text:
Editor's Note
Prospects for Preventing Nuclear Proliferation
David Krieger
Bush and the Bomb: Undermining Non-Proliferation
Natalie J. Goldring
Navigating the Second Nuclear Age: Proliferation and Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century
C. Dale Walton
A Cloak for Proliferators? The Suspicions that Impede a Nuclear Weapons Convention
Tanya Ogilvie-White
Understanding and Stopping Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism
Charles D. Ferguson and Joel O. Lubenau
Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: How to Prevent the Deadly Nexus
Alistair Millar
Iran and the West: The Path to Nuclear Deadlock
Seyyed Hossein Mousavian
Rhetoric for War: First Iraq, Then Iran?
Cyrus Safdari
The Korean Conundrum: A Regional Answer to the Nuclear Crisis
Wade L. Huntley
Israels Open Secret: Time to Confront the Taboo
Akiva Orr
Nuclear Favouritism: Bush, India, and Pakistan
Raju G. C. Thomas
Britains Trusty Trident? Neither Independent nor a Deterrent
Kate Hudson
A. Q. Khans Nuclear Hubris
Christopher Clary
Book Review
Proliferation: A Global Survey
Andrew Butfoy
Book Review
Middle Eastern Women and the Struggle for a Public Voice
Valentine M. Moghadam
Book Review
Imperialism and Globalism
David Chandler
Volume 8 ● Number 12 ● Winter/Spring 2006Nuclear Perils
Rhetoric for War: First Iraq, Then Iran?
The Bush administration's case for attacking Iran has three main themes, which it shares with the case for invading Iraq: both countries were accused of supporting al-Qaeda and have been linked to the 11 September 2001 tragedy; both countries were said either to possess or seek nuclear weapons; and both countries were said to pose an imminent threat which had to be dealt with by force and outside the United Nations system if necessary.
The similarity in the drumbeats for war on Iran and Iraq is no accident: it is just one example of the most common justification employed by US presidents to influence public opinion in favour of the use of military force overseas, a justification which is formulated as the necessity to deter foreign aggression, protect the United States and defend freedom. Similar justifications have been employed for overseas interventions on numerous occasions in the past. For example, using language which is eerily similar to President George W. Bush's justifications for waging a "war on terror" today, President Lyndon Baines Johnson justified sending US troops to the Dominican Republic in 1965 by stating:
as long as I am president of this country, we are going to defend ourselves. We will defend our soldiers against attackers ... we will defend our nation against all those who seek to destroy not only the United States but every free country of this hemisphere.
Of course, the use of rhetorical techniques of persuasion by presidents or other leaders is not new. Statesmen in ancient Athens and in the medieval era employed rhetorical techniques to sway public opinion and to refute their opponents. In the modern era, the US president is the chief rhetorician in the American political system. Indeed, President Theodore Roosevelt described the presidency as a "bully pulpit" from which to command attention and attempt persuasion, and presidential researchers have since developed general theories to explain how presidents lead public opinion towards desired policy choices.1
These appeals to public opinion employ a variety of standard techniques of rhetorical persuasion. In analysing the Bush administration's rhetoric on Iran, it is therefore instructive to consider how some of the more obvious examples of fallacious reasoning and techniques of deceptive rhetoric were employed to make the case for a war on Iraq.
The Enthymeme
One of the most powerful justifications for the invasion of Iraq was the alleged connection between Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. After all, the 9/11 attacks provided convenient cover for the sort of military action against Iraq which had been long espoused by many members of Bush's neo-conservative clique, and even now the belief that Saddam Hussein was somehow responsible for 9/11 persists among Americans long after the Congressional 9/11 Commission investigation concluded in June 2004 that there was "no credible evidence" that Saddam Hussein had a role in the attacks.
The pervasiveness of this false belief is a tribute to a technique of rhetorical persuasion known as the enthymeme, which is just as effective today as it was more than 2,500 years ago when it was defined by Aristotle in his Rhetoric as the act of "concluding from certain assumptions that something else follows … either universally or as a rule" where the assumptions are based on "commonplaces" that the audience takes for granted, and that therefore need not be explicitly stated.
A simpler, modern definition of an enthymeme is an argument in which a premiss or a conclusion is left unsaid, allowing the audience to fill in the gap itself using its own preconceptions. The persuasive effect of the enthymeme is attributable to the fact that the audience becomes a participant in the process of its own persuasion; rather than challenging the audience's preconceptions, the speaker relies on them to sell his message. And since the key element in the argument is merely hinted at, but never explicitly stated by the speaker, an added benefit of the enthymeme is that it provides a degree of "plausible deniability" to the speaker: if ever confronted, the speaker can legitimately deny having made the controversial argument.
The Bush administration's ability to connect the invasion of Iraq to the tragedy of 9/11 was a textbook example of the usefulness of enthymemes. For example, on 1 May 2003, while standing on the deck of the USS Abraham Lincoln, President Bush said:
The battle in Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September 11, 2001, and still goes on … With those attacks, the terrorists and their supporters declared war on the United States, and war is what they got.
As an example of the enthymeme, the argument is summarised thus:
Major premiss: Terrorists attacked us on 11 September.
Unstated minor premiss: Iraq was responsible for the attacks of 11 September.
Conclusion: So we justifiably went to war on Iraq.
The minor premiss—that Iraq was somehow responsible for the attacks of 11 September—was never explicitly stated. It didn't have to be; it was simply left up to the audience to fill in that gap for itself.
US vice-president Dick Cheney used a slightly different enthymematic argument to connect the invasion of Iraq to 9/11. In various interviews during the course of the build-up to the invasion, Cheney repeatedly emphasised the existence of an Iraq–al-Qaeda conspiracy by referring to an alleged meeting between Mohammed Atta, one of the 9/11 hijackers, and a senior Iraqi official in Prague a few months prior to the attacks. The audience already knew that al-Qaeda was responsible for the events of 9/11 (major premiss). Cheney supplied the minor premiss by claiming that agents of al-Qaeda and Iraq had met and conspired together in Prague. From there, the audience was able to connect the dots and reach the unstated conclusion: Saddam was responsible for the attacks of 9/11. Cheney never had to state this explicitly, of course; he merely had to imply it. And after the 9/11 Commission found no such Iraq–al-Qaeda connection (since Atta was in Virginia at the time of the alleged meeting, according to the FBI and the CIA), Cheney invoked the "plausible deniability" characteristic of the enthymeme: "I have not suggested there's a connection between Iraq and 9/11."2
Americans, jarred and confused by the 9/11 attacks, were quite willing and able to hold Saddam responsible for them; and just in case they encountered any difficulty in making the connection, a pliant and frenzied media as well as a variety of think tanks and pundits, through their endless heated speculation on the matter and juxtaposition of Iraq and al-Qaeda, were there to help the audience make the leap from retaliation for 9/11 to the invasion of Iraq. This step was probably further assisted by the fact that most Americans have little understanding of the Middle East in the first place, and make few distinctions between its various peoples and political systems. After all, the "common knowledge" used by audiences to fill in the missing portions of enthymematic arguments often consists of little more than ordinary prejudices and cultural biases. That is why Aristotle characterised the enthymeme as the best way to sway the masses, since "the uneducated argue from their everyday knowledge".
And similarly today, we are treated to new allegations about an al-Qaeda connection to Iran—for example, that Iran permitted the hijackers to cross its territory. In a "web exclusive", Newsweek breathlessly reports on "the latest evidence" that the 9/11 hijackers had "frequently used Iran as a safe transit point in their travels to and from Afghanistan"3—as if passing through Iran, which is a neighbour of Afghanistan, is indicative of Iranian complicity in the 9/11 attacks. As one commentator put it,
President Bush promised to "look into the facts" about al-Qaeda members' crossing Iran on their way to the US.
What he didn't say is the fact that no one can come to the US directly from Iran (legally or otherwise). These terrorists must have gone through a number of other countries. Turkey? UAE? Others? It doesn't seem that Mr. Bush will "look into the facts" to see how these terrorists managed to cross those other, friendly, countries.4
In any case, the alleged Iranian support for al-Qaeda does not now appear to be the main theme of the Bush administration's charge-sheet against Iran, perhaps because the FBI's own rather blatant failures in stopping the 9/11 hijackers have reduced the potential traction of any alleged Iran-9/11 link. Instead, the theme of the "Iranian nuclear-weapons programme" seems to be the favoured justification for a war on Iran. However, the main stumbling block in selling Iran as a nuclear threat has been the absence of any actual evidence of such a programme. Thus, the rhetorical techniques used by the Bush administration to portray Iran as an impending nuclear threat are mainly designed to make up for that crucial bit of missing evidence. The enthymeme fulfils this "gap-filling" function perfectly.
The Bush administration's rhetoric on Iran employs a somewhat more evolved form of the enthymeme than the two examples given regarding Iraq. Thus, "Iran must not have a nuclear weapon", President Bush thundered in a 1 March 2006 interview, and in June 2003 he urged that "the international community must come together to make it very clear to Iran that we will not tolerate the construction of the nuclear weapons". These two statements represent a form of the enthymeme which Aristotle identified as an "especially well-liked" kind: the enthymematic maxim. This type of enthymeme is distinguishable from the previous sort by the fact it does not employ separate clauses which must be laboriously connected together by the audience to reach the desired conclusion (while prodded on by the hints, nods and winks of authority figures). Instead, enthymematic maxims are short, self-contained "persuasion bombs" which, conveniently, are also great sound bites: "Iran must not be allowed to have nuclear weapons" implies that Iran is in fact seeking nuclear weapons, and furthermore that the Bush administration would be justified in using force to prevent such acquisition. There is no room for questioning in the enthymematic maxim—no room to wonder, for example, whether Iran is actually seeking nuclear bombs in the first place; if you agree with the conclusion that Iran must not obtain the bomb, you must accept the unstated premiss that Iran is in fact seeking to obtain the bomb.
Begging the Question
Stating as fact conjecture about weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is but one of the Bush administration's rhetorical deceptions used in selling wars. Students of rhetoric may recognise this technique as the related fallacy of petitio principii or "begging the question". This is a form of fallacious argument in which the truth of the very point in dispute is implicitly assumed in the premisses of the argument. This fallacy is particularly useful in overcoming the problem of the missing evidence of a nuclear-weapons programme in Iran: rather than proving the existence of such a programme, it is easier to assume that its existence has already been established and is an incontestable fact.
This rhetorical technique was widely used in the build-up to the war on Iraq. The phrase "Iraqi WMD programmes" was bandied about so much that it became unquestionable fact, even though inspectors of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had failed to find the alleged WMD. The Bush administration was so insistent that Iraqi WMD existed, and the US media had shown itself to be so willing to parrot the Bush administration's line, that it seemed downright silly and conspiratorial to suspect otherwise. Perhaps the most glaring of the many examples of the administration's absolute insistence on the existence of Iraqi WMD was supplied by Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld in a 30 March 2003 interview with George Stephanopoulos on ABC This Week: "We know where they are. They're in the area around Tikrit and Baghdad and east, west, south, and north somewhat." Again, in a televised speech on 17 March 2003, President Bush told the American people there was "no doubt" Iraq had "some of the most lethal weapons ever devised".
Similarly, the Bush administration simply treats the existence of an Iranian nuclear-weapons programme as an established and unquestionable fact. Thus, addressing a conference in December 2003, John Bolton, at the time US under-secretary for arms control and international security, declared: "Although Iran has biological, chemical and missile programmes, I will focus today on their nuclear-weapons programme, which Iran itself has acknowledged has been under way for at least eighteen years."5 This despite the fact that there is no evidence of a nuclear-weapons programme in Iran, and that Iran has certainly never acknowledged the existence of any such programme.
And again, just as in the case of Iraq, the media and the pundits are happy to go along with the official spin by casually tossing out pro forma references to "Iran's nuclear-weapons programme", as if the existence of such a programme is now beyond dispute. For example, on 23 May 2005, PBS TV's NewsHour with Jim Lehrer dedicated a segment to "a report on the Iranian nuclear weapons program". On 4 April 2006, William Arkin opened his online Washington Post blog thus: "In the tricky world of deterrence, where the United States is pressuring Iran to give up its nuclear weapons program …" The New York Times is perhaps the worst offender in this regard. Its editorial board admitted rather grudgingly to having inadvertently promoted the Bush administration's propaganda line on Iraq. But the newspaper is apparently capable of simultaneously condemning the Bush administration while promoting a similar propaganda line against Iran. As media scholar Norman Solomon observed,
[A] distinct rhythm of drumming for a war dance is audible in the present. Consider a statement that appeared a couple of inches under the close of the New York Times editorial declaring on Saturday that "there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq." In an editorial just below, the Times flatly stated conjecture as fact: "Iran has a nuclear weapons program."6
Ironically, the same media outlets that freely refer to a non-existent "Iranian nuclear-weapons programme" are meticulously careful when referring to an "alleged" Israeli nuclear arsenal—even though thanks to Mordechai Vanunu, the existence of Israeli nuclear weapons is an established fact.
Amusingly, the fallacy of begging the question often takes the form of a rhetorical question, and usually as part of the headline of an article. "Can Iran's A-bomb Ambitions Be Stopped?" asked Fred Kaplan in the online news magazine Slate on 6 May 2005. "Can the US Defuse Iran?" asked Time on 14 February 2005; on 3 April 2006, the same magazine, referring to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran, asked: "Will This Man Get the Bomb?"
And regrettably, some of the same pundits and think tanks that helped peddle the "Iraqi WMD" threat are now active in promoting the idea that an Iranian nuclear-weapons programme exists. For example, during the build-up to the Iraq invasion, the director of the Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control repeatedly claimed that Iraq had "an active programme for building weapons of mass destruction", though in fact the IAEA inspectors had concluded otherwise. In editorials published in the Wall Street Journal he even went so far as repeatedly to accuse Hans Blix, the then–director-general of the IAEA, of being "timid" and "irrelevant" because of the IAEA's "failure" to find the non-existent WMD in Iraq. The editorials are still conveniently posted at IraqWatch.org, a special website dedicated to "accounts of Iraq's efforts to build weapons of mass destruction". There were no attempts to withdraw these statements after the IAEA was vindicated and no WMD were found in Iraq. Instead, without missing a beat, the same organisation has simply shifted its attention to Iran: it has a started a new website called IranWatch.org, which urges policies to "stop the Iranian bomb". The fact that there is no actual evidence of any "Iranian bomb" appears to be as irrelevant to these pundits today as the non-existence of Iraqi WMD was in 2003.
When the much-touted "Iraqi WMD programmes" were not found after the US invasion, the Bush administration's justification was reformulated as "Iraqi WMD-programme-related activities". A bit later it was again reformulated as Saddam's "intent to reconstitute WMD". The justification for the invasion of Iraq became more and more vague with each step, to smooth over the fact that Iraqi WMD had failed to materialise. Eventually, the whole WMD pretext was discarded in favour of a post facto "promotion of democracy" justification.
Similarly, the absence of any actual evidence of an Iranian nuclear-weapons programme is being smoothed over through the use of ambiguities. This is usually done by conflating a nuclear-weapons programme with a nuclear-energy programme. Legally, the two are quite distinct: according to the terms of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), countries like Iran are entitled to obtain and possess civilian nuclear technology for peaceful purposes "to the fullest extent possible" and "without discrimination". That is why a number of other countries have developed the same nuclear-enrichment technologies that Iran is developing now, including Brazil, and why the United States encouraged and supported Iran's nuclear programme under the shah.
The intentional conflation of a nuclear-weapons programme with a nuclear-energy programme takes several forms. For example, in addition to overt references to Iran's "nuclear-weapons programme", there may be references to Iran's nuclear "threat", or vague statements about Iran's nuclear "ambitions", or even more tenuously, allusions to Iran's "intentions" to obtain a nuclear-weapons "capability". In a paper entitled "Defusing Iran's Bomb", one pundit claims: "Iran is now no more than 12 to 48 months from acquiring a nuclear bomb … and seems dead set on securing an option to do so."7 So, what is Iran months from acquiring: the bomb, or merely an "option" to obtain the bomb? What exactly is an "option" to acquire the bomb, anyway? Can't any country with a nuclear infrastructure be said to have the "option" of using it to build bombs? All these inconvenient issues are covered up by such use of ambiguous language. The ambiguity is useful precisely because such questions don't have to be answered, provided the implied "threat" is communicated.
Subverted Support
Writing in the Boston Globe, a veteran Iran-watcher considers the question, "why does Iran want nuclear weapons?"
