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The following is from a press release by the FEI announcing the officials for the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games™ 2014 in Normandy, which takes place August 23 to September 7 and will include athletes from 60 nations:
Jumping: President of the Ground Jury Kim Morrison (CAN) is joined by Ground Jury Members David Distler (USA), René Billardon (FRA), Joao Moura (POR) and Bruno Laubscher (SUI), with Technical Delegate Jon Doney (GBR), Course Designer Frédéric Cottier (FRA) and Chief Steward Frances Triulzi (ITA) completing the line-up.
Dressage: President Isabelle Judet (FRA) and Members Elizabeth McMullen (CAN), Susan Hoevenaars (AUS), Stephen Clarke (GBR), Liselotte Fore (USA), Dietrich Plewa (GER), Francis Verbeek (NED) and Reserve Member Susanne Baarup (DEN) complete the Ground Jury. The Judges Supervisory Panel includes Dieter Schüle (GER), Ghislain Fouarge (NED) and David Hunt (GBR). Maribel Alonso (MEX) is Technical Delegate and Jacques van Daele (BEL) is Chief Steward.
Para-Equestrian Dressage: President of the Ground Jury Anne Prain (FRA) is supported by seven Ground Jury Members - Hanneke Gerritsen (NED), Freddy Leyman (BEL), Kjell Myhre (NOR), Marco Orsini (GER), Alison King (HKG), Eva Bachinger (AUT), Sarah Leitch (GBR) - with Reserve Member Carlos Lopes (POR). Chief Classifier Sharyn Gregory (AUS) is working with Classifier Chris Meaden (GBR), with Gabriella Walter (BRA) appointed as Reserve Classifier. Marc Urban (BEL) has been appointed as Technical Delegate supported by Assistant Technical Delegate Juliet Whatley (GBR), and Chris Porterfield (GBR) is Chief Steward.
Eventing: President of the Ground Jury Gillian Rolton (AUS) is joined by Ground Jury Members Alain James (FRA) and Ernst Topp (GER). Alec Lochore (GBR) has been appointed as Technical Delegate with Assistant Technical Delegate Ataide Pereira (BRA). Course Designer Pierre Michelet (FRA) and Chief Steward Jürgen Petershagen (GER) complete the officials for Eventing.
Driving: Ground Jury President Klaus Christ (GER), with Ground Jury Members Andrew Counsell (GBR), Anne-Marie Turbe (FRA), Joaquin Medina (ESP), Pia Skar (DEN) and Reserve Member Gerrit Kraai (NED), join Technical Delegate Richard Papens (BEL), Course Designer Richard Nicoll (USA) and Chief Steward Jan Devaere (BEL).
Endurance: Ground Jury President Denis Letartre (FRA) is joined by Ground Jury Members Mathilde Beaur (FRA), Elizabeth Huyghe (CHI), Ruth Carlson (CAN), Haider Zubi (JOR), John Robertson (GBR) and Ahmed Ali Al Hammadi (UAE), with Technical Delegate Elisabeth van Schelle (BRA), Course Designer Jean Louis-Leclerc (FRA) and Chief Steward Derek Liebenberg (RSA).
Reining: The five-strong Ground Jury includes President Pierre Ouellet (ITA) and Members Ricky le May (SWE), Sylvia Katschker (AUT), Rick Weaver (USA) and Maik Bartmann (GER). They are joined by Technical Delegate Raymond Grether (NED), Equipment Judge Jeff Delaet (BEL) and Chief Steward Nick Cornellisen (BEL).
Vaulting: The eight-strong Ground Jury comprises President Véronique Girard (FRA) and Members Helma Schwarzmann (GER), Susan Detol (USA), Pavla Krauspe (SVK), Anita Flamand-Prochaska (AUT), Karolina Wickholm (FIN), Elzbieta Dolinska (POL) and Anna Kull (SUI). They are joined by Technical Delegate Erich Breiter (AUT) and Chief Steward Sintje Klink (GER).
Appeal Committee: The Appeal Committee includes President Ken Lalo (ISR) and eight Members as follows: Jumping - Patrick Boelens (BEL), Dressage - Bernard Maurel (FRA), Para-Equestrian Dressage - Ulf Wilken (SWE), Eventing - Wayne Quarles (USA), Driving - Mark Wentein (BEL), Endurance - Jean-Pierre Allegret (FRA), Reining - François Zürcher (SUI) and Vaulting - Jean-Michel Pinel (FRA).
Medical Officer: Dr Peter Whitehead (GBR), who was Venue Medical Manager at the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and is Chair of the FEI Medical Committee has been appointed Medical Officer for the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games™ 2014.
For more information visit: www.normandy2014.com.
The 2014 event is the seventh edition of the FEI World Equestrian Games™, which are held every four years in the middle of the Olympic cycle.
The Ground Jury for Dressage at the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games™ 2014 was decided following a blind draw at the FEI's headquarters in Lausanne (SUI) overseen by the FEI's legal team, and the Ground Juries for Jumping, Eventing, Para-Equestrian Dressage, Driving, Endurance, Reining and Vaulting were appointed by the respective sport Committees.


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Hot Deals: A Night at Ritz-Carlton Key Biscayne for $10
That's right. You can score a night in paradise-- the sultry shores of Key Biscayne just minutes south of happening Miami-- for just $10. The Ritz-Carlton Key Biscayne is feting 10 years as Miami's only Five Diamond resort by offering the Perfect 10 promotion. Read: some rooms, spa treatments, meals and drinks are available for just 10 bucks! To nab one of the 10 rooms available for $10 each, you must call 305-365-4582 to make a reservation on June 10 from 10 am- 2 pm. (The $10 rooms are available only on July 5-7, 10-13, 18, 25-26.) In addition to the resort's divine stretch of golden beach, the resort's Cliff Drysdale Tennis Center is one of the largest tennis facilities of any Ritz-Carlton worldwide. The spa is an oasis of luxury with 21 treatment rooms, a state-of-the-art fitness center, and salon. They even offer treatments for tweens and teens. There are other $10 specials to be had in July at The Ritz-Carlton Key Biscayne. Think $10 Kobe beef burgers and $10 Moët & Chandon Ice Imperials in the Dune Oceanfront Burger Lounge, a $10 three-course menu in the Cioppino Italian restaurant, a $10 Diamond Mojito in RUMBAR, and $10 Key Lime body treatments in the spa.
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subset: commoncrawl


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OCALA, Fla. -- Detectives say the suspect has raped three women since July. The latest occurred Wednesday when a woman was forced into a vehicle and raped.
In the first two cases, authorities say the man offered the women a ride. Once inside his vehicle, he drove the women to a secluded location and raped them.
The Ocala Star Banner reports that detectives believe the attacks are related. The victims all describe a similar attacker and there are similarities in the way the attacks were carried out.
Detectives say the suspect is in his 30s or 40s and drives an older model car. Victims have reported either a car seat or baby items in the car.


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Located in the Spring Preserve's Ori-gen museum, this new attraction is the perfect reason to re-visit or discover for the first time, the birthplace of Las Vegas. Venom is a temporary attraction that will on display until July 15, 2012 accompanied by a live animal show in the Big Springs Theater. The exhibit features interactive displays educating visitors about the historical relationship between venomous animals and humans. Several kiosks offer information about how people have used, eaten and interacted with this misunderstood group of animals. Kids will enjoy the snake bridge and oversized rattlesnake model that they can crawl through. Perfect for all ages, the exhibit and show is especially exciting for children. The live animal shows are held twice a day at 11 AM and 1 PM and feature some of the Mojave's most venomous animals including the Gila Monster, Mojave sidewinder and the Great Basin rattlesnake. The exhibit and show is free for members, and is included in the general admission for the museums.
After exploring the Ori-gen Galleries stretch your legs and make your way across the facility to the Sustainability Gallery. This is another museum gallery that that houses exhibits and interactive displays about sustainability. Kids of all ages will enjoy all the hands on exhibits, the Garbage Truck Theater and the Compost Crawl. Don't miss the Nature Exchange, which is on the way to the Sustainability Gallery from the Ori-gen Experience.
When you first arrive at the ticket booth, an insiders' tip is to look at the membership. Depending on your family's demographic, it may be cheaper to get a membership than a one day entry per person. For only $60 your immediate family can enjoy the Springs Preserve for a full year. Plus there are additional benefits and membership can be tax deductible.
By becoming a member of the Springs Preserve it means you feel it is important to contribute to the "green" cause by choosing activities that benefit the environment, and support companies whose missions are eco-aligned.
The pathways leading you to the different building attractions go through water efficient landscaping and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certified buildings. This means an extraordinary effort went into the construction of the facility. Construction waste was kept to a minimum, recycled products were used in the building material and several energy efficient systems were installed to maximize cooling in the summer and warming in the winter. Even the building's positions were strategically placed to take advantage of sun and shade seasonally. The structures covering the parking lot are the park's solar panels producing electricity from Las Vegas' ample supply of sunny days.
The Springs Preserve teaches locals and tourists alike, the real history of Las Vegas, the future of Las Vegas, and what it means to be sustainable in the Mojave Desert. This is accomplished through interactive museums, over three miles of trails and eight acres of botanical gardens.
With the new addition of revolving attractions inside the museums, the Springs Preserve has created new reasons to visit often especially this summer. In addition to the new exhibits and shows, you can now rent a bike and explore the trails. Vast and extensive, it is difficult to see all there is to see on the trail system, but now with a bike you can navigate the trails and see the historic ruins of many of Las Vegas' first attempts at making the Mojave livable for people.
