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Hippocamelus bisulcus
|Scientific Name:
|Hippocamelus bisulcus
|Species Authority:
|Molina, 1782
Common Name(s):
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i) ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Jiménez, J., Guineo, G., Corti, P, Smith, J.A., Flueck, W., Vila, A., Gizejewski, Z., Gill, R., McShea, B. & Geist, V.
|Black, P. & Gonzalez, S. (Deer Red List Authority)
This species is considered to be Endangered due to an ongoing decline due to habitat loss and hunting, reduction in range (area of occupancy) and because remaining populations are small and fragmented.
Criterion B (Geographic range):
The area of occupancy reflects the fact that the huemul will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats. Population estimates for this species are a minimum of 1048 and a maximum of 1500 (Lopez et al. 1998; Polilitis 1983, 2006; Diaz and Smith-Fluenck 2000). Densities of 5-8.6 huemul/km² have been reported in well-studied groups (Diaz and Smith-Fluenck 2000, Frid 1999, Grosse 1949, Wensing, 2005), and based on body size, huemul are expected to occur at densities of about 5 deer/km² (Damuth 1987). Therefore we estimate the area of occupancy is likely much less than 500 km². The population is severely fragmented (Vila et al. 2006, Lopez et al. 1998, Diaz and Smith-Fluenck 2000). There are 101 groups (subpopulations) recognized for the 1048-1500 huemul, 60% of groups are found within one grid of max. 64 km² (often 10-20 individuals), 15% of groups are found within 2 grids of max. 128 km² (often 10-30 animals), and 8% of populations are found within an areas of only 192 km² (often 10-30 animals); (i) extent of occurrence: decline observed and projected (Polilitis 1998, 2003; Smith-Flueck et al. 2004); (ii) area of occupancy: decline observed and projected (Polilitis 1998 2003; Smith-Flueck et al. 2004); (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat: decline observed and projected (13); (iv) number of locations or subpopulations: decline observed and projected (Polilitis 1998, 2003; Smith-Flueck et al. 2004); (v) number of mature individuals: decline observed and projected (Polilitis 1998, 2003; Smith-Flueck et al. 2004)
Criterion C (small population and decline):
There are fewer than 2,500 mature individuals; there is a continuing and projected decline in numbers of mature individuals; and no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals (Vila et al. 2006, Lopez et al. 1998; Polilitis 1983, 2006; Diaz and Smith-Fluenck 2000).
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|The huemul is endemic to Chile and Argentina and currently only inhabits the Andes of Southern Chile and Argentina (Vila et al. 2006). The subpopulation in the Nevados de Chillán area (VIII Region of Chile) has the greatest degree of spatial isolation, with a distance of about 425 km from the nearest subpopulation to the south in Nahuel Huapi national park (Argentina, 40º30'S, Dirección Nacional de Fauna Silvestre). The southern part of Lanin national park (Argentina) may still have a subpopulation, but this needs to be confirmed (Roberto Nogara pers. comm.). The remainder of the current distribution also has a high degree of fragmentation apparently mainly due to past human activity, with the coastal populations in Chilean Patagonia presenting the lowest fragmentation, with the most continuous stretch of populations in areas that are nearly void of human presence due to the remoteness of a rugged terrain and the extreme weather conditions (Corti et al. 2005).. The degree of isolation of subpopulations within much of the region, or its effects, are, however, unclear.
The historical distribution range of huemul covered a latitudinal range of 20 degrees along about 2,000 km. In southern Patagonia huemul reached the Atlantic, and whereas they occurred in the Patagonian steppe to the north, it is presently uncertain how far east they might have reached (Diaz and Smith-Flueck 2000).