Far from being an irrational state seeking nuclear arms as a means of intimidating and invading its neighbors, Iran wants the bomb for the purpose of deterrence against a range of external actors, most notably today, the United States … Washington's incendiary rhetoric and talk of military preparation only reinforce the cause of Iranian politicians who suggest the only manner of preserving Iran's territorial integrity and regime security is to acquire the "strategic weapon."8
Note the built-in assumptions of this paragraph, which are never adequately justified: that Iran does indeed "want nuclear weapons" and that there are unidentified "Iranian politicians" who favour obtaining nukes. However, those who claim that Iran lives in a dangerous neighbourhood and therefore must be seeking nuclear weapons as a deterrent are engaging in a logical fallacy known as "subverted support": they are attempting to explain a phenomenon when there is no evidence that the phenomenon exists in the first place.
After three years of intensive inspections, and despite the speculation about "secret nuclear sites" and "parallel weapons programmes", the only real conclusions the IAEA inspectors have been able to reach about Iran are that there is no evidence of an Iranian nuclear-weapons programme. The IAEA reported in November 2003 that "to date, there is no evidence that [Iran's] previously undeclared nuclear material and activities … were related to a nuclear weapons programme". One year later, Mohamed ElBaradei, director-general of the IAEA, confirmed that "all the declared nuclear material in Iran has been accounted for, and therefore such material is not diverted to prohibited activities". As a result of publishing these findings, the IAEA drew a serious rebuke from the Bush administration and prominent neo-conservative think tanks, and for a while the Bush administration even sought to remove ElBaradei from his position.
Indeed, politicians in Iran uniformly and vehemently deny seeking nuclear weapons, and have consistently pressed for the creation of a nuclear-weapons-free zone in the Middle East, only to be rebuffed by the United States and Israel. Iranian authorities have consistently and repeatedly stated that nuclear weapons would not improve their security environment, and have offered to implement measures going far beyond any legal requirements in order to ensure that Iran's uranium-enrichment programme cannot be diverted to military use. These offers, which have included operating Iran's enrichment facilities as joint ventures with foreign investors, and subjecting these facilities to intensive monitoring by the IAEA, have been rejected out of hand by the United States and the EU-3 (Britain, France, and Germany), as has Iran's offer to suspend industrial-scale enrichment for another two years.
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
The argumentum ad ignorantiam, or argument from ignorance, is a fallacy where an assertion is assumed to be true since it has not been disproved, or conversely, that an assertion is assumed to be false since it hasn't been proven to be true.
An example of an argumentum ad ignorantiam would be to say, "Ghosts exist, but their existence cannot be proven because they are immune to all forms of scientific measurement."
When applied to the case of Iran's nuclear programme, the argumentum ad ignorantiam is usually employed to explain away the absence of evidence of an Iranian nuclear-weapons programme. For example, one veteran Iran-watcher has stated:
Iran has no particular reason to actually do the bomb work yet; first, it has to complete the nuclear fuel cycle and make the fissile material. So it is possible that Iran has not started to work on how to put together a bomb because there is no need to do so yet.9
Another states:
The Iranians have always denied that they had a weapons program, and though Western intelligence agencies had determined that they were lying, the Iranian program was believed to be so rudimentary that it did not require very much to keep it hidden from the IAEA—thereby explaining why no one had found more evidence of Iranian progress.10
In both cases, the fallacy of argumentum ad ignorantiam is applied to suggest that the absence of evidence of a nuclear-weapons programme isn't attributable to the fact that no such programme exists; rather, there is no evidence of a weapons programme because Iran hasn't really set its nuke-building programme in motion yet. In other words, ghosts exist but we just haven't been able to prove their existence.
Shifting the Burden of Proof
Part of the effectiveness of the fallacy of argumentum ad ignorantiam derives from the fact that it shifts the burden of proof. During the course of reasoned argument, it is usually the case that the person who makes an accusation has the obligation to provide the necessary proof to support it. The fallacy of shifting the burden of proof occurs when the accused is required to disprove the accusation against him. The fallacy lies in the assumption that an accusation is true unless proven otherwise by the accused. The accused is faced with two equally bad choices: either he can simply refuse to attempt to disprove the accusation, or he can try to do so fruitlessly. Whichever option the accused chooses, he will simply make himself appear to be guilty.
This fallacy had a particular relevancy during the build-up to the Iraq War, since Iraq was required to prove that it no longer had WMD. Saddam attempted to meet this burden by, for example, submitting a twelve thousand–page disclosure about Iraq's WMD programmes—only to be accused of trying to cover up something by filing such a voluminous document: "instead of full cooperation and transparency, Iraq has filed a false declaration to the United Nations that amounts to a 12,200-page lie."11
Saddam's efforts to prove that he no longer harboured WMD were futile. A lonely article in the New York Times explained why he was doomed to fail: "Suppose you assert that there are no black swans … You'd have to produce all the swans in the world to show there are no black ones—an impossible undertaking."12
Similarly, the German foreign minister has declared that the onus is on Iran to prove its nuclear programme is peaceful. Iran has perhaps foolishly attempted to meet this burden by allowing greater inspections than it is legally obliged to permit, by voluntarily suspending uranium-enrichment work between October 2004 and January 2006, and by offering to operate its enrichment facilities as highly monitored joint ventures with foreign entities. However, the EU-3 and the United States have made it clear that the only proof they will accept of the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear programme is the total abandonment by Iran of its right to enrichment.
The fallacy is compounded when the accuser not only shifts the burden of proof of innocence onto the accused, but also raises the evidentiary bar so high as to make it practically impossible for the accused to refute the charge. According to Condoleezza Rice, US secretary of state, Iran is to be denied nuclear technology not because it is currently building bombs but merely because it "could" do so. Stated in this form, the charge against Iran is irrefutable: after all, there is no way for Iran—or the IAEA inspectors for that matter—to prove that Iran "could not" do something in the indefinite future.
Slippery Slope
We next come to the fallacy of the "slippery slope" (also known as non causa pro causa), according to which if A can lead to B which can lead to C, and C is bad, then A must be bad and must be prevented. This argument becomes fallacious if the connections from A to B, or from B to C, are not necessarily valid or likely.
The generic form of the slippery slope justification for war is usually, "If we don't fight them there, we'll have to fight them here." Some may recognise this as the "domino theory" which was used as a justification for the US role in Vietnam: If we don't stop the godless communists in Vietnam, then Vietnam's neighbouring countries will fall and ultimately all of South-East Asia could succumb to communism. Of course, that proved not to be the case. More recently, the neo-conservatives have argued that by invading Iraq, the United States could install a democratic government there, which would then help to spread democracy and liberalism across the Middle East.
When applied to Iran's nuclear programme, the slippery slope fallacy usually predicts that if Iran is allowed to develop nuclear technology, the result will be an uncontrollable wildfire of proliferation and a regional arms race:
If Iran goes nuclear, Egypt will follow, then Saudi Arabia (more likely buying than making) and possibly Syria. Contemplate the consequences of such a nuclear arms race for Israel's security and the stability of energy supplies.13
There are some very basic problems with this theory. For one thing, it is highly ironic that Iran's mere capability to build nuclear weapons will supposedly spark this uncontrollable cascade of nuclear proliferation, and yet Israel's existing nuclear weapons are not considered to have this effect. Indeed, if we are to assume, as the fallacious argument implies, that one country's nuclear capability will force other countries to acquire their own nuclear deterrent, then the real regional culprit for proliferation must be the original nuclear power in the region—Israel. Note also that similar predictions of regional arms races have not been made when, for example, Brazil recently acquired the same nuclear technology that Iran is seeking to develop.
Finally, the argument assumes that the other countries in the region aren't already working to develop their own nuclear programmes. There has been speculation about a Saudi–Pakistani nuclear link for many years. Several other nations, including Egypt and South Korea, have been caught conducting secret and potentially weapons-related experiments. In the cases of those two US allies, however, the IAEA settled for delivering a light slap on the wrist, there was no continued speculation about the existence of "secret" nuclear intentions, and there were no demands that they abandon nuclear technology permanently, as is demanded of Iran.
Red Herring
That the Iranian enrichment facility at Natanz is buried underground and ringed with anti-aircraft guns is often cited as proof of the nefariousness of Iran's nuclear programme. After all, if Iran wasn't building bombs, why would it assume that the site would come under military attack? Of course, there are perfectly good reasons for seeking to protect Natanz from aerial bombardment, namely, repeated US and Israeli threats to bomb it, as well as Iran's bitter experiences during the Iran–Iraq War when Iranian civilian power facilities were the target of Iraqi bombs. Under those circumstances, seeking to protect energy-producing assets seems simply to be prudent.
Another common red herring is that Iran started its nuclear programme "at the height of the Iran–Iraq War", a claim embellished by stating that Iran dedicated "scarce resources" to the programme. Kenneth Pollack essentially repeated this argument, in addition to making a series of other highly misleading claims regarding Iran's nuclear programme, in an interview with Germany's Spiegel Online:
There are also other clues. The Iranian nuclear program was revived at the height of the Iran–Iraq war, at a time when Iran was putting everything into the military and nothing into the economy, for example.14
The implication is that since Iran's programme was started during a war, and that wartime resources were diverted to the programme, it must therefore have been intended to have military applications, i.e., to make a nuclear bomb. However, upon more careful examination, this argument falls apart.
For one thing, Iran's nuclear programme did not start at the height of the Iran–Iraq War. Iran announced that it planned to start up an enrichment programme as early as 1982, a full three years before the height of the war (assuming that 1985 did indeed mark that point). Second, considering that even today, nearly twenty years after the end of the Iran–Iraq War, Iran is judged to be five to ten years away from actually building a nuclear weapon (assuming that it intends to do so), then it would have been remarkably optimistic of the Iranians to assume in the mid-1980s that they could build a nuclear bomb within the timeframe of the war. Furthermore, dedicating the alleged "scarce resources" to such a venture would have made this an even less likely gamble.
False Comparison
The fallacy of the false comparison is easily spotted with respect to nuclear issues when the following phrase is used: "countries like Iran or North Korea". Comparing North Korea and Iran probably began with Bush's famous "axis of evil" speech, even though the two countries have very little in common. The suggestion is that just as North Korea secretly developed nuclear-weapons technology and then exercised its right under Article X of the NPT to withdraw from that treaty, later publicly declaring it had nuclear weapons, then somehow Iran must be planning to do the same. The Bush administration has tried to equate Iran's nuclear programme with that of North Korea by displaying slides purportedly showing that Iran's nuclear-enrichment facilities are structurally similar to the nuclear facilities in North Korea, as if the structural similarity of such installations is indicative of the intended use of their products.
Again, the New York Times shows its willingness to promote the Bush administration's agenda: "Step by step North Korea and Iran are advancing their capability to build nuclear weapons …" (editorial, "Letting Nukes Happen", 16 May 1005); and "It may only be a few more days before the world finds out whether Iran and North Korea are willing to give up nuclear weapons …" (editorial, "A Glimmer of Hope", 6 August 2005).
However, the comparisons between Iran and North Korea fail at several points. North Korea secretly built nuclear weapons, threw out IAEA inspectors, and withdrew from the NPT. In contrast, Iran resorted to some clandestine nuclear activity only after its repeated attempts to obtain the technology it was legally entitled to were rebuffed under US pressure. Since then, rather than withdrawing from the NPT, Iran has signed and implemented the treaty's Additional Protocol, subjecting its facilities to a strict regime of safeguards and additional inspections; other nuclear-capable countries (such as Brazil) have refused to do this. Iran even temporarily suspended its nuclear-enrichment activities. And rather than finding a nuclear-weapons programme, the IAEA inspectors have concluded that there was no evidence of any such programme in Iran. Indeed, Iran has even offered to subject its enrichment programme to more intensive IAEA monitoring than it is legally required to permit, provided its right to nuclear enrichment is recognised in principle—only to have the offer summarily dismissed by the United States and the EU-3.
The fallacy of exclusion occurs when relevant evidence which would undermine an inductive argument is excluded from consideration. When applied to Iran, the fallacy takes several forms. For example, it is often asserted that "oil-rich" Iran does not need nuclear power and so must be planning to build nuclear weapons. Thus, Kenneth Pollack again:
Beyond that, the EU trio, in its discussions with Tehran, has found a lack of any tie between nuclear activity and economic consideration. Iranians try to argue that nuclear energy is more cost-effective but, as the EU trio has pointed out, natural gas is more cost-effective than nuclear energy—and the Iranians sit on the second largest natural gas reserves in the world. European governments have concluded that this program is almost certainly for weapons and not for economics.15
This argument overlooks the fact that "oil-rich" Iran has a very good economic case for developing nuclear technology, which is why the United States encouraged and supported Iran's diversification of its energy resources in the first place. Indeed, the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the British Parliament concluded in March 2004 that, based on a study it commissioned, "It is clear … that the arguments as to whether Iran has a genuine requirement for domestically produced nuclear electricity are not all, or even predominantly, on one side."16
Swaying the Public
One could continue indefinitely to list the fallacies employed by the Bush administration, echoed by a compliant media, to make its case against Iran. Ultimately, these fallacies are employed by leaders as part of a larger narrative which is intended to legitimise an intended course of action, thus ensuring public acceptance of (or at least acquiescence in) whatever policy is chosen. In the case of Iran, the intended course of action seems quite clear and has distinct parallels to the build-up to the invasion of Iraq.
Some have claimed that the ascension of Condoleezza Rice to the position of secretary of state indicates a greater willingness by the Bush administration to engage in a multilateral, diplomatic process, as evidenced by the current policy of involving the UN Security Council in Iran's nuclear file. However, the willingness to go to the United Nations seems to be nothing more than a ceremonial process of legitimisation. Indeed, just as in the case of Iraq, the Bush administration once again appears intent on portraying the matter as an opportunity for the United Nations to "prove its relevance" by agreeing to the US position.
By all accounts, a military attack on Iran would have terrible, possibly catastrophic, consequences. Iranian pro-democracy forces have already rallied against any such attack, claiming that it would set back their goal of a more open and representative government by rallying support for the most anti-American, hardline elements in Iran. It has been widely predicted that an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities would result in the deaths of many thousands of civilians, especially if the United States uses tactical nuclear weapons to destroy its targets. While the Bush administration claims that diplomacy is its favoured current policy, it has also made clear that the use of force has not been ruled out. The only question that remains is whether the same elements—the media, the pundits, the think tanks—that were complicit, knowingly or otherwise, in bringing about the current tragedy in Iraq will allow the Bush administration to inflict the same on Iran.
2. Glenn Kessler and Jim VandeHei, "Misleading Assertions Cover Iraq War and Voting Records", Washington Post, 6 October 2004.
3. Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenball, "More Evidence of an Iran–al-Qaeda Connection", Newsweek, 23 July 2004.
4. Reza Ghorashi, "How about an October Naval Skirmish? The Elections, Iran and al-Qaeda", Counterpunch, 21 July 2004.
5. John R. Bolton, remarks to the conference of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis and the Fletcher School's international security studies programme, Washington, D.C., 2 December 2003.
6. Norman Solomon, "The New York Times Acquits Itself", Antiwar.com, 1 November 2005 [http://www.antiwar.com/solomon/?articleid=7858].
7. Henry Sokolski, "Defusing Iran's Bomb", Policy Review, no. 131 (June–July 2005).
8. Ray Takeyh, "Threats vs. Diplomacy", Boston Globe, 14 February 2005.
9. Patrick Clawson, testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations hearing, "A Nuclear Iran: Challenges and Responses", Washington, D.C., 2 March 2006.
10. Kenneth Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004), p. 363.
11. Condoleezza Rice, "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying", New York Times, 23 January 2003.
12. Emily Eakin, "Saddam's Swan Song", New York Times, 15 December 2002.
13. Graham Allison, "A Cascade of Nuclear Proliferation", International Herald Tribune, 17 December 2004.
14. "It's Time to Get Serious with Iran", Spiegel Online, 22 September 2005.
15. Ibid.
16. United Kingdom Parliament, Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs: Third Report of Session 2003–4, 9 March 2004.


