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896 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, Evaluating Elastic Buffer and Wormhole Flow Control George Michelogiannakis, Student Member, IEEE, Daniel U. Becker, and William J. Dally, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—With the emergence of on-chip networks, router buffer power has become a primary concern. Elastic buffer (EB) flow control utilizes existing pipeline flip-flops in the channels to implement distributed FIFOs, eliminating the need for input buffers at the routers. EB routers have been shown to be more efficient than virtual channel routers, as they do not require input buffers or complex logic for managing virtual channels and tracking credits. Wormhole routers are more comparable in terms of complexity because they also lack virtual channels. This paper compares EB and wormhole routers and explores novel hybrid designs to more closely examine the effect of design simplicity and input buffer cost. Our results show that EB routers have up to 25 percent smaller cycle time compared to wormhole and hybrid routers. Moreover, EB flow control requires 10 percent less energy to transfer a single bit through a router and offers three percent more throughput per unit energy as well as 62 percent more throughput per unit area. The main contributor to these results is the cost and delay overhead of the input buffer. Index Terms—On-chip interconnection networks, interconnection architectures. Ç 1 INTRODUCTION SCALABLE networks-on-chip [1] have been developed to serve the communication requirements of chips with numerous processors, memory elements or other logic blocks. Past implementations have accounted for up to 30 percent of the total power consumption of the Intel 80-core Terascale chip [2] and 40 percent of the MIT RAW chip [3]. Compared to off-chip networks, wires are available in abundance in the on-chip environment, while buffer cost is more significant [1]. Buffers are commonly implemented in network routers and used by the flow control scheme to enqueue contenting packets or flits [4]. Buffers can occupy as much as 75 percent of the network area, as in the TRIPS prototype [5]. Technology constraints can significantly affect buffer implementation and cost. There have been multiple proposals to eliminate these buffers in order to reduce area and power consumption. In such bufferless flow control schemes, contending packets or flits are either dropped and retransmitted by their source [6] or deflected to a free output port [7]. Since this penalizes network performance and energy consumption under high loads, these schemes are aimed at lightly loaded networks. However, these networks can still be designed to provide guaranteed throughput and multicast support [8]. In addition, hybrid schemes combining wormhole and circuitswitching flow controls have been proposed [9], [10]. They use circuit switching to establish connections between frequent communication pairs and bypass intermediate router pipelines and buffers. Express virtual channel (VCs) [11] accomplish the same goal by defining multihop express paths in the network. Elastic buffer (EB) flow control was recently proposed to eliminate router buffers while preserving buffering in the . The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: {mihelog, dub, email@example.com. Manuscript received 16 Feb. 2010; revised 17 June 2010; accepted 14 Oct. 2010; published online 6 Dec. 2010. Recommended for acceptance by L. John. For information on obtaining reprints of this article, please send e-mail to: firstname.lastname@example.com, and reference IEEECS Log Number TC-2010-02-0114. Digital Object Identifier no. 10.1109/TC.2010.243. 0018-9340/11/$26.00 ß 2011 IEEE Published by the IEEE Computer Society VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 network [12]. Pipeline flip-flop (FFs) become EBs with two storage locations through the addition of a small logic block which controls their master and slave latch enable inputs independently. The two inputs are still gated by the clock as in master-slave FFs. EBs can be implemented as custom cells to increase efficiency and guarantee that the two latches can never be enabled simultaneously. Having EBs in sequence enables channels to act as distributed FIFOs. Flits progress among EBs using a ready-valid handshake similar to the valid-stall handshake of [13]. Therefore, channels are used for buffering and router buffers are removed, eliminating the associated area and energy costs. EB networks trade off these savings for a wider datapath that increases their throughput and makes them more energy and area efficient than VC networks [12], [14]. Fig. 1 shows an illustration of an EB. EB routers have the area and energy benefits of circuit-switched routers, without the latency and energy overhead of setting up and tearing down circuits. They do not require credits, and only need simple per-output arbiters instead of full-fledged allocators, as each input may only request a single output. For 5 Â 5 2D mesh routers, the baseline two-stage router presented in [12] reduces cycle time by 18 percent, area by 77 percent, and dynamic power by 95 percent compared to a similar VC router with two VCs, eight buffer slots statically assigned to each, and buffers implemented as FF arrays. Assuming equal clock frequencies for both and efficient custom SRAM input buffers, EB networks provide up to 12 percent more throughput per unit power. Further work has proposed improved EB router designs in the form of the enhanced two-stage and the single-stage routers [14]. The enhanced two-stage router, shown in Fig. 2, improves the baseline design of [12] by reducing the cycle time by 42 percent. This is accomplished by using a two-slot output EB instead of a three-slot output EB which has to be implemented as a FIFO, and by using look-ahead routing [15] to precompute routing decisions. Therefore, routing computation is performed in parallel with arbitration, removing routing from the critical path of the first pipeline stage. On the other hand, the single-stage router merges the two pipeline stages of the enhanced two-stage router in order to avoid pipelining overhead and to optimize latency; it is illustrated in Fig. 3. The single-stage router reduces the required energy per bit by 29 percent and the zero-load latency in clock cycles by 24 percent compared to the enhanced two-stage router. This paper compares EB and wormhole routers [16], [17]. Although wormhole routers still feature input buffers and creditbased flow control, they lack VCs, and thus do not require VC and switch allocators. Instead, like EB routers, they use simple output arbiters. Their credit handling logic is also simpler than that of VC routers. Consequently, their design complexity is more comparable to EB routers. In this paper, we investigate whether the gains reported in [12] are mostly attributed to design simplicity due to removing VCs and allocation, or input buffer cost. Because accurately modeling timing paths and buffer cost is crucial, we base our analysis on fully placed and routed standard-cell implementations. Furthermore, we investigate and evaluate novel hybrid EBwormhole router designs, which add input buffers to the enhanced two-stage and single-stage EB routers. These routers still use the channels as distributed FIFOs, but provide additional buffering. We examine the trade-off between the cost of the added input buffer and the associated increase in throughput in a simple router design without VCs. Our results demonstrate how adding extra input buffering in EB networks affects area and power efficiency. Our results for an 8 Â 8 2D mesh with dimension-order routing (DOR) show that the enhanced two-stage router on average has a 25 percent smaller cycle time. The single-stage EB router offers three percent more throughput per unit energy, 62 percent more throughput per unit router area, and has a 10 percent lower zeroload latency per unit throughput compared to the most efficient IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 897 Fig. 3. The single-stage EB router. Fig. 1. An elastic buffer. Fig. 4. The wormhole router. Fig. 2. The enhanced two-stage EB router. FIFO-based router (i.e., wormhole or hybrid) for each case; results are averaged across all datapath widths we evaluated. The FIFO is the dominant factor for all results. Buffer read was part of the critical path in most configurations. Moreover, for a 20 percent flit injection rate and by averaging among the datapath widths we evaluated, the FIFO contributes 56 and 60 percent of the area and 21 and 17 percent of the power of the wormhole and hybrid routers, respectively. Furthermore, the credit handling logic adds complexity and has a higher processing delay in the upstream router, which causes flits to wait an extra cycle before departing from a buffer after congestion is alleviated at the next downstream router. EB routers are more efficient than FIFO-based routers in all aspects. Among the EB routers, the single-stage router is preferable in terms of throughput efficiency, router area, energy, and zeroload latency. Trading off energy and area savings for an increased datapath width provides greater benefits than the enhanced twostage router's smaller cycle time for the above aspects. Therefore, we show that EB flow control is more efficient than wormhole flow control due to the FIFO overhead. In summary, the main contributions of this paper are: . . . 2 We compare the EB routers of [14] against the wormhole router. We show that the EB routers are more efficient than the wormhole router for all comparison aspects. Thus, the dominant factor for EB network gains is the cost and delay overhead associated with the input buffer. We explore hybrid EB-wormhole router designs, and show that adding extra input buffering in EB networks reduces efficiency. For all conclusions, we offer insight and isolate the underlying causes. Specifically, the primary contributor to the above results is the input FIFO complexity and cost. HYBRID EB-WORMHOLE ROUTERS EB routers already feature an EB at their inputs for pipelining [12], [14]. That input EB essentially is a two-slot input FIFO. Wormhole routers [17], on the other hand, typically have significantly deeper input FIFOs; in particular, with credit-based flow control, the FIFOs need to be at least deep enough to cover the credit round-trip and processing delay in order to avoid channel underutilization. The wormhole router implemented for this study is shown in Fig. 4; we use a two-stage pipeline in order to avoid excessive critical path delay. The credit handling logic is placed at each output port and drives a single-bit signal to the output's arbiter, inhibiting grants if no credits are available. For energy efficiency reasons, our router design does not have an intermediate pipeline register between the input buffer and the crossbar.1 Switch arbitration in a given cycle sets up the crossbar control signals for the next cycle; hence, when a tail flit is at the head of the buffer and begins crossbar traversal, the control signals driving the switch arbitration logic must be generated from the head flit behind it. In order to be able to handle this situation without adding either a second read port to the input buffer or a stall cycle between successive packets, we track routing information for each packet in a separate header buffer. This buffer's small width allows us to choose an implementation that is optimized for fast read-out at the cost of slightly increased energy, and to thus minimize the delay going into the switch arbiter logic. As with the baseline EB designs, we include input- and output-side register stages to ensure that the full clock cycle is available to the adjacent channel segments for signal propagation. Without such registers, the FIFO write delay caused by address decoding, internal fan out to the individual storage elements, and their respective setup time requirements-would have to be borrowed from the preceding channel segment, and both the FIFO's read delay and the crossbar traversal delay would have to be borrowed from the subsequent one; this reduces the time available for signal propagation and thus the maximum channel length. Since the transfer of flits from the input register to the FIFO is overlapped with switch allocation, it does not incur additional pipeline delay. 1. Note that even with such a register, allowing the flit buffer to be fully bypassed adversely affects timing, as the bypass logic depends on the outcome of switch arbitration, which in turn is not available until late in the cycle. 898 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 Fig. 6. Two-stage hybrid EB-wormhole router with input EB. Fig. 5. Two-stage hybrid EB-wormhole router. The hybrid EB-wormhole router designs we propose in this study replace the input EB with a FIFO. This two-stage hybrid router design is illustrated in Fig. 5. Credit-based flow control is replaced with the ready-valid handshake of EB channels. Therefore, the input FIFO also interfaces using the ready-valid handshake. The illustrated design has an intermediate EB and synchronization logic functioning in the same way as the enhanced two-stage router [14]. While the intermediate EB is not required, removing it would require the router to read from FIFO locations other than the head or have a separate structure as described above. Therefore, the total number of flits that the hybrid router can store at each input is given by the number of entries in the FIFO plus two for the intermediate EB. Unlike the baseline EB and wormhole designs, this hybrid design writes directly from the channel into the input buffer, reducing energy consumption at the cost of additional timing pressure on the preceding channel segment. While this favors the hybrid router in terms of energy and cost because we ignore the extra time borrowed from the channel, we show in Section 3.2 that at least one of the two baseline EB routers is still preferable to it in each case. Further hybrid designs are possible. For example, the input EB can be preserved in addition to the FIFO, as illustrated in Fig. 6. This makes the FIFO smaller for the same amount of total input buffering. It also enables flits that do not face contention to bypass the FIFO and be stored directly to the intermediate EB if the FIFO is empty. However, if the FIFO cannot be bypassed, additional energy is expended for traversing the extra input EB and multiplexing logic. On the other hand, if the FIFO is bypassed, it may be small enough to have a comparable energy overhead with the input EB and the bypassing logic complexity. Therefore, we do not use buffer bypassing in this work for the wormhole and hybrid routers. However, buffer bypassing may be of interest to lightly loaded networks depending on their buffer sizes. To fully explore the design space, we also briefly consider hybrid routers based on the single-stage router. 3 EVALUATION This section begins by outlining our evaluation methodology in Section 3.1, and then presents our results in Section 3.2. 3.1 Methodology Implementation results were obtained by synthesizing a single instance of each router design using Synopsys Design Compiler and performing place and route (PnR) using Cadence Silicon Encounter. All data points were extracted for routers placed and routed for their minimum clock cycles. This is a design choice which prioritizes cycle time, instead of energy or area. The minimum clock cycle for each router was determined after performing static timing analysis with post-PnR parasitics. Similarly, energy per transferred bit was calculated by driving the post-PnR netlists with pseudorandom input traffic using a test environment separate from the cycle-accurate network simulator that we discuss below. Low-power optimizations, such as clock gating the FIFO FFs, were automatically applied by the synthesis and PnR tools. We used a commercial 45 nm low-power technology library under worst-case conditions. The initial floorplan utilization was set to 70 percent. Primary input and output driving strengths, loads, and timing constraints were specified to realistically model network channels at the router ports. Due to technology usage constraints, the FIFOs were implemented from FF arrays. We assumed an 8 Â 8 2D mesh network using radix-5 routers with a single network terminal attached to each. Router ports were placed in the floorplan according to the inter-router connections of the assumed network. Deterministic DOR was used. Round-robin arbiters were used for switch arbitration. The switch was implemented using multiplexers. The network throughput and latency data points were generated using a modified version of Booksim [18], a cycle-accurate network simulator. The packet size was held constant at 512 bits. No communication protocol was assumed; therefore, we used a single physical network defining a single traffic class. Unless otherwise specified, for each data point we used the maximum achievable clock frequency and corresponding area and energy results from PnR for each router and datapath width. However, we include comparisons for equal clock frequencies to account for scenarios where the frequency is limited by external factors. In these cases, we use the same netlists optimized for minimum cycle time. All network channels had a propagation delay of two cycles and were clocked at the same frequency as each router; i.e., each channel had one FF or EB midway between the two connected routers. Thus, EB networks with the enhanced two-stage router had four EBs (eight buffer slots) between consecutive router switches, while networks with the single stage router had three. The wormhole router input FIFO also had eight buffer slots; seven of these were necessary to cover the buffer turnaround delay, and adding an extra entry to bring the buffer size to a power of two allowed us to simplify buffer control logic. The hybrid router was configured with a six-entry FIFO in addition to its intermediate EB to also provide a total of eight buffer slots. In order to maintain the aforementioned properties, we kept the number of buffer slots constant when adjusting the datapath width. For comparisons with equalized throughput, area or energy, Pareto-optimal curves were generated. Area and energy were calculated for a single router of each type, and thus do not account for network channels. Since the number of wires in a channel is the same for ready-valid handshake and credit-based handshake, the difference between these two cases in the place and route flow would be minimal. The datapath width was swept from 29 to 171 bits such that packets consisted of 3-18 flits; widths were chosen such that fragmentation was avoided. Each flit consisted of a single phit. We used a set of traffic patterns comprising uniform random, random permutation, shuffle, bit complement, tornado, and neighbor traffic [18]. The maximum throughput is averaged across all traffic patterns. Percentage summaries were calculated by measuring the average distance between corresponding data points. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 Fig. 7. Router cycle time after PnR. 3.2 Results Figs. 7, 8, and 9 illustrate the PnR implementation results. The curves are not smooth as a result of the heuristic algorithms that EDA tools use to perform optimizations on discrete values, e.g., for performing cell sizing. Comparison results of the single and enhanced two-stage EB routers are consistent with [14]. The wormhole and hybrid routers have a 27 and 34 percent larger average cycle time compared to the enhanced two-stage router, respectively. Likewise, they require 1 and 21 percent more energy per bit and occupy 2.3 and 1.5 times the area compared to the single-stage router. These comparison results are averaged across all datapath widths. The enhanced two-stage router requires the most energy because it was placed and routed to meet its small cycle time. This increases the sizing of cells in the router. The critical paths of the wormhole and hybrid routers begin at the FIFO or EB read, go through the switch, and terminate at the output EB or register. The hybrid router occupies less area than the wormhole router because its FIFO, which is the dominant factor, is smaller by two slots. However, it requires more energy per bit compared to the wormhole router. To further illustrate the FIFO overhead, Figs. 12 and 13 show the area and power breakdown for the hybrid and wormhole routers. The single-stage router is included for comparison. The 899 Fig. 9. Router area after PnR. input module bars include routing computation, credit handling as well as the intermediate EB, and associated logic for the hybrid router. The output module bars include the FFs or EBs between the crossbar and the channel. They also include credit handling logic located at the output side. All other control logic, including arbitration, is included in the "other" bars. As shown, 56 percent of the area and 21 percent of the power of the wormhole router were in the FIFO. The FIFO in a similar hybrid router constituted 60 percent of the area and 17 percent of the power. The credit logic was the primary contributor for the increase in input and output area for the wormhole router. On the other hand, using two library latch cells instead of a single FF cell causes the increase in input and output power for the hybrid and EB routers. Table 1 contains the cell, gate, and net counts of the four routers with a 64 bit datapath, and shows the relative differences compared to the single-stage router. The input FIFOs lead to significant increases compared to the EB routers. The difference between the wormhole and hybrid routers is not significant. However, this is not true for the number of gates because of the two extra FIFO slots and the credit handling logic in the wormhole router. The PnR results highlight the adverse effects of the input FIFO in terms of area, energy, and cycle time. This is especially apparent when comparing the enhanced two-stage and hybrid routers because they differ only in that the input EB is replaced by a FIFO. This demonstrates that explicitly adding FIFOs in the wormhole routers carries a significant additional cost compared to using existing channel FFs as EBs. Figs. 10 and 11 plot injection rate versus latency for uniform traffic. They assume an equal datapath width for all routers. For equal clock frequencies, the single-stage router has a 19 percent reduced zero-load latency compared to the other three routers. However, assuming that each router operates at its maximum clock frequency, the enhanced two-stage router has a 25 percent reduced zero-load latency—measured in absolute time—compared TABLE 1 PnR Metrics 64 bit datapath. 