Although historically people have lived in the area for thousands of years, it wasn't until water was managed that the area could be officially settled by ethno-Europeans. The Springs Preserve is the location of the first water management system for the newly arrived settlers. You can see the old pump house and many of the historical buildings associated with getting water from the underground aquifer to the local ranchers and homesteaders who were the founding families of Las Vegas.
If you would like to grab lunch while you are there, the Springs Café is upstairs. If you want to start or end your visit with lunch the cafe can be easily accessed at the entrance/exit of the facility. Check with the admissions booth when you arrive on the cafe hours, which are sometimes different than the rest of the facility. The cafe's menu is diverse but all entrees are made with the same philosophy of using organic, local and natural ingredients. The hamburgers, pizzas and kids menu items are worthy of recommendation. The portions are enough to share making it an economical treat. Step out on to the balcony to see the excellent view of Downtown Las Vegas, where "the city" all began. You can also get an appreciation of how beautiful this property is, right in the middle of urban Las Vegas. For more information visit http://www.springspreserve.org.


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Tibet, cynical Sinicism and the tragedy of self-immolations
Author: Robert D. Sloane, BU and Tibet Justice Center
In a recent article, Barry Sautman ascribes recent self-immolations in Tibet to a few disgruntled monks at a single monastery.
Their complaints, he says, reflect general social and economic issues rather than a genuine concern for the Tibetan people's political and religious rights. Sautman borrows liberally from China's tired propaganda book, which characterises all dissent from China's occupation of Tibet and the massive human rights abuses against its people in the past half century as the work of terrorists or 'splitists'. In this view, all dissent is instigated by the Dalai Lama and his 'clique', including suitably unidentified foreigners, who aim to restore a feudal theocracy in Tibet — never mind that the Dalai Lama has expressly relinquished his political authority to the fully democratic Tibetan government-in-exile.
The immediate impetus for Sautman's editorial is that in the past three years 35 Tibetans have chosen to set themselves on fire to protest China's continuing occupation of Tibet, demand freedom and human rights for Tibetans, and call for the return of the Dalai Lama to Tibet. Of the 19 incidents since January 2012, nine have taken place since the beginning of March. Most happened in historic Tibet, but in late March, Jampel Yeshi, a young Tibetan who fled Tibet in 2006 and lived in exile in India, died after self-immolating amid 600 demonstrators protesting President Hu Jintao's visit to Delhi, bringing to four the known number of recent attempts at self-immolation by Tibetan exiles.
As for the nature of earlier self-immolation protests, it is true that a simple majority (about 60 per cent) of the incidents took place in and around the Kirti monastery, particularly in Aba (Tibetan: Ngaba), which is now part of the Chinese province of Sichuan. But it is false and misleading to suggest, as Sautman does, that the 'vast majority' took place there or, even more to the point, that this somehow shows that the acts do not reflect the sentiment of Tibetans throughout the 'Tibetan Plateau'. In fact, Tibetan self-immolations have taken place not only in Aba, but 600 miles west in Chamdo (in the 'Tibet Autonomous Region'), and in Tawu, Kardze, Themchen, Darlak, Machu and Rebkong (all eastern Tibetan areas now incorporated into Chinese provinces).
Doubtless many will find it hard to fathom what could lead people to douse themselves in gasoline and die agonising deaths to make a political or moral statement. But Sautman's cavalier dismissal of these acts as irrational 'suicide politics' is deeply misguided. Tibetans who self-immolate appreciate the consequences, and likely also the futility, of their actions in simple political terms. The real question we need to ask is why these Tibetans have resorted to self-immolation — and why they are doing it now, some 60 years after China invaded and illegally purported to annex Tibet.
About one-third of the Tibetans who have self-immolated were under the age of 30, belying China's frequent claim that these and other protests against China's occupation of Tibet are organised in support of the old 'feudal' regime of the Tibetan theocratic aristocracy, led by the tyrannical Dalai Lama. It is telling that none of the Tibetan self-immolators have pleaded for the restoration of a feudal theocracy in Tibet. At least two of the self-immolators left behind clear messages that describe their motivations, including their belief in the universal value of and human right to freedom. Jamphel Yeshi, for example, issued a written message of unity declaring that 'freedom is the basis of happiness for all living beings'.
The real reason for this recent spate of self-immolations is precisely that which Sautman denies. He claims that 'there is no repression of Tibetans simply for being Tibetan', and indeed that 'Tibetans receive a range of preferential policies'. Anyone who has actually travelled in Tibet (and managed to escape the Orwellian eye of China's police state) knows that this is an utter façade. In practice, China has long treated Tibet and Tibetans in a manner that, for all intents and purposes, cannot be distinguished from how a coloniser treats a colonised people — a tragic irony given China's own (legitimate) grievances about pre-World War II Western and Japanese colonialism.
True, as Sautman says, China does not oppose religion per se; its interest is only in religious views that threaten the elite's monopoly on political power. But China's treatment of the Tibetan people is a special case in this regard. Since China illegally annexed Tibet in 1949–50, the Chinese government has targeted Tibetan Buddhism because, more than any other cultural or historical factor, it — and its personification in the Dalai Lama — binds Tibetans together as a distinct people with a distinct national identity. This threatens China's efforts to integrate Tibet into the PRC, an objective that China continues to regard as vital to its national pride, historical identity, economy (Tibet has abundant natural resources and territory), political stability, and development.
In one of its more recent attempts to regulate Tibetan Buddhism, China passed a law requiring all tulkus (Tibetans thought to be the reincarnation of famous Buddhist lamas) to apply to the officially atheist Chinese state for a 'licence' to reincarnate. The absurdity of such a law might be comical were it not part of a systematic, long-term, and widespread campaign to absorb and Sinicise the nationally, racially, ethnically, linguistically, culturally and religiously distinct people of Tibet. Indeed, some Chinese regard Tibetans as primitive 'barbarians' and fail to understand why Tibetans are not grateful for their supposed 'liberation' and 'modernisation' by China.
In moral terms, it bears emphasising that unlike a suicide attack, self-immolation does not harm others. It respects civilians' right to life, without distinction. To be clear, this is neither to condone nor to condemn the practice. But self-immolation must be morally distinguished from suicide bombings and attacks on civilians of the occupying state. We would also do well to recall a more recent example of this form of protest: Mohamed Bouazizi literally and figuratively ignited the Arab Spring when he self-immolated in response to repeated harassment by corrupt Tunisian bureaucrats.
Given this precedent, is it any wonder that China has responded to Tibetan self-immolation with escalating brutality, including beatings, torture and 'patriotic re-education'? The Chinese government has also escalated its propaganda campaign, describing the peaceful protestors as 'terrorists', and not only accuses the Dalai Lama of instigating the self-immolations but describes his views as tantamount to 'Nazi racial policies'. China goes so far as to equate the Dalai Lama's mere compassion for those who have lost their lives in the self-immolations with 'the uncontrolled and cruel Nazi during the Second World War'.
In reality, the self-immolations manifest the Tibetan people's unwavering determination to resist China's neo-colonial treatment of Tibet for the past half century. At tremendous personal risk, as many as 3000 Tibetans flee their homeland every year as a direct result of China's oppressive policies. Nothing about 'Chinese oppression' deserves the scare quotes in which Sautman places that phrase. If China truly believes that most Tibetans do not feel oppressed by its occupation, why not allow a UN-supervised referendum on Tibet's status or the wishes of its people? Why not allow journalists, diplomats and scholars to visit Tibetan regions without a Chinese 'guide'? Tibetans have resorted to self-immolation to demand the fundamental human rights to political and religious freedom and self-determination, and in a desperate attempt to draw the world's attention to their sadly neglected plight. To trivialise this situation is a shameful blend of political cynicism and neo-colonial Sinicism.
Robert D. Sloane is Professor of Law at the Boston University School of Law, and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Tibet Justice Center.
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East Asia Forum welcomes comments, both for adding depth to analysis and for bringing up important new issues. Original comments adding insight and contributing to analysis are especially encouraged.
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China is a country with 56 ethnic groups. Han Chinese are the majority with the other 55 as minorities. Their total population is more than 104 million. There is no drama at all between the Han Chinese and the other 53 ethnic groups. Why? This is the question people should consider before questioning China's minority policy.
The problem with some radical elements in Tibet and Xinjiang is a direct result of foreign instigation and financial support.
It is unfortunate that many of the reports on the issue of Tibet by the mainstream media in the west have been distorted. For example,
1) This article demonstrated how images can be fabricated to demonize China: http://outcastjournalist.com/index_files/systemic_demonisation_of_china_by_western_media_3.htm
2) This article demonstrated how news can be timed to distort the truth: http://outcastjournalist.com/index_files/systemic_demonization_of_china_by_the_western_media_1.htm
3) This article demonstrated many report on the issue of Tibet are outright lie: http://outcastjournalist.com/index_files/dalai_lama_tibet_and_western_media.htm
For any country to enjoy peace and harmony among its population, people have to respect each other rights on their respective private property. The logic is the same between countries. Part of the purpose of having the United Nations is to regulate and recognise the legitimate territory of every individual country. Since, the United Nations and all its member countries have already recognised China's sovereignty over Tibet decades ago, there is no reason why Western powers and media should continue to create problems with China over the issue of Tibet with all kind of disinformation and covert operations. After all, the history of Tibet being part of China is far longer than the entire history of America, Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
The reality is, Tibet under Chinese rule has experienced population growth with their language and culture still in place, while in America, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, the native indigenous populations and languages have experience drastic decline or even extinction at certain point of their history.
