text:
Revisiting Moral Objectivism with Mathematical Notation
Once upon a time I said
* * * *
If x is an action in the set of all possible actions that you can perform, A:
x ∈ A
And m(x) is the morality of action x, then set of all possible moral outcomes, M, is:
M := { m(x) : x ∈ A}
And the moral person seeks to perform the most moral act:
Mmax = max { m(x) : x ∈ A}
So how do we measure the morality of an action? It is inversely proporational to the amount of distress, D, the particular act, x, causes.
m(x) ∝ 1/D(x)
For the sake of clarity, let's define our D function such that we can write this as an equality.
m(x) = 1/D(x)
So our goal to maximize morality could be rephrased to say we seek to minimize distress.
Mmax = Dmin = min{ D(x) : x ∈ A}
So how do we measure D(x)? It should be the summation of all distress felt by all organisms for the given action. To arrive at that formula we must define its elements.
Given an organism capable of feeling distress, y, in the population of all organisms capable of feeling distress, P:
y ∈ P
Then relative distresses, δ, for all organisms for all actions is the set:
δ := { δxy : (x ∈ A) and (y ∈ P) }
But how do we compare distresses of one organism to another? We don't weigh distresses of one organism the same as the distresses of another organism. Most would consider it morally right to kill a mosquito that landed on a friend's neck, for example. In order to define D(x), we will need to translate these relative distresses into an absolute scale that can be summed. Let us propose a conversion factor K where:
For a given action x, in a given organism y, Ky is the proportion of universal distress, Dx, to relative distress, δxy
Ky = Dx/δxy
A mosquito's relative distress at being smashed would be much greater than the discomfort a mosquito bite would cause in a person, but because Kperson>>Kmosquito, Ddon't smash > Dsmash.
We can now define D(x) as:
D(x) := ∑ δxyKy : (y ∈ P)
(Pardon the notation -- I'm limited by bbcode... read the above as a summation of δ*K for each member of y in P for a given action, x.)
And the most moral act is therefore
Mmax = Dmin = min { D(x) : x ∈ A} = min { (∑ δxyKy : (y ∈ P) ) : x ∈ A }
* * * *
Okay, so what do we see here? Mmax is a function of δxy and Ky. It remains up to us to use our faculties to best interpret δxy and Ky as well as recognizing the full sets of A and P. Let's assume A and P are well-defined. δxy could estimated using faculties of reason, heuristics, and the understanding of organism y. Ky is more difficult to define in an objective manner. Does the size organism matter? Do its mental faculties matter? Or maybe its own ability and desire to act morally? Have I oversimplified something?
I find moments like these very humbling.
Well, this has got me lost dude! I never was too good at maths! Show's i've still got a lot to learn in life i suppose.
Therefore, we have to be able to determine the magnitude of distress an organism will feel from a particular action (δxy), and we have to determine how to weigh that organism's distress in relation to other organisms (Ky). These two determinations are still a bit mysterious, but I suppose that is a different subject for analysis -- this exercise was just an attempt to define what factors need to be evaluated to derive morality objectively.
Did I miss anything? Seems oversimplified somehow, but maybe all the difficulty lies in interpreting the variables themselves.
Er, what was the point of adding in mathematical notation? It didn't do much besides adding a layer of confusion, even though your words were enough to say the same. Despite which though, I do find it a fascinating brainstorm.
Anyway, you do fall prey to oversimplification in your descriptions, tk102. For instance, what is distress? Is it simply the avoidance of pain? Or is it the avoidance of anything that causes pain? For instance, it would be the difference of finding a bee on a window still and either avoiding it or squashing it; the former would cause one to be cautious and perhaps retreat to another room, while the latter might compel one to destroy the bee in his vicinity. In other words, despite both options resulting in the same amount of pain to the human, people would still go to the stretch of killing the bee. Why one would act upon killing the bee would depend on a variety of reasons; phobia, paranoia, bad experiences, curiosity, ect. Such emotions, particularly curiosity, do not fall under direct pain and give ambiguity to the notion of distress as the sole moral impetus.
(There are other factors besides distress, such as knowledge and ignorance. A little kid could flood an ant farm with no concept of the fact that ants are dying and are in pain, while a teenager could very well do the same with malevolent intent. Despite the fact that both cause the same level of distress to the ants and to the participants, most would say that the kid would be less evil because he had ignorance of his actions. How would you apply that to the equation?)
Also, the main problem I have with moral objectivity is that humans can never be truly objective; we always have some bias because we always have an opinion and a limited view of existence. Without knowing all of the ramifications that actions can have, and without knowing all the possible sides to a given argument or idea, morality is based less on ultimate distress caused and instead cut off by some arbitrary level depending on the person. For instance, killing a Jew is different to a Christian to a Nazi to a Muslim to a Jew to a Humanist, ad infinitum. Killing a Jew would depend on the person's past, ideas, point of view, knowledge and ignorance, mental wellbeing and mood, ect ecetera; such things are inescapable, and so it would impossible for humans to ever create a totally objective moral system. Therefore, it's pointless to bring up a particular formula for morality as all variables would be to the whim of the person with the pen.
That's just my opinion, though. I could be wrong.
One man's pain is another man's pleasure. The severity of the pain would be on some kind of bell curve, with no pain being zero, and for instance severity of pain increases negatively and pleasure increases positively. The bell curve would be skewed well into the negative, but there'd be a few on the positive who got some kind of pleasure out of the pain. You'd have to add in a probability equation (just to make things more fun).
Also, maximize morality is not always inversely proportional to distress. Some medical procedures cause distress, but are not immoral. You'd have to account for those things that cause distress but have little or no bearing on morality, unless you limit your sets to only those things where distress has an impact on morality, and even that will vary to some degree.
As for the defintion of distress, it's true I didn't make any attempt to define it. I have a dictionary that I could quote if it makes any difference. I think each creature knows distress when it feels it. I did suggest that each distress is a local phenomenon that must be converted to some sort of universal scale so that it could be weighed against other organisms' distresses.
If we were to follow a mathematical model for morality, the formula might spit out a result that says the pain and distress caused by immunization would make the process immoral. Since the comparative result (disease or general illness) is not certain, our formula might lead us astray. Then again, math has never been my strong point and my reliance on conceptualization might be doing me a disservice here.
Regardless, I'm pretty sure this is why all the ethics courses fall under the philosophy umbrella rather than applied sciences :D
Thanks for reading.
EDIT for teekay's post above:
Also, we would then have to somehow show individual suffering/happiness as compared to social suffering/happiness (e.g. deontology). For instance, is it moral for someone to throw oneself onto a grenade in order to save a group of complete strangers? How about to save a hive of honey bees?
Lastly, I'd like to inquire about the component of will. If I'm a doctor and I have 5 patients that will all die within an hour if they do not receive organ transplants and I have a patient that just died that happens to have matching organs, would it be ethical to perform the transplants if the deceased is not an organ donor? What if the potential donor were not dead but in a persistent vegetative state? Unconscious from a head wound, but expected to make a full recovery within hours? Fully alert and there to see about a sprained ankle?
I think my point is that you can have a completely objective set of morals that are not represented by one equation. Mathematics is objective, yet we do not try to nail the study down to just one rule, rather we accept that there are a wide variety of rules. Similarly, just as "math" represents arithmetic, algebra, calculus, geometry, finite mathematics, etc, "morality" might not be reducible to a single line of logical statements.
Somehow I feel as though I derailed the section that I quoted, but hopefully, I have not.
Thanks for reading.
EDIT: I just re-read this section and realize that we may have missed each other slightly here. You appear to be looking at this from the perspective of the negative social consequence for the hospital, the deceased person's family, etc. This assumes that the action itself in inherently immoral and should be viewed negatively. My argument (which was vague) is such judgments should be the result of process, rather than part of the process itself.
To restate my point without posing it as a question:
I believe that it would be absolutely moral for a doctor to "part out" a corpse to save 5 lives because this would maximize social happiness (the other patients, their families, and loved ones, etc) with absolutely no impact to social (or individual) suffering. The patient is dead, so his or her rights and freedoms aren't violated because they are no longer applicable. In some cultures, the deceased person's family would feel the act is immoral, however if the deceased was a organ donor, they would not. This tells me that the act itself is not immoral, rather the how the act is perceived determines its "morality". In other words, this moral stance is relative, rather than absolute.
There, I think I got it all that time. ;)
However there might be a case for deceased/vegetative state scenarios. The reason that I brought up will is that I think it should be reduced to 0 in some cases and such an equation would need to factor that in (unless this is accounted for/agreed upon in the part that accounts for categorical imperative).
Then again, it might be that I'm not understanding your point as well as I think I am.
Thanks for your reply.
I find the hardest thing in getting the "real level of morality" (read: the amount of distress caused to other beings) of an action is that one would have to wait until the end of time to be sure that all "distressing reactions" regarding that action are taken into consideration. Everything else is just assumption about the morality of an action.
And, for instance, you could not simply consider killing Hitler a pretty moral action. Because killing him in December 1944 would be less moral than if he'd be killed by a drunken driver in a car accident as a young boy, what on the other hand might just increase chances that Russia takes over whole Europe, except if he dies one day later when he's been pushed down a cliff and he could tell someone about his plans to take on the world, who will now do it instead, with more success, btw.
Err, well Spider, lead me words ad absurdum already :p
Actually the probability equation would be an estimate to determine δ for a given populace, which would then be substituted into the above equation. That would be more of an auxiliary equation whereas the above attempts to define the variables at play. I think the categorical imperative should be added but I'm not sure how to define that one yet... I was taking a break from this to let it sink in some more and decide whether this was worth further pursuit.
Moral objectivism is easily represented mathematically:
f(x) = sin(x).
A political AND mathematical joke? Good lord I'm good.
fear F(x)>> D(x) :x ∈ I
where F(x) is fear function of not doing something that is highly immoral respect to society's set moral standards if that immoral action x that is a element of I can lead to survival of the individual, since survival will have a higher value over M and D(x) distress function of the specific individual will have in commiting a immoral act.
When x is a element ∈ of a immoral set I.
F(x):= { if x ∈ Ei then F(x)∝Ei/D(s) } where Ei is the bias influencing emotions i of a individual that will negate the moral objectivity of that individual.
That will produce different set rule in D(x) ∝ UM(s)/Ei if x ∈ I where s ∈ M
where UM(x) is universal morality function stantards of a society.
So if -D(x) ( decrease) cause by Ei increase.
Then this set rule will have to apply.
UM(x) @ m(x) if {m(x) ∝ Ei/Dx: x ∈ I}
So, to remain on the moral bandwagon of the moral standards of society UM will have to be substituted @ with the morality of action function m(x) to counter I immoral action set that will cause the distress D(x) to change in a negative way, that will make the act of commiting the immoral less distressful to specific individuals with different values of Ei.
Also Ei will have to be a statistical variable, since emotions of specific individuals of a specific society are ruled by uncertainity of probability.
where Fxy is the relative fears for all organisms for all actions x if P := { m(x) ∝ 1/Fxy: if x ∈ I and y ∈ P }
So, if relative distresses is to be minimize the moral standards of society probably will have take a greater level of value over specific individual's own moral standards when it's actions are influence greatly by fear of death.
Or, a immoral may result.
But fear as a bias emotion can negate objectivity of any individual that has emotions since all organisms have emotions society's moral standards probably
can't in the long run take higher value over fear of death for some specfic individuals.
That is for some cowardice take highter value over relative distresses of individuals in society.
So, an immoral act will result for those who have a cowardice charcteristic.
Example: In the death camps some Nazi soldiers who didn't kill Jews because of the relative distresses of society that with their faculties would result in a immoral act, obviously.
If they don't commit the immoral act of murder they will be kill themselves.
So, if Ei ∈ C where C is a cowardice set that is ∝ F(x), then F(x)>> UM and DPI where DPI is the relative total distresses of society of commitng a immoral act when x ∈ I.
So, the immoral act of murder may result,
because F∝Ei/UM(s) & F(x)>> D(x) and where x ∈ I and s ∈ M
may result because emotions Ei is ruled by probability.
If UM(s) increase influence over fear function F(x) at a constant Ei value then fear of death go down and murder = 0
and Ei ∈/ cowardliness set C.
:∈/ is not a element:
Also good use of using Set Theory to illustrate your thoughts on morality, tk102. ;)
TK, I wonder why you'd want my input? Achilles has already done a good job of covering all the most significant points.
I may have a couple of things to add:
1. On the idea of representing moral values mathematically in general:
As others have noted, your idea is a fine intellectual exercise, very intriguing from the perspective of a puzzle. But there are two questions that immediately spring up:
1. Does your equation tell us anything about morality that hasn't already been elucidated in longhand by the major moral philosophers of history?
2. More importantly, COULD it tell us anything new about morality in the future?
The answer to no.1 would appear to be "no", but that's a minor issue. The answer to number two is "maybe, but only if all moral values were accurately represented in the equation. Perhaps then the numbers could be manipulated mathematically to show us something new and interesting."
But of course, to accurately represent all variables would probably be the work of a lifetime. And while your OP shows one way that moral values might be transcribed, it does not cover the whole gamut. (which I'll comment specifically on shortly.)
So in short, you've started on what would be a quite serious undertaking. There's no reason you shouldn't be the one to complete it, however. I for one would be most interested to see what you eventually come up with.
2: On the specifics of your original "moral equation":
If you murder someone it's immoral, whether the method you use is painless or not. You can murder someone painlessly; you can for instance drug them so that they first fall unconscious and then expire. The fact that they did not feel any physical or psychological distress is a factor- I mean, someone who tortures a person for three weeks before killing them has arguably committed a more immoral act- but any killing of this type, painful or painless, results in the loss of the subject's life.
Existence- rationally speaking- is all we have. And our time on this earth is all we ever will have. For various reasons which have been discussed elsewhere, we feel a desire to maintain our lives. When you kill a creature (whether it's aware of its impending doom or not) you are literally taking away all it has, and all it ever would have had. To paraphrase a Clint Eastwood line.
This is why I have tried to define morality in the past- as you may remember from my response to one of your own questions in the "moral relativism" thread- as the objective, universal standard of behaviour that aims to minimise one's negative impact on other creatures... This heading of "negative impact" encompasses any and all suffering, but also loss of life and also any more minor violations of established rights, etcetera.
Therefore any purely mathematical expression of the moral equation would have to incorporate these additionable variables, possibly under a heading similar to "negative impact".
It is a general social convention that we humans are "more valuable" than other animals. But let's examine that convention and see whether we can discern the reasoning behind it, and whether this reasoning gives us any insight into the question of how we should classify other organisms on the "distress" or "suffering" scale specifically.
First we must define the boundaries of such a scale.
Science has made this first step quite easy, by teaching us a lot about the biology of simple life-forms. There are forms of life that have literally zero cognitive ability, literally zero capacity to feel suffering, fear, pain etcetera. It stands to reason that we should not concern ourselves with causing suffering to a creature that is unable to suffer.
Once again, let us define the boundaries: We know that higher life-forms show signs of fear and pain, and that their brains are really quite similar to our own, structurally and relatively speaking. Therefore it is reasonable to assume that most of the more complex mammals- including humans- would be highest on the scale of "capacity to suffer".
We know that the most simple life-forms (single-celled organisms for instance) have no complex nervous system and no higher reasoning powers, nor any organ that fulfils a similar function to the complex brain of the higher life-forms. Therefore we have successfully (if roughly) classified the positions of several forms of life on the "capacity to suffer" scale. At the one end we have mere "biological robots", those rudimentary animals that operate on a simple set of rules (a few lines of code, one might say) and at the other end we have highly developed mammals.
Therefore we have two simple moral rules already:
1. Indiscriminate attacks on say... bacteria through artificial means such as disinfectant, are not intrinsically immoral from a "suffering" perspective. (Leaving aside for now the question of whether such robotic life-forms have an intrinsic right to life.)
2. any maltreatment of the highest forms- highly developed mammals- is VERY MUCH immoral.
However we run into a sticking point in the middle of the scale, pretty much AS SOON as life-forms become complex to any degree. As soon as the rudiments of a nervous system appear in a primitive creature, our previously easily defined boundaries become blurred.
As an example, we might dig up an earthworm. A simple invertebrate, it seems to operate on a simple set of rules. At first appearance it would appear to be a biological robot, a form of life too simple to warrant the care and attention afforded to a cat, a dog, a monkey or another person. But of course, research has shown that earthworms do indeed have a nervous system developed enough to pass along information about injuries and to trigger reflex reactions to these stimuli... but research also suggests that the brain of the worm is probably not complex enough to accommodate higher functions that we might define as "distress". (As in emotional responses like fear and horror at the pain one is suffering combined with the fervent desire to live, etcetera...)
So if the earthworm does indeed register pain... but cannot interpret it quite the way we do, is it capable of what we call "suffering"? Well in an attempt to answer this difficult question, let's use a hypothetical:
Suppose some very advanced alien lifeforms arrive on earth from another distant world. Then suppose that their equivalent of brain functions are so advanced and complex that to them, we seem like mere robots, mere biological automatons. Suppose that they- like us- have some sort of logical standard of moral behaviour that they wish to adhere to. Then suppose that they decide that they can do whatever horrible things they want to us, without danger of being immoral. Because we are simply unable to experience the complex emotional state that they define as "distress".
Clearly we would consider this an appallingly unfair and short-sighted decision on the part of the aliens. But from the aliens' perspective, it might seem quite logical. In this respect it's comparable to our routine decision to value humans more highly than other animals. What do humans have that other animals do not? Merely slightly more complex brains.
This hypothetical highlights the fact that "rating" other organisms on a scale of intrinsic value purely by the apparent complexity of their cognitive functions may not be a moral thing to do. After all, if taken to its inevitable conclusion, this concept of "intellect as value" would lead us to terrifying consequences. It would perhaps mean that torturing a severely mentally retarded person would be regarded as "more moral" than torturing a college professor... Children's brains don't develop fully for some years, by the above standard it would presumably be regarded as being "more moral" to torture a young schoolkid than it would to torture his or her adult teacher.
In short, such a scale probably isn't moral anyway.
So, returning finally to the question of the single mosquito... you can't arbitrarily decide that a mosquito's suffering is in some way less intrinsically important than a man's suffering. What you CAN do is note that in some countries mosquitos carry fatal or severely debilitating diseases. Therefore if you're IN one of those countries, you should kill the mosquito as the risk to the human is great indeed. If you're NOT in one of those countries, why not let the critter bite you?
Because in my country mosquitos present little or no danger to me, I don't kill mosquitos. If they appear, I let them fly around my house, and they can bite me if they wish. Because a small insect bite that may itch for a couple of hours is a TINY inconvenience to me... It poses no danger to me, it doesn't affect my life in any meaningful way. Therefore it certainly does not warrant the killing of the organism in question.
Anyway, in the course of our reasoning, even without addressing any question other than the question of "capacity for suffering", we've arrived at the fairly conservative principle that the moral man must give other creatures the benefit of the doubt whenever possible, in terms of their capacity to suffer. This fairly universal principle would have to be factored into any mathematical "moral equation" of the type you're attempting to construct.
I'm afraid that's all I can think of on the topic right now.
If the person allergic to cats might ALSO be killed by the cat, (improbable) AND if the killing of the cat efficiently removed the threat (which it probably would not) then the killing of the cat might also be self-defence and therefore moral.
Given these variables and the probable circumstances surrounding each example, I personally don't think that the "capacity for suffering vs. happiness" question is addressed by the examples at all. Conversely, I don't think the question is relevant to any discussion of these examples specifically.
Whether people are CAPABLE of doing this is neither here nor there. It's literally completely irrelevant.
In essence, your stance is that: "people aren't objective therefore morality can never be objective". Which is like saying: "people aren't objective therefore mathematics can never be objective". Which is obviously nonsense. There is a right answer to a calculation and there are wrong answers. People may assert that "2 + 2 = 5", but that doesn't MAKE it five. That doesn't MAKE the numbers relative.
Numbers are numbers, just as morality is morality. People make mistakes while exploring mathematical calculations, people make mistakes while deciding what is morally right. But that doesn't make "maths relative". It doesn't make "morality relative". It just means people are fallible. "Moral relativism" is an irrational, illogical, and by definition immoral stance.
Therefore, your position doesn't make any sense.
I see think I understand the direction you investigating in trying to determine how a person will choose to act given his predisposition and various social factors. That goal is a bit different than what I seeking with this thread which was to determine an objective definition for morality independent of the individual and his society.
@Spider AL:
I understand what you mean by loss. I tried to cheat it into the D(x) factor assuming death as being the maximum distress for an individual:
I'm glad you took issue with Ky. It bothered me too. Seemed quite anthrocentric, but at the same time I am surprised you wouldn't kill a mosquito. If I saw one biting my son, I wouldn't hesitate even without the risk of disease.
But getting back, you are suggesting that in order to be remain objective, we simplify the equation:
D(x) := ∑ δxyKy : (y ∈ P)
D(x) := ∑ δxy : (y ∈ P)
That is quite a conservative view, considering the suffering of a mosquito is equivalent is on par to the suffering of a human. It's not unheard of though -- Jainism follows this belief precisely. Plus it is does eliminate the rather troublesome Ky value.
But why does Ky trouble us? As you suggested with your alien scenario, what appears to an advanced alien as moral may appear to us as cruel and immoral. If we assume the universe has a fixed number of species within it, it is possible there does exist a scale of complexity that could be objectively defined. By inference then, the seemingly subjective Ky would in fact be an objective value. So in that case, perhaps it is true that Khuman << Kalien. Oh yeah, that's why it troubles us. :(
I still haven't figured out how to represent a categorical imperative into this set of equations. Anyone have any suggestions?
But that human may exist, nothing is impossible. :)
Or thinking outside the box, a supreme universal intelligence, for our universe?
A universal intelligence that is a compose of all the intelligence life in our visible universe.
Well, this... maybe a tough one, I will have to do some structure analysis with Set Theory.
I will post if I figure this one out, tk102. :)
I'm back. :haw:
Concision is also a laudable goal, but I'm afraid that since every public usage of a "morality equation" will have to be accompanied with a longhand key-code, It'll be slightly less concise than just using the longhand.
Don't get me wrong, I still think that it's an interesting exercise that might yield new insights from manipulation of the variables... but I rather think that's all it's useful for.
Thus, while I am not a follower of Jainism, I would have a hard time arguing against the assertion that they're being optimally moral in their treatment of other creatures.
So I think the question of whether there's an objectively definable scale of complexity on which all higher animal life can fit... is an utter irrelevance to the question of morality and moral treatment of other creatures.
There are two problems I see with moral objectivism: cultual diffirences and personal bias. Cultual diffirence means what is seen as imoral in one part of the world is completely normal in another. For example women being treated like objects in Asia and ornamental in Asia does not fly well with the Western world. In fact culture may not have as much to do with it as one's upbringing and beliefs. One person may believe the best way to take action is a confrontational way, another might feel not so, and yet another, all three being from the same culture, may feel to just allow something to slide. With regard to personal bias, I see that someone will feel that their morals are right regardless of what someone else may think. They may feel that it's perfectly acceptable or they are entitled to act the way they do. They may even go further and claim that it's alright for them to act that way and not others, or simply pick on others for the same faults they refuse to accept in themselves.
Your "problems" with objective morality were all addressed in the earlier thread entitled "Moral Relativism".
In short, your contentions make no sense. Just because something is regarded as moral in one culture and immoral in another means nothing, except that at least ONE of those cultures has gotten it wrong.
Like numbers, objective morality is an abstract objective standard, it remains static whether people perceive it correctly or not.
And who defines the standered? Exactly. No one has a sheet of mathamatics saying x + y = this is what's right and wrong.
The standard is easy to define, through a basic application of logic. Go and read through that thread again, it's all explained in great depth by several people.
Just as in mathematics, simple logic allows one to examine all variables in the moral equation and extrapolate from them a ruleset by which moral behaviour can be quantified.
So the answer would be to what? Force the same set of standereds onto everyone? Clearly a lot of people are wrong in their set of standereds.
"Forcing" others to conform to a moral standard? Well that would depend, wouldn't it Nancy. Laws already "force" people to conform to a societal standard, in a way. I personally wouldn't have a problem "forcing" an axe-murderer to stop his immoral behaviour.
What specific example were you thinking of when it comes to "forcing" others to behave morally?
You would also be against torture I take it, genocide, being allowed to get away with atrocities, ect, that would be correct wouldn't it?
Well you tell me. Obviously a lot of people are morally wrong, they don't abide by a mathamatical sheet like a computer. So the question is how to fix that.
It'd be the same with morality, and ideally, the law SHOULD be pure morality. The fact that the law is currently flawed means that campaigning is necessary to improve the legal system and our lexicon of laws. That's all.
Iraqi torture, Palestinion\Iranian sponsered genocide, Middle Eastern Muslim terrorist atrocities.
The law would be of absolutes? Would there be any thought given to whether or not for example a criminal was abused? Or a vigilante acted out of lack of police action?
If they do it, it's wrong. If we do it it is also wrong.
Yes, under an absolute legal system it would be x + y = z, however by adding + v, in other words allowing for extenuating circumstances, the result is changed to allow for it making it an exception to the rule.
Not really an exception to the rule, Nancy.
The ruleset must be set up to ACCOMMODATE individual variations in order to be optimally moral. Like our self-defence laws. We are allowed under the law to defend ourselves, and if it's necessary to kill someone who is attacking you with lethal force, it is legally justifiable to do so. This is not an "exception to the anti murder law" so much as it is a recognised special circumstance that warrants its own rule.
It might be the case that there is no preference between right and wrong respect to other cultures.
Maybe there is no static wrong or right; but a choice of the society.
Well, of course not other cultures on Earth, maybe far beyond Earth.
Other universes maybe!
But I'm wasting my time telling you wisdom, you only care for logic.
And also the abstract concept of morality, was conceive by humans here that had emotions and personal bias, of course.
Maybe a A.I. (artificial intelligence) can be objective to morality, since they won't have no emotions, unless the intelligent lifeform can figure out how to give it human or intelligence life form emotions.
Since it's looks like presently (maybe when we become more of aware of the rest of existence) that a A.I. don't get created by the universe, a intelligent life form will have to create the A.I. intelligence, a intelligence life form that will have it's personal bias influencing the preference of the A.I. intelligence.
That will of course, lead to negating a A.I.'s moral objectivity. :)
You're back! I can say without fear of contradiction from any quarter: The place most definitely wasn't the same without you. As for your contentions that morality cannot be objective because people have personal bias, it's nonsense. Numbers remain objective even when mathematicians get their sums wrong, and morality remains objective even when nobody in the whole world has perceived the correct, moral course of action to take in a certain circumstance.
Morality is a dry equation. To each moral question, there is a "right" answer (an optimally moral answer) and there are infinite "wrong" answers. (Less moral courses of action.)
It doesn't matter whether people choose the right answer or not. The answer remains out in the aether, an abstract truth that may be attainable to those with the necessary reasoning power to see it, and the necessary empathy to want to see it.
As for your persistent references to alien life forms and artificial intelligences... They're all irrelevant and laughable. No offence.
Slavery was (and is currently, I might add) considered perfectly acceptable in many cultures throughout history. All those cultures got their moral sums wrong. The fact that they believed it to be acceptable does not make it moral. Likewise in our own culture and our own time, there are those who believe invading a sovereign nation without just cause is moral. They are wrong. Their belief affects the moral equation not a jot.
In short, you'd struggle to provide a reason why objective moralism is an "ass way of thinking" as you put it... But it's your right to hold such an unsupported belief I suppose. ;)
I can assure you no one here miss me.
I'm the weird one! ;)
Also I'm hated by others.
Meaning is relative!
Nonsense is relative!
Some knowledge seems nonsensical only because of ignorance of the infinite existence;the infinite meaning of existence.
If that is the case then you will have to accept the possibility that knowledge is infinite and you can't only say someone can get it wrong, since infinity will imply none of us got the total abstract truth; right or wrong respect to morality will be fraught with uncertainty.
We will always be seeking knowledge and will possibly always remain igorrant of the true abstract truth. :)
Only evidence we have of morality, is here on Earth.
Think outside the box, you should consider.
If you had to save your love one from death and a non-love one from death, by preventing them from falling off a cliff, but you can only save one of them.
Which one will you chose to save, your love one or the stranger?
Since you can only save one of them and one of them will have to die is it morally right or wrong to chose?
If you decide to fall with them, is it morally right or wrong to commit suicide?
If you save one of them is it morally right or wrong, to make that choice?
If you save neither of them is it morally right or wrong, to make that choice?
Remember if you let either one of them die you are immoral, according to your reasoning.
Also will you save your love one over the stranger?
Are you amoral if you commit suicide?
Feelings: Emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity)
Personal it says, bias! :)
Our society is not the only one.
Also artificial intelligences, will have emotions one day; we should include them in discussion of the philosophy of morality.
You should consider breaking down your enclose walls of skepticism.
Or, you will remain ignorant of the abstract truth of existence.
No offence and I'm trying to be nice here. ;)
Nice job trying to get me to argue for slavery and the Iraq War by the way.
If two people have different ideas about the most moral course of action in a given situation... one or both of them are wrong. That is the point. That morality is not "whatever we feel like" at the time, it is an abstract that we either perceive correctly... or fail to perceive correctly.
You may sit there and state that this is an "ass way of thinking", but once again... you have no good reasons to make such statements, you have not CITED any such reasons and frankly you will never find such reasons, in my estimation.
And furthermore, I must accept the certainty that I will never KNOW to an absolute degree whether I have attained such a state or not, even if I have in fact attained it.
But that doesn't signify anything. The fact that we are fallible human organisms doesn't mean that there is no objective truth. It merely means that we may be incapable of perceiving it.
First to even out the question a little, let's assume that the two people (your lover and the stranger) are of the same age and apparent physical health.
Let's discard your options that involve jumping off after them, as suicide would serve no useful purpose, moral or otherwise.
Next let's suggest that it's morally necessary to save at least one of them, as letting them both die would merely be shirking one's moral responsibility to help if possible.
Next let's point out that making a judgement based on one's personal affections for one of the falling individuals is immoral. It's perfectly human and understandable, but personal bias should be disregarded, ideally.
So we have come to the conclusion that- morally speaking- one must save one of the individuals. It is therefore morally necessary to make a dispassionate choice as to which person to save. Since we know nothing about the stranger, it's hard to weigh the impact of his/her death against the death of one's lover. Perhaps if the stranger was a family man supporting several children and one's lover was childless it would be more moral to save the stranger. But this set of factors would have to be established before such a judgement could be made.
In a situation where nothing is known about the stranger, it would be impossible to weigh their life against the life of one's lover... therefore to save either would be equally moral.
One set of morals, one set of ideals. One belief, one vision, that's what we're talking about here isn't it?
We're not talking about "one set of morals", Nancy. That phrase still contains relativistic connotations. We're talking about the only set of morals. Logically arrived at morality is the only morality. It is objective morality.
We may all have different ideas about complex moral questions, but that doesn't mean that we're "all right", and conversely it doesn't necessarily mean ANY of us are right. Once again, if you and I come up with a different answer to a complex moral question, it doesn't mean that "both our answers are valid". It means one or BOTH of us is wrong. Plain and simple.
Okay, using the only viewpoint that counts then, all the others are wrong. That sounds totalarianist to me, Stalinist in fact.
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 11:43 AM.
Powered by vBulletin®
Copyright ©2000 - 2016, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
LFNetwork, LLC ©2002-2015 - All rights reserved.


text:
Pictures of theriots around the Muslim World in response to the repugnant American movie. The New Statesman suggests that it was not just the movie that prompted the horribly violent riots.
PICTURES: Muhammad film protests spread across the Muslim world
Current Status: Blessed (1)
Seeded on Sat Sep 15, 2012 8:15 AM
keyboard shortcuts: V vote up article J next comment K previous comment

subset: commoncrawl


text:
02.25.2010 / Tips to Trim Your Spending
Budget. It is a word that all of us know, but sometimes do not know how to stick to it. In many ways a budget is like dieting, we all have good intentions, but sometimes temptations make it difficult. And just like a diet there are tips to help you avoid those temptations and trim your spending in 2010. In fact, with the right moves, you not only improve your finances, but you may also have some extra cash left over to splurge once every so often.
First of all, there's never a bad time to start scrutinizing your finances and spending. It's particularly best at the beginning of the year or right after the holidays. However, if your spending is out of control or you feel insecure about your job and the economy now is the time to really consider these tips. Odds are you'll be able to save even more than you thought.
So now you ask, what's the most important tip? Create a budget and keep it simple. In order to stay on track it will require you to not only make sacrifices but to truly evaluate your overall spending. However, consider these efforts are helping you control your small expenses now, so that you can buy a larger ticket item in the future and reach your financial goals.
Tip 1: Track all your spending.
Yes, this may seem like a time consuming task, but it's the only way to get a handle on how much money goes out your wallet each day. Ideally, you should try and keep track of your spending for at least three months. This will allow you to evaluate all your bills, including those that may not come up each month; such as insurance, doctor's visits, and household repairs. However, just monitoring for a few weeks can still make a big impact by catching some of those small expenses that add up quickly. For instance, those large coffees you purchase, consider cutting back to one a week. Or how about taking your lunch a few days a week, instead of eating out everyday. Also, creating a list for the grocery store and putting together a weekly dinner menu ahead of time will help you avoid purchasing those extra items at the store- those are the items that we all wonder "How did these end up in shopping cart?". Also, don't go grocery shopping when you're hungry. You'd be surprised how much more you would spend on items you really don't need when you're just hungry at the grocery store. Finally, consider using a software system to help you track your spending, such as Quicken (http://quicken.intuit.com), free online or $60 for the Deluxe software version or YNAB, which stands for You Need a Budget http://www.youneedabudget.com which costs around $50 for the software.
Tip 2: Look at items you can cut out.
Ok. We all know that there are probably a few areas where we can truly trim back. Evaluate your spending at restaurants. How many times are you going out for dinner or just for drinks with friends? Consider eating in or have a potluck dinner for friends and family at your house instead. Secondly, is television. Do you really need all 500 channels and that DVR (which is really nice to have)? Consider cutting back your package offer and truly evaluate the extra services you are purchasing from your television provider. As a note, competition in the cable industry has really picked up, so it may be worth asking your provider for a discount or consider changing providers. Last but not least, your cell-phone. Yes, many of us can't live without it and have turned their cell-phone into their only phone line. However, if you have multiple phones in your household, consider streamlining them together into one plan and/or re-evaluate your plan charges and services. There may be potential savings that you don't even realize or at the minimum extra services that you get as part of your existing plan that you don't know about.
Tip 3: Define your goals.
As you start to get your finances in order and realize you are staring to save some extra money each month, it's going to be important that you determine where this money is going to go. First and foremost, your newfound savings should be used to start paying down any outstanding debt that you owe. Secondly, you should also remember the most important rule in savings- Pay Yourself First. Even if it's only $50. Set that money aside in your savings account. The more targeted your goals, the more likely you are to achieve them. Consider having funds automatically deposited into your savings account from your paycheck or once your paycheck comes, pay all your bills immediately and then determine how much is left for extra spending. Again, in order for you to truly trim your spending it will require you to make some sacrifices and evaluate your spending.
For more savings tips, go to feedthepig.org, sponsored by the American Institute of Certified Public Accounts. Or, visit americasavesweek.org.
Do you have any helpful savings tips that you can share with our readers? Or, have you tried any of the above tips yourself? Please share.


text:
Buyer's or importer's bank which establishes (opens) a letter of credit (L/C) in favor of a beneficiary (seller or exporter), forwards it to an advising bank for delivery to the beneficiary, and commits itself to honor demand drafts drawn by the beneficiary against the amount specified in the L/C. Also called opening bank.
Use issuing bank in a sentence
Related Articles


text:
Government Information presents its latest featured resource, Preliminary Flood Hazard Data.
Access all of your preliminary flood hazard data in one place. This resource provides Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), Flood Insurance Study (FIS) reports, and FIRM Databases that show the projected risk of flood hazards in your community.
Preliminary data includes new or revised FIRMs, Flood Insurance Study (FIS) reports, and FIRM Databases:
- A FIRM (Flood Insurance Rate Map) is the official map that shows Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHA) and the risk premium zones applicable to a community. Risk zones indicated on FIRMs provide a basis for establishing flood insurance coverage premium rates offered through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
- FIS reports provide background information on the analysis performed and more precise data on the flood elevations in a community.
- A FIRM Database is a collection of the digital data that are used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications for creating new FIRMs. These datasets cover a county or a community.


text:
Wildcats Host Hofstra in WNIT Saturday
GameTracker | All-Access | Notes | Twitter
The Villanova Wildcats will play host to the Hofstra Pride in the second round of the WNIT on Saturday, March 19.
The Villanova Wildcats made 13 three-point field goals and tallied a 67-51 win over the Liberty Lady Flames in the first round of the WNIT in a game played on Thursday evening at The Pavilion. With the victory, the Wildcats improve to 20-11 on the season, while Liberty ends its season at 20-13.
Wildcats Open WNIT Action vs. Liberty Thursday
The Villanova Wildcats will open up play in the WNIT on Thursday evening when the Wildcats play host to Liberty Lady Flames.
Villanova to Host Liberty in the WNIT Opening Round Thursday
On Monday night, Villanova learned that it was chosen to play in the 2016 Women's National Invitation Tournament (WNIT). The Wildcats will host the Liberty Lady Flames on Thursday, March 17, at 7 p.m.
Villanova Falls To Creighton In The Big East Quarterfinals
In the quarterfinal round of the 2016 Big East Tournament, the Villanova Wildcats fell to the Creighton Bluejays by a score of 57-48. With the loss, the Wildcats drop to 19-11 on the season, while Creighton improves to 16-16 on the year.
Women's Basketball Secures No. 2 Seed for BIG EAST Tournament
2016 BIG EAST Tournament Central | Tournament Notes
The Villanova Wildcats will travel to Chicago, Ill., this weekend to take part in the 2016 Big East Tournament. The tournament is being held at the McGrath-Phillips Arena on the campus of DePaul University from March 5-8.
Four Wildcats Garner All-BIG EAST Accolades
Senior guard Caroline Coyer (Oak Hill, Va.) garnered first team All-Conference honors for a second straight season, while twin sister Katherine Coyer (Oak Hill, Va.) earned the Sportsmanship Award. Freshman guard Adrianna Hahn (Wilmington, Del.) was named the league's Sixth Woman of the Year, in addition to being a unanimous All-Rookie Team selection. Sophomore guard Alex Louin (Doylestown, Pa.) rounded out the Villanova honorees by gaining Honorable Mention recognition.
Hahn Earns Both BIG EAST and Big Five Honors
Hahn garners the accolades for her play last in wins over Xavier and Butler when she scored a combined 35 points and shot 11-of-27 from the field (.407) and 7-of-16 from three-point range (.437). She also tallied five rebounds, four steals, three assists and a block.


text:
One of the leading diet and weight loss supplementsTop Rated Diet Pills of 2016
- Founder: Muscle Tech Research and Development
- Headquarters: Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Accessibility: Online and major retailers
- Diet Type: Supplement taken with diet and exercise
- Gender: Male, Female
Do You Know the Best Weight Loss Pills of 2016?
Hydroxycut Recall after FDA Warning to Stop Using the Diet Pill
Once making headlines for containing a controversial herb, Ephedra, banned by the FDA, Hydroxycut now offers an Ephedra-free product that claims to increase metabolism and energy while curbing your appetite, cutting calories and maintaining blood sugar.
When Hydroxycut is combined with a diet and exercise regimen, the product claims to help users shed two-to-three times more weight that without. When taking Hydroxycut, it is suggested that users commit to consistent exercise and a low-calorie diet. Take Hydroxycut half-to-one hour prior to meals with eight ounces of water.PRO
- Increases energy
- Control appetite
- Burn calories
- Lose up to 4.5 times more weight than with diet and exercise alone
- Recipes and exercises available
- Research studies available
Hydroxycut Recall due to product association with death and liver damage
Must diet and exercise for Hydroxycut to work
- Pills must be taken 30-60 minutes before meals which can be difficult if you don't always eat at the same time
- Contains caffeine
- Hydroxycitric Acid, extracted from tropical fruit and linked with liver problems
- Calcium
- Chromium
- Potassium
- Hydroxagen Plus
- HydroxyTea
- Caffeine
- Green Tea extract
- White Tea extract
- Soy
Take two caplets with eight ounce of water as a dietary supplement 3 times per day approximately 30-60 minutes before each meal. Do not snack after dinner. Consume 10 eight ounce glasses of water per day. Do not take within five hours of bedtime. For best results, use Hydroxycut for eight weeks with a low-calorie diet and exercise program. For the first three days of the program, take one capsule three times per day. From day four beyond, take two capsules three times per day.DIET and NUTRITION
There is no clear advice from Hydroxycut on an eating plan. You are encouraged to sticky to a healthy diet while taking the supplement. This kind of flexibility allows you to choose a plan of your liking.
For those with food allergies- Hydroxycut is a gluten-free product.EXERCISE
No guidance provided.CONCLUSION
ConsumerHealthDigest.com conducted research of 30 dietary supplements. Scoring 3 on a scale of 1-5 for metabolism enhancement, weight-loss potential and ingredient control and 4 on a scale of 1-5 for appetite suppression, Hydroxycut ranked number 11.Common Misspellings
Hydroxy Cut, Hydroxicut, hydroxcut, hydroxycut.com, hydroxy-cut, hydrox-cut,How Does Hydroxycut Compare?
- Product Name
- User Rating
- Has Good Appetite Suppressant
- Has Only Natural Components
- Contains No Coffee
- Sletrokor
(Editor's Choice)
- 98/100
- Brilliant Garcinia
- 94/100
- Acai Supreme
- 88/100
- Lean System 7
- 75/100
- Healthe Trim
- 68/100
- Hydroxycut
- 35 /100
Hydroxycut is a nutritional supplement marketed by Iovate Health Sciences Inc., designed to help consumers lose weight. It is sold at conventional retailers, such as GNC and Wal-Mart, online retailers such as and , and through direct television marketing.
User Feedback(Page 3 of 40, 798 total comments)
I started using Hydrixycut 2 weeks ago with regular a calorie controlled diet and regular exercise. I was 180lbs when i started the diet with hydroxycut and after 1.5 weeks, i weighed in at 172. Im sure exercise has a lot to do with it, but hydroxycut helped energize me. I was never motivated until i started taking it and i love it. So far i have no symptoms other people say they have. No headaches, no heart murmurs, nothing. I feel great.
I currently take Hydroxycut Hardcore X and it works great for me. With this formula it curbs your appetite to make your body use to consuming less. Now if I eat a sandwich my stomach feels bloated lol But now I have enough motivation to get up a work out and this product gives me the energy I need. It also helps to listen to loud music and roll off into another world. I recommend this product for persons who have the WANT to loose their extra baggage.
this is the worst product on the market. i was220 and did everything that muscle and fitness told to do with a workout plus the pills and after 9 weeks i lost 1 pound of total fat. this product is the biggest rip off i have ever seen. stop spending your money. you can loose more weight by sitting.
Don't Waste Your Money until you read!
This product doesn't work at all. If anyone loses weight with it, it's not because of the pills but a change in diet or lifestyle. The only people that seem to have success is severly overweight individuals that probably would lose weight with just a few diet changes anyways. My wife took it for 2 months with 0 results. Only a littel extra energy. Her routine was a minimal calarie diet with 4 days a week of Jillian's 3 day shread workout, amongst others. I believe she would have lost weight without taking Hydroxycut Acai, but instead had 0 results. Don't try this product, try anything else that has at least some kind of guarantee.!
I lost 300 lbs after only one pill.
I have been taking these pills for about a month now. The pills were given to me by Chief Rodney Monroe ,who said ,his wife gave them to him after someone called him a Fathead. He said he took the pills for a month but his head was just as big.and it made his go to the bathroom a lot.
I have cut back on chicken wings and fatback and I hope it helps cause I don't want a fathead like Rodney
well I hve been taking it for about 2 and a half weeks now when i started i was 233.8lbs and i weighed myself two days ago and I was on 219. so its working so far for me! I have been working out quite a bit and drinking the water its says but following the instructions it worked for me!
I took Hydroxycut on and off for over a year. Just this last summer I was told by my doctor that i have liver damage. Please people be careful when you take things like this
I'm 24 yrs old, 5'6 and 180lbs. I was hoping to only loose 20lbs. The bottle of this merchandise was a gift to me so luckily I didn't feel like I wasted MY money. I took the pills as advised, worked out and drunk more than enough water. Not one pound was lost. I stopped taking them after 2wks due to lack of any results at all. I experienced headaches and nausea. My appeptite was curved the first few days but then stopped.
i started 15 days ago or less, I take only 2 to 4 caps a day with another complement. I have lost 8 pounds feel great but i think of stopping it if my liver could tricks me cause I had liver damage due to tylenol intake (twice) so i am soooo afraid and still want to lose weight...i need to lose 10 to 15 pounds more... dunno what to do, stop or continue for the next 10 pounds to lose ???? scared marie.
I am from ontario canada, i use the hydroxycut advance, for almost 7 weeks. I was 285 when i had started this. I am now 257 lbs. And thats no BS. I cant believe it, even after the 8th week i am going to stop with the product, and stick with my routine. I can believe how easy it is too do push ups now. Great Product. Would be great to do a infomercial lol
I got this when saw it on sale. Took it 2 days and started feeling sick and sorta headache/ Looked on computor found out it was recalled and all the bad stuf. Will go back to store on this. This is definately bad and dangerous product from what I felt and read.
i used hydroxycut original with ephedra and i exercised and dieted hard core and lost 22lbs in 2 weeks but then came down with the flu and skipped my diet not due to these pills
I was thinking about building some muscle, but really wanted to lose some weight before I did it. I was considering getting Hydroxycut, but also wanted to get some Whey Protein. Would it be adviseable to use protein while taking Hydroxycut?
I took only half of one dose last night which is two pills. I bought it months before and I think I didn't take it because of an adverse reaction. But I started to take hour long walks to help with my weight, so I thought I'd take half the dosage to see how that would work for me.
I'm throwing the bottle away because my Blood Pressure spiked to 175/118!!!! I first went to the bathroom to urinate and I noticed when I got off the couch that I felt really funny and it was hard to breath. I took my blood pressure multiple times to see if I could get it down. This episode lasted about an hour and a half! I would never recommend this to anyone and feel lucky that I am not dead right now!
I lost 15 pounds but my nose bled and i itch finished one bottle will not do again rather be thick than dead
It help me loose 15 pounds I was 322 but sometimes my nose bleeds i be scared i finish one bottle but wont take again i rather be fat than dead
So honestly how many people when they stopped using the pills gain weight back? Im really trying to get down to my normal weight but i have been struggling.
I was 168 lbs after giving birth and with hydroxycut and paying attention to what I ate, I lost 28lbs in 4 months. I did not go to the gym at all. My husband took it with me for the same time frame and lost 30 lbs. We were thrilled with it. I have started going to the gym now and thinking I'll give it another shot.. I LOVED IT.
Featured Diets
Related Diets: Akavar, Alli, Hoodia P57, HOT-ROX, Hydrox-Slim, Hydroxycut Instant Drink Packets, Trimspa X32


text:
Written by: Kera February 03 2010
The company Little Ella Bug was started by Amber, a mother of a new baby girl. I was introduced to these sweet little charms on her site, and think they would make great gifts for a mom or even a little girl!
Each charm is completely unique and handmade to order—a special keepsake that captures the fingerprint of your loved one in silver.
The silver is organic, so it makes the perfect eco-friendly gift.
The charms are normally priced at $55, but Little Ella Bug is offering our readers $10 off!
Please check out the site Little Ella Bug for more information.


text:
Lisbon New Hampshire Golf Courses
|Lisbon Village Country Club
Additional Golf Course Reviews:
|Ridgewood Country Club -- Will only get better
|Review by: D. Armstrong
|Although the first two holes have a rather open approach, the rest of the course requires nice straight drives. Most greens are easily reachable in two shots, but be careful of very fast greens once sitting. There is a good bit of sand and water in play on many holes but I rarely found myself in them. The two par three holes (for whatever reason) seemed to give me and those I was playing with the most trouble. The back nine (due to open later this year I believe) look beautiful and can only add to the pleasure of this course.
|From Sykesville, MD


text:
Accent The emphasis, or stress, given a syllable in pronunciation. We say "syllable" not "syllable," "emphasis" not "emphasis." Accents can also be used to emphasize a particular word in a sentence: Is she content with the contents of the yellow package? See also meter.
Act A major division in the action of a play. The ends of acts are typically indicated by lowering the curtain or turning up the houselights. Playwrights frequently employ acts to accommodate changes in time, setting, characters onstage, or mood. In many full-length plays, acts are further divided into scenes, which often mark a point in the action when the location changes or when a new character enters. See also scene.
Allegory A narration or description usually restricted to a single meaning because its events, actions, characters, settings, and objects represent specific abstractions or ideas. Although the elements in an allegory may be interesting in themselves, the emphasis tends to be on what they ultimately mean. Characters may be given names such as Hope, Pride, Youth, and Charity; they have few if any personal qualities beyond their abstract meanings. These personifications are not symbols because, for instance, the meaning of a character named Charity is precisely that virtue. See also symbol. For an exercise on allegory, go to the VirtuaLit Interactive Poetry Tutorial.
Alliteration The repetition of the same consonant sounds in a sequence of words, usually at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable: "descending dew drops"; "luscious lemons." Alliteration is based on the sounds of letters, rather than the spelling of words; for example, "keen" and "car" alliterate, but "car" and "cite" do not. Used sparingly, alliteration can intensify ideas by emphasizing key words, but when used too self-consciously, it can be distracting, even ridiculous, rather than effective. See also assonance, consonance. For examples and an exercise on alliteration, go to the VirtuaLit Interactive Poetry Tutorial.
Allusion A brief reference to a person, place, thing, event, or idea in history or literature. Allusions conjure up biblical authority, scenes from Shakespeare's plays, historic figures, wars, great love stories, and anything else that might enrich an author's work. Allusions imply reading and cultural experiences shared by the writer and reader, functioning as a kind of shorthand whereby the recalling of something outside the work supplies an emotional or intellectual context, such as a poem about current racial struggles calling up the memory of Abraham Lincoln.
Ambiguity Allows for two or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phrase, action, or situation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work. Deliberate ambiguity can contribute to the effectiveness and richness of a work, for example, in the open-ended conclusion to Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown." However, unintentional ambiguity obscures meaning and can confuse readers.
Anagram A word or phrase made from the letters of another word or phrase, as "heart" is an anagram of "earth." Anagrams have often been considered merely an exercise of one's ingenuity, but sometimes writers use anagrams to conceal proper names or veiled messages, or to suggest important connections between words, as in "hated" and "death."
Anapestic meter See foot.
Antagonist The character, force, or collection of forces in fiction or drama that opposes the protagonist and gives rise to the conflict of the story; an opponent of the protagonist, such as Claudius in Shakespeare's play Hamlet. See also character, conflict.
Antihero A protagonist who has the opposite of most of the traditional attributes of a hero. He or she may be bewildered, ineffectual, deluded, or merely pathetic. Often what antiheroes learn, if they learn anything at all, is that the world isolates them in an existence devoid of God and absolute values. Yossarian from Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is an example of an antihero. See also character.
Apostrophe An address, either to someone who is absent and therefore cannot hear the speaker or to something nonhuman that cannot comprehend. Apostrophe often provides a speaker the opportunity to think aloud.
Approximate rhyme See rhyme.
Archetype A term used to describe universal symbols that evoke deep and sometimes unconscious responses in a reader. In literature, characters, images, and themes that symbolically embody universal meanings and basic human experiences, regardless of when or where they live, are considered archetypes. Common literary archetypes include stories of quests, initiations, scapegoats, descents to the underworld, and ascents to heaven. See also mythological criticism.
Aside In drama, a speech directed to the audience that supposedly is not audible to the other characters onstage at the time. When Hamlet first appears onstage, for example, his aside "A little more than kin, and less than kind!" gives the audience a strong sense of his alienation from King Claudius. See also soliloquy.
Assonance The repetition of internal vowel sounds in nearby words that do not end the same, for example,"asleep under a tree," or "each evening." Similar endings result in rhyme, as in "asleep in the deep." Assonance is a strong means of emphasizing important words in a line. See also alliteration, consonance. For examples and an exercise on assonance, go to the VirtuaLit Interactive Poetry Tutorial.
Top of Page


text:
COVER CRUSH – UK EDITION: The Bride That Time Forgot by Paul Magrs
I just found the cover for the The Bride That Time Forgot, the 5th instalment of the Brenda & Effie Paranormal Mystery series by Paul Magrs on his blog and I love it. I really like all the little details like the spider webs, clock hands and the title is so cute – I still think I like the covers for Something Borrowed and Conjugal Rites more, but I do think this cover captures the essence of the story and it's quirkiness.
I adore the Brenda & Effie series, it is one of my favourites. I really urge you to try them. They are witty, intelligently written and SO quintessentially British! I just can't wait for this one to be released!
PUBLISHER: Headline | RELEASE DATE: Oct 2010
Something is biting people on the streets of Whitby. In an ordinary town, this would be worrying. Here, it's disastrous, and only Brenda has guessed why. She's also trying to prepare for a packed festive break at her B&B, but her best friend Effie is in distracted mood: she just hasn't been the same since her suave gentleman friend Alucard reappeared.
Meanwhile, Penny has joined a book group in the new mystery bookstore, the Spooky Finger. As she is drawn into the strange and fantastic works of Edwardian lady novelist Beatrice Mapp, she makes some very surprising discoveries. Discoveries that will soon impact upon the lives of all the ladies of Whitby. When unexpected help from the shadows of the past arrives to illuminate the dangers awaiting them all, Brenda realises that unless she can find a way to save Effie, the consequences may be eternal – Headline.
Website | Blog | Twitter | Facebook | Goodreads | Headline


text:
Facebook to Buy AOL Patents From Microsoft for $550 Million
Facebook is making yet another deal, this time for patents.
The social networking giant is paying Microsoft $550 million for a majority of the patents that Microsoft bought a month ago from AOL for $1.1 billion.
That deal was seen as especially high in price, three times what some AOL analysts expected the patents to sell for, but now Microsoft has turned that around and earned half of its price back.
As a result of today's agreement, Facebook will obtain ownership of approximately 650 AOL patents and patent applications, plus a license to the AOL patents and applications that Microsoft will purchase and own, the companies said in a release.
The purchase comes shortly after Facebook spent $1 billion to buy photo-sharing ap company Instagram, which has no revenue.
Facebook is currently embroiled in a patent lawsuit against Yahoo, following a suit Yahoo filed and a countersuit from Facebook.
"Today's agreement with Microsoft represents an important acquisition for Facebook," Ted Ullyot, Facebook's general counsel, said in a release. "This is another significant step in our ongoing process of building an intellectual property portfolio to protect Facebook's interests over the long term."
Bloomberg News had reported last week that Facebook had been among the bidders for AOL's patents before Microsoft closed the deal. Microsoft bought 800 patents, and Bloomberg said the tech giant would look to sell some of them.
UPDATE: Yahoo released a statement saying Facebook's purchase doesn't impact their fight, and noting patent purchasers are often on the defensive.


text:
- Admissions
- College of Arts & Sciences
- Pamplin School of Business
- School of Education
- Donald P. Shiley School of Engineering
- School of Nursing
- Graduate School
- Clark Library
- Academic Advising
- Air Force ROTC
- Army ROTC
- Early Alert
- Fellowships & Grants
- Franz Center
- Garaventa Center
- Honors Program
- Majors & Minors
- Provost
- Registrar
- Shepard Academic Resource Center
- Studies Abroad
- STEM Center
- University Catalog: The Bulletin
- University Core
- Campus Life
- Services
- Athletics
- About UP
- Home >>
- Health Center >>
- Counseling >>
- Scheduling an Appointment
- Health Center
- Orrico Hall Upper Level, MSC 147
- 5000 N Willamette Blvd.
- Portland OR 97203
- 503-943-7134
- firstname.lastname@example.com
Health Center: What to Expect When Calling to Schedule a Counseling Appointment
Counseling sessions at the Health Center are free of charge to currently enrolled students. Sessions are 45 to 50 minutes in length. If you schedule an appointment that you cannot keep, please contact us within 24-hours of the appointment to cancel so that we can make that appointment available for another student. Due to increasing demand for services, we generally are unable to schedule more than one appointment at a time.
In an effort to accommodate the needs of all students seeking counseling, the Health Center only is able to offer short term therapy. If you are looking to do more long-term counseling, we are happy to provide a referral for an off-campus provider. Please come in and talk to us about your concerns so we can help you determine the appropriate treatment for you.
Before meeting with a counselor for the first time, you will be asked to complete a brief questionnaire. This form will contain questions about current concerns as well as other questions about health, family, relationships, etc. It usually takes around 15 minutes or less to complete and is used by the counselor to obtain a more complete understanding of you and your concerns. Like communications in therapy, the information contained in this form is considered confidential as required (and except as limited) by law.
While each therapist's style differs, there are some similarities as to what one can expect when seeing a counselor for the first time. Generally speaking, the first session will be spent gathering information about current concerns. Sometimes a therapist will also ask about other areas of your life, including: family, friends, interests, academics, and hobbies. The therapist might also suggest that an appointment be scheduled with one of the nurse practitioners or a family physician to rule out any medical issues that could be related to your current emotional difficulties.
- email@example.com
- 503-943-7134
- Directions & Maps
- 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203-5798
- © 2016 University of Portland, All Rights Reserved


text: Elizabeth Griffin Lannigan, PhD, OTR/L Email: email@example.com Position:Assistant Professor, Occupational Therapy Program, School of Health Sciences EDUCATION B.S. in Occupational Therapy, Boston School of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University M.A. in Occupational Therapy, 1984, New York University Ph.D. in Occupational Therapy, 2003, New York University CLINICAL SPECIALTY/HONORS Mental Health & Vocational Rehabilitation Recognition of Achievement: Leadership in Mental Health and Disability Advocacy, American Occupational Therapy Association, 2011 Service Award for Treasurer, New Jersey Occupational Therapy Association, 2008 Service Commendation, Representative Assembly, American Occupational Therapy Association, 2007, 2010 President's Award for Education, New Jersey Occupational Therapy Association, 2002 RESEARCH/PUBLICATIONS Agenda: 1) Clients with severe mental illness participating in supported employment (vocational rehabilitation) & 2) Clients with severe mental illness participating in cognitive remediation Recent presentations: Allen Cognitive Network Conference (11/2012) & American Occupational Therapy Association (4/2012) Lannigan, E. G. (1995). Vignette: Vocational aftercare planning for older adults. In M. Brinson & K. R. Kannenberg (Eds.), Mental health service delivery guidelines. Bethesda, MD: American Occupational Therapy Association PROFESSIONAL SERVICE Member, Institutional Review Board, School of Health Sciences, Touro College Editor, Quarterly Newsletter, Educational Special Interest Section, American Occupational Therapy Association Secretary, New Jersey Occupational Therapy Association TEACHING RESPONSIBILITIES OT 330-331 Psychosocial Studies & Group Process I & II OT 662 Vocational Readiness OT 655 Advanced Clinical Reasoning OT 670 Advanced Activity Analysis and Synthesis


text:
Chris Leib Sketchbook
Chris Leib
I'm a Brooklyn based artist. I've been an artist and art instructor for over a decade. My latest series 'Eden' depicts a world derailed, in which astronauts and cosmonauts run amok in early renaissance landscapes. (Please stay tuned as a book will soon be available...)
In 'Sketchbook' you will find a number of my favorite sketches and drawings. Please take a look. I hope you enjoy them.
Comment posted.
Log in
or create an account to post a comment.
Sabotaging Eden
Published February 27, 2014
Blurb Sites


text:
Fudge Nut Brownies RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
- 1-1/3 cups all-purpose flour
- 2 cups sugar
- 3/4 cup baking cocoa
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 cup chopped nuts
- 2/3 cup vegetable oil
- 4 large eggs, lightly beaten
- 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
- 1 cup chopped nuts, optional
- Preheat oven to 350°. In a bowl, combine the first six ingredients. In another bowl, combine oil, eggs and vanilla; add to dry ingredients. Do not overmix.
- Spread in a 13x9-in. baking pan. Sprinkle with nuts if desired. Bake 20-25 minutes or until toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool in pan on a wire rack. Yield: about 24 brownies.
Reviews for Fudge Nut Brownies
"This is not my husband's favorite brownies, but he does enjoy them. They are rich in chocolate flavor and full of nuts. I usually use walnuts."
"I took these to a potluck and several people commented they were the best brownies they've ever had. As a bonus, it's such an easy recipe there's no need to buy brownie mixes anymore."
"Found this recipe years ago and been making these for years. They are the best for sure!"
"The flavor of the brownies is very good. They are chewy, but a little crumbly (which isn't ideal). What makes these brownies is that they are totally full of walnuts. Yum! Half the people reviewing didn't even use walnuts/nuts. Unless you're allergic to them or REALLY don't like walnuts, that is a big mistake.Like one reviewer I halved he recipe, but baked for the same amount of time. I didn't want 24 brownies around my house. 12 is enough. I ate 2 at a time since the serving is quite small. When they're gone. They're gone.I used 50% sugar 50% granulated sucralose to cut down on the sugar carbs. It definitely didn't affect the flavor. Perhaps that might have caused the crumbliness. I'd still rather have them a little crumbly than eat that much sugar. [I need to watch my glucose level.]"
"Wow this is so yummy! It was very simple to make and my family really liked it. I did not use nuts do to allergies but it was so good. This is my new go to recipe for brownies."


text:
Etc. Archive
how to max out your tiny kitchen
Reading comments, emails and blogs everyday from people who like to cook all over the country, and all over the world, I have learned that not all kitchens are the same. And some of them are less the same than others. Some are downright shocking. Apparently, there are kitchens with more than one counter. There are ovens that fit entire half-sheet pans in them–and still close! There are kitchens with not one oven, but two. Some have not just two counters and two ovens, but more than six cabinets. Some kitchens have not just two counters, two ovens and a dozen cabinets but room for an entire set of tables and chairs… just for eating!
tell me more, tell me more
Be glad you're not in the room with me these days, because I've been singing, or "wailing" as Alex likes to call it, "getting to knooooooow yoooooou" for days. Except that's the only line I know, and as usual, it has not stopped me from restarting the tune every 20 seconds or so. Oh, and I don't even know what "pitch" is or how to approximate attaining it. Really, I'm a delight.
spicy sweet potato wedges + five etceteras
Five Bits of Housekeeping
- After a series of unfortunate kitchen mishaps over the last week, I decided to give up cooking for at least a couple days and focus my efforts instead on mixology at my friend Jocelyn's Oscar Party on Sunday night. I guest-blogged Dove Cocktails over on her site today, though I prefer to call them Pomegranate Margaritas. [Dove Cocktails at Pixxiestails.com]


text:
Is it possible to unset or change a
readonly variable in Korn Shell? I am using AIX 5.
Not that I know of. At least, the obvious ways won't work: you can't
Technically, you can do this from outside: connect to the ksh process with a debugger and flip the bit in memory where the ksh process stores the information that the variable is read-only. So a readonly variable is not an absolute security feature.
If you need to set a variable to a different value before launching a command, do it through
Alternatively, make the variable read-only in a restricted scope (in a function).


text:
July 4th is a little over a week away and it is a time to celebrate our nation's freedoms and spend time with friends and family. We often spend the day at one of the area lakes, barbecuing in our backyards, or enjoying one of the beautiful city or state parks.
This year I am taking a few extra days off to spend the week at our family cabin. Over the 4th, there will be an abundance of family and friends and I am very excited to serve a few of my favorite recipes to them! When we have a large group, we try to keep the meals simple, because it's tricky having all of those different palates to please! We usually serve 2 large meals each day, breakfast and dinner, with serve-it-yourself meals for those that get hungry in between. Those mini meals consist of sandwiches or grilled sausages, vegetable and fruit platters and a good hearty salad. It seems easy enough, right? Well, not quite…..Potato salad, a salad commonly found on picnic tables across America, can come in many different forms and everyone has their own opinion as to how it should be prepared. The debates can be endless. With or without mustard, with or without eggs, and with or without celery and onion. Everyone has a favorite ingredient they feel is necessary to make this summer side dish complete. Then, add in the people who really just wanted a good pasta salad instead! Well, I may have come up with a solution. My Lemony Greek Potato Salad is the perfect combination of both! For the pasta lovers, it contains kalamata olives, juicy grape tomato halves, and a smooth and creamy lemon sauce. For the potato lovers, tender new boiled tender boiled baby red potatoes. All of this is gently tossed together with feta cheese crumbles and fresh herbs. Both pasta lovers and potato lovers can finally come together and see eye to eye with this very flavorful combination dish! Plus, this salad will keep great in the refrigerator for up to 3 days, so it can keep the day time snackers happy all weekend long!
Lemon Greek Potato Salad
- 1 cup mayonnaise (I use one made with olive oil)
- 1 teaspoon red wine vinegar
- 1 large lemon, juiced and zested
- 1 tablespoon oregano leaves, fresh chopped
- 3 tablespoons basil leaves, fresh chopped
- 1 teaspoon kosher salt
- ½ teaspoon cracked black pepper
- 8 new red potatoes, about 2 inches in diameter, washed
- 1 cup grape tomato halves
- 12 kalamata olives, pitted and cut into thin strips
- 1 cup feta cheese crumbles
In a medium pot, cover potatoes in water, bring to boil over medium high heat and cook until tender, about 30 minutes. Remove the potatoes from the water and place in refrigerator to until chilled. Cut potatoes into 8 pieces. (in half and then into quarters to for small wedges) Set aside.
In large bowl, whisk together mayonnaise, vinegar, lemon juice and zest, oregano leaves, basil leaves, kosher salt and pepper. (add more lemon if desired)
Gently fold in potatoes, grape tomatoes, olive slices , and feta cheese crumbles. Chill until ready to serve.
Serves 6


text:
Rev Up the Dream Machines
Headlines may proclaim that Detroit is economically doomed, but uber-luxury auto makers placed a bet this week that some Detroiters would shell out major dough for the hottest vehicles on the market.
Kicking off this week's North American International Auto Show, top executives displayed their hottest vehicles at an invitation-only "Gallery night" event at Detroit's MGM Casino on Sunday night. The event's planners targeted American Express Centurion cardholders and Detroit's most elite car enthusiasts, hoping some of the perusing would lead to purchases.
The assortment of luxurious and sporty vehicles at the show illustrates why luxury brands such as Bentley and Rolls-Royce posted record sales in North America last year, despite the softness of the past years. With their sleek designs and state of the art underbodies, new versions of the Bentley Continental GT V8, the Rolls-Royce Ghost and the McLaren MP-12c are prompting monied auto lovers to come back into showrooms.
The WSJ's Lee Hawkins gets a closer look at some of these dream machines:
Bentley's turbocharged Continental GT
Audi's 'crazy hot' GT Spider
McClaren MP-12C: Formula 1 styling
Rolls Royce Phantom and Ghost up close
Aston Martin One-77: Fit for 007?
Lamborghini Aventador: Fastest ride at the show?


text:
This having been the NBC comedy's final season, this is Emmy's last chance to recognize its thrice-nominated second banana. Luckily, the series' last episodes -- in which Dwight finally got the job (of manager), the girl (Angela) and even a family (Phillip is his!) -- were an enviable showcase.
Sure, we were bummed when Schmidt and Cece called it quits. But putting the player back on the market afforded his portrayer plenty of juicy (and hilarious) material. Heck, his tragicomic romance with Nurse Jackie's Merritt Wever alone made the break-up worth it to the Fox hit's breakout star.
Even if voters see no other episode than the one in which Howard discovers an unopened letter from his estranged father, they'll understand why we've been saying for years that this scene-stealer is not only the CBS smash's secret weapon but breathtakingly versatile to boot.
As Girls' sad-sack cafe manager Ray, Karpovsky walks a tightrope in which he must balance his character's amusingly misanthropic tendencies with his wide-eyed romantic adoration of college-age girlfriend Shoshanna. And while his character often misfires -- he even botches the return of a stolen dog to its rightful owner -- the actor himself remains steadfast in bringing to life the show's most fully realized male character.
Killam proved to be one of the few consistent lights in SNL's otherwise gloomy Season 38. Whether headlining pop-culture spoofs (as The Walking Dead's Rick and Homeland's tiny-mouthed Brody) or popping up in wildly random sketches (as a dancing pig and an angry brother unloading his rage on Justin Bieber), Killam was game for anything -- and seriously funny in the process.
We'd say this funnyman deserves an Emmy for giving real heart and depth to Brad, aka the most endearingly childish metrosexual this side of New Girl's Schmidt. Except the real reason he deserves it is hello — he's made Brad the most endearingly cartoonish metrosexual this side of New Girl's Schmidt!


text:
Spectrum is 30
The very first time I saw a spectrum, I think I was pretty much underwhelemed. My Aunty had bought one which had one game with it. It was sort of a 3D maze game, with the aim of avoiding walking into a dead end with a dragon in it.
At the time I had seen Pac Man and Space Invades in pubs, and with my Dad being a tight wad (just kidding dad) we never really played on them. We never played on them but we would stand and gaze at them though as the demos cycled through over and over.
So for me, my first experience with the old speccy was all that great. The game we played was really hard, and there was nothing to zap, the screen took for ever redraw and it took an age for the games to load. Kids today don't know they're born.
Back then though home computing was only just starting, and these things were advanced. I'm talking 4 colours in block, with a screen resolution of just 256x192
Spectrum Screen Res 256x192
But with all of this limited technology (still - state of the art at the time) a generation of coders was born, creating some truly amazing games in the space of just 48k during hte early days. To put that in perspective one game would take up about 0.0002% of a DVD.
The games on the specturm were just captivating, hard, really hard, unforgiving, but they were so good, you didn't really mind the crappy graphics and limited sound or jibes from mates with C64's.
Games such as Ghostbusters, IK+, Hulk Adventure Game, Stunt Car Racer, Rainbow Islands, Sim City, Back to Skool, Elite, Lemmings, Lords of Chaos, Lords of Midnight, Operation Wolf, Manic Miner, Chuckie Egg, Dizzy (fantasy island was my favorite game), Robocop, Laser Squad, Head over heals, Jet Set Willy, Football Manager, Matchday, Smash TV, Guantlet, Spy Vs Spy, Jetpac, Tetrus, Wonder Boy, Golden Axe, Arkanoid, Bubble Bobble, Wiz Ball, R-Type, Moon Strike, Boulder Dash, Chase H.Q, Turrican, Commando, Carrier Command.
Games cost anywhere from £1.99 to £9.99.
If you still want to relive some of the glory dayes there are a huge number of online versions of the spectrum games and emulators out there, most of which can be played by allowing your browser to accept Java to run.
Want to know more?


text:
Shannon Price, Gary Coleman's ex-wife, has petitioned a Utah court asking a judge to formally recognize her as heir to the late child star's estate.
Price wants a judge to recognize her common law marriage to Coleman, 42, from the date of the divorce through his death. Coleman died May 28 after suffering a brain hemorrhage. Documents filed in 4th District Court last week on behalf of Shannon Price say she and Coleman continued to live together and represent themselves as married despite their 2008 divorce. Shannon — who has been accused of selling interviews and photos of a critically-ill Coleman on life support — is seeking the declaration as part of the ongoing battle over Coleman's estate.
Multiple wills address the estate, although a note handwritten by Coleman days after his 2007 marriage names Price his sole heir. However, Coleman's ex-girlfriend, Anna Gray, contends a 2005 document awards her the estate.
« Lindsay Lohan arrives at court for jail… Associated Press – 8 minutes ago Tom Cruise Katie Holmes Reality Show »


text:
Downloading the hack:
Empires and allies is one of the most interesting online games. There are many fans of this game around the world. You can download it or can play on the facebook. In this game you have to build the forces and you have some allies to defeat the other alliance. It is the amazing game. It has some features such as: it works on the coins, wood, empire points and energy. It can work anywhere as long as you play empires and allies. It can work on the internet explorer, Firefox, chrome, safari and opera. It is undetectable. It is updated on regular basis. It is easy to use. It is tested after 24 hours and if it is hatched then it will be updated. It will not produce constant error or crash in your browser. It is constant.
You can download its hack by using a regular browser. There is limit to download the number of files thus it will be safe to download. It will protect the number of files downloaded as well. It will need to install before using it. You have to log in your facebook account to start the empires and allies. Then pass the like button and confirm. When you see the downloading bar then click on it. Finish the verification that appears on the screen. Then it will start downloading.
Share before downloading!
Last Updated and Working on:
Tutorial to install hack:
When downloading of the hack is complete is then install the hack. It is virus free. So you can download it and no worries about the turning off your antivirus. After installation you have to put the required amount. Then click the start button. And wait till the program is finish. Finally you hacked the game successfully. You have many supplies now. It is the amazing and the best game. Players are guided by an excellent tutorial. They will introduce the main points and steps of the game in a clear and accessible way. They also told about the important characters of the game as well as allies that exist in the game. It is divided in to several parts or fields. And the aim of the player is to start with the smaller island and to occupy the four other islands. It is a war game. And there are many obstacles on the way of the player and the danger as well. As the player makes progress he will encounter many of allies and enemies.
- goodgame empire читы
- goodgame empire hack download
- empires allies hack
- descargar empires and allies hack
- empires and allies hack torrent
- Empires & Allies Hack チート
- empires and allies cheat hack free download
- Empires & Alliesチート
- empires e aliados hack
- empires&allies 用語
- download empires and allies hack
- how to hack empires and allies on facebook
- Хак для empires allies 2016


text:
Niki Dixon Harrison, Acting Director of EOP&S/CARE Office and Foster Youth Programs
Room: L107
Telephone: 626-585-7439
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Department Hours
|Department Hours
|Mon - Thu
|8:00 a.m. - 7:00 p.m.
|Location: L107
|8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
|Location: L107
Extended Opportunity Programs and Services (EOP&S) is a state-funded program at Pasadena City College that provides educational and financial support services to eligible students who have historically experienced economic and educational disadvantages. EOP&S assists eligible students in obtaining their educational goal of certificate, degree or transfer by providing additional support through counseling, tutoring, financial assistance,transfer services, career advisement, and other services. Please click on the Eligibility link for further details on how to apply to the program.
Cooperative Agencies Resources for Education (C.A.R.E.). C.A.R.E. is a state-funded program designed to recruit and assist recipients of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF, formerly known as AFDC) who would like to attend college on a full time basis, achieve their educational goal of certificate, degree or transfer. To participate, a student must be an EOP&S eligible single parent with at least one child under 14 years of age, and must currently be receiving cash aid through TANF benefits. Please click on the Eligibility link under the CARE program information for further details on eligibility.
Program Requirements
- New Students: Enroll in and complete 12 units for your first semester in the program, maintain a 2.0 GPA and complete three counseling contacts each fall and spring semester by the deadline.
- Continuing Students: Enroll in 9-12 units each fall and spring semester, maintain a 2.0 GPA and complete three counseling contacts each fall and spring semester by the deadline.
- Students enrolled in the Disabled Student Programs are not required to enroll in 12 units; however, must complete three counseling contacts each fall and spring semester by the deadline and maintain a 2.0 GPA. Current SEC must be submitted each semester.
- Effective Fall 2013, failure to complete program requirements for two consecutive semesters will result in disqualification from the program.
- Petition Information: If you did not meet program requirements due to a special documented circumstance (flood, fire, illness, etc.), you may submit a petition for program reinstatement or program services with documentation included to support your claim.
- Petitions will be accepted May 1, 2015 - June 30, 2015 for the spring 2015 term. Documentation must be submitted with the petition for full consideration.
Counseling Contact Requirement Information
- Complete three counseling contacts by the Friday before Finals Week Begins each fall and spring semester. The spring 2015 deadline is Friday, May 8.
- This is a requirement to remain eligible for the program (No exceptions).
- 1st Contact: Educational Plan
- 2nd Contact: Progress Check
- 3rd Contact: Plan for Next Semester
- We recommend completing one contact per month. Students cannot complete more than one contact per week.
- One appointment with the EOP&S Financial Aid Liaison can be counted as a contact.
- Please do not procrastinate with making/completing your appointments because there is a high demand for appointments.
- DSP&S students with a current SEC are not required to enroll in a certain amount of units; however, they are required to maintain a 2.0 GPA and complete three counseling contacts.
Fall 2015 Priority Registration Information
- Fall 2015 Priority Registration Date for EOP&S and CARE students is July 2015.
- All EOP&S and CARE students qualify for priority registration. Classes fill quickly don't delay, register on your assigned date/time.
- New EOP&S students must attend an EOP&S Group Orientation Session in order to qualify for priority registration. A welcome email was sent to new EOP&S students informing of the requirement, when sessions are held, etc. If you have further questions please call us.
- All students must activate their LancerPoint Account before they can register. Complete the LancerPoint Activation Steps before priority registration date/time for a smooth registration process.
Summer 2015 Book Voucher Information
- Book vouchers will be available the week of May 11. Eligible students will receive an email with further details.
- All program requirements must be met to be eligible for the voucher (See Above Program Requirements Section).
- Book voucher amounts vary each term. Summer 2015 amount is $200.
Scheduling Appointments
- Call 626-585-7439 on Fridays beginning at 8:00 a.m. to make an appointment for the following week.
- Must speak with a live person to make an appointment. Appointments cannot be made leaving a voicemail message.