5 Â 5 mesh routers with DOR. Fig. 8. Energy per transferred bit after PnR. 900 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 Fig. 13. Power breakdown after PnR. Fig. 10. Injection rate versus latency (equal frequencies). Fig. 14. Maximum throughput by traffic pattern. Fig. 11. Injection rate versus latency (max. frequencies). Fig. 12. Area breakdown after PnR. to the single-stage router. The wormhole and single-stage routers have comparable zero-load latencies. The maximum throughput of each router for a given datapath width and clock frequency is primarily affected by the number of available buffer slots. This accounts for the 13 and 6 percent increased throughput of the wormhole router compared to the single-stage and enhanced two-stage routers, respectively, when running at the same clock frequency. On the other hand, while both credits and ready signals have the same propagation delay in cycles, the effective buffer turnaround time is one cycle higher for the wormhole router as credits are consumed during the switch arbitration stage one cycle before the flit actually leaves the buffer; this effectively increases buffer occupancy. Furthermore, the EB routers effectively provide additional buffer capacity in the form of the output EB. Together, these factors increase the hybrid router's maximum throughput beyond that of the wormhole router. If routers operate at their maximum frequencies, the enhanced two-stage router has a 27 and 36 percent higher maximum throughput—measured in absolute time—compared to the wormhole and hybrid router, respectively. This illustrates that the difference in cycle time has a significant impact. However, this comparison does not take into account the impact on area and power. To ensure that the four routers behave consistently under traffic patterns other than uniform random, we have repeated the above experiment for each of the other five traffic patterns in our set. The results for maximum throughput are summarized in Fig. 14. As shown, performance remains consistent with previous observations. The same is true for latency as a function of the injection rate. Consequently, we can safely average between traffic patterns for the rest of this section. In order to perform a fair comparison of the efficiency of the four routers, we equalize throughput, area or energy by modifying datapath width. Therefore, the four networks will have different datapath widths, and consequently each packet will consist of a different number of flits. For our first comparison, we equalize the maximum throughput. With equal maximum throughput and routers operating at their maximum frequencies, the single-stage router requires the same amount of energy to transfer a single bit from an input to an output as the wormhole router, and 17 percent less compared to the hybrid router. Due to the single-stage router's low energy overhead, it has a wider datapath but the wormhole and hybrid routers have more buffering slots. Therefore, even though FIFOs are more costly, in our network they provide twice as much IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 901 Fig. 15. Throughput versus area (equal frequencies). Fig. 17. Throughput versus latency (equal frequencies). buffering compared to the single-stage router. This increases the maximum throughput of the wormhole and hybrid routers. The trends for router area are similar to those for energy. The Pareto-optimal curves relating maximum throughput and area are shown in Figs. 15 and 16. When operating all routers at their maximum frequencies, time is given in units of the largest cycle time among all data points (4.1ns). In this case, the single-stage router requires 66 percent less area for the same throughput compared to the wormhole router, and 65 percent compared to the hybrid router. If we equalize for router area or energy, the datapath of the single-stage router is wider than those of the wormhole and hybrid routers. As a result, the single-stage router offers three percent more throughput per unit energy compared to the wormhole router and 18 percent more compared to the hybrid router. The single-stage router also offers 67 percent more throughput per unit area compared to the wormhole router, and 62 percent more compared to the hybrid router. The trends hold when operating all routers at the same clock frequency. In this case, however, the single-stage router provides more throughput per unit area because the enhanced two-stage router no longer benefits from its higher maximum operating frequency. In a Pareto-optimal point comparison with routers operating at their maximum frequencies, the single-stage router has a three percent increased zero-load latency for the same maximum throughput compared to the enhanced two-stage router. This result differs from [14] because our network for this comparison has two-cycle channels that are clocked at the same frequency as the routers, and thus favors the enhanced two-stage router. However, compared to the single-stage router, the wormhole and the hybrid routers still have a 10 percent higher zero-load latency for the same saturation throughput. This is because in our 2D mesh with a large measured average hop count of 6.2, the difference in cycle time between the wormhole and hybrid routers on the one hand and the single-stage router on the other hand is not large enough to outweigh the latter's smaller pipeline depth. Therefore, while the enhanced two-stage router has a lower zero-load latency than the three other routers, the single-stage router is still preferable to the FIFO-based routers. The Pareto-optimal curves are shown in Figs. 17 and 18. With routers operating at the same clock frequency, the singlestage router leverages its reduced pipeline depth and offers lower zero-load latency for the same maximum throughput. The other three routers are comparable because they all have two pipeline stages; the slight differences in performance are due to different amounts of buffering provided by each and the resulting differences in maximum throughput. Fig. 16. Throughput versus area (max. frequencies). Fig. 18. Throughput versus latency (max. frequencies). 902 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, We also compared a hybrid EB-wormhole router based on the single-stage router. However, because of the significant timing overhead introduced by the FIFO and because of the lack of pipelining to split the critical path, this design had a 65 percent increased cycle time compared to the two-stage hybrid design we evaluate in this section. Moreover, the addition of a FIFO defeats the primary advantage of the single-stage router: its design simplicity. Consequently, we did not investigate this particular design point further. Networks with different channel lengths will affect the number of buffer slots available to EB routers and thus the maximum throughput. However, this is a minor effect [12] as maximum throughput is mostly affected by contention in the routers. We have shown that even in a topology with short channels such as our 2D mesh, EB networks are more efficient, and that adding extra buffering in the form of input FIFOs decreases network efficiency. Topologies with longer channels provide more buffering opportunities for EB networks, while the associated impact on cost is comparable for EB and VC or wormhole networks. Also, longer channels require wormhole routers to use bigger input buffers in order to ensure that the longer credit roundtrip time can be covered. Hybrid routers, on the other hand, use the ready-valid handshake, and are thus not subject to this requirement. Changing the network diameter or router radix will affect the fraction of the power and area that is consumed by the FIFOs, and will thus affect our comparison results. However, as long as FIFOs remain more expensive than EBs, EB routers will likely continue to be more cost efficient; otherwise, hybrid EB-wormhole designs will prove beneficial since they combine increased buffering with credit-less flow control and still take advantage of the FFs already present in the channel as distributed storage. The use of SRAMbased—rather than FF-based—FIFOs could also have impacted our results; however, for the FIFO sizes and technology library considered here, FF-based FIFOs are more area and energy efficient than compiler-generated SRAMs. Even for larger sizes, SRAM-based buffers may have larger power overheads than our results of 21 percent for the wormhole router and 17 percent for the hybrid router [19]. The exact SRAM implementation, e.g., compiler-generated versus custom-designed, may also significantly affect the SRAM cost. However, we did not investigate the implementation of efficient custom SRAMs in this study. Overall, our results show that the single-stage router is preferable to the three other routers in terms of throughput efficiency, area, and energy. The enhanced two-stage router provides slightly better zero-load latency; however, the singlestage router remains preferable to the wormhole and hybrid routers in all aspects. This is true regardless of whether the routers operate at maximum or equal clock frequencies. Despite the single-stage router's larger cycle time, its area and energy savings can be traded for a wider datapath, enabling higher throughput and lower serialization latency. This highlights that design simplicity can result in decreased overhead and higher performance efficiency. Design simplicity also offers other advantages, such as reduced PnR flow turnaround time. Thus, we have illustrated that EB flow control is beneficial compared to wormhole flow control, although the optimal type of EB router may differ depending on the network configuration. A previous study [12] came to similar conclusions when comparing EB and VC flow control. 