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Argentina; Chile
|Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) - km2:
|Lower elevation limit (metres):
|Upper elevation limit (metres):
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|The species occurs in fragmented subpopulations with reported densities ranging from 0.02 - 5.66 deer/km² and averaging 1.25 (n=17) (reviewed in Diaz and Smith-Flueck 2000), however, some estimates included unoccupied areas. Wensing (2005) measured 8.64 huemul/km² in coastal Chile. It has been estimated that no more than 1,000 animals survive in Chile (Drouilly 1983) and 500 in Argentina (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006a), resulting from reductions of over 99% in population size and of over 50% in distribution (Redford and Eisenberg 1992). In Argentina, the remaining huemul reside along 1,850 km of Andes in about 50 subpopulations, which are mostly fragmented (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006a). There are an estimated 101 subpopulations of huemul, but 50 of these only live within 8x8 km squares whereas another 15 live within 8x16 km squares. Of these 65 subpopulations, 67% are outside of protected areas (Vila et al. 2006). In Chile, most huemul populations are concentrated in coastal Patagonian where extensive habitat is present in almost a continuous form. However, fragmentation increases northwards on the mainland.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
At present, the huemul occurs mainly in the Andes mountains, from close to sea-level up to 3,000 m elevation, and is found mainly at the forest edge and forests of southern beech (Nothofagus spp.). Locally, huemul are still found in a variety of habitats: from valley flats to steep mountain slopes; from open grasslands to closed shrubby or forested habitats, inclusive of post-fire or mixed habitats. The pattern of using different habitat components has been found to vary and depends on availability, season, presences of other herbivores and predators, or disturbances, and is reflected in the broad dietary spectrum (see below). In the past, however, huemul occurred also in completely treeless areas of the Patagonian grasslands (Diaz 1993, also see Frid 1994). Annual home range size in some currently used habitat has been estimated to be about 350-650 ha with daily travel distances of up to 8 km, but rarely more than 5 km (reviewed in Diaz and Smith-Flueck 2000, Gill et al. 2007).
Group size:
Recent reports show group sizes of huemul ranging from single males to mixed groups of 11, whereas, group sizes in the past have exceeded 100 huemul in open grassland areas, likely as winter congregations (reviewed in Diaz and Smith-Flueck 2000). The large group sizes mentioned in the past, and the characteristics of current areas still containing medium-sized groups indicate that past densities were likely higher in most places. Pefaur et al. (1968) stated that densities had diminished. Steffen (1900) reported that after his crew ran out of food, they continued living off huemul for weeks.
Predators of the huemul include man, puma (Puma concolor), culpeo fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus) and domestic dogs. A fawn was observed being killed by a fox, then chased off by the huemul mother (Wensing 2005, Paulo Corti unpubl.). Saucedo and Gill (2004) reported several fawns being killed by foxes. Hershkovitz (1972) described the several species of foxes, like culpeo fox, as dog-like or coyote-like in general appearance and habits. Puma have been shown to be an important ultimate mortality factor in one subpopulation (Smith-Flueck and Flueck 2001). Huemul will escape persistent pursuers by trying to out run them, by seeking refuge on cliffs or by using lakes, being very efficient swimmers. When threatened by predators, huemul may attempt avoidance by first remaining motionless or hiding, a strategy that is not optimal when fire arms are present. However, when discovered at close range they will flee, and rapidly. Huemul are known to snort, stomp the ground, or run effortlessly uphill or downhill; they also bound like mule deer and take to water. During captures conducted near Tortel in Chile, if the threat came from below, the huemul ran rapidly uphill, however, individuals were also observed to run quickly downhill, distancing themselves such that the capture team, using dogs, often lost the animals (O. Guineo pers. comm.). Huemul have the capacity to learn and have been observed to increase their flight distance in relation to disturbance activity, for instance, becoming flighty at 300 m when approached by people and/or their dogs (pers. comm. from M.L. Thomas and O. Guineo, Frid 2001). Krieg found in the 1920's that huemul in north-eastern areas was were considered very shy, whereas those in the southwest were extremely trusting (Krieg 1925:593).
There are no studies showing a negative impact from dogs on huemul populations, although in very reduced populations a loss from any factor is very significant. In fact, dogs have been shown to kill 36% of marked fawns and also adults (Corti 2006), which would place great pressure on mid-sized subpopulations and could result in local extinctions of reduced or declining subpopulations as an stochastic event rather than as a constant factor (P. Corti, unpubl.). It has been assumed that huemul are easy prey to dogs based on anecdotal accounts mentioning that they can become paralyzed after reaching a state of panic. This reaction has been explained by the absence of native cursorial predators. However, the evolutionary history of huemul included cursorial predators in North and South America, including Canis, which became extinct in South America only in the Holocene.
Documented interactions of huemul with dogs are rare, and thus the following accounts recorded by M.L. Thomas are instructive (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006b). Case 1: an adult huemul male ran down a logging trail, bounding side to side to navigate tree logs while trying to outrun 3 dogs. Case 2: a female and her fawn calf were chased by 2 dogs; they did not run to water but contoured a hill for about 1.5 km and then climbed to the higher ground, outrunning the dogs. Case 3: a radio- collared female huemul and her week-old fawn were observed. The doe suddenly went in front of several approaching dogs and away from the bedded fawn. The barking dogs circled away from the area to about 500 m and continued barking for 20 minutes. About 4 hours later, just at dusk the female approached the fawn from the other direction, nursed it and then headed back the same way she had come, taking the fawn about 500 m out of the area. Adult huemul have been observed to apparently become exhausted after relatively short chases (P. Corti, unpubl.), reasons for which should be studied. All 8 dead males described by M.L. Thomas (pers. comm.) in that area (which area?) died in winter just before antler shedding, which often indicates males that died from low physical condition and thus were susceptible to predation.
Feeding behavior:
Studies so far of individual wild subpopulations showed the number of plant species in the diet as low as 11 and as high as 120 in Torres del Paine (Guineo and Garay 2008, in press), which is dependent on the vegetation community, pressure from other herbivores, predators and disturbances. On the other hand, females spent 93 % of foraging time on only two plant species during the summer-fall season at Fiord Tempano in O'Higgins National Park (van Winden 2006). Graminae in the summer diet for instance was as low as 0.1% (Smith-Flueck 2003) or as high as 16% (D. Sierralta, unpubl.). The results of these and other studies shows that the diet of huemul can vary substantially from one subpopulation to another (also see Smith-Flueck 2003, Galende et al. 2005).
The Zoo in Buenos Aires kept huemul from 1936 to at least 1942, and, being 1500 km from natural huemul habitat, likely maintained huemul on an artificial diet (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006a). Huemul utilizing the Patagonian steppe in the past (Diaz 1993, Diaz and Smith-Flueck 2000) certainly had a different diet, maybe more like taruca (H. antisensis) given that the puna vegetation is very closely related to that of the Patagonian steppe, and many of the dominant genera are frequent in both regions and few of the Puna's genera are absent in Patagonia (Fernández and Busso 1997). It is interesting to note that two species, Maytenus sp. and Alstroemeria sp., were highly preferred in several fecal diet studies, yet were only accepted at a medium and low level, respectively, by captive-fed huemul. Instead these huemul preferred a native willow (Salix humboldtiana) above all other species (Drouilly 1983), which suggests that this plant species might have been a main staple of their winter diet, back when huemul were able to migrate to the river valleys before the arrival of settlers. Considering the consumption of at least 120 plant species in Torres del Paine, the completely different environments elsewhere used currently and historically, and the successful rearing in the Buenos Aires zoo indicate that the huemul is using an even larger number of plant species, is flexible in its diet which is to be expected of a ruminant, and is a mixed feeder overall.
Seasonal movements:
In other migrating cervids, several factors are known to affect migratory behavior, such as snow depth and consistency and availability of food as stimuli to seek lower elevations, population density, age and sex structure, and behavior of the predator. A consistent pattern among temperate cervids in mountains is that after the initial arrival of a population (through dispersal, re-introduction, invasion) it begins with a resident population, occupying winter ranges (McCullough 1985, Haller 2002). Huemul in some areas moved to 1,000 m elevation in winter and to 3,000 m in summer in the past (Housse 1953)
Past descriptions of huemul reveal that both resident and migratory behaviors existed. Krieg (1940) indicated the existence of all-year resident huemul in quiet valley bottoms, comparing them to the phenomena of the 'forest chamois' (Rupicapra rupicapra) as opposed to chamois moving to high elevation Alps during the summer. On the eastern side of the Andes, seasonal migrations of medium distances are still remembered by older people living in intermountain valleys, usually from many decades earlier, but longer migrations are only known from a few reports by early explorers (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006b) and would be a movement pattern similar to cervids inhabiting the Rocky mountains and adjoining prairies of North America.
The distance of migration depends on the steepness of an area. As the animals take advantage of phenological changes (Atzler 1984), steep terrain requires little lateral displacement to gain altitude. Thus, huemul in steep terrain in Chile had short migration distances, 'migrations' were mainly reflected as an altitudinal shift; in the study areas of Gill et al. (2007), huemul undertook either a modest seasonal migration or none at all as summer and winter areas overlapped. Winter severity is important in determining actual migratory behavior; other cervids, for instance, commonly remain at higher altitudes during winters with less snow (Brown 1992, Sabine et al. 2002). On the other hand the reverse situation represents a trap for several huemul populations, when during harsher winters they do go to lower areas that have been settled, and where they could die from hunting or dogs.
|Movement patterns:
|Altitudinal Migrant
|Use and Trade:
|Commercialized illegal hunting occurs, but appears to be limited and likely has decreased as public awareness increased. Poaching occurs mainly from local people for different reasons: used as fish bait along the Pacific coast, for feeding ranch dogs, as food for people, and for a trophy. Aside from intentional poaching, dogs accompanying local people may kill huemul which are then utilized. Hunting with dogs for other species like Sus scrofa may result in by-catch kills of huemul. Tourism also exists using huemul, but no control with any formal management has been established (Corti 2006).
