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International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 376028, 10 pages
Throughput-Optimal Scheduling for Cooperative Communications in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
1Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
2Department of Information Security, Tongmyong University, Busan 608-711, Republic of Korea
Received 21 March 2013; Revised 10 July 2013; Accepted 6 August 2013
Academic Editor: Hongli Xu
Copyright © 2013 Thong Huynh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cooperative communications that take advantage of the broadcasting nature of wireless environments can help to increase system throughput in wireless ad hoc networks. However, the promised throughput might be lost in presence of the error transmission and the interference caused by relay transmission in cooperative communication. In this paper, we introduced the relay selection schemes that can control the interference at the relay to prevent the relay that may harm other pairs. Then, we proposed the throughput-optimal scheduling that takes into account error probability in decision and maximizes throughput, that is, the amount of packets transmitted without error in network. In addition, we derive a simple and lightweight framework to implement the proposed policy in distributed manner. The simulation results show that the proposed scheduling policy outperforms the noncooperative policy and multihop relay policy.
1. Introduction
Cooperative communications that can take advantage of the broadcasting nature of wireless environments have shown excellent performance in both theoretical aspects and implementations; for example, per-node throughput of the cooperative network is a constant factor, while per-node throughput of the conventional wireless network decreases when node density increases [1]. The basic concept of the cooperative communication comes from the design of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. In MIMO system, by using the multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver, the system throughput and reliability were improved significantly [2]. However, in wireless networks, for example, sensor networks and ad hoc networks, due to the space limitation and the implementation cost, it is not reasonable to equip each wireless device with multiple antennas. To overcome this restriction, cooperative communication is proposed as a solution to implement the MIMO technique in the form of single antenna node in wireless networks. Many cooperative communication schemes have been proposed in the general framework of wireless ad hoc network [3, 4] in order to improve the performance of the system.
Scheduling policies are employed to determine a set of active users at a given time regarding the interference constraints between links. Throughput-optimal scheduling policy that provides the highest data rate transmission is desirable in wireless networks. It has been shown that cooperative communication at the network layer can help to increase the throughput of the network [5]. However, in wireless ad hoc networks, the throughput gained by cooperative communication might be lost in the presence of the interference caused by relay transmission. Furthermore, since the wireless links are unreliable and the transmission states are only known by the acknowledgments from receivers, the scheduling decision must consider random packet loss and packet retransmission. Hence, this necessitates a new design for throughput-optimal scheduling for the cooperative communication in ad hoc networks.
In this paper, we focus on designing a throughput-optimal scheduling for the cooperative communication at the network layer. We consider the cooperation between the number of source-destination pairs and relay nodes in wireless ad hoc networks. Each pair can communicate either through direct transmission or cooperative transmission which uses other relay to forward its data to destination. These relays are selected under the constraint of the interference of relay below a certain threshold to prevent the relays that may harm other pairs. Otherwise, in our scenarios, each source node has a single queue, where packets are backlogged before transmitting to destination. Due to the network stability constraint, the scheduling policy also needs to minimize the sum square of the queue lengths so as to equalize and keep the queue bounded.
The primary contributions of this study are as follows. (i)We first introduce the relay selection scheme which considers interference from relay node by keeping the interference level below a certain threshold. The effect of the interference is controlled by an interference threshold . The simulation results show that the effectively selected relay can help to mitigate interference at the relay and improve the network throughput.(ii)We propose a scheduling policy to determine which pair is allowed to transmit and which transmission mode is used to transmit data at each time. This scheduling is derived from the suboptimal control principles. At each time slot, the scheduling policy takes an action that maximizes a weighted cost function. This cost function is defined regarding parallel objective of the control strategies: maximization of the throughput, and stabilization of network queues.(iii)We analyze the sufficient condition for throughput-optimal policy and stability in cooperative communication. A theoretical analysis using the Lyapunov function shows that this scheduling policy obtains the throughput to be near optimal while the simulation results show that it outperforms the noncooperative policy and multihop relay policy.
2. Related Work
There are several works concerning the optimal use of the cooperative communication in wireless ad hoc networks. These works mostly focus on information theory study [6, 7] or design and analysis for cooperation at physical layers with amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward, selection relaying, and incremental relaying [8]. In [9, 10], the authors focus on the design of optimal algorithms and solve the optimal power allocation between the source and relay nodes to maximize capacity [9] and minimize outage probability [10]. In particular, the research in [11] studied the dynamic resource allocation for delay limited cooperative communication networks and developed dynamic cooperation strategies to achieve a target outage probability. They first consider the optimization problem with objective minimizing the number of packet errors. Then by using the Lyapunov technique, they present a framework to achieve the optimal solution of this problem at each time slot. This approach is similar to that of our study except that our work is performed at network layer. However, the objects of this work are different from the goal of our research, for example, throughput-optimal.
Research on throughput-optimal scheduling for single-hop and multihop wireless networks is addressed in [12, 13]. These results have shown that a scheduling policy based on the current queue length and link rate can achieve the maximum throughput region and stability region. In [12], the backpressure scheduling policy, which is based on the difference of queue length between source and destination nodes of links, can achieve the maximum throughput region and guarantee the stability of the network. The works in [13] extend the scheduling policy to a general framework for scheduling and flow control in multihop wireless networks. Recently, these results have been extended to cooperative networks. In [14], the authors provide an analysis of the throughput region and delay of cooperation in a line-like topology. They focus on characterizing the stability region and the delay of network-level cooperation. However, they assume a line-like topology and TDMA scheduling, whereas our research finds a throughput-optimal scheduling oncooperative ad hoc networks.
3. Problem Formulation
3.1. System Model
We consider a wireless ad hoc network with source destination pairs and other nodes which have no own data to transmit. These nodes are installed to increase throughput and reliability of the network. They receive and forward packet to the destination. We assumed a slotted time frame structure that is widely used in implementation of practical system, for example, WiMax, and theoretic analyses [9, 11]. The time is divided into equal units called time slot.
The exogenous traffic stream arrives to each source node at each time slot according to independent stochastic process. Then, it is stored in separate queues to await transmission. Let represent the exogenous traffic arriving at the time slot with the mean and . The arrival processes are i.i.d over slots, and the second moment of the arrival process is finite. Let be the number of packets waiting at queue of source node at time .
The wireless channel is considered to be flat fading and all noise components are modeled as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero means and variance . We focus on the slow fading channel, where the channel states of all links remain constant during one time slot and might be changed in the next time slot. Moreover, the channel gain between node and node is denoted by . Assume that the transmission power at each node is fixed with . Let be the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when node transmits packet to node . Thus, the instantaneous SNR is , which is modeled as an exponential distribution with means [15].
In our model, each pair in the network has freedom in selecting the transmission mode at each time slot. They can communicate either through direct transmission or cooperative transmission. In the first case, we say that the pair is in the direct mode, and in the latter case we say that the pair is in the cooperative mode. If the pair is in direct mode, the packet is transmitted directly to the destination by the source node. If the pair is in cooperative mode, the packet is forwarded to the destination by employing another relay node.
3.2. Relay Selection Scheme with Interference Control
In cooperative mode, the transmission of the selected relay may create unacceptable interference for other pairs. To prevent this problem, we proposed that each selected relay must maintain interference constraint, where the interference at each relay must be below a predetermined value . However, since the channel gain at each relay node is changed per time slot in time-varying channel, it is not reasonable to guarantee this constraint in every time slot. Thus, we require the probability of satisfying the interference constraint for selected relay of each pair above a certain value : where is the received SNR of the link between source node and its relay and is the interference at the relay node which is caused by multiple transmission of other pairs. Note that, if other pairs keep silent, . In this case, the interference constraint is given by
Thus, if , the constraint is not satisfied and the relay is prohibited. Otherwise, the relay will be opportunistically selected. In this case, it is hard to calculate the value of directly. To overcome this problem, instead of studying the constraint in (1), we study the approximation to the constraint given by Here, parameter indicates the interference control level: if , the threshold is tight that only few relays are selected to forward the data; otherwise, if , the threshold is rather loose; most of the relays are selected to forward without restriction. Finally, we obtained the straightforward expression of a set of relays satisfying the interference constraint for each pair : or
The average channel gain between relay and source node is determined by [16], in which is the distance between source node and relay and is the unit distance. Therefore, the relay set for each pair is circular with radius as follows: , where .
After the set of relays is determined, the source node can opportunistically select from this set one relay to forward the message without considering the effect on other pairs.
3.3. Network Objective and Control Variables
Whenever a pair is communicated, it will receive a certain throughput, which is defined by the number of the successful transmitted packets in one time slot. Let be the success transmission probabilities over direct link and cooperative link at time . We use the superscripts to indicate the direct transmission and cooperative transmission in this paper. The success probabilities depend on the channel conditions, modulation, coding type, and power level, as shown in [17]. Using the pilot signal, these probabilities can be estimated at the beginning of each time slot. We assume that these probabilities evolve over slots according to a finite-state Markov chain, and thus the steady state is measurable and is denoted by . Let be the number of transmitted packets of pair in direct mode and cooperative mode at time . These values can be calculated based on the transmission rate and packet length. Notice that, since different transmission modes have different success probability and number of transmitted packets, the throughput attained by using a different mode will be different. Let represent the throughput of pair :
At any time slot , the source node can use one of the following transmission modes: direct transmission, cooperative transmission, and no transmission. Define as the control variable indicating the transmission mode of source node at time slot . That is, if node activated the direct mode, if node activated the cooperative mode to transmit data, and in other cases. Notice that represents a virtual transmission packet because it describes the possibility of choosing transmission mode independent of the current queue length. In the case when or but there is no packet available at the pair 's queue, then no packet is actually transmitted. The vector denotes the control vector at time slot . Let denote the set of all valid control vectors of the network. Clearly, . In each slot , the scheduling policy decides the control vector such that . Now, we present some definitions.
Definition 1 (network stability). Queue is stable if the time average of the queue length . The network is stable if all queues are stable.
Definition 2 (stability region). The stability region of a scheduling policy is the set of arrival rates that stabilize the system under the policy. The stability region of the system is the union of stability region of all scheduling policies.
Definition 3 (throughput). For the arrival rate , the throughput under the scheduling policy at time slot , , is the total successful transmitted packet that is received by all users in the network. Mathematically,
Definition 4 (throughput-optimal). The scheduling policy is called throughput-optimal for the arrival rate vector if it can obtain the maximum throughput among all scheduling policies that stabilizes the network. We represent the throughput obtained by such policies for arrival rate vector by .
Definition 5 (-throughput-optimal). The scheduling policy is called -throughput optimal for if under this policy the network is stable and . The -throughput-optimal policy attains a throughput which is at most less than the throughput of any scheduling.
In this paper, we aim to design the optimal policy that selects the control vector in each time slot to maximize the average throughput, while the stability of the network is guaranteed subject to where denote an expectation and denote the th component of control vector . The constraint in (9) ensures the stability of the network.
4. Throughput-Optimal for Cooperative Communication (TOCC)
4.1. TOCC Policy
We consider a discrete-time linear time-invariant system with dynamics queues, where are the states and is the control input. Note that only is variable here since the scheduling decision is considered in this design. We define a cost function that is comprised of objectives in policy design: maximizing the throughput and stabilizing the queuing. The cost function is defined as follows: The first term in function is the average expectation sum quadratic of the queue length. This quadratic form gives higher cost values to the larger queue length; thus, it tends to equalize the queue length of every pair and reduces queue length of larger queues. The second term of is the average expectation of total throughput. The minimization of assures that the queue at each pair is minimized and total throughput is maximized. is a control parameter that provides tradeoff between the stability of queue and attained throughput.
In general, linear stochastic optimal control problem can be solved effectively with optimal policy in only few special cases [18, 19]. However, there exist different methods to find suboptimal control policy [18]. Regarding computational complexity and its compliance to our objective function, we consider control-Lyapunov feedback method. Suboptimal control policy following the control-Lyapunov feedback method is given as
the TOCC policy:
The TOCC has a similar form to that of the SNO algorithms [13]; however, the throughput is calculated differently. In TOCC, the throughput takes into account the success probability on each transmission mode and the number of transmitted packets in each mode. The solution of the TOCC uses the value of the current channel states, the queue length , the success probability, and the achievable rate (or number of transmitted packets) of each mode and does not need a memory of historical states or a required knowledge of the arrival rate.
4.2. Operation of TOCC Policy
In this section, we describe the operation of the TOCC policy: how this policy can stabilize the network while maximizing the throughput, by comparing it with the well-known backpressure policy [12]. We first denote where denote the th element of vector . In each time slot , the TOCC and backpressure policies select the control vector that maximizes and . It has been shown in [12] that the backpressure policy stabilizes the network for every arrival rate vector within the stability region. This is because, under this policy, the queue length process has a negative drift when the total queue length is significantly large.
We consider the two cases: large queue length and small queue length. In the first case, when the queue lengths are significantly large, we have ; then, from (12) and (13) for every , we have . Thus, TOCC policy and Backpressure policy select similar control vector. It is clear that the queue length process under TOCC policy also has a negative drift when the total queue length is sufficiently large. Therefore, TOCC policy stabilizes network for every arrival rate vector strictly inside the stability region.
In case the queue lengths are small, and differ, and the control vectors which are selected under TOCC policy and backpressure policy are not similar. In this case, we have . The TOCC policy prefers to select pair and control vectors which have high throughput to maximize . Therefore, TOCC policy can guarantee the maximum throughput for every transmission pair.
The following theorem summarizes our discussion above. It is shown that the TOCC is -throughput-optimal. The TOCC attains a throughput with a gap to the optimal solution. By controlling parameter , we can achieve total throughput arbitrary close to the optimal point.
Theorem 6. Given any arrival rate vector, , strictly inside the stability region, the TOCC policy stochastically stabilized all the queue. And then, for every , there exits such that, for every , TOCC policy is -throughput-optimal policy.
Proof. The proof of Theorem 6 is given in Appendix A.
4.3. Distributed Implementation Issues
Implementation of the TOCC policy requires two steps: gathering network states information which includes the queue length, success probability, and transmission rate, and computing the optimal control vector. In the first step, it requires centralized implementation and thus leads to increasing delay and bandwidth. In the second step, the control policy TOCC needs to find optimal vector by solving (11). In the worst case, since the cardinality of can be , the complexity to compute the optimal control vector is also . Thus, finding the optimal control policy is challenging since it requires the centralized implementation and the complexity of the problem is high.
To address the above challenges, we apply the Randomize Pick and Compare (RPC) framework [20] in order to implement TOCC policy in distributed manner with polynomial computation. The key feature of the RPC framework is that it does not seek to find an optimal control vector in every slot, and hence, it can significantly reduce the computation time. In every time slot, it determines the set in two steps.
Step 1 (pick). At each time slot, it generates a new control vector such that, for constant and is the optimal control vector selected by TOCC policy.
Step 2 (compare). Determine the control vector at time slot by comparing the previous control vector and the new one :
Based on [20, 21], the compare operation can be performed in a distributed fashion with computations. The following theorem shows that RPC framework has the same performance with the TOCC policy.
Theorem 7. Given any arrival rate vector, , strictly inside the stability region, the RPC framework stabilized all the queue. And then, for every and , there exits such that, for every , where is the throughput of the system under RPC framework.
Proof. The proof of Theorem 7 is given in Appendix B.
5. Performance Evaluation
In this section, we present our simulation to illustrate the theoretical results and to compare the performance of TOCC policy and its implementation with the aforementioned well-known policy.
In our simulation, we generate a random topology with 100 nodes which are uniformly distributed in a rectangular area. We select 20 nodes as the source nodes, and each source node picks one of its neighbor nodes as a destination. A relay node is also picked from the relay set of each pair. In order to determine the relay set of each pair, we let and . We set up a dynamic wireless environment where the link qualities and the arrival rate are stationary processes. A 2-hop interference model is used to determine the set of all valid control vectors, . The extended packets arrival to each pair is assumed to follow the exponential distribution with mean . These pairs can transmit either directly or cooperatively with a relay node inside their relay set . At each time slot, our simulation runs the following steps. At the first step, the success probabilities are generated using a random process with given mean quality. At the second step, we find control vector according to the TOCC policy. At the last step, queuing evolution is updated.
5.1. Throughput Comparison
In the first experiment, we compare our performance with two other policies called noncooperative policy (NCP) and multihop relay policy (MHR) which always uses relay node to forward its data. We evaluate the performance of these policies in the term of the throughput. The control parameter is set to 10. The relay set for each pair is calculated with the interference control level . The number of source nodes is 20 nodes. Figure 1(a) shows the throughput under the scenario where the direct links between source and destination have very poor quality, . We can see that the throughput of these policies is decreased in order: TOCC, RPC, MHR, and NCP. Although the multihop relay policy provides better performance than the noncooperative policy in this case, since it does not use the direct link, its performance is far below that of the TOCC and RPC. Similar results are shown in Figure 1(b) on the contrary case where the direct links between source and destination have good quality, . These results have two interesting features. First, when the quality of the direct link is good, the noncooperative policy performs better than multihop relay. When the quality of the direct link is low, the two-hop relay performs better. This reflects the nature of the wireless network: the performance of the direct transmission and multihop relay transmission depends on the link qualities. Second, in all cases, TOCC and RPC provide throughput better than what the noncooperative and multihop relays do. The reason behind this result is that the TOCC and RPC have wider degrees of freedom in choosing transmission mode of each pair at every time slot than others. Notice that, contrary to throughput of NCP and MHR policies, the throughput of the TOCC and RPC policies is almost the same in the two cases and its performance does not depend on the link quality of network.
Next, we consider the effect of the parameter to the performance of throughput. Given an input rate and the number of users , simulations were conducted by using control parameters in the range from 0 to 50, and the results are given in Figure 2. From Figure 2, it is seen that the throughput converges to the optimal throughput level, as the control parameter is increased. This result has been predicted in Theorems 6 and 7: when , the throughputs obtained by TOCC and RPC are near optimal.
5.2. Convergence and Network Stability
We verify the stability of the network under TOCC and RPC policies by investigating the queue length over 500 time slots. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the average queue lengths at source nodes. This result shows the queue length property of TOCC and RPC policies, which is specified in Theorems 6 and 7. The queue length fluctuates and coverages at the predefined queue length. Hence, the network is stable under TOCC and RPC policies. Notice that the RPC selects the control vector in an opportunistic way; thus, the convergence of the queue length under TOCC is faster than that of RPC.
5.3. Impact of the Interference Control
We consider the impact of the interference to the selection of the relay. The number of the relays under variation of the parameter and the average SNR on the link between source and relay nodes are shown in Figure 4(a). The number of the relays is increased with the increase of . Similarly, the parameter also impacts on the permitted number of the relays. This is because small means that the interference control is rather loose. Consequently, more relays are permitted to forward message.
The throughput of the TOCC under variance of parameter is illustrated in Figure 4(b). The throughput decreases drastically when goes to 0. From the interference control effect, it is clear that the throughput is lowered by nearly one and a half times with (control-free case) in contrast to case. Furthermore, the parameter more than 0.4 is recommended since TOCC can maintain its competitive performance in throughput in comparison with no-relay case.
6. Conclusion
Wireless ad hoc networks with cooperative transmission and direct transmission have been considered in this paper. Aiming at maximizing network throughput, we have investigated the scheduling policy which can guarantee the stability of network and obtain the throughput to be near optimal. In addition, the relay selection has been introduced to deal with interference caused by relay and other pairs. The relay selection scheme considers interference caused by relay transmission, since it required that each relay must maintain an interference constraint. Through simulation, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TOCC algorithm. The throughput that was obtained by our TOCC policy is very close to the optimum. It is also observed that effectively selecting relay can help to mitigate interference at the relay and improve the network throughput.
A. Proof of Theorem 6
First, we prove the supporting lemma.
Supporting Lemmas. Consider the following randomized policy (RD) that finds the probability , with the policy that selects in every time slot by solving the linear programming problem: subject to where is a parameter to ensure the stability of the network, while each queue is served at the rate higher than the arrival rate. Given any arrival rate vector , the RD policy is -throughput-optimal.
Proof. The constraint (A.3) ensures the stability of the network, while each queue is served at the rate higher than the arrival rate. Then we need to show that for every , . Let if is a control vector at time slot , and otherwise. Then, from (A.1) and (A.3), we have Equation (A.6) comes from the fact that the network is stable; then, the number of data departing the queue is equal to the data arriving at the queue. Now, we have where is the maximum capacity that a network can support, . From (A.6), (A.7), and (A.8), it follows that Consider an arbitrary policy that stabilizes the network for . We denote by the cumulative slots that control vector is selected under until . Then, we have Let for each . Then from (A.10), is in the feasible set of . Then, From (A.11) and the continuity of , there exits such that for every and , we have . Thus Taking the limit of two sides of inequality the previous: where is the throughput obtained by the policy. Now, we notice that . Thus, from (A.9), (A.13), and the definition of the previous limitation, there exits such that for every and , it follows that Because is an arbitrary policy, the result is followed from the previous inequality and Definition 5.
Proof of Theorem 6. Now, one begins to prove Theorem 6. Let and be the control vectors at time slot under RD policy and TOCC policy. Then, denote the throughput obtained under these policies. Our proof is based on applying the Lyapunov stability techniques. We define the corresponding Lyapunov function as follows: This represents a scalar measure of queue congestion in the network and implies the large queue size. The Lyapunov drift can be represented by : Let and using the queue length dynamics, The Lyapunov drift can be written as follows: Now, for every , there exits such that is -throughput optimal policy (Supporting Lemma). Hence, from (11), (A.18), Because RD policy selects the control vector with probability independent with queue lengths, thus, From (A.19) and (A.20), it follows that (i)Stability of : from (A.1), (A.21), we have Summing the previous inequalities over and noting that and , we have Hence, the network is stable under TOCC policy. (ii) is -throughput-optimal: when all queues converge, we have Equation (A.24) comes from the fact that when all queues converge, the arrival rate is equal to the service rate. From the definition of the throughput, it follows that Thus, from (A.24), (A.25), and (A.26), (A.21) can be written as Because RD policy is -throughput-optimal policy, thus, where . The result follows if .
B. Proof of Theorem 7
Let be the control vector at time slot under RPC framework. Denote as the sequence of time slot at which . Thus, we have . Now, with arbitrary , we have: From Step 2 of the RPC framework, Now, from (B.1) and (B.2), by rearranging (12), we obtain Now, given arrival rate vector , we use the analysis similar to the proof of Theorem 6 for obtaining (A.18): Hence, from (B.3) and (B.4), where .
The remaining of the proof is similar to those in the proof of Theorem 6. We omit it here.
This work was supported by the 2012 Inje University research grant.
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A classic Art Deco style cinema which opened as the Ritz Cinema on 13th May 1937 with Peter Lorre in "Crack Up" and Rochelle Hudson in Woman Wise". It was built by the Union Cinemas chain who were taken over by the Associated British Cinemas(ABC) chain in October 1937. It originally had a Wurlitzer 3Manual/7Ranks organ (with illuminated console and grand piano) installed, which was opened by organist Harold Ramsay.
The Ritz Theatre was built to compete with the Empire Cinema next door. Like the Empire Cinema, it staged variety shows as well as movies and in the mid-1960's staged pop shows starring Gene Pitney, Cilla Black, etc. In February 1961 it was re-named ABC.
It was closed on 28th May 1977 for conversion into a 3-screen cinema and a bingo club. ABC 1,2,3 opened 6th October 1977 with seating provided for 313, 187 and 150. In 1986 it was taken over by the Cannon Group and was re-named Cannon in late-1986. Taken over by Cineven it became the Odeon but was closed on 10th July 2003. The final films were "Charlie's Angels-Full Throttle", "Bruce Almighty" and "Fast & Furious". This is a fine example of an Art Deco style provincial 'super cinema' worthy of preservation. The Gala Bingo Club remains open in 2015.
Recent comments (view all 17 comments)
Here is a link to YouTube and an interview with the last projectionist. This is 1 of 3 films and interestingly has some shots of some of the decorative plaster on the ceiling of the rear circle that became the new projection box after conversion from single screen to bingo and 3 screens in the former circle.All 3 films are worth a watch just to see how poor the projection facilities were after conversion: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=m-t1iry3eSk
2 New photos uploaded:original auditorium before brutal butchering into 3 screens and bingo.
Another shot of the original Verity & Beverly designed auditorium in the photo section.
4 new photos added: Jimmy Hendrix, Roy Orbison, Jasper Bartwell at the Ritz Wurlitzer & pop show poster from 1960's
1 more photo added
New photo added. Still named Ritz but under ABC control. Easter Parade showing, and exterior of the cinema decorated for the opening of the film – complete with military band.
A short little film about the Ritz showing rare colour shots of the original auditorium and the entrance foyer: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2Gkvlij7D-8&feature=youtu.be
9 New interior photos added of auditorium & entrance foyer
5 new photos added including a letter to the purchaser of the Wurlitzer organ from Joseph Seal Director of music at ABC Cinemas in 1969
3 further photos added
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Ever wonder if other Americans, like you, have been interested in converting their vehicles to propane autogas? Being able to save on fuel, and possibly qualifying for government tax credits are just two of the benefits.
Recently in Mesa Arizona, public schools have made the decision to go green in a way that will revolutionize transportation. A count of 61 school buses, now being fueled by propane auto gas, makes this our nations first complete fleet. It is estimated that in a mere 5 years Mesa schools will reap benefits estimating at $4.4 million in saving alone!
Autogas is a mixture of propane and butane and is also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). A more common use for auto gas is in the household generator. It is the third most popular fuel in the world, being used as "green fuel" and reducing exhaust emission by 25%. After many years of trial and error in trying to pinpoint the best and most cost effective way to become environmentally friendly, Mesa Public Schools found it out and is now the leader in alternative fuel both in district and nationwide. Starting a trend, Mesa Public Schools has helped skyrocket propane autogas school bus sales to an all-time high.
Since February 2012 more than 270,000 auto gas vehicles have hit the streets in an effort to help save the planet, accounting for a mere 2% of the world's total. In an effort to make converting easier and hassle free for America, the United States has over 2.843 autogas fueling stations across the country. Ever reaching above the curve, the goal of Mesa Public Schools is to become the first fleet in the nation to run a 100% all propane autogas fleet. Mesa's director of transportation and vehicle maintenance, Ron Latko, happily accepted an award for leadership in converting to low emission. Latko said, "We are committed to showing parents and residents in our community that we're doing everything we can to be fiscally and environmentally responsible…". He finished with, "The fuel is green, safe, and proven, and we plan to keep converting diesel buses until we run 100 percent on propane autogas.".
For more information on Mesa Schools' effort
resource at : http://www.stnonline.com/home/latest-news/5638-arizona-school-district-receives-propane-award-for-fleet-of-alt-fuel-school-buses-
For more info on converting your vehicle to propane contact us — Arizona Propane (480) 990-2245 or visit our website today!
* Talk to your tax adviser about if/how you qualify for tax credit benefits.


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Reuters Is Still Stocking Up on Writers
Bethany McLean and Geraldine Fabrikant join the "Op-Ed" section.
The international news agency's brand-name journalist collection grows again today with the "Op-Ed" section additions of Bethany McLean, formerly of Vanity Fair, and veteran New York Times reporter Geraldine Fabrikant. Bloomberg, meanwhile, is down this week in the competition for best terminal company turned media operation. [FishbowlNY/Mediabistro]


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Jul 19, 2012 8:55 AM
We look for every excuse we can to avoid exercising. Our shoes aren't good enough. It's cloudy. We know we need to stay hydrated, but we don't want to drag a water bottle along for our
stroll run. With this Sip N' Go Collapsible Water Bottle ($8), we've got one less reason to stay on the couch. It's made from BPA-free plastic that collapses as we drink. When empty, it can easily fold up and fit into a pocket.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


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Drupal is an open source content management platform. Equipped with a powerful blend of features, Drupal supports a variety of websites ranging from personal weblogs to large community-driven websites.
Although Wordpress is used more as a blogging platform than an all-out content management system, many webmasters and organizations use it to organize and manage content. Wordpress offers easy remote access for bloggers looking to update their sites from any computer with an Internet connection, be it from web hosting company or a local Internet provider. The platform is also easy to use and provides functionality that enables those with limited coding knowledge to deploy simple websites.
The 2010 Open Source Awards was launched today by Packt, inviting people to visit www.PacktPub.com and submit nominations for their favorite Open Source project. Now in its fifth year, the Award has been adapted from the established Open Source CMS Award with the wider aim of encouraging, supporting, recognizing and rewarding all Open Source projects.
Recently, i've had a few requests from design companies asking how they can make Drupal Admin UI feel a little like Wordpress because a lot of their clients have become accustom to using Wordpress admin UI and is comfortable with administering their site with a separation of the front and backend. However, these design companies are trying to move away from Wordpress and offer Drupal as a long term solution. Furthermore, the design companies didn't want me to spend a lot of time customizing Drupal so that the admin UI is a bit more like Wordpress.
What does it mean when someone says "My Site is slow now"? What is page speed? How do you measure it? How can you make it faster? We'll try to answer these questions, provide you with a set of tools to use and explain how this relates to your server load.
I was really excited when I received this book 'Drupal for Education and E-Learning' from Packt Publishing because I was about to embark on a re-design of a university website and from the given title of the book, it seems to fit what I wanted to know.
Okay, i've randomly picked out a winner and for the Drupal site Blueprints...
congratulations! pierrelbz was the chosen winner.
You will be contacted on Twitter, please reply to receive your free book.
Duvien is a web designer/developer specialising in Drupal development. This is his freelance website, blog & digital playground.
Subscribe to all contentSubscribe to TutorialsSubscribe to Downloads


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Dressed elegantly in an evening gown, poet Monique Stubbs-Hall stands center stage holding a microphone. She recites a series of verses as mixed age girls dressed in couture suits, long gowns, white satin gloves, and wide brim hats sashay down the aisle. They strike poses exuding grace, confidence, sophistication and poise.
It's her tribute to ladyhood that originated as a poem she penned in 2006. She'd grown frustrated watching girls behave rudely, promiscuously, and wear tight, provocative clothing; behavior that had replaced the once-revered custom of civility and etiquette taught by generations of mothers.
She'd adapted the poem into a handbook. But with the ongoing influence of graphic music videos, explicit song lyrics, and "R-rated" television, she wanted to make a greater impact. "Ladihood" had to be more than a performance and handbook. It had to be a call to action.
"Ladihood is not charm school," says Stubbs-Hall, 47, speaker, author and mother of four children. "It is grooming our young girls into well-rounded ladies of substance."
In 2013, Stubbs-Hall created a quarterly four-week course for girls ages 9 to 18 and their mothers to learn about self-development. "It's a journey of self-discovery combined with etiquette and image, the importance of health and fitness, and the coping mechanisms to deal with stress," she says.
The two-hour sessions, led by facilitators who counsel on bullying, teen dating violence, suicide and self-mutilation, was also created for mothers and daughters to bond. "What I'm realizing is that the dynamics of motherhood itself has changed," she says. "I find that in this generation we have children that are raised by single moms who had to work two to three jobs to hold things down."
After completing Ladihood, Stubbs-Hall says her participants are happier and openly communicating. "I have more mothers in my classes who are crying and saying, 'I wish there was something like this when I was growing up. I just learned so much. There was so much that I didn't even know.'"
For Stubbs-Hall, she remains inspired by testimonies such as a suicidal teenage tomboy who self-mutilated and was stripped of her JROTC rank. After Ladihood, she was reinstated and attended her prom and military ball.
"When I saw these pictures, I literally was in tears because when I say transformation…" she says, choking up. "The comment they sent to me was 'Thank you, Ladihood.' And that's what it boils down to."


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Perhaps you've hesitate to make cheesecake for a small group because they always turn out too big for just a few people. Try this slim, 8-inch milk chocolate cheesecake for a smaller portion. It's rich but not too chocolaty, and the filling is only about 1 ½ inches tall, which means each portion is lighter than its full-sized cousins.
3 cups whole vanilla wafers
¼ cup melted salted butter
1 ½ cups whole milk ricotta cheese
2-3 oz. packages cream cheese at room temperature
½ cup granulated sugar
2 eggs
½ cup whipping cream
1/8 tsp. salt
2 Tbsp plus 2 tsp. Dutch process cocoa
2 Tbsp. all purpose flour
¼ tsp. vanilla extract
For the Crust
Preheat oven to 325°. Spray an 8-inch spring form pan with no stick spray and set aside.
Grind the vanilla wafers in your food processor. You should have about 1 ½ cups of cookie crumbs from 3 cups of cookies. Add the melted butter to the crumbs and pulse until the butter is incorporated.
Press the crumb mixture into the prepared 8-inch pan, about half way up the sides and covering the bottom. Place the pan in the freezer for 15 minutes.
While the crust freezes, make the filling.
For the Filling
Place the ricotta cheese and cream cheese in a large bowl and beat until the cheese mixture is smooth.
Add the eggs and the crenulated sugar and beat until creamy, stopping to scrape down the sides of the bowl.
Add the cream, salt, cocoa, flour and vanilla. Beat at low speed until smooth and filling is a uniform color.
Remove the crust from the freezer and pour in the batter.
Bake 35 to 40 minutes or until just set. The center should be a little jiggly—it will set up as it cools.
Remove the cheesecake from the oven. Cool to room temperature, then cover loosely with waxed paper or plastic wrap and refrigerate overnight. Remove the outside ring and serve with a garnish such as slightly sweet whipped cream, fresh berries or bittersweet chocolate curls.
Cook's notes:
- This recipe calls for whole milk products, but experiment with the lower-fat versions. Add an extra egg or an extra spoon of flour to make sure the cheesecake filling holds together when using low-fat versions of ricotta cheese and cream cheese.
- The frozen crust method I used comes from George Geary's book, "125 best Cheesecake Recipes," ISBN 0778800547. This edition is in print and is available at your favorite bookstore. I recommend Cookbooks by Janet Jarvits in Pasadena, where you'll find thousands of cookbooks on every kind of cuisine you can imagine. Search Janet's catalog here.
- For the freshest ricotta cheese, visit Claro's Italian Market in Arcadia, Temple City or one of its many Southern Calif9rnia stores. For a list of locations, visit the Claro's website.
More information:
Try plating your cheesecake with a dessert sauce such as crème anglaise, raspberry sauce or chocolate sauce.


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Latest News
- To celebrate our eleventh season we have a new video – just click on the arrow in the middle of the screen to play!
- Ann and Dave stay here 30 times and post our 750th review on TripAdvisor!
- Love is in the air – and in our hot tub!
- The Visit Wales Inspector calls and we retain our five stars!
- We celebrate our 700th review on Trip Advisor – and most have been good!!!
- We make the TripAdvisor Wall of Fame!
- Henry's swan song!
"On the shore of Lake Tal-y-llyn beneath Cadair Idris in southern Snowdonia, this peaceful stone-built house has lake views from every window. 'Wonderful: our visit is an annual highlight,' says a regular correspondent. This house is run in a personal style by owners, John, 'a welcoming and chatty host' and Ricky, who cooks the 'very good' evening meals. There is good walking, mountain biking and fishing."
News Archives
We are fortunate – and are so grateful – that quite a few of our guests write about us on Trip Advisor. Most are complimentary although we know that we do not always get it right! One posting which really amused was from Barry Toothill, who was part of a house party who booked the whole house one weekend in the summer. We thought his musings were so good that they should get an airing here and we thank Barry for giving us his permission.
"Having enjoyed a splendid weekend at The Old Rectory on the Lake with excellent food,accommodation and splendid walking I felt moved to pen the following little poem about our weekend. I have been writing poems for many years for family and friends to celebrate special occasions so maybe this is a first review in rhyme for Trip Advisor.
To arrive for a weekend is a Friday delight,
A busy week over with the Welsh valleys in sight,
Drive down the valley a glimpse of Dolgellau is due,
Cadair Idris to the west as Tal y Llyn comes into view,
What more could you want for a weekend break,
Than a stunning Old Rectory on the shore of a lake,
A quiet location of peace and charm,
Stillness, solitude and countryside calm,
Lake like a millpond for a stroll round and potter,
Keeping out a sharp eye for the Tal y Llyn otter.
Arrive early evening for a weekend stay,
Settle into your room at the end of the day,
Five star stuff at the end of the path,
Posh bathroom with like view and an island bath.
Dinner served up at around about seven,
What a menu – the choice is a "foodies" heaven,
Taste buds alert as from the menu we choose,
And a wine list to on which to muse,
After eating and drinking in the dining room hub,
We traverse the steps to the outdoor hot tub,
It takes six to eight so in we did pack,
And jacuzzied by torchlight quaffing Armagnac.
Sunday morning comes quickly, we're soon on our feet,
With full English breakfast or porridge or kippers to eat,
Then a bright sunny morning with a decision to make,
No contest we're drawn to a walk round the lake,
The water is still and the reflections clear,
A cloudless sky and no rain to fear,
Out on the lake fly fishermen casting their line
Enjoying their pastime in the morning sunshine.
As a Tal y Llyn weekend soon passes you by,
Let's do it again is the enthusiastic cry!"


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Share Your Story
One of the most important goals of this site is to collect stories about The Great Depression from the folks who travel through. We've provided the form below as a space where people can write their stories and attach their photos. We hope you'll join us by sharing your story about how The Great Depression affected you and your family.


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UC Food Blog
What is the world's most popular meat?
I'll bet a lot of you guessed chicken or pork. Some of you probably thought beef. Surprise! In the United States, we tend to consume chicken as our white meat of choice and beef as our red meat, but 63 percent of the world's population eats goat meat. Interestingly, more and more goat meat is being consumed in the United States and not just as an ethnic dish due to the growing ethnic population. The health-conscious consumer is also looking at the benefits of incorporating either cabrito (a delicacy meat from goats that are harvested between 1 to 3 months of age and weigh less than 50 pounds) or chevon (goats that are harvested between 6 to 9 months of age and weigh between 50 and 75 pounds). Older goat meat is also consumed but usually as sausage or in chili.
goat producer directory). Multi-species grazing on our rangelands not only provides economic diversity for the ranch but utilizes our rangeland forages better than single-species grazing. But let's get back to that health-conscious consumer and why demand for goat meat is growing.
The table below shows the nutrient comparison of goat meat to traditionally raised chicken, beef, pork and lamb.
Nutrient composition of goat and other types of meat1, 2
Fat (g)
Saturated Fat (g)
Protein (g)
Cholesterol (mg)
1 Per 3 oz. of cooked meat
2 USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 14 (2001)
You can see that goat meat is lower in calories, total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol than the other meats. Less saturated fat and less cholesterol mean healthier red meat for the health-conscious consumer. Additionally, goat meat has higher levels of iron (3.2mg) when compared to a similar serving size of beef (2.9 mg), pork (2.7 mg), lamb (1.4 mg), and chicken (1.5 mg). Comparatively, goat meat also contains higher potassium and lower sodium levels. In terms of essential amino acids, goat meat closely resembles beef and lamb.
With these benefits, it's clear why consumers are developing an interest in eating goat meat.
The more you know, the more careful you are
With a daughter soon to complete a degree in health safety, discussions of Salmonella, E. coli and the like sometimes arise as we sit around the dinner table. As an agriculturally focused family, we like to think we're pretty savvy about the best way to handle our produce to keep it safe and tasty.
Some are very concerned about food safety. A gentleman phoned the Postharvest Technology Center a few months ago, and shared that he was very concerned about eating strawberries. He thought perhaps he should scrub each one with a soft toothbrush, and then soak them in a diluted chlorine bath.
Others are much less aware of food safety concerns, sometimes using cutting boards and knives interchangeably between raw meat and produce items, or other unsafe food handling practices.
Dr. Roberta Cook, a marketing and postharvest specialist affiliated with the center reported, "in 2008, 53 percent of shoppers interviewed in a national survey by the Food Marketing Institute, named 'bacteria or germs' as a serious health risk to their food, ranking it as their number one concern." The produce industry and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration continue to work hard to establish safe procedures for every step between the farm and the market.
Dr. Linda Harris, a food safety specialist, and Dr. Christine Bruhn, a consumer food marketing dpecialist, also affiliated with the Postharvest Technology Center, offer the following concise steps for the safe handling of produce:
- In the grocery cart and at home, keep fruits and vegetables separated from raw meat, poultry, and seafood to prevent cross-contamination.
- Once at home, store all fresh-cut ready-to-eat prepared produce in the refrigerator to keep it cold.
- Wash all whole fruits and vegetables, including larger items like melons, just before preparation for eating. Cut out damaged (bruised, discolored) areas before eating.
- Before and after handling fruits and vegetables, make sure that your work area and utensils are clean and that your hands have been washed with hot soapy water.
- Fruits and vegetables should be washed under running water. Soaking them in water increases the opportunity for cross-contamination and is not recommended.
- Produce such as apples, cucumbers and melons that can be rubbed without damage should be scrubbed using clean hands or a clean scrub brush.
- Dry washed fruits and vegetables with clean disposable paper towels.
- It is not necessary to wash ready-to-eat prewashed and packaged fresh-cut produce. If you choose to rewash this type of produce, follow the instructions above. Always wash unpackaged prepared salad mixes under running water prior to consumption.
- Once cut or prepared, all fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated promptly. After serving, refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours.
Additional produce safety resources:
"How to Properly Wash your Produce" video by Dr. Christine Bruhn.
For more University of California information about the safe handling of fruits and vegetables:
UC Home Gardening, Preservation and Storage Publications
Safe Handling of Fruits and Vegetables (pdf)
Food safety brochure (pdf)
Honey, I'm homemade!
Well, they enabled it.
Take a look at one of May Berenbaum's favorite honey recipes and you'll know why she calls it "Apiscotti" or "Bee-Enabled Biscotti."
Seven of the 12 ingredients (butter, honey, almond extract, nutmeg, cranberries, cherries, and almonds) depend on the pollination services of the honey bee, Apis mellifera.
May Berenbaum, professor and head of the University of Illinois Department of Entomology, kindly shared the recipe below.
You may know her as an entomologist, an administrator, a honey bee researcher, a book author, a columnist (American Entomologist), an opinion page writer (see her piece on bed bugs in the New York Times) a wife and a mother.
But not a beekeeper
"Although I'm an entomologist, I'm not in any sense of the word a beekeeper," she writes in her newly published book, Honey, I'm Homemade: Sweet Treats from the Beehive Across the Centuries and Around the World, a project that benefits the University of Illinois Pollinatarium, the nation's first free-standing science outreach center devoted to flowering plants and their pollinators.
"At various intervals during my life I've been a bee landlord—other entomologists have kept bees on property I own—but I've never personally had a hive I could call my own or been involved in the production of honey. Truth be told, I'm a little afraid of honey bees—and not just because they can sting. The stings are a manageable risk. What I find unnerving about bees is how eerily talented they are and how profoundly different from the million-plus other species of insects."
Berenbaum, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, says that honey is a unique food "because of its power to evoke a particular time and place. Every time it is collected from a hive, honey takes on the nuanced flavors of a particular set of flowers--clover, orange blossoms, buckwheat, or others--at a certain point in time processed and stored by a particular group of bees. Honey is not just a snapshot of a time and place--it's the taste of a time and place, and it lends its flavors to the delectable baked goods and other treats found here."
Indeed, we're glad to see a project benefitting the Pollinatarium and heralding the humble honey bee. In pollination services alone, honey bees contribute approximately $20 billion annually to American agriculture. And the value of the 2008 honey crop totaled more than $226 million, Berenbaum points out.
Without the honey bee, there would be no Apiscotti—or most of the other foods we enjoy. And that would bee disastrous.
Here's her recipe for Apiscotti.
Apiscotti (Bee-enabled Biscotti)
1/2 cup butter
1/2 cup sugar
1/4 cup honey
3 eggs
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon almond extract
1/4 teaspoon nutmeg
2 teaspoons baking powder
2 1/2 to 3 cups flour
1/2 dried cranberries, chopped
1/2 cup dried cherries, chopped
1/2 cup blanched sliced almonds, chopped
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Cream sugar and butter together; mix in honey until smooth. Beat eggs until frothy and then add salt, almond extract, nutmeg, and baking powder. Combine the sugar-butter mixture with the egg mixture. Add flour until dough is a consistency that can be handled. Refrigerate dough for 1 hour or more.
Divide chilled dough into 3 parts and flatten each third into a rectangle (use additional flour to make handling easier if necessary). Place a line at the center of each flattened section of dough and fill with chopped cherries, cranberries, and nuts. Fold the sides of each rectangle over to form a loaf, filling in center, and seal.
Place loaves on greased cookie sheet at 350 degrees for 45 minutes to 1 hour, or until golden brown. Slice on a slant while hot into 1/2-inch slices. For crispier slices, return to oven for 5–10 minutes, or until golden brown (the color of a honey bee).
Research helps ensure safety of leafy greens
Four years ago, a multi-state outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in fresh baby spinach gripped the nation. Nearly 200 people in 26 states came down with the disease. Two elderly women and a 2-year-old boy died.
The outbreak was also devastating for the industry. The contaminated spinach was traced back to Central California, where growers produce 80 percent of the nation's leafy greens. Scientists, farmers and regulators worked together to restore public confidence in products that are widely considered part of a healthy diet. Regulators and farmers created the California Leafy Green Marketing Agreement to establish a culture of food safety on leafy greens farms and researchers worked to close gaps in the body of scientific knowledge about the sources of E. coli O157:H7 in the region.
In 2006, UC and USDA researchers were already designing a four-year study of the possible sources of E. coli O157:H7 near Central California fresh produce fields when the high-profile spinach outbreak occurred. This month, data collection from rangeland and farmland, steams and irrigation canals comes to a close. The team of scientists is now analyzing the data to reach conclusions that will help prevent future food contamination.
Preliminary results reflect a diversity of E. coli O157:H7 carriers near Central Coast farms, according to Edward (Rob) Atwill, a UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine specialist in waterborne infectious diseases and co-principal investigator of the study. Early on, free-ranging feral swine were implicated as carriers of the deadly bacteria, but it wasn't known whether there were other sources in the environment. The researchers collected 1,233 samples of wild and feral animal scat from 38 Central Coast cattle ranches and leafy greens farms that were adjacent to riparian, annual grassland and oak woodland habitat. Eighteen of the samples were found to contain E. coli O157:H7.
The scientists found the bacteria in
- 3 of 60 brown-headed cowbirds
- 5 of 93 American crows
- 2 of 95 coyotes
- 1 of 72 deer mice
- 10 of 200 feral swine
E. coli O157:H7 was not found in scat samples from deer, opossums, raccoons, skunks, ground squirrels, or other bird and mouse species.
"Our goal over the next nine months is to finish analyzing this very large and comprehensive dataset and to identify various good agricultural practices that reduce the risk of foodborne pathogens for the produce industry," Atwill said.
What's shakin'
Harvest time in California is almost a year-round affair in one area or another: winter lettuce and spinach in Salinas, early spring strawberries along the South Coast, summer squashes, herbs, and tomatoes galore, hays and grains as long as the dry season lasts, and countless other food and fiber crops through the year.
Like grapes, walnuts, apples and olives, the almonds get their turn in autumn. On the right day, you can watch as a Rube Goldberg-like machine rolls through a local nut orchard, grabbing hold of tree trunks one by one and shaking them so hard it'll rattle your bones, but just hard enough to knock loose practically every nut on the tree without damaging its trunk. A sweeper follows next, gathering up nuts in their rough hulls from the clean orchard floor, blowing them clean of debris, and dumping them into harvest bins. Simple as that. But 60 or 70 years ago this work was all done by hand, and the harvest that's now completed in a day could take a week or more.
First the farmers would clean the orchard floor and spread a big canvas sheet under a tree, wide enough to catch anything that could fall from its canopy. One or more members of the harvest crew then took up long, slender poles and knocked loose the harvest-ready nuts, still in their hulls. Nuts rained dusty onto the workers' wide-brimmed hats and the wide-spread sheet. A skilled harvester could work the long, willowy pole with a fly fisherman's skill to strike the last few stick-tight nuts, one by one, and down they'd fall. Each nut meant another ounce or so, which added up to pounds and eventually dollars from the buyer or co-op. Then as now, you don't do this sort of thing just for your health.
Nuts from the sheet were raked and shoveled onto a sled and dragged out of the orchard. While the harvest crew set to work on the next tree, others would pick debris out of the sled, scoop the cleaned nuts into big burlap sacks, stitch them shut, and load them onto a wagon for a trip to the railroad and on to market.
Old times and new. This year, California's largest almond-growing cooperative, Blue Diamond Growers, celebrates its 100th anniversary. You can learn more about the crop's history in California at a special centennial website.


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Common Craft Video
Our new video explains blended learning in under 2.5 minutes. See the highlights below: Watch it now About this video: This video follows the story of a teacher who discovers blended learning and incorporates it into his teaching. It teaches: A basic definition of blended learning How the Internet has impacted teaching options The role of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in blended learning How blended learning can change how classroom time is used What factors can ensure success Why... Continue Reading
Our new video is all about the models of online advertising. This animation includes highlights: About this video: We see advertising everywhere online. Using an example of a small business, this video explains the major advertising models and how they work to build awareness for a new product. What it teaches: Why advertising is so important to online commerce. The basics of display and pay-per-click advertising. How text and keyword-based advertising works. Remarketing: Why some ads seem to... Continue Reading


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More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
Beauty & Wellness Dictionary for Cosmetologists, Barbers, Estheticians and Nail Technicians
ISBN13:by Milady
Questions About This Book?
Why should I rent this book?
Renting is easy, fast, and cheap! Renting from eCampus.com can save you hundreds of dollars compared to the cost of new or used books each semester. At the end of the semester, simply ship the book back to us with a free UPS shipping label! No need to worry about selling it back.
How do rental returns work?
Returning books is as easy as possible. As your rental due date approaches, we will email you several courtesy reminders. When you are ready to return, you can print a free UPS shipping label from our website at any time. Then, just return the book to your UPS driver or any staffed UPS location. You can even use the same box we shipped it in!
What version or edition is this?
This is the 3rd edition with a publication date of 1/7/2013.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
- The Rental copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. You may receive a brand new copy, but typically, only the book itself.
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The BEAUTY & WELLNESS DICTIONARY is a comprehensive, easy-to-use, A to Z reference of beauty and wellness-related terms. This edition features hundreds of updated definitions, providing their meaning as well as application in areas such as anatomy, cosmetic chemistry, electricity, dermatology, esthetics, hair, nutrition, and all the fields that collectively make up the beauty and wellness industry. In addition to 130 color photos and 40 illustrations throughout, the Appendix also has 24 tables, charts, and detailed anatomical drawings for the user.


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Currently we have some servers that are going to give service to a certain region, thus they have their own unshared users, although we need to establish a secure connection in order to make the site function correctly.
By now we only have one single domain SSL certificate that permits just one site function with https and we are looking for the best cost effective solution by spending the less in certificates and extra servers in order to offer a HTTPS connection to all of our sites.
Is it possible to establish many HTTPS connections to different sites located on various server only using one UC Certificate ?
- Windows 2003 Servers (latest SP) X 3
- 1 public IP
- 2 regional sites (Ex: North America site / South America Site )
- RIA App
- A single IIS can not contain all the websites
- Sites are separated to offer better application performance
Proposed solution #1: Make an IIS 6.0 server a reverse proxy
With this approach I think the user could access the site and the application easily although I am concerned about how the SSL would behave and also if there could be problems because the site is a RIA.
Making IIS 6.0 a reverse proxy
Proposed solution #2: Use IP aliasing or NAT
Although the article was about Linux and Apache, I think a somewhat equivalent solution could be given using NAT to redirect the user to the correct site. Once again my main concern is that the HTTPS connection could fail.
Proposed solution #3: Virtual directories
This one seems interesting although I do not see it as practical because what we really want is to separate the distinct sites and not make one server that runs all of them.
Proposed solution #4: Use a load balancer
This one seems as the most obvious solution, although I want a more static solution, and also I would like to see how this works with HTTPS.
Final thoughts
- We can buy the UCCert although we would prefer not to
- Can we use a single domain cert to accomplish all that?
- How will ASP sessions would be handled by this setting?
Thanks a lot for your time and a lot more if you can contribute in some guidance over how to make the best choice.


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I'd buy an AK real soon as I don't trust this new administration.
This is a discussion on semi auto rifle within the Defensive Rifles & Shotgun Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; Get the AK...I'd go with 7.62x39 as it is the most common and is domestically produced (although the domestic stuff is much more $ than ...
Get the AK...I'd go with 7.62x39 as it is the most common and is domestically produced (although the domestic stuff is much more $ than the foreign).
"Being a predator isn't always comfortable but the only other option is to be prey. That is not an acceptable option." ~Phil Messina
If you carry in Condition 3, you have two empty chambers. One in the weapon...the other between your ears.
Matt K.
I'd buy an AK real soon as I don't trust this new administration.
where in the world do you get the 8 round idea????
I have three 30 round mags and three 15 round mags, all loaded with jhp ammo, all the time. For home defense, and I'm "in the country", my shooting extents would not be over 75 yards outside, and only a few feet inside. I can slice the pie with the short CX4 all through the house, and the lower front rail light will light up a pretty good area if needed.
And, for what it's worth, there ain't much difference in poi/poa between 50 and 100 yards.
oh, and I have had my share of commie guns to play with. I just don't consider them comfortable in close quarters.
edit to add.... I see you mis-read "8 pound commie gun" as "8 round commie gun"
I guess anything's possible but I've shot a jillion mesquite trees and also a few various other trees and have yet to see this phenomenon. What sort of trees are we talking about?
I shot a tree with my bb gun about 40 yrs ago and it came back and got me. Never forgot that and have never shot a tree since.
Worth considering, anyhow.
Stay safe,
Chuck Brick.
Why do I use 230 gr. for my .45acp?
Because I can't find a source of 250 gr!
While I have some amount of ammo set aside, I don't yet own any "x39mm" or "x54mm" weapons, so I have none of that ammo. That is a consideration as I ponder whether to acquire a weapon chambered for such ammo. If my future-purchased ammo will be made in the USA, I don't see the AK/SKS ammo as being any friendlier to the wallet than .223/.308.
FWIW, I consider 12 gauge and .223 to be entirely adequate for home defense and other close-range defensive use, which is just as well, because my chief expects me to use the same weapons for SD/HD that I use on the job. Buckshot, slugs, and .223 55-grain JSP have been nailing felons for quite some time, so I don't feel handicapped living within those ammo guidelines.
Since you're already a fan of handguns, I'll bet you have some that shoot .44 or .357 magnum. In which case, I'd suggest you get a "John Wayne Assault Rifle" - a lever action carbine. I was sort of stuck between the Beretta CX4 Storm and the Bushmaster Carbon 15 (since I've already got pistols in 9mm), which already reflected a prejudice against gas-operated actions in favor of the simpler blowback, and then thought, why do I need anything that complicated or specialized? A decent lever action holds 9 or ten rounds, works fast enough, and is fun to shoot. Not bad on white-tails, too.
Daniel L. Hawes - 540 347 2430 - HTTP://www.VirginiaLegalDefense.com
Nothing I say as "user" should be taken as either advertising for attorney services or legal advice. Legal questions should be presented to a competent attorney licensed to practice in the relevant state.


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Lemon Chicken & Rice Soup RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
3.5 19 19
When buying your chicken for this soup, take it to the butcher counter and ask the butcher to cube it for you. It'll save you time in chopping! —Kristin Cherry, Bothell, Washington
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 pounds boneless skinless chicken breasts, cut into 1/2-inch pieces
- 5 cans (14-1/2 ounces each) reduced-sodium chicken broth
- 8 cups coarsely chopped Swiss chard, kale or spinach
- 2 large carrots, finely chopped
- 1 small onion, chopped
- 1 medium lemon, halved and thinly sliced
- 1/4 cup lemon juice
- 4 teaspoons grated lemon peel
- 1/2 teaspoon pepper
- 4 cups cooked brown rice
- In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon oil over medium-high heat. Add half of the chicken; cook and stir until browned. Transfer to a 6-qt. slow cooker. Repeat with remaining oil and chicken.
- Stir broth, vegetables, lemon slices, lemon juice, peel and pepper into chicken. Cook, covered, on low 4-5 hours or until chicken is tender. Stir in rice; heat through. Yield: 12 servings (4 quarts).
Originally published as Lemon Chicken & Rice Soup in Taste of Home February/March 2014
Reviews for Lemon Chicken & Rice Soup
Please Log In or Join to add a rating and review.
Click stars to rate
Any changes to your rating or review will appear where you originally posted your review
Reviewed Jan. 25, 2016
"This soup is VERY lemony! It was good, but if I make it again I will omit the thinly sliced lemon."
Reviewed Oct. 18, 2014
"Soup was bitter. It had no favor. I would not make it again. To much rice in the recipe."
Reviewed Jul. 8, 2014
"Loved this recipe!"
Reviewed Mar. 23, 2014
"This was extremely too bitter for my tastes. I suggest using a quarter of the sliced lemon or maybe none at all."
Reviewed Mar. 12, 2014
"This was pretty good, extremely lemony and a bit sour if you like that. I used orzo instead of rice, for speed of preparation. Kind of a refreshingly sour, bright taste. We didn't rave about it, but if I had lots of lemons on hand I would probably make it again."


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YouTube Opens Video Game Floodgates
August 27, 2015
It's alive! YouTube Gaming, a hub that's home to over 25,000 video game pages, on Wednesday began broadcasting live and on-demand streams, let's play videos and the like. The gaming hub is accessible on desktop PCs, and on Android and iOS devices. YouTube's new hub is likely to offer a serious challenge to Twitch, the video game streaming service Amazon bought last year.
Wii U to Become Pokken Tournament Playing Field
August 25, 2015
Nintendo and The Pokemon Company last week announced that Pokken Tournament -- the Pokemon fighting game developed by Namco Bandai -- will expand from arcades in Japan to a worldwide launch on the Wii U in the spring of 2016. Instead of just issuing commands to use special attacks, players of the fighting game can direct the blows their Pokemon deliver.
Intel: Putting Innovation Back in the Hands of the Innovators
August 24, 2015
We are living in an amazing time, but many of us seem to take it for granted. We have private spaceships. Self-driving cars are on the road, even though we can't buy them yet, and there are plans for a 12-mile-high inflatable building. Granted, a number of us are convinced it will end up looking like a giant version of the inflatable fan blown stick man often seen outside of car dealerships.
Razer Can't Wait to Intro Its Unnamed VR Camera Baby
August 20, 2015
Razer has introduced a camera that incorporates Intel's RealSense technology, suggesting use cases as a depth-sensing accessory in PC gaming and beyond. The company described its camera concept at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco, which was chock-full of big announcements. Intel updated developers on its efforts in the wearables market, and it introduced its solution for IoT security.
Qualcomm Ups the Ante With Next-Gen Processor Innovations
August 12, 2015
Qualcomm on Wednesday unveiled its Adreno 5xx GPU architecture next-generation visual processing technology and its 14-bit Spectra image signal processing unit at SIGGRAPH in Los Angeles. The first two GPUs to use the new architecture, the Adreno 530 and 510, will be integrated in Qualcomm's forthcoming Snapdragon 820 and 620/618 processors. The Snapdragon 820 also will feature the 14-bit ISP.
Everybody Can Run - Not Walk - to the Rapture
August 12, 2015
With the post-apocalyptic adventure game Everybody's Gone to the Rapture, Sony may have a cult classic on its hands. The PlayStation 4 exclusive became available Tuesday. The Chinese Room, a game development studio that previously worked exclusively on PC and Mac titles, developed Everybody's Gone to the Rapture with the support of Sony and SCE's Santa Monica Studio.
Teens Find Real Friends in the Online Jungle
August 7, 2015
Teens have been using digital media to create bonds that extend well beyond playing games or tweeting, according to a study Pew Research released Thursday. Along with likes and shares and tags and retweets have come beefing, berating, trolling and blocking. Although a lot of social activity appears superficial, that's not always the case. Some long-term friendships have been forged online.
Microsoft Aims to Meet Gamers' Great Expectations
August 5, 2015
Microsoft on Tuesday launched the Rare Replay collection -- the best games lineup in Xbox History, according to Xbox Chief Phil Spencer -- at Gamescom in Cologne, Germany. Even some loyal Xbox fans might disagree with that proclamation, but Microsoft attempted to back up its assertion with a content-rich presentation bedazzled with exclusive games.
Autodesk's Stingray Gets Into Video Game Guts
August 4, 2015
Tired of serving as just a pretty face, Autodesk on Monday announced that it's putting its muscle into the business of making video games. The new Stingray engine, introduced at the Game Developers Conference, pulls together Autodesk's efforts in the games space. Stringray is a cross-platform engine that supports Xbox One, PlayStation 4, the Oculus Rift, Windows, Android and iOS.
Angry Birds 2: Freemium Clips Its Wings
July 31, 2015
Angry Birds 2 -- the 13th installment of Angry Birds and the original game's first proper sequel -- on Thursday became available for iOS and Android. The free-to-play model is a call to players beyond its base. However, those new players may slip through developer Rovio's fingers if the game's features fail to motivate them to play with real money
Nintendo's Sleep Monitor Is More Than a Dream
July 28, 2015
A patent application published last week has revealed more information about Nintendo's plans to build out its hardware ecosystem with contactless sleep monitoring technology. The device will assess individuals' emotions by using array of microphones and cameras to keep track of the noises and movements they make while getting some shuteye, according to the description in the patent application.
Twitch Yanks Player Controls From Flash
July 24, 2015
Game-streaming service Twitch on Thursday joined Apple and other tech companies in swearing off its dependence on Adobe's Flash. The move away from Flash will happen in stages, but Twitch has promised its community that the gradual rollout will advance at a steady pace. Twitch began the transition to the more secure HTML5 and JavaScript by hybridizing its streaming video player.
A New Challenger Pounds the Street Fighter V Pavement
July 21, 2015
Capcom has introduced a new character for its upcoming Street Fighter V, as it continued a reveal that promises a more connected, less confusing experience for players of the next installment in the decades-old series. Whether in a dark alley or a sunny park, any encounter with Necalli would trigger the run-and-hide side of the fight or flight response.
Angry Birds 2 Set for Late July Landing
July 20, 2015
Six years and more than a dozen spinoffs after Angry Birds first took flight, the game finally will receive a proper sequel on July 30, Rovio announced last week. The details are scant, but Angry Birds 2 apparently will be "bigger, badder and birdier," going by a tweet from Rovio. It's likely that Angry Birds 2 will launch on both Android and iOS.
Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata Leaves Legacy of Charm
July 14, 2015
After more than a decade of shaping fan-forward Nintendo philosophies, President Satoru Iwata died Saturday at 55. Iwata had been struggling with cancer for about a year. The one-time programmer and long-time video game enthusiast worked his way through the Nintendo ranks. He succeeded Hiroshi Yamauchi in 2002, becoming the first Nintendo president who wasn't a member of the Yamauchi family.
Gunpoder Malware Masquerades as Lesser Evil
July 9, 2015
Palo Alto Networks' Unit 42 team on Tuesday published a report on Gunpoder, a family of Android malware that can evade detection scans by pretending to be adware. Cong Zheng and Zhi Xu authored the report. The team discovered the new Android malware last November. Its new report aims to spur cooperation within the security community to mount defenses against the threat.
Microsoft Anchors Minecraft Strategy to Education
July 5, 2015
Microsoft wants to find ways to assist the pioneering teachers who have taught pupils through the sandbox construction game Minecraft. The company earlier this week launched its Minecraft in Education initiative to turn the pioneers into pillars. There was puzzlement over Microsoft's end game last September, when it purchased Mojang, the studio behind the multiplatform hit.
Oculus Rift: This Is My Final Form
June 26, 2015
No more screendoor-effect issues or motion-induced sickness. On-board power, outside power requirements under control. With each prior iteration of its Rift headset, Oculus VR assured gamers that they hadn't yet seen the its final form. Finally, in the run-up to this year's E3 and at the show, came the invitation for everyone to "step into the Rift" and behold what the VR headset has become.
Sony Meets Microsoft in Game Console Muscle Match
June 23, 2015
Beefed up and slimmed down, the new 1TB PlayStation 4 Ultimate Player Edition is scheduled to arrive in Japan before this month concludes and then launch in the UK in the middle of July, Sony announced on Sunday. The revised console, bearing twice the storage capacity of its predecessor, will arrive in the U.S. somewhere inside of the two weeks that follow its July 15 launch in the UK.
3 Things That Will Change Electronic Entertainment Forever
June 22, 2015
E3 -- perhaps the biggest and most important gaming conference in the world -- took place last week. Sony and Microsoft came ready to do battle, Nintendo showed up, and we were up to our armpits in little companies doing amazing things with virtual reality. However, companies that weren't at the event likely have more to say about the future of gaming than those that had a big presence there.
Gadget Ogling: Wrist-Saving Keyboards, Resource-Saving Smartphones and New Angles on Reality
June 20, 2015
Here to save all our wrists -- or at least those of the populace with a spare $299 to spend on a computer accessory -- is a lovely, wood-finished keyboard called "Keyboardio Model 01." Taking its cue from a long history of ergonomic keyboards, the device splits an atypical keyboard in two, dedicating half the keys to each of your hands, and it's set in a gorgeous maple wood construction.
Nintendo's E3 Direct Gives It to Fans Straight
June 17, 2015
Nintendo allayed the fears of some gamers in Tuesday's E3 Direct presentation, assuring them that long-term projects have not been scrapped. Many fans and analysts had been expecting the company to close the pipeline of games designed for its current hardware as it gears up for a new console. However, the main focus of E3 Direct was the near term -- that is, the second half of this year.
Bethesda Dazzles in E3 Debut
June 16, 2015
With a sackful of news about additions to its library and an expansion of its lore, Bethesda Softworks held its first-ever showcase on Sunday, as the Electronic Entertainment Expo gathered heat for its official kickoff on Tuesday. Jolly staffers dished news and trailers for the next entries in some Bethesda's most successful franchises, as well as a pair of spinoffs.
Battleborn Ventures Beyond the Borderlands
June 15, 2015
Gearbox Software on Friday demoed Battleborn at a pre-E3 event, stirring interest in the title, along with many comparisons to its Borderlands predecessor and other games. Gearbox previously had released details about the game and shared a new trailer. Battleborn features 25 playable characters. Online, the game pits players in five-on-five fights in three game modes.
E3 2015: Evolution or Stagnation?
June 15, 2015
The annual Electronic Entertainment Expo officially kicks off in Los Angeles on Tuesday, but the festivities already have begun with a number of press events leading up to the opening. The trade show for the video game industry regularly draws in game developers, retailers and journalists from around the world, and it provides gamers with a preview of upcoming titles.
Amazon Seeks Talent for Ambitious PC Game
June 8, 2015
Amazon on Monday announced a casting call through a sponsored article in a gaming publication. The company is looking for talent to join Amazon Game Studios to help develop "an ambitious PC game project." Amazon Game Studios initially was viewed as a way to fuel Amazon's Fire lines of mobile devices, but it now appears the company is trying its hand at developing AAA video games.
Fallout 4 Trailer Lets Waiting Fans Exhale
June 3, 2015
The last second has since ticked off the countdown timer on the teaser site, and Fallout 4's official website has gone live. Fallout 4's confirmation on Wednesday may have invoked more feelings of relief than surprise. Even before the teaser site went up, gamers looking for another loot-and-shoot role-playing game have been demanding a followup to 2010's Fallout: New Vegas.
Nintendo Scotches Android Console Rumor
June 2, 2015
Nintendo not only has embraced the idea of releasing its iconic intellectual properties for mobile devices, but also is planning to base its next videogame console on a version of the Android operating system, according to a Japanese-language business publication. The publication claimed an inside source revealed that Nintendo's next console, code named "NX," will run on Android.
Google's Cardboard May Help Build Strong VR Foundation
June 1, 2015
It's a whimsical approach to virtual reality, but Google's Cardboard VR platform breaks down the barriers of entry and allows consumers to bring their own devices to the movement. "I think [Cardboard] will help with the general popularity of VR," said Marxent CEO Beck Besecker, "but I think the folks that are really going to gravitate to VR are going to want a high-quality experience."
Splatoon: Nintendo Seeks Bloodless Coup in Online Shooter Genre
May 27, 2015
With its bloodless battles of attrition between squads of human-squid chimeras, twitch-shooter Splatoon oozes classic Nintendo charm that has enamored many early reviewers. It takes a crack at the competitive shooter genre, but instead of the visceral shock of bullet wounds, blood, and the wails of the wounded, Splatoon supplies brightly colored ink to wield in chaotic matches.


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Clear questions and runnable code
get the best and fastest answer
Re: How does @INC get set?by steves (Curate)
|on Nov 12, 2004 at 14:18 UTC ( #407361=note: print w/ replies, xml )
|Need Help??
On *nix systems where I use Image::Magick I also have to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH or the equivalent so the run-time ImageMagick libraries can be found. It's a longshot, but maybe worth investigating. It might also help to join one or more of the ImageMagick mailing lists. I've been on those and the people are generally very responsive and helpful.
In Section Seekers of Perl Wisdom


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This dress has never been worn, only tried on, the dress has not been altered. I love the bead accents on front and the beaded floral accent on the back.
- Alterations: No alterations.
- Preservation Method: Just purchases, has been cleaned, nothing else done to this dress.
- Terms of Sale: All Sales Final
- Original Owner: Yes
- Has Original Receipt: Yes
- Location: Lexington, SC
- Will Ship to: Other
- Payment Methods Accepted: Other
Please read our BUYER'S GUIDE before purchasing a dress online.


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Free Worldwatch Research
Worldwatch Report #175: Powering China's Development: The Role of Renewable Energy
China's need for secure, affordable, and environmentally sustainable energy for its 1.3 billion people is palpable. In 2006, China's energy use was already the second highest in the world, having nearly doubled in the last decade, and its electricity use is growing even faster, having doubled since 2000. With both energy-intensive industry and high-tech manufacturing, China now serves as factory to the world.
Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS) Baseline Report and Assessment
The Caribbean region stands at a crossroads, faced with several critical challenges associated with the generation, distribution, and use of energy. While onerous, these shared challenges are far outweighed by the region's tremendous potential for sustainable energy solutions. By acting on this potential, the Caribbean can assume a leading role in the global effort to combat climate change while promoting sustainable regional economic and societal development.
Study on the Development of the Renewable Energy Market in Latin America and the Caribbean
The region of Latin America and the Caribbean is already a global low-carbon leader in terms of power generation from hydrological and biomass resources, and it recently has made great strides in developing its other renewable energy sources. Declining costs, maturing technologies, and vast untapped potentials for renewables offer an unprecedented opportunity for further development of the renewable energy market in the region. Continuing to invest in renewables will provide Latin America and the Caribbean with the opportunity to address key economic, social, and environmental challenges in the energy sector. This publication available for free download.
Haiti Sustainable Energy Roadmap: Harnessing Domestic Energy Resources to Build a Reliable, Affordable, and Climate-Compatible Electricity System
Haiti's electricity sector stands at a crossroads. Haiti depends on imported petroleum for 85% of its electricity generation, diverting 7 percent of its annual gross domestic product to importing fuel. Still, only 25% of the Haitian population has regular access to electricity, bringing barriers to advances in economic opportunity, health, education, and social equality. Yet, according to the Worldwatch Institute's new Haiti Sustainable Energy Roadmap report, tremendous opportunities and actionable solutions exist to build an electricity system that is economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable. This publication available for free download.
The Way Forward For Renewable Energy in Central America
Central America is at a crossroads. As the economies of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama expand, regional use of fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation is on the rise, while the use of fuelwood, primarily for cooking, continues to be unsustainably high. These developments come at the price of rising greenhouse gas emissions, worsening air and water pollution, and significant health and societal costs.
Roadmap to a Sustainable Energy System: Harnessing the Dominican Republic's Wind and Solar Resources
Eighty-five percent of electricity production in the Dominican Republic is generated from imported fossil fuels. This dependence comes at a high cost for the country's economy, making it extremely vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations, creating an unfavorable trade balance, and causing local air and water pollution as well as contributing to global climate change. Energy efficiency, generation from domestic renewable energy resources, and smart grid solutions can show the way out of the predicament.
The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2010-2011: Nuclear Power in a Post-Fukushima World
Even before the disaster in Fukushima, the world's nuclear industry was in clear decline, according to a new report from the Worldwatch Institute. The report, which Worldwatch commissioned months before the Fukushima crisis began, paints a bleak picture of an aging industry unable to keep pace with its renewable energy competitors.
Natural Gas and Sustainable Energy Initiative Briefing Papers
This briefing paper series is designed to explore and communicate the potential of natural gas, renewable energy, and energy efficiency to work together to build a low-carbon economy. The papers provide a forum to examine potential environmental, social, and political obstacles that must be addressed if natural gas is to accelerate, rather than delay, a low-carbon energy transformation.
This publication available for free download.
Global Competitiveness in the Rail and Transit Industry
This report draws on lessons from Germany, Spain, Japan, and China, the four dominant international rail manufacturing countries, to conclude that greater investment in U.S. rail manufacturing could revive America's former leadership in the world rail industry-–and potentially create hundreds of thousands of jobs. Written for the Apollo Alliance in partnership with Northeastern University and the Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness.