text:
So I'm sitting with a few people at Fondue, and we order a bottle of "archivni vino" and when they bring it I almost gag. It was bad: I mean, it was obviously spoiled.
I don't know what happened or whose fault it was but my guess was if the swill was ever drinkable (and I really don't think that much Czech red is) it was probably kept in temperatures that weren't appropriate.
I told the waitress that it was unacceptable, the first time I've ever done that in my life, and she looked shocked. She said she couldn't take it back.
Between laughs of absurdity, the rest of my table were put through the gruesome task of sipping the watery red liquid that conjured up a strong bouquet of vinegar-sweatsock and agreed that it was undrinkable.
Finally, after battles with the waitress, who was obviously willing to compromise the reputation of the restaurant to four customers over a bottle of 300Kc wine, the manager came over.
I asked him why they would bother to offer to let me taste the wine if I couldn't send it back if it was unacceptable.
I think that this was the first moment he truly understood that this is why you offer customers a taste of their wine and he finally agreed to take the wine back. You can imagine how lovely the waitress was through the rest of the (very bad) meal.


text:
Welcome to the U.S. Commercial Service Aerospace and Defense Technology Team Page.
We are the industry's primary export resource and should be your first point of contact when looking to sell internationally. Our team of domestic and international trade specialists, located at our Export Assistance Centers in the United States and at U.S. Embassies overseas, is prepared to assist in increasing your export sales. U.S. Points of Contact are available to discuss your international business needs.
The aerospace & defense industry has been a cornerstone of the U.S. economy for decades and has provided well-paying jobs for a variety of skill levels. The industry's position is now challenged by global competition, changes in technology, national and worldwide economic conditions, and global policies affecting defense, civilian and commercial aviation. To maintain this important sector of the U.S. economy, the U.S. Commercial Service strives to provide assistance to increase the industry's competitiveness. Specifically, the Aerospace and Defense Technology Team works with companies to help them:
Take Action Now: Contact an Aerospace and Defense trade specialist, explore upcoming events and trade leads, and increase your international sales. We look forward to working with you!
For detailed country by country analysis on worldwide markets, please see the Aerospace Resource Guide.
Click the cover below to download a copy:
|Infrastructure Opportunities in Panama and Colombia -- Architectural/Constr./Engineering SVC, Airport/Ground Support Eq., Building Products, Construction Eq., Port/Shipbuilding Eq., Railroad Eq., Security/Safety Eq., Transportation Serv. (other than Aviation)
|Pre-Register for this event
|Event Summary:
In this webinar you will learn about the opportunities in the following sectors: building products, construction equipment, electrical power systems, safety and security equipment, airport supplies, logistics and distribution solutions providers, port equipment, and intelligent transportation systems (ITS), airport and port design and construction.
A plethora of opportunities for American firms in Colombia and Panama are the result of by the US-Colombia Free Trade Agreement and the US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement.
The US-Colombia Free Trade Agreement on May 15, 2012 provides immediate duty-free entry for 80 percent of U.S. consumer and industrial exports to Colombia, with remaining tariffs phased out over the next 10 years.Colombia is the third largest market in the region, after Mexico and Brazil, and is ranked 22nd as a market for U.S. exports globally. Over the past 10 years, Colombia has become one of the most stable economies in the region.
The US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA) that has had the effect of eliminating some 90% of tariffs and duties on U.S. exports to Panama. In 2011, U.S. exports to Panama jumped 34% to $8.25 billion – in no small part due to the fact that Panama's economy grew 10.5%.
Main webinar speakers include Cameron Werker,Senior Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Colombia and Daniel T. Crocker, Senior Commercial Officer at the U.S. Embassy Panama
Please see Trade Mission Link to learn more:
|Cameron Werker, Shanghai
Principal Commercial Officer
Phone: 86-21-6279-7638
|Daniel Crocker, OIO-DAS
Executive Director
Phone: 202-482-3484
|Arica Young, OIO-WH
Director of Operations
Phone: 202-482-6219

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The City of Longwood offers extensive services to both residential and business communities. To view available services, please view the links on the left side of your browser window.
The map below shows the locations of City buildings in the City of Longwood, along with links to each Department for more information.
Select Categories:City Services
Select Categories:


text:
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
Foundations of Design
ISBN13:by Davis, Jeff
Cengage Learning
Complimentary 7-Day eTextbook Access
When you rent or buy this book, you will receive complimentary 7-day online access to the eTextbook version from your PC, Mac, tablet, or smartphone. Feature not included on Marketplace Items.
Questions About This Book?
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Renting is easy, fast, and cheap! Renting from eCampus.com can save you hundreds of dollars compared to the cost of new or used books each semester. At the end of the semester, simply ship the book back to us with a free UPS shipping label! No need to worry about selling it back.
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Returning books is as easy as possible. As your rental due date approaches, we will email you several courtesy reminders. When you are ready to return, you can print a free UPS shipping label from our website at any time. Then, just return the book to your UPS driver or any staffed UPS location. You can even use the same box we shipped it in!
What version or edition is this?
This is the 1st edition with a publication date of 1/1/2012.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
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FOUNDATIONS OF DESIGN is a clear, concise text covering all major topics in the fundamentals of design. Practical and straightforward, the author builds upon each concept of design from a blank canvas to a final product. The prose is paired with diagrams created by the author that visibly illustrate each concept in the same crisp approach as the narrative. A selection of contemporary and graphic design examples aid students in making connections from the principles of design through to a final work. Paired with the interactive ebook, offering students even more real world examples, as well as the online peer review and instructor critique tool, Art Studio, this text creates an interactive and engaging classroom experience.


text:
Judge Karlin
12-40685 H D Gerlach Company Inc (Doc. # 129) - Document Text
- Details
- Category: Judge Karlin
- Published: 06 December 2012
- Written by Judge Karlin
SIGNED this 30th day of November, 2012.
In re:
HD Gerlach Company Inc., Case No. 12-40685
Chapter 11
Order Requiring Creditor Central National Bank to Supplement its
Privilege Log in Relation to its First Interim Application for Allowance
and Payment of Attorney Fees and Expenses
On October 12, 2012, Central National Bank (Central) filed its first application
for fees and expenses, seeking almost $50,000 for the period December 2011 through
October 2012.1 Debtor objected to Central's fee motion in large part because the
attached itemization was so heavily redacted that counsel was unable to determine the
reasonableness of the fees.2 At a hearing conducted November 14, 2012, after a
1 Doc. 94.
2 At the hearing on Central's motion, Debtor's counsel agreed that, if reasonable, theterms of the agreement between the parties allows for attorney fees and expenses pursuantto 11 U.S.C. § 506(b). In addition, this judge does not remember that counsel had anyargument about the hourly rate requested. Therefore, it appears that only Debtor's
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 1 of 8
preliminary review of the heavily redacted fee itemization, the Court agreed that the
redactions made it impossible for Debtor's counsel to assess reasonableness. On that
basis, the Court believed it unfair to proceed to its own review of reasonableness
without input of Debtor's counsel. The Court therefore ordered that Central provide
opposing counsel and the Court with a less-redacted version of the itemization, where
possible, and a privilege log to justify the remaining redactions. Central was also
ordered to file an unredacted copy of the fee itemization under seal.
Central timely filed the unredacted itemization under seal. In addition, Central
has eliminated some of the redactions—in other words, some words that were
previously redacted are now viewable—and has presumably provided that less
redacted itemization to Debtor. But these limited efforts haven't been very helpful. The
amended itemization that opposing counsel received is still heavily redacted.
As an applicant for an award of attorney fees, Central has the burden of proving
that the number of hours for which it seeks fees is reasonable considering the legal
tasks for which fees are sought.3 To satisfy its burden, Central must submit
"meticulous, contemporaneous time records that reveal, for each lawyer for whom fees
are sought, all hours for which compensation is requested and how those hours were
allotted to specific tasks."4 Furthermore, this Court "has a positive and affirmative
reasonableness challenge remains in dispute.
3 Malloy v. Monahan, 73 F.3d 1012, 1017–18 (10th Cir. 1996).
4 Case v. Unified School District No. 233, Johnson County, Kansas, 157 F.3d 1243,
1250 (10th Cir. 1998) (citing Ramos v. Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 552 (10th Cir. 1983)) (alsoholding that a court is justified in reducing the number of reasonable hours when the
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 2 of 8
function in the fee fixing process, not merely a passive role."5 For that reason, the
itemization must be sufficient to allow the Court to determine reasonableness. That
role is enhanced through the adversary process, by allowing both counsel to help
educate the trial judge about the fees in a particular case.
As in a similar case, Tomlinson v. Combined Underwriters Life Ins. Co.,6 the
attorney billing statements here do not meet the standard required to support the
award, at least in part, because
"[t]hey have been redacted so as to eliminate practically all references to thesubject matter or issue being researched or addressed, and the document beingprepared, reviewed, or revised. In other words, the redactions render the feerequest essentially unsupported because the redactions deprive the court of theability to determine whether the time spent on a particular task was reasonable.
The redactions also deprive Plaintiff of sufficient information to enable Plaintiffto formulate a reasoned objection."7
Although this Court has now been provided, under seal, an unredacted version of the
time entries, Debtor's attorney has not. Debtor has no real ability to make the required
attorney does not adequately document how "he or she utilized large blocks of time" andwhen hours claimed are unnecessary, irrelevant or duplicative). Case is very instructive onattorney fee awards, generally, including that time spent on generalized "conferences"
between attorneys is not necessarily compensable when the billing entries are notsufficiently specific and do not indicate what happened at the conference, and time spent onbackground research spent familiarizing oneself with the general area of law should beabsorbed in the firm's overhead and not billed to the client.)
5 Valenti v. Allstate Ins. Co., 243 F. Supp. 2d 200, 209 (M.D. Pa. 2003) (citing
Loughner v. University of Pittsburgh, 260 F.3d 173, 178 (3d Cir. 2001)). In addition, not allhours expended in litigation are normally billed to a client, and applicants should exercise"billing judgment" with respect to a claim of the number of hours worked. Malloy v.
Monahan, 73 F.3d at 1018 (also holding that a court has a corresponding obligation toexclude hours "not reasonably expended" from the calculation of fees).
6 Case No. 08-cv-259-TCK-FHM, 2009 WL 2392950 (N.D. Okla. July 29, 2009).
7 Id. at *1.
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 3 of 8
determination, and is deprived of the ability to support its argument that certain fees
may not reasonable in light of the work required.8
And like in Tomlinson, this Court is also not persuaded by Central's arguments
that the information redacted from the billing statements constitutes either protected
attorney-client communication or work product, in the vast majority of the redacted
entries. As the Tomlinson Court noted, and which is very true here, "the redacted
information appears to be of the type that is routinely included in billing statements
appended to fee requests. It does not appear that the billing statements contain
professional advice or opinion or the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal
theories of an attorney."9
Furthermore, the asserted privilege log does not meet the requirements of a
proper privilege log, because it is so generic as to be essentially worthless to this Court,
and undoubtedly to opposing counsel. Although there are well over 100 instances of
redaction, the log only states one of two sentences for all these redactions. The first is
"Attorney-client privilege as it reflects litigation strategy and the nature of services
provided," and the second is "Work product doctrine as it reflects litigation strategy
and the nature of services provided."
The attorney-client privilege is intended to encourage full and frank
8 The Court will note that without receipt of the unredacted copy, the fee applicationas originally filed lacked such specificity that the Court was simply unable to determine thereasonableness or accuracy of many charges. That lack of specificity, alone, would havejustified the Court's complete denial of fees.
9 2009 WL 2392950, at *1.
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 4 of 8
communications between attorneys and their clients, therein promoting broader public
interests in the observance of law and the administration of justice.10 But that privilege
"does not automatically extend to a peripheral fact regarding an attorney-clientcommunication or the attorney-client relationship in general. The generalnature of the privileged matter, the occasion and circumstances of anycommunications, actual circumstances of the attorney-client relationship remaindiscoverable, even when the underlying communication itself may be privileged.
'The attorney-client privilege only precludes disclosures of communicationsbetween attorney and client and does not protect against disclosures of the factsunderlying the communication.' In general, the facts of legal consultation oremployment, client identities, attorney's fees and the scope and nature ofemployment are not deemed privileged."11
Similarly, the work product doctrine protects unwarranted inquiries into the
files and mental impressions of an attorney.12 But the burden of proof is on the
proponent of the doctrine. Any privilege must be weighed against the burden upon the
party requesting attorney's fees to set forth, with specificity, the information that
supports the fees they seek.13
The Valenti case is instructive. There the Court noted that it had
"great concern with the defendant's liberal use of purported privilege to protectwhat can only be described as mundane and uninforming entries in their billingrecords. This use of purported "privilege" has greatly multiplied the work thiscourt has had to undertake since the opposing party could not address any of theparticulars that have been redacted from the billing statement presented .... Asrandom examples of "privileged" information, selected from the billing, thedefendant on July 13, 1999 redacted an itemization for Attorney Stein thatreads "telephone conference with Jack Brinkman." Nothing in the description
10 Swidler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S. 399, 403 (1998) (citing Upjohn Co. v.
United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981)).
11 Valenti, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 218 (citations omitted).
12 Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495 (1947).
13 Valenti, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 218.
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 5 of 8
describes the contents of the conversation, but merely that a phone call betweenone lawyer and another took place. It is hard to understand what privilegedinformation would be disclosed by leaving that description unredacted.14
The redactions in this case are quite similar, and this Court is also hard placed to
understand, except in maybe 5-10 possible instances, how the information could be
remotely privileged.
As noted above, construing the concept of privilege exceedingly broadly, it is
possible that a few redactions might contain privileged information. But Central has
placed the Court in a situation where it is having to guess about a possible privilege,
because the privilege log so inadequately describes the basis for claiming the privilege.
For example, if the description of work done included research about a possible legal
theory that the other side might be able to use (but maybe had not thought of yet), it
is possible this Court would find a redaction of that fee entry is privileged. Admittedly
an objection to a billing statement should not be used to smoke out theories that the
objecting counsel might not have contemplated. Similarly, if a description identified a
witness that opposing counsel did not wish to reveal at that juncture, for strategic
reasons, the identity could theoretically fit into some privilege.
But again, this Court is left guessing whether a privilege truly exists, because
the short-hand bases for redaction are simply inadequate. Again, the party seeking to
invoke the attorney-client or work product privilege has the burden of establishing its
applicability. To satisfy this burden, it is insufficient for the party invoking privilege
to merely contend, without more, that the redacted information contains privileged
14 Id.
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 6 of 8
information."15 A privilege log must describe the nature of the documents or
communications not produced in a manner that, without revealing any potentially
privileged information, will enable other parties to assess the claim.16 Central's cursory
log entries wholly fail to do this.
Accordingly, the Court requires Central to provide to the Court and to the
Debtor a proper privilege log by December 7, 2012. This will enable the Court and
opposing counsel a true opportunity to evaluate the privileges asserted, which is
presently impossible. At some point before the hearing set for December 13, 2012,
counsel for both parties should consult and decide which redactions are still truly
In addition, the Court again strongly encourages counsel to similarly consult and
decide which of the dozens of time entries are in dispute as to the reasonableness of
time spent, so that at the December 13 hearing, we do not have to use court time to
discuss entries that are undisputed.17 The Court also hopes that its citation to a few
cases in this order will give guidance as to how the Court views many of these issues.
Finally, the Court will note that it disagrees with the Debtor's contention that
a state court (where some of the attorney time was expended) should decide the
reasonableness of the time spent on state court matters. I disagree. I believe I am
15 Cf., Centennial Archaeology, Inc. v. AECOM, Inc., 688 F.3d 673, 683 (10th Cir.
16 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(5)(A).
17 It would be very helpful if counsel could jointly present a list of which entries
remain in dispute prior to the hearing (both as to whether a redaction is appropriate andwhether the fee sought is reasonable).
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 7 of 8
capable of determining the reasonableness of those fees, and doing so in one forum will
avoid potential delay.
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED that Central provide to this Court and Debtor
an amended privilege log, in full compliance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(5), by December
7, 2012. In addition, counsel for both parties should meet prior to December 13, 2012
to winnow both the redaction dispute and the reasonableness dispute for court
# # #
Case 12-40685 Doc# 129 Filed 11/30/12 Page 8 of 8
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text:
I need to be able to disable writing to disk, on a drive in Windows XP. I don't see this on Google searches...?
To be more clear, I'm not looking to protect the C:, but rather another HD called F:. In fact, I'd like to make another partition G: on the non-system drive for additional backups of new data and write protect that as well.
This is for a friend with very limited resources and old computer. I did make him a non-admin account for everyday use so that he would be less likely to do bad things to his machine. This gentlemen is not computer savy and is in general hard on systems.
EDIT: As Dave pointed out, I do not really want to write-protect a new partition G: which would be for backups...I'll simply change the root folder's permissions.


text:
Editor's note: This article was a finalist for the America Inspired Contest, which celebrated extraordinary people making a difference across the United States. We invite you to read about these amazing people.
"Dear Cleaning with a Meaning,
My eight-year-old daughter, Jaelyn, was born with a lung and pancreatic disease called Cystic Fibrosis. This causes her internal organs to become riddled with mucus, which causes infection; they eventually shut down and can lead to premature death. She has several infections as we speak and could possibly be hospitalized at any time. We were hoping to have the entire house disinfected as soon as possible to cut down on germ transfer and possibly eliminate the lung infections she has had. Thank you for your time and support." Jessica Day, Jacksonville, Florida
While this might not be the typical request submitted to most cleaning services, it's exactly the kind of client that Kara Anderson welcomes.
Anderson runs Cleaning with a Meaning, a Jacksonville, Fla. based non-profit that provides free maid service from local cleaning companies in cities across the country to families of children diagnosed with a serious illness.
It is not only a service but also a passion that comes from personal experience: Anderson was diagnosed with breast cancer on April 27, 2009. Prior to that, she was focused on building her for-profit cleaning service, Maids on the Run.
"Of course, the first question you ask is, 'Why me?'" said Anderson, who was 39 when first diagnosed, "But after that little pity party, and after I felt better about all of the practical stuff like knowing that my husband's there to run the business and take care of the kids, I just wanted to help other people going through similar things."
She didn't know exactly what that meant until she received an email requesting a prayer for a 7-year-old girl diagnosed with brain cancer.
"I figured, we had a cleaning company and we can help in this way. I have the ability, I have the supplies and I know the difference something like this can make," said Anderson.
She reached out to the little girl's family, but got no response. "I don't know what ever happened to her," said Anderson, "But that was the start of Cleaning with a Meaning, in spirit anyway."
She cleaned several homes free of charge before officially beginning Cleaning with a Meaning in February 2010. "There's no shortage of people who need this service," Anderson pointed out.
"Dear Cleaning with a Meaning,
My 2-year-old daughter is on her fourth chemotherapy. We are traveling six hours round trip to get the first treatment each week. Then we have home healthcare (mom) finish her last three doses weekly. My 4-year-old son is non-verbal/PDD-NOS." [Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified, sometimes called "atypical autism"] - Vincennes, Indiana
When Anderson learns of a family in need, she seeks a local cleaning company willing to donate their services. Cleaning with a Meaning monitors the service and Anderson follows up on every job within 24 hours.
In Jacksonville, Maids on the Run is the only company currently delivering service, but there are 37 companies in 19 states (plus two in Canada) that have joined Cleaning with a Meaning. All are licensed and insured.
The biggest challenge so far has been finding enough providers to fulfill the need.
"I sent out 500 emails soliciting companies nationwide, including Jacksonville, to join us," shared Anderson, "Zero responded. Everyone asks, 'What's in it for us?'"
This type of thinking confounds her. "I mean, you'll get marketing at some point – nobody is going to brag about your business better than someone you've helped – but isn't just the joy of helping families enough?"
"Dear Cleaning with a Meaning,
My son is 8 and has Trisomy 18. He is in a wheelchair and has a feeding tube and is on monitors that let me know when he is breathing at all times. Any help would be great." - Baxter, Minnesota
To date, Cleaning with a Meaning has helped 23 families in Jacksonville and 50 nationwide, from one time cleanings to the extended service of four.
Some families connect through the Cleaning with a Meaning website or Facebook page; others are referred by friends, family, church groups or the occasional hospital. Sometimes, Anderson hears about a family through word of mouth or via news stories and she initiates contact.
Either way, the gratitude is overwhelming.
"It's the best gift in the world," said Sarah Starr, whose 11-year-old daughter, Courtney, was diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis at birth. "It took such a burden off of us. That little time that we do have where she's not doing therapy or not at school; it's just a little bit more time we can spend together."
Jessica Day, mother of Jaelyn, the girl mentioned in the letter beginning this story, sees Cleaning with a Meaning as a rare respite from dealing with health insurance companies and medical providers who often say, "No."
"In a life where you're battling so many things, it's a welcome feeling to have somebody there for you, no strings attached," she said. "They were effortless."
Effortless is how Anderson wants it to be.
"We want to unload the burden of housekeeping during that time that is so stressful and unknown. We want them to be able to focus on the kids," she said.
"Dear Cleaning with a Meaning,
As a mother of a child who is surviving cancer – two years free – I was in a state of walking, talking, trance; scared every second, weak with fear… Every second of everyday I wished I had about 2 hours to RUN AWAY and just cry and pound on something to release the emotions a parent must hide for the kids sake to be strong and go on as Mom... It never showed up; there was never that moment…What you're offering and doing is AMAZING. I am proud to know you; I am here to help." - Kim, Facebook
Read more about Kara here, including a little about what motivates her and how she will use the money if she wins the $50,000 America Inspired contest! Read about the National Pink Tie Organization's endorsement of Kara here.
Follow Cleaning with a Meaning on their Facebook page at www.facebook.com or get more information at their website, www.cleaningwithameaning.com.


text:
Cyclist, 17, critically injured in collision on Hwy 2
DURHAM – A 17-year-old Clarington cyclist is in a critical condition at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center in Toronto, following a collision on Tuesday night with a pickup truck on Highway 2
The collision occurred at about 7:51 p.m. between Courtice and Hancock Roads in Clarington. A red GMC pickup truck, driven by a 42-year-old Clarington man, was eastbound on Highway 2, in the curb lane, when it struck the cyclist.
The cyclist was taken to Oshawa General Hospital with serious head injuries and later transferred to Sunnybrook, where he remains in a critical condition. The driver of the GMC pickup was uninjured and remained at the scene of the accident.
The roadway was temporarily closed while police collected evidence in the ongoing investigation.
Anyone with information about this incident is asked to call D/Cst. Darrin MacDuff of the Traffic Services Branch at 1-888-579-1520 ext. 5267. Anonymous information can be sent to Crime Stoppers at 1-800-222-8477 (TIPS) or www.durhamregionalcrimestoppers.ca and tipsters may be eligible for a $2,000 cash reward.


text:
Skydiving.com now has a network skydiving location serving Meherrin and Prince Edward County in Virginia. Call Skydiving.com at 1-800-617-7948 for details, free information and specials on skydiving in Meherrin, VA today!
Popular Tags for Skydiving Meherrin:
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Sign up for our newsletter and receive updatesand specials on skydiving across America!


text:
After leading a race-high 40 laps in the Aaron's 312 NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Talladega (Ala.) Superspeedway on Saturday, Elliott Sadler went on to win his first Nationwide race since August 2012 and the first of his career at Talladega. Chris Buescher scored a career-best second-place finish and Regan Smith was third.
Sadler and his Joe Gibbs Racing teammates Sam Hornish Jr. and Darrell Wallace Jr. claimed the top-three starting spots in qualifying on Friday, but when race day rolled around, Ryan Reed got by all three of them on the first lap and led the way until the first yellow flag on lap 28. Sadler, though, took the lead on the restart that followed.
The JGR teammates remained at or near the front until Wallace saw his race end early when he got caught up in an incident with James Buescher and Dylan Kwasniewski on lap 44 of the 117-lap race.
"I tried to stay out of the storm of what happens here at Talladega," Wallace said.
Sadler and Hornish continued on up front as the JR Motorsports trio of drivers -- Smith, Chase Elliott and Kasey Kahne raced up through the field after starting in the back. Smith took the lead when he got off pit road first during a caution on lap 83. Soon after the race restarted, his teammates were right behind him.
David Starr got out in front of the JRM trio and took the lead on a restart following a caution that came out with 19 laps remaining. But with 11 to go, Elliott moved up in front of the outside line of cars and was able to take the race lead just before the yellow flag waved with 10 laps to go. When the race restarted, Ryan Blaney pushed Starr back out to the lead and then took the top spot for himself.
One last caution, the seventh of the race, came out with just over five laps to go, prompting NASCAR to display the red flag to clean up after an incident involving Kahne and Blaney that also caused damage to Elliott's car.
"We had a really good Great Clips Chevrolet," Kahne said. "We were right in the middle of it the whole race."
When racing resumed, Sadler restarted in the lead, with Chris Buescher alongside in second. David Ragan pushed Sadler out front when the race restarted while Buescher got draft assistance from Smith. Once out front, Sadler seemed to block both lanes of traffic en route to the win.
"We just got on the inside line, there, and had to make some moves," Sadler said. "Under the red flag, I was thinking through all the scenarios."
Ragan finished fourth, and Hornish rounded out the top-five. Finishing sixth through 10th were Joe Nemechek, J.J. Yeley, Landon Cassill, Starr and Trevor Bayne.


text:
This is a transcription of Clemens's record copy of the contract he prepared with the assistance of his lawyer, Charles E. Perkins, in December 1876 (11 Dec 76, 20 Dec 76, both to Perkins). The original is in the Mark Twain Papers. The entire document, including signatures, is in an unidentified hand, doubtless a clerk employed by Perkins. Nothing is known of the copy or copies of the contract actually signed by Clemens, Bret Harte, and Charles T. Parsloe, Jr., the actor engaged for the title role of Ah Sin.
This agreement made by and between Samuel L Clemens, and [Brett] Harte of the first part, and Charles T. Parsloe of the second part, Witnesseth
The said Clemens and Harte hereby give and convey to said Parsloe the exclusive right to perform or cause to be performed the play composed by said Clemens and Harte and called "Ah Sin" throughout the whole world. The said right to continue during his life; upon the following conditions and agreements, viz
The said parties of the first part and second part are to share equally in the gross profits of the performance of the said play, after deducting therefrom only the expenses of printing and posting and the usual salary or percentage of any dramatic agency that may be employed to make contracts with managers, and no additional actors or advance agents are to be employed by said Parsloe at any expense to the parties of the first part unless two out of the three shall approve thereof, in which case the expenses arising from such engagement are also to be deducted from the gross profits before the said division—
If said Clemens and Harte shall so desire, they may send an agent to travel with said Parsloe who shall have the right to examine all contracts made by said Parsloe made in relation to said play, and all statements of profits made to him by managers of theatres and others, which agent shall be paid by said Clemens and Harte or if they desire, said Parsloe shall send to said Clemens or any person designated by him weekly statements of the gross profits certified to by the managers of theatres where said play is performed, and of the expenses hereinbefore agreed to be deducted therefrom, and shall also send weekly to said Clemens or person designated by him the shares of said profits so accrueing to said Clemens and said Harte.
The said Clemens and Harte may adopt either of these methods and change from one to the other at their option
If any person shall be found in infringing the rights of said parties by acting said play, legal steps to prevent the same shall be taken, whenever any two of the three parties shall so agree which proceedings shall be at the joint expense of the three—
And the said Parsloe hereby agrees with said Clemens and Harte that during the continuance of this agreement he will not play or perform in any other play or performance except in the aforesaid play of "Ah Sin" provided that if at any time the weekly net profits of the three parties shall have diminished to an average of three hundred and fifty dollars per week during the whole period of six consecutive months of said play the said Parsloe shall be at liberty to play in any other public play or entertainment but until such condition of things arises if said Parsloe shall without the written consent of said Clemens and Harte play in any other public play or entertainment then the said Clemens and Harte may at their option terminate this agreement by notice in writing and the same shall thereupon become null and void, and said Parsloe further agrees with said Clemens and Harte that if he shall during the existence of this agreement so play in any other piece without their consent or before the receipts shall decrease as aforesaid, that then whether said Clemens and Harte shall choose to terminate this agreement or not, he will pay to them the sum of twenty five thousand dollars not as a penalty but as damages sustained by said Clemens and Harte by his breach of this agreement liquidated and agreed upon as the actual damages so sustained by them
The said Clemens hereby agrees with said Parsloe to advance the said Parsloe the sum of not exceeding one thousand dollars for the payment of expenses of putting the said play on the stage for its first performance
And the said Parsloe and Harte hereby agree to pay to said Clemens two-thirds of such sums so advanced out of the shares of said Parsloe and Harte in the net profits hereinbefore mentioned of said performance of said play but if the said Parsloe shall receive no such profits or not enough to repay the said advances then said Parsloe shall not be obliged to repay any part of said sum so advanced but the said Harte shall be bound to repay to said Clemens one-third of such advances whether there are any profits arising from said performance or not
If said Parsloe shall in acting said play add or suffer to be added any thing to the words or business of said play he agrees to pay to said Clemens and Harte twenty five dollars for each and every time he so uses or suffers to be used such addition after said Clemens and Harte have given him notice of their disapproval of such additions
Samuel L Clemens.
Hartford Dec 30 '76
New York Jany 5 '77
Chas Thos Parsloe
New York Jany 5 '77
Textual Commentary
Ah Sin, the play he coauthored with Bret Harte. The third party to the contract was Charles T. Parsloe, Jr., the actor who played the title role. The contract was drafted in December 1876, at Clemens's direction, by his Hartford lawyer, Charles E. Perkins. This copy (including signatures) was made by an unidentified amanuensis, evidently Perkins's clerk. It is in the Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (CU-MARK).
Provenance:See Mark Twain Papers in Description of
Emendations and textual notes:
Brett • [sic]
Brett • [sic]


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International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 216561, 8 pages
Fuzzy-Logic-Based Energy Optimized Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks
1School of Computer Science & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
2School of Information & Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
3Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
Received 3 May 2013; Accepted 11 July 2013
Academic Editor: Shukui Zhang
Copyright © 2013 Haifeng Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Wireless sensor nodes are usually powered by batteries and deployed in unmanned outdoors or dangerous regions. So, constrained energy is a prominent feature for wireless sensor networks. Since the radio transceiver typically consumes more energies than any other hardware component on a sensor node, it is of great importance to design energy optimized routing algorithm to prolong network lifetime. In this work, based on analysis of energy consumption for data transceiver, single-hop forwarding scheme is proved to consume less energy than multihop forwarding scheme within the communication range of the source sensor or a current forwarder, using free space energy consumption model. We adopt the social welfare function to predict inequality of residual energy of neighbors after selecting different next hop nodes. Based on energy inequality, the method is designed to compute the degree of energy balance. Parameters such as degree of closeness of node to the shortest path, degree of closeness of node to Sink, and degree of energy balance are put into fuzzy logic system. Fuzzy-logic-based energy optimized routing algorithm is proposed to achieve multiparameter, fuzzy routing decision. Simulation results show that the algorithm effectively extends the network lifetime and has achieved energy efficiency and energy balance together, compared with similar algorithms.
1. Introduction
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as an attractive technology for their wide range of applications in civil and military areas. In contrast to traditional wireless networks, wireless sensor nodes are usually powered by batteries and deployed in unmanned outdoors or dangerous regions [1, 2]. So, energy-constraint is a prominent feature for wireless sensor networks. Since the radio transceiver typically consumes more energy than any other hardware components onboard a sensor node, designing energy optimized routing algorithm is of great importance to prolong network lifetime [3].
Due to limited power on each sensor node, the routing algorithm should seek for energy efficiency and find less energy-consuming paths to transmit data. Intuitively, the network lifetime should be extended. However, most energy-efficient routing algorithms tend to route data via sensors on energy-efficient paths and thereby drain their energy quickly. For the ultimate goal of wireless sensor networks is to maximize network lifetime, significant efforts have been done to improve energy-efficient routing for the perspective of energy balance. In [4], single-hop or multihop forwarding scheme is selected to transmit data to Sink, according to the ability of sensor nodes. The direct transmission mode can save energy of the nodes closer to the Sink since their relaying burden can be relieved in this mode. EBDG [5] takes full advantage of corona-based network partition, mixed routing, and data aggregation to balance energy consumption. In [6], multipath mechanism is used to achieve energy balance. In [7], a proactive multipath routing algorithm is provided to achieve spatial energy balance, but it is actually a load balancing mechanism because of the assumption that "energy burden" and "traffic load" can be assimilated. However, it is not an optimal solution because spreading traffic unaware of residual energy distribution is somewhat blindfold. To balance the energy consumption in WSNs, residual energy scheming based energy equilibrium routing protocol (RESEE) is proposed in [8]. In RESEE, a fuzzy gradient classification based next hop strategy has been designed to balance the energy consumption as a whole. In [9], using the variance of residual energy of sensors to measure the energy balance, predicting based distributed energy-balancing routing algorithm has been proposed. In [10], maximizing network lifetime by energy-aware routing has been formulated as integer programming problem, achieved energy efficiency as well as energy balance. But this algorithm has the central control architecture, and Sink needs to collect information of nodes and broadcast data transmission matrix to determine routes periodically, leading to heavy overhead of communication.
To prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, the routing algorithm must be designed to achieve both energy efficiency and energy balance together. It should not only reduce the energy consumption for data transmission to extent the lifetime of a single node but also balance the energy consumption for the whole network. However, it is hard to optimize energy efficiency and energy balance simultaneously, which is difficult to be accurately described by mathematical model. How to realize the optimal combination of energy efficiency and energy balance is the key issue to extend the network lifetime. Fuzzy logic, on the other hand, has potential for dealing with conflicting situations and imprecision in data using heuristic human reasoning without needing complex mathematical model [11]. It is very well suited for implementing routing and clustering heuristics and optimizations, like link or cluster head (CH) quality classification [12, 13]. Judicious cluster head election can reduce the energy consumption and extend the network lifetime. A fuzzy logic approach based on energy, concentration, and centrality is proposed for cluster head election in [14]. This mechanism has some demerits that are caused by the centralized election mechanism. The Sink has to collect the energy and distance information from all sensor nodes. In [15], based on the improvement of the mechanism in [14], CHEF algorithm is proposed, which is a localized cluster head election mechanism using fuzzy logic. In [16], an energy-aware distributed dynamic clustering protocol (ECPF) is proposed, in which fuzzy logic is employed to assess the fitness (cost) of a node to become a CH. Both node degree and node centrality are taken into account to compute fuzzy cost. Simulation results show that ECPF provides superior network lifetime and energy savings than CHEF. In [17], a fuzzy-logic-based clustering approach with an extension to the energy predication has been proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. In addition to the residual energy, the expected residual energy has been introduced to act as a fuzzy descriptor during the online CH selection process.
Although there are some researches using fuzzy logic to optimize cluster head election, but in the field of using fuzzy logic approach for flat routing has not been studied enough. In [11], the gateway is responsible for setting up of routes for sensor nodes and for the maintenance of centralized routing table that indicates the next hop for each sensor node. Gateway uses fuzzy logic to determine the cost of link between any two sensor nodes by input fuzzy variables, such as transmission energy, remaining energy, and queue size. Once the costs of all possible links to the gateway are computed, the route will be determined using the shortest path algorithm. But this approach is centralized, which is not suitable for the widely distributed WSNs. In [18], angle of placement and number of packets forwarded to the neighboring node are used as fuzzy system input parameters, and the node with greater chance is selected as next hop. In this method, the number of packets forwarded to neighboring nodes takes the place of the residual energy of nodes. But there are many packets sent from other nodes, so this replacement is not accurate.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the system model and defines data generation patterns. In Section 3, three energy optimized parameters are defined. A detailed description of fuzzy-logic-based energy optimized routing is given in Section 4. The simulation model and the comparative performance evaluation of the proposed routing algorithm are presented in Section 5. Section 6 concludes this paper.
2. System Model and Problem Specification
There are homogenous sensor nodes randomly and uniformly distributed over a target area, and a Sink node collects events or sensed data from the sensors in each round. The primary design objective of the routing algorithm is to maximize the network lifetime. We clarify the problem by detailing energy consumption model and data generation patterns.
2.1. Energy Consumption Model
The energy consumption of each sensor node consists of three components: sensing energy, communication energy, and data processing energy. Sensing and data processing require much less energy than communication, so we consider only communication energy consumption. We use the same energy consumption model as Heinzelman used it for wireless communication hardware [19]. If the node transmits an -bit packet over distance , the consumed energy is where denotes the energy/bit consumed by the transmitter electronics. denotes the energy dissipated in the transmission amplifier and represents the path loss exponent. The value of is 2 for free space channel model and 4 for multipath fading channel model.
When receiving an -bit packet, the energy consumption is
2.2. Data Generation Patterns
Many previous studies assume that each sensor has to send data to Sink in each round. That is, all sensors have a uniform data generation rate. However, in many applications, this assumption becomes unrealistic. In the case of forest fire detection, events can occur rarely and randomly over the target area. Therefore, the consideration of diverse potential data generation patterns is more reasonable. For our work, three data generation patterns are considered as follows.(i)Uniform data generation: every sensor transmits a data packet to the Sink in each round.(ii)Random data generation: every sensor reports a data packet to the Sink with probability in each round.(iii)Data generation from a local area: only sensors in a local area have data to be transmitted to the Sink in each round. The shape of the area can be a circle, a square, or any other.
3. Energy Optimized Parameters
3.1. Degree of Closeness of Node to the Shortest Path
According to the energy consumption model of sensor nodes, the energy consumption for data transmission is proportional to the square of the distance between the source node and the destination for the free space model. If all relay nodes are on the line from data source node to the Sink, the whole energy consumption for data transmission would be minimized. So, the degree of closeness of node to the shortest path (DCSP) should be used as one of energy optimized parameters. Consider where denotes source node and denotes its forwarding node, whose distance to Sink is less than . Note that DCSP() attains its maximum when lies on the line from to Sink. The intuition behind the concept of DCSP is to make the data forwarding path not to deviate much from the shortest path between the current sender (i.e., the source of the data or any current forwarder) and the Sink.
3.2. Degree of Closeness of Node to Sink
In the process of data transmission, two data forwarding schemes: single-hop or multihop can be used within the communication range of the current sender. A forwarding scheme is said to be single-hop if each sensor in a data forwarding path can use at most one of its one-hop neighbors to forward a data packet toward its ultimate destination. A forwarding scheme is said to be multihop if the same data is forwarded through multiple neighbors of each sensor until the data reaches its destination. As can be seen from Figure 1, sensor can send data to sensor directly (single-hop) or through a relay node (multihop). These two forwarding schemes consume different amounts of energy, which will be analyzed as follows.
Let us compute the energy consumption for sending data from sensor to using the previously mentioned two forwarding schemes for the free space model. Let be the energy consumption required to forward data from sensor to through single-hop and multihop forwarding schemes, respectively.
Assume that sensor lies on the line segment ; that is, . If multihop short-range forwarding scheme is more energy efficient than single-hop, it implies . From (4), we can drive If sensor is not on the line segment , we can drive In this paper, we use the same parameter values for wireless communication hardware as Heinzelman used them in [19]. The numerical values of some parameters are as follows: m, nJ/bit, and pJ/bit/m2. It is easy to check that (5) and (6) are not established. So, single-hop forwarding scheme is more energy efficient within the one-hop communication range of the source sensor or a current forwarder. In order to save energy, the neighbor node which is more close to Sink should be selected as next hop. The definition of degree of closeness of node to Sink (DCS) is where represents distance from node to Sink and denotes the forwarding neighbor set of source node .
3.3. Degree of Energy Balance
The existing energy-balancing routing algorithms are generally based on the residual energy of sensors to transform the selection of next hop, which is a kind of passive method of routing decision. When the data forwarding path is updated, the inequality of residual energy of sensors has already emerged. In our study, we adopt initiative routing adjustment strategy to predict the inequality of residual energy when selecting different forwarding neighbors as next hop and selecting the one with the highest degree of energy balance as next hop. In social sciences, there have been considerable efforts to define the so-called social welfare function to compare income welfare between space and time. In general, social welfare is a function of average and equality of an income population. In this paper, the energy unbalance (EUB) of s set of sensors is computed using Atkinson welfare function according to [20] EUB denotes energy unbalance of sensors in one-hop communication region and is the number of sensors in this region. denotes the residual energy of sensor and the average residual energy. denotes the inequality aversion index, which takes values ranging from zero to infinity. The values of that are typically used include 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5.
To evaluate the alternative next hop, the sensor calculates expected EUB of its local society consisting of its forwarding neighbors and itself according to the estimated residual energy of these sensors. After computing EUB for each alternative next hop, the forwarding neighbor is selected if the node gives the minimum EUB.
On the assumption that forwarding node is selected as the next hop and the data is transmitted to it, the expected residual energy of sensor is The expected residual energy of sensor after receiving and transmitting the same data (transmission distance approximates to ) is There is no change on residual energy of other neighbors not involved in data transmission, which is shown as Using the expected residual energy from (9), (10), and (11), sensor can calculate the expected EUB for each decision by (12), which is based on the Atkinson welfare function where
After sensor has calculated EUB for each forwarding neighbor, the degree of energy balance (DEB) for selecting node as next hop is calculated by
4. Fuzzy-Logic-Based Routing
Fuzzy logic is used in this work as main implementation of perceptive reasoning. A fuzzy system basically consists of three parts: fuzzifier, fuzzy inference engine, and defuzzifier. The fuzzifier maps each crisp input value to the corresponding fuzzy sets and thus assigns it a truth value or degree of membership for each fuzzy set. The fuzzified values are processed by the inference engine, which consists of a rule base and various methods for inferring the rules. The rule base is simply a series of IF-THEN rules that relate the input fuzzy variables with the output fuzzy variables using linguistic variables, each of which is described by a fuzzy set. The defuzzifier performs defuzzification on the fuzzy solution space. That is, it finds a single crisp output value from the solution fuzzy space.
The objective of our fuzzy-logic-based routing is to determine the energy optimized routing based on the parameters defined previously, such that the network lifetime is maximized. The fuzzy rule base has been tuned so as not only to minimize energy consumption but also to balance data traffic among sensor nodes effectively.
Figure 2 gives our fuzzy system model. Mamdani algorithm is used to realize fuzzy logic inference. The input fuzzy variables are degree of closeness of node to the shortest path (DCSP), degree of closeness of node to Sink (DCS), and degree of energy balance (DEB). The first two variables reflect the measure of energy efficiency for selecting one node as next hop, and the last variable shows the measure of energy balance for routing decision. The rule base consists of 27 (33) rules. There is a single output fuzzy variable, namely, chance, the defuzzified value of which determines the chance for one forwarding neighbor which has been selected as next hop.
Figure 3 displays details of the input and output fuzzy variables. The linguistic variables, used to represent DCSP and DCS, are divided into three levels: far, medium, and close, respectively, and there are three levels to represent DEB: poor, medium, and good, respectively. The output fuzzy variable to represent the node next hop election chance is divided into seven levels, which are very small, small, rather small, medium, rather large, large, and very large. The fuzzy rule base currently includes rules like the following: if DEB is good, DCSP is close, and DCS is close, the chance of the node to be selected as next hop is very large. The forwarding neighbors of the source sensor or a current forwarder are compared on the basis of chances, and the node with the maximum chance is then selected as the next forwarder. Mathematically, the crisp output domain value chance, from solution fuzzy region A, is given by where is the domain value corresponding to rule and is the predicate truth for that domain value.
5. Results and Discussion
In this section, we evaluate the performance of our proposed fuzzy-logic-based energy optimized routing (FLEOR) algorithm via MATLAB. We calculate the energy consumption for data transmission and reception. We define the network lifetime as the time when the residual energy of the first sensor node becomes zero, which is counted by round. We compare the performance of FLEOR algorithm with a predicting based distributed energy-balancing routing (PDEBR) [9], minimum transmission energy (MTE) routing [21], greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) [22], and energy accounted minimum hop routing (EAMHR) [23] on the network lifetime, energy balance, and energy efficiency. In our simulations, sensor nodes are randomly and uniformly deployed over the square monitoring area. The Sink is placed at the outside of the monitoring area. Other simulation parameters are given in Table 1.
5.1. Network Lifetime
Figures 4, 5, and 6 give the network lifetime under different data generation patterns: uniform, random, and specific local area, respectively, when the number of sensors increases from 50 to 200. In our simulations, the data generation rate is set to be 0.25 for the random data generation pattern, which means that sensors generate data with probability of 0.25 in each round, while, for pattern of data generation from a local area, sensors located in a square area from (0, 0) to (50, 50) send data repeatedly.
As shown in Figure 4, FLEOR algorithm has extended the network lifetime under uniform data generation pattern, compared with PDEBR, EAMHR, GPSR, and MTE algorithms. GPSR and MTE algorithms make routing decisions based on the location of neighbors and have no attempt on energy balance, resulting in short network lifetime. The node closest to Sink especially in MTE will relay the data of the whole network, resulting in quick energy consumption and the shortest network lifetime. EAMHR selects the node with the most residual energy as next hop from forwarding neighbors, which has achieved combination of energy efficiency and energy balance to a certain extent and prolonged network lifetime compared with GPSR and MTE. PDEBR predicts mean square deviation of residual energy of neighbors and selects the node with the minimum value as next hop from front neighbors. It has achieved the distributed local energy balance and has longer network lifetime compared with EAMHR, GPSR, and MTE. FLEOR combines energy efficiency and energy balance together through fuzzy logic. Compared with PDEBR and EAMHR, FLEOR has extended network lifetime further, which means that FLEOR can achieve a better combination of energy efficiency and energy balance.
Figures 5 and 6 show that FLEOR has significant advantages on network lifetime under random data generation pattern and local area data generation pattern, compared with other algorithms. With these results, we can say that FLEOR is adaptable to different data generation patterns and is more suitable for real network design requirements.
5.2. Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency
Figure 7 gives the average residual energy of nodes under uniform data generation pattern when the first node becomes incapacitated. In GPSR and MTE, there is no consideration on energy balance for routing decision. So, there are many nodes with more residual energy when the first node becomes incapacitated, compared with FLEOR, PDEBR, and EAMHR.
Figure 8 gives the average energy consumption of end to end for different algorithms under uniform data generation pattern. From this figure, we can see that the average energy consumption of end to end in GPSR and EAMHR is close and maintained at a low level, which shows a good performance on energy efficiency. In PDEBR, the node with the minimum predicted mean square deviation of residual energy is selected as next hop, although it is near the sending node and far from the Sink. So, the average energy consumption of end to end in PDEBR is larger than GPSR, MTE, and FLEOR. In MTE, the multihop short-range forwarding scheme is used to transmit data, which has been proved to be less energy efficient within the communication range of the current forwarder. So, the average energy consumption of end to end in MTE is the most and shows the upward trend with the increase of network size. In FLEOR, the energy balance of nodes is considered preferentially when making routing decisions. As a result, the average energy consumption of end to end in FLEOR is higher than GPSR and EAMHR. At the same time, FLEOR has achieved energy efficiency, leading to less average energy consumption of end to end and restraint of its rising trend with the increase of the number of nodes, compared with MTE and PDEBR.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, we have designed three energy optimized parameters, such as the degree of closeness of node to the shortest path, degree of closeness of node to Sink, and degree of energy balance, and put these parameters into fuzzy logic system. The fuzzy-logic-based routing algorithm is proposed to realize energy optimized, multiparameter, and fuzzy routing decision. Simulation results show that the algorithm extends the network lifetime effectively compared with similar algorithms for different dada generation patterns and has a good performance in terms of energy balance and energy efficiency.
Our future work will focus on the applications for multimedia. While achieving optimized energy consumption of the whole network, the Qos, such as bandwidth, latency, and packet loss rate will be considered to meet the requirements of specific applications.
Financial support for this work is provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 50904070, 51274204); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (no. JGD101671) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (no. 2013RC11), Qing Lan Project, 333 talent project and six talent tops of jiangsu province are gratefully acknowledged.
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Weekly Update - July 18, 2014back
Each week, the City Manager's Office provides an update that includes information on programs, services and issues within the City, as well as news, project updates and follow-up information when applicable. It can be found on the City's website.
Wastewater Rates: New wastewater rates, approved this week by the City Council, will go into effect September 1. Wastewater rates have not been raised since 1994. The increase will be a five-year phased plan that will be less impactful to rate payers. The rate increase will generate additional revenue needed to fund operations and maintenance costs as well as future capital projects and appropriate reserves. The City's wastewater collection and treatment is maintained through a self-supporting utility enterprise fund, operated in much the same way as a private business enterprise. Although the City has reserves in its Wastewater Enterprise Fund, the net financial position of the enterprise has declined in the last three years as costs of operations and maintenance as well as capital costs and depreciation have exceeded revenues. The new fees follow a sewer user rate study that recommended rate adjustments to address the current revenue deficiencies. Click on the image below for a larger chart.
Financial Reporting Award: The City of Coronado's Administrative Services Department has been awarded a "Certificate of Achievement for Excellence in Financial Reporting" for its comprehensive annual financial report. The honor, by the Government Officers Association of the United States and Canada, is the highest form of recognition in the area of government accounting and financial reporting. The Association said "its attainment represents a significant accomplishment by a government and its management." The award-winning comprehensive annual financial report met the high standards of the program, including a "spirit of full disclosure" to clearly communicate the City's financial story and motivate people to read the report. The City acknowledges the work of Administrative Services Director Leslie Suelter and her department. Details of the certificate program and recent recipients can be found under Awards Program at www.gfoa.org.
CAFR Award for Achievement in Excellent in Financial Reporting.
Save the Date for Third/Fourth Streets Workshop: Mark your calendars for a public workshop Wednesday, August 6, to discuss traffic-calming measures for Third and Fourth streets. City officials will present draft traffic-calming concepts developed by traffic consultant Fehr & Peers. Three concepts will be presented, including a scenario focused on installing traffic signals to improve traffic progression and accessibility across Third and Fourth Streets; a scenario using roadway elements that can serve to slow traffic while improving access across the corridor; and a scenario that encourages non-motorized modes of travel while providing elements to regulate vehicle speeds and enhance corridor mobility. The public is encouraged to attend and provide feedback. Click on the image below for larger version.
Tidelands Park, Port of San Diego-Approved Commercial Activity: The following groups have been approved, by the Port of San Diego, to use Tidelands Park for commercial activity:
Windstar Adventures
SUP Boarding (Once a Week)
Family Kayak
Kayak rides (Ongoing on Weekends)
Special Events Permits: The following are permits issued for beach and parks events scheduled to be held from Saturday, July 19 through Friday, July 25.
Wedding Ceremony
Centennial Park
July 19
Training Event
Glorietta Bay Park
July 19
Wedding Ceremony
North Beach
July 19
Wedding Ceremony
South Beach
July 19
Spreckels Park
July 19
Birthday Party
Mathewson Park
July 20
Beach Outing
Central Beach
July 23 & July 25
Wedding Ceremony
Central Beach
July 23
Relay For Life
Glorietta Bay Park
July 26
Wedding Ceremony
Centennial Park
July 25
Design Review Commission: On Wednesday, July 9, the Design Review Commission approved a request to remove the front concrete entry canopy at the Coronado Shores on La Princesa Tower, 1750 Avenida del Mundo, due to potential structural failure and safety. The Commission also approved a request for a new sign insert for the center of the existing monument sign for the Bluewater Boathouse Restaurant at 1701 Strand Way, along with a request from the Cultural Arts Commission for the final exterior design for the proposed City-owned portable restroom to be initially located at the ocean-end of Avenida del Sol.
RSIP-3 Residential Zoning Standards: A total of 344 respondents completed the online public survey. A summary of the survey results can be viewed at www.coronado.ca.us/rsip.
Response to question on recent RSIP survey.
Roundabout: This week, construction efforts continued to focus on storm drain improvements, curbs and gutters, and landscaping. Installation of rapid flashing beacons at each crosswalk also got underway this week. The intersection remains closed to through traffic with drivers being detoured around the construction zone. Please remember that Coronado Police Traffic Officers are enforcing existing traffic signs for turning and speed. Please follow the detours and obey all traffic signs in and around the construction area.For more information on the project, this PSA explains the construction of the permanent roundabout on Pomona Avenue. For any other questions, call the City's Principal Engineer Jim Newton at (619) 522-7313 or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Roundabout construction.
ADA Compliant Pedestrian Ramps along E, F, and H Avenues: The contractor has returned to the project sites to continue removing non-compliant ramps and replacing them with ADA compliant ramps along E, F and H avenues. The contractor will continue work on F Avenue from Tolita Avenue to Eighth Street, and on H Avenue from Tenth Street to Eighth Street. In the coming weeks, the contractor will shift to the other side of the Village, and continue work along E, F, and H avenues from Fifth to First streets.
Construction of ADA compliant ramps.
Youth Programs: A candle craft was held on Tuesday, July 15, and the annual "Kids' Jeopardy Tournament" was held on Thursday, July 17. The Teen program featured a showing of the movie "Dr. Doolittle."
Above and below: Kids Candle Craft at the Library.
Library Board: The Library Board of Trustees met Tuesday afternoon, July 15. The Board reviewed the draft Emergency Plan for the Library, which included several sections dealing with emergencies such as evacuations, disasters, medical crises, armed intruders and damages to the collection. The Board also reviewed the "State of the Library Report" among other business.
Friends of the Library: The Board of the Friends of the Library met Monday evening, July 14. The Board reviewed their financial report and annual support for the Library. The Friends will be participating in the Oz Con Opening Reception that will be held at the Library on Friday, August 1. The Friends will be operating wine service as a fundraiser.
Summer Festival: At 7 p.m. tonight, the Library will be hosting "Anna's Way: From Inspiration to Artistry" in the Winn Room. This spoken word story set to music is about a teenager's search for artistic expression.
Adult Summer Reading Program: The Summer Reading Program for adults began on July 7. The program lasts for six weeks and participants write brief reviews of the books they read and enjoyed for other potential readers to see. Second Hand Prose gift certificates are awarded weekly as raffle prizes.
Motorcycle/Vehicle Accident: On Monday, July 14, at 10:10 p.m., Coronado Police responded to a motorcycle versus vehicle collision on State Route 75 at Coronado Cays Boulevard. The vehicle was traveling eastbound on Coronado Cays Boulevard when it was struck by a motorcycle that was traveling northbound on the State highway. The motorcyclist was transported to a San Diego area hospital with serious injuries. The driver and passenger in the vehicle suffered minor injuries. The motorcyclist was arrested for felony DUI. The No. 2 lane of northbound SR-75 was closed for several hours due to the investigation and clearing of the collision scene.
Bicycle Theft Prevention: Beginning last Sunday, July 13, the Coronado Police Department will have an information area at the Coronado Promenade Concerts in Spreckels Park to share information on bicycle theft prevention. The table will be located by the concert organizers' table on the C Avenue side of the Park. Please stop by and pick-up information on preventing bicycle thefts and sign up for a chance to win a U-Lock, generously donated by Kryptonite Locks. One U-Lock will be raffled off at each of the remaining concerts.
New Household Hazardous Waste Site: The City of Coronado's Household Hazardous Waste drop-off site has moved to the Public Services Facility, 101 B Ave., from the Fire Department. Household products contain toxic chemicals and become hazardous waste when disposing of them. Never throw hazardous products in the trash, as the toxic chemicals may harm the environment and sanitation workers, and start fires in trash trucks. Never pour hazardous products into a sink or storm drain; it is dangerous and they will end up in the environment polluting the air, water and soil. The City of Coronado's Household Hazardous Waste program is available so City residents can safely dispose of their toxic, hazardous waste. Other than the location change, the program remains the same with operating hours from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. every Saturday, holiday weekends excepted. This is a residents-only program. See Public Services map below.
Map of Public Services Facility and directions for Household Hazardous Waste drop-off.
Streets Division Updates: Streets crews have been working on a number of projects around the City. These are the most recent projects:
- Tripping Hazards: Streets Division is tackling 390 street and roadway tripping hazards throughout Coronado with the assistance of a contractor. City staff will be back out again conducting inspections for more tripping hazards throughout Coronado later this year to continue keeping up with raised sidewalks due to trees.
- G Avenue Sidewalk Work: Streets crew removed 1 ½ yards of concrete sidewalk at 315 G Avenue, which was heavily lifted due to tree roots.
- Sixth/Alameda Sidewalk Work: Streets crew removed 2 yards of concrete sidewalk that was lifted by tree roots at the southeast corner of Sixth Street and Alameda Boulevard.
- I Avenue Sidewalk Work: Crews removed 1 ½ yards of lifted sidewalk at 917 I Avenue due to heavy roots. Repairs were made.
Streets Division overlooking contractor's work to grind trip hazards around City.
Above and two below: Concrete sidewalk repairs at 315 G Avenue.
Above and below: Sidewalk repairs at Sixth Street and Alameda Boulevard.
Above and below: Sidewalk work at 917 I Avenue.
Repairs to the Community Center Gymnasium Floor: Public Services is currently obtaining bids to repair water damage to the Community Center gymnasium floor and basketball court. Over the years, water from storms and irrigation has seeped under the threshold for the emergency exit doors along the west side of the facility. The water found its way under the wood flooring system and caused the floor to buckle.The flooring repair will require the removal and replacement of at least 300 square feet of the wood flooring system. Public Services will work to minimize the impact on the Recreation Department's operations and the community's use of the facility.
Damaged wood flooring in the northwest corner of the Community Center gym.
Drought Conditions: On Tuesday, July 15, the State Water Resources Control Board approved an emergency regulation to ensure water agencies, their customers and state residents increase water conservation in urban settings or face possible fines or other enforcement. With this regulation, all Californians will be expected to stop: washing down driveways and sidewalks; watering of outdoor landscapes that cause excess runoff; using a hose to wash a motor vehicle, unless the hose is fitted with a shut-off nozzle, and using potable water in a fountain or decorative water feature, unless the water is recirculated. The City of Coronado's fountains recirculate water and therefore can continue to be used. Although they are subject to evaporation and occasional cleaning, water consumption is minimal. City crews have been instructed to be acutely observant of sprinkler operations when performing normal duties and to report any irrigation or watering issues. The City encourages residents and businesses to reduce outdoor urban water use.
City fountain at Adella Avenue near Orange Avenue.
Parks and Recreation Commission: Parks and Recreation Commissioners conducted a review of the signage in Coronado's parks at their meeting on Monday, July 14. The Commission concluded that the park signage should coincide with relevant Municipal Code regulations and list information regarding permits. Along with providing the necessary regulations and permit information, the Commission wants the signs to be informative, welcoming and friendly, and have a uniform format and appearance. The Commissioners and the Director of Recreation Linda Rahn will be looking at draft signs for each park at the September Parks and Recreation Commission meeting.
Family Night at the Pool: The Aquatics Division is hosting a second summer Family Night on Saturday July 19, from 5:30 p.m. to 8 p.m. The cost is $3 per person. This family-friendly event is a great way to relax and cool off on a beautiful summer evening. There will be music, games and inflatables for the kids. There will also be basic diving instruction, Splashball instruction, stand-up paddleboard instruction and family water aerobics. Be sure not to miss the fun.
Family night at the pool.
Highlights from This Week's Summer Camps:
- Junior Musical Theatre Camp: At Junior Musical Theatre Camp, children ages 5-7, sang and danced the week away in the Club Room. They learned new vocal techniques by doing warm-ups and practicing scales. They were also taught choreographed dance routines and played theatrical games like "Wax Museum." All of the activities helped to prepare the campers for a musical revue performance at the end of the week for friends and family to enjoy.
- Sports Camp: At Sports Camp, a group of campers, ages 8-14, started each day at the Coronado Golf Course to tee-off and learn from the pros. After golfing, they walked over to the Tennis Center for tennis drills and head-to-head matches. At the end of each day, campers made their final journey to the beach where they enjoyed swimming and boogie boarding in the cool waters at Central Beach. All of those activities totaled 1.3 miles of walking each day. In addition to the sports activities, campers also enjoyed touring the different City facilities throughout the week.
- Tea for Threes (and Fours and Fives): Sixteen Camper Princesses graced the Community Center's Sand Dollar Room in this week's Tea For Threes (and Fours and Fives) Camp. Each day, the campers dressed in their best princess attire, including tiaras, while they read stories about their favorite princesses, created seashell crowns, practiced their princess wave, baked "pinkalicious" cupcakes and added some glitz and royal style to each activity. Each Princess learned that being kindhearted, sweet and friendly is what makes a true princess.
- Bon Appetite: This week's Bon Appetite class was all about cooking. Children, ages 6-11 enjoyed mixing, cutting and tasting a variety of culinary treats in the Abalone Room. They made mini Mexican pizzas, peach cupcakes and Italian herb meatballs from scratch. Campers enjoyed getting messy and working together to create the delicious dishes.
- Slimy, Squishy Sticky Class: This week, campers ages 3-5, got to get downright messy at camp. Projects included making space mud, exploring with paint, paste, clay and dough in new ways, along with lots of other gooey fun activities.
- Survivor Camp: At Cays Park, children ages 7-12 got into five teams to compete in an array of challenges. The challenges included obstacle courses, mental challenges and bug eating contests. Brave and adventurous campers had a limited amount of time to eat baked meal worms that came seasoned in a variety of flavors. Fortunately, no one gets voted off this island; challenges are all about teamwork and having fun.
Above and below: Princesses at play in the Tea for Threes Camp.
Making space mud in Slimy, Sticky Squishy Class in the Community Center.
Survivor Camp at the Cays.
Making "All About Me Posters" at Survivor Camp.
Summer Camps for July 19-25:
- The Planning Commission meets at 3 p.m. on Tuesday, July 22, at City Hall.
- The Design Review Commission meets at 3 p.m., on Wednesday, July 23, at City Hall.
- The Golf Course Advisory Committee meets at 3 p.m. on Thursday, July 24, at the Golf Course, 2000 Visalia Road.
- RSIP-s Committee meets at 4:30 p.m. on Thursday, July 24, at City Hall.


text:
JWC TO THOMAS CARLYLE ; 31 July 1845; DOI: 10.1215/lt-18450731-JWC-TC-01; CL 19: 120-122
Thursday [31 July 1845]
There is such a packing going on today as would make the hair of your head stand on end; if you could only behold it thro' a powerful telescope! The quantity of things that "cannot be done without" at Elensborough "beats the worl"! every floor is strewn with pots of preserves, circulating-library-novels, groceries, new bonnets, bottles of pickles, white muslin dresses(!) everything you could mention for being eaten or worn—"and I in the midst of it"! My Uncle has been wandering from room to room all morning, holding up his hands and repeating "God's curse! God's curse! and this is pleasure"! Tho' only an onlooker I feel as unsettled as if I were to sail in the Achilles at nine tonight with the rest— But even in this detached state of mind I feel a movement of the Spirit to tell you that my head is better today, hoping to find your cold "in the same"— Yesterday was indeed a day in which one might console oneself—if one could—with being "thankful one was not in Purgatory"! rain pattering incessantly against the windows—a whirring and shuttling inside one's head, as if "the mighty Weaver" were doing piece-work in it! and such a smell of roast-meat (there being an enormous leg of mutton for dinner) as might have given Chadwick a new idea—as to the cheapest mode of dining a Union.1 I lay on the sofa in the drawingroom and thought about "the solution"!—with small result— In the evening came Dr James Carson2—and a young Nicholson—all in black this last—being just returned from the funeral of his only Sister—a promising girl of sixteen the poor Mother's chief comfort of late years— I recollected the time when Mrs Nicholson—then Agnes Lochart—consulted me whether "setting honour aside" she ought to break with the minister of Durrisdear3 and marry Joseph Nicholson—where were all these young Nicholsons then?—this lad who sat there looking so sadly—the girl who had just been laid under the earth? Had Agnes Lochart not "set honour aside" but lived true to the memory of her first love—my Uncle William4—would these existences have been forever suppressed by her act!—if her act could have suppressed them what pretension have they to call themselves immortal—eternal—what comfort is there in thinking of the young girl just laid in her grave?— "My Dear, you really ought not to go on with that sort of thing—all that questioning leads to nothing—we know nothing about it and cannot know—and what better would we be if we did?
"All very true Mr Carlyle—BUT—!—at least one cannot accept such solution on the authority of others—even of the wisest— one must have worked it out for oneself—and the working of it out is a sore business—very sore—especially with "a body apt to fall all into holes"!—
I will write to your Mother when I get to Seaforth— Jamie says expressly she is well again—do not be vexing yourself needlessly—above all when I am not there— How long will it be till you have finished— — Will you join me at Seaforth? will you go to Froyston?—or what? Geraldine makes sure of my visiting her—which is now possible since she tells me her scrub of a brother is gone to Irland for three or four weeks— She comes to Seaforth on Monday—less explosive I trust than last year— I have had to buy new flannels since I came the weather here is as cold as november God be with you Dear— Ever your own


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