|Major Threat(s):
The widespread reduction in numbers and distributional range across the full extent of the historic range (Redford and Eisenberg 1992) was likely due to a combination from overkill, overstocking with domestic livestock (feral and controlled animals), and land conversion for agricultural purposes. This process started before the arrival of Spaniards and peaked before the first systematic accounts were made (Miller 1980), and details remain to be elucidated. Based on the chronology of human settlement, the impact was earlier in the northern than in the southern portion of the distribution, and earliest possibly in the northwestern portion, which is the central valley of Chile. Krieg (1925: 593) having surveyed the area of huemul distribution, noted that few people on the west side of the Andes had seen huemul as they only remained in the highest and remotest areas.
The major reduction in numbers and distribution resulted in an increased fragmentation of the population. The resulting subpopulations continue to experience a variety of factors, which keep their numbers low or decreasing. When an isolated subpopulation becomes very small (10-30 huemul, a common feature of the present situation), then ANY loss of individuals is important (Caughley 1994), including from natural predators. It is under these very local circumstances that many different biophysical factors can become crucial: logging, mining, construction of roads, water reservoirs and other infrastructure, livestock grazing, farming, poaching, new diseases, uncontrolled and/or feral dogs, or unregulated tourism. Huemul subpopulations from such a large variety of habitats and circumstances can be expected to be of different average physical condition, and thus might respond differently to a given factor.
One important omnipresent threat is that both Chile and Argentina have weak mechanisms to protect huemul in non-protected areas, and even inside protected areas, from inadequate responses by authorities due to financial and other constraints. Thus, other national interests may override the presence of a huemul subpopulation, and major public constructions are realized instead (e.g. related to hydroelectric power, pipelines, freeways, new towns, development of tourism, etc.). The many economic activities tolerated are mainly related to livestock production, forest products, and tourism of all types including hunting.
Another omnipresent and continuous threat is the virtual elimination of suitable winter range. Whereas some subpopulations have access to a sufficient altitudinal range within a small area (due to steepness of terrain), others would need to migrate over much longer distances, particularly on the eastern slopes of the Andes. In all cases, if the winter range is basically occupied by settlers, farmers or livestock producers, uncontrolled hunting and uncontrolled dog populations might prevent a subpopulation from recovering. Most if not all historical winter ranges on the eastern slopes are private and are used intensely for livestock production and/or hunting. This includes many protected areas including the national reserves of national parks. Besides the loss of winter ranges, the migratory behavioural patterns have also been eliminated, because huemul reaching those winter ranges were regularly killed. Migration behaviour in other cervids has been shown to be an acquired trait which can be eliminated through hunting or barriers (Baker 1978, Hjeljord 2001, Berger 2004, Bolger et al. 2008). Thus, habitat loss, deterioration of winter habitat and loss of traditional migratory behaviour may be some of the more common factors in many of the subpopulations.
An omnipresent continuous threat is the vulnerability towards humans, due to an initial lack of wariness which provides easy killing opportunities as has been reported consistently since the 1800s. Thus there are few opportunities for a huemul to learn to increase the flight distance. Losses from illegal hunting continue and might have an important effect on the viability of very reduced subpopulations. Populated areas result in losses of huemul from hunting and from dogs, and thus they contribute to undermining the reformation of original migratory behavioural patterns.
There are several threats which might take importance at a local situation, but cannot be considered to represent an omnipresent problem. The local circumstances of a given subpopulation would determine the need for specific research to address the problems and to find adequate counter measures (Corti et al. 2005).
Food competition from other herbivores: currently, but certainly in the past, huemul formed part of a natural multi-herbivore system. As in any such system, it is the combined herbivore pressure on forage which is of interest. Like other ruminants, huemul have a plastic feeding behaviour (see under Habitat and Ecology). Diets in other cervids have been shown to change according to intraspecific changes in density or changes in the combined density or mixture of a herbivore community. For instance, it was shown that huemul and red deer diets in a lenga forest habitat overlapped between 42 and 62% (Smith-Flueck 2003). Whereas several studies like this one show that different herbivores (native and exotic) eat the same plant species as huemul, there are no studies to show that this foraging by other herbivores affects huemul performance, such as a decrease in reproduction or increase in mortality, thus reducing the population growth rate lamda. In fact, huemul still have remained, even in the presence of cattle production lasting over 110 years (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006b). Meanwhile huemul have disappeared in areas with no cattle, sheep, nor exotic red deer (Smith-Flueck 2003). Krieg, already in 1940, observed that forage in winter range areas produced a large quantity of domestic and wild exotic herbivores with superb body development. Thus he considered that a lack of forage could not explain the absence of native herbivores like huemul. Overgrazing, by definition, through excessive livestock or uncontrolled wild exotic herbivore density in huemul areas would be expected to affect all herbivores present in that area.