4 CONCLUSIONS In this work, we presented a comparison of EB and wormhole flow control techniques. Like VC routers, wormhole routers use FIFOs VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 at their inputs for buffering instead of using channels as distributed FIFOs like EB routers. However, they do not use VCs and therefore do not require VC allocators. Also, like EB routers, they use output arbiters instead of a full switch allocator. While they use credits, the associated control logic is much simpler due to the lack of VCs. A wormhole router's buffer has to at least be large enough to cover the buffer turnaround time; furthermore, as credits are consumed during the switch arbitration stage one cycle before the flit actually leaves the buffer, buffer occupancy is higher than for a router with the same amount of buffer space that uses the ready-valid handshake. We also explore novel hybrid EB-wormhole router designs. Such designs replace the input EB with a FIFO. Hybrid routers still use the channels for buffering, but the additional FIFOs enable higher throughput at the cost of increased area and power. Hybrid routers use the ready-valid handshake instead of credits. Due to the complexity of the FIFO logic, a hybrid router based on the single-stage router has a 65 percent increased cycle time compared to a hybrid router based on the enhanced two-stage router. Therefore, we only consider the latter design in this study. With the EB-wormhole comparison and the hybrid design exploration we closely examine the effect of design simplicity and input buffer cost. Moreover, we investigate the trade-off between input buffer cost and increased maximum throughput, as well as the trade-off of gaining buffering through network channels on the one hand and through additional input buffers on the other hand. As a result, we gain a better understanding of where the advantages of EB flow-control over VC flow-control reported in [12] originate. As our results show for an 8 Â 8 2D mesh with DOR, the enhanced two-stage router has a 25 percent smaller cycle time compared to the wormhole router, the fastest among the FIFObased routers (i.e., wormhole or hybrid). However, the single-stage router is able to trade off area and power savings from its significantly simpler design for a wider datapath. That way, it offers three percent more throughput per unit energy, 62 percent more throughput per unit router area, and has a 10 percent lower zero-load latency for equal saturation throughput when compared to the most efficient FIFO-based router for each case. The singlestage router is preferable to the FIFO-based routers in all aspects. The dominant factor in all results is the input FIFO. It is part of the router's critical path in all configurations. Moreover, it contributes 56 and 60 percent of the area and 21 and 17 percent of the power of the wormhole and hybrid routers, respectively, under a 20 percent flit injection rate. This highlights that using the channels for buffering instead of FIFOs provides significant gains, even in a topology with short channels such as our 2D mesh. Topologies with longer channels will provide more buffering in the EB channel, while affecting the cost of the EB and VC or wormhole networks similarly. In summary, in our network configuration, EB flow control using the single-stage EB router is more efficient than either wormhole flow control or the hybrid designs. Since EB flow control has been shown to be more efficient than VC flow control, EBs represent a preferable choice over a wide range of buffered networks-on-chip, which are currently the dominant design choices. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant CCF-0702341, in part by the National Security Agency under Contract H98230-08-C-0272-P-3, in part by a Robert Bosch Stanford Graduate Fellowship, and in part by a Prof. Michael J. Flynn Stanford Graduate Fellowship. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2011 REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] W.J. Dally and B. Towles, "Route Packets, Not Wires: On-Chip Interconnection Networks," Proc. 38th Ann. Conf. Design Automation, 2001. Y. Hoskote, S. Vangal, A. Singh, N. Borkar, and S. Borkar, "A 5-GHz Mesh Interconnect for a Teraflops Processor," IEEE Micro, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 51-61, Sept./Oct. 2007. M.B. Taylor, W. Lee, J. Miller, D. Wentzlaff, I. Bratt, B. Greenwald, H. Hoffmann, P. Johnson, J. Kim, J. Psota, A. Saraf, N. Shnidman, V. Strumpen, M. Frank, S. Amarasinghe, and A. Agarwal, "Evaluation of the Raw Microprocessor: An Exposed-Wire-Delay Architecture for Ilp and Streams," ISCA '04: Proc. 31st Ann. Int'l Symp. Computer Architecture, pp. 2-13, 2004. W.J. Dally, "Virtual-Channel Flow Control," IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 194-205, Mar. 1992. P. Gratz, C. Kim, R. McDonald, S. Keckler, and D. Burger, "Implementation and Evaluation of On-Chip Network Architectures," Proc. Int'l Conf. Computer Design (ICCD '06), pp. 477-484, 2006. C. Go´mez, M.E. Go´mez, P. Lo´pez, and J. Duato, "Reducing Packet Dropping in a Bufferless NoC," Proc. 14th Int'l Euro-Par Conf. Parallel Processing, 2008. T. Moscibroda and O. Mutlu, "A Case for Bufferless Routing in On-Chip Networks," ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 196-207, 2009. J. Liu, L.-R. Zheng, and H. Tenhunen, "A Guaranteed-Throughput Switch for Network-on-Chip," Proc. Int'l Symp. System-on-Chip, pp. 31-34, 2003. J. Duato, P. Lopez, F. Silla, and S. Yalamanchili, "A High Performance Router Architecture for Interconnection Networks," Proc. Int'l Conf. Parallel Processing, vol. 1, pp. 61-68, citeseer.ist.psu.edu/duato96high.html, 1996. G. Michelogiannakis, D. Pnevmatikatos, and M. Katevenis, "Approaching Ideal NoC Latency with Pre-Configured Routes," NOCS '07: Proc. First Int'l Symp. Networks-on-Chip, pp. 153-162, 2007. A. Kumar, L.-S. Peh, P. Kundu, and N.K. Jha, "Express Virtual Channels: Towards the Ideal Interconnection Fabric," Proc. 34th Ann. Int'l Symp. Computer Architecture, pp. 150-161, 2007. G. Michelogiannakis, J. Balfour, and W.J. Dally, "Elastic Buffer Flow Control for On-Chip Networks," HPCA '09: Proc. 15th Int'l Symp. HighPerformance Computer Architecture, pp. 151-162, 2009. A. Pullini, F. Angiolini, D. Bertozzi, and L. Benini, "Fault Tolerance Overhead in Network-on-Chip Flow Control Schemes," SBCCI '05: Proc. 18th Ann. Symp. Integrated Circuits and System Design, pp. 224-229, 2005. G. Michelogiannakis and W.J. Dally, "Router Designs for Elastic Buffer OnChip Networks," SC '09: Proc. Conf. High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis, pp. 1-10, 2009. M. Galles, "Spider: A High-Speed Network Interconnect," IEEE Micro, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 34-39, Jan./Feb. 1997. L. Ni and P. McKinley, "A Survey of Wormhole Routing Techniques in Direct Networks," pp. 492-506, 2000. A. Banerjee, R. Mullins, and S. Moore, "A Power and Energy Exploration of Network-on-Chip Architectures," NOCS '07: Proc. First Int'l Symp. Networks-on-Chip, pp. 163-172, 2007. W.J. Dally and B. Towles, Principles and Practices of Interconnection Networks. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 2003. A.B. Kahng, B. Li, L.-S. Peh, and K. Samadi, "Orion 2.0: A Fast and Accurate NoC Power and Area Model for Early-Stage Design Space Exploration," Proc. 46th Ann. Conf. Design Automation, pp. 423-428, 2009. . For more information on this or any other computing topic, please visit our Digital Library at www.computer.org/publications/dlib. 903
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text:
The Yuanxiao Festival, also known as the Lantern Festival, in China is the real end of the Chinese New Year celebration. The Chinese American Museum in Los Angeles has been putting together their own Lantern Festival each year to bring together all ages and backgrounds. The event is completely Free.
They offer a wide array of activities during the celebration such as a glow-in-the-dark dragon performance, acrobatic and lion dance performances, arts and crafts booths, Chinese calligraphy, origami, kite-building, and don't forget the lanterns!
When: Saturday, March 3, 2012
Admission: FREE all day
Time: (Arts & Crafts) 12 P.M. to 5 P.M. (Entertainment) 12 P.M. to 7 P.M.
Where: Chinese American Museum /www.camla.org
425 North Los Angeles Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012 (Event site map)
MAIN STAGE PERFORMANCES (Event Fact Sheet)
12pm - Opening Ceremony
12:45pm - Changing-faces illusion and Tea Pot Balancing Act
1pm - Chinese Folk Dances
1:15pm - Magic Show
1:30pm - God of Fortune
1:45pm - Martial Arts
2pm - Line Dances and Tai Chi Fan Dancing
2:15pm - Chinese Flute, Hula & Balancing Act
2:30pm - Chinese Acrobatics
2:45pm - Magic Show
3pm - Ballroom Dances
3:15pm - Balancing Acrobatics
3:30pm - Drums & Dances
3:45pm - Monkey King
4pm - Chinese Folk Dances
4:15pm - Chinese Traditional Music
4:30pm - Magic Show
4:45pm - Chinese Folk Dances
5pm - Lion Dancing
5:15pm - Martial Arts
5:30pm - Lion Dancing
6pm - Shadow Puppets
7pm - Silver Dragon
• 15% discount on merchandise and gift shop purchases
• Build Your Dream Home workshop, inspired by CAM's newest exhibit, Breaking Ground: Chinese American Architects in Los Angeles (1945-1980)
• Oliver Chin's Year of the Dragon children's books, event t-shirts, totes and fun holiday gifts for sale
• Portraits of Pride II literary program, presented by The Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
• Lucky Feast exhibition of a traditional Chinese New Year dinner table
• Year of the Dragon-inspired workshops
• Food Trucks (List TBA)
• Extended museum hours until 7pm and much more!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
April 3 - 7, 2005
Mission Valley Hotel
Call for Papers
|Business and Industry Symposium
|Applied Telecommunication Symposium
|38th Annual Simulation Symposium
|High Performance Computing Symposium
|Military, Government, and Aerospace Simulation
|Design, Analysis, and Simulation of Distributed Systems
|Agent-Directed Simulation
|DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium
Original, high-quality technical papers are solicited for review, possible presentation and subsequent publication in the conference proceedings. Abstract are strongly encouraged in advance of the final papers. All final paper submissions are to be made electronically to SCS via the Manuscript Central proceedings management system. Include complete postal and e-mail addresses, and fax and phone numbers of corresponding author. Papers must be in English. For further instructions, please refer to the Submission Instructions in the Manuscript Central proceedings management system web site. Confirmations will be sent to the contact author when the file has been retrieved and successfully viewed or printed. Only original unpublished material will be considered for publication. Authors should identify the area(s) in which they think their contribution would best fit, and should clearly indicate whether the submission is for a poster session or a full paper. Only papers that have not been previously published or presented are acceptable. Authors must obtain any employer, client, or government clearances before submission of the final manuscript. All conference attendees are expected to participate at their own expense.
