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SAE J1939 is a high-level protocol that defines how communication between nodes or electronic control units and diagnostics occur on a vehicle bus. It was originally developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in the US for car and heavy duty truck applications. Currently the J1939 standard is used worldwide by on and off highway heavy duty truck and machinery companies. J1939 is commonly used for communications throughout a vehicle or machine.
Companies that use J1939 include:
Since 2000, J1939 has been built on CAN, differentiating it from its predecessors, SAE J1708 and SAE J1587.
Message Transmission
Nearly all messages specified by J1939 are intended to be "broadcast" or sent to every node on the bus, regardless of whether each individual node can actually use the information. An advantage of this sort of communication is that is no need for request messages. Broadcasting messages also makes it easy to accommodate additional ECUs (with additional addresses) as they are added to the network.
In the event that a message must be sent to a specific device, that device's address can be inserted into the message identifier.
Parameter Group Number (PGN)
J1939 packets, also called messages, contain 8 bytes of data along with a header. The header contains a PGN, short for Parameter Group Number. The PGN makes up part of the 29 bit identifier defined by CAN. Every message on the bus has an identifier that includes a PGN.
The PGN is used to identify the purpose of each message and its data. J1939 defines a standard set of PGNs for automotive, off-road, marine, and agricultural applications.
The PGN itself is an 18 bit value made by combining the values of the Extended Data Pagebit, the Data Page bit, the PDU format (PF), and the PDU Specific (PS).
PDU is short for Protocol Data Unit which simply means "message format". Messages are either "PDU 1", that is a message with a destination address, or "PDU 2", a message that will be broadcast. Both the PF and the PS are 8 bits long.
PDU Format (PF) is a value that indicates if the message is to be broadcast or sent with a specific destination address. PDU Specific (PS) is variable and dependent on the PF field value. Depending on the PF value, the PS will either contain a specific destination address or a Group Extension.
The PGN indicates the Parameter Group (PG) that is being transmitted by each message. Each PG is specifically defined. The definition includes the assignment of each parameter in the 8 byte data field, the rate of transmission, and the message's priority on the bus.
When a node receives a message, it checks the PGN to easily determine the type of data it contains.
The J1939 standard defines each parameter used in J1939 networks. SAE assigns a specific number to each defined parameter. This number is called the Suspect Parameter Number or SPN. Each SPN has a corresponding set of details that includes: data length in bytes; data type; resolution; offset; range; and a reference label or tag. SPNs that have the same details in common are grouped into Parameter Groups. When they are transmitted on the vehicle network, they will be sent using the same PGN.
Defining New Parameters
As technology changes, it is logical to expect new parameters that have not had a SPN defined by SAE. J1939 is prepared to handle this situation. The standard includes two types of messages (PGNs) that can be used to handle new parameters as they develop. They are the Proprietary A PGN and the Proprietary B PGN.
Sending Large Amounts of Data Using Multi-Packet Messages
J1939 also includes a procedure for sending messages that contain more than the standard 8 bytes of data. The data is sent in multiple packets as described by the Transport Protocol (TP). J1939 includes two different methods of TP, Broadcast Announce Message and Connection Management. Broadcast Announce Message (TP_BAM) broadcasts the data to everyone on the bus. Connection Management (TP_CM) is used to send the data to a specific address. This method of TP is also referred to as a RTS/CTS session because it involves sending "Request to Send" (RTS) messages and "Clear to Send" (CTS) messages back and forth between the transmitting and receiving nodes.
Long Messages (Transport Layer)
The J1939 standard defines CAN as its physical layer and as such individual Frames or CAN Messages can be a maximum length of 8 bytes. For certain types of information, 8 bytes are not adequate to contain all the necessary data for a single J1939 message. Examples of this include transmitting a Vehicle Identification Number, or a series of Diagnostic Trouble Codes. To cover this need, J1939 defines a Transport Layer or protocol to enable multiple CAN messages to be combined into a single J1939 message with a maximum length of 1785 bytes. There are two main types of Long Messages, BAM (Broadcast Message) or Destination Specific (CTS/RTS). For BAM messages, the sender will simply transmit the entire J1939 message without waiting for a confirmation from the receiver. With Destination Specific messages, there is a CTS (clear to send) and RTS (request to send) sequence for transmission.
J1939 Diagnostics
ECU's may send or receive Diagnostic Messages (DMs). If an ECU is capable of diagnostic messaging, each possible fault in the node will correspond with a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC).
Diagnostic functions and messages for obtaining diagnostic and calibration data are available in the J1939/73 document.
Each and every ECU on a J1939 network has a specific NAME. The NAME is 64 bits long and is determined by a unique combination of the following fields: Arbitrary Address Capable, Industry Group, Vehicle System Instance, Vehicle System, Reserved Bit, Function, Function instance, ECU Instance, Manufacturer Code, and Identity Number. The NAME gives each ECU a unique identity. Nodes on the network use the NAME to differentiate between each other. The NAME field is also essential to Network Management as it establishes node priority. The NAME translates to a number; the lowest numeric values have the highest priority when claiming addresses.
Multiple names and multiple addresses can coexist within one ECU.
Address Claiming
In J1939 all nodes or electronic control units on the vehicle network bus must claim a unique address to enable communication. For the most part, addresses are pre-assigned and in use immediately at the time of power up. In anticipation of future devices and functions, however, J1939 includes a method for dynamically assigning addresses. New devices must announce an address for themselves. This can be accomplished by two methods.
1) Sending an Address Claim message
By this method, the new (non-addressed) device sends out an Address Claim message indicating the address it would like to assume. All devices on the network compare this newly claimed address with their internal address tables. If the address is already in use by a device with a higher priority (determined by the NAME), the higher priority device indicates the conflict by sending out a Address Claim message.
2) Send a request to all nodes to report their claimed addresses
Alternately, a new (non-addressed) node can send out a Request for Address Claim. All devices on the network respond to this message by transmitting their addresses. The new node is then able to determine which addresses are currently in use, and send a message to claim an unused address.
Dynamic address support as described above is optional. Usually, only devices that are expected to have address conflicts support this functionality.
SAE Publications
Further information regarding J1939 can be found in several SAE publications. These publications are available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. http://www.sae.org
SAE J1708—Serial Data Communications Between Microcomputer Systems in Heavy-Duty Vehicle Applications
SAE J1939—Recommended Practice for a Serial Control and Communications Vehicle Network
SAE J1939-11—Physical Layer—250K Bits/s, Shielded Twisted Pair
SAE J1939-13—Off-Board Diagnostic Connector
SAE J1939-15—Reduced Physical Layer, 250K Bits/s, Un-Shielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
SAE J1939-21—Data Link Layer
SAE J1939-31—Network Layer
SAE J1939-71—Vehicle Application Layer
SAE J1939-73—Application Layer - Diagnostics
SAE J1939-81—Network Management Protocol
J1939 & Vehicle Spy
Intrepid's Vehicle Spy software has many features designed for interacting with J1939 networks.
When monitoring messages in Vehicle Spy, Vehicle Spy users can view the PGN, SRC, PRIO, and DEST fields of the J1939 header along with all CAN message data. This information is organized in easy to read columns that can be customized based on user preference.
Vehicle Spy's other J1939 specific features include an Address Manager, a Diagnostic Trouble Code Monitor / Simulator, and the ability to handle BAM and RTS/CTS long messages.
J1939 BAM and CTS/RTS Messages - Vehicle Spy enables you to transmit and receive J1939 transport layer messages with no scripting. (These are multi-packet messages longer than 8 bytes.) Simply setup a message in Vehicle Spy's built in Database Editor (DBC Editor) called the Messages Editor with the appropriate parameters.
Vehicle Spy also offers a user friendly message header setup with error checking.
The DTC Monitor / Simulator, you can view all active DM1 messages on the J1939 bus. It is also possible to simulate DTCs from multiple ECUs. Simply enter an ECU address and a list of SPNs for each ECU. Vehicle Spy takes care of all J1939 Transport messages (long messages) necessary for transmission.
The Address Manager enables you to view all claimed address on the J1939 bus. With this view you can also setup Vehicle Spy to claim its own address.
J1939 Tools
Learn about all J1939 Tools from Intrepid: Software Tools | Hardware Tools
Policy | Contact
© 2005-2016 Intrepid Control Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Jan 23, 2014 8:00 AM
Being the designated driver is a pretty thankless job - unless you consider your pals managing to puke in a bag as opposed to on your leather interior thanks enough. And if you've been DD, you've probably figured out that you don't get charged for your Diet Coke. But now select bars in California are offering something more; sign up for DDVIP (free!), flash your credentials, and you'll get an upgraded drink of choice like a ginger beer or one of those fancy, liquor-free mixed drinks that still manages to cost seven bucks on the menu. It's not available everywhere yet, but we can toast to the idea of this catching on.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:

subset: commoncrawl


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Latest Sport Development News
Page 11 of 35 pages ‹ First < 9 10 11 12 13 > Last ›
Colombo hosts Level 1 Coaching Course
27/02/14 - The first 2014 Asian sport development project took place in the "Center of Asia" - Colombo, Sri Lanka. A total of 14 coach candidates from the Maldives, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and... |Full Story
ITU Technical Officials database grows
27/02/14 - Since the creation of the Technical Official's database in 2009, our overall certification program has now completed four years, providing us with strong data to evaluate the future of TOs in our sport.... |Full Story
Workout Wednesday with Christopher Owens
26/02/14 - In this week's addition of Wednesday workouts, Great Britain's Christopher Owens gives us some insights into how he trained his way to a first place finish in the men's 60-64 age group event at the 2013... |Full Story
Workout Wednesday with Stephen Farrell
19/02/14 - Training for triathlon is no easy feat, much less when you add working out with a job and a family. So we thought who better to turn to for advice than the people that have successfully balanced the... |Full Story
ITU announces partnership with Threadneedle
17/02/14 - ITU today announced a three-year partnership with leading international investment management firm Threadneedle Investments (Threadneedle) to become the global financial sponsor of the World Triathlon... |Full Story
Andreev earns fourth title, Lovset reclaims crown
15/02/14 - In yet another close battle, it was again Pavel Andreev (RUS) who clinched the win in the men's race, earning him his fourth consecutive winter triathlon title at the 2014 Cogne ITU Winter Triathlon World... |Full Story
Chaffey leads entries for start of Paratriathlon Events
13/02/14 - This article was written by Mark Gorokhovski | For the IPC The first of the 2014 ITU World Paratriathlon Events will begin with the first event of the year on Sunday (16 February) in Elwood, Australia,... |Full Story
Nicola Spirig is back in the running
12/02/14 - After that epic sprint where she beat Lisa Norden to the Olympic gold in a photo finish in Hyde Park, London 2012 Olympic Champion Nicola Spirig married long-term partner and fellow triathlete Reto Hug.... |Full Story
Italy welcomes Winter Triathlon World Championships
10/02/14 - While the 2014 Winter Olympics may be underway in Russia, the world's top winter triathletes will take to the snow in Cogne, Italy this weekend to vie for a chance to call themselves the fastest... |Full Story
2016 Long Distance Triathlon Champs awarded to USA
07/02/14 - ITU today announced that USA Triathlon, Friends of Multisport, Inc. and the Redman Triathlon have been awarded the 2016 ITU Long Distance Triathlon World Championships, to be held in Oklahoma City, Okla.... |Full Story
ITU announces 2016 Olympic Games qualification system
05/02/14 - Following the recent approval by the IOC Executive Board, ITU today released the qualification system for the 2016 Olympic Games. The road to Rio is set to officially begin on May 15, 2014 at the World... |Full Story
ITU furthers triathlon development in Africa with visit to Zambia
30/01/14 - ITU President and IOC Member Marisol Casado, along with ITU Executive Board Member General Ahmed Nasser and ITU Sport Development Manager Zita Csovelyak, recently visited the International Olympic... |Full Story
2014 Long Distance Duathlon World Championships return to Zofingen
24/01/14 - ITU is pleased to announce it has awarded the ITU Powerman 2014 Long Distance Duathlon World Championships to Zofingen, Switzerland. ITU will continue its partnership with the Powerman Association, as it... |Full Story
ITU announces 2016 Paralympic Games qualification criteria
20/01/14 - ITU today announced paratriathlon qualification criteria for its debut at the 2016 Paralympic Games, as well as new classifications that will be implemented for the 2014 paratriathlon season. ... |Full Story
Ivan Raña races on to new distances
16/01/14 - With three berths to the Olympics and three ITU World Championship medals, and a world title to his name, it's safe to say Ivan Rana is one accomplished triathlete. This year he kicked it up another... |Full Story


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Sanctity of Life Sunday is celebrated nationally on Sunday, January 24, 2010.
Right to Life of Lapeer County invites the community to join them for a March For Life in Washington DC, on January 22, 2010, on the occasion of the 37th anniversary of the legalization of abortion in the US. Approximately 50 million babies have been aborted since then.
Demonstrators will depart at 6:30 a.m. from Lapeer and travel to Washington DC for a peaceful and prayerful child-friendly trip to March for Life. The trip is $125 per person and includes hotel, luxury bus, Mass at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, and area sites.
Tim Stickel is Executive Director of Crossroads Pregnancy Center in Auburn Hills. He shares a bit about his occupation.
When asked about his job description, Tim says, 'the humorous version is I direct chaos. The truth is I over see all the staff (7 part time) and volunteers (174) with the help of an associate director and a board of directors. I do some fund raising, fix broken things, clean bathrooms and help people learn to help themselves."
Tim considers 'helping people learn to help themselves,' as the best part of his job.
A big challenge for Crossroads is funding. "We are a non-profit Christian ministry, supported by individuals, churches and businesses. As the economy in Michigan has gotten worse, the number of women and men with their children needing help, has increased almost beyond our capacity.
"In 2009 we saw over 2500 appointments, gave out over 70,000 diapers and wipes, taught abstinence in 15 schools, did over 300 pregnancy tests and 159 ultrasounds. We are here to help!"
Crossroads welcomes donations of time, money and disposable diapers and infant formula and clothing to assist mothers who choose to keep their babies.
For more information on Crossroads Pregnancy Center, visit their website.
Crossroads Pregnancy Center is located west of Squirrel road, at 3205 South Blvd. in Auburn Hills, MI Their phone number is 248.293.0070.
Enjoy this article? Click on the 'subscribe' link at the top of this article for email alerts for new article links from this journalist on natural health and local family events.


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Voorhees College • Denmark, SC
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Click here for the alumni survey.
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Madame Geoffrin
Program InformationSeries: A Moment in Time
Duration: 00:03:25
Year Produced: 2010
In the Paris of the 1700s, leading figures of the French Enlightenment would gather to discuss important topics of the day in the salon of Madame Geoffrin.
A Moment in Time is a brief, exciting and compelling journey into the past. Created to excite and enlighten the public about the past, its relevance to the present and its impact on the future, A Moment In Time is a captivating historical narrative that is currently broadcast worldwide.For more information visit: http://amomentintime.com
Lead: In the Paris of the 1700s, leading figures of the French Enlightenment would gather to discuss important topics of the day in the salon of Madame Geoffrin.
Tag: A Moment in Time with Dan Roberts.
Content: In the years before mass media captured--some would say numbed--people's minds and imagination, often great pleasure was derived from simple conversation. Groups would gather, either on small-town front porches or in more sophisticated surroundings, and talk to each other. The examination of new ideas, the cultivation of wit, and the clever turn of phrase demonstrated that a person was civilized, cultured, and intelligent. In the years prior to the French Revolution, such discussion groups would often gather in the parlor or salon of a socially-prominent hostess. There the ideas of men and women such as Isaac Newton, Rousseau, Mary Wolstonecraft, Voltaire and his mistress Madame du Chatelet, were tossed about and discussed. And in the salons of Paris, some said, there was hatched a revolution.
Marie-Therese Geoffrin was the daughter of a valet. She married a rich manufacturer and though she lacked a formal education, Madame Geoffrin was naturally intelligent and an excellent listener. Her husband's money allowed her to entertain and, from 1749 to her death in 1777, like a mother hen she gathered to their living room in the Hotel de Rambouillet a glittering array of artists and literary figures. On Monday evenings she would host a group of artists such as Francois Boucher, and she was among the first to recognize the genius of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. On Wednesdays it was writers, and often Voltaire would hold forth with the likes of the English writer Horace Walpole. Marie Geoffrin and the other hostesses of the Paris' salons helped tie together manners, appreciation of art, and the intellect in a more leisurely age, and they stimulated the spread of ideas that have shaped the our world.
Research assistance for this program has been provided by Laura Nazimek. At the University of Richmond, this is Dan Roberts.


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The annual pilgrimage of cinephiles and movie fans begins tonight as the 23rd Florida Film Festival opens. For ten days film enthusiasts will be treated to a veritable smorgasbord of 170 independent and foreign films, from documentaries to animated shorts. Screenings will occur at the Winter Park Village Regal and the Enzian Theater in Maitland. Tickets are available at both venues as well as online at the official Florida Film Festival website.
The opening night film, The Trip to Italy, features Steve Coogan in a sequel to 2011's The Trip, a hilarious road movie through England. As always, the festival will feature a number of special guests. This year includes such cinematic luminaries as Susan Sarandon, Paul Sorvino, and Giancarlo Esposito. Sarandon will be screening Dead Man Walking, for which she won a Best Actress Oscar. Sorvino is here to screen both Goodfellas and his latest feature, Last I Heard. Esposito, best known these days for his roles in Breaking Bad and Once Upon a Time, will be in attendance at the screening of Spike Lee's masterpiece Do the Right Thing. In addition, there are a number of filmmaker panels scheduled, as well as several parties. Some events are free, but some require tickets so be sure to check the festival site.
A number of the films are in competition in various categories, including best narrative feature. These are voted on by a jury of experts but there are audience awards as well, so it pays to attend as many as possible and make your own opinion heard.
I'll be spending the next week and a half immersed in the festival, screening movies and posting my reviews and reactions right here. The lineup this year is quite diverse and exciting, and I encourage everyone to get out and support independent film by attending at least one of the screenings. The Enzian Theater is a local treasure and if you haven't been there yet, this is the perfect time.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jun 20, 1972
|Filing date
|Aug 5, 1970
|Priority date
|Aug 5, 1970
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Otto Wichterle
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (20), Classifications (55)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Reissued June 20, 1972 27,401 CROSS-LINKED HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROM Otto Wichterle, Prague, and Drahoslav Lim, Senohraby,
near Ricany, Czechoslovakia, assignors to Ceskoslovenska akademie ved, Prague, Czechoslovakia N Drawing. Original No. 3,220,960, dated Nov. 30, 1965, Ser. N 0. 77,278, Dec. 21, 1960, which is a division of Ser. No. 580,410 and Ser. No. 580,411, both Apr. 24, 1956. Application for reissue Aug. 5, 1970, Ser.
Int. Cl. C081 15/16 U.S. Cl. 2602.5 R 23 Claims Matter enclosed in heavy brackets [II appears in the original patent but forms no part of this reissue specification; matter printed in italics indicates the additions made by reissue.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A major portion of a monoester of acrylic or methacrylic acid with a bi-functional alcohol which has an esterifimble hydroxyl group and at least one additional hydrophilic functional group is copolymerized in aqueous solution with a small amount of a diester of these acids and of an alcohol which has at least two esterifiable hydroxyl groups until a shape retaining body is obtained.
This application is a division of our copending applica tions Ser. No. 580,410, now abandoned, and 580,411, now U.S. Patent No. 2,976,576, both applications having been filed on April 24, 195 6.
This invention relates to a novel cross-linked hydrophilic polymer, to a hydrogel of which it is an essential constituent, and to articles made therefrom.
It has been known that copolymerization of a monomer having a polymerizable vinyl group, such as styrene, with a small amount of a monomer having two such groups, such as divinyl benzene, in organic solvent solution results in a gel formed by the cross-linked corresponding polymer and the solvent (see Staudinger and Heuer, Ber. 87, 1164, 1934; and French Patents No. 785,940 and 786,984). Corresponding hydrogels have hitherto not been prepared.
It has now been found that certain hydrogels essentially consisting of 20 to 97% of an aqueous liquid and a crosslinked hydrophilic polymer have desirable physical, optical, and physiological properties. The hydrogels of the invention retain a large percentage of water relative to the weight of their dry substance. In their hydrated condition they are elastically deformable under relatively small pressure but virtually immune to plastic deformation. They may be colorless or virtually colorless, and may be optically clear. They form semi-permeable membranes which permit passage of water and certain dissolved materials, but retain others. When the aqueous constituent of the hydrogels of the invention is of a composition similar or analogous to that of physiological saline solution, the hydrogels of a preferred type are compatible with body tissue for extended periods and may be employed for implants in the body separating tissue portions or for objects to be used in contact with mucous membranes, such as contact lenses or pessaries.
Because of their low modulus of elasticity, objects made from the hydrogels of the invention may be inserted into cavities in the body through narrow openings to fill the cavities. Bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal or otherwise medicinally active substances such as antibiotics may be dissolved in the aqueous constitutent of the hydrogels to provide medication over an extended period. The antibiotic or other medicinal substance gradually migrates into adjacent tissue by diffusion.
The hydrogels of the invention are produced by copolymerizing a hydrophilic monomer capable of forming a linear, or partly linear polymer in aqueous solution with a cross-linking agent in amounts small enough to yield an elastic, soft, transparent hydrogel. If the relative amounts of water and original monomer are such that the polymer may retain the water originally present as a hydrogel throughout the polymerization process, the product is mechanically and optically homogeneous, that is, fully transparent. If the polymer formed is incapable of combining with the entire amount of aqueous liquid present, the polymer separates from a solution phase during polymerization. There is obtained a microporous product.
Articles having unusual properties may be made from the hydrogel of the invention eiher by polymerizing a suitable mixture in a mold conforming to the desired object, or by first producing a body of polymeric material, and cutting or otherwise shaping it to produce a lens, a pessary, a dialyzer diaphragm, and other articles well known in themselves but acquiring new and useful properties when made from the hydrogel of the invention.
Preferred starting materials for producing the hydrogels of the invention include the esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid with alcohols having hydrophilic groups which after polymerization impart hydrophilic properties to the polymer obtained. A major portion of a monoester of acrylic or methacrylic acid with a bi-functional alcohol which has an esterifiable hydroxyl group and at least one additional hydrophilic functional group is copolymerized in aqueous solution with a small amount of a diester of these acids and of an alcohol which has at least two esterifiable hydroxyl groups until a shape retaining body is obtained. The diester preferably does not amount to more than one percent of the monoester so that the copolymer is only sparingly cross-linked.
The polyfunctional alcohols forming one of the constituent elements of the afore-mentioned monoester, and preferably also the alcohol constituent of the diester should have additional hydrophilic groupsin their molecule which make the esters water soluble even after two or more of the hydroxyl groups are esterified'by the acrylic or methacrylic acid.
Many derivatives of acrylic or methacrylic acid other than the esters mentioned are also suitable as monomers in the copolymerization reaction leading to the hydrogels of the invention. These include, but are not limited to the following monomers:
Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, piperidinoethyl methacrylate, morpholinoethyl methacrylate, methacrylylglycolic acid, methacrylic acid as such, the monomethacrylates of glycol, glycerol, and of other polyhydric alcohols, the monomethacrylates of dialkylene glycols and polyalkylene glycols. The corresponding acrylates may be substituted for the methacrylates.
Similarly, the diesters mentioned above may be replaced by other cross-linking agents of which the following are merely illustrative, it being understood that corresponding acrylic acid derivatives may be substituted for the methacrylic acid derivatives specifically enumerated:
Triethanolamine dimethacrylate, triethanolamine trimethacrylate, tartaric acid dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, the dimethacrylate of bis-hydroxyethylacetamide.
Other materials may be copolymerized to form the polymer skeleton of the hydrogels of the invention as will become apparent hereinafter.
Hydrogels having a broad range of unusual physical and chemical properties may be obtained by suitable selection of monomers, and particularly by the choice of suitable conditions of concentration in the aqueous solvent.
The mechanical properties and the ability of retaining water as a homogeneous constituent of the hydrogel are strongly influenced by the proportions of monofunctional monomer and polyfunctional cross-linking agent.
Hydrogels obtained from derivatives of acrylic and methacrylic acid are distinguished by excellent resistance to chemical attack. Their polymer constituent is not hydrolyzed by the water which is an integral constituent of the hydrogel but it also resists water at elevated temperatures and even at the boiling point so that objects made from the hydrogels of the invention can be repeatedly sterilized by boiling water, by boiling saline solutions, or steam without any deterioration. The hydrogels are also resistant to strong chemical agents such as hot fairly concentrated inorganic acids and bases. They are fully resistant to the action of microorganisms and are not attacked by enzymes. Many of them, and particularly those based on esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid may be stored for long periods in dilute aqueous hydrogen peroxide without chemical attack.
This chemical inertness together with colloidal properties which can be very closely assimilated to those of living tissue, as will become apparent hereinafter, make the hydrogels of the invention and objects made therefrom eminently suitable for the purposes of surgery, and particularly for prolonged contact with body tissues such as mucous membranes. Their selective permeability to water makes them suitable for applications in which they serve as membranes for dialysis. The permeability varies with the amount of cross-linking agent present and diaphragms made from the hydrogels of the invention may be adapted to special requirements. Where the diaphragm is part of an apparatus containing other elements, it may be prepared by polymerization in situ to form an integral part of a device. Because of their chemical inertness, diaphragms of the invention may be employed in many electrolytic processes to separate anolytes from catholytes.
To obtain a diaphragm of large effective area, a hydrogel of the invention may be formed with a large number of parallel channels or conduits which are separated by a comparatively thin layer of the polymeric hydrogel. The liquids, constituents of which are to be exchanged by dialysis, are passed through adjacent conduits. The system of conduits in a diaphragm of the invention may be formed by fibers or sheets made of a substance capable of Ibeing removed from the finished diaphragm. These fibers or sheets are placed in a mold and the polymerization mixture is then poured over them. After polymerization, the insert-forming fibers or sheets are removed as by dissolution in a chemical agent which leaves the hydrogel intact.
Glass fibers are a preferred insert material, and may be removed after polymerization by means of hydrofluoric acid which does not attack the acrylic and other polymers of this invention. Any excess of hydrofluoric acid, together with the fluosilicic acid formed is washed out by water. Other suitable insert-forming materials are those which can be fused below the boiling point of water such as aliphatic polyesters melting below 100 C. and other low-melting materials such as waxes or alloys. Any residue which cannot be removed by heating is dissolved in a suitable solvent to which the hydrogel is resistant such as ethyl acetate or an acid.
The dialyzer diaphragms made in the afore-descri bed manner are equally suitable for industrial and for medical purposes, such as artificial kidneys. Many other applications will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art.
In order to prevent leakage from one conduit to an adjacent one at points where fibers or sheets of the insert material touched each other before polymerization, we prefer to coat the fibers or sheets by immersion in a monomer solution identical with or similar to that from which the main portion of the diaphragm is to be made before the fibers or sheets are placed in the mold. This coating on the inserts is at least partially polymerized by gentle heating before the main body of the polymerization mixture is, poured over them. During polymerization of the latter the newly formed polymer attaches itself to the pre-polymerized coating to form an integral body. Several layers of coating may be applied successively and at least partially polymerized to ensure against leaks. The volume ratio between channels and diaphragm body may be made particularly high when inserts coated by the described method are employed, and dialyzing apparatus of high volume efliciency may thus be produced.
An entire article prepared in the manner outlined above is held together by molecular forces, and may thus be described as a single giant molecule skeleton swelled with colloidally retained water. It is not only permeable to water and to certain substances dissolved in water, but it has substantial mechanical strength, the ability to retain its shape, and to elastically recover it after deformation. The objects made from the hydrogels of the invention may be boiled in water or aqueous solutions without deterioration, and are thus capable of being sterilized for medical purposes. They are compatible with living tissue and are excellent materials for body implants to fill or divide cavities in the body or, for objects which are to be left in contact with mucous membranes for extended periods, such as contact lenses or pessaries. Under special conditions, they may also find use in ion exchangers.
When the ratio of monomer and water is selected in such a manner that the polymerization mixture divides into two phases during. a period of advanced polymerization, the excess aqueous liquid is not rejected in a continuous layer or in macroscopic bubbles. It collects in minute drops which fill microscopic pores or cavities which are distributed throughout the body of the hydrogel and its mechanical retention is enhanced by the covalent forces of the hydrophilic polymer.
Water may be partly removed from such articles by exerting pressure on them, but after the pressure is released, air cannot enter the cavities, and the overall volume of the article remains smaller until it is placed in contact with water or an aqueous solution whereupon it swells back to its original size and shape. Water is held in such an article partly by capillary attraction in the cavities, and partly as a constituent of the colloidal system of a hydrogel.
Hydrogels of the type described from which a portion of the aqueous constituent has been removed by squeezing have absorbent qualities which can be used to advantage in adherent pads or layers for dental prostheses and the like. They also are useful for ultrafiltration.
The quantity of water or of equivalent aqueous solutions colloidally held in the hydrogel is determined essentially by the amount of cross-linking agent copolymerized. If the water present during polymerization does not satisfy the holding capacity of the hydrogel, additional water or aqueous solution such as physiological saline solution may be absorbed in the hydrogel after polymerization by merely immersing the polymerizate in the aqueous liquid. An increase in cross linking decreases the maximum water content. It is the linear portion of the polymer molecules which retains water most effectively. The water acts very much like a plasticizer and the water content thus influences the mechanical properties of the gel. Its best mechanical properties are achieved at 50 to water content but even gels containing as much as 97% water are shape retaining and capable of instantaneously recovering their original shape after elastic deformation of 100 percent or more. The optical properties are mainy dependent on the water content. The refractive index of the hydrogels of the invention having a water content of substantially does not differ for all practical purposes from that of human hydrated tissue such as the human eye. Contact lenses made from the hydrogels of the invention are practically invisible, and remain invisible even if their surface should be accidentally damaged. They greatly differ in this respect from contact lenses made of methyl methacrylate. From such lenses they also differ by their softness which avoids mechanical eye irritation, and by their permeability to products of tissue metabolism and the like which cannot accumulate at the lens surface.
The following examples are merely illustrative of methods which may be employed to advantage to produce the hydrogels of the invention and objects made therefrom, and the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed.
Example I Molds conforming to the shapes of contact lenses and of pessaries are filled with an aqueous solution containing 20% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol, 2% adipic acid, and 5% hydrogen chloride to a temperature in the range of 50 to 80 C. until the contents of the molds gel to form a clear soft hydrogel.
The lenses and pessaries formed are unmolded, thoroughly Washed in running water, and then stored in a solution of a mild antibacterial agent, such as an aqueous solution of 3-5% boric acid. The boric acid diffuses into the shaped articles and is available as medication to the body tissue with which the lenses or pessaries may be brought into contact.
Example II A mixture of polyvinyl alcohol esters of methacrylic acid is prepared by reacting 100 equivalents of the alcohol with one equivalent of methacrylic acid anhydride in a manner well known in itself. The partly esterified polyvinylalcohol is dissolved in water to form a 25% aqueous solution and polymerized in the presence of potassium persulfate and sodium thiosulfate in a Hat mold to form a clear, soft body which is readily deformed by pressure but elastically recovers its shape when the pressure is released. After removal of water soluble material by thorough washing, the body produced makes a diaphragm.
Example III An aqueous solution containing 500 parts of triethyleneglycol monomethacrylate having the formula is mixed with a solution of one part of the corresponding dimethacrylate of the formula in 300 parts of ethylene glycol. 100 parts of a 0.5% solution of potassium persulfate in Water are added and the polymerization mixture is poured into a double mold of polycapronamide shaped to conform to a contact lens having a size of 78% of the desired final product.
The mold is heated to 50 C. for three hours. The polymeric body formed in the shape of a lens is washed in running water and stored in physiological saline solution in which it assumes its ultimate shape by swelling.
The lens may be stored ready for use in the saline solution or in a dilute boric acid solution for long periods.
Example IV 6 mixture is poured into a mold conforming to a surgical implant of desired shape and heated to an elevated temperature for several hours and until a self-supporting gel-like transparent mass is formed. The molding produced is Washed in water and made isotonic by immersion in physiological saline solution.
Example V An aqueous solution is prepared from 15% (by weight) acrylamide, 10% ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, and
0.1% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, the balance being I water. One liter of this solution is mixed with 10 ml. of an aqueous 2% solution of sodium thiosulfate and ml. of an aqueous 2% solution of ammonium persulfate. The resultant mixture is poured into a mold and polymerizes at room temperature. A soft, highly elastic article having the characteristic properties of a gel is obtained. It is washed in running water for several hours to remove watensoluble constituents, and is stored in a solution containing penicillin which gradually diffuses into the body of the hydrogel.
The block obtained by polymerization may be cut into suitably shaped pieces for medical purposes. The penicillin absorbed by the hydrogel will gradually be released to a tissue in contact with the hydrogel.
When the dimethacrylate content of the aforedescribed mixture is reduced to 0.01% in the starting solution, the hydrogel formed will be softer and capable of containing a larger percentage of water.
Example VI An excess amount of ethylene oxide under pressure is forced into a solution of acrylic acid in water. A mixture of polyethylene glycol monoacrylate and diacrylate is obtained. Each molecule of the polyethylene glycol constituent contains an average of 4 to 5 glycol residues. There is a very large excess ofmonoester over the diester.
The resulting mixture contains water and polyethylene glycol as solvents. Polymerization is initiated by addition of 0.1 gram potassium pyrosulfate and 0.5 ml. hydrogen peroxide to each liter of the mixture. The polymerization takes place when the mixture is heated to moderately elevated temperature, or when it is left standing at room temperature.
A block polymer is obtained which is cut into plate or sheets to suit the intended surgical purpose. These pieces are washed in water and stored in physiological saline solution until needed.
When propylene oxide is substituted for ethylene oxide, the corresponding polypropylene glycol esters of acrylic acid are formed and polymerize into a hydrogel of substantially the same properties as those of the copolymer of monoand diesters of polyethylene glycol with acrylic acid. In a similar manner, acrylic acid may be replaced by methacrylic acid without basic change in the process or in the results achieved.
Example VII 400 parts of polyethylene glycol methacrylate obtained by absorbing ethylene oxide under pressure in an aqueous solution of methacrylic acid are dissolved in 500 parts of water together with one part of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate. A conventional redox catalyst, such as sodium bisulfite and ammonium persulfate, is then added and the polymerization is permitted to take place at moderately elevated temperature in a mold having the shape of a contact lens.
The polymerizate is washed in water to remove soluble materials and may be employed to replace conventional glasses.
Example VIII An aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol monomethacrylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate is prepared as in the preceding Example VII. Two bundles of differently colored continuous glass fibers are coated with a portion of the solution to which catalyst was added, and the coating is polymerized by gentle heating. The coated fibers are then placed in a mold conforming to the shape of a diaphragm and the two ends of all fibers of equal color are connected to respective inlet and outlet pipes. The fibers are partly parallel to each other, but they may intersect each other and be superimposed upon each other in any manner.
The main body of monomer solution is then mixed with the catalyst and poured into the mold where it is per mitted to polymerize. The diaphragm with the embedded glass fibers is treated for several hours with hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the glass. It is then washed to remove the residual acid and the fluosilicic acid formed.
Example IX 20 part of acrylamide, 20 parts of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and 0.1 part of triethanolamine dimethacrylate are dissolved in 60 parts of water and are polymerized in the presence of a redox catalyst containing sodium thiosulfate and potassium persulfate as active constituents. A block of hydrogel is obtained and is cut into small pieces which are employed as ion exchangers.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that hydrogels consisting essentially of a sparingly cross-linked hydrophilic polymer and 20 to 97% of water or other aqueous liquid may be prepared by following the teachings of this disclosure, but substituting other monomers for those specifically named.
Although polymers based on acrylic polymers, that is on esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid with polyfunctional alcohols are preferred because of their chemical inertness and compatibility with body tissues, hydrogels consisting of a hydrophilic polymer and an aqueous liquid may be prepared from other monomers by suitably modified methods.
One may, for example, heat alpha-beta-dihydroxy adipic acid with a small amount of an unsaturated polymerizable dicarboxylic acid such as itaconic acid and with an equimolecular amount of a glycol, such as polyethylene glycol or 1,6 hexamethylene glycol in the absence of oxygen, dissolve the linear polyester formed in water, and induce polymerization of the aqueous solution obtained by a conventional redox catalyst.
Linear water soluble polyamides, the chain of which contains a small amount of a polymerizable dicarboxylic acid or of an unsaturated polymerizable diamine may be cross-linked by polymerization.
Materials relying for polymerization on olefinic double bonds maybe replaced by reaction components with reactive groups, such as carboxyl groups, capable of condensation in an aqueous medium. The simultaneous reaction of a minor amount of a tricarboxylic acid, and a major amount of a dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, a diamine, or an amino alcohol will lead to products capable of absorbing at least some water and of performing a few, although not all, of the valuable functions of which hydrogels based on acrylic polymers are capable.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the polymerization reactions described do not depend on the particular chemical composition of the catalysts and catalyst mixtures described for the purpose of illustration.
It should of course be understood that the foregoing disclosure relates to only preferred embodiments of the invention and that it is intended to cover all changes and modifications of the examples of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of the disclosure which do not constitute departures from the spirit and scope of the invention set forth in the appended claims.
What we claim is:
l. A shaped body essentially consisting of a hydrogel of a sparingly cross-linked hydrophilic polymer and of 20 to 97% of an aqueous liquid, said polymer being a copolymer of a major amount of a polymerizable monoester of an olefinic acid selected from the group consisting of acrylic and methacrylic acid, said monoester having a single olefinic double bond, with a minor amount of a polymerizable diester of one of said acids, said diester having at least two olefinic double bonds, said monoesters and diesters being water soluble, said monoester having a hydrophilic functional group.
2. A body as set forth in claim 1, wherein said aqueous liquid contains a physiologically active solute.
3. A body as set forth in claim 2, wherein said solute is bacteriostatic.
4. A body as set forth in claim 1, wherein said aqueous liquid is substantially isotonic.
5. A body as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one of said [monester] monoester and of said diester is an ester of a polyhydric alcohol selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol.
6. A body as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one of said [monester] monoester and of said diester is an aminoester.
7. A body as set forth in claim 1 and being formed with a plurality of openings therethrough, said openings defining passages through said body separated from each other by said hydrogel.
8. A shape-retaining hydrogel body essentially consisting of a sparingly cross-linked hydrophilic copolymer of a water-soluble monoester of an olefinic acid and of a polyfunctional alcohol having an esterifiable hydroxyl group and at least one additional hydrophilic functional group, with a water soluble diester of an olefinic acid and of an alcohol having at least two esterifiable hydroxyl groups, said olefinic acids being selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and said diester being present in said copolymer in an amount not exceeding one mole percent of said monoester; and of an aqueous liquid.
9. A hydrogel body as set forth in claim 8, wherein at least one of said alcohols is a polyalkylene glycol.
10. A hydrogel body as set forth in claim 8, wherein at least one of said alcohols is polyethylene glycol.
11. A hydrogel body as set forth in claim 8, wherein at least one of said alcohols is triethylene glycol.
12. A hydrogel body as set forth in claim 8, wherein said polyfunctional alcohol is dimethylaminoethanol, and said alcohol having two hydroxyl groups is triethanolamine.
13. A hydrogel body as set forth in claim 8, wherein at least one of said alcohols is polyvinyl alcohol.
14. A hydrogel body as set forth in claim 8, wherein at least one of said alcohols is ethylene glycol.
15. The structure defined in claim 1 in which the body is a contact lens.
16. The structure defined in claim I wherein the body is a contact lens and said aqueous liquid contains a physiologically active solute.
17. The structure defined in claim 1 wherein the body is a contact lens and said aqueous liquid is substantially isotonic.
18. The structure defined in claim 5 in which the body is a contact lens.
19. The structure defined in claim I wherein the body is a contact lens and at least one of said monoester and of said diester is an ester of a polyhydric alcohol selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
20. The structure defined in claim: 8 wherein the body i.\' a contact lens.
2/. The structure deli/ted in claim 8 wherein [he [Nit/y is a contact lens and at least one of said alcohols is ethylene glycol.
'22. The structure defined in claim 1 wherein the body is a contact lens and both said monoester and said diester are an ester of a polyhya'ric alcohol selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
23. The structure defined in claim 22 wherein the polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol in both the monoester and the diester.
References Cited The following references, cited by the Examiner, are
UNITED STATES PATENTS MELVIN GOLDS'FEIN, Primary Examiner U.S.. C1. X.R.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 13, 1988
|Nov 20, 1990
|Ceskoslovenska Academie Ved
|Method of molding an intraocular lens
|Aug 3, 1990
|Mar 5, 1991
|Bausch & Lomb Incorporated
|Polymerizable dye
|Apr 3, 1990
|Oct 8, 1991
|Bausch & Lomb Incorporated
|Polymerizable dye
|Apr 21, 1988
|Nov 12, 1991
|Michael Bay
|Wound dressing
|Dec 14, 1989
|Jul 6, 1993
|Preston Keusch
|Composite protective drapes
|Jun 21, 1991
|Aug 17, 1993
|Hospal Industrie
|Haemocompatible composite material and method of using thereof
|Nov 9, 1992
|Nov 30, 1993
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Method for tinting a hydrophilic contact lens
|Jan 12, 1993
|Mar 29, 1994
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Ultraviolet absorbing lenses and methods of manufacturing thereof
|Jul 14, 1993
|Mar 21, 1995
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Ultraviolet absorbing benzophenone sulfonic acid derivatives
|May 20, 1994
|Jan 2, 1996
|Ciba Geigy Corporation
|Method of increasing the concentration of radiation-absorbing agents in optical and ophthalmic lenses
|May 4, 1994
|Jul 2, 1996
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Radiation cured drug release controlling membrane
|Apr 14, 1995
|Jul 2, 1996
|Benz Research And Development Corp.
|Contact lens having improved dimensional stability
|Jun 5, 1995
|Aug 13, 1996
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Method for using a radiation cured drug release controlling membrane
|May 24, 1995
|Oct 28, 1997
|Johnson & Johnson Vision Products, Inc.
|Method for preparing ultraviolet radiation absorbing contact lenses
|Sep 10, 1998
|Mar 13, 2001
|James T Carter
|Macroporous hyperhydroxy polymer and articles made therefrom
|Nov 15, 1999
|Jul 24, 2001
|Benz Research & Development Corporation
|Contact lens having improved dimensional stability
|Dec 13, 1999
|Mar 19, 2002
|Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.
|Mannitol/hydrogel cap for tissue-insertable connections
|Jun 7, 2001
|Apr 29, 2003
|Benz Research And Development Corp.
|Contact lens having improved dimensional stability
|Jun 1, 2001
|May 20, 2003
|Benz Research And Development Corporation
|Contact lens having improved dimensional stability
|Dec 16, 1985
|Jul 23, 1986
|T R Developments Ltd
|Hydrogel-forming polymers
|U.S. Classification
|521/142, 521/149, 204/296, 523/106, 521/63, 526/930, 264/49, 524/916, 425/71, 526/936, 526/317.1, 128/832, 210/500.35, 210/500.42, 623/924
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
College Hockey:Warriors Cruise Past Huskies In Home Opener
Merrimack Gets Scoring From Six In Runaway Win
NORTH ANDOVER, Mass. — Six different goal-scorers lit the lamp for Merrimack College, including a shorthander and a power-play tally, as the Warriors cruised past the University of Connecticut, 6-2, Friday at the Volpe Complex in the Warriors' home opener.
Despite the victory, Merrimack head coach Chris Serino was none too enthusiastic about his team's execution in the game. The Warriors entered the contest having played two strong games against nationally-ranked Michigan and Michigan State last weekend, which Serino credited not just to good effort, but good execution.
Friday night, he thought, was different.
"We're a defensive team that creates offense from defense," said Serino. "But tonight we didn't play any defense. We usually have backcheckers swing back, but tonight they'd just stop and wait for someone to pass them the puck."
Serino continued that "we're a team that plays defense by preventing the other teams coming through the neutral zone. Tonight we did whatever we wanted and wasted a lot of energy.
"Overall, I was happy with the effort, happy with the fact that we won, just not happy with the way we played."
On the other side, UConn coach Bruce Marshall knew what cost his Huskies.
"We made mistakes and they ended up in the net," said Marshall. "On top of it, we took opportunities away from ourselves by taking bad penalties. When you're playing teams like Merrimack, you need to take every opportunity you get."
Marshall was referring to the fact that three times while on the power play, the Huskies took penalties of their own to kill the man-advantage. That, along with an inability to capitalize, left UConn 0-for-9 with the extra skater.
"We didn't have a lot of time to set up and generate plays [five-on-four]," said Marshall. "[Merrimack is] probably a little bit bigger and faster and they get in your face faster than we're used to."
Both teams used two goaltenders in the game. UConn started junior John Chain (23 saves), but replaced him after the sixth goal with freshman Artie Imbriano (11 saves). In his first collegiate action, Imbriano impressed the coaching staff, and Marshall said that he is seriously considering giving him the start tomorrow night when the two clubs rematch.
Serino started senior Tom Welby (18 saves) for the Warriors and replaced him with backup Jason Wolfe (three saves) late in the third.
Merrimack struck first just seven minutes into the first period. Senior Jayson Philbin scored his first goal in nearly two years when he one-timed a pass from Ron Mongeau just under the crossbar to give the Warriors a 1-0 lead. Philbin, who sat out the entire 1999-2000 season, last tallied on November 13, 1998, against Army.
The Warriors extended the lead at 13:27 as John Pyliotis attempted a wraparound near the post to Chain's right. The junior netminder made the original stop, but couldn't corral the rebound and Pyliotis stuffed the puck into the corner of the net.
In the second period, UConn appeared to have drawn closer at 1:37 on the power play. Michael Goldkind buried his own rebound past Welby, but referee Bill Doiron disallowed the goal, saying that he lost the puck.
Merrimack took advantage of the call, scoring a shorthanded tally just 39 seconds later. An errant breakout pass ended up on the stick of the Warriors' Nick Cammarata, who found a streaking Anthony Aquino in the slot. With Chain sliding across, Aquino roofed the puck into the net to give Merrimack a 3-0 lead.
Territorially, the second period was much more even than the first, which saw the Warriors earn an 18-3 lead in shots. Besides UConn's disallowed goal, the Huskies created much better offensive chances, including an Eric Goclowski bid at 8:30.
While on the power play, a UConn defenseman feathered a pass from the point to the high slot that Charles Ridolf deflected to Goclowski. The senior forward looked to have made a move around Welby, but the senior netminder somehow stopped the shot with his left foot to maintain the three-goal lead.
At 11:17, though, it was Merrimack that struck. Just seconds after beginning a power play created by a cross-checking penalty to UConn's Anthony Switek, Cammarata beat Chain with a wrist shot that seemed to catch the goalie off his angle. The shot from the right point sailed directly past Chain to the blocker side, banked of the left post and into the net for the 4-0 lead.
This time, though, UConn responded — 76 seconds later. Matt Herhal got the Huskies on the board when tipped home the rebound of a Bret Bostock shot. Welby looked like he would cover the puck, but Herhal was able to get a blade on it first.
Early in the third, Merrimack put the game away. Alex Sikatchev scored his second goal of the season at 1:28 when a misguided shot by Vince Clevenger wound up on his stick in the slot. Just 15 seconds later, Merrimack ended the night for UConn goaltender Chain when Ryan Kiley's blast on a break down the right wing beat Chain between the right arm and body to give Merrimack a 6-1 lead.
At 10:43, Serino decided to give third-string goaltender Wolfe some playing time, replacing Welby. Unfortunately, the Warriors' defense did not give him much of a greeting. Just 27 seconds after entering the game, defenseman Eric Pedersen allowed UConn's D.J. Miller to walk in all alone on Wolfe, and the sophomore winger beat him five-hole for his first career goal.
From there, though, Wolfe settled down and held the Huskies at bay as they threatened late thanks to three consecutive power plays.
The win for Merrimack improves its record to 1-1-1, while UConn drops to 0-2-0. The two clubs will rematch Saturday night in North Andover at 7:00 P.M. Joe Exter, a sophomore who was forced to miss last season due to ineligibility for playing major junior hockey, is probable to make his first career start for the Warriors.
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text: My local gander mtn just boght out a pawn shop and have what looks like some decent deals. However not being in the industry very long they might not be deals. So my question is what is a decent price for a used sig 226 in decent condition. They have a factory reconditioned 226 in 9mm for $490, and a used one in 40s&w for 550, both guns are in good shape. Thay also have a 229 in excellent condition used for 580. Am i nuts for thinking these are decent deals?:twak:


text:
Justin Timberlake and Jay-ZFri, August 16, 2013 - 8:00 PMSun Life Stadium in Miami, FL
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text:
Samsung Rex 90 is a budget Dual Sim, full touch feature phone from Samsung, paralleling the Nokia Asha series. The phone was launched targeting the Indian mobile market specifically. Samsung Rex 90 is a stylish and handy phone with dimensions of 113 x 61.9 x 11.84 mm and weighs only 109 g. The phone features a 3.5" TFT LCD capacitive touch screen with display resolution of 320 x 480 pixels. The phone runs on Samsung's Proprietary JAVA based OS and will have access to Samsung's App Store.
Camera and Multimedia
The phone sports a 3 MP primary camera for basic photography. The camera has basic 4X manual zoom. There is no Flash or any other additional features. The camera can also record videos. There is no secondary camera on the phone. For most users, the phone is a good budget choice even for multimedia consumption. The phone supports standard audio formats such as MP3, MIDI, WAV and AMR. The phone supports only 3 GP video format however and may not be the best in terms of video consumption. There is also an FM radio inbuilt with the phone. The phone also comes with 10 free games by Gameloft.
Connectivity and Storage
Samsung Rex 90 is a dual sim feature phone and supports quad band 2G network on both its Sim slots. The phone also provides internet connectivity to users via GPRS, EDGE as well as Wifi networks. For transfer of Data the phone also provides Bluetooth and micro USB connectivity.
Battery and Storage
The phone houses a 1000 mAh battery that provides up to 900 minutes or 15 hours of talk time. The phone provides 30 MB of in built which will mostly be occupied by in built Apps and basic contacts. The phone also has a micro SD card slot to expand the memory by up to 32 GB.
Pros - good performance even better than low level android phones, nice design, easy to use, good features, nice touch, dual sim,
Cons - No 3G.
I have been using this phone from 1 week, i found it very good for my use. 3G is expensive so i use 2G and this phone is working fine. Also for connectivity you can use wifi on this phone. till now no hang and no other problem.


text:
Has your skin been feeling a little stressed and irritated lately? Skin Perfecting Fluid (7 Ampoules x 2 ml) from Babor can take care of this problem for you. These gentle yet effective fluid capsules work hard to protect against environmental pollutants. Being hard working and long lasting, these wonderful capsules are suitable for really any skin type but ideal for those looking to either moisturize, repair, lift or boost their skin. An assortment of nutrients and minerals work together to eliminate any irregularities in the complexion. A healthy rate of cellular renewal is stimulated while the vital nutrients protect the skin and its youthful life force. You will be left with rejuvenated, moisturized skin, which will leave you feeling more comfortable in your own skin.
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text:
Emily Needham posted Tulane's top finish of the day, coming in seventh in the 200 fly with a time of 2:03.79.
Feb. 18, 2012
Final 2012 C-USA Championship Results In PDF Format
HOUSTON - The Green Wave posted three Top 10 finishes and six individuals clocked personal-best times as the Tulane University women's swimming and diving team wrapped up the 2012 Conference USA Championship in sixth place on Saturday at the University of Houston's Campus Wellness and Recreation Center.
With 195.5 points during the championship meet, the Green Wave were 88.5 points behind fifth-placed Marshall (284) and 357.5 in back of fourth-placed Houston (553). SMU won the team title with 816 points, followed by Rice with 718 and East Carolina with 690.5.
"We finished the meet with 26 season best swims and 8 personal bests," Tulane head coach Lena Guarriello said. "I am proud of the way the team prepared for this weekend and with the way they performed from start to finish. We may not have finished as high as we would like, but the team never gave up and battled in each and every event."
Emily Needham posted the Green Wave's top finish of the day, touching the wall in the 200 fly with 2:03.79 to come in seventh overall. Gisele Calderon was two places behind in the event with a personal-best 2:05.23. Kayla Alf-Huynh, meanwhile, recorded Tulane's other Top 10 showing, clocking a 50.65 in the 100 free to finish ninth.
Rachel Ranson was second to Alf-Huynh in the 100 free with a 51.61 to finish 13th while Hagar Elgendy and Kristine Gu came in 14th and 16th with times of 51.75 and 52.37, respectively. Elgendy's finals time was a personal best, as was Gu's 52.23 in the preliminaries.
Lauren Pfohl paced the Tulane effort in the 200 back with a 2:04.21 to finish 12th and Erin Cunningham was 15th overall with a 2:06.95. Caitlin Corcoran, meanwhile, tallied a personal-best 2:24.88 in the 200 breast to finish 15th.
Allie Evans led Tulane in the 1650 free with a mark of 17:31.05 to finish 17th overall while Claire Schelske and Laura Turpen turned in personal-best times of 17:41.92 and 18:02.16 to rank 19th and 20th, respectively.
Tulane had a chance to pad its score and close things out on a high note before a technicality got in the way. The quartet of Ranson, Alf-Huynh, Gu and Elgendy combined to clock a 3:24.23 in the championship-ending 400 free relay and the team was initially euphoric as the time was good enough for third overall and an NCAA provisional cut. Shortly after the race was concluded, however, the Green Wave's time was erased as one of the swimmers was deemed to have left four-one-hundredths of a second early.
"We had the best relay performance since 2005 in the 400 free relay and were really excited with a third-place finish and an NCAA B cut, but found out one minute later that we were disqualified on a false start. It was a disappointing end to the meet."


text:
JGs Hamburgers, Dallas, TX
12101 Greenville Avenue
Dallas, TX 75234
United States of America
Phone: 972-644-8628
Price for meal: $8.50 including tax
Date of review: Apr 1st, 2010
Submitted by Doc
JG's is on D-Magazines top 8 burger places in Dallas (see link). They are know for old fashioned hamburgers (like so many other) and I have been here many years ago, but had to try it again since it was on the short list.
The place was super busy so I took that as a good sign. The wait to order was probably five minutes so it was not so bad. I ordered a bacon cheese burger with fries and a drink. They didn't cook the burgers to order… too bad.
The wait for the burger was ten minutes and considering how busy they were that was pretty good. The burger came undressed, so you have to go to the salad and condiments bar to add your favorite veggies and dressings.
The fries stood out immediately. They were pretty dark and reminded my of fries that was only fried one time (instead of two time, like they should). They were so soggy and nasty that I only had a few of them. Too bad, that will not look good on their rating.
The burger itself was pretty bland. The cheese had a weird aftertaste, almost like it was going bad. The bacon was subtle at best, non existing at worst. It was a sorry excuse for a burger. I was very disappointed.
I am puzzled how JG's can be on the short list of best burger places in Dallas. I can only think of a few burger places worse than JG's. The best thing I can say about JG's is that the service is pretty good and the restaurant is nice, but everything else is not worth the visit.
How to reach this restaurant?


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Paraglider Research Vehicle (Paresev) 1-A, Gemini
From 1962 to 1964, NASA used the Paresev to develop the technology for landing the two-man Gemini capsule on land, instead of parachuting into the ocean, as had been done in Project Mercury. The astronauts would release an inflatable paraglider wing based on the work of Francis Rogallo, and maneuver to a runway or dry lake bed. Astronauts "Gus" Grissom and Neil Armstrong were among those who piloted the Paresev during several hundred flights at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The Paresev was towed by a ground vehicle or a small aircraft and released at an altitude between 5,000 and 12,000 feet. It was tested with three different wings; the 1-A is the first configuration. Before the paraglider concept could be fully developed for the Gemini program, NASA decided to stick with the proven technology of parachutes and water landing.
NASA transferred the Paresev to the Smithsonian in 1968.
Transferred from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Country of Origin
- United States of America
- Manufacturer
- NASA Dryden Flight Research Center
- Location
- Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VA
- Exhibit Station
- Human Spaceflight
- Type
- SPACECRAFT-Manned-Test Vehicles
- Materials
- Tubular steel; Dacron wing; rubber wheels
- Dimensions
- Overall: 11 ft. 3 in. tall x 7 ft. 5 in. wide x 8 ft. deep, 485 lb. (342.9 x 226.1 x 243.8cm, 220kg)


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Home > About CCCU > Locations
Main Branch | Bessemer City | Crown Point Branch | Monroe | C-MORE (Audio Teller) | Visa Cards
Hours: Monday - Friday 9:00am - 5:00pm
Holiday Schedule
Charlotte Main Office
6502 McMahon Drive
Charlotte, NC 28226
Telephone: 704-543-8901
Fax: 704-543-6931
Toll Free# 1-800-726-8901
Click here for map
Crown Point Branch
(Matthews Area)
Crown Point Professional Center
2110 Crown Centre Drive
Charlotte, NC 28227
Toll Free# 1-877-277-0583
Click here for map
Bessemer City Branch
1207 Bessemer City Rd.
Gastonia NC 28052
Telephone: 704-865-0001
Fax: 704-865-0004
Click here for map
Monroe Branch (Open Tuesdays 1:00pm until 5:00pm and Saturdays 9:00am until 1:00pm)
2515-A Roosevelt Blvd
Monroe NC 28110
Telephone: 704-226-0431
Fax: 704-226-0432
Click here for map
Visa Credit Card
To report lost/stolen card you must call 1-800-808-7230 or 1-800-991-4964
Visa Debit Card
Lost or Stolen Visa Debit Card please call 1-866-546-8273
Please also call your local branch to reorder a new card. Branch Office Phone #'s
Notices, Terms, and Conditions
Privacy Policy


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The NCDOT will host a public workshop on Thursday, July 25 from 5 to 7 p.m. in City Council Chambers to discuss the replacement of the N. 3rd Street Bridge. City Council Chambers is located at 102 N. 3rd Street.
The existing bridge was built in 1920 and reconstructed in 1955. The bridge is considered structurally deficient. This means it is safe, but needs to be replaced to meet current and future traffic demands.
The bridge will include four lanes with a curb and gutter on the outside lanes to accommodate bicyclists, a center turn lane and sidewalks. During the bridge replacement, traffic will be rerouted using Davis Street to Fourth Street to Red Cross Street. Construction is expected to last up to 12 months and is scheduled to begin in May 2015.
Citizens are invited to speak individually with NCDOT officials and review the proposed design maps. The opportunity to submit written comments or questions will also be provided. Interested citizens may attend at any time during the workshop. There will not be a formal presentation.