Everybody knowsthat China has a one child policy, but not many notice that, the one child policy is operating this way: residents in the urban areas: one child; rural area: two; minority groups (55 groups): 3. If such policy was in place in Western countries, someone would cry foul of reverse racism. Simply by searching the net on the history of China population, one will notice that, in 1953, Han Chinese (majority) make up of 93.94 per cent of the total population while the minority groups was 6.06 per cent. By 2010, Han Chinese population reduced to 91.51 per cent of the total population while minority groups increased to 8.49 per cent.
Western countries should pay more attention to the treatment of their minority rights such as the issue of deaths in custody and the disproportionately high number of incarcerations of minorities. May the world work to improve their own human rights record and not to instigate and finance others to go against their own government.
Wei Ling Chua,
Your points are understood, however with respect they do not detract from the key points of this article. That is that there are serious human rights problems in Tibet which manifest in Tibetans expressing their disenfranchisement in increasingly tragic ways such as self-immolation.
It is quite a cynical response to trivialise these events as mere 'foreign' interference. There is no evidence that these individuals made the decision to resort to such drastic actions for any other than personal expressions about the political situation and indeed 'repression' that exists.
In an absurd comment in the original article, Barry Sautman suggested that the immolations are not a response to repression, but rather 'patriotic reeducation' campaigns.
Anyone who knows much about this kind reeducation could hardly consider it anything other than repressive.
Wei, it is absolutely legitimate to draw attention to serious issues such as these repressive acts by local party officials, as well as the well-documented cases of torture that take place against Tibetan political prisoners. It is of course, equally legitimate to raise issues of human rights issues in western countries as you have done.
Democratic societies allow us this freedom to discuss and analyse serious issues. This is a good thing.
When mental health studies show that more than 90 percent of suicides are a result of one or more psychiatric disorders one can only wonder at the mental state of someone who chooses suicide by self-immolation.
I think there is a difference between suicide and sacrifice. History has shown that when a country goes through a period of repression and marginalization, many citizens sacrifice their life for the common good of the nation. If indeed the Tibetans are suicidal due personal psychiatric problems, why not choose a easier way to die than self-immolate? The series of self-immolations are more likely to demonstrate to the world the grievances of Tibetan people given the non-violent path the majority of the Tibetan people have chosen.
"There is no drama at all between the Han Chinese and the other 53 ethnic groups."
Surely you must have heard of the Uigyurs and their protests.
Many thanks for this rather disturbing but fully cogent and sympathetic commentary. Professor Sloane raises some of the more troubling issues from the still incomplete and often painful processes of state-integration initiated by the CPC regime in 1949-50.
Sadly, for most Tibetans, although the United States and India assisted and sponsored an armed insurrection, providing training, ordnance, communications gear and sanctuary between 1956 and 1970 (when Nixon, determined to build strategic bridges to Beijing with a view to mounting a tacit joint-challenge to an increasingly confident and expansive Soviet Union, abruptly ended US involvement and effected a strategic volte face ), neither foreign patron saw sufficient value in an independent Tibet to take that campaign beyond an exercise in "bleeding China."
Having seen its efforts to consolidate control over the Plateau not just undermined, but seriously threatened, against the backdrop of Cold War hostility, Beijing has viewed Tibetan protestations as tantamount to a hostile cat's paw serving the interests of powerful adversaries, including one threatening China with nuclear weapons. It is in this context that Beijing has described the Dalai Lama and his government-in-exile as the "chief splittist."
Although Sino-US relations changed in 1971-1989 for the better, Beijing's view of Tibet and Tibetans as a challenge to state consolidation, aided by exiles and their overseas patrons, has not changed. As the USA and India once again build a strategic partnership largely targeting China, Beijing is unlikely to feel especially charitable towards Tibetans. The latter can hardly be blamed for their plight. Tragically, for them, as Professor Hugh White so recently pointed out, when elephants fight, or even make love, ants have few avenues of escape.
I offer an earlier work on the subject explaining the strategic context in which this tragic drama continues to play out:
Cold War in the High Himalayas: http://books.google.com/books?id=gLqCAXwCRpAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cold+War+in+the+High+Himalayas+S.+Mahmud+Ali&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=C2GYTuivE5DIswarhYndAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Kind regards,
If Kim Jong Eun of North Korea craves perpetual legitimacy he should promise his people that if they love him they will go to heaven after they die. If he can persuade his people to believe him, his southern cousins will never dare to overthrow him, because if they do, the international community will accuse them of 'undermining North Korea people's fundamental religious right'.
Joking aside, if Tibet was not ruled by China, Tibet today would mirror medieval Europe. Just visit the Potala Palace, its lavishness is beyond anyone's wildest imagination. On the other hand, believe it or not, China has made huge transfers of wealth and investment to the region in consequence of which Tibetans today are living a much freer economic life. Under the rule of the Lamas the poor Tibetan peasants couldn't even secure basic food or shelter and economic freedom is also a unalienable human right.
It is ridiculous to link every suicide attempt to justified motives. If Professor Sloane finds it hard to
'fathom what could lead people to douse themselves in gasoline and die agonizing deaths to make a political or moral statement,' I wonder whether he finds it hard to fathom what could lead people to plan such a sophisticated and costly attack as '9/11′ and fly their planes into the twin towers (mind you these perpetrators of 9/11 must have been well educated to hit the target!).
What is difficult to understand is how people hold such double standards. The American settlers invaded America and killed almost all Indians, but do you suggest that the Indians should take back their land now? Russia forcefully occupied a vast land in the Far East that used to belong to China, what is Russia's legitimacy over that land then? The argument that Sloane advances is simply like that of'human right terrorists'. It takes the high moral ground but cannot comprehend bringing to bear an alternative morality and the complicated tasks that applying that morality has at hand.
(1) Your first "serious" paragraph (i.e., "Joking aside, . . .) illustrates the point in a particularly helpful way. You say that Tibet would be like medieval Europe without China's magnanimous "rule." That's precisely the attitude of the colonizer toward the colonized. The tacit premise is that those backward, medieval Tibetans could never have gotten their national house in order if China had not occupied and illegally annexed Tibet. They needed the Chinese "Motherland" to come in and impose its more advanced civilization on Tibetans – by force if necessary (and somehow it always is with colonization). Millions of Tibetans have died as a consequence of China's colonial policies in Tibet, from its misguided "Great Leap Forward," in which hundreds of thousands of Tibetan peasants starved to death, in part because China ignorantly forced them to try to grow rice instead of their native barley, to the "Cultural Revolution," in which China's red army of thugs – in the name of modernity – killed, beat, and tortured hundreds of thousands of Tibetans and destroyed their monasteries and cultural artifacts on a scale that's difficult to overstate.
(2) No, there's no double standard. Please respond to what I wrote, not to your stereotypes. This is a standard line of China apologists for Tibet's illegal annexation: tu quoque, "you did it, too." Yes, that's true: the United States has indeed been guilty of colonialism, particularly in and after the Spanish-American War of 1898, and of worse conduct. The United States (and Europeans before that), to take the example you raise, carried out what is today recognized as the slow genocide of Native Americans over the course of several centuries. More broadly, Europeans spent some four centuries colonizing the whole world in the name of what they regarded as their more advanced civilization. Nowhere in my article did I defend these or similar actions. Nor would I. But today most people recognize that such conduct is morally abhorrent. Regardless, since the UN Charter, to which China is an original party, the use of military force to annex territory has been illegal under international law.
International human rights law vests all human beings, without distinction, with protections against arbitrary state action and abuse. That's the standard; there's nothing "double" about it.
(3) The wealth transfers have been to the colonizers, that is, to Han settlers who have been incentivized to resettle in Tibet by the PRC's policies. Tibetan nomads and peasants remain some of the poorest people on the planet.
(4) History: How far back shall we go? Is China "part of" Mongolia because the Mongol Empire ruled China for centuries (far longer, incidentally, than China ever ruled Tibet in the pre-1949 period of recorded history)? Of course not. The contemporary law of self-determination allows all "peoples" to decide their own political destiny. The Han (Chinese) people certainly have that right under contemporary international law. So do the Tibetan people. China should allow them to exercise it freely.
(5) Third paragraph: Please go back and read what I wrote. I didn't say that "I" find it difficult to fathom what could lead to these tragic self-immolations. I said that it's probable that others would, and I tried to explain why it's not satisfactory to ascribe 36 self-immolations to "suicide politics," as your remarks – again – aptly illustrate.
(6) There is a difference between understanding and justification. I wrote that I neither condemn nor condone the self-immolations; only that we need to understand them accurately. As for 9/11, the comparison is bizarre. But no, I don't think it's difficult to understand what the 9/11 terrorists believed; in that case, too, it would be a grave error to suppose that the attacks were "irrational." Like most human actions, there's a means-end rationality even to catastrophic terrorism of the sort represented by 9/11. But that's very different from saying that the attacks were justified, which, needless to say, I do not believe.
(7) I addressed the final paragraph earlier. In short, it imputes views to me that I do not hold and amounts to no more than "tu quoque," which is, neither morally nor legally, satisfactory. The last sentence, however, is unclear. To what "alternative morality" do you refer? What "complicated tasks" am I unable to comprehend? I would guess that this is a thinly veiled — and tellingly vague –justification for China's continuing colonial administration of Tibet. But I leave that for you to clarify if you wish or for others to decide for themselves – hopefully by reading what you wrote.
Thank you very much for your reply.
(1) To call China a colonizer in Tibet is deeply misrepresenting the situation. First a colonizer treats the colonized as second-class citizens. Quite the opposite, as We Ling rightly points out, Tibetan ethnics enjoy many preferential policies than the Hans. I challenge Professor Sloane to provide a single case in the history when/where a colonizer had given the 'colonized' superior treatment to its own citizens. Second, the 'Great Leap Forward' and 'Cultural Revolution' were not ethnic policies targeted at the Tibetans alone. People were humiliated, beaten or starved to death, and monasteries were destroyed, not just in Tibet, but all over China. These were disastrous national movements, not discriminatory ethnic policies.
(2) You hold a double standard when you use illegal and immoral inter-changeably to your convenience. You agree that the European colonialism is morally abhorrent, but you are willing to accept its legitimacy, just because it happened before the UN Charter. On the other hand you accuse China also for its immoral conducts, and you reject its legitimacy just because it happened after the UN Charter. For me this is purely arbitrary. What is immoral stays immoral, however what is illegitimate is subject to revision. If international law vests all human beings, without distinction, why do you establish a distinction in time before and after the UN Charter?
(3) It is a typical stereotype that the transfers have been to the Han Chinese. I have visited Tibet and I saw with my own eyes that the government has built houses for Tibetan peasants and nomads. I have not seen government provided housing for the Han Chinese. Moreover, the government has built roads, railways, and is building electricity transmission networks. These have brought immense opportunities for all the Tibetan people, regardless of their ethnic background.
(4) China is a cultural definition. Historically, many ethnic minorities (Xianbei , NvZhen, Mongol, Jin and etc.) have ruled the land that is called China. However no matter who ruled, there was strong desire to unify this vast land which is relatively isolated from the rest of the world, and there was also strong desire to embrace the diverse Chinese culture. However distinct the culture each of the minorities might have, they are nevertheless part of the Chinese culture. Unlike Europe, the definition of China is not based on blood; rather it is based on culture. Not an excludive culture, but an embracing culture.
(5) To clarify my final point: law is a means to promote justice, peace, prosperity and liberty. Law is not a means in itself. Neither is democracy a means to itself. Like in Tibet, dissent is not rare anywhere in China. The Chinese people are not born with the privilege of living in a rich and free democratic society. However many of miseries are down to China's unique blend of cultural, geographical and economical legacies. Trying to exogenously impose any form of law or ideology is dangerous. History has proven for China that imposing naïve communist ideology was not the solution, as history has proven for many other developing countries that the Washington Consensus was not the magic pill. If you only look at human right in its narrow dimensions, such as law and democracy, you miss out the larger dimensions such as peace, prosperity and liberty. Willingly or unwilling, the single part rule is a fact that you have to accept at this historical moment, admittedly there are many immediate undesirable consequences with this acceptance and it is not sustainable in the long run. To sacrifice some freedom in the narrow sense and to embrace economic freedom and to grow out of poverty is the Faustian Bargain that the Chinese people and the Communist Part have stricken. It is the historical force right now; it should not be derailed by any narrow minded criticisms. Similarly, there is no viable political alternative than Chinese rule in Tibet at the moment. Notwithstanding the differences, Tibet has every right to jump onto China's development bandwagon, rather than disputing endlessly its sovereignty.
(1) First, your challenge is irrelevant. Of course China's laws about – what it characterizes as – "ethnic minorities" (more on that in a moment) look great on paper. So do the rights granted to all Chinese citizens by China's Constitution. But there's an important difference between the law-on-paper and the law-in-action. In practice, far from receiving preferential treatment, Tibetans suffer from pervasive discrimination in virtually every aspect of life: education, politics, and the economy, to name just a few of the most prominent. That's precisely how a colonizer treats the colonized. Second, my point was not that the "Great Leap Forward" and "Cultural Revolution" were disastrous *only* for Tibetans, although it is true that they were applied to Tibet and Tibetans with even greater brutality and ignorance – and yes, also with *national/ethnic* discrimination against Tibetans – which did not characterize the Cultural Revolution in China proper. But my point was rather to cast doubt on the plausibility of your completely speculative and, in part, clearly counter-factual assertion, in your original post, that Tibet is and has been better off under Chinese rule — and that it would resemble medieval Europe but for China's military occupation and subsequent rule. In reality, the period since China invaded Tibet has been the most tragic in Tibet's more than 2500-year recorded history, and human rights abuses against Tibetans continue today unabated, including torture, arbitrary detention, persecution for peaceful protest and speech, and pervasive ethnic discrimination. To the extent that journalists, UN monitors, NGOs, diplomats, and others can freely enter and conduct research in Tibet (and for the most part they can't, because China won't let them in, and it insists that gov't "guides" stay with them 24/7 – I wonder why, if it's such a paradise for Tibetans?), these abuses have been repeatedly documented since 1959, when the International Commission of Jurists concluded, among other things, that "[t]here is prima facie evidence that the Chinese Communists have by acts of genocide attempted to destroy the Tibetan nation and the Buddhist religion in Tibet. . . . There is evidence . . . that the Chinese have by killing Tibetans and by the forcible removal of Tibetan children committed acts contrary to the Genocide Convention of 1948. There is also evidence that these acts were intentionally directed towards the destruction of the Tibetan religion and the Tibetan nation."
(2) No. You've again imputed views to me that I don't hold. I favor reparations for injustices perpetrated in the past. But there's a difficult moral and practical question you elide here about how far back one should go in thinking about that question – for mankind's recorded history is filled with what we now would describe, under contemporary int'l law, as colonization, genocide, aggression, human rights abuses, and so forth. That doesn't make past cases of such conduct OK, and there're very difficult and weighty questions about how to repair past injustices. But surely it doesn't justify present-day abuses. International law adopts the inter-temporal principle, which dictates that we apply the law in force at the time events happened, and it could hardly do otherwise. After 1945, the acquisition of territory by the use of military force became explicitly illegal under Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, to which China is an original party. Surely China, which had suffered terribly from colonization and European domination by military force in the pre-WWII era, doesn't wish to reject this principle. And yet it did when the PLA invaded Tibet in 1949 after Mao won the Chinese civil war. All I'm suggesting is that China apply its treaty obligations to itself, too, that it apply the rule against foreign intervention and force uniformly, that it not rhetorically denounce colonization in the past while engaging in that very practice in Tibet — especially because it's now the law, but also because we all now recognize just how immoral and unjust it is.
(3) I've also been to Tibet, multiple times, and I've witnessed impoverished Tibetans in the midst of a colonial police state run by ethnic Chinese – not the happy land of economic opportunity for Tibetans that you describe. Now, I realize we can't get anywhere with this argument. It's a he-said-she-said situation. So we'll just have to disagree. But perhaps you can explain why China refuses to allow journalists to visit Tibet if Tibetans truly have been flourishing under Chinese rule. Why does it mount security cameras on every ledge of every monastery? Why can't a simple tourist, let alone a journalist or researcher, visit most regions of Tibet without a gov't "guide" who decides what the person can see, where, and when – and who they can talk to (unmonitored)? Tibet's a very different experience if you try to escape the Orwellian eye of the state and actually look and explore on your own. Of course, that's not permitted, and you'll get kicked out of the country if you're caught. I wonder why.
(4) Tibetans are not, and have never been, an ethnic minority of the Chinese. Along any dimension you name, they're a distinct people in the eyes of international law and common sense. They speak a distinct language, which is part of the Tibeto-Burmese language group. It doesn't even belong to the same family of languages as Mandarin and Cantonese. They practice a distinct and highly unique form of Buddhism, which is unlike the traditions in China proper. They have a distinct history. And if, as you say, the issue is culture, it couldn't be clearer that Tibetans are not Chinese; the two peoples have utterly distinct cultural traditions. But perhaps most critically, Tibetans don't consider themselves "Chinese." China has tried to make them Chinese for more than half a century now – to no avail. And yet, as I pointed out in my original article, it's often younger Tibetans, who've known no other reality in their lives other than Chinese occupation, who still don't consider themselves Chinese and who continue, despite the incredible odds, to protest China's rule in their country – going so far as to engage in self-immolation.
(5) I agree that law's a means and not an end in itself. But the conclusions you draw as to China and Tibet don't follow at all. Tibetans have not chosen to "jump onto China's development bandwagon"; they've been forced onto it at the point of a gun (and even so, it hasn't been for their benefit; they just been exploited economically). There's also a very viable political alternative to Chinese rule in Tibet: Tibetan self-determination. Allow a U.N.-supervised referendum on the wishes of the Tibetan people. They're fully capable of governing themselves if they so choose. If they wish to remain part of China, I would certainly have no objection. But they've never been given that choice. Why? Because China knows what the answer would be – in a free and non-coercive environment – and it wishes to retain its (very profitable) colony for reasons including national pride, economic extraction of Tibet's natural resources, especially water, and Tibet's geo-strategic value.
If you wish to reply again, please take the last word. I don't expect to persuade you. But I hope others will continue these debates regardless. At a minimum, they enable the exchange of views that would not be permitted in China.
Again, many thanks for your reply.
I agree with you in many aspects. China's rule in Tibet is far from perfect. The Tibetans have the lowest living standard in China. And indeed, many things look bright in China on paper, but the reality could be quite dark. I do not for a single minute doubt that there must have been ample amounts of human right abuses in Tibet, and I imagine that such incidences could be much more frequent and more violent than in most of the other parts in China. I also feel very uncomfortable with the intensive surveillance presence on and around the Bakuo Street in Lhasa. And ultimately I absolutely agree with you that the Tibetans should have a choice for the region's sovereignty.
However I maintain my main positions:
1) China is not a colonizer in Tibet
To understand this you have to look at the sad human rights records in the other provinces as well. If you conclude China is a colonizer in Tibet because it forcibly occupied Tibet and treated its people badly, then you can conclude that China is a colonizer in the country's entire territory. If you conclude China is a colonizer in Tibet because the Tibetan culture is different from the traditional Chinese culture, then you can also conclude that China is a colonizer in many other parts of the country's territory. If you conclude that China has an incentive to colonize Tibet for its economic worth your conclusion would not make much economic sense. In fact if you do a cost-benefit analysis purely based on economics then I am afraid it might be better-off for China to just let go Tibet.
It is not that the Chinese government or the Han people that discriminate against the native Tibetan population. It is that the difference between Han and Tibetans have caused more miss-understanding and distrust. And the lack of mutual understanding normally leads to conflicts. For example even in today's Tibetan family structure, two or three brothers can share a single wife. This was illegal in the Maoist China, and many officials had used force to stop it. But anything has to go through a learning curve. Now the government recognizes this as a traditional way of living in Tibet, and no longer views it as illegal. It shows that such differences do not necessarily always have to exist. I do not consider there to be any irreconcilable differences, notwithstanding the difference between love and hatred towards Dalai Lama (that being said, the Chinese government's stance towards his Holiness does not necessarily reflect that of the Chinese population's). China has a painful history of being colonized by Japan. Japan's brutal rule in China was on a totally different scale. Yet nowadays China and Japan form one of the most important partnerships in the world. The Chinese government has long championed the ideology of 'seeking mutual benefits while remaining differences'. If China can make peace with Japan, I do not see why Tibetans and Hans cannot live together. After all the Chinese history shows that many ethnic minorities were able to live together with the Hans.
2) There is no obvious resolution other than the status-quo
Your suggestion to 'allow a U.N.-supervised referendum on the wishes of the Tibetan people' sounds overly idealistic. If China can prevent journalists and researchers from touring Tibet freely, do you think there is any chance for it to allow any U.N. personal to just go in and supervise a referendum? Externally there is not a single strong political force that supports or actively pursues Tibetan freedom. Internally the Chinese government has sufficient capability to maintain the status-quo.
3) The role for the media, researchers and the international community
The media, researchers and the international community have the responsibility to report the truth in Tibet, but they should also bear the responsibility for mediating the conflicts. The fact is too many bad scenes have been deliberately played up and exaggerated out of proportion. As for the case of security cameras, do you know that many monasteries in Tibet preserve important Buddhist transcripts; is there anything wrong to enhance the security measures? Nevertheless, the entire city of London perhaps have more CCTVs per square meter than any of the Tibetan monastery does.
On the other hand too few positive images have been broadcast to the world. The Han are not just in Tibet to do governing and business. They also provide medical care, education and infrastructure. Before the Chinese came, superstition was the primary guide for Tibetan's daily lives. Be it for medical care or marriage, a Tibetan family would spend a fortune on a Shaman to perform spiritual dances or to hold sacred conversations with the god. Before the Chinese came, mortality rate in Tibet was way higher, live expectancy was much lower, literacy was a luxury only affordable to the high-hierarchy lamas, per capita income was minimal and income inequality was phenomenal. Economic growth was practically stagnant, let alone any economic development. By the measure of every single UN's Millennium Development Goal, Tibet is a much better world now than it was ever before. In recent years, China promotes an ambitious western development strategy to address the country's east-west regional inequality (Have you EVER heard of a colonizer doing this for a colony?!). There is evidence showing that China has increased the share of state budgetary allocations to the west, and the west now also enjoy preferential taxation policies in selected sectors.
The truth is that within the 70 years of Chinese rule Tibet has progressed more than it did for its entire 2500 years of history. With all this black and white evidence, a human right expert, and a law professor from a prestigious institution still claims that the Tibetans are walking the worst course in their history! This is precisely why the Chinese government does not allow freedom of travel to journalists and researchers. It seems that someone just cannot think beyond the limited-sphere that they so narrowly define as 'human rights'. Whatever regime that promotes human rights must ultimately do so by promoting productivity. It is the law of history. We say a feudal society is more advanced than a tribal society because given the production technology at time a feudal society is more conducive to productivity, not because a feudal society cares more about your definition of 'human rights'. After all, when the economy progresses, in general everyone will be better off. I suppose if a normal person is put behind the veil of ignorance, he or she would rather be born into a feudal society rather than a hunters and gatherers society.
I am sure that you have read the books of anti-Chinese writers such as Christian Tyler. However the colonial theories championed by you and Tyler alike are fundamentally biased and provocative. They are detrimental to ethnic harmony and are not compatible with people's desire for peace and prosperity. If such voices get carried too far without being challenged, it will only do harm to those who are not well informed.
All your wordplay aside: the violation of human rites & cultural genocide is not excusable through any twist of words. Colonial theories do not matter. This is not ethical. The world would have stopped this revolting assault upon Tibet if China did not have a) Huge military power including nuclear b) a stranglehold on manufacturing. We all know this. Put your pens down and open your hearts: would you want this to happen to your family? If the answer is 'no' then perhaps, just perhaps it is an unethical action without any hope of validation through your best sophistry.
Sloane provides no evidence to counter any of Sautman's well researched article. Sloane is merely peddling the old slanderous tropes packaged in a wandering screed.
China has not and does not "occupy" Tibet. That much is crystal clear under international law. It is not the US in Iraq nor the US in Afghanistan nor Israel in Palestine. Every country recognizes China's claim over Tibet. Even The Tibetan government in exile recognizes it and always has since they signed the 17-point.
China is not colonizing Tibet. Anyone who has been to Tibet will tell you that. Anyone that knows what colonization means will tell you that.
China does not systematically discriminate against Tibetans. There is no law in China that singles out Tibetans for ethnic or religious discrimination. Sautman was again, correct, and Sloane left with a lie.
Sloane gets both big and small facts wrong here.
Many of the comments defending or apologizing for Chinese rule & policies in Tibet are consistent with official Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arguments justifying China's rule over Tibet. Yet none of them directly address or disprove allegations of human rights violations against Tibetans or the immense dissatisfaction Tibetans have with Chinese policies in Tibetan areas.
For example, one argument used by China apologists is that the economic condition of Tibetans today is better than prior to 1959. Of course, that's also true for many peoples around the world who did not have the
"benefit" of CCP rule, so this claim doesn't prove anything. In fact, Bhutan, which has a practically identical culture to Tibet and an economy similar to pre-1959 Tibet, has a 2011 per capita GDP of over US$6,000. The 2011 per capita GDP in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is only US$2,558. it seems Bhutanese have done better economically as an independent state than Tibetans have under Chinese rule. One could argue that if the PLA had not invaded Tibet in 1949-50, Tibetans today would enjoy a per capita GDP similar to Bhutan & perhaps better than they have now. Moreover these arguments ignore the fact that 50% of Tibetans in Tibet are illiterate and less than 15% have a secondary education according to PRC statistics.
In addition, some argue that laws giving preferential treatment to Tibetans in education and the right to two children per family are evidence that Tibetans are treated well by Beijing. However, such laws don't prove there are no human rights violations. The US has an African-American President but does anyone believe this means racial discrimination has been eliminated in America? Likewise, there are many laws in China protecting the civil rights of Chinese citizens, yet there are many examples of Chinese authorities violating those rights and there are hundreds if not thousands of dissidents in Chinese jails. For example, the PRC Constitution protects freedom of speech, yet China sentenced Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo to 11 years of prison because he wrote in favor of democracy & human rights.
Another argument used to defend the CCP regime is that Westerners have no basis for criticizing Chinese rule in Tibet because the West has engaged in colonialism/imperialism in its past. However, these arguments ignore that China was a colonial empire too (and some argue still is today) that invaded other countries & forcibly imposed its imperial will on others like Vietnam, Korea, Mongolia & Tibet. In fact, Chinese rule in Tibet today is arguably colonialism involving a foreign power that used military force to annex another territory and where the ruling class in this colonized territory are all foreign officials or foreign businessmen and the native people are treated as 2nd-class citizens with little or no political power. For example, the top political post of Party Secretary in the TAR has always been held by a Han Chinese official and never a Tibetan.
Some also argue that Westerners like Mr. Sloane cannot criticize Chinese rule in Tibet because they have never been to Tibet (or so they assume). Yet China has frequently banned foreigners from visiting Tibet as they did for several months after the March 2008 protests, during the May 2011 commemoration of the "liberation" of Tibet, and currently in Tibetan areas like Ngaba (Ch. Aba) and Kandze (Ch. Ganzi) which have witnessed several self-immolations. When foreigners do visit Tibet, their actions are closely monitored by the authorities. China also blocks foreign journalists and foreign human rights investigators from visiting Tibetan areas & conducting independent investigations. So if foreign critics of the CCP regime have got it wrong because they have not been to Tibet, why does China deny them access to Tibetan areas to investigate for themselves? If Tibetans are truly happy under Chinese rule & claims of human rights violations are baseless, what does China have to hide?


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Street Cries -Selling with Songs is a make believe story about grandparents and their grandson his Aunt who explore the buying and selling habits they grew up with during the early part of the twentieth century. Woody is also celebrating his tenth birthday.
Woody receives a dose of history, culture and the gift of love. In this book the main character as well as the reader is challenged to remember the street cries of the past and some of the vendors and peddlers who sang them.
Fruteland Jackson is a Historymaker (www.historymakers.com) musician, author, storyteller and oral historian and HistoryMaker. Fruteland grew up on Chicago's West side. He is a three time Blues Music Award Nominee and a recipient of the Blues Foundation's Keeping the Blues Alive award. Fruteland performs acoustic blues, folk and singer-songwriter styles around the world. He has created the award winning *All About the Blues Series- Blues in the School Programs and has published an instructional book on playing Delta Blues with Alfred Publishing. Fruteland released a spoken word CD in 2011 entitled "Singing the Blues with Stories Vol. I. www.thehistorymakers.com.
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Built up a bike to get the wife riding. Picked up this Soma Groove and built with a bunch of spare parts. Still need to shorten the brake hoses, but she's been having a blast on it riding the mountains as is and then switching to the slicks for the road riding.
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Just bought this lightly used Mossie 500 -
I'm looking for a bright light with a pressure switch, maybe around $100. I'd appreciate any feedback from guys using something with about 80 lumens (or more), maybe even strobe effect.
Another question - does it matter much about "spot" versus "flood"? I'm gonna use this in HD situation, so I would think a wide floodlight beam would be better than tight spot beam, but please correct me if wrong.
I'd be extremely grateful for recommendations.
I know many here do not like pistol grip, but that grip is staying put, as my house is small, with very tight corners and halls.


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As part of an extensive renovation of a nineteenth-century mansion, the client requested a place for exercise and relaxation beneath their new, private family home. Their brief was straightforward: a space to be discovered underground and of entirely different character than the house above. The space is excavated from the bedrock of the site and seeks sources of daylight from openings at ground level.
Defined by the simple sculptural treatment of stone, plaster and water, a subtle mixture of natural and artificial light animates the space. The main exercise room is dedicated to a seventeen metre long, stone-lined swimming pool and is surrounded by smaller stone blocks containing treatment rooms - sauna, spa and gymnasium.
The undulating form of the plaster ceiling hovers above the pool and conceals all the technical equipment for the pool-space environment, revealing only a halo of artificial and natural light.
Client: Private
Location: Limerick, Ireland
Status: Completed November 2008
Photography: Christian Richters


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Women's Studies was first acknowledged as a discipline in its own right in America in 1969 and the first Women's Studies Course was taught in the University of Cornell. Since that time it has grown rapidly in India as well as in other parts of the world and is now recognised as one of the most dynamic and pertinent of the new emerging disciplines. Its role in holistic knowledge building and the re-examination of old and established systems of perception and thought has been invaluable. It is interdisciplinary in nature and critiques both society and culture from the perspective of women.
The inauguration of the Centre for Women's Studies, University of Allahabad was held in the North Hall in the Senate Hall Building on the 6th of August, 2010. The guest of honour was Prof. Veena Mazumdar, National Research Professor of Social Sciences at the Centre for Women's Development Studies, New Delhi and the Vice Chancellor of A.U. Prof. Rajen Harshe was the Chief Guest. The inauguration was attended by members of the Faculty, colleagues from the Colleges, members of the University Administration, students and guests.
|Prof Mazumdar addressing the audience with Prof. Parmar, Director of the Centre
|Delivering the inaugural address Prof. Mazumdar raised pertinent questions like why did the government policies focus only on middle class women, why in a culture where women are worshipped as goddess, are women considered weak and why has women's writing been relatively marginalized? She recommended research into the two volumes of women's writing edited by Tharu and Lalitha. She also emphasised the importance of the recovery and documentation of women's oral traditions.
|Vice Chancellor, Prof R.G.Harshe addressing the audience
In his address Vice Chancellor Harshe revealed that of the many contenders for opening Women's Studies Centres, the University of Allahabad Centre was ranked first by the UGC Selection Committee. In his address he discussed the issue of feminist identity and how feminism related to class, caste, race and sexual orientation He questioned the notion of power and felt it was a male constitute.
|The proceedings were conducted by Dr. Sarvajeet Mukerji, Reader, Department of English and Prof. R.K. Singh, Department of English and Dean Student's Welfare, proposed the Vole of Thanks.
|Prof. R.K. Singh proposing the vote of thanks
|Dr.Sarvajit Mukerji conducting the programme
|Prof Vina Mazumdar is a National Research Professor of Social Sciences at the CWDS (Centre for Women's Development Studies) New Delhi. Academic, pioneer and visionary, she is perceived as the mother of Women's Studies in India and is also the senior most women's Studies scholar in the country. She was the Member Secretary of the historic Committee on the "Status of women in India" commissioned by the government of India which came out in 1975. This landmark report which had to be submitted to the United Nations was called "Towards Equality" and became a founding document both for the women's movement in the country as well as the Government. It triggered many significant policy decisions. Prof Mazumdar was one of the key researchers and writers of this document. With her abiding interest in higher education combined with her years of experience as an officer in the UGC she has made significant contributions as member of important committees. An academic activist and an Institution builder, she set up the Centre for Women's Development Studies (CWDS) in New Delhi. Supported by the ICSSR (Indian Council of Social Sciences Research) it is one of the leading research and outreach institutions for women in the country. She serves as a member Secretary of the Standing Committee on Women's Studies of the Government of India.


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Mark Keller Dixon
Position: G-T
Height: 6-4 Weight: 295 lbs.
Born: November 26, 1970 in Charlottesville, NC
High School: Lucy Ragsdale
College: Virginia (school history) (Dixon college stats)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 28 (3601st overall since 1950)
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1998 Game Log: Regular Season · Playoffs · vs.


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Racquet does not come with a cover.
|Midplus Specs
|Head Size:
95 sq. in. / 612.9 sq. cm.
|Length: 27 inches / 68.58 cm
|Strung Weight: 12.2oz / 346.71g
|Balance: 8 pts HL
|Swingweight: 338
|Stiffness: 67
|Beam Width: 22mm/22mm/22mm/
|Composition: Karophite Black / Basalt
|Power Level: Low
|Swing Speed: Fast
|Grip Type: Pro Hybrid
|String Pattern:
16 Mains / 18 Crosses
Mains skip: 7T, 9T, 7H, 9H
One Piece
No Shared Holes
|String Tension: 50-60 pounds
[K]arophite Black
[K]arophite Black is a proprietary next generation structure created through a unique process at the nanoscopic level resulting in more feel and a stronger and more stable racquet.
Wilson Six.One 95 BLX (16x18)
Sale: $99.00 Was: $179.00


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Staybridge Suites Indianapolis-Airport
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April 04, 2016
My hotel stay here was great! Breakfast and dinner was offered Monday-Thursday I believe. Outdoor pool and hot tub. There's a workout area that is very small and provide a washer and dryer in the building. Room was very well clean and spacious. Would definitely recommend this hotel!
Great rooms and wonderful breakfast
ByTravel Volleyball
March 23, 2016
We were very happy with our stay at the Staybridge. We are a family of 4 and there was plenty of room for us to move around. The breakfast was great. Would recommend these suites.
Room somewhat rundown, neighboring businesses closed or out-of-business
March 20, 2016
Glad we had stayed in 2 other Staybridge Suites in the Indianapolis area before this one. The Staybridge-Downtown Indianapolis and Staybridge-Carmel were both very nice. The room at Staybridge-Indianapolis Airport had chipped counter top, loose toilet seat, plastic shower head and rather dated furnishings. A group of several unprofessional men lingering around the front entry (possible smoking or having a beer) was unpleasant. Neighborhood lacked shopping or reasonable restaurant choices nearby. Several businesses in the neighborhood were closed or out-of-business. Staybridge staff and services were acceptable, however, we will probably look for other accommodations in the future.
Good night stay
March 18, 2016
will be letting all of my business contacts and fellow workers know about this hotel and tell them that they will not be disappointed . So go and stay


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This week's release of Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood means two things: First, we've got a new, city-sized playground in which to run around and stab hapless guards to death. Second, there's a new galaxy of collectibles to ferret out and claim. starting with the 101 Borgia flags and 10 feathers that have been scattered around Rome. Finding these may seem a little daunting in a city as big as Rome, but it's necessary if you want to claim some of the game's best Achievements/Trophies, as well as this awesome wardrobe piece:
Above: Find them all, and the diabolicallystylish (and Notoriety-eliminating)Borgia Cape will be yours!
To help you find every last scrap of bull-printed cloth and eagle detritus in the city, we've put together this guide, with videos and locations for every key collectible hiding throughout the game. Granted, you could just buy maps to this stuff in the game, but if you'drather save your florins AND get step-by-step instructions on how to grab the trickier items and secret-location flags, we're here to help.Meanwhile, if you're having troublewith Cluster locationsand solutions, or if you want to find all five 2012 Artifacts, our aptly namedClusters and 2012 Artifacts guidecan help with that, too.And if you're still not sure whether the game is even worth your attention,be sure tocheck outour super review.
%26bull;Flags and feathers map
%26bull;Flags 1-9 (northwestern area)
%26bull;Flags 10-18 (southwestern area)
%26bull;Flags 19-26 (eastern area)
%26bull;Feathers 1-3
%26bull;Flags and feathers map
%26bull;Flags 1-8 (northeastern area)
%26bull;Flags 9-13 (central western area)
%26bull;Flags 14-19 (central eastern/southern area)
%26bull;Flags 20-26 (Tiber Island and southwest)
%26bull;Feathers 1-4
%26bull;Flags and feathers map
%26bull;Flags 1-6 (northwest of Colosseum)
%26bull;Flags 7-11 (Aventino/Thieves Guild area)
%26bull;Flags 12-18 (east of Colosseum)
%26bull;Flags 19-26 (southeast/southern "locked" areas)
%26bull;Feathers 1-3
%26bull;Flags map
%26bull;Flags 1-5
%26bull;Terme di Traiano: The Halls of Nero
%26bull;Il Colosseo: Thrown to the Wolves
%26bull;Catacombe di Roma: Wolves Among the Dead
%26bull;Palazzo Laterano: The Sixth Day
%26bull;Cloaca Maxima: Leader of the Pack
%26bull;Basilica di San Pietro: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing


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Polymers 2011, 3(2), 928-941; doi:10.3390/polym3020928
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) Hydrochloride
1 Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-205, São Carlos, Brazil 2 Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-205, São Carlos, Brazil 3 EMBRAPA Instrumentação, Rua Quinze de Novembro, 1452, 13521-206, São Carlos, Brazil
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 15 March 2011 / Revised: 29 April 2011 / Accepted: 30 May 2011 / Published: 1 June 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water-Soluble Polymers)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [629 KB, uploaded 1 June 2011] | Browse Figures
AbstractWe present the characterization of commercially available Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB), a polymer with biocidal activity and several interesting properties that make this material suitable as a building block for supramolecular chemistry and "smart" materials. We studied polymer structure in water solution by dynamic light scattering, surface tension and capacitance spectroscopy. It shows typical surfactant behavior due to amphiphilic structure and low molecular weight. Spectroscopic (UV/Vis, FT-NIR) and thermal characterization (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, and thermogravimetric analysis, TGA) were performed to give additional insight into the material structure in solution and solid state. These results can be the foundation for more detailed investigations on usefulness of PHMB in new complex materials and devices.
Keywords: coatings; antimicrobial; critical micellar concentration; thermal analysis; supramolecular chemistry
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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De Paula, G.F.; Netto, G.I.; Mattoso, L.H.C. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) Hydrochloride. Polymers 2011, 3, 928-941.View more citation formats
AMA Style
De Paula GF, Netto GI, Mattoso LHC. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) Hydrochloride. Polymers. 2011; 3(2):928-941.Chicago/Turabian Style
De Paula, Gustavo F.; Netto, Germano I.; Mattoso, Luiz Henrique C. 2011. "Physical and Chemical Characterization of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) Hydrochloride." Polymers 3, no. 2: 928-941.
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Author(s): Martorell, Gabriela
ISBN: 9780078035517 / Paperback / 10/26/2012
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My 6 year old likes go play with girl's stuff?
My son is 6 and he likes to play with barbies and watch girl's movies, also his closest friend is a girl. Does this mean he is going to be gay? I am desperate my family is driving me insane about it, what should I do? Desperate mother, NC
Posted: 05/08/2008 by marezac77
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this doesnt mean hes going to be gay what so ever hes just intouch with his femine side and when hes grown up he will appreaciate women in a whole different way... my son went through the same thing and he is now 25 and played with girly toys and watched girly movies until now...posted 01/06/2011 by a BabyCenter Member
My 7 year old son loves to play with my 4 year old daughters kitchen stuff. We let him. We feel as though it will help him once he gets older and gets a place of his own. Same can be true for a boy playing with dolls. If he treats it good then when he becomes a father he just might be one of the really good ones. Just watch him and see what he does with the dolls. He might want to just run them over with his cars. You will never know unless you just try and see.posted 05/21/2008 by april1604
I am having the same issues with my 4 year old. I want to let him be who he is, but also am realistic with society and what happens in school at the elementary level. I am just not sure that we have any say in this particular area, I mean we like what we like. I just know that I will love my child unconditionally no matter what!!!posted 05/21/2008 by MKJJ
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What can we do with our old baby gear?
I'm not sure what to do with my kids' outgrown baby clothes and furniture. We're not planning to have more children. Part of me wants to keep it, but maybe I should give it to my sister-in-law, who just had a baby. My mom bought a lot of this stuff, and I'm worried she'll be offended if I give it away or sell it. What should I do?
Posted: 01/19/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
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Children's clothing seems to multiply in the laundry. Kids grow out of them so fast that there are always old clothes around the house that no one can wear. Put that old clothing to good use by making a quilt out of it. The quilt does not have to be difficult; making a simple block quilt will allow you to show off more of the clothing than cutting it up into smaller patch pieces. A simple quilt also does not take a lot of skill, so beginning quilters can accomplish this task easily.http://www.rubberflooringuk.com/posted 06/03/2014 by julyjack882
I need baby clothesposted 06/16/2013 by a BabyCenter Member
give it away help some one that need it I will be more then happy to take it .posted 08/29/2012 by grace joevan
It's always good to give the stuff you don't need, to someone who does :) If that's your sister, then to her (family first), if not her, then someone else you know/have heard about that will really be helped with these stuff. Keep few most memorable things, as sweet memory, and give others. I am sure that your mom will apreciate the good gesture when she learns who and why did you give it. http://mywildchildren.blogspot.com/posted 03/09/2012 by kaktusic
For baby clothes and things you can ship, you could try swapping them (www.rehashclothes.com, totally free) or selling on ebay. Otherwise, donating to thrift stores or womens shelters or even having a yard sale are all good bets :) So as not to offend any family members, just ask if there's anything in particular they would like to save as a memento before you pass your very much appreciated and enjoyed items to those who are less fortunate.posted 02/22/2011 by a BabyCenter Member
Post it on Craigslist... Everyone on there is looking for used baby gear in good condition. You can make a little extra money and help someone who can't afford brand new.posted 08/07/2009 by momtobooandbean
Craig's List (www.craigslist.org) or Ebay are great places to list items!posted 05/18/2008 by a BabyCenter Member
I have a son that will be 5 months old the 27th and we are looking for toys and things for himposted 03/11/2008 by a BabyCenter Member
Why would your mother be offended, does she expect you to keep it forever? I think your SIL would really appreciate the hand-me-downs. Anything she can't use would love a place in a garage sale or as a donation.posted 10/25/2007 by ahammon7
Hi my name is emily. I live in a pregnacy shelter. Its more like a homwe though. i am 20 years old, and my daughter is four months. i live with a a husband and wife who are God sent. they are amazing people. there is only two girls here right now and one includeds me. jodi and tim sell are thiernames. they have three adopted kids and one adopted grandson. they are born again cristians. i have never new such amazing people. jodi runs bible studies . she is over 40 and walks almost 20 miles a week. she is about as close to super womwn as you can get. she just says i live for the Lord not for myself. her dream right now is to build and exspansion on the house so she can fit more girls in. the house is not owned by her but realy its hers. the owners gave it to her and her family for thier ministery. my church also helps with some stuff. this is unlike any shelter. when i moved in i was a the lowest point in my life , Jodi showed me what life was about, shae was with me through my delivery which was terrible. my baby was born dead. she prayed for me and my church supported me. my baby is now four months old and from all the support i still have not had to buy one pack og diapers. i buy everything else. but that is a big help. i got my ged here and now im in college, i work on the weekends.anyway jodi and tim have a bsement that looks like a daycare center, when kids come over thats were they play. on the other side of the base ment there are donations. jodi and tim take very good care of stuff. when people use stuff, if its still in good shape they will return it and come back and get more. foe ex if you got clothes for your baby and came back every two months because she was growing out of them, you always are welcome to come get more, and theydont get upset if you dont bring somthing back. right now they are in need of storage boxes like big plastic storage containers were you can see whats in them. we also need a walker for here. if you know of anyone that can make donations we would be blesseed. im trying to pay jodi and tim back for all the wonderful theyve done in my life and my mariahs life. you can e-mail me at email@example.com if you want to know more. also we all jodi and tim have a website its www.Mary's House of Maryland.com They named it that since Mary is the mother of Jesus. when i first came here i was scared to see how much reliogon they would push on me but they didnt, they truly love what they do. thanks for your time. and sorry for the terrible grammer. bye emilyposted 05/13/2007 by gods gift1
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Hilltop House Sits High on Stilts in Australian Spotted Gum Forest
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- Hilltop HouseThis gorgeous home in Australian sits smack in the middle of a Spotted Gum forest, so in order to embrace the pristine landscape without damaging any trees the home was designed with the lightest possible footprint. Sydney-based Richard Cole Architectureemployed a timber and steel framing system and a cantilevered driveway to preserve the root systems of the spotted gum trees on the property. Vernacular architecture and materials featured in local Pittwater cottages inspired the design of the home, which features an array of energy-efficient systems and collects rainwater.1
- Hilltop HouseLocated on an incline in the Pittwater area, the Hilltop House responds to the slope by terracing down the hillside without cutting into the ground and damaging root systems.2
- Hilltop HouseThe relatively compact, steel framed home takes advantage of the views from the upper levels and uses piers and beams for its foundation.3
- Hilltop HouseThe driveway and part of the home is cantilevered off the ground to minimize its footprint on the earth below.4
- Hilltop HouseLarge roof overhangs passively protect the home from the western sun.5
- Hilltop HouseThe home is built from a limited palette of materials - mostly steel, regional woods, and durable cement fiber boards are used for the exterior.6
- Hilltop HouseWood joinery and rafters align to mirror the tall and straight flow of the trees surrounding the home.7
- Hilltop HouseEnergy-efficient LED lighting, daylighting, and natural ventilation reduce the need for mechanical and electrical systems inside the home while opening up the inside to the surrounding nature.8
- Hilltop HouseAdditionally, the project's roof collects rainwater, which is recycled for use within the home.9
- Hilltop HouseThe Hilltop House was the winner of the national and regional Australian Timber Design Awards for new residential buildings.10
- Hilltop HouseThe home is contemporary by design but inspired by the local vernacular of Pittwatter cottages.11


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Let's face it. Boxing has not had the best year thus far. In fact, it has been downright depressing, featuring controversies, outright screw-jobs, cancelled fights, and not many memorable brawls. David Haye vs. Dereck Chisora is a British version of what we thought we had in the U.S. with Adamek vs. Chambers. It turned out to be anti-climactic, as Chambers had an injury that allowed Adamek to outwork him and win a controversial (is there any other kind?) decision. Here, however, there is more potential for fireworks.
David Haye is the superior boxer and puncher, however Dereck Chisora has showed guts, durability, and energy in his 3 losses. Although the Helenius loss was really a win, he has held his own against the giants in the heavyweight division. The others being Klitschko and Fury, to whom Chisora lost undebatable decisions. Oliver McCall is still fighting, amazingly, but Dereck Chisora seems to be the modern equivalent, and is good for boxing. The WBC punishment of his punk-like behavior (spitting at Vitali, and brawling with Haye) might have been warranted, had it not come from a boxing sanctioning body… which is the equivalent of being lectured on business ethics by Donald Trump.
Neither man will be able to fight a safe fight against one another. Chisora, because Haye is the better boxer. Haye, because he does not have the firepower to keep Chisora off of him. I predict that virtually anything is possible, but that Haye will start by outboxing Chisora, and piling up a bit of a points lead. Chisora will close the gap both literally and figuratively. I do not think Haye is above a track meet in order to avoid a charging Chisora, in the final rounds. However, it may be enough to pick up a close points win, and make both fighters a lot of money.
Either way, neither man will have earned a Klitschko rematch, same as Adamek-Chambers. Thompson will likely retire after his second Klitschko beating. Therefore, the remaining six will garner much more excitement by fighting each other. Povetkin, Arreola, Chisora, Haye, Chambers, Adamek, Helenius , and Fury should have their own tournament. Unlike the very top of the heavyweight heap, this second tier actually has a shot at close fights and excitement.
Chris Strait


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Oyster Growing on a Set of False Teeth
Oysters will grow on almost any surface, including false teeth, if that's what happens to be available. The tooth-growing oyster shown above was found in the Chesapeake Bay in 1898, and sent to the Smithsonian where they were put on display and became quite a popular attraction. But soon a paternity battle erupted around them. From
The Strand magazine, 1903
A man from Iowa claimed the teeth, saying that he had lost them, under not wholly peculiar circumstances, from a steamer passing that way. The object was too great a curiosity to be parted with, and the difficulty of the authorities in deciding whether or not to surrender the teeth was solved by a later claim for the teeth from a Philadelphia woman, and by a third claim from someone who saw the oyster on exhibition.
Half a century later
, in 1954, yet another guy insisted the teeth were his, but in this case the Smithsonian was able to definitively rule out his claim since the guy hadn't even been born yet when the teeth were found. I'm guessing the Smithsonian probably still has this famous oyster hidden away somewhere in its archives.
Posted By: Alex -
Mon Nov 26, 2012
Freaks, Oddities, Quirks of Nature
Oceans and Maritime Pursuits
Natural Wonders
Some folks will go to any lengths for a free meal!
Posted by Expat47 in Quincy, IL on 11/26/12 at 10:01 AM
The beauty of a set of false teeth is that you never need to go to a dentist to have them worked on - you just mail them in.
Posted by KDP in Madill, OK on 11/26/12 at 10:32 AM
Nowadays if someone claimed something like that they would be threatened with a fine for littering the bay. No more claim then.
Posted by Patty in Ohio, USA on 11/26/12 at 09:12 PM
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Jan/Feb 2012 IVF/FET 6th page
boy #1 4/04, boy #2 10/06, girl #1 (29 weeker) 10/13
PS-good luck on your transfer tomorrow!
Disney-Congrats on being full term! Sounds like you will be ready to go anyday now!
Kris-Congrats on the BFP! I know you will be on pens and needles until you findout your strong beta!
Marbella-Don't worry about your u/s. Monday will be here before you know it! I know you will have good news.
Marissa & Spinches-glad your pregnancies are going well!
Ladyluck-I kope your cycle is going well!
Jen-so happy you are doing well! Enjoy your thanksgiving and black friday shopping too!
AFM-I've been MIA because I didn't want to bring everyone else down with our bad news. Tomorrow I have a follow up beta to make sure my numbers are back to zero. Have a happy thanksgiving!
Me 38 DH 42
TTC # 1 since 9/2009 AMH .135 FSH 23 E2 14.6
7 angel babies (12/09 10/10 5/11 11/12 2/13 7/13 4/14)
Faith- Sorry about going in to make sure your beta is dropping. It's no fun, big hugs to you!!
We are getting some great news around here!!! :)
Ladyluck- WOw so close to a transfer!! Lots of prayers for those follies and hope your golden egg is in the bunch!!! :) *fingers crossed*
Kris- Looking fwd to your Beta tomorrow! Glad you re-tested, CONGRATS!! *baby+dust* ETA: Hope you get that nice HIGH BETA # so you can leave town with some peace.
Ps- Great news on your report! I pray those are your golden eggs!
Marissa- Thank you! Hanging in there. Lucky you with all the yummy Thanksgiving foods... enjoy your dinner!!
Marbella- It's natural to be scared but don't worry your u/s appointment will go well. It's so beautiful to see that hb for the first time!
afm: Had 2 great appointments today. Baby is doing great at monitoring sessions. OB said I am already 2cm dilated and 70% (thinned cervix). Im getting so excited!!!
ETA: 123Faith- Praying for you hun. I know it's tough to get bad news and you feel like you don't want to bring anyone down but we are all here for you. You wont bring us down we are here for support but if you need the time equally understandable. *HUGS*
Wow Disney you are so close!! You will probably not go until 40 weeks with those number, how excited... Get your bags backed now
Marbella- I am so excited for your ultrasound, hope you hear a nice strong H/B. How far along will you be at the appt. Hope the time flies for you, also a little bit of m/s is a great sign, hopefully it does not get any worse though.
Jen- how was going back to work... the maternity leave flew by. I hope Declan is gaining nicely for you, but its okay to be a peanut too as long as he is gaining they all catch up eventually. You are crazy for going black friday shopping, not sure I could handle it around here. Of course our malls are packed regularly when it is NOT the holiday, weekend or black friday... not sure I would ever venture out around here, unless it was some crazy good deal.
PS- wow they both fertilized that is such great news! good luck tomorrow, you will be pupo for T-day
Kris- Congrats!!! So excited for you, Can't wait to hear your about your BETA tomorrow. Everything crossed for a nice strong number, wow such amazing news. Go buy a digital so you can see "pregnant" Super Sticky dust coming your way.
Faith-sorry that you have to go threw this now, especially with the holiday. huge hugs to you.
AFM not much 29 weeks....we set a c-sec date just in case we decide to go that route for 1/31/13. We will of course wait and see how big this girl is before deciding. I would really love a V-Bac, but am scared to wind up with another unplanned C-sec after a marathon labor/pushing. We have done nothing to prepare for this baby yet. I have to go threw clothes to see what I have (fiona was a summer baby), clean out the room, paint, set up crib, car-seat, strollers, all need to be cleaned, we don't even have a name!.... I did buy a ton of cute cloth diapers, some emergency bottles and paci's. That is it.
this was fiona's room in our old house, we are reusing everything (except I really want a nice comfy rocker this time) curtains and all, so the new room will look similar:
-Rachel- DD 6/8/09 DD 2/13/13 DD 5/4/15 another VBAC
Faith - It's good to hear from you. Don't worry about bringing anyone down. We're all here for you. It's just not fair that you are going through this again. You can get pregnant on your own so I'm really hoping and praying it's just a matter of getting one strong and healthy embie. I'm sorry.
JuneBug-Love the room, it's beautiful. I also love the name!
Disney-Glad you and baby are good. Almost there! I had a great first labor and delivery and I'm hoping the same for you!
Here is my pic this morning. Still wishing my 2nd lines were darker but really, will I ever be happy? So eager to get my beta today.
boy #1 4/04, boy #2 10/06, girl #1 (29 weeker) 10/13
-Rachel- DD 6/8/09 DD 2/13/13 DD 5/4/15 another VBAC
Kris-Just to compare, this is what my test looked like with twins. My line wasn't really dark to start & I got scared about that too. But your line is definitely getting darker, so that's a good thing. Plus you got a Pregnant on the digital & they aren't very sensitive at all. I think they need 50 ml/L so you are good to go girl!!!