A PDF poster version of this call is also available.
see the individual topic area conferences for conference-specific Key Dates.
SpringSim'05 provides Corporate Members and other vendors, offering products and services compatible with the technical program, a low-cost opportunity to display on a tabletop or with free-standing equipment. The program provides specific time blocks designed to enhance vendor contact with attendees who are eager to learn about new products for simulations and simulators. For Exhibit Information, contact the Exhibits Chair.
For additional Conference Information, contact SCS.
Sponsored by
The Society for Modeling and Simulation International
P.O. Box 17900
San Diego, California 92177-7900
Phone 858-277-3888
Return to SCS Home Page
Copyright 2004, SCS. All Rights Reserved.


text:
The Beach Lodge & Restaurant
The Beach Lodge, with ten well equipped rooms, is just 20 minutes from the International Airport, and plump on the beach. It is a little hideout with a private beach where The restaurant is partly on the beach and offers a variety of food requested by guests.
The staffs are "Eager to Serve" they are aware guests travel many Kilometers to be with us so they will make it comfortable and memorable. There is no visitors book but instead guests are requested to write on the lounge walls, the story of what the The Beach Lodge offered is all logged here.
All the rooms are with Air conditioners / Cable TV / Hot water / Fridges and free WIFI.
A mini Library and a Lounge to read undisturbed.
Guests can open their windows and see hundreds of Catamarans in the early hours of the morning in search of Shrimp, or relax on beach beds and see unbelievable Sunsets, as flocks of Birds fly back home waving good night.
The night is to linger into our restaurant ''called the"" Fisherman's Cove "" use the root chairs on the beach, dig ones feet into the soft sea sand, as little friendly harmless Crabs survey ones feet, as dainty waves sing sweet lullaby's, all lit by Fisherman's lanterns. The night will never say bye, as the waves take care of ones dreams.
Disponibilidad y preciosPara ver la disponibilidad y los precios, selecciona las fechas y pincha "Actualizar fechas"
Instalaciones & Políticas de Hotel
- Seguridad 24 horas
- Aire acondicionado
- Traslado al aeropuerto
- Bar
- Desayuno
- Televisión por cable
- Ventilador de techo
- Se aceptan tarjetas de crédito
- Servicio de teléfono/fax
- Wifi gratuito
- Secadores de pelo
- Lavandería
- Guardaequipajes
- Comidas disponibles
- Sin límite de hora
- No fumadores
- Aparcamiento
- Restaurante
- IVA incluido
- Toallas incluidas
Política de cancelaciónEsta propiedad cuenta con una política de cancelación de 7 días. Si no se realiza la cancelación dentro de ese plazo se aplicará un recargo de anulación igual a la primera noche de tu estancia.
IndicacionesMostrar mapaOcultar mapa
If you are travelling by paid transport tell the driver to turn left at the second traffic light passing the Government Negombo Hospital and proceed straight down till you come to a 'Y' junction with a Crab and Lobster;
keep to your right till you come to a 'T' junction travel another 50 meters and look onto the seaside and see a building with a Catamaran on the wall that's The Beach Lodge.
If you come by public transport use Bus route No. 905 from the Negombo bus stand and tell him to drop you near the Palagathurai Cemetery , we are just 50 meters from there.


text:
Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Has Two Dimensions,...
Widespread Adoption of Biomarkers Has Been...
Peptide Drugs Are Not Only Diverse...
Constant Innovation and Translation of Scientific...
Advanced Life Sciences has entered into a CRADA with The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research that allows the latter to perform advanced animal efficacy testing of Restanza (cethromycin) against the various species of Plasmodium that cause malaria.
Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted to test the efficacy of Restanza against different types of malaria-causing Plasmodium. The drug shows two- to ten-fold greater efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum, with the IC50 and IC90 levels, respectively, ranging from 0.2 to 2.7 and 0.6 to 6.2 ug/mL, regardless of chloroquine susceptibility, according to Advanced Life Sciences. In the in vivo study, Restanza has shown 100% efficacy in treating mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and is approximately three times more potent than azithromycin at half of the same dose.
"Developing new treatments for malaria is a high-priority for the U.S. military because of malaria's global prevalence, debilitating nature, potential lethality, and tendency to become resistant to current drugs," says Michael T. Flavin, CEO of Advanced Life Sciences. "We share the U.S. Army's mission to protecting our troops in the field with novel therapies that can combat infectious diseases such as malaria."
Restanza is a once-a-day, oral antibiotic that is in late-stage development for the treatment of adults with mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia and biodefense pathogens. Tests have shown higher in vitro potency and a broader range of activity than macrolides against Gram-positive bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections, according to Advanced Life Sciences. The drug also appears to be effective against penicillin-, macrolide-, and flouroquinolone-resistant bacteria.
Restanza is also being investigated for the prophylactic treatment of inhalation anthrax postexposure and other high-priority biodefense pathogens including plague and tularemia.
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text:
Substance abuse has no boundaries. What may be news to some readers is what types of substances are abused are influenced by geographic location. Milwaukee and much of Southeast Wisconsin are battling Opiates (Heroin, Oxycontin) and Xanax. Unfortunately the "dealers" are often well meaning physicians who buy in to false claims of anxiety and pain. The pain and anxiety suffered by the addict, pales in comparison to emotional nightmare felt by their family and friends.
Last week I had the unfortunate experience of attending the wake of a former 27 year old male client. He attended my substance abuse group and was winning his battle against opiate addiction.
He was full of life, outspoken, funny and generally lovable. He would be the first in the group to call the other member's on their weaknesses. More than one time, he told group members "Take your suboxone, methadone, xanax, or whatever crutch your using and flush them down the toilet". He knew the power of addiction and how the demon of rationalization justified the use of prescription drugs.
His continual personal dilemma was the same echoed by many other group members.
"My family won't quit accusing me of using, they won't get off my back, and I'm clean!" "What's the point of even being clean?" I knew full well he as well as the group knew the "point" of being clean. My only response was "How would you treat the person who was trying to kill your child with drugs?"
I observed many of his peers obviously under the influence. Part of me wanted to wake them up to what was happening. Part of me wanted to call the police for a drug raid. Of course, I chose to remain silent. I knew how futile any action would be as my dead client had attended three funerals of friends which died due to drug overdoses in the prior six months. After each funeral I would ask the group "Which one of you is next?" I never imagined I was asking a prophetic question.
Finally, I approached the casket, his father, greeting each visitor. The father spoke about his son with nothing but pride. Clearly he loved his son and was proud of him. If only he could have spoken those very words to my client while he was alive, there would be one more person who could share their story of success.
Related Links:


text:
William Lynn Parkinson sat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago, IL, and after a daytime bender went missing on October 26, 1959. He was last seen about 7:00 pm in the lobby of the Drake Hotel where he maintained an apartment, and six months later on April 24, 1960 his submerged body was recovered from the breakwater rocks at the city's new filtration plant on Lake Michigan. An inquest jury ruled that Judge Parkinson died of drowning but citing "elements of mystery" was unable to determine time of death or who was responsible. Indeed, to this day it's unclear whether the jurist's death was the result of suicide, murder or an accident. However, a compelling case can be made that Judge Parkinson was a closet homosexual under blackmail threats from the Chicago Outfit, and remorsefully killed himself in an alcoholic depression after reversing two convictions for Paul DeLucia a/k/a Paul "the Waiter" Ricca which shaved six years off the mob boss's prison sentence.
DeLucia was convicted on three counts of tax evasion in 1958, and was sentenced nine years -- three years on each count -- in a federal prison. The conviction was Team America's biggest trophy since it locked up DeLucia's predessor Al Capone on similar charges nearly thirty years earlier, and the Chicago Outfit and its fixer Murray "the Camel"or "Curly" Humphreys were pulling out all the stops to spring DeLucia.
