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Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
On-line version ISSN 1806-4841
An. Bras. Dermatol. vol.85 no.6 Rio de Janeiro Nov./Dec. 2010
A comparison between the concentration of mast cells in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and oral cavity*
Ana Carolina Gomes PariziI; Ricardo Luís BarbosaII; José Luiz Santos PariziIII; Gisele Alborghetti NaiIV
ISpecialist, Physician. Graduated from the Presidente Prudente School of Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
IIPhD in Mathematics, Laboratory of Biostatistics, School of Nursing, University of São Paulo (USP), cidade, São Paulo, Brazil
IIISpecialist, Professor, Pathology Department, Presidente Prudente School of Medicine and School of Dentistry, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) - Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
IVPhD, Professor, Pathology Department, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
FUNDAMENTS: The lethality of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the skin is considered low. SCC in the mouth is usually associated with poor prognosis. Current evidence suggests that mast cells in the normal tissue contribute to the tumorigenesis of SCC, probably by promoting angiogenesis.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of mast cells in SCC of the mouth and skin and evaluate whether there is a correlation with the degree of differentiation of these tumors.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty cases of SCC of the skin and 34 of the mouth were investigated. Toluidine blue staining was used to identify mast cells in blocks containing the central portion of the neoplasm.
RESULTS: A concentration of between 0 and 10 mast cells was found in one single case of SCC of the skin and there were no cases of SCC of the mouth with concentrations of mast cells in the tumor >201. In the majority of cases of SCC of the mouth (47%; n=16), mast cell concentration was between 0 and 10, with a concentration >51 mast cells in 80% of cases of SCC of the skin. All the cases of SCC of the mouth with a concentration of mast cells between 100 and 200 and 80% of those with a concentration of 51-99 were located on the lip. The concentration of mast cells was unrelated to the degree of differentiation of the tumor.
CONCLUSION: The concentration of mast cells is lower in SCC of the mouth except when the tumor is located on the lip. This may reflect a lower need for cell activation in the microenvironment to improve vascularization in oral cancer.
Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma; Mast cells; Skin; Mouth
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are malignant neoplasias that originate in the squamous epithelium and may be well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. These tumors may occur in the skin (the most common site), mouth, larynx, esophagus or cervix, sites covered by squamous epithelium, or within the context of squamous metaplasia when the original epithelium is transformed into a squamous epithelium, as found in cases of bronchial SCC. 1
The number of new cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer (squamous and basal cell carcinomas) in Brazil in 2008 was estimated at 55,890 in males and 59,120 in females. 2 The lethality of nonmelanoma skin cancer is considered low; however, in some cases in which diagnosis is delayed, this cancer may lead to ulcerations and severe physical deformity. 2,3 There is, almost certainly, considerable under-registration as a result of under-diagnosis and also because prognosis is excellent with this type of neoplasia and the likelihood of complete cure is high if the condition is treated adequately and opportunely. 2
The majority of skin cancers result from excess sun exposure. 2,3 The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2007 more than a million cases of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas and around 60,000 cases of melanoma were associated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. 2
Oral cancer includes cancers of the lip and the oral mucosa (buccal mucosa, gums, soft and hard palate, tongue and the floor of the mouth). Lip cancer is more common in white individuals and the lower lip tends to be affected more often than the upper lip. 2 Malignant neoplasias of the oral cavity are more common in males and in individuals in the south and southeast of Brazil compared to the rest of the country. 2 Factors that may lead to mouth cancer include age >40 years, smoking (pipes or cigarettes), alcohol ingestion, poor oral hygiene and the use of badly fitting dentures. 2 In cases of lip cancer, sun exposure is the principal culprit. 2,4
Unlike malignant skin neoplasia, prognosis is poorer with tumors located in the oral cavity and morbidity and mortality are high due to the intense vascularization in this region that facilitates dissemination of the neoplastic cells. In addition, treatment may result in mutilation to patients. 2,5
Many cell types located in the stromal microenvironment have been found to be involved in the tumorigenesis of various types of tumors. Leukocyte infiltration into the tissues is a common finding in many physiological and pathological conditions. Specific populations of leukocytes infiltrating the squamous epithelia, with premalignant or malignant keratinocytes, were recently described as playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas. 6
Mast cells are found in the normal connective tissue. The density of these cells varies from one organ to another; however, they are consistently well represented in the respiratory tract. Mast cell hyperplasia has been found in many tumors, although the significance of this finding remains unclear. 7 Recent data suggest that mast cells may play opposing roles in tumor biology and that the microenvironment may polarize these cells to render either a promoting or inhibiting effect on tumors. 1,8
Angiogenesis, an important prognostic factor in many tumors, is a complex event mediated by angiogenic factors released by the neoplastic cells or by the host's immune cells. Among the host's immune cells, mast cells have been associated with tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis. 9 Recently, tryptase from mast cells was identified as another potent proangiogenic factor in the tumors and its role has been studied in various forms of cancer. 10 A study conducted by Sawatsubashi et al. 11 suggests that SCC cells and mast cells may control the angiogenic response through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release.
Although mast cells are associated with promoting angiogenesis in some malignant tumors, particularly those situated in the aerodigestive tract, little is known of their effect on oral SCC. 12 Some studies have shown a significant correlation between mast cell density and microvessel density in preneoplastic lesions and in oral SCC 12,13 and have suggested that mast cells may increase angiogenesis in these tumors via tryptase. 12
The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of mast cell density in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and mouth and to evaluate whether there is a correlation with the degree of differentiation of these tumors.
A retrospective study was performed on a selection of 64 anatomopathological reports following the surgical removal of squamous cell carcinomas, 30 of which referred to skin tumors and 34 to cases of oral cancer. All exams were performed between 2005 and 2008. Cases in which skin punch biopsy was performed were excluded from this study, since they do not permit evaluation of the entire lesion (tumor margin and central area).
Data related to the age of the patients, tumor site and degree of differentiation (well-differentiated, moderately differentiated or poorly differentiated) were retrieved from the pathology report.
Paraffin blocks containing the central area of the tumor were selected and submitted to toluidine blue staining (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) to investigate for mast cells. Mast cells were counted by two trained observers (ACGP and GAN) in 10 magnified fields on each slide (40x objective), corresponding to an area of around 1 mm2. Quantification was first performed on the central area of the tumor and then in the tumor-free margins as a control. Mast cell density was divided into 5 categories: 0-10, 11-50, 51-99, 100200 or >201 mast cells in 10 magnified fields.
Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software package, version 15.0. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) was used to compare proportions in view of the low frequencies expected. The t-test was used to compare means when the distribution of the variable was normal; otherwise, the equivalent Mann-Whitney (MW) nonparametric test was used. Correlation was tested using Pearson's coefficient when the distribution of the variables was normal or Spearman's rho coefficient when it was not. The normalcy of variables was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. To control for possible confounding factors, multiple linear regression was performed using the backward elimination method to select variables, the response variable being mast cell density in the tumor. Significance level was defined as 0.05%.
This study was approved by the Internal Review Board of the Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) under approval letter #112/08.
The majority of patients (92.2%; n=59) were over 50 years of age. Most cases (73.5%; n=25) of squamous cell carcinoma situated in the mouth and the majority of the patients with SCC of the skin (53.3%; n=16) were male.
In the majority of cases of SCC of the mouth (35.2%; n=12), the tumor was situated on the lip. In the cases of skin tumors, most (56.6%; n=17) were located on the head or neck.
In 57.85% of all cases (n=37), the tumor was well-differentiated. In the cases of SCC of the mouth, most of the tumors (58.8%; n=20) were well-differentiated, while one was well-differentiated with a verrucous presentation and 13 (38.2%) were moderately differentiated. With respect to the skin tumors, 56.6% (n=17) were well-differentiated and 33.3% (n=10) were moderately differentiated.
Mean mast cell density in the central area of the skin tumors was 116.7 cells/mm2, whereas in the cases of SCC of the mouth, mean density was 46.8 cells/mm2. The normalcy test for this variable revealed a normal distribution (p=0.14; KS test), with the difference between the means being statistically significant (p=0.0001, t-test). Mean mast cell density at the tumor-free margin in the cases of skin cancer was 115.5 cells/mm2 compared to 53.9 cells/mm2 in the case of oral cancer (p=0.74; KS test and p=0.0001; ttest). When the cases of tumors situated on the lip and those of the oral cavity were analyzed separately, mast cell density in the central area of the tumor was 108.5 and 13.1 cells/mm2, respectively, (p=0.07, KS test and p=0.000051, t-test), while in the tumor-free margin, density was 138.5 and 7.8 mast cells/mm2, respectively, (p = 0.00, KS test and p=0.00001, MW test).
There were no cases of SCC of the mouth in which density was >201 mast cells/mm2 in the central area of the tumor (Graph 1). In the majority of cases of SCC of the mouth, mast cell density was between 0 and 10 (47%; n=16) (Figure 1). All the cases of SCC of the mouth with density of 100-200 mast cells/mm2 (n=7) and 80% (n=4) of those with a density of 51 to 99 mast cells/mm2 were situated on the lip (Graph 2). Only one case of SCC of the skin had a density of 0-10 mast cells/mm2 in the central area of the tumor. The majority of cases (80%; n=24) had a density >51 mast cells/mm2 and 50% (n=15) had >100 mast cells/mm2 (Graph 1, Figure 2). There was a statistically significant difference between the mast cell density in the central area of the tumor in cases of SCC of the mouth and that of tumors involving the skin (p=0.001). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference in mast cell density between cases of SCC of the lip and those of tumors situated in other parts of the mouth (p=0.03; LRT).
In the only case of SCC of the skin in which mast cell density was 0-10 cells/mm2 in the central area of the tumor, mast cell density at the tumor-free margins was identical. In the cases in which mast cell density in the tumor was between 100 and 200 mast cells/mm2, density was between 51 and 99 mast cells/mm2 at the margin in 30% of cases, between 100 and 200 mast cells/mm2 in 50% of cases and >201 mast cells/mm2 in 20% of cases. The correlation between mast cell density in the tumor (p=0.59; KS) and at the margin (p=0.49; KS) was not statistically significant (p=0.079 and r=0.326). With respect to SCC of the lip, in the only case with density between 0 and 10 mast cells/mm2, density was 51-99 at the margin. Of the cases with a density of 100-200 mast cells/mm2 in the tumor, 57.1% had 100-200 mast cells/mm2 at the margin, while in 42.9% of cases, density was >201 mast cells/mm2. No significant correlation was found between mast cell density in the lip tumor (p=0.08, KS test) and at the margin (p=0.84, KS test) (p=0.129 and r=0.464). In the majority of cases of SCC of the oral cavity (93.3%) in which mast cell density in the central area of the tumor was between 0 and 10 mast cells/mm2 and in those with a density of 11-50 cells/mm2 (83.3%), density at the margins was 0-10 cells/mm2. In the cases of oral cancer, the correlation between mast cell density in the tumor (p = 0.04, KS test) and in the margin (p=0.01, KS test) was statistically significant (p=0.001 and Spearman's = 0.7444). In 10 cases of SCC of the skin (30%), 7 cases of SCC of the lip (58.3%) and 2 cases of SCC in the oral cavity (9.1%), mast cell density was higher at the margins than in the central area of the tumor (Figure 3).
There was no statistically significant association between mast cell density in the central area of the tumor and the degree of differentiation of the tumors, either in the skin, the lip or in the oral cavity, nor between density at the tumor-free margin in any of the sites and the degree of differentiation (p>0.05) (Graph 3).
Multiple linear regression was performed to control for possible confounding factors in mast cell density in the tumor in relation to the site (skin, lip or oral cavity), age-group, sex, degree of differentiation or mast cell density at the margin. The backwards elimination method was used to select the variables, with exclusion criteria p > 0.10. The model showed an adjusted R2 of 0.532, i.e. 53.2% of the variation in mast cell density in the tumor was explained by the variables in the model. There were no problems with autocorrelation of the residues, as shown by the Durbin-Watson test result of 1.88, and multicollinearity was acceptable, since the variance inflation factors (VIF) for the predictive variables were: sex = 1.10; site = 1.81 and mast cell density at the margin = 1.76. Analysis of the standardized residues showed no outliers. According to the adjusted model, mean density was 40.12 mast cells/mm2 greater in females compared to males (p=0.006). Mean mast cell density in the tumor was 0.48 times higher than at the margin in each case, irrespective of the site affected by the tumor (p=0.00001).
In the present study, there was a predominance of SCC of the mouth in male patients, while SCC of the skin occurred in approximately similar proportions in males and females. This predominance of SCC of the mouth in males may be explained by the fact that the principal cause of these tumors is smoking, the incidence of which is greater in the male population compared to females. The principal cause of SCC of the skin is solar radiation, which is common to both sexes. Both SCC of the skin and of the mouth are more common in patients over 50 years of age, as found in the present study.
Mast cells may tend to accumulate around skin neoplasias. 1 Few studies have failed to find any increase in mast cells in these tumors. 14 Current evidence suggests that mast cells contribute to the tumorigenesis of skin neoplasias through four different mechanisms. 1) Immunosuppression. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, the most significant trigger of skin neoplasias, activates mast cells. Following exposure to skin radiation, trans-urocanic acid in the epidermis is isomerized to cis-urocanic acid, which stimulates the release of neuropeptides by C-nerve fibers. These neuropeptides promote histamine release by the mast cells, leading to immunosuppression of the cell immune system. 2) Angiogenesis. Mast cells are the major source of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in basal cell carcinomas and melanomas. VEGF is the most powerful angiogenic factor and induces release of other angiogenic factors through the endothelial wall of the matrix. The proteases of the mast cells reorganize the stroma to facilitate migration of the endothelial cells. In addition to heparin, proteoglycan, predominantly from the mast cells, contributes to vascular invasion in metastases. 3) Degradation of the extracellular matrix. Through its own proteases and indirectly by interacting with other cells, mast cells participate in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is necessary in order for the tumor to disseminate. 4) Mitogenesis. Mast cell mediators, including fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin 8 are mitogenic for melanoma cells. 1,15
Studies conducted in vivo have shown sequential infiltration and degranulation of mast cells during carcinogenesis in SCCs and have demonstrated a strict correlation between mast cell activation and the different phases of hyperkeratosis, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and invasive oral carcinoma. 5
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases capable of essentially degrading components of the extracellular matrix. These enzymes may be produced by different types of skin cells such as fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells and eosinophils. In general, MMPs are not expressed constitutively in the skin but are induced temporarily in response to exogenous signals, such as various cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix interactions and alterations in cell-to-cell contact. Currently, much evidence points to the significant role of MMPs in the proteolytic remodelling of the extracellular matrix in various physiological situations, including the development of tissue morphogenesis, tissue repair and angiogenesis. On the other hand, MMPs also play an important pathogenic role in the excessive destruction of connective tissue components, e.g. in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic ulcers, skin photoaging, periodontitis and in the invasion of tumor cells and metastases. 16,17
MMP-9, predominantly expressed by neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells, is overexpressed in angiogenic dysplasias and in invasive carcinomas of the epidermis in animal models for multistep tumorigenesis. Transgenic rats lacking MMP-9 presented a reduction in keratocyte proliferation at all the stages of the neoplasia and a decrease in the incidence of invasive tumors. However, those carcinomas that originate in the absence of MMP-9 lack keratinocyte differentiation, which is indicative of a more aggressive tumor with poorer prognosis. 16 Therefore, MMP expression by mast cells may be one more factor that contributes to the aggressiveness of the SCC.
Oliveira Neto et al. 8 showed a reduction in the number of mast cells in premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity and suggested that this fact may be associated with a failure in the migration of these cells, possibly reflecting an important modification in the microenvironment during tumor initiation and progression.
In the present study, an inversely proportional correlation was found between SCC of the skin and mouth in relation to mast cell density, i.e. in cases of skin SCC mast cell density was high in the tumor in 80% of cases, while in the mouth mast cell density was low in 47% of cases. SCC of the lip proved to be an exception within the group of oral SCCs, since in the majority of cases mast cell density was high (between 100 and 200 cells/mm2), similar to the mast cell density found in cases of SCC of the skin, as reported by Rojas et al. 4
Mean mast cell density in the cancer-free tissue is much higher in cases involving the skin and lip (115.5 and 138.5 cells/mm2, respectively) compared to those involving the oral cavity where a mean of 7.8 mast cells/mm2 was found. These results are in agreement with the findings of other studies showing an increase in the prevalence of dermal mast cells in skin that has been chronically exposed to the sun. 15
In a study conducted by Costa et al., 18 mast cell density in cases of SCC of the lip and in actinic cheilitis was significantly greater compared to that found in normal lip mucosa. In the present study, mast cell density was higher in the tumor-free margin compared to the central area of the tumor in 58.3% of cases of SCC of the lip. The difference between the two studies may lie in the fact that the former used normal mucosa from other patients without SCC as a control, while in the present study the adjacent mucosa from the surgical, cancer-free margins of the SCC was used as control.
Naik et al. 19 reported an inverse association between mast cell density and the degree of anaplasia and the number of mitotic figures in SCC of the cervix, suggesting that these cells may be related to the degree of differentiation of these tumors.
In the present study, mast cell density in the tumor and in the cancer-free margins was not found to be associated with the degree of differentiation of the SCC, suggesting that mast cell density may be related to external stimuli such as ultraviolet B radiation, for example, or to a need for greater angiogenesis or difficulty in collagen degradation in certain areas.
In this study, mast cell density was much higher in female patients. This finding may be explained in part by the greater exposure of women to natural or artificial ultraviolet radiation in tanning for esthetic purposes. However, this does not explain the fact that mast cell density was also higher in the oral cavity of women, suggesting that there may be other mechanisms of recruitment and activation of mast cells related to the female gender.
This study evaluated mast cell density in SCC of the skin and mouth and correlated mast cell density with the degree of tumor differentiation. Studies comparing mast cell density, the quantity of vessels in the tissue and the concentrations of chemical mediators released by mast cells may add towards clarifying whether these cells contribute to the aggressiveness of the SCC.
The present study showed that mast cell density is almost 0.5 times higher in the tumor compared to the cancer-free margin irrespective of the site or degree of differentiation. This finding suggests that the increase in mast cell density in the tissue is important for the development of SCCs (growth and tissue invasion), but not for cell differentiation.
1. Ch'ng S, Wallis RA, Yuan L, Davis PF, Tan ST. Mast cells and cutaneous malignancies. Modern Pathology. 2006;19:149-59. [ Links ]
2. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção a Saúde. Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Estimativa 2008: Incidência de câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA, 2007. [ Links ]
3. Dornelas MT, Rodrigues MF, Machado DC, Gollner AM, Ferreira AP. Expressão de marcadores de proliferação celular e apoptose no carcinoma espinocelular de pele e ceratose actínica. An Bras Dermatol. 2009;84:469-75. [ Links ]
4. Rojas IG, Spencer ML, Martínez A, Maurelia MA, Rudolph MI. Characterization of mast cell subpopulations in lip cancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005;34:268-73. [ Links ]
5. Ch'ng S, Sullivan M, Yuan L, Davis P, Tan ST. Mast cells dysregulate apoptotic and cell cycle genes in mucosal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell International. 2006;6:28, doi:10.1186/1475-2867-6-28. [ Links ]
6. Junankar SR, Eichten A, Kramer A, de Visser KE, Coussens LM. Analysis of immune cell infiltrates during squamous carcinoma development. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2006;11:36-43. [ Links ]
7. Balica N, Raica M, Cotulbea S, Doros C. Mast cell reaction in malignant laryngeal neoplasm. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2007;48:395-401. [ Links ]
8. Oliveira-Neto HH, Leite AF, Costa NL, Alencar RC, Lara VS, Silva TA, et al. Decrease in mast cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma: possible failure in the migration of these cells. Oral Oncol. 2007;43:484-90. [ Links ]
9. Elpek GÖ, Gelen T, Aksoy NH, Erdogan A, Dertsiz L, Demircan A, et al. The prognostic relevance of angiogenesis and mast cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54:940-4. [ Links ]
10. Benítez-Bribiesca L, Wong A, Utrera D, Castellanos E. The Role of Mast Cell Tryptase in Neoangiogenesis of Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of the Uterine Cervix. J Histochem Cytochem. 2001;49:1061-62. [ Links ]
11. Sawatsubashi M, Yamada T, Fukushima N, Mizokami H, Tokunaga O, Shin T. Association of vascular endothelial growth factor and mast cells with angiogenesis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch. 2000;436:243-8. [ Links ]
12. Iamaroon A, Pongsiriwet S, Jittidecharaks S, Pattanaporn K, Prapayasatok S, Wanachantararak S. Increase of mast cells and tumor angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32:195-9. [ Links ]
13. Ranieri G, Labriola A, Achille G, Florio G, Zito AF, Grammatica L, et al. Microvessel density, mast cell density and thymidine phosphorylase expression in oral squamous carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2002;21:1317-23. [ Links ]
14. Grimbaldeston MA, Skov L, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Squamous cell carcinoma is not associated with high dermal mast cell prevalence in humans. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:1204-6. [ Links ]
15. Grimbaldeston MA, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Mast cells in photodamage skin: what is their role in skin cancer? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006;5:177-83. [ Links ]
16. Coussens LM, Tinkle CL, Hanahan D, Werb Z. MMP-9 supplied by bone marrow-derived cells contributes to skin carcinogenesis. Cell. 2000;103:481-90. [ Links ]
17. Kähäri VM, Saarialho-Kere U. Matrix metalloproteinases in skin. Exp Dermatol. 1997;6:199-213. [ Links ]
18. Costa NL, Oton-Leite AF, Cheim-Junior AP, Alencar RC, Bittar GO, Silva TA, Batista AC. Density and migration of mast cell in lip squamous cell carcinoma and actinic cheilitis. Histol Histopathol. 2009;24:457-65. [ Links ]
19. Naik R, Pai MR, Poornima Baliga B, Nayak KS, Shankarnarayana, Dighe P. Mast cell profile in uterine cervix. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2004;47:178-80. [ Links ]
Mailing address: Received on 16.09.2009. * Study conducted at the Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
Gisele Alborghetti Nai
Departamento de Patologia - Unoeste
Rua José Bongiovani, 700
19050 680 - Presidente Prudente - SP, Brazil
Phone./Fax: 18 3229 1059 / 18 3229 1194
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Approved by the Advisory Board and accepted for publication on 22.05.2010.
Conflict of interest: None
Financial funding: None
Mailing address:
Received on 16.09.2009.
* Study conducted at the Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.