Diseases: When other herbivores (native, exotic wild or domestic) use the same range as huemul, diseases can be transmitted. In Argentina, records from local government agricultural research institutions (INTA), animal health authorities (SENASA) and livestock veterinarians are available to indicate the presence of dangerous diseases near huemul populations, as the raising of livestock is the major economy for the region. Brucellosis could be a concern for reduced huemul populations. In Chile, ongoing research is showing new findings of diseases transmitted from cattle (P. Corti, unpubl.).
Anecdotal accounts by settlers are cited who claimed that foot and mouth disease (FMD) was responsible for decimating huemul over huge areas 60-70 years ago, and that they are very susceptible (König 1952, Simonetti 1995). FMD outbreaks in the UK resulted in experimental studies of five cervid species which were all susceptible to FMD to some degree. Based on natural behaviour of these free-living deer in the UK, they are considered unlikely to be an important factor in the maintenance and transmission of the virus during an epidemic of FMD in domestic livestock (Thrusfield and Fletcher 2002, Fletcher 2004). At normal densities of cervids, FMD is considered a self-limiting disease (Morgan et al. 2003). The low densities of huemul and reactions of other cervids to FMD render those early anecdotal accounts by settlers doubtful. Additionally, at the possible rate of increase in deer with one young per year, a population would have recovered by 300% in only a few years. Some, citing Texera of 1974, believe diseases like Cysticercus tenuicollis to be fatal to huemul when transmitted by livestock (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006b). However, Texera stated that he did not consider the presence of C. t. to be the cause of death, rather that the condition of the female deteriorated after a premature parturition, aggravated by very little space and little variety of food provided. Furthermore, in other cervids and ungulates the presence of C. t. is considered of little significance and usually does not result in any clinical signs (Leiby and Dyer 1971, Prestwood et al. 1976, Mason 1994, Letkova and Lazar 2006). The adult stage is cosmopolitan in distribution and occurs in the small intestine of dogs, foxes, and other wild carnivores including puma (Rausch et al. 1983).
A recent study (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2008) reports on bone disease based on dead huemul. Osteopathology was found in 52% of adults, 63% showed mandibular, 100% maxillary and 78% appendicular lesions. These skeletal lesions would affect the capacity for predator avoidance, suggested as an explanation for the low average adult age (3.1 years) and lack of population recovery. Compared to other ungulate studies, huemul were affected at young ages and with more compounded and severe pathologies. It was hypothesized that the generalized chronic alveolar osteomyelitis and osteoarthritis in huemul was secondary and related to nutritional ecology.
Invasive species: no studies are available showing any direct effects on huemul, neither through competition, predation nor diseases. Invasive species potentially threatening huemul include Cervus elaphus, Dama dama, Sus scrofa, Lepus europaeus, and Oryctolagus cuniculus, but it is unclear if they contributed to the present situation as huemul subpopulations disappeared frequently before the arrival of these species. Feral livestock with the same potential impacts include cattle, sheep, horses, and goats. Similar effects result from extensively run livestock and dog use, which is a widespread land use throughout the huemul distribution. Additional wild species with a potential to affect huemul are currently held in fenced areas, thus representing potential sources of future escapees: Capreolus capreolus, Capra ibex, and Hemitragus jemlahicus (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006a).
Predation: this poses an important threat to reduced subpopulations of huemul as each loss is the more important as the size of the subpopulation diminishes: a demographic stochasticity problem. If it is suspected as a mayor mortality cause, it should be confirmed through studies and eliminated with all means possible. One study based on tagged animals showed that 36% of fawns and also adult huemul were killed by dogs (Corti 2006). Depending on other factors affecting mortality and recruitment, dog predation can be enough to prevent recovery or even precipitate a decline. Other subpopulations though have declined in the absence of dogs, and the nature of local threats has to be determined for each subpopulation. It is also possible that reduced huemul subpopulations cannot recover, and thus are threatened with extinction from predation by native species. In such cases it might be necessary to temporarily reduced the pressure from native predators.
Logging and silviculture: extraction of wood should not by itself create a problem, as huemul do well in post-fire landscapes. Negative impacts would be expected from secondary issues, like hunting, presences of dogs, new roads providing access, and likelihood of new settlers and livestock. Marked