A May 12, 1961 FBI memo describes Humphreys as follows:
HUMPHREYS has been leader of underworld in Chicago since 1920s and is only leader of CAPONE mob who is currently active in Chicago as leader of underworld. HUMPHREYS operates as "elder statesman" of Chicago underworld and his functions include corruption of public officials and direction of defenses of underworld figures on trial. Over 100 associates identified herein including underworld associates and underlings, attorneys, businessmen, labor leaders, politicians, public officials, U.S. Congressmen and law enforcement officers.
An informant advised the G-men that "HUMPHREYS is known among his associates for his outstanding undying devotion and loyalty to his associates," and "it is HUMPHREYS reputation that he will leave no stone unturned in order to protect his associates from law enforcement agencies and provide them an opportunity to make a living."
The FBI described DeLucia as "a long time close associate of HUMPHREYS in that both have been leaders of organized crime in the Chicago area since the 1920's." DeLucia was among five Chicago mobsters for whom Humphreys secured paroles in 1947 through then-Attorney General Tom Clark by promising him the next opening on the U.S. Supreme Court through the mob's influence with President Harry Truman. Humphreys got his boys free, and in 1949 Clark took his seat on the Supreme Court. The Chicago Tribune lambasted Clark's appointment by declaring his "utter unfitness for any position of public responsibility and especially for a position on the Supreme Court," and specifically pointed to "his considerable role in releasing the Capone gangsters after they served only the bare minimum of their terms." Of course, it was quite an achievement for Humphreys, and nearly two decades later the fixer still was crowing over the maneuver in a 1964 conversation with criminal associates which was picked up by an FBI bug:
HUMPHREYS detailed his role in the paroles which were obtained by five major Chicago hoodlums in 1947. HUMPHREYS furnished information indicating that these paroles had been granted by THOMAS CLARK, then the Attorney General of the United States, after HUMPHREYS was able to influence CLARK through one [name redacted] formerly an official of the Department of Justice who was a former law partner of Attorney General Clark. HUMPHREYS also indicated that until the scandal pertaining to these paroles broke, CLARK provided favorable treatment to Chicago hoodlums, HUMPHREYS in particular, but that after the scandal took place, CLARK refused any further cooperation to Chicago hoodlums.
Humphreys later provided his unique services for DeLucia's 1958 tax evasion trial. According to a February 15, 1961 memo an FBI source advised that Humphreys sent the principal witness out of the country after generously purchasing his home, and retained a private detective to assess which jurors could be compromised. However, DeLucia still got convicted on three counts and was sentenced to three years in a federal facility on each count to run consecutively for nine years. As was his nature Humphreys worked overtime to wrong the right.
In December 1959 a three-judge appellate panel on which Judge Parkinson sat reversed DeLucia's conviction on two counts and took six years off his prison sentence. Humphreys rarely sought a complete victory which would generate suspicion of an obvious fix, and he typically left something on the table which could provide cover. For example, when Humphreys provided the mob's strategy for the 1962 trial against five Chicago mobsters on a whiskey heist he arranged for one -- Joseph "Ruffy" Liscandrello -- to get dismissed a third day into trial by faking a heart attack while the case proceeded against the four others including Jimmy "the Monk" Allegretti who then were convicted. Sometimes a mob win is losing four defendants but saving one at a criminal trial. Or as in the DeLucia case serving three years but shaving off six on a prison sentence. The mob underworld understands that criminal convictions and serving time are occupational hazards, and as a practical matter often can only manage rather than eliminate these risks by a judicious exercise of its corrupting influence. In a March 12, 1962 document the FBI paraphrased a Humphreys conversation in which the fixer said "that his group should be very careful not to ask many favors from Judge JOSEPH POPE, now deceased, so that nothing could 'splash back' on Judge POPE which would thereafter be subject to use against him when the hoodlum group puts the pressure on public officials under their control and influence to name Judge POPE a United States District Judge."
Shortly after DeLucia and Humphreys got their good news from the appellate court Judge Parkinson suffered an emotional breakdown as reported by Chesly Manning in a November 15, 1959 article ("How An Honored Judge Broke Down And Then Staggered Away Into Oblivion") about his mysterious disappearance. Even at that time there was open speculation that the jurist was feeling guilty over getting compromised by the mob, and Manning writes:
In recent months his mind had been troubled, as if by pangs of conscience. He was afflicted with anxiety neurosis, and had sought increasing solace in "the cup that clears today of past regrets and future fears." In the absence of other reasons for the Judge's depression, Chicago police and FBI agents searched for possible clues in some of his decisions as a judge. In one case, the court reversed the income tax fraud conviction of Paul (the Waiter) Ricca, a chieftain of the gang formerly headed by Al Capone, on two of three counts, and reduced the prison sentence of the notorious corruptionist from nine to three years.
Manning further reports that "some time after the Ricca decision last January Parkinson began expressing misgivings about his work as a judge," and told his fellow jurists and family members "I'm no good as a judge, no good to myself, no good to my wife. I might as well be dead." Among the establishments at which Judge Parkinson reportedly was drowning his sorrows was "the notorious Shoreline, owned by the Chicago crime syndicate."
The Shoreline was notorious because it was both mob-owned (allegedly) and a gay bar. The dive at 7 West Division near State Street was managed by Ralph Marco, and in Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Before Stonewall, author St. Sukie de la Croix describes the Shoreline as "a popular gay bar from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s" which was "syndicate owned," and "a back room at the bar was used for card playing and meetings among police captains, mobsters and politicians."
An FBI bug picked up a Humphreys conversation after Judge Parkinson's body was discovered in Lake Michigan, and the transcript quotes him saying the following:
PARKINSON they tell me that he must have been a queer. That's the story around here. It was hush hush. They found the corpse. They found his body a little while ago. Right over here at Oak Street. He was over on North Avenue every night drinking. Do you know the FBI wasn't interested in finding him.
The FBI then explains that "PARKINSON referred to is apparently Federal Appeals judge W. LYNN PARKINSON whose body was found in Lake Michigan about a year ago."
If Judge Parkinson ensured a favorable decision for Paul DeLucia after being blackmailed by the Chicago Outfit over his homosexuality then no doubt the poor man would feel he's "no good as a judge, no good to myself, no good to my wife," and "might as well be dead." However, the actual truth may always remain elusive. The FBI not only "wasn't interested in finding him" according to Murray Humphreys but the Bureau apparently also wasn't interested in keeping its investigative file on Judge Robinson's tragic death. Friends of Ours filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request with the FBI for all documents on Judge Robinson but was informed that none existed. It's not unusual for the FBI to purge files in accordance with set policies but typically when this happens the FBI advises the FOIA requester that responsive documents once existed and then identifies the year in which they were destroyed. However, with regard to William Parkinson, there was not even an acknowledgement from the FBI that it ever had a file on the federal judge.
Maybe it's sometimes best to scrub history. Ain't that America?
The FBI files for Murray Humphreys long have been publicly available, and reveal in disturbing detail the pervasive influence of the Chicago Outfit in corrupting public officials from city wards to Washington, D.C. The pernicious role of organized crime in the governing institutions of the United States certainly is among the country's more shameful moments.
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text:
Foxing Stains on Books, Papers, Photographs: cause, cures, prevention
Foxing stains on books, papers & photographs:
This article defines book & paper foxing - those reddish-brown stains found on some old books, papers, photographs, and other paper products. We explain the causes of foxing stains, the chemistry and mold components of foxing, and we describe what foxing looks like, how it is cleaned from books, papers, or photographs, and how foxing can best be prevented by book and paper restorers and paper conservators.
We provide and cite an extensive list of authoritative references about foxing: cause, cure, and prevention.
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Are foxing marks on books and paper always caused by mould or are other factors also at work?
Also, I have a couple of books with shiny pages that have become sticky during a humid summer and have developed orange lines along the edges of some of the pages.
Is this a reaction of the acid in the books seeping through the cut edges or could mould be a factor? - Rachel 9/2/202
At left our photograph of book foxing illustrates foxing stains on the page edges of the book discussed in this article. Photograph taken in direct sunlight.
Your surmise that more than mold is at work in the development of local discoloration or reddish-brown foxing marks on paper and books is correct in that at the core, foxing is caused by exposure of those materials to high humidity, and the brown stains characteristic of foxing marks, according to some researchers are typically found to contain high levels of Iron Oxy-Hydroxide (FeOOH) in one or more chemical forms.
However as paper expert Paolo Calvini corrects the record (in detail below),
Paper chemistry as well as chemistry of inks and other materials comprising the book, paper, stamp, or other foxed document are also important components in the foxing problem. (Carter explains that the general yellowing of some paper products is distinct from the localized red-brown stains associated with foxing. [36][37])
Dr. Calvini, generously commenting on this article continues:
Foxing and other stains on paper are typically examined by several methods including
Brown stains on various paper goods may also be found to contain conidia and hyphae of fungi, but keep in mind that many of the fungi commonly identified as growing on or in paper products (listed below) do not themselves produce darkly-pigmented fungal materials. Some experts add that bacteria play a role in paper deterioration [29] (and possibly foxing), and indeed, fungi and certain bacteria are about the only natural organisms in the environment capable of breaking down cellulose.