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Product DescriptionPersonally designed by famous angler Dean Rojas, this hollow-bodied, all-purpose frog bait works well in a variety of environments-from thick cover to sparse grass and open water. Built around a specially designed, extra-strong Gamakatsu Double EWG Hook, the Bronzeye can stand up to strong rods and braided line with ease. Its razor-sharp hooks are pointed away from the frog's body for safe handling. The nose of the bait is anchored to the wire just behind the line-tie eye, which has been welded closed to keep your braid secure. Its super-soft plastic body collapses down completely when bitten for maximum hook exposure, ensuring solid hook-ups every time. Specially balanced with a molded-in weight, the Bronzeye casts long distances effortlessly and resists filling with water, ensuring an upright landing every time! Its weedless design is perfect for walking-the-dog in open water or chugging through heavy weeds. Living rubber legs kick wildly to grab the attention of bass all around and are secured inside the body so they will never pull out. These extra-long legs can be trimmed to further manipulate the frog's action to your preference. Available in a variety of proven, strike-enticing colors to cover every angling situation.
At 30% bigger than the original Bronzeye, the King Daddy is ideal for targeting big bass. Its large size makes it easy to achieve super long casts every time. Equipped with a 6/0 Gamakatsu Superline Double EWG Hook. 3-3/4" long. 1 oz.


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Last weekend, we photographed Karen's b-day & her welcome home party for her husband Jim at Hoosier Park in Anderson. Jim just came back from overseas for a quick trip home so it was good to see him and all of their friends and family that night. Aren't they cute together?! Here's Garrett and Grant, can't you tell they're brothers?!
Lots of toasting and drinking going on that night! LOL
LOL!! Two sets of brothers…HA! Grant's face is priceless!
Happy Birthday Karen, hope it was a great b-day for you!! And Jim, let's do this again when you come home for good in the Spring, ok? Take care of yourself!!! {Hugs!!}


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This Tuesday's primary election will decide candidates for Ohio's Gubernatorial election in November, other state and federal offices and the fate of a jobs bill. Polls are open 6:30 AM to 7:30 PM. Many of the candidates are running unopposed in this primary. For a sample ballot visit the Hamilton County Board of Elections website and find your polling location from the menu on the left of the page, then click on one of the provided links. Here are some of the people on the primary ballot with websites for more information:
Primary for Governor / Lt. Governor; State of Ohio: John Kasich/ Mary Taylor, Republican Ted Strickland/ Yvette McGee Brown, Democratic Dennis S. Spisak/ Anita Rios, Green Ken Matesz/ Ann Leech, Libertarian
Attorney General; State of Ohio: Richard Cordray, Democratic Mike DeWine, Republican Robert M. Owens, Constitution Marc Allan Feldman, Libertarian
Auditor of State, State of Ohio: David Pepper, Democratic Seth Morgan, Republican Dave Yost, Republican L. Michael Howard, Libertarian
Secretary of State; State of Ohio: Maryellen O'Shaughnessy, Democratic Sandra O'Brien, Republican Jon Husted, Republican Charles Earl, Libertarian
Primary for United States Senate: Rob Portman, Republican Lee Fisher, Democratic Jennifer Brunner, Democratic Traci Johnson, Democratic Charlena Renee Bradley, Democratic Eric W. Deaton, Constitution Steven R. Linnabary, Libertarian Daniel H. LaBotz, Socialist
US Representative, District 1: Steve Chabot, Republican Steve Driehaus, Democratic Eric Wilson, Democratic Jim Berns, Libertarian Jared Croxton, Libertarian Rich Stevenson, Green
Hamilton County Commissioner: Leslie Ghiz, Republican Chris Monzel, Republican Hubert E. Brown, Democratic Jim Tarbell, Democratic Cecil Thomas, Democratic
Issue One: Proposed Constitutional Amendment -- State of Ohio (Majority Approval Required) TO EXTEND THE OHIO THIRD FRONTIER PROGRAM BY AUTHORIZING THE ISSUANCE OF ADDITIONAL GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC GROWTH Vote YES Vote NO
Issue Two: Proposed Constitutional Amendment -- State of Ohio (Majority Approval Required) TO CHANGE THE LOCATION OF THE COLUMBUS CASINO FACILITY AUTHORIZED BY PREVIOUS STATEWIDE VOTE Vote YES Vote NO
Other elections on Tuesday's primary ballot: US Representative, District 2; State Senator, Districts 7 & 9, State Representatives, District 28, 29 ,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35; Judicial Contests for State of Ohio; State Political Party Committees and several School District Levies.
Websites with more information: smartvoter.org Hamilton County Board of Elections citybeat.com ohiolibertycouncil.org


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Historical Version(s) - view previous versions of standard
More D02.L0.07 Standards Related Products Standard References
Significance and Use
The reaction thresholds of a material are a measure of the tendency of the material or its decomposition products to undergo gas phase reactions of various types. Hot-flame and cool-flame thresholds relate directly to reactions which are involved in autoignition phenomena. Pre-flame, catalytic and thermal polymerization thresholds also relate to autoignition in that they represent reactions which can be under some conditions the precursors of ignition reactions.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of the pre-flame, cool-flame, and hot-flame reaction threshold temperatures and the incipient reaction temperature of liquids and solids. Data may be obtained at pressures from low vacuum to 0.8 MPa (115 psia) for temperatures within the range from room temperature to 925 K (1200°F).
1.2 This test method may be applied to any substance that is a liquid or a solid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and that, at room temperature, is compatible with glass and stainless steel. Air is the intended oxidizing medium; however, other media may be substituted provided appropriate precautions are taken for their safe use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. In cases where materials, products, or equipment are available in inch-pound units only, SI units are omitted.
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.8, Sections 7 and 9.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
ASTM Standards
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2021 Specification for Neutral Detergent, 40 Percent Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Type
E659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals
âMilitary StandardsMIL-T-7003 Trichloroethylene
ICS Code
ICS Number Code 75.100 (Lubricants, industrial oils and related products)
UNSPSC Code
UNSPSC Code
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Citation Format
ASTM D2883-95(2009), Standard Test Method for Reaction Threshold Temperature of Liquid and Solid Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2009, www.astm.orgBack to Top


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Men's Golf Named GCAA All-Academic Team
Tech was honored as a 2013 GCAA All-Academic Team.
Aug. 2, 2013
LUBBOCK, Texas - The Texas Tech men's golf team was honored this week as one of the 2013 All-Academic Teams chosen by the Golf Coaches Association of America and presented by Farmer's Insurance.
To be eligible for GCAA All-Academic Team honors, a college or university must submit the GPAs for each player on its official squad lists for the academic year and have a combined 3.0 GPA or better.
"It's a tremendous honor for our guys because it shows how hard they work in the classroom," Tech head coach Greg Sands said. "Being a student-athlete involves a lot of dedication to your team and your studies and this helps validate all that hard work."
Tech golfers have been honored several times this season for its academic success. Finley Ewing IV, Henry Todd and Nathan Weant all earned Academic All-Big 12 First Team honors while Matias Dominguez and Clement Sordet were each named to the Academic All-Big 12 Second Team.
Ewing was also honored as the Big 12 Scholar Athlete of the Year for men's golf and was recently named a 2013 Cleveland Golf/Srixon All-America Scholar for Division I.


text: 2016 Republican convention Cleveland Judges And Lawyers Readying For A Busy Republican Convention By Nick Castele • Jun 3, 2016 Nick Castele / Ideastream Politicians and reporters aren't the only ones preparing for this summer's Republican National Convention. Attorneys and judges expect to be busy that week, too, as they represent and process demonstrators who may be passing through local courtrooms. U.S. Bank Arena Announces Renovation Plans By Tana Weingartner • Jul 28, 2015 Provided / U.S. Bank Arena Update: 1:29 p.m. Arena officials aren't saying how much the project could cost, nor are they laying out a timeline. Nederlander Entertainment CEO Ray Harris says funding talks are underway with Cincinnati, Hamilton County, and the Port Authority. "It's obviously got to be a private/public partnership and we're trying to figure that out with them," he says. Howard Wilkinson's Monday morning politics chat By Howard Wilkinson • Jul 14, 2014 With the 2016 GOP national convention coming to Cleveland, could they end up nominating an Ohioan for president or vice president? Both Sen. Rob Portman and Gov. John Kasich are being talked about as possible contenders. WVXU politics reporter Howard Wilkinson talked about it this morning with Jay Hanselman. GOP gives Cincinnati a look-see for 2016 convention By Howard Wilkinson • Apr 29, 2014 An eight-member delegation of the Republican National Committee(RNC) toured Cincinnati today to see if the city might be a suitable location for the 2016 Republican National Convention. Cincy2016, the local committee pushing for the convention, gave the group from the RNC a tour of US Bank Arena, the proposed venue for the convention; the Cincinnati Convention Center, and downtown hotels. Howard Wilkinson's Monday morning politics chat By Howard Wilkinson • Apr 28, 2014 WVXU politics reporter Howard Wilkinson talks politics with Maryanne Zeleznik. Today's topics: Absentee balloting in Hamilton County and the Republican National Committee site selection committee's visit to Cincinnati Tuesday. Howard Wilkinson's Monday morning politics chat By Howard Wilkinson • Apr 7, 2014 In this week's Monday morning politics chat, Howard Wilkinson talks with Maryanne Zeleznik about John Boehner actually spending money in his 8th Congressional District Republican primary and Cincinnati's chances of landing the 2016 Republican National Convention. Cincy makes the first cut for 2016 GOP convention By Howard Wilkinson • Apr 2, 2014 Ann Thompson / WVXU Cincinnati made the first cut of cities vying for the 2016 Republican National Convention, the Republican National Committee (RNC) announced this afternoon. Eight cities from around the country made formal presentations to the RNC's site selection committee last month; and two of them were eliminated by the committee today – Columbus and Phoenix. But Cincinnati, which wants to hold the convention at US Bank Arena, was one of six to survive the first cut – a list that also included Cleveland. Monday politics chat: Cincinnati's chances for the GOP convention and Kasich's plans By Howard Wilkinson • Mar 24, 2014 photo by Michael Keating 91.7 WVXU politics reporter Howard Wilkinson talked with Maryanne Zeleznik this morning about the chances of Cincinnati landing the 2016 Republican presidential nominating convention and Ohio Gov. John Kasich's possible presidential ambitions. 2016 GOP convention in Cincinnati is now a waiting game By Howard Wilkinson • Mar 23, 2014 There's an old saying in the game of golf – "never up, never in." It means that if your ball is on the green, a long way from the cup, you have to swing your putter with an extra "oomph" to get the ball somewhere close to the hole. That way, if you don't sink it, you have an easy tap-in putt. Howard Wilkinson's Monday Morning Politics Chat By Howard Wilkinson • Mar 10, 2014 Michael E. Keating WVXU political reporter Howard Wilkinson talks with Maryanne Zeleznik about the chances of the 2016 Republican National Convention coming to Cincinnati, Rand Paul's support in the CPAC straw poll and how Paul will help the local GOP raise money in May.


text: Excelerator Sports LLC strives to provide exciting and challenging events for cyclists, spectators and sponsors. In addition to the Tour de Park City we have 2 other events throughout the year and invite you to check out these events and add them to your 2013 schedules! August 24th - The Powder Mountain Hillclimb and Utah State Hillclimb Championships. 3300 vertical feet of climbing in 6 miles! September 21st and 22nd - Harvest Moon Crit/Cross Weekend. A fast and flat criterium in downtown Ogden for the Utah State Criterium Championships! Go to www.teamexcelerator.com for more info!


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The genius of Arcade titles lies almost entirely in their durability. For while big budget games are monuments to the fanatic must-have-it-now crowd, minor titles with strong core gameplay have a longer period of relevance. And in many ways, an increased life span. Think about games like Limbo, Bastion, or Braid, all small-studio efforts which are constantly being found by curious minds or through word of mouth. This is how Valve's Steam application and each console's individual arcade nexus are all kept afloat. This continued notion, that easy access and clever gameplay should be rewarded, lies at the forefront of the Arcade movement.
And finally, XBox has its first 2012 Arcade game worth mentioning alongside the best of the best: Fez.
Fez's core gameplay is so delightfully simple that it could drive you mad. Set in a 2-D world, our main character Gomez is given a magic fez which can allow him to flip dimensions left and right. Conceptually, it's like having a 6-sided die. Gomez and his people were used to seeing only the 1-dotted side all their lives. But Gomez can now view sides 1, 2, 3 & 4 individually with his new power. You could also try watching this PAX East Gameplay Video, if my die analogy isn't workin' for ya. Because of this power, Gomez can traverse towering landscapes and solve complex puzzles. You'll rarely be doing anything other than switching perspectives and jumping, but to be honest it never really gets old.
The most compelling aspects here are that of exploration and comprehension. Many of Fez's secrets are vaguely presented, requiring some depth of thought and analysis. Signs are in a strange language, codes are unintelligible until a cipher is given later in the game, and even the so-called "treasure maps" are designed to be interpreted instead of merely read. Heck, some puzzles even require outside peripherals to decode. Yet even if you don't feel up to the challenge, there still are a lot of relatively straight-forward levels which can be traversed without much difficulty. But a warning to any completionists out there, a lot of clues aren't obvious, and I even found myself backtracking to certain levels multiple times without figuring out certain secrets. Though in my case, I love how even after beating the game some of its deeper puzzles are still out of my grasp.
Stylistically, Fez can be a little intense. Large-scale maps all have individual flavor, the game's 8-bit framework deceptively keeping a larger, 3-D world behind the scenes at all times. Themes range from cutesy forest in the clouds to a sewage-green tinged underground, various mechanics specific to each theme helping push the overall character. It's easy though to miss the forest for the trees, each level boasting such intricacy that the visuals and soundtrack can go unnoticed at times. But this is a good thing, it reveals how immersive Fez can end up being. I noticed that on my Xbox, occasionally the graphics would have trouble loading, ultimately crashing a couple of times. Unique for an 8-bit game, though it shows how much detail is put into each level to keep loading times down.
If I had to give one strike to Fez, it would be Gomez's movement. This is of course no Super Meat Boy, but Gomez can feel a bit weighted at times, especially when you NEED him to make a long jump. It's barely a trifle though, for the majority of jumps are easy and the rest of the game with its lengthy content makes up for this issue. Fez is one of the few XBL Arcade games out which I believe supply enough content to make the purchase truly worth it, along with perhaps Shadow Complex and Super Meat Boy. If you have an Xbox and a puzzle solving mind, be sure to try the demo on XBL Arcade!


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The Atrix 4G hasn't been released yet, but, surely, its system dump just leaked online. The boot animations and the Paper Forest LWP are pretty boring and uninteresting, but the static wallpapers (meaning non-LWP images) are simply amazing.
We've mirrored them for you below, so grab the zip, unzip it to your SD card, and then open the images up using your favorite file manager, like Astro, long press the one you like, and select Set As Wallpaper.Read More


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Aven Nelson
The following chronology of the life of Dr. Nelson was prepared by Charlotte Goodding Reeder for the Honor's Dinner (1969) at the request of President Carlson. It has been updated and supplemented by information from "Aven Nelson of Wyoming" by Roger L. Williams (1984, Colorado Associated University Press) and "Wyoming University, The First 100 Years, 1886-1996" by Deborah Hardy (1986, University of Wyoming).
Dr. Nelson published over 115 scientific articles and two books.
1859 March 24, Aven Nelson was born to Norwegian emigrants in a log cabin the year Darwin published "Origin of Species." The small farm was on Sugar Creek, Lee County, southeast Iowa, near Keokuk. "Even" (his given name until he entered primary school) was the youngest of four children in a Quaker family.
1875 At age 16 he became a teacher of a country school for $25, later $30 a month.
1883 He graduated with a B.A. degree after three years from Normal School at Kirksville, Missouri, where he won a gold medal in an oratorical contest. He was appointed assistant professor of natural sciences and instructor in English at Drury College. Later he received an honorary degree in science from Drury.
1884 He attended a summer Institute for Teachers at Cottage City, Massachusetts, on Martha's Vineyard.
1885 He led students on a tour to Cotton Exposition in New Orleans during spring recess. In September he married Celia Alice Calhoun and they moved to Ferguson, Missouri (near St. Louis) where he became superintendent of schools. He dug the basement for their new home; this dismayed many town's folk who considered it below his position in life.
1887 They arrived in Laramie City, Wyoming Territory, where he was the first of five faculty members on campus. He would be the first librarian for the University and teach economic botany, zoology, animal physiology, hygiene, physical geography, and calisthenics. He came to teach English and literature, but another faculty member was considered more qualified.
1891 The Agricultural College and Agricultural Experiment Station were established; Nelson became botanist of the latter. In September he took a leave of absence to attend Harvard University where he studied physiology and morphology of plants and animals, visiting the Gray Herbarium only once!
1892 June 29, he received a M.A. degree from Harvard University. B. C. Buffum, Nelson's substitute while he was at Harvard University, made a collection of Wyoming forage plants for the Chicago World's Fair of 1893.
1894 He made his first botanical trip accompanied by Dr. Wilbur C. Knight, a geologist, (8 weeks). The route included Douglas, Casper, Lander, Jackson Hole, Green River, South Pass, and Bates Hole. He collected 1,200 specimens each with 6 to 20 duplicates for sale or exchange.
1895 He made another trip, this time to northeastern Wyoming, passing through Sundance, Sheridan, Ranchester, Buffalo, and Newcastle.
1896 Nelson published the bulletin "First Report on the Flora of Wyoming," 172 pages, through the Agricultural Experiment Station and his first botanical paper in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
1899 The collection was officially designated the Rocky Mountain Herbarium by the Board of Trustees of the University of Wyoming. Dr. Nelson, his wife, and two children, ages 10 and 13, accompanied by two students (Elias E. Nelson and Leslie M. Goodding), spent 12 weeks botanizing in Yellowstone National Park (1,142 collections of 15 to 40 duplicates each; also 130 collections in Montana and Idaho en route, 177 subsequently in the Tetons and in Jackson Hole).
1901 He was made fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
1903 He served as secretary of the Building Commission for the Carnegie Public Library.
1904 He received a Ph.D. from the University of Denver based on a bound volume of thirty-six of his published papers. He was special demonstrator for the University of Wyoming's exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis.
1905 He taught summer session. The State Board of Horticulture was formed and Dr. Nelson served as secretary, a position which he held until 1922.
1909 Dr. Nelson published "New Manual of the Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains (Vascular Plants)" with John Coulter as senior author but completely rewritten by Nelson. The work published by American Book Company contained 2788 species, 1788 synonyms, 55 new species, and 113 new combinations.
1912 He published "Spring Flora of the Intermountain States" through Ginn & Company.
1917 He was named acting president, then president (1918) of the University of Wyoming after the sudden resignation of Dr. Duniway, a position Dr. Nelson held until 1922. Since 1914, Nelson had been vice president of the University. During his term, Hoyt Hall and the Power House were built; construction was begun on the Library Building which would include the ancient language, English, and history departments and the Law School (corner stone laid June 14, 1922, completed 1923). The Library Building was renovated and renamed the Aven Nelson Memorial Building in 1960 at which time the Herbarium and the Botany Department occupied the second and third floors.
1926 He attended the Botanical Congress in Ithaca, New York. He received an honorary doctor of science degree from the University of Colorado.
1927 The Rocky Mountain Herbarium moves to the Engineering Building.
1929 Dr. Nelson was chairman for local arrangements for the Botanical Society of America summer field trip.
1930 He attended the Fifth International Botanical Congress in Cambridge.
1931 He began a term (four years) as president of Phi Kappa Phi and visited many western chapters. He married Ruth Ashton in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Dr. Nelson retires from teaching (continued at $3,000 "salary" level for no retirement pay existed; pensions were not allowed by the state until 1944).
1934 At the age of 77, he and Ruth spend 12 weeks in Arizona collecting 1,000 plant specimens. December, he was elected president of the Botanical Society of America and was the delegate to the Sixth International Botanical Congress in Amsterdam. He becomes the first president of the Wyoming chapter of Sigma Xi.
1935 December, upon completing his term as president for the Botanical Society of America, he was elected chairman of the first governing board of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, thus becoming the first president of the newly founded organization.
1936 He became an honorary member of the Laramie Rotary Club and receives the annual distinguished service award from the Casper Kiwanis Club.
1937 He receives an honorary doctor of law degree from the University of Wyoming, its 50th anniversary.
1939 Dr. Nelson, age 80, and his wife Ruth botanized Mount McKinley National Park.
1942 He is named curator emeritus. Dr. Nelson, Ruth, and his daughter Neva took a trip to southern Texas and Mexico. He and Ruth spend winters in Norman, Oklahoma.
1952 March 31, Dr. Nelson dies at age 93 in Colorado Springs.


text: Jul 2, 2013 13:11 Audio from LSU coach Les Miles postgame press conference Audio from LSU coach Les Miles postgame press conference Advocate staff photo by BILL FEIG -- LSU coach Les Miles leads the team in singing the alma mater after LSU beat Texas A&M 24-19 on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in College Station, Texas. Advocate story April 20, 2013; 5:25 p.m. Comments LSU football coach Les Miles was happy with just about everything in his postgame press conference after the White team defeated the Purple team 37-0 in the Tigers' annual spring game. Miles was especially pleased with the offensive players on LSU's White team, which were the starters. Quarterback Zach Mettenberger completed 12 of 19 passes for 236 yards and two touchdowns. Back-up quarterback Stephen Rivers completed 7 of 10 passes for 185 yards and two touchdowns. Receiver Odell Beckham Jr. had six catches for 202 yards and two touchdowns. Receiver Jarvis Landry had six catches for 132 yards. "The guys that needed to catch the ball did, and the guys that needed to throw the ball did," Miles said. All of the quarterbacks in the game were allowed to call their own plays, which was the idea of new LSU offensive coordinator Cam Cameron. "It's an exercise that allows you to see what the quarterback is thinking," Miles said. "I thought it was tremendous." Miles said Mettenberger being allowed to call his own plays on Saturday was not indicative that he will be allowed to call his own plays in the fall. Miles also was pleased with the play of freshman center Ethan Pocic, who played at Lemont (Ill.) Township High School last fall before enrolling at LSU this spring. Pocic was playing in place of injured starter Elliott Porter, "I have no problem playing Pocic in games of significance," Miles said. Get The Advocate in your inbox Subscribe


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Leo DiCaprio wasn't on the roster when Jonah Hill hosted "SNL" on Jan. 25. However, the hunky thespian showed up just in time to interrupt his "Wolf of Wall Street" co-star while Hill was dissing Leo on the live, late night staple that airs on NBC.
As seen in a video from the show, Hill, who was hosting "SNL" for the third time, started his monologue when he suddenly found himself being bombarded with questions regarding Leo. Throughout this impromptu question and answer session, Jonah tried hard to big time himself in front of the audience, consistently being thwarted by yet another person wanting to know all the details about DiCaprio and his glamorous life.
Just as his colleague Hill was telling the enthusiastic crowd about how Leo was actually not the first choice when Martin Scorsese was casting his Academy Award-nominated film, co-star DiCaprio literally staged bombed Jonah on "SNL" to set the record straight.
Not mincing words, the "The Aviator" actor asked his buddy what he was doing slamming him and then admitted that he had been backstage the entire time to support Hill during his stint on "Saturday Night Live."
Their banter had one calling the other one out while Hill was obviously lying when he said he had only said the best things to say about the handsome actor.
Pushing for honesty, Leo convinced Jonah to tell the truth, which drew lots of laughs as Hill sheepishly did so. As the jokes wound down, DiCaprio helped Hill feel less nervous about this gig as he had during his time on "Wolf of Wall Street." The security blanket was for Jonah to take on the romantic Rose role as the two lovingly reenacted the famous ship's bow scene from "Titanic."
And so, after Leo DiCaprio stage bombed Jonah Hill on "SNL" on Jan. 25, the "Wolf of Wall Street" co-stars launched yet another episode of the wildly popular NBC skit show on the small screen that was a big hit with everyone who watched this week's guffaw laced offering.
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... a view into the abstract within the two parks ... photographs, some representative, some abstractions ... a colorful journey through two of America's premier photographic destinations. Enjoy familiar places presented in a different way.
I have been photographing the beauty of the world around me for 30 plus years and still find something "photogenic" at every turn. More recently, I have delved into alternative processing of my photographs and thoroughly enjoy the transformation possible with the various programs available. It is always fascinating to take a seemingly average or sometimes below average photo, and "make it shine"! I take it as a challenge ...
Comment posted.
unsettled says
Clare! What an awesome, creative, real in the moment, being there, capture of such a special place! You are a very gifted person combining the mastery of photographic skills soaked in the multicolor dyes of artistic creativity. I is truly a privilege to know you, see your gifts, and in some small way be a part of the process by assuring your visual perspective remains accurate and protected for many, many more future galleries of such magnificent photo artistry.
Warmest and Most Appreciative Personal Regards,
Dr. Randy J. Prestash
posted at 07:39AM Apr 04 PST
lghphoto says Very beautiful!
posted at 06:42PM Jan 11 PST
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2012 Daily Planner Published November 28, 2011
Backyard Browsings Published November 13, 2011


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Are environmental factors stressing out your skin? Is it putting a damper on your complexion? Oxyliance Fluid by Sothys is the perfect solution for you because it is recommended for skins that are stressed or clogged by pollution, it helps the skin regain vitality and leaves the complexion more clear while providing you with a radiant, healthy glow. Ideal for those with normal to combination skin types, the essential nutrients, minerals and vitamins that are included in this excellent formula help to rehydrate your skin and keep it looking clear, bright and beautiful. You will never want to switch to another product after trying this one.
Directions: Apply morning and/or evening on well cleansed skin. Spread fluid gently over face and neck until fully penetrated.
Net Weight: 1.7 oz.
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Disclaimer: Ingredients are subject to change at the manufacturer's discretion. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, please refer to the product packaging.
If you need any help for applying these offers or any other issue please call us toll-free at 1-866-830-6161.


text: Amazon's Coins program, which basically trades real money for digital currency that can only be used on the Amazon Appstore, has become surprisingly popular. That probably has a lot to do with the massive amount of Coins that Amazon has given away in various promotions, but it doesn't hurt that the company recently integrated the Appstore with the rest of Amazon. If you're digging Amazon's ecosystem, the retailer is offering discounts of up to 20% on Amazon Coins.Read More


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On Wednesday, April 30, the Streets of San Jose may never be the same after drivers from the TUDOR United SportsCar Championship get their race cars into full gear as they do a few laps around Plaza de Cesar Chavez in the Mini Grand Prix of San Jose. The TUDOR Championship competitors are in San Jose to share the high-revving powerful new race cars with fans in advance of the Continental Tire Monterey Grand Prix powered by Mazda.
In celebration of the first race of the year at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, May 2-4, the circuit wanted to share its motorsports passion with new audiences to kick-off the season. San Jose Earthquakes defender Jordan Stewart will serve as Grand Marshal for the event, accompanied by TUDOR United SportsCar Championship drivers Jonathon Bomarito of SRT Motorsports in the SRT Viper GTS-R, Charlie Shears of the Performance Tech Prototype Challenge, Sylvain Tremblay in the SpeedSource Mazda Prototype, Nic Jonsson in the Krohn Racing Ferrari 458 GT Le Mans, Al Carter and James Davison in the TRG-AMR Astin Martin V12 Vantage, Bill Auberlen in the BMW Team Rahal BMW Z4 GTE, Richard Westbrook and Michael Valiente in the Spirit of Daytona Corvette DP, and John Pew and Oswaldo Negri, Jr. in the Michael Shank Racing Riley DP Conti 2-seater.
The Mini Grand Prix of San Jose begins with race cars on display at 11 a.m., demonstration laps around Plaza de Cesar Chavez begin at noon and a fan autograph session with the TUDOR Championship drivers and Jordan Stewart begins at 12:30 p.m. There will also be prize giveaways including race gear and event tickets.
This is the first event in the run-up to the Continental Tire Monterey Grand Prix powered by Mazda, which features the Monterey debut of the TUDOR United SportsCar Championship, America's all-new premier sports car racing Series. The Series was created by the merger of the GRAND-AM Rolex Sports Car and American Le Mans organizations, both of which had a long history of competing at Mazda Raceway. The TUDOR Championship features two styles of cars, Prototype and GT (Grand Touring). Each style of car has two classes, Pro and Pro-Am, meaning there are four classes of racing on track together, each with their own battle for the lead.
The Continental Tire Monterey Grand Prix powered by Mazda will also include an appearance by the IMSA Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge Series, whose stock based sportscars will zoom around the racetrack's high speed corners in advance of the more powerful prototypes. One of the favorites in their class has to be Freedom Autosport, who has earned four double-podium finishes in four visits to Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. When Freedom Autosport returns to the track next weekend, they hope that history will repeat itself once again.
After finishing second and third in 2009, when the IMSA Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge Series first visited Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, Freedom Autosport returned in 2011 to finish first and second. Now, three years later, they are the undisputed kings of the ST class at the 2.238-mile track.
For 2014, Freedom Autosport wants to add one more detail: putting a military veteran on the podium. The race marks the team and series debut for U.S. Marine Staff Sergeant Liam Dwyer, who will be driving the No. 27 Mazda MX-5 with Tom Long.
John Doonan, Motorsports Director for Mazda North American Operations, noted, "I can't imagine a racer who better exemplifies the Mazda spirit of Never Stop Challenging than Liam Dwyer. Mazda is thrilled to have Liam make his professional racing debut with Mazda, at our home track, on a day that is honoring the men and women of the U.S. military, with a Mazda team that has a long history of supporting U.S. Marine Corps families – it's a perfect match. This will be a great day for everyone involved."
Dwyer, who races with a prosthetic left leg, the result of an IED explosion during his deployment to Afghanistan, recently turned his first laps at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca during a test. Until then, he had only driven the track on a racing simulator.
"Simulators cannot do that track justice! The elevation changes in the track are something you truly have to experience firsthand to understand," Dwyer said. "Mazda Raceway is a Mazda MX-5 track."
Mark Pombo, who drives the No. 25 Freedom Autosport MX-5 with his brother Mat Pombo, is also a military veteran. Pombo was in the Army Reserve and served in Iraq as one of the first waves of troops deployed there.
Randy Pobst and Andrew Carbonell complete the Freedom Autosport lineup in the No. 26 Mazda MX-5. Carbonell won at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in 2013 and 2011 with co-driver Rhett O'Doski.
Another Mazda team in the garage area, CJ Wilson Racing, recently announced that it's official test and reserve driver, Elliott Skeer, will make his IMSA Continental Sports Car Challenge Series debut at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. The 19 year old from Carlsbad, California will replace the injured Marc Miller alongside Tyler McQuarrie in the #3 CJ Wilson Mazda MX-5.
"After Sebring, we took a long, hard look at the #3 CJ Wilson Mazda and decided to repair rather than replace the chassis," explained Team Manager, Andris Laivins. "Marc took a very hard hit, but thankfully the car is still structurally sound and straight. 100% of the credit goes to Derek, Zac, and Kathryn at the shop who have put hundreds of hours into making the #3 new again."
Miller will be fully recovered in time for the Lime Rock Park event at the end of May, so this is a brief opportunity for Skeer to display the skills that he has honed over the last two seasons racing for CJWR in the Mazda MX-5 Cup. Skeer and McQuarrie recently shook down the #3 car after its complete rebuild following Miller's heavy crash at Sebring International Raceway last month.
"The car does feel like the MX-5 Cup car that I have raced, just with a lot more in every category," stated Skeer, who was suitably impressed by his first experience of the ST Class MX-5. "More power, better brakes, and a lot more corner grip! The first time I hit the brakes I went "Wow! This thing can stop!" but as soon as I turned the wheel I realized I didn't need the brakes! It will be a fun car to race and it is an awesome way to get my first experience of the Continental Tire Series. It has shown to be a quick car, so hopefully I can get to it's limits and battle for a good finish!"
Skeer's first chance to sample Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in the ST class MX-5 will be at the test day on Thursday, May 1st. The third round of the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge will take place on Saturday May 3 at 12:45 p.m. PST. The 2.5-hour race will be broadcast live at IMSA.com, and shown on Fox Sports 1 at 10:00 a.m. ET on May 11.
In honor of National Military Appreciation Month (May), Freedom Autosport has teamed up with Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca to offer free general admission to all active military in uniform and veterans with military ID. As a longtime supporter of the military and the Injured Marine Semper Fi Fund, Freedom Autosport is proud to help say "thank you" to those who serve. Freedom Autosport and Mazda Motorsports will also host military at the Military Hospitality Area, and Freedom will be giving away commemorative tee shirts.
For more information on the Continental Tire Monterey Grand Prix powered by Mazda call 800-327-7322, or visit the speedway's website. Advance purchase general admission starts at $35, with a three day general admission pass only $75. Children 12 and under are admitted free when accompanied by an adult. Free parking is also available.
Be sure to subscribe to the West Palm Beach Motorsports Examiner, and keep track of your favorite racers, no matter how many (or how few) wheels they may or may not race on. If you're a motorsports fan, and know of an event, team, or person you'd like to see profiled, please let me know. Also, be sure to follow me on twitter, and read my articles about local getaways, HOAs, elections, and restaurants.
Suggested Links
- Skeer takes Mazda MX-5 Cup round four win and championship lead at Mazda Raceway
- Mid-Ohio provides fans of the SCCA with a wide variety of on-track entertainment
- SCCA Western Conference Majors weekend from Buttonwillow beats the heat
- SCCA Western Conference Round Three shines at Buttonwillow
- Patrick Gallagher wins Mazda Shootout


text: email@example.com (James Sutherland) wrote on 14.08.00 in <email@example.com>:> On Sun, 13 Aug 2000, Alexander Viro wrote:> > On Sun, 13 Aug 2000, James Sutherland wrote:> > > > Dealing with aliases hell on VFAT was enough.> > >> > > Eh? This looks like a complete non-sequitur from where I'm sitting. NTFS> > > isn't VFAT, and there are no aliases involved.> > >> > > > Yes, NTFS will miss some of the "wonders" (objects are different,> > > > after all), but even the rest is more than enough.> > >> > > What "wonders", and how would NTFS "miss" them?> >> > There are two sorts of crap in handling namespace on VFAT.> > * you are getting short names. They behave partially as hardlinks,> > partially as hell knows what. They can disappear upon rename (two> > different objects become the same). Name that used to be absent may become> > present just because you've created a file with totally unrelated name.> > You can have several aliases for the same directory. That's the hell NTFS> > may miss.>> IMO, we can drop all that. If NT can, so can we...... but NT can't.> Nah. Let's just drop short filenames.NT still has short filenames. Including on NTFS. What they don't have is dentries.MfG Kai-To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to firstname.lastname@example.com read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


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Vivienne Westwood : Fashion
ISBN13:by Jones, Terry
Taschen America Llc
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The history and the art of Westwood's brand, via i-Dmagazine's archives Delving deep into the archives of the magazine, i-Doffers a unique insight into the world of iconic fashion designer Vivienne Westwood. This book revisits interviews and features from the early punk beginnings of her career in the 1980's to today, documenting her instigation of the crinoline craze, her thoughts on how fashion can make a difference, and her journey to becoming one of Britain's most original and influential designers. Vivienne's appeal continues to gain momentum with the years, and today she is as much loved by new fashion fans discovering her for the first time as those who have followed her career since the start. Packed into 120 pages is biographical and personal information as well as imagery from over 30 years of i-D's history with images from photographers including Juergen Teller, Nick Knight, and Chen Man plus interviews with Caroline Baker, Caryn Franklin, Ben Reardon, and Terry Jones.


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The University of Maine Black Bears women's basketball team will travel to Fairfield, Connecticut for a battle with Fairfield University in the second round of the Women's basketball invitational (WBI) on Sunday at 2 p.m.
The winner will play the Eastern Michigan/UIC winner in a final four game of the WBI on March 26th or March 27th.
Eastern Michigan and UIC will play Monday evening.
Liz Wood recorded 21 points, five rebounds, three assists, and three steals to lead the seventh seeded Black Bears to a 77-47 victory over Bucknell in their opening round game of the WBI.
Katie Cizynski and Brittany Obi-Tabot each recorded a double-double in leading sixth seeded Fairfield to a come from behind 90-86 double overtime victory over Bryant in their opening round game of the WBI.
Fairfield defeated Maine 80-59 in the Brown Classic Championship game in Providence, Rhode Island on December 8th.
Maine (17-14) has won three of their last four games.


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As a part of some complex calculation I am simply trying to invert a matrix in e views. However everytime i get the error 'Near Singular matrix...'
The determinant agreed is very small, however i dont need the inverted matrix (with large elements), rather its being invereted as a part of some transient calculation the end result of which should finally make sense. The inversion works fine in Excel as well as Stata. I want to automate the whole process and hence want to do it in E Views. Can anyone help me with resolving this error. Thank u so much.


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Antico Podere
Memorable moments
The territory
The Antico Podere
> Who we are
Tota Virginia
Serralunga d'Alba
The heritage of an important name in the history of Barolo wine, renovation of an old farm house in keeping with local traditions and architectural techniques, this was the challenge taken up by the Ferrero family to keep the name and life of a wonderful woman called Tota Virginia Ferrero alive. Roberto, Enrico and Fabrizio's descision to open the hotel and restaurant was prompted by the desire to extend the same welcome reserved for wine traders, vineyard owners ,guests and family friends who were drawn by common interests to the estate.
Baltrocco Riccardo, after two years in Great Britain and with twenty years experience of the restaurant business in and around Pinerolo, came to the Langhe region with his energy and enthusiasm. He had the difficult task to run the potential and ambitions of the L'Antico Podere e "Tota Virginia", having fallen in love with the Langa land and in particular with this little corner of paradise, overlooking some of the most important Barolo Vineyards.
Antico Podere Tota Virginia
Loc. Baudana 69 - Serralunga d'Alba (Cn) Italy
Ph. +39 0173 613026 - Fax +39 0173 613835
P.Iva 07970390014 - Company information - Cookie Policy - email@example.com


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ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. – An initial MRI after Saturday's game revealed that New York Yankees right-hander Ivan Nova has a partial tear of the ulnar collateral ligament in his right elbow.
Nova was removed from Saturday's 16-1 loss to the Tampa Bay Rays in the fifth inning, when bench coach Tony Pena noticed him shake his right arm after throwing a pitch.
"I was watching every pitch, and I saw it right away," Pena told reporters on Saturday night. "It was funny the way he delivered the ball. And then he started to shake his arm. So I said to Joe, 'Go check this guy out.' If we see anything different from what they normally do, I have to say something."
Girardi did go check Nova out, and the right-hander said his elbow hurt, but he wanted to stay in the game. Girardi immediately told him he was done and turned to reliever Matt Daley.
The Yankees placed Nova on the 15-day disabled list, one of three roster moves by the Yankees on Sunday. He will be further evaluated on Monday in New York by Dr. Chris Ahmad, but it seems likely that Tommy John surgery could be in his future. In talking to reporters prior to Sunday's game, Nova seemed somewhat encouraged.
"It's not (torn) all the way?" Nova said. "So that's not too bad, I guess. I know it's not good, but if it's not all the way, it's not too bad. That's what I think."
No plans have been made yet to fill Nova's spot in the rotation, though one would have to believe that Sunday's starter, Vidal Nuno, is one of the leading candidates. David Phelps, who nearly won the final spot in the rotation out of spring training, has not thrown more than 36 pitches in a game this season, and likely is not stretched out enough to fill the role.
Dan is Examiner.com's beat writer for the New York Yankees and the Trenton Thunder. Follow him on Twitter at @danpfeiffer74 for all the latest New York Yankees news.


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In a study using two mouse models, researchers at Cincinnati Children's report that cannabis products may adversely affect early embryo development. Read More.
Study in Nature that details how the body protects a fetus from rejection suggests an approach for preventing pregnancy complications.Read More »
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Some of the top ladies in the world brought their best performances in the short program today, March 27, at the 2014 World Figure Skating Championships. Of the thirty-three ladies that competed, fourteen of them received a personal best score. It was a power-packed field, even without Olympic Champions Adelina Sotnikova and Yuna Kim.
After a devastating short program in Sochi, putting Mao Asada in sixteenth place after the short program and completely out of medal contention, Mao had an incredible free skate at the Olympic Games where she finished in sixth place. It was quite a comeback, nonetheless a heartbreak for her personally, but there were no tears of disappointment shed today.
Mao Asada is the only lady in the world performing the triple axel in competition, and though she has struggled with it in times past, she did not struggle with it in this performance. It was beautiful. Mao Asada showed herself and the world just what she was capable of. She not only received a personal best score, she set the new world record with a whopping score of 78.66. It was an outstanding performance. It is difficult to imagine her performing this short program any better than she did today.
Receiving the highest program component score and currently in second place, is Italy's Olympic bronze medalist, Carolina Kostner, who is only behind Asada by 1.4 points. Carolina has such an amazing artistic ability, she was truly at her best, capturing the attention of all who saw her with her brilliant interpretation to Ave Maria. Not only did she perform a beautiful triple-triple, she did it while skating with joy and ease.
Trying to keep up with the veterans is youngster, Julia Lipnitskaia, who also set a personal best score. After a disappointing Olympic Games, Julia came back strong. She looked steady and prepared, but seemed a bit surprised at her marks that put her in third place. She is about four points behind Asada, so it could be possible for her to gain on Asada and Kostner in the free skate, but after their amazing short programs, they would both have to falter in order for Julia to gain the lead.
American, Gracie Gold also had a seasons best performance, putting her currently in fifth. Looking poised and ready, she took to the ice, solidly landing each of her jumps.
"I was really happy with how I skated and I did just what I trained to do," Gracie said in a U.S. Figure Skating statement, "I really enjoyed the performance and did a solid job. There were little points I left on the table. I think I could be a little higher in the placements and in my score. But breaking 70 for the first time is exciting."
Ashley Wagner struggled with her triple flip-triple toe combination where she landed the second jump forward and as a result, was downgraded. The rest of her program was solid, but she seemed frustrated with her marks, which put her currently into seventh place.
It's been a long season and I'm exhausted," Ashley said in the U.S. Figure Skating statement, "Mentally, it's tough to go out and compete after I've given all I could this season. There were some little mistakes, the same as usual. I'm happy with that program. I'm ready to wrap this season, go home and start working on some stuff next season when I want to come back stronger than ever."
Making her World Championships debut, American Polina Edmunds is currently in twelfth place.
The ladies will take to the ice for the free skate on March 29, where hopefully more records will be broken and a new world champion will be crowned.
Ladies short program: Current standings
Q1. Mao Asada JPN - 78.66
Q2. Carolina Kostner ITA - 77.24
Q3. Julia Lipnitskaia RUS - 74.54
Q4. Akiko Suzuki JPN - 71.02
Q5. Gracie Gold USA - 70.31
Q6. Anna Pogorilaya RUS - 66.26
Q7. Ashley Wagner USA - 63.64
Q8. Kaetlyn Osmond CAN - 62.92
Q9. Mae Berenice Meite FRA - 61.62
Q10. Kanako Murakami JPN - 60.86
Q11. Nathalie Weinzierl GER - 60.82
Q12. Polina Edmunds USA - 60.59
Q13. So Youn Park KOR - 57.22
Q14. Gabrielle Daleman CAN - 55.72
Q15. Joshi Helgesson SWE - 54.96
Q16. Zijun Li CHN - 54.37
Q17. Anna Ovcharova SUI - 54.19
Q18. Brooklee Han AUS - 53.20
Q19. Hae Jin Kim KOR - 51.83
Q20. Jenna McCorkell GBR - 50.56
Q21. Natalia Popova UKR - 50.32
Q22. Valentina Marchei ITA - 50.27
Q23. Anne Line Gjersem NOR - 49.48
Q24. Eliska Brezinova CZE - 49.34
25. Nicole Rajicova SVK - 49.24
26. Elena Glebova EST - 48.09
27. Inga Janulevicuite LTU - 47.20
28. Kaat Van Daele BEL - 46.05
29. Juulia Turkkila FIN - 45.57
30. Anita Madsen DEN - 44.15
31. Kerstin Frank AUT - 44.11
32. Sonia Lafuente ESP - 43.94
33. Netta Scheiber ISR - 43.39


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The Holiday Inn Express® Chester Racecourse hotel is about an hour's train ride from Manchester Airport (MAN) and a 20-minute walk from Chester train station. The hotel has free on-site parking and is a five-minute walk from the city centre.
Up to 25 business guests can gather in the hotel's naturally lit meeting room. WiFi is free and AV equipment is available on request. You can
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Up to 25 business guests can gather in the hotel's naturally lit meeting room. WiFi is free and AV equipment is available on request. You can take advantage of catering options for a productive working lunch.
Just 10 minutes from the hotel, you can ""Walk the Walls"" in Chester and follow paths of long-gone Roman soldiers on patrol. Up for some sailing? Try a cruise on the River Dee through Grosvenor Estate. You can practice your swing and putt at Chester Golf Club or indulge in some retail therapy at the over 60 stores in Grosvenor Shopping Centre. Both are just a 10-minute walk from the hotel.
Start your day strong with an Express Start Breakfast buffet included in your room rate. Dine inside at the comfortable, high-back booths and cosy tables or on the outdoor patio with views of the racecourse. Discounts at two racecourse restaurants let you tuck into tasty dishes with a bit of change to spare for a bet or two. And after all that feasting, head over to the fitness centre next door for a rejuvenating workout at a low daily rate.
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Phil Everly of the Everly Brothers - half of the pop-singing duo sensation in the late 1950s and 1960s with his older brother Don - passed away at 74, according to the Los Angeles Times and Ron Smith of OldiesMusic.com on Friday. He died on Friday in Burbank, California due to complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Harmonizing with his brother, the two brothers had influenced some of the greatest performers to come along after their heyday, including the Beach Boys, the Beatles, the Byrds, and a host of other singers in the folk, rock, and country genres of popular music.
Of their 30-some popular recordings, Phil and Don are likely most-known for "Wake Up Little Susie," "Bye Bye Love," "All I Have to Do Is Dream," "Cathy's Clown," and "When Will I Be Loved." The duo was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 – the year the organization was initiated.
Phil Everly was born in Chicago.
Besides his brother Don, Phil Everly is survived by his wife Patti, his mother Margaret, his two sons Jason and Chris, and two granddaughters. The funeral services will not be public.


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For current course listings, consult the Registrar's Schedule of Classes
IDST 194 Modes of Inquiry (1). A seminar in which faculty discuss their own work. Students will learn how research topics are defined and investigated and how undergraduates can engage in discovery. Pass/Fail only
PLCY 210 Policy Analysis and Innovation (3). Students will develop a working knowledge of the foundational theories of the public policy discipline and the integral institutions of public policy. Incorporates current substantive issues in the United States and international policy. Students will explore, summarize, and evaluate alternative policy solutions.
PLCY 220 The Politics of Public Policy (3). Examines approaches to American politics and public policy and analyzes why government responds to problems in predictable ways.
PLCY 349 Immigration Policy in the 21st Century (3). The objective of this course is to enhance students' understanding of the causes and consequences of United States immigration within a social, historical, political, and economic context.
PLCY 710 Public Policy Analysis (3). This course examines the history and development of the field of public policy and several theoretical frameworks that contribute to public policy analysis including welfare economics, theories of distributive justice, political science, and organizational theory. Using these frameworks, students will have an opportunity to analyze issues in public policy.
PLCY 760 Migration and Health (3). With a focus on Latin American migration to the U.S., this course introduces students to the inter-relationships between migration and health. Students will gain an understanding of the theories of migration and the ways in which immigration and settlement policies influence the health of immigrants.