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Go for the Gold
Monday, March 09, 2009 | Tips & How-Tos, application tips
For me, the start of spring brings to mind three things: warm weather, longer days and gold eye shadow. As a gilded lid enthusiast, I love the way this ultra-wearable beauty trend awakens the complexion and looks great on all skin tones. This season, turn to eye shadow shades of champagne, golden yellow and deep bronze for a sophisticated, up-to-the-minute spring look.
A Softer Smoky Eye
Just because winter is over doesn't mean you have to ditch your favorite smoky eye look. Swap those darker hues of onyx and charcoal with rich gold and bronze shadows for a softer take on the classic smoky eye. Lighter, brighter shades of gold eye shadow are more versatile and wearable—perfect for the office or an evening out.
How to Apply Gold Eye Shadow
1. Start by creating a base with an eye primer, such as Mineral Eye Prep by Pür Minerals, to ensure flawless eye shadow application with a long-lasting look.
2. Next, use an Eye Shadow Brush to sweep a pale, shimmering yellow or taupe shade over the entire lid up to the brow bone. Pür Pick: Pressed Mineral Shadow in NEW Sunlit Gypsum
3. To create more depth and dimension, use a Crease Brush to blend a deeper, gold shade into the crease of the eye and work toward the outer corners. Pür Pick: Gold Dust Shadow
4. Follow with a lighter, sparkling gold or champagne to add highlights. Dab a tiny bit of the shadow onto the inner corners of your eye and just under the brow bone. Pür Pick: Pressed Mineral Shadow in Champagne Citrine
5. Add definition by applying a gel liner (brown shades work best with this look) to the lash line. Start at the inner corner of the eye and work your way outward with short strokes. Lightly smudge the colour to create a blended, smoky effect. Pür Pick: Pür Intensity gel eyeliner in Coffee Quartz
6. Finish the look by applying a coat of Triple Impact Mascara to lengthen, thicken and curl your lashes.
For more ways to get a sultry spring look that's right on trend, shop the NEW Pür Rocks On Spring 09 Collection.

subset: commoncrawl


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Kayaking package
Ocean River Adventures
The instruction and tour division of Ocean River Sports, offers the best kayak tours and instructional programs in Victoria and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We offer over forty programs focused on providing quality outdoor experiences and instruction, ranging from Paddle Canada sanctioned instructional courses to multi-day expeditions utilzing mother-ship support.
Our day trips from Victoria include the discovery Island Kayak Tour and The Victoria Harbour Urban Kayak Adventure.
Leaders in the paddle sport industry, Ocean River Adventures mission is "to creat an extraordinary experience for all those that connect with Ocean River."
1824 Store Street, Victoria BC V8T 4R4
250-381-4233 • 1-800-909-4233
Book Now


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The northern Maine coast, from Ellsworth to Lubec, remains relatively untrammeled by tourists. You can smell the kerosene heaters and wood fires, see the old pickups on blocks and lobsterboats tied to their piers. "Upcoast Maine" is a look at the Maine of our imaginations, not yet turned into a Starbucks of our nightmares. Photographer Richard Nilsen has been visiting this ragged section of the state for more than 30 years and his photographs attempt to capture some of the magic of this landscape.
Richard Nilsen was art critic for The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Ariz., for 25 years. He was also the classical music critic, the dance critic, the opera critic, the architecture critic and the backup movie critic. He has written for every section of the newspaper except the Business section. He has been a photographer for more than 40 years. Now retired, he lives in the Blue Ridge.
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The Blue Ridge in North Carolina and Virginia Published March 06, 2013
Monet's Giverny and Other Edens Published August 21, 2011
Windowseat Published May 23, 2010
Tidewater Published May 11, 2010
France: Peace, Anarchie, Rebellion Published November 29, 2009
Southeast Alaska Published November 25, 2009
The Arizona Kids Published July 03, 2009
Gardens/Paradisi Published March 15, 2009


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Main Content
- NASCAR embossed roller buckle
- Officially licensed
- Reversible Realtree camouflage belt
- Tony Stewart's replica signature and number
- Back: 100% Leather
- Canvas on front; leather on back
- Front: 100% polyester
- Made in China
- Made in the USA
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Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Inherently Funny
People's reaction when they hear this is always the same. They can't believe it really exists but I actually lived there.
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The Lost Princess
A tale and images inspired by a journey to India and beyond, collections of this and that discovered along the way - dolls, jewels, mirrors and ribbons, Visual Artist Jill Carter's gatherings which inspired a Writer & Poet Hilda Sheehan's response to stories shared and found within the pages of a travel journal; this book, for young and old, explores the search for self... celebrating awakening the potential within.
I am a digital storyteller. I love creating journals and badly behaved short run or one off art books/bags/bundles crammed full with quirky drawings, insightful and humorous text, photographs and archives of curios and found objects. As a visual artist, fine art trained, my practice explores how art can develop insight and inspiration, inspire creativity, acting as a catalyst for positive change, creativity and well-being. A natural chronicler, collector and curator, I enjoy playful, poetic and performative ways of responding to people, places and life.
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Guilty Published August 15, 2014
SWINDON ON THE COUCH Published April 27, 2012
JUBILEE Published April 14, 2012
the museum of possibilities Published February 04, 2011
Dreams, Masks & Mirrors Published February 02, 2011
The Book of Everyone Published February 02, 2011
Full Circle Published April 20, 2010
Gnome Published April 06, 2010


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Bioassay-derived androgenic and estrogenic activity in municipal sewage in Australia and New Zealand
Raw sewage and sewage at various stages of treatment were sampled from 15 municipal sewage treatment plants in south Queensland (Australia) and Canterbury (New Zealand). Estrogenic and androgenic activities were determined with sheep estrogen receptor and rainbow trout androgen receptor binding assa...
Disease and gill lesions in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to oil sands mining-associated waters
Adult yellow perch were stocked into experimental ponds designed to test the biological effects of aquatic reclamation alternatives currently being pursued by the oil sands mining industry. Water-quality characteristics of oil sands-influenced water in the experimental ponds included increased salin...
Effect of total body lipid on the toxicity and toxicokinetics of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
The androgenic potential of a New Zealand pulp and paper mill effluent was measured by applying a combination of in vitro and in vivo bioassays with mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). The in vivo method assessed the rate of gonopodial development (masculinization) and ...
The H4IIE rat hepatoma bioassay was used to measure 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent concentrations (TECs) in livers of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) collected downstream from eight Ontario pulp mills and five reference sites. Subsamples of liver were also chemically analy...
Using stable N isotopes, the fate of effluent-derived N has been determined within a land based municipal effluent irrigation scheme. Over 900 metric tonnes(t) of effluent-derived N have been applied to 192 ha of production conifer forest near Rotorua (NZ) over the past 11 years. The effluent N has ...
Long-term studies on the reproductive fitness of fish under controlled exposure conditions are necessary to address some of the controversy surrounding the field-based studies of pulp and paper effluent effects. This study undertook effluent exposures of 2+ age rainbow trout that were approximately ...
Summary of a decade of research on the effects of a New Zealand pulp and paper mill on reproduction in fishes
The effluent of the Tasman pulp and paper mill (Kawerau, New Zealand) has been intensively studied for its effects on the health of fishes between 1998 and present. This review summarizes peer-reviewed scientific literature on the reproductive effects of the Tasman Mill effluent on fishes. In the 19...
The pharmacokinetics of thiocyanate (SCN-) in the blood plasma of 35-g rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were followed during a 20-day exposure to 39.8 mg SCN- liter-1 and the subsequent 16-day depuration period. SCN- concentrations were determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Kinetic constants were est...
Effects of oil sands process-affected waters and naphthenic acids on Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and Japanese Medaka (Orizias latipes) embryonic development
This study combined bioassay-derived and direct chemical analysis of steroidal compounds in pulp and paper and municipal sewage effluent in order to determine the cause of masculinization of female mosquitofish. The bioassays used in this study consisted of androgen and estrogen receptor binding, an...
Second-round interlaboratory comparison of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exposed to bleached-kraft pulp mill effluent
Livers were collected from six male and six female white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) at both a bleached-kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME)-exposed site and a reference site during the 1992 spring spawning migration. A semistandardized methodology for 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) analysis wa...
Responses in a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) lifecycle test and in wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exposed to a Canadian bleached kraft mill effluent
To evaluate currently available bioassays for their use in investigating the causes of pulp and paper mill effluent effects on fish reproduction, the responses of wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) collected from the receiving environment at the bleached kraft mill at La Tuque, Quebec, were c...
For the last 20 years, studies conducted in North America, Scandinavia, and New Zealand have shown that pulp and paper mill effluents affect fish reproduction. Despite the level of effort applied, few leads are available regarding the factors responsible. Effluents affect reproduction in multiple fi...
This thesis examines the relationship between fisheries policy, fisheries management, and island community development in Maine and Newfoundland. Three research questions and themes guided this work: 1) what kind of relationship there is between island community development, fisheries policy, and fi...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of compounds with immunotoxic and carcinogenic potential that may pose a threat to fish populations. The mechanism underlying immune toxicity of PAHs in fishes remains unclear. Some evidence supports the requirement for metabolism to more toxic met...
The effects of benzo[a]pyrene on leucocyte distribution and antibody response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of compounds with immunotoxic and carcinogenic potential that may pose a threat to fish populations. This study aims to utilize a newly developed fish immunotoxicology model to determine the immune tissue/cell population level effects of PAHs on ra...


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VMmark 1.x
The following are the features of VMmark.
Open Standards and Platform Neutrality
VMmark is not a commercial or proprietary product, but rather a product of our commitment to the development of open standards for virtualization benchmarks. As such, the VMmark software is agnostic towards individual hardware platforms and virtualization software systems so that users can get an objective measurement of virtualization performance.
VMware is working with the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC®) - a non profit organization that establishes, maintains and endorses standardized benchmarks - and members of the SPEC Virtualization subcommittee to develop standard methods of comparing virtualization performance for data center servers.
Other current participants include AMD, Dell, Fujitsu Siemens, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, IBM, Microsoft, Red Hat, Sun Microsystems and SWsoft.
Application-Centric Benchmarking of Real-World Workloads
VMmark uses workloads representative of those applications most often found in the data center, such as email servers, databases, etc. VMware has worked closely with its partners to design and implement the benchmark across various software and hardware platforms, and has also gathered extensive customer feedback to understand how these applications are typically used in virtualized environments.
To measure performance, VMmark leverages well-understood, existing benchmarks that customers are already familiar with.
VMmark incorporates 64-bit versions of three of the VMmark workloads—Java Server, Database Server and Web Server—to reflect the growing use of 64-bit applications and operating systems.
Unique Tile-Based Implementation
The unit of work for a benchmark of virtualized consolidation environments can be naturally defined as a collection of virtual machines executing a set of diverse workloads. The VMmark benchmark refers to this unit of work as a tile.
The total number of tiles that a system can accommodate provides a coarse-grain measure of that system's consolidation capacity. This concept is similar to some server benchmarks, such as TPC-C, that scale the workload in a step-wise fashion to increase the system load.
High-Precision Scoring Methodology
VMmark allows for the integration of the different component metrics into an overall score. Once a VMmark test completes, each individual workload reports its relevant performance metric. These metrics are collected at frequent intervals during the course of a run. A VMmark benchmark test is designed to run for at least three hours with workload metrics reported every 60 seconds.
After a benchmark run, the workload metrics for each tile are computed and aggregated into a score for that tile. This aggregation is performed by first normalizing the different performance metrics such as MB/second and database commits/second with respect to a reference system. Then, a geometric mean of the normalized scores is computed as the final score for the tile. The resulting per-tile scores are then summed to create the final metric.
This approach helps users measure the virtualization overhead of the individual application workloads, as well as the scalability of the entire system.


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Sale Price:
Inspired by a Balinese folktale, these sparrows tell the story of a bird family and a rice farmer. When the farmer begins the harvest without waiting for his neighbors to help him, the sparrows know it is time to teach their chicks to fly. The birds are individually hand-carved and colored with a water-based silvery gilt. These beautiful sculptures serve as a reminder that sometimes we are well served by taking responsibility for ourselves and our world.
Made by hand in Indonesia. Albesia wood with water-based gilt. Clockwise from top left: Large bird: approximately 3 7/8"H x 5"W x 2 3/4"D. Medium bird: approximately 3 1/2"H x 4 3/4"W x 2 1/2"D: Small bird: approximately 3"H x 3 1/2"W x 2"D.
The intercultural husband and wife artisan team of Andrea Philips and Nyoman Suma Artha make their home in Indonesia, where they are committed to serving their family and community by providing opportunities for fair trade work in traditional and sustainable crafts.


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Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians
Gould, Eric
Gould, Eric, pianist, composer and arranger; b. Cleveland, Ohio 21 January 21 1957. His parents, Cornelius P. Gould Jr. and Phyllis W. Gould, were both born in 1921 and were from Pittsburgh, where his father worked for the historically renowned African-American newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier after returning from WWII. Cornelius was a Tuskeegee Airman, and flew with Benjamin Davis, Chappie James, and a host of other trailblazing African-American men until his plane went down over Nazi territory and he was captured, spending the last year of the war in Stalag Luft I, a German POW camp. Having attended Westinghouse High School in Pittsburgh, Gould went to high school with Erroll Garner, and remembered Billy Strayhorn well. He was an amateur violinist before the war, and his love for jazz and blues became a major influence on his youngest son, Eric.
His mother was one of the first African-American high school administrators in the Cleveland area, and was a professor of calculus at Cuyahoga Community College. She was an amateur pianist whose love of classical music, Spanish guitar music, and spirituals heavily influenced Eric's development as well. Gould is the youngest of four children.
While his first three CD's have met with good success, and have enabled him to make a mark on the national jazz scene, these are but the latest moves in a 24-year for pianist, composer, and arranger Eric Gould. As a bandleader, he has shared the stage with some of jazz's brightest stars, opening for Earl Klugh, Azymuth, Larry Coryell, Wayne Shorter, and the New York Jazz All-Stars, and performing on television with Louie Bellson and James Moody. He has performed and recorded in collaboration with world-reknowned instrumentalists such as James Newton, Bobby Watson, Cecil Bridgewater, Talib Kibwe (T.K. Blue), Don Braden, and Leon Lee Dorsey in addition to leading his own trio in performances from the Midwest to the East Coast. Gould has been a guest soloist with the Canton Symphony Orchestra and the Cleveland Philharmonic Orchestra. His debut CD, "On the Real" rose to number 11 on the national jazz radio charts in the first quarter of 1999. His second CD, "Miles Away? Wayne in Heavy" rose to number 10 on the national charts and to number 45 (out of over 2500 releases) for the year 2000. His third CD, "Who Sez?" has sold well from coast to coast.
Gould has composed music for various other ensembles as well. In 1996, his piece for string quartet "He Speaks in Shadows" was performed by the critically acclaimed Cavani String Quartet at Merkin Concert Hall in New York, at the Chamber Music America Festival in New York, and at the Britt Festival. His arrangement of the same piece for jazz quintet and orchestra was commissioned by the Canton Symphony Orchestra for a performance that took place in March, 2001. His piece entitled "Midnight Excursion" was performed by the Cleveland Chamber Symphony in 2003. He was awarded a Meet the Composer Grant from Arts Midwest in 1994, and was selected as a member of their touring roster in 1985. He has also been a member of the Ohio Arts Council's Artists in Education Program. Gould holds a Master's degree in Music Composition from Cleveland State University.
As an educator, Gould has conducted numerous workshops, residencies, and classes, in addition to private instruction, festival organization, and arts management consultation. In his roles as Executive Director and Managing Consultant of the Excellence in Music Initiative in Cleveland, Ohio Gould played a substantial role in the development of the preparatory music program at Cuyahoga Community College, home of one of the country's premier educational jazz festivals.
His television credits include the 1984 PBS series entitled "North Coast Jazz," which featured his duo "Umoja." He has performed numerous live radio concerts featuring his own ensemble and with guests such as James Newton and Talib Kibwe (T.K. Blue).
In 2000, Gould served as a consultant for the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz National Curriculum Project. Gould has served as an advisory panelist for the National Jazz Service Organization, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Cleveland Music School Settlement, the Society for Public Access Computing (in the early days of the internet), and the Cleveland Arts Initiative Task Force. He served as Co-Chair of the Jazz/Special Projects grants panel for the National Endowment of the Arts in 1994 and as an individual artists grants panelist for the Arts Commission of Greater Toledo in 1986 and 1987.
Eric Gould currently resides in Shaker Heights, Ohio, where he is active in composing, performing, recording, production, and arts management consultation.
On the Real (1998); Miles Away... Wayne in Heavy (1999); Who Sez? (2001)
Currently Unissued Recordings:
Eric Gould Sextet Live at Tri-C (2000); Eric Gould Trio w/ Special Guest James Newton (1999); Eric Gould Trio Live at Drinko Hall (2002); Eric Gould Quintet feat. Talib Kibwe (T.K. Blue) and Pharez Whitted (studio date, 1998); Eric Gould Trio at Harkness Chapel (2001)
Television Appearances:
w/ Cecil Bridgewater at the Tri-C Jazz Festival (2000) BET on Jazz
Host and Co-Producer of "Duke Ellington: Beyond Category" (Smithsonian Institution/Fairfax Network) (1999)
Contact information:
Eric Gould
c/o Umoja Productions
14206 Becket Rd.
Shaker Hts., OH 44120


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Welcome to the U.S. Department of Commerce's Environmental Technologies Team page. This website is your resource for market research reports, trade leads and event information for pollution control equipment & services and water resources equipment & services.
Our division of Commerce, the U.S. Commercial Service, has a global network of 100 offices located throughout the U.S. and over 100 offices located in about 75 countries. Our worldwide team of Environmental Technologies Specialists is here to assist in increasing your export sales. To find your local environmental technologies specialist, please click on the link to the left titled "Local USDOC Offices".
Our Environmental Team members can assist you with the following:
Sign up for Environmental Technologies email updates
|E-World of Energy and Water -- Electrical Power Systems, Renewable Energy Eq., Water Resources Eq./Services
|Event Summary:
SERVICES: Commercial Specialist Bettina Capurro will attend E-world energy & water 2013 in Essen to counsel and assist American companies exhibiting at the trade fair, and to collect latest industry and market trends. Commercial Service Munich will conduct a pre-show promotion to industry contacts in order to advertise and promote U.S. exhibitors' products and services. Interested exhibitors should contact email@example.com
BACKGROUND: E-world energy & water is an important European trade fair for the energy and water economy. In 2011, 544 exhibitors from the energy and water industries in 20 countries presented their innovations and services to 19,700 trade visitors from over 40 countries. Because of the great demand, an additional hall was added for smart energy in 2011. Energy efficiency, renewable energies, smart metering and electro mobility were the most important topics. The visitors were most interested in the fields of renewable energies, energy trading, energy efficiency and smart metering. Further information can be obtained from http://www.e-world-2012.com/en/fair/development/
IMPORTANT NOTE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR): The U.S. Commercial Service in Germany is proactively engaged in defending American companies against counterfeit and copyright infringement. IPR is an important part of corporate value and international competitiveness. U.S. trademark, design and patent rights do not of themselves provide protection in Germany or the rest of the European Union (EU); U.S. companies must protect their IPR here in Europe. It is possible to register in countries individually or, for EU-wide trademark and design protection, there are a Community Trademark (CTM) and Registered Community Design (RCD). These provide a single right that protects industrial design or trademark in the entire 25-nation EU mega-market of 450 million people. Both national trademarks and the CTM can be registered through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The U.S. Commercial Service can provide information on EU-wide protection for IPR and defend IPR in Europe at trade fairs. More information is available on our website:
Please also visit our website to obtain info about U.S. Commercial Service programs and services designed to help U.S. exporters succeed in the German and European markets, and about VAT recovery procedures: http://export.gov/germany/
|Bettina Capurro, Munich
Commercial Specialist
Phone: 49-89-288-8751


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Bade Achche Lagte Hain Priya Kapoor
6 Bade Achche Lagte Hain Priya Kapoor Articles
Bade Acche Lagte Hain: Priya Kapoor, please wake up, say fans!3 years ago 36
It's been more than two weeks since the time leap and Priya is still not awake Ram has taken over all the responsibilities of his four kids in Bade… Read Article ▶
BADE ACCHE LAGTE HAIN: Ram Kapoor to wed Priya's sister?4 years ago 152
That's Ekta Kapoor's plan for the pre-leap storyline. Are you excited? You commented, you cried and you ranted against Bade Acche Lagte Hain taking… Read Article ▶
Aishwarya Sakhuja: Cool to kiss in movies but not TV!4 years ago 5
The ideal daughter-in-law of Saas Bina Sasuraal says she wouldn't mind getting intimate on screen Sony TV's Bade Acche Lagte Hain set a new… Read Article ▶
Bade Acche Lagte Hain…but we hated it!4 years ago 37
It's all about passion and steam, but did Ram Kapoor and Sakshi Tanwar manage to generate any in the great consummation scene in the TV serial… Read Article ▶
BADE ACCHE LAGTE HAIN: In the distance between arms, two loves are meeting4 years ago 5
How would it be if Ram and Priya came together to an English version of Baahon ke darmiyaan? Ram (Ram Kapoor) and Priya (Sakshi Tanwar) are finally… Read Article ▶
BADE ACHCHE LAGTE HAIN: Will Priya Kapoor die?4 years ago 3
The Ram Kapoor-Sakshi Tanwar show has taken a surprising turn Ardent fans of Ram and Priya Kapoor got quite a shock last night. The results of the… Read Article ▶


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Cadbury Creme Eggs
A Little History
In 1824, John Cadbury opened a shop in Birmingham where he soldtea, coffee, hops, mustard, cocoa, and drinking chocolate, which hemade himself using a mortar and pestle. A century later, in 1923, thecompany that grew out of his shop released its first cream-filled eggs. But the Cadbury Creme Easter Eggs we all know and love weren't inventeduntil 1971. Four years later, the first TV ad appeared for CadburyCreme Eggs and these chocolate confections became an internationalEaster classic. Many Americans will remember the "clucking bunny"campaign, begun in 1982.
Photographs above by Heather Leah Kennedy
Cadbury's "Clucking Bunny" campaign launched in 1982.
How are they made?
The Cadbury Creme Egg is manufactured by pouring liquid chocolate into a half-egg shaped mold, which is then filled with white fondant and a dab of yellow fondant. Because the fondant has a greater density than chocolate, the two don't mix together and the fondant pushes the chocolate outwards. The two mold halves are quickly closed and cooled to allow the chocolate to set.
How do you eat yours?
In 1985 Cadbury launched the memorable ad campaign, "How do your eat yours?" The official Cadbury website offers two methods: "egg and soliders" and "bite and lick." If you prefer egg and soldiers, you eat the chocolate egg like a soft-boiled egg by placing it in an egg cup and eating the fondant filling with a spoon or scooping it out with Cadbury Fingers. "Bite and lick"–pretty self-explanatory–describes the method of biting the top and sucking out the cream.
According to a Cadbury survey:
53% of people bite off the top, lick out the cream, then eat the chocolate
20% just bite straight through
6% use their finger to scoop out the cream
An extra tip Cadbury offers is to mash the remaining chocolate shell (left after biting the top off and eating the fondant) and mix it with a dash of Grand Marnier.
Make your own with our Chocolate-Caramel Easter egg recipe (pictured left).


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Become a Member
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Print Version
Review of:
Go With the Whole Grain for Kids
Image courtesy of:
General Mills' Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition
General Mills' Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition
Date Produced:
Spring 2007
PowerPoint Slides
Classroom and Fitness Activities
Elementary School (6-8 yrs)
Grains/Whole Grains
The Go with the Whole Grain for Kids program uses the help of two Whole Grain Heroes to engage students and make learning about whole grains fun. There are two versions of the program-- one for students in grades K-2 and one for students in grades 3-5. Components include a Leader Guide, Slide Program, and Classroom and Physical Activities.
Ordering Info:
Web Site:
A. Use of MyPlate/MyPlate or the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Material based substantially on MyPlate or 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Very good description and explanation of the MyPyramid and Dietary Guidelines for Americans for Whole Grains.
B. Scope
Scope of information appropriate for target audience and essential topics discussed in appropriate detail.
The scope of the materials are very appropriate for teachers who know little about whole grains to read the background information and class activities and be able to guide their students in the activities to increase the knowledge. For dietetic professionals, these materials give a foundation for nutrition educators to build upon and provide even further nutrition education.
C. Purpose
Purpose of material clearly stated in title or introduction.
D. Organization
Material is organized but not all major points are easily identified.
When looking for nutrition activities based on grade level, it may be difficult for educators to understand which materials are for K-2 and 3-5 because many of the materials overlap. There is no explanation of how to use these materials at the different grade levels. This may be difficult for classroom teachers that may have little knowledge of whole grains.
E. Accuracy
Information is accurate and recommendations current with content of MyPlate and the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
F. Learner Background
Material does not assume that reader has background information.
G. Learning Objectives
Not applicable.
H. Learning Activities, Projects, or Interactive Learning Tools
Material includes a variety of stimulating and interesting learning experiences, questions, projects, or suggestions for further action that will involve the reader.
I. Objectivity/Sponsor Bias
Subject matter presented objectively and fairly. No brand name promotion or obvious sponsor bias.
J. Inclusion of learning objectives, learner activities, instructional aids, lesson plans, evaluation component, identification of required instructional materials, web site with additional materials.
Material includes three or four of the above.
K. Recipes (if included)
No recipes are included.
Recipes would have been a nice addition to the program for teachers to either use in the classroom or for children to take home. This would be a nice addition for educators to use with this material.
L. Recipes (if included)
No recipes are included.
M. Instructional Resources
Instructor resources included with some suggestions for enhancing the teaching process.
The instructor resources could have included other websites and background information for the educator.
N. Credits, References and Resources (Including dates, publisher, etc.)
Credits, references, and resources current but incomplete.
O. Summary
All major ideas summarized or reviewed to reinforce key concepts; summaries easily identified.
A. Role Models
Positive role models are provided in text and illustrations. Role models presented as having many roles, traits, and emotions.
B. Multi-cultural Representation
Racial, ethnic, and religious groups are represented in a factual manner showing a variety of roles, occupations, and values.
C. Different lifestyles and food patterns
Material reflects, but does not emphasize, a variety of values, practices, and/or food patterns representative of different lifestyles, cultures, and socioeconomic levels.
The materials could have included a little more information on the different types of whole grains that are important for different cultures.
Print Materials
A. Writing Style
Main ideas are clear and flow smoothly.
B. Writing Approach
Writing approach is positive and personal. Active voice is used most of the time.
C. Vocabulary
Most words used are appropriate for intended audience. Some unidentified technical terms are used.
The materials were appropriate for 3-5th graders, but the vocabulary may have been difficult for children K-2. A vocabulary list would have been a nice addition for teachers to use in their classrooms.
D. Supportive Illustrations
All of the illustrations contribute to the material and are on the same page as their textual references. Tables and graphs are as simple and easy to read as possible. All information needed in graphs and tables is provided in a form requiring no further explanation.
E. Layout and Design
F. Visual Quality
Paper weight used is heavy enough so that print from one side cannot be seen on the other side. Text is written in a font size that is easy to read, and the main body is not written in capital letters.
G. Headings/Cueing Devices
Clear headings are provided for each topic area. Cueing devices (shading, boxes, arrows, etc.) are used to direct attention to key points.
H. Approximate Reading Level
Reading level is at or below 5th grade level for low-literacy materials. Assessment method provided.
The materials were difficult reading for lower grade levels (K-2).
Audiovisual Materials
A. Concept Presentation
Audio and/or visuals are mutually supportive to presentation of concepts.
B. Pace
C. Auditory Quality
D. Visual Quality
E. Continuity
Web Sites
A. Currentness of Information
Web site information is current; there are no broken hyperlinks.
B. Readability
Text size is adequate for viewing. Good contrast between text and background.
C. Navigation
Navigation through the web site is logical and aided by navigation buttons and a site map or search tool.
Overall Comments on Resource Reviewed
A. Positive Points of the Reviewed Resource:
The materials are colorful and include both nutrition and exercise components. The materials are very user friendly and flexible.
B. Points that Could Be Improved:
The reading and activities may be a bit difficult for K-2 and the characters may be a little juvenile for 3rd-5th graders. Creation of a greater diversity of materials for each of these groups of students may have been more appropriate.
C. General Comments
D. Overall Summary
Overall, the materials are an excellent resource especially for children grades 3rd-5th for both nutrition educators as well as classroom teachers. The materials are motivating.
Reviewer Rating
Any opinions expressed about any resource in this web site (either expressly or implied) are solely and completely the responsibility of the reviewer and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior.
Highly Recommended
Read other Review for this resource.


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Providing hippotherapy services to greater Atlanta since 2005 and Fort Collins and the Colorado front range since 2011. Hippotherapy is an exciting form of physical, occupational, or speech therapy that utilizes the horse as a treatment tool to achieve the individual patient's goals and needs. Though around since the early 70's it has gained in recognition and acceptance over the past decade as a viable alternative or complement to classical in-clinic therapy services. Here at My Heroes, llc. we are happy to provide the highest in standards and practices in the hippotherapy arena. Our therapists are AHA (American Hippotherapy Association) trained and PATH (Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship) registered and our facilities are PATH Premier Accredited. Please browse our website and contact us directly with any questions you may have.
Click here for the featured article in the national magazine for MS, Momentum
Thank you Shara Rutberg!
Currently seeking part time OT and PT help in the Atlanta area. Click:
for an opportunity to join our team!
Home | About | Programs | News/Events | Get Involved | Contact Us
Established in 2005 and located in Fulton County, Georgia, and Larimer County, Colorado, My Heroes, llc is dedicated to improving the lives of people with disabilities through therapeutic horse-related programs.
Copyright © 2011 | My Heroes,llc | Privacy Policy


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Real cybersecurity is not as easy as Hollywood makes it look
"I'll just synchronize these firewall settings and bypass the encryption and we'll be inside the system in a few seconds." Words like these cause cybersecurity professionals …Read Article
Tackling the problem of getting women into STEM careers
Tech skills will be required in 80 percent of all jobs in the next decade, yet women in technology have been declining since 1991. At the current rate of decline …Read Article
The wonderful wizard of OS: Linux looms large in IT circles
Recently, I had the opportunity to edit an instructor guide on Linux security for a college courseware package. I've heard of Linux, of course …Read Article
Dear CertMag: What should I study in college to prepare for my IT career?
Dear CertMag: Bet you don't hear from many high school students. I'm about to graduate (in May) and I currently have my CCNA, Network+ …Read Article
Dear CertMag: I've lost interest in recertification. Is it really that important?
Dear CertMag: I work in security for the IT division of a large national bank. I have an SSCP and CISSP from (ISC)². I've been through …Read Article
Dear CertMag: I want to transition to Big Data. Could a boot camp help?
Dear CertMag: I like what I'm hearing about big data. I've worked in database management for a couple of years …Read Article


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Promethean Interactive Whiteboards
In Every Classroom
Lincoln School, 2009-2012
The first Promethean Interactive Whiteboard was installed at Lincoln School in April, 2009. On Monday, January 23rd, 2012 Lincoln staff accomplished their technology goal of having a Promethean Interactive Whiteboard in EVERY homeroom; plus, one board on a check-out system. That's 12 boards in less than three years!! THis includes ActiVote and ActivExpression Learner Response Systems. The staff's goal is to deliver the curriculum using this exciting, hands-on technology that engages students at a high level while receiving instantaneous assessment feedback. To accomplish this, staff combined portions of their classroom/building budgets, established financial support from Lincoln's PTO, received a Holcim and Morgridge Family Foundation grant, conducted fundraisers, and took advantage of Promethean promotional deals.
Congratulations Lincoln students, parents and staff!!
[ << index ] All items


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*Last update 27 November*
The spread of Data Journalism is increasingly pervading the world of communication. A specific training to this kind of journalism is becoming a priority.
Over the past three years, Open Data and Open Knowledge universities and new organizations have worldwide established themselves, creating Masters and general courses to attract journalists and students to this new trend of communication, acquiring a great success. The courses are becoming more numerous and month after month you can find more of them on the web.
DataJCrew is going to regularly update this post in order to point out all the new learning opportunities.
So far Italy doesn't provide properly academic courses on data journalism, but many associations have offered the followings class programs and workshops:
- Corso di Data Journalism, Master in Giornalismo Scientifico Digitale, International School for Advanced Studies. The "Scuola Internazionale di Alta Formazione", Trieste-based, is the first formative organization including a Data Journalism course scheduled in its curriculum. Sissa, in collaboration with Ahref, has designed a structured space and a corpus of hours that will allow students to learn all the basics and the technical tools so that a journalistic work completely built and focused on data can become an appreciable reality. Students will be given the possibility to enter the field of Communication, which requires high professional skills, traceable exclusively in Britain so far.
- Open Data Journalism is an important course born in 2011 with the main goal to offer to the italian journalists the essential duties for a correct use of data journalism techniques. As speakers, the course have very important names such as Simon Rogers. Check always the website to be up to date about the application for the next courses
- Ahref has planned two important events of Data Journalism in Italy: the first Summer School Ahref in Data Journalism e Visualizzazione grafica dei Dati took place from August 29 to September 3, 2011 in Trentino. After this rewarding experience, shared by many Italian journalists and students of the IULM Master in Journalism, the first edition of Data Journalism School took place in Rome from May 24 to May 26 2012, with the support of Enel and Istat. The course was designed for students and professionals in the world of information and the second edition could be soon announced; it will probably be hold in November.
- The Open Knowledge Foundation and the European Journalism Center has presented with a series of five workshops at the International Journalism Festival in Perugia in 2011, The School of Data Journalism, created to inform and educate on the world of open data and open knowledge, fundamental aspects of data journalism.
Abroad, however, the best known courses are:
- Master in Interactive Journalism, City University of London. The Master of the City of London, prepares students to better address the rapid change in online journalism, addressing two main issues: community management and data journalism. The course prepares to the journalistic techniques and to the multimedia world, keeping up with the changes of modern communication. The course was developed by Jonathan Hewett and had as advisor Paul Bradshaw.
- Summer School, The Centre for Investigative Journalism. Each summer the ICJ organizes a summer school dedicated to data journalism in all its aspects. During the last one, held in summer between July 6 and 8, the biggest names in the data journalism world have met with students and journalists to deeply investigate the customs and the rules of data.
- Master in Online Journalism, Birmingham City University. The university of the second largest city of the United Kingdom, offers a master's degree in online journalism, directed by Paul Bradshaw. The course aims to prepare students for digital journalism: from its creation and development to its modern achievements, such as Data Journalism and online information communities.
- Dual Degree: Journalism and Computer Science, Columbia Journalism School. The most important university for what concerns news has just set up a dual master's degree in journalism and computer science where students will earn a high digital specialization and access to all the aspects of data mining for digital and investigative journalism. In the year of its centennial, Columbia University is about to prepare many changes and it is possible that it will be announced a more specific data Journalism course in the upcoming months.
- Graduate Program in Journalism, Stanford University. In Stanford, the Graduate Program in Journalism offers a course in Digital Journalism that explore the different paths to show the traditional journalism with interactive and sophisticated visualizations. Moreover, the course want to include scientists, researchers and artists that want to be part of communication world.
- Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute, New York University. Part of the Bachelor in Journalism, the Journalism Institute of the New York University, propose a course for the comprehension of the data journalism. The students will learn how to find documents and data, the techniques of data mining and how to create datasets for the public. A final project will test the knowledge acquired by the students in order to realize data journalism reportages.
- School of Information, University of Michigan. The University of Michigan has built an entire school totally dedicated to the information theme. Also what is being offered is an Undergraduate degree and a Master of Science in Information sector, each one providing courses about data: Data Curation, introduces the essential principles and techniques for data research and treatment, dealing with this subject through an ethical point of view; Data Manipulation and Exploratory Data Analysis shows students how to aggregate, manipulate, and analyze data through specific perspectives and with the help of visualizations and infographics; Data Mining: Methods and Applications provides a broad vision for discovering data, classifying them inside database and investigating how data can be used for different purposes; Information Visualization helps students to graphically represent the best information and the data they possess using different strategies and tools.
- Computer-Assisted Reporting, Missouri School of Journalism. Since 1989, the University of Missouri offers a computer-assisted reporting class with the add of the data journalism and open source key points. This course is created by David Herzog, data mapping associate professor between 2002 and 2007, teching GIS analysis and the mapping online platform.
- Summer School in Data Journalism, University of King's College, Halifax. This is the only Canadian university in the country to offer data journalism courses every summer. Classes are very small, with a maximum of 10 participants, and during them is been taught to journalists how to extract data from websites, analyze and visualize them graphically.
- Especialización en contenidos para plataformas digitales, ETER escuela de comunicación. In Argentina, Buenos Aires, ETER offers this postgraduate course on new contents for digital platforms. The course is aimed at journalists, publicists, programmers and designers who want to learn about digital spread through a new productive context and the organization and visualization of a large amount of data.
- Master in Investigative and Data Journalism, and Visualization, Escuela de periodismo y comunicación. The School of journalism and communication of Madrid, in collaboration with the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, has created this autumn the first world MA in investigative and data journalism and visualization. This ambitious educative project involves also Google, that will offer 6 scholarships to cover the 80% of the entry fee. The MA is also in close collaboration with the IRE Educator's Center and of the Stabile Center for Investigate Journalism at Columbia University. The authors of the project are the journalists and professors Marcos García Rey and Mar Cabra.
- Periodismo de datos – Grupi de trabajo, MediaLab Prado y Civio. The Data Journalism Working Group at MediaLab Prado, a meeting point for journalists and data visualizers in Madrid. All the workshops are available online and this is the most active workgroup on Data Journalism in Spain. This Spanish experiment was created by MediaLab Prado, a laboratory which studies and spreads digital culture, hosted by the Fundacion Ciudadana Civio, an association whose aim is promoting the culture of open data in Spain. Together with Irekia, open data initiative of the Government of the Basque Country, they organized a 4-days workshop in Bilbao with more than 70 journalists, making a video course on data journalism in Spanish available on the Irekia website.
- Langages et développements numériques, École de Journalisme de Sciences-Po. The French journalism school Sciences-Po has formed this year the first training course in " numerical journalism" French idiom of Data Journalism. The course consists of 6 parts that provide detailed plans on the history, techniques and the different uses of data journalism, introducing the culture of open data and open knowledge.
- Data Visualization Course, University of Amsterdam. Central to this course in the MA in Media Studies, is the "data society", the increasing availability of public databases and the growth of the role of interactive data visualizations. The course website also offers practical examples of data visualization projects and insights.
- Master in Data Journalism, Tilburg University. The Tilburg University, which is only few miles away from Eindhoven, in the Netherlands, offers from this year a MA in Data Journalism that will teach how to explore the opportunities of data journalism from four different perspectives: data research, data processing, data visualization and data publishing. These four parts are connected with the teaching of scientific methods and data processing, together with the principles and techniques of modern journalism, focusing on online information and social media.
- Data Jornalism Scholarships, Journalism and Media Studies Center, University of Hong Kong. The University of Hong Kong has entered an agreement with Google for two full scholarships for an MA in Journalism, addressed to students with a solid knowledge of computer technology. Scholarships for the 2012/2013 have already been allocated and they will allow the lucky winners to obtain a free MA aimed at developing tools for digital journalism and news gathering, reporting, data analysis and data visualization.
- Data Journalism Course, Wits University. The University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg will organize in April 2013 a course that will teach local journalists the true potential of Data Journalism. The course, however, is only open for six lucky hackers that will learn all the secrets from two of the most influential journalists, Ron Nixon for The New York Times, and Mark Horvit from the Investigative Reporters and Editors. At the end of the course, students will be ready to enter the world of communication with excellent digital skills.
- Data Journalism Course, Melbourne University.The course at the University of Melbourne explores theory and practice of Data Journalism, whereby the news is organized on a structure made of data. Students will learn how to get the keys of access to public databases, how to extract information from them, and how to make the data available through visualizations that facilitate their use for the citizens questions. The final test of the course will consist in the creation of a data reporting through the direct use of datasets in open data format.
Traslation by Daniele Palumbo and Martina Cavanna
First Update: October 11, 2012
Second Update: November 29, 2012
Third Update: June 21, 2013
Interactive map by Daniel Palumbo


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Logan Brennan and Emily Hilliard each scored three goals to lead Kingston past Pine Bush in the Section 9 Class A field hockey championship on Monday at the Hudson Valley Sports Dome in Milton.
Kingston captured its sixth straight title.
Carly Canavan added two goals and four assists for Kingston (17-0), which beat Pine Bush 2-0 for the title last year.


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Assisi International Animal Institute is dedicated to raising consciousness towards and for animals internationally.
We offer introductory and advanced animal communication workshops and a professional animal communicator certification program.
Ask how you and a friend can receive a workshop free by bringing one to your local area.
For more information please Visit our website
Home: Specialized Pet Services: Animal Communicators: Assisi International Animal Institute, Inc.


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2008-09 Bulldog Equestrian
The Fresno State Equestrian team is having an excellent season and ranked No. 9 in the nation.
Fresno State: One of the top student-athletes on the Fresno State campus ... an excellent student and leader ... won the inaugural Bulldog Award, presented to the top Fresno State student-athlete for athletic performance, academic achievement and community service involvement ... serving her second season as a team captain ... competes in Equitation over Fences and has become one of the nation's top collegiate riders ... an excellent student ... led the Dogs to the Varsity Equestrian National Championships with seven victories in the regular season ... won five of her first six matches of the season ... was named MVP against New Mexico State and had a season-high score of 78 against the Aggies later in the season.
Personal: Born August 27, 1987 in Torrence, Calif.... parents are Kathy and Charles Nenneker ... has one older brother, Charles... hobbies include being with friends and family and painting... board member for Habitat for Humanity... favorite athlete Michael Phelps for his dedication and drive to be the best he can be... biggest athletic thrill was winning Bulldog of the Year... most admires her parents for always supporting her and being the most amazing people she knows.
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Kids in costume get a spot in the parade and a safe place to trick or treat. The aviary also promises sing-a-longs with Music Together, face painting, bird shows and spooky stories at the Chase Mill on the 30th. Click here for more info.
But the scariest part...the birds.
In honor of the Halloween Hoot, here's the count down Tracy Aviary's top five scariest birds (all info on birds and photos courtesy of Tracy Aviary).
5. Black-crowned Night Heron
With its piercing red eyes, this heron stalks its food in the evening and dead of night. It plays statue near the water's edge, and as soon as unsuspecting prey swims by, the heron springs to life and gobbles it up. You'll find the bird in wetlands across five different continents and in the Kennecott Wetlands Immersion Experience in the aviary's northeast section.
4. Red-tailed Hawk
You'll know this hawk is near by its high-pitched scream, "KEEEE-EEE-AAARRR." Usually it perches on a high object like a pole or tall tree, keeping a watch for rodents reptiles and, yes, other birds. Sometimes it will just hover above the ground before catching its prey off guard. Find the hawk in Canada through Central America and the aviary's bird show.
3. Great Horned Owl
The great horned owl is a cerebral assassin of the Tracy Aviary. Its feathers are designed for stealth, and it has impeccable hearing and sight. The scariest part is it can rotate its head nearly 180 degrees, giving new meaning to 'eyes in the back its head.' Don't miss Tracy Aviary's great horned owl.
2. King Vulture
This vulture is known for eating the dead animals that would make most creatures turn away in disgust. A strong sense of sight and smell help it locate carcasses, while its bald head keeps it clean. Plus, just look at it... Other scavengers know to step aside when the king swoops down. Take a look at the aviary's pair of king vultures this Halloween.
1. Andean Condor
Like the King Vulture, this condor depends on carcasses for food, but unlike a vulture, it has a wing span of more than 10 feet. Imagine coming face to face with a bird that large in the wild! I'd head for the hills, but it wouldn't help—it can fly up to heights of 18,000 feet. They are found in the Andes and other areas of South America. The aviary's condor, Andy, just turned 51 years old this year.


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Tech leads 2-0 after the first inning.
The Red Raiders delivered a couple of those missing "big hits" on a bases-loaded single by Doug Thennis and an RBI double by Monk Kreder -- both with two outs.
True freshman Chad Bettis from Monterey breezed through the first inning, needing just 10 pitches to retire the side in order. Chad's working quickly, making A&M batters repeatedly ask for time trying to slow down his rhythm. He allowed a one-out single to Jose Duran in the second but struck out Luke Anders and took a liner off of himself that deflected to Joey Kenworthy at third, who threw Darby Brown out at first to end the inning.
Tech leads 2-0 going to the third.


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I am Associate Professor at the Department of Statistics and Applied Probability of the National University of Singapore.
My address is:
Adrian Roellin
Department of Statistics and Applied Probability
National University of Singapore
6 Science Drive 2
Singapore 117546
A remark on my surname: it is spelled either "Röllin" or "Roellin". Both variants are equivalent according to standard German grammar, but I usually use the former one in scientific publications. The variants "Rollin" and "Röellin" are somewhat incorrect. The letter ö is pronounced like the vowel e in herd, but short (the correct pronunciation is [ø], but [ɜ] like in the previous word comes close enough). And if you can speak with a Scottish accent, you can also pronounce the R correctly. However, if you do speak with a Scottish accent, you'll get the wrong vowel from herd, which then sounds more like [ɛ], as in pet (the latter being pronounced the same way in standard and Scottish English).


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Archie Dean Erehart
Position: WB
Height: 5-8 Weight: 165 lbs.
Born: March 23, 1894 in Fulton, OH
Died: November 11, 1962
High School: Huntington
College: Indiana (school history)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1950)
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