berner was dismayed by the results, but said he can confidently say he has served the city well in the last six years.
"Avon Lake is in solid financial shape and the infrastructure is great," he said. "I guess it`s time for me to get back out there and earn an honest living. I have a lot of opportunities available to me."
Finally hearing the words "Mr. Mayor" from supporters brought a smile to Zuber`s face Tuesday as he wrapped up an election night party at the TrueNorth Cultural Arts Center.
"I think the people have seen that I have the ability to run the city," he said. "I plan to work with all the people to get the job done."
First on the list of Zuber`s priorities includes bringing new business to Pin Oak Parkway as well as helping the city`s existing businesses thrive.
"Everything will be a hands-across-the-table approach," he said.
Meanwhile, the City Council will have a new member as well as voters chose Jennifer Fenderbosch over incumbent Councilman James S. Simonovich by a vote of 781 to 685, or 53.3 percent to 46.7 percent, according to unofficial election results.
Voters reelected 3rd Ward Councilman Laurence Snow Meiners, who defeated challenger Pat McDonald by a vote of 867 to 429, or 33.1 percent to 66.9 percent, according to unofficial election results.
Incumbent 4th Ward Councilman Michael Stanek bested newcomer David Kos by the slimmest of margins – 625 to 622, or 50.1 percent to 49.9 percent, according to unofficial election results.
Kos said he will not concede the results until provisional ballots are counted.
In the final Council race, Councilman Timothy M. Rush, 1st Ward, ran unopposed.
Contact Lisa Roberson at 653-6268 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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1. Introduction
1.1. Biological activity of antioxidants
2. Natural sources of antioxidant compounds
3. Crude extracts from materials of residual origin.
3.1. Composition of the crude extracts
3.2. Factors affecting antioxidant activity (of extracts from materials of residual origin)
3.2.1. Relation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity.
3.2.2. Variety, plant and maturation stage.
3.3. Processing conditions.
3.4. Factors affecting stability of extracts from materials of residual origin
3.5. Effect of extract concentration
3.6. Combined action (synergistic, additive or antagonist)
4. Potential antioxidant activity from residual wastes
The growing interest in the substitution of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on vegetable sources and the screening of raw materials for identifying new antioxidants. Oxidation reactions are not an exclusive concern for the food industry, and antioxidants are widely needed to prevent deterioration of other oxidisable goods, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and plastics. Polyphenols are the major plant compounds with antioxidant activity, although they are not the only ones. In addition, other biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity and antiaging activity have been reported for natural and synthetic antioxidants. Special attention is focussed on their extraction from inexpensive or residual sources from agricultural industries. The aim of this review, after presenting general aspects about natural antioxidants, is to focus on the extraction of antioxidant compounds (mainly polyphenols) from agricultural and industrial wastes, as well as to summarize available data on the factors affecting their antioxidant activity and stability, and, in some cases, the reported major active compounds identified.
1. Introduction
The oxidative deterioration of fats and oils in foods is responsible for rancid odours and avours, with a consequent decrease in nutritional quality and safety caused by the formation of secondary, potentially toxic, compounds. The addition of antioxidants is required to preserve avour and colour and to avoid vitamin destruction. Among the synthetic types, the most fre quently used to preserve food are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). Tocopherols are also used as antioxidants for food, the order of antioxidant effectiveness being d>g>b>a. Reports revealing that BHA and BHT could be toxic, and the higher manufacturing costs and lower efficiency of natural antioxidants such as tocopherols, together with the increasing consciousness of consumers with regard to food additive safety, created a need for identifying alternative natural and probably safer sources of food antioxidants. The replacement of synthetic antioxidants by natural ones may have benefits due to health implications and functionality such as solubility in both oil and water, of interest for emulsions, in food systems. However, some of them such as those from spices and herbs (oregano,thyme, dittany, marjoram, lavender, rosemary) have limited applications in spite of their high antioxidant activity, as they impart a characteristic herb avour to the food, and deodorization steps are required. Naturally occurring antioxidant substances also need safety testing. Caution regarding an assumption of safety of natural antioxidants has been repeatedly advised, since the fact than an antioxidant comes from a natural source does not prove its assumed safety. Hattori, Yamaji-Tsukamoto, Kimagai, Feng and Takahashi(1998) summarises the requirements that antioxidants must satisfy for use as food additives. Vegetable materials contain many compounds with antioxidant activity. Several plants have been studied as sources of potentially safe natural antioxidants for the food industry; various compounds have been isolated, many of them being polyphenols. A large range of low and high molecular weight plant polyphenolics presenting antioxidant properties has been studied and proposed for protection against lipid oxidation. Polyphenolic compounds affect the functional and nutritional values of vegetable proteins, reducing the nutritional values of foodstuffs, and contributing to the sensory and organoleptic properties of fruits and vegetables (colour, taste, astringency). Polyphenols have other undesirable effects in food systems such as the formation of strong complexes with dietary proteins and with salivary proteins, with digestive enzymes, and protein-polyphenol haze in beverages. Their identification has been extensively reported in seeds that are sources of both food or feed-grade protein.Polyphenol polymerization, due to autoxidation, is responsible for colour loss in processed vegetables tannins also affect the yields of protein extraction. The presence of phenolic compounds, associated with the soluble-pectin fraction, can contribute to changes in cell adherence leading to textural defects such as hard-to-cook beans. Therefore, the potential of tannins to diminish nutrient availability should be considered when using them as biological antioxidants
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1.1. Biological activity of antioxidants
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathology of cancer, arteriosclerosis, malaria and rheumatoid arthritis,and could play a role in neurodegenerative diseases and ageing processes. The protection that fruits and vegetables provide against several diseases has been attributed to the various antioxidants, vitamin C, vitamin E, a-tocopherol, bcarotene and polyphenolic compounds Biological antioxidants, especially vitamin E, were the first studied. In living systems, dietary anti-oxidants (a-tocopherol, b-carotene, ascorbic acid) and endogenous enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glu- tathione peroxidase, catalase) protect against oxidative damage. Several studies have shown that phenolic compounds reduce in vitro oxidation of low density lipoprotein; particularly those phenolics with multiple hydroxyl groups which are generally the most effcient for preventing lipid and low density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation and therefore, by inference, atherogenesis. Regeneration of a-tocopherol in human LDL was observed in the presence of tea catechins in a dose- dependent manner, although inhibition of LDL oxidation did not reduce arteriosclerotic lesions.Recent scientific studies have proved that antioxidants are capable of protecting cells from free radical damage. Furthermore, other physiological activities of natural antioxidants have been described, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antimutagenic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic effects, antimetastasis activity, platelet agregation inhibition, blood-pressure increase inhibition, antiulcer activity and anticariogenicity.
Their use as chemopreventive agents by inhibiting radical generation has been suggested since free radicals are responsible for DNA damage and radical scavengers are probably important in cancer prevention. Other studies have reported antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the polyphenolic extracts from Sempervivum tectorum. potato peel vanillin and liquid smoke. During in vivo antioxidant assays with red wine polyphenols, observed that these compounds could play a co-antioxidant role, similar to that described for vitamin C and a sparing role toward vitamin E, which increases due to supplementation with phenols. However, a pro-oxidant effect of phenolics has also been reported. More research is needed in order to establish the activity, bioavailability and other in vivo effects of natural antioxidants.
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2. Natural sources of antioxidant compounds
Many of the antioxidants other than vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids, occur as dietary constituents. Some studies are published works about strong antioxidant compounds found in fruits. For example, antioxidants with important activity have been found in berries, cherries , citrus and in kiwi fruit, prunes and olives. High activity antioxidants were found in olive oil and also in fruit juices. Recently a comprehensive review summarised the role of phenolic compounds in the oxidative process of fruits.The effects of processing and storage were evaluated on the changes and content of polyphenols in strawberry, plum, olive oil, grape juice, onions, beans and peas.
Several studies have analysed the antioxidant potential of a wide variety of vegetables, and particularly, of cacao beans, potato, tomato , spinach , legumes such as Phaseolus vul-
garis, or vegetables such as paprika . Both natural extracts and commercial products from garlic and ginger, from rosemary, from dietary supplements, from smoke avourings containing lignin or from drinks were evaluated for antioxidant activity.
Also antioxidants from seashore plants and seaweeds were studied. Wines contain a variety of polyphenolic compounds, the most abundant being anthocyanins; antioxidant activity was also reported in whiskeys, sake, Jerez-Sherries and cavas.
Green and black teas have been extensively studied for antioxidant properties since they can contain up to 30% of the dry weight as phenolic compounds. Among studies of the antioxidant activity and identification of polyphenols in green and in fermented teas are those of correlated the antioxidant activity with total phenolics content of the tea and found higher activity for green tea than for long or black tea.
Among the major components;
(¡) epigallocatechin 3 - gallate,
(¡i ) epigallocatechin,
(¡ii) epicatechin 3-gallate,
(¡v) epicatechin, (+) gallocatechin and (+) catechin were also identified.
Some of the active principles of some medicinal products are polyphenolic compounds. Thus, favones that possess antimutagenic activity, favanones and xanthones, that exhibit antiviral, antimicrobial and antiinflamatory activities, and isoflavones and coumestans that present important physiological effects in humans, have antioxidant action. A number of studies deal with the antioxidant activity of extracts from herbs, medicinal plants and spices. The antioxidant activity of sage components has been widely studied. Also ginger, Ganoderma species , dittany, green pepper , Chrysanthemum ,Honeybush or drugs are antioxidants. Selection of clonal lines with high polyphenols content was studied for lavender.A number of studies focused on the composition of rosemary due to its potent antioxidant action applied either to the retarded oxidation in oil or to the reduction of the loss of colour of carotenoids. The elucidation of the antioxidant mechanisms of its components has also been addressed.
Other potential vegetable sources, such as trees, have been evaluated for antioxidant compounds. among the different parts of the plants, leaves deserve especial attention, e.g. those from green barley, Pelargonium sp., Thalictrum favum, Nerium oleander several willow species , mulberry or avocado. Roots, buckwheat groats ,cork from Quercus suber , bark from Fraxinus ornus and sprouts from mung beans were also reported to contain antioxidants.
Seeds are another source of antioxidants as reported for tamarind, canola
,sesame evening primrose flaxseeds , lupinus seed, buckwheat, sunflower
Agricultural and industrial residues are attractive sources of natural antioxidants. Potato peel waste, rapeof olive, olive mill waste waters, grape seeds and grape pomace peels have been studied as cheap sources of antioxidants and recently increased antioxidant activity in rat plasma after oral administration of grape seed extracts was reported.Identification of polyphenolic compounds from apple pomace, grape pomace, citrus seeds and peels, carrot pulp waste, old tea leaves, cocoa by-products, non-volatile residue from orange essential oil, and soybean molasses has also been reported. Spent ground coffee oil from the residue from the production of instant coffee was used to obtain an antioxidant product useful for food preservation and for aroma stabilisation, the antioxidant activity being due to the 5 hydroxytryptamide carboxylic acids (10± 75% dry wt. of the product)
Scarce literature exists on studies with by-products other than those of plant origin, e.g. shrimp shell waste. Other compounds such as the dipeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl l-histidine) showed antioxidant potential. Protein, protein hydrolysates, soluble elastin peptides, water-soluble proteins and pressure treated b- lactoglobulin were also reported as antioxidant agents. Essential oils, conjugated linoleic acids and phospholipids present antioxidant activity. Palm oil β-carotene and capsaicin, responsible for the pungent effect of hot chilli peppers are antioxidants, although this latter study evaluates the purified compound. Maillard reaction products were also reported as antioxidant agents.
The derivation of natural products with antioxidant activity from brewing seeds, grains and/or germs has been claimed. Also some microorganisms can produce antioxidants. Few studies deal with the antioxidant activity of the bound phenolic compounds, linked to lignin or arabinoxylans, even though their antioxidant activity in barley and malt is reported to be two-fold higher than that of free phenolic compounds. However, other authors have found that the antioxidant activity of citrus peels and seed extracts is not directly related to the free or bound phenolic compounds.
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3. Crude extracts from materials of residual origin
3.1. Composition of the crude extracts:
TABLE 6. Summarizes the main polyphenolic compounds detected in extracts from residual sources. When available, the total extractable polyphenol (T.E.P.) content is also indicated. Due to the wide nature of the agricultural and industrial wastes, a wide variety in the
phenolic components exists. That is reviewed the main phenolic compounds of some studied
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3.2. Factors affecting antioxidant activity (of extracts from materials of residual origin)
The quality of natural extracts and their antioxidative performances depends not only on the quality of the original plant, the geographic origin, climatic condition, harvesting date and storage, but also environmental and technological factors affect the activities of antioxidants from residual sources.
3.2.1. Relation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity
Different results were reported on this aspect; whereas some authors found correlation between the polyphenols content and the antioxidant activity, others found no such relationship. Some of them found a parallel increase between phenol content and antioxidant activity during germination of Pangium edule and some of them observed an increase in the antioxidant activity of lupinseed flour with the different compounds responsible for this activity such as phenolic compounds, peptides/ amino acids and phospholipids. No correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic content was found in malts, since other compounds are responsible for the antioxidant activity, nor was this relationship between antioxidant activity and phenolic composition found in citrus residues, fruit berry, fruit wines or in plant extracts.
3.2.2. Variety, plant and maturation stage
Total polyphenol content and antoxidant activity was found to be different for different parts (leaf, phloem, bark, cork, needle) of trees (pine, birch, spruce, aspen). The superoxide radical-scavenging activities of flavonoids extracted from different parts (leaves, tender leaves, branches and bark) of mulberry trees were also different . The extraction yield and the anti- oxidant activity differs among fractions of the milled durum wheat bran (bran, head shorts, tail shorts, low-quality flour and low-grade flour), but slight and non-significant differences were observed for diferent varieties. It is found that a slight reduction in the amounts of the total polyphenol (as gallic acid equivalents) content from young and mature leaves of different varieties of Avocado, but no differences in the mesocarp content.
It is reported that phenol mobilization during seed germination and increased content and antioxidant activity during the production of precursors for the synthesis of lignin. Also it is studied that the effect of the maturity of peanuts on both the polyphenols content of the hulls and the antioxidant activity of their methanolic extracts. Luteolin and total phenols increased with maturity, but a maximum antioxidant activity (92.9±94.8% inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation) was detected at a total polyphenol content of 1.67 mg/g hulls, the luteolin content being more dependent on the maturity than on the variety. It is found that the total phenol content differed significantly among peanut cultivars, although the specific antilipoperoxidant activity was similar. In paprika, harvesting at different ripening stages affected the content of ascorbic acid and tocopherols . Other factors, such as insect infestation, were reported to increase polyphenol content in maize, wheat and sorghum and, in the latter two, phytic acid content also.
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3.3. Processing conditions
3.3.1. Effect of the extracting solvent
Solvent extraction is more frequently used for isolation of antioxidants and both extraction yield and antioxidant activity of extracts are strongly dependent on the solvent, due to the different antioxidant potential of compounds with different polarity. Apolar solvents are among the most employed solvents for removing polyphenols from water. Ethyl acetate and diethyl ether have been used for extraction of low molecular weight phenols from oak wood and the polyphenols extracted with ethyl acetate from natural materials were reported to have strong antioxidant activity. Ethanol and water are the most widely employed solvents for hygienic and abundance reasons, respectively. Since the activity depends on the polyphenol compounds and the antioxidant assay, comparative studies for selecting the optimal solvent providing maximum antioxidant activity are required for each substrate. Less polar solvents such as ethyl acetate, provided slightly more active extracts than mixtures with ethanol or methanol, or methanol alone for tamarind seed coats although ethanol and methanol extracts also presented high lipid peroxidation-inhibiting activity, comparable to a-tocopherol. Selective extraction of more apolar compounds was reported to enhance the antioxidant activity of lentil husk extracts.Lower IC50 values for the DPPH radical (amount of antioxidant required for causing a 50% reduction in the absorbance of DPPH) were observed for butanol extracts, followed by those in ethyl acetate. Those obtained with methanol-water were less efficient.
That is found; a different behaviour in the extraction of different compounds and total extractable polyphenols (TEP). Maximum total phenolics extraction yields were attained with methanol, whereas 50% acetone extracted more selectively leucoanthocyanins and no significant effects were observed in the extraction of glycosides. Also, for extracts from burdock roots, water (regardless of the temperature used) yielded the greatests amount of extract and exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity . it is reported that maximum antioxidant activity from cocoa by-products (cocoa powder, cocoa nib, cocoashell) in the methanol, followed by mixtures of chloroform, ether and dichloroethane or chloroform, methanol and dichloroethane. The polyphenol extraction yield was higher for the more polar solvents for extracts from Gevuina avellana hulls. It is reported that the antioxidant activity of buck-wheat extracts varied with the polarity of the solvent, those extracted with methanol being the most active. The effect of the extraction pH has also been reported. It is reported that maximum solubility of polyphenols from olive rape at pH4 in the organic phase. Also it is reported that increased antioxidant activity of aqueous fractions from wheat bran after treatment at acidic conditions, probably due to altered phenol composition. The pH has also been considered for the aqueous extraction of antioxidants from oat fibre, the highest yield being attained at pH6 and the highest antioxidant activity at pH10. At alkaline pH, the fractions with high protein and fatty acid contents are solubilized; and due to contradictory data on the higher antioxidant activity of carbohydrate or proteins, the antioxidant activity was probably carried by the protein-rich fraction. The physical state of the fibre rather than the total concentration of some specific fibre compound were suggested as responsible for the higher antioxidant activity. That is reported selective extraction of flavan-3ol monomers, catechin and flavonols from grape marc, preferentially in the organic phase, whereas procyanidins were extracted in the aqueous phase. Reduction in particle size flavours solvent extraction of polyphenols and both mechanical crushing and enzyme demolition were reported on grape marc. Enzyme-aided extraction of antioxidants from grape pomace has been reported. The yield of extracted phenols was correlated with the plant cell wall breakdown caused by pectinases and cellulases, although these latter did not cause the degradation of grape pomace polysaccharides. Particle size reduction significantly increased the antioxidant activity as a result of both increased extractability and enhanced enzymatic degradation of polysaccharides.
Increased polyphenol recovery from rosemary and sage, during enzyme-assisted ensiling with cellulases, hemicelulases and pectinases, was reported.