Our own forensic microscopy lab work as well as that of other experts confirms an interesting diagnostic observation: the color and appearance of stains (black, brown, white, etc) that we see macroscopically or with the naked eye can be quite different from the color and appearance of the staining materials (often fungi) when examined at high magnification under the light microscope. [16]
In any case, and for those rusty reddish-brown foxing stains on paper, it appears that both moisture and several species of mold are at work together, conspiring in the accumulation of iron oxide stains or foxing stains on paper, as we explain in more detail here. It also is likely that paper and ink chemistry, such as pre-existing levels of iron in the paper, inks, bindings, or other materials is important in the development of foxing stains.
It is useful to note that the term foxing, used to describe brown or reddish brown discoloration appearing on books, papers, some photographs, derives its name from The F and Ox in Ferrous Oxide, or iron oxide deposits that are attracted to areas in the paper substrate. Exposure of a book or other paper materials to water or more often high humidity over the materials' life is the key or gating factor in the development of foxing stains.
This same exposure to humidity is also a determining factor in the development of fungal growth in or on books and papers as well as on other materials such as book bindings, glues, cloth covers, and of course on other indoor building materials and surfaces.
Biotic foxing on paper is indeed a widely-recognized book and paper conservation concern. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]9][10][11][12][14] Yet according to at least some of those experts, the biotic or even chemical origin of these stains remains unclear.
I'm not an expert book or paper conservator, but our photo (above left) is indeed a typical example of modest foxing marks or stains on both the page edges and within pages as well. The example is from our copy of Hypatia or Woman and Knowledge, by Dora Russell, third impression, printed by Mackays Ltd., Chatam, London, in the mid 1920's.
Examining small brown spots of "foxing" stains from a sample page macroscopically we observe a classic fungal colony pattern - as if a colony has grown from a single spore center.
But examining these samples by light microscopy in acid fuchsin and in KOH (not the optimal mountant chemicals for this purpose) as well as dry without a cover slide and using reflected as well as transmitted light did not produce good images of fungal colonization, just a few fungal spores resembling Cladosporium sphaerospermum.
At left our photo illustrates preparing a large sample (triangular cut) of one of these brown stains.
Further work is in process, and of course other experts have examined foxing stains using other methods including FLIR. [16] [Forensic microscopic images of these stain materials are forthcoming. - Ed.]
Research reported by Arai et als established the fungal basis of foxing stains. [31][32][33][34] while more recently, Zotti et als, using FLIR, cultures, and other methods, identified Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Aspergillus melleus, Pithomyces chartarum, Aspergillus sclerotiorum as among the most common fungi associated with foxing marks or stains on paper. Those researchers found these fungal genera/species present before and after microwave treatment of foxed papers. [16]
Further work by the same authors found that these biota were absent after mechanical "rubbing" of the stained areas to remove the apparent stain - which surprised me. My own preliminary work on the brown foxing stains such as those shown here suggests that at least in some cases the foxing stains involve materials that reside within the matrix of wood pulp fibers comprising the paper itself, making successful mechanical surface treatments difficult.
In an earlier work the same lead author, Zotti, who along with Arai has done extensive research on foxing, noted that the while fungi and some yeasts are found in foxing marks on books and papers, the dominant genera and species appeared to be in the Penicillium group.
Ten species representative of filamentous fungi genera and one yeast form were identified. Of the fungal species, the one most frequently represented was Penicillium, with 5 different strains, while for each of the other genera there was only one species. [17]
At least ten species of fungi and one yeast have been identified as growing on/in or "hosted by" paper, [16][17][17a][29] Indeed, a literature search confirms that among scholarly and research papers we researched for this article, not one authority detected the presence of either of the two types of mildew (Oidium-Erysiphe - powdery mildew, or Peronosporaceae - downy mildew) among the various fungi found growing on books, papers, photographs, stamps, or other paper based works. [1] op. seq. Fungal species commonly identified as found growing on or in books, papers, photographs, stamps, etc. include at least the following:
Conservationists and paper or book restorers typically use a range of chemical or plant extract treatments to attempt to neutralize the reddish stains associated with foxing. Removing ferrous oxide (FeO) from the paper appears to be a key step in both removing the stains and preventing their recurrence. Where appropriate, such as in visibly moldy books and papers, mold needs to be physically removed from paper and book surfaces first, typically by gentle brushing, wiping, or HEPA vacuuming. Some conservationists also attempt to "kill" the mold using microwave or freeze-drying methods.[16]
Watch out: killing mold simply means that most of the remaining mold spores, if placed in a culture media, will not reproduce. But depending on mold genera/species such spores may still be harmful to humans or other animals and may retain allergenic or even toxic chemicals such as mycotoxins found in some fungi. For this reason, a proper mold remediation strategy should always involve physically cleaning mold from materials and surfaces that can be cleaned, and correcting the conditions that caused the mold growth in the first place. See MOLD KILLING GUIDE for details.
Watch out: Separately, Tronson warns
There has been no definite cure for neutralising the mildew [it's mold not mildew - Ed] spore, chemical use not only breaks down the paper cellulose but also reactivates the ink so not only do the fibres of the paper break down, after a while and the paper starts to disintegrate and the ink or what ever medium can be rubbed off!
Bleach treated or chemical treated papers on the other hand will always be subject to the foxing returning and eventual disintegration. [25]
I have read the article about
In the article published here there are some questionable statements:
Sincerely, Paolo Calvini [16][17][17a][17b]
Sr. Calvini:
I cannot thank you enough for taking the time to send me your note.. I have edited the article above to reflect your warnings.
As a matter of editorial policy we ask for expert technical review of our articles, while at the same time,we understand that we should not burden experts with too great a volume of requests. Had I considered that risk was involved I might have been smarter by asking for further reviews. - Daniel Friedman, Editor.
(Mar 19, 2014) Foxing said:
Am a collector of cigarette cards and was talking recently about foxing it was mentioned that placing a card in the domestic micro wave and giving it a couple of blasts would do the trick and kill the mold, fungi. Is there any truth in this as it sounds plausible, and if it does work does it harm the card. - Regards David
Microwaving is one of the techniques used by some book restorers to try to dry out and "kill" mold.
First, on cigarette cards with foxing stains, microwave treatment will almost certainly not remove the existing brown stains attributed to fungal attack.
Next, it might "kill" some or even all of the fungal spores, though we haven't tested that theory. We'd need to identify a suitable culture media that works with foxing-fungi (not all molds will grow in any culture of any sort), then do some testing with samples collected before and after treatment.
Third in my OPINION there may be some cigarette cards that might be damaged, either their inks that might be oxidized or other components such as metallic inks or foils that would cause or might cause a bit of excitement (sparking) in the microwave. In the most extreme case we might even oxidize or brown the card by heat.
Still it's an interesting idea. If you want to pursue it we could get some help from appropriate mycologists and paper restoration experts, and here at InspectApedia we could conduct the lab work in our forensic lab.
Let me know if you have some low-value examples that we could use for testing if you want to pursue it more scientifically.
Reader question: 7/25/14 IAmBill said:
Are there DIY methods on removing the foxing stains because the methods shown don't seem like it. And is putting them out in sunlight one of them?
I agree that most of the foxing stain treatments discussed here are used by professionals.
Watch out: as Calvini cites in comments on this article, some older documented treatments for foxing stains on paper, photographs, books, or other similar products are both obsolete (no longer recommended) and dangerous.
(Aug 1, 2014) IAmBill said:
I am simply asking if there are other DIY methods beyond the two just mentioned. There has to be more, right? Or are there only two?
Bill, researched information on foxing stains including comments from one of the most expert people in the field along with citations are in the article above. If there were other methods advised that research had cited or disclosed they'd be here. What would lead a reader to think our editors withheld useful information.?
I was taken to task by a world expert on this topic Paolo Calvini (in the article above) for including too many now-obsolete and some-dangerous methods for treating foxing stains. I conclude that while there may be more amateur approaches they are either ineffective or dangerous.
The ineffective or less-effective ones that might do something and that I know about are included in the article.
For sure, if you find reference to other foxing stain treatments that we have not discussed here just let me know and I'll be glad to research and comment on them.
8/24/15 Zack said:
May i know if foxed book could contaminate other books?
It's more likely that the conditions that caused foxing or mold growth on a book would affect others in the same environment. Not all books are equally affected - variations in materials, inks, papers, glues, bindings make a difference too.
8/25/14 Zack said:
Hi, lately i don't have time to maintain and take care of my books. So i put them in traveling vacuum bag and vacuum the air out. Will this keep my books from getting foxed or mold?