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184.108.40.206. Temperature:
The temperature, during drying and extraction, affects the compound stability due to chemical and enzymatic degradation, losses by volatilization or thermal decomposition these latter have been suggested to be the main mechanism causing the reduction in polyphenol content. Also, for synthetic antioxidants, evaporation and decomposition were the main mechanisms for the loss of activity. In addition to thermal decomposition, phenols can react with other plant components, impeding their extraction. Decomposition to more active compounds has also been described; it is observed that mild pyrolysis of some polyphenolic acids increased the antioxidant activity over that of the original compounds, especially in the case of cafeic acid. Degradation, caused by other agents, has been observed; demonstrated ring-opening during alkaline oxidative conditions, as in non-enzymatic reactions involving polyphenolic compounds in food systems, and identified the resulting products as compounds analogous to natural lignans and neolignans. Prolonged exposure at moderate temperatures can also cause phenolic degradation during their enzyme-assisted extraction from grape pomace for 48 h hydrolysis (40_C and pH 5), whereas at 1±8 h, no degradation was observed. Also is observed 20% reduction in antioxidant activity during kilning at 900C for bound and free polyphenols. The temperature during extraction can affect the extractable compounds differently: boiling and resting increases the total phenol content in Quercus suber cork; however, proanthocyanidin content decreased. Milder extraction temperatures are desirable in those cases where some compound can be degraded, e.g. carnosic acid, and, for these reasons, supercritical fluid extraction was reported to provide extracts with higher antioxidant activity. The effect of temperature has been studied in spray-drying of carrot pulp waste, but the drying method also affects the retention and preservation of β-carotene, drum drying being the best preservation method due to the particle size and surface carotenoid content. It is found that a significant reduction in extractable polyphenols and condensed tannins when red grape pomace peels were dried with air at 1000C or higher. The antioxidant activity of samples dried with air at 1000C was reduced by 28% and, at 1400C by half, with respect to drying at 600C, that did not significantly affect either the extractable polyphenols or condensed tannins, with respect to freeze-drying. Drying at 1000C caused a reduction of 18.6% and at 1400C of 32.6% in the TEP s , which in this material are a complex group of different substances (phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and flavanonols). Anthocyanins were also probably degraded since the visible spectrum showed both a reduction in the peak at 400±500 nm and reduction in red colour. The reduction in antioxidant activity was higher than that expected from the reduction in polyphenols content, probably due to the synergistic effect of natural phenols. The amount of flavonoids in fresh Mulberry leaves was higher for air-dried than for oven-dried, probably due to decomposition after storage or to lowered extractability due to modification of the matrix. Both thermal decomposition and losses by volatilizing have been suggested as the main causes for lowered yields. Also, is reported that a maximum yield of total willow leaf polyphenols when the drying temperature was below 500C; increasing the temperature above 600C significantly lowered the phenols, the leucoanthocyanins content being the most affected by temperature.
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3.4. Factors affecting stability of extracts from materials of residual origin
Temperature and light are the major factors influencing antioxidant activity during storage. These factors affect different compounds to different extents. The reduction in the free radical scavenging activity, caused by exposure at high temperature, was more marked for red grape pomace peel (28.5) than white grape pomace peel (22.9) and these latter more than BHA (15.3), but all of them were lower than for α-tocopherol. The stability of different extracts from the same material was dependent on the extracting solvent used for the solubilization and removal of the polyphenolic compounds; methanol extracts from cocoa by- products were stable up to 500C and in a wide range of pH (3±11), whereas other extracts (chloroform, methanol, dichloroethane) were less stable.
It is found that neither autoclaving nor storage at 250C caused changes in potato peel polyphenol concentrations, whereas those exposed to light suffered complete degradation of chlorogenic acid after 7 days, and an increase in caffeic acid slightly higher than the 60% of the disappeared chlorogenic acid, the remaining portion probably being degraded into another compound or compounds. The caffeic acid disappeared completely in 20 days. No stability loss was noticed in freeze-dried samples during storage, but degradation of caffeic acid and increase of gallic acid during freeze-drying were observed as a result of the freeze-drying process. This extract was found to be stable for 3 years when stored, tightly capped, in plastic vials at room temperature (230C), since non-significant changes in both total phenols and antioxidant activity were found when measured as inhibition of sunflower oil oxidation.
It is found that, in the darkness at 40C after 6 months, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts from G. avellana hulls were stable, but those extracted with acetone showed a 97% reduction in the β-carotene bleaching activity and 43% in DPPH radical-scavenging activity with respect to the freshly prepared ones. It is reported that increased stability of the antioxidant activity from cocoa by-products with increasing pH from 3 to 11.
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3.5. Effect of extract concentration
The antioxidant activity depends on the extract concentration. As a general trend, increased antioxidant activity was found with increasing extract concentration, but the concentration leading to maximum antioxidant activity is closely dependent on the extracts and, for the same extract, is dependent on the antioxidant activity test. Dose-response curves are different for different antioxidants. It is compared that grape seed extract with natural antioxidants, such as tocopherol and ascorbic acid and observed different effectiveness, depending on the assay. The superoxide anion-scavenging activity was found to be dependent on the flavanol concentration. It is observed that absence of linearity in the dependence of stabilization factor on esculetin concentration, probably due to the participation of the antioxidant in reactions other than in chain termination. As a general trend, the antioxidant activity increases with the antioxidant concentration, but only up to a certain level, which depends on both the antioxidant and the test. In liposomes, the optimal concentration of grape seed and rose hip extracts was 0.1 mM, whereas for BHT it was 0.02mM and for catechin a steady state was observed in the range 0.05±0.2 mM. For most tests and natural extracts, maximum antioxidant activity was achieved using a 0.05% concentration. Acetone extracts from G. avellana hulls when used at concentrations under 1000 mg/l, showed prooxidant activity, but increased antioxidant activity was observed with increased concentration.
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3.6. Combined action (synergistic, additive or antagonist)
Synergistic actions between synthetic only, natural and synthetic, and natural antioxidants have been observed . This effect is defined as the combined action which results in increased antioxidant potential more than that expected from a mere additive effect. It is observed that α- tocopherol and ascorbic acid acted highly synergistically with each other in a fish oil/lecithin/water system, requiring a minimum of 0.01±0.02% ascorbic acid.
It is observed that this effect between p-coumaric and ferulic acids with ratios between 0.14± 0.22 for the expected/observed antioxidant activity measured as percentage increase (respect to a control) inthe half-life during accelerated oxidation of methyl linoleate. Protective effects against caffeic acid autoxidation in the presence of ascorbic acid were also observed. Synergistic effects of phenols from grape seeds and pomace polyphenols have been reported. Mixtures of tocopherol andcarotene, as well as mixtures with other substances (ascorbic acid, lecithin), which have been reported to enhance the antioxidant activity found interactive effects between flavonoids and phenolic acids. However, the simultaneous presence of some compounds may present lower antioxidant activity than expected; in this way antagonist effects were observed between ellagic acid and catechin. The authors suggested the possible existence of hydrogen-bonding between carbonyls in ellagic acid and o-dihydroxyl groups in catechin. Synergistic antioxidant effects between the compounds found in natural extracts are probably responsible for the higher antioxidant activities observed for the crude extracts than that measured in simulated extracts. Synergistic antioxidant effects were observed for mixtures of crude extracts of burdock and tocopherol and of grape seed extracts and ascorbic acid.
Other substances could also act synergistically with the phenols; therefore, these compounds could not be the only ones responsible for the antioxidant activity. These authors reported a PV value of 37 meq/kg for soy oil after 9 h active oxygen method (AOM) treated with durum wheat bran extract, but a significantly higher value of 46.0 meq/kg for the simulated extract with the authentic standards in the proportions found in the extracts. The PV for the oil, subjected to oxidation in the presence of added pure polyphenols, ranged from 84 meq/kg when p-coumaric acid was added to 39 meq/kg when protocatechuic acid was used. Other plausible reasons could be the synergistic effects of the different phenolic compounds. İt is reported that higher antioxidant activity for freeze-dried potato peel extract during sunflower oil oxidation than for the synthetic mixture of individual compounds. Similarly, is reported significantly higher peroxyl-radical scavenging activity of some of the purified fractions of buckwheat hull extracts over the crude extracts. Synergy among the different classes of polyphenols was observed and reported as hypothetically existing in red wine.
However, an antagonist effect of the methanolic extract with peanut hulls and tocopherol and with BHA, both at 48 and 120 ratios was reported. Since there is no single antioxidant that can scavenge all kinds of radicals or that performs optimally for all lipid products, mixtures of antioxidants resulting in a synergistic e€ffect are preferred for preventing free radical-induced diseases. Combined use of antioxidants will probably be desirable, as observed for model compounds. The use of synergistic mixtures of antioxidants allows a reduction in the concentration of each and also increases the antioxidant effectiveness with respect to the activity of the separate components although, even in widely used and commercialized extracts, such as rosemary, the antioxidative behaviour and synergistic actions of most of the compounds remain unknown. The author observed a two or three times higher oxidative stability index for peanut oil when mixtures of antioxidants were used. The beneficial effects of using mixtures of antioxidants were summarized as:
(1) advantages of their di€erent e€ectiveness;
(2) minimalisation of solubility or colour problems presented by individual compounds;
(3) better control and accuracy of application;
(4) complete distribution or solution of antioxidants and chelating agents.
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4. Potential antioxidant activity from residual wastes
Table 7. summarizes the antioxidant activity of extracts from residual sources and, when reported, the antioxidant activity of natural or synthetic antioxidants is given for comparative purposes. The concentrations tested, for both the natural extracts and for the standard
compounds used for comparative purposes, are also indicated. As a general rule the extracts from vegetable materials of residual origin showed antioxidant activity, in some cases comparable to that of synthetic antioxidants, and their extraction and use could be an alternative for obtaining natural antioxidants. Even when the natural extracts are less effcient, the use of some of them as food antioxidants can be advantageous. Maximum levels established for synthetic food additives need not be applicable to naturally occurring compounds, e.g. those from grape marc.
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Disease Vector Identification Service
- A service to the Department of Defense providing identification of arthropod vectors of human and animal diseases for research, disease surveillance and medical/veterinary diagnostics.
Arthropod groups evaluated:
- Specimens submitted for identification:
- Should be properly preserved and mounted (see guidelines).
- Should be part of an established research, surveillance or medical/veterinary diagnostics program.
- Should represent material needed as research, surveillance or diagnostics vouchers (species identification verification) and/or problematic specimens not yielding to routine identification with commonly available keys.
- Should be accompanied by DD Form 1222. Because of limited resources, identifications of large numbers of specimens are not possible except by prior arrangement. The level of identification will be dependent on the expertise available at WRBU and on willing participants in the museum and academic communities. Collaborations with other institutions and individuals also available by prior arrangement.
Internet Image Service Instructions:
- We will try to identify your mosquito specimens using images/pictures you send us through email. For each mosquito specimen, send us the images/pictures under different views/aspects (See below). Select the best specimens you have (less damaged parts, intact scales, etc.). When diagnostic characters in your images are not visible to positively ID your specimens, we will ask you take some more shots of your specimens. If they are impossible to ID using images, we will ask you to send us the specimens for further analysis.
- This service of using images to ID specimens is offered only to those Preventive Medicine units and other military units that need immediate ID results, particularly those deployed.
- You must have a stereomicroscope with at least 70X magnification and a digital camera (attached to your scope) to take images/pictures of your specimens. Save the images in JPEG file format and email to us.
- Contact us (email@example.com; Tel. 301-238-1075; Fax 301-238-3168) prior to sending the images. Provide the following specimen collection data: place and date of collection, habitat, and collector.
For individual mosquito specimen, provide us with the following images/pictures:
- A. Head
- Whole head - frontal/dorsal (upper) view
- Vertex of head - dorsal view
- Clypeus - frontal view
- Palpus - lateral (side) view of the whole palpus
- B. Thorax
- Scutum - dorsal view
- Scutum - lateral view
- Scutellar lobes - dorsal view
- C. Wing
- Whole wing dorsal view
- Base of wing - close-up dorsal view
- D. Legs
- Hind leg - lateral view of whole hind leg
- Hindtarsus - lateral view
- Middle leg - lateral view of the whole mid leg
- Midtarsus - lateral view
- Front leg - lateral view of the whole foreleg
- Foretarsus - lateral view
- E. Abdomen
- Whole abdomen dorsal view
- Whole abdomen ventral (lower) view
- Dr. Pollie Rueda, Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20746-2863 USA; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Phone: 301-238-1075; FAX: 301-238-3168.


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Home / People / Faculty / -- Faculty by Clusters of Interest / Gender Studies & Sexuality /
The Sense of Sight in Rabbinic Culture: Jewish Ways of Seeing in Late Antiquity
Author(s): Rachel Neis
This book studies the significance of sight in rabbinic cultures across Palestine and Mesopotamia (approximately first to seventh centuries). It tracks the extent and effect to which the rabbis living in the Greco-Roman and Persian worlds sought to appropriate, recast and discipline contemporaneous understandings of sight. Sight had a crucial role to play in the realms of divinity, sexuality and gender, idolatry and, ultimately, rabbinic subjectivity. The rabbis lived in a world in which the eyes were at once potent and vulnerable: eyes were thought to touch objects of vision, while also acting as an entryway into the viewer. Rabbis, Romans, Zoroastrians, Christians and others were all concerned with the protection and exploitation of vision. Employing many different sources, Professor Neis considers how the rabbis engaged varieties of late antique visualities, along with rabbinic narrative, exegetical and legal strategies, as part of an effort to cultivate and mark a 'rabbinic eye'.
Publication Information:
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year of Publication: 2013
Additional Information:
Institute Theme Year: 2009-2010
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- Africa Diaspora, Atlantic Studies
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While Fools should generally take the opinion of Wall Street with a grain of salt, it's not a bad idea to take a closer look at particularly stock-shaking upgrades and downgrades -- just in case their reasoning behind the call makes sense.
What: Shares of PepsiCo (NYSE:PEP) gained slightly this morning after Jefferies initiated coverage on the soft drink and snack gorilla with a buy rating.
So what: Along with the bullish call, analyst Kevin Grundy planted a price target of $102 on the stock, representing about 15% worth of upside to yesterday's close. So while contrarian traders might be turned off by PepsiCo's steady price strength in recent months, Grundy's call could reflect a sense on Wall Street that its growth prospects still aren't fully baked into the valuation.
Now what: According to Jefferies, PepsiCo's short- and long-term risk/reward trade-off is rather attractive at this point. "PepsiCo's global snacks franchise is the gem in the portfolio, and will continue to drive a disproportionate share of growth and value for investors," said Grundy. "Nascent signs of improvement in PEP's NA beverage business (NAB) are encouraging and should improve sentiment for what has long been an underperforming asset. Activist involvement -- if nothing else -- should elevate management's game and drive better execution." When you couple that upbeat outlook with PepsiCo's still-juicy dividend yield of 3%, it's tough to disagree with Jefferies' bullishness.
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BlackBerry Torch 9800 shows up in AT&T stores
The recently announced BlackBerry Torch 9800 is RIM's most recent entry into the high end touchscreen smartphone market and is due for launch on August 12th.
AT&T is clearly hard at work preparing for the big day, since a BlackBerry Torch box has already showed up in one of their stores' stockrooms. And it's quite dull, but obviously what matters most is what's inside.
It will be interesting to see how well this device, that aside from a touchscreen also features a vertically-sliding QWERTY keyboard, will do in the consumer smartphone perception war, currently dominated by the iPhone and gigantically-screened Android-powered beasts. Especially since it will be available on the iPhone-loving AT&T.
It may be a success, or it may find itself relegated exclusively to the corporate/enterprise sales space. Time will tell.
Via Engadget


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Permanent URL to this publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.5167/uzh-18510
Franceschi, S; Polesel, J; Rickenbach, M; Dal Maso, L; Probst-Hensch, N M; Fux, C; Cavassini, M; Hasse, B; Kofler, A; Ledergerber, B; Erb, P; Clifford, G M (2006). Hepatitis C virus and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Findings from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. British Journal of Cancer, 95(11):1598-1602.
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Infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and, possibly, hepatitis B virus (HBV) are associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the general population, but little information is available on the relationship between hepatitis viruses and NHL among people with HIV (PHIV). We conducted a matched case-control study nested in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). Two hundred and ninety-eight NHL cases and 889 control subjects were matched by SHCS centre, gender, age group, CD4+ count at enrollment, and length of follow-up. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using logistic regression to evaluate the association between NHL and seropositivity for antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Anti-HCV was not associated with increased NHL risk overall (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.63-1.75), or in different strata of CD4+ count, age or gender. Only among men having sex with men was an association with anti-HCV found (OR = 2.37; 95% CI: 1.03-5.43). No relationships between NHL risk and anti-HBc or HBsAg emerged. Coinfection with HIV and HCV or HBV did not increase NHL risk compared to HIV alone in the SHCS.
16 citations in Web of Science®
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Additional indexing
|Item Type:
|Journal Article, refereed, original work
|Communities & Collections:
|04 Faculty of Medicine > Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI)
|Dewey Decimal Classification:
|610 Medicine & health
|14 November 2006
|Deposited On:
|13 May 2009 13:24
|Last Modified:
|05 Apr 2016 13:13
|Nature Publishing Group
|Publisher DOI:
|Official URL:
|PubMed ID:
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Toucans wearing GPS backpacks help Smithsonian scientists study seed dispersal
Nutmeg-loving toucans wearing GPS transmitters recently helped a team of scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama address an age-old problem in plant ecology: accurately estimating seed dispersal. The tracking data revealed what scientists have long suspected: toucans are excellent seed dispersers, particularly in the morning. Also, for the first time, the data enabled researchers to create a map of the relative patterns and distances that toucans distribute the seeds of a nutmeg tree. The reproductive success of any fruiting plant depends upon how effectively its seeds are dispersed, yet tracking and mapping individual seeds carried off by the wind or ingested by animals is nearly impossible. Today, ecologists studying forest dynamics rely mostly on theoretical models to calculate the area of seed distribution for specific plants. New tracking technology is changing that.
In the first stage of their experiment, the scientists collected fresh seeds from a common Panamanian nutmeg tree (Virola nobilis) and fed them to captive toucans (Ramphastos sulfuratus) at the Rotterdam Zoo. Toucans gulp nutmeg seeds whole, the outer pulp is processed in the bird's crop, and the hard inner seed is then regurgitated. Five zoo toucans fed 100 nutmeg seeds took an average of 25.5 minutes to process and regurgitate the seeds.
Next, in Panama, the scientists netted six wild toucans (four R. sulfuratus and two R. swainsonii) that were feeding from a large nutmeg tree in the rainforest at Gamboa. They fitted the birds with lightweight backpacks containing GPS tracking devices (these devices recorded the birds' exact location every 15 minutes) and accelerometers which can measure a bird's daily activity level.
When matched with the seed-regurgitation time of the zoo toucans, the GPS data indicated the wild toucans were probably dropping nutmeg seeds a distance of 472 feet, on average, from the mother tree. Each seed had a 56 percent probability of being dropped at least 328 feet from its mother tree and an 18 percent chance of being dropped some 656 feet from the tree.
In addition, the accelerometer revealed that the toucans' peak activity and movement was in the morning followed by a lull at midday, a secondary activity peak in the afternoon, and complete inactivity at night. This is a normal pattern of tropical birds.
"Time of feeding had a strong influence on seed dispersal," the scientists write. "Seeds ingested in morning (breakfast) and afternoon (dinner) were more likely to achieve significant dispersal than seeds ingested mid-day (lunch)."
This observation explains why tropical nutmegs are "early morning specialists" with fruits that typically ripen at early and mid-morning so they are quickly removed by birds.
Ideally, the scientists observed, nutmeg trees could increase their seed dispersal distances by producing fruit with gut-processing times of around 60 minutes.
Source: Smithsonian
Other sources
- Toucans wearing GPS backpacks help Smithsonian scientists study seed dispersalfrom Science DailyThu, 28 Jul 2011, 14:40:16 EDT
- Toucans wearing GPS backpacks help Smithsonian scientists study seed dispersalfrom PhysorgThu, 28 Jul 2011, 12:02:36 EDT
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On this Saturday and Sunday - May 15 and 16, The Bayport Heritage Association is holding their annual yard sale from 9am - 3pm.
The yard sale will be in Bayport on the corner of Gillette Avenue and Academy Street on Stanley's property. It is a huge area, so there will be plenty of items for sale.
The Bayport Heritage Association was founded in 1983 and preserves the history of Bayport. They have a huge archive of photographs, books, clothing and other items from the past. The Association is also very active in the restoration and upkeep of The Meadow Croft in Sayville.
This yard sale is a fundraiser for the Bayport Heritage Association, so all money raised this weekend will go back into keeping the history of Bayport alive. Come early to buy the best treasures!


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Skydiving.com now has a network skydiving location serving Randolph Center and Orange County in Vermont. Call Skydiving.com at 1-800-617-7948 for details, free information and specials on skydiving in Randolph Center, VT today!
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Barrel Tasting Weekend in Livermore Valley is here already, March 29-30, Noon to 4:30 p.m. While the grapes are soaking up the spring rain, you can cozy up inside the tasting room to sample the wine from those vines.
Events like Barrel Tasting Weekend are great opportunities to taste wines that won't be released until later this year or even next year. The winemaker and tasting room staff will tell you all about these new vintages and you will have the change to peruse the merchandise from a variety of vendors and sample some great food along the way.
The Livermore Valley winegrowers have put together a great piece on "How to Have a Fantastic Barrel Tasting Weekend". Check it out online.
Over 30 Livermore Valley winemakers participating this year include:
- 3 Steves Winery
- Bent Creek Winery
- Big White House Winery and John Evan Cellars
- Caddis Winery
- Charles R Winery
- Concannon Winery
- Crooked Vine Winery
- Cuda Ridge Wines
- Dante Robere Vineyards
- Darcie Kent Vineyards
- Ehrenburg Cellars
- Fenestra Winery
- Las Positas Vineyards
- Les Chenes Estate Vineyard
- Longevity Wines
- McGrail Vineyards and Winery
- Mitchell Katz Winery
- Murrieta's Well
- Page Mill Winery
- Retzlaff Estate Winery
- Rodrigue Molyneaux Winery
- Stoney Ridge Winery
- Wente Vineyards Estate
- Wood Family Vineyards
Ticket Price: $45 day of event
Ticket Includes: a take home glass with the Livermore Valley Wine Country Logo, 2 days of barrel tasting at each participating winery on Saturday & Sunday, special activities and wine discounts, and a Barrel Tasting Weekend map which includes all wineries that are participating in the Barrel Tasting weekend.
This is a fundraiser for the Livermore Valley Winegrowers Association and appreciate your support is appreciated. The Livermore Valley Winegrowers Association encourages you to have a designated driver.
For more information:


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Permanent URL to this publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.5167/uzh-62057
Fuchs, N E; Hoefler, S; Kaljurand, K; Kuhn, T; Schneider, G; Schwertel, U (2006). Extended discourse representation structures in attempto controlled English. ifi Technical Reports ifi2006.07, University of Zurich.
|Published Version
This technical report describes the extended discourse representation structures (DRS) derived from texts written in version 4 of Attempto Controlled English (ACE 4). The need to extend the standard DRS representation arose from the two requirements to adequately represent plural nouns introduced into ACE 4, and to perform logical deductions on ACE texts. The discourse representation structure itself uses a reified, or 'flat' notation, meaning that its atomic conditions are built from a small number of predefined predicates that take constants standing for words of the ACE text as their arguments. Furthermore, each logical atom gets an index relating it to the sentence of the ACE text from which it was derived.
11 downloads since deposited on 14 Aug 2012
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Additional indexing
|Item Type:
|Working Paper
|Communities & Collections:
|06 Faculty of Arts > Institute of Computational Linguistics
|Dewey Decimal Classification:
|000 Computer science, knowledge & systems
410 Linguistics
|Deposited On:
|14 Aug 2012 07:33
|Last Modified:
|05 Apr 2016 15:47
|Series Name:
|ifi Technical Reports
|Number of Pages:
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THE first major fleet order of new Vauxhall Combo vans has been supplied to Anglian Water.
The company, which is the largest water and waste waster service inEnglandandWalesby geographic area, will take delivery of 52 new Combos for its water and sewage operators and technical staff.
The new Combos specified by Anglian Water are the 1.3 CDTi L2H1 model with long wheelbase and standard height roof, providing a load area of 4.2 cubic metres and a one-tonne gross payload. The 1.3 litre diesel engine returns a combined fuel economy figure of 55.4 mpg and has emissions of 136 g/km.
Specialist vehicle converter Bott has fitted out the Combos to Anglian Water's own specification.
Nigel Allen, Anglian Water's fleet manager, said: 'The new Combo will be a great addition to our fleet. We run around 1,200 vans and continue to be very happy with the combination of whole life cost, reliability, purchase cost and aftersales service offered by Vauxhall.'


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New York City artist, Dannielle Tegeder will have a conversation about her new catalogue with Barry Schwabsky at BookCourt in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn on Friday, April 11th at 7pm.
"Dannielle Tegeder: Painting in the Extended Field," is a 150 page hardcover monograph of her work from the last decade and has been years in the making. It was created in tandem with her first solo museum exhibition last year at the Wellin Museum of Art at Hamilton College.
The publication offers a comprehensive survey of her oeuvre, while focusing on new and recent work in a variety of media. Essays by Tracy L. Adler, art critic and poet Barry Schwabsky, and Claire Gilman, Curator of The Drawing Center in New York City, as well as an interview with the artist by Xandra Eden, Curator of Exhibitions at the Weatherspoon Art Museum at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, offer new insights.
Tegeder's artwork is based on themes and cultural phenomena as by the history of abstraction. Raised in a family of steamfitters, she incorporates the language of architecture and industrial infrastructres into her compositions' variegated and dynamic abstract forms.
In her work, Tegeder creates worlds of systematic engines, each building on top of one another, drawing you in and out of her spaces. Flimsy dotted lines or chains connect from one end to the other, anchored by circles. Layers of shapes offer see-through veils cut by sharp angles and broken by a queue of tiny squares that spout out a cloud of dust.
Stop by BookCourt Friday and learn about Dannielle Tegeder's unique work.


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I installed apache under linux in the home directory. Now, if I try to start apache it says:
[Wed Feb 27 11:59:37 2013] [crit] (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to port 80
this is because I'm not root, so I just do
sudo ./apachectl start
but in this case the error is:
[Wed Feb 27 12:01:48 2013] [alert] (22)Invalid argument: initgroups: unable to set groups for User nobody and Group 4294967295
because of group error. How can I solve this?


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Dec 23, 2008 1:58 PM
"And the day came when the risk it took to remain tight inside the bud was more painful than the risk it took to blossom." Get seriously inspired with Stepping Stones ($13), a deck of 48 cards with inspirational wisdom—like the tidbit above from Anais Nin—on one side of each. On the other, you'll find small steps you can take to live the live you were meant to have. Add extra intrique by displaying your favorite card with this pretty Beaded Stand ($25).
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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In summer 2010, ultra distance runners Sarah Edson and Molly Fitzpatrick starred in the TV program Amazing Race: China Rush, where they competed with and befriended Maasai warriors Paul Lebeneyio and Francis Merinyi. From that friendship sparked an idea: to host the first-ever ultramarathon in Kenya, the land of distance running, with the intent of promoting girls' education. Thus was born the Amazing Maasai Ultra.
One year later, on June 23rd, 2011, 13 international distance runners from eight countries around the globe joined with more than 90 Kenyan runners to compete in the Amazing Maasai Ultra's inaugural half (21km), full (42km), and ultra (75km) marathons. Through race fee proceeds, sponsorships, and donations, the Amazing Maasai Girls Project raised more than US$25,000 to fund scholarships to send 20 local Maasai girls who lack the financial means to attend high school, thus averting a life of arranged marriage and limited economic opportunity.
Through race co-founders Sarah and Molly's personal vignettes and race photographer Paul Ark's dynamic marathon images and intimate portraits, the Amazing Maasai Ultra 2011 chronicles the race from inception to the finish line to the awards ceremony, and highlights the cause of girls' education in Kenya. The book is also a travelogue of Paul's safari though Lake Nakuru National Park and Maasai Mara National Reserve, showcasing all the splendor Kenya has to offer.
This book is being sold at cost plus a US$10.00 mark-up (including the ebook format). This mark-up is contributed directly to the Amazing Maasai Girls Project in your name and is fully tax deductable as a charitable contribution. In turn, all contributions are earmarked to fund scholarships for highly-qualified but financially-challenged girls to attend the St. Francis Girls' Secondary School, Kimanjo Mixed School and Il-Polei Mixed School in Kenya's Rift Valley.
The stunning success and critical praise of 2011's race has paved the way for The Amazing Maasai Ultra 2012's half, full and ultramarathons, scheduled for September 29, 2012. For more information: www.amazingmaasaiultra.org
(Note: due to imperfections in the digital conversion process, the ebook may contain minor text formatting glitches)
The Amazing Maasai Girls Project is a U.S.-based non-profit organization that promotes the education and empowerment of girls in the Maasai communities of Kenya's Upper Rift Valley through The Amazing Maasai Ultra, Kenya's first ultra-distance marathon.
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The Assured Alliance Amazing Maasai Ultra 2012 Published January 20, 2013


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Web Content:
The Power of Proofreading: Panel presentation for the American Copy Editors Society national conference 2010. Right-click to download.
Hem Sheela Model School: Revised Drury University's Hem Sheela Model School partnership. Worked with client and student developers to reorganize structure, edit and revise content, and add new photo galleries, PowerPoint sections and fundraising information in spring 2009.
Edward Jones Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation Self-Employment in the Arts 2009 conference: Updated and content edited conference website. 2009
Shannon Abroad: Created online web section promoting Drury University's study abroad experience. Interviewed subject and created all web content. 2007.
Board Moderation:
OzarksMomsLikeMe.com: Served as one of 10 board moderators for a Gannett Corporation parenting chat board. I helped make the mommies (and guardians and grandparents and aunts) play nice. 2007-2009.
Drury University Facebook group: Maintained and monitored the official Drury University Facebook group, and I worked in concert with the Alumni and Development department to keep the content and event listings fresh. We have more than 850 fans. 2008-2009
Drury University Twitter feed: Initiated and updated the Drury University Twitter feed, which grew from no follwers in summer 2008 to more than 350 by summer 2009.
Web Editing:
ConsumerSearch.com: I line- and content-edited several sections for ConsumerSearch.com to help the website prepare for its relaunch in winter 2009. This section on baby bottles is a sample of my work. 2008-2009
AltMd.com: I line- and content-edited several sections for AltMd.com in anticipation of its launch in fall 2008. Much of the aromatherapy section was done by me. 2008