I live in a humid country and maintaining the environment is very costly (i.e aircond and dehumidifier). What is the best method to keep the book in good condition as possible.
Provided the books and papers are already dry, you can store them in a vacuum bag and remove the air, though document experts have warned me about storing important documents in a vacuum. I think equally safe and easier is to place your *dry* books into a clean tightly-sealing plastic container. The remaining few mold spores and moisture molecules sealed in with the books won't cause a mold contamination.
Watch out: if you store wet or damp books and papers in any closed container, vacuumed or not, you can expect mold growth to ensue.
I have a modern Egyptian papyrus painting from the 1970s that sustained some water damage. Before I could get it out of the frame it developed some black spots in the wet areas. I removed the paper from the frame and it's dry now, but I'm wondering about the spots. Are they mold or mildew? They don't look fuzzy or stringy. And is there any way to remove them from the paper? I have some photos I can send along tonight if those would help. - S.B. 8/21/14
Here are the images of the water damaged Egyptian papyrus painting I mentioned in my post. It's an early 1970s painting, I think the paint is acrylic. It's mounted on a pane of glass and glued down on two corners. The image is based on a wall painting from the Tomb of Nakht in Thebes.
As you can see, there are black spots and a little white mold on the black hair of one of the figures. The paper is dry now and a little crispy. The spots don't look fuzzy or stringy. There are also spots on the back in the water affected area.
I think the stains are on the surface of the papyrus, at least they don't seem to go all the way through.
Susan B.
Thanks so much for your help! - S.B. 8/25/2014
Use the email at our CONTACT link to send me some sharp photos and I may comment further.
There won't be mildew (that only grows on living plants) but there may be mold damage to the painting. If the value of the painting does not merit hiring a professional paper conservator and you are going to try a DIY project, gently wipe off the surface mold using a dry cotton or cloth. On some rice paper screens that were water damaged we recently had success using a q-tip moistened with *diluted* household bleach, dabbing onto the stains. Others have tried hydrogen peroxide. We quickly blotted then dabbed thoroughly with distilled water to prevent excessive bleaching and bleach damage.
A general conservator's rule is to start with the most gentle benign approach possible, thus minimizing risk of damage to the artifact. I'd start with a damp wipe with a soft cotton cloth to see what happens.
As a book collector and once-upon-a-time mycologist I found your web site of interest.
However, I do not believe there would be uniform acceptance among professional mycologists of your distinction between "mold" and "mildew". The organisms involved are all fungi in the classical sense. Those attacking dead organic matter like cellulose are not all that different biologically from their relatives that may have a preference for the living cells of plants and animals.
The fact that some parasitic species may be facultative heterotrophs (feeding on non-living materials) supports this view. I believe your cause is best served by promoting the idea that the fungi, a diverse and highly successful breed, will exploit any environment where nutrients and moisture are available whether or not it is living or dead. Books and their bindings in a high humidity environment are sitting ducks.
... [text omitted here]. - Chris 9/7/2012
See our article BOOK MOLD, CLEANING and its section on the Distinction between "mold" and "mildew" on books and in general is questioned & answered for additional details about the importance of the distinction between mold growth on surfaces and mildew growth.
Thank you for the interesting comments about book mold, mildew, HEPA vacuuming, and the important role of the fungi in our environment. I'm grateful to read your opinion and want to emphasize that we welcome polite, informed discussion or debate about this or any other topic found at InspectApedia.com.
Indeed even among expert book restorers the term mildew is often used loosely and technically incorrectly to refer to the role of certain fungi or mold genera/species in the cause of foxing on books and papers. A few points need clarification: by no means do I suggest that mildew is not a fungus, as mildew is indeed a proper subset of the huge kingdom of fungi. But the fungi appearing on books are different genera/species from the two fungi properly named mildew. There are some important distinctions to be made.
I learned about the distinctive properties of mildew as a living plant pathogen among other members of the Fifth Kingdom from Dr. John Haines, my friend and mentor, when John was still serving as the NY State mycologist. Discussing some mold samples I'd brought along for us to examine, I mentioned that I'd just collected some white mildew from leather shoes found in a moldy home. Like many people I just bandied the word mildew about willy-nilly. John asked why I thought it might be mildew, allowed me to embarrass myself, and then kindly explained that mildew grows on plants, not shoes.
Perhaps it's technical nitpicking, but mildew a subset of "mold" that only grows on living plants. Mildews are a small group of fungi found among the Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales if I recall correctly, and any "mildew" if properly identified, will be either Oidium-Erysiphe or Powdery Mildew or Peronosporaceae or Downy Mildew. Mildew, then, has nothing to do with and won't be found growing on books nor on other building surfaces unless the item in the building is a live or recently-live plant.
Below I include photos of Oidium or powdery mildew that I collected from a jasmine plant (below left) that was growing indoors (we moved it outside before this photo was taken) along with a photo of the same mildew from that plant under my lab microscope (below right).
Watch out: In a library of moldy books, if by careless language we informed building management that we thought the dominant mold present was just a bit of mildew (say Oidium) we would erroneously conclude that other than a possible allergic response or perhaps a problem for nearby houseplants, there was no health risk to building occupants. But in point of fact what I find on moldy library books is typically a potpourri of fungi dominated on book jackets by several species of Aspergillus - far more likely to present an IAQ and health hazard to occupants.
See Distinction between "mold" and "mildew" on books and in general is questioned & answered for additional details about this distinction.
Continue reading at BOOK MOLD, CLEANING or select a topic from the More Reading links or topic ARTICLE INDEX shown below.
FOXING STAINS on books & papers at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.
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Postgame Notes
Oct. 19, 2013
Penn 21, Columbia 7
Game Recap
- Penn has won six straight Ivy League games dating back to last season. This is Penn's first win by double digits during that streak.
- Penn defeated an Ivy opponent by double digits for the first time since the 2011 Homecoming win over Princeton, 37-9. The last time the Quakers won by 10 or more in an Ivy road game was in the 2010 season finale at Cornell, 31-7.
- The Quakers have started 2-0 in league play for the sixth straight year.
- Penn has won 17 straight games against Columbia on the field of play. That ties the eighth-longest win streak over an opponent in an uninterrupted series in FCS history. It also matches the league record for most consecutive wins over an Ivy opponent (Princeton beat Columbia 17 straight times from 1954-70).
- Penn is now 71-21-1 all-time against Columbia and has won nine straight games at Wien Stadium where the Quakers are now 22-13 all-time.
- Coach Bagnoli now has 145 career wins at Penn (school record). He has 109 Ivy League wins (second all-time) and owns the highest winning percentage in Ivy League history at .732. He is 19-3 against Columbia.
- The Quakers have forced a turnover in seven straight Ivy League games - 17 total (12 interceptions, five fumbles).
- Penn has won eight straight games when leading at the half dating back to the 2011 season finale against Cornell.
- The Quakers have scored 20 or more points in 20 of the last 22 Ivy League contests.
- Penn has accumulated more than 400 yards of total offense and 200 rushing yards in each Ivy League game this year.
- Today's game was the 1,338th game in school history, an NCAA record. The Quakers are the only school in NCAA history to reach 1,300 games.
- Penn has allowed an opening drive touchdown just twice since 2008 (48 games). Prior to last week - where the Tribe needed just 12 yards - the last team to score on the opening drive against Penn was Lafayette in the 2012 season opener - where they only needed to go 14 yards for the score.
- Penn's opponent has scored first in four straight games.
- Seniors Jake Schwertner and Steve Szostak started for the 15th straight game together on the offensive line.
- Senior Christopher Bush's start at center marks the 24th game that he and Ragone have started together.
- Senior wideout Ryan Mitchell, who now has a catch in 25 straight games, has 1,225 career receiving yards to move into 10th-place all-time at Penn. He is just five yards from the ninth (Karl Hall, 1981-83). His 89 career catches are one away from Penn's top 10.
- Sophomore Christian Stapleton made his first career catch with a third down conversion in the first quarter.
- Senior Billy Ragone has thrown a touchdown pass in 11 straight starts. It was his 55th career touchdown at Penn (35 pass, 20 rush) which set a school record. He broke a tie with Gavin Hoffman (50 pass, 4 rush).
- Ragone's 35th career touchdown pass broke a tie with Jimmy McGeehan for third-most all-time at Penn.
- Ragone improved to 18-4 as a starter against the Ivy League and 4-0 against Columbia.
- Ragone had 25 pass attempts and now has 745 for his career. That is second-most all-time at Penn behind Gavin Hoffman's 1,004.
- Senior Sam Chwarzynski has a sack in five of the last six games, including three straight.
- Sophomore Austin Taps has a sack in each of the last two games and three of the four games he has played this season.
- Junior running back Spencer Kulcsar has a touchdown in four of the last six games. Senior wideout Ty Taylor has scored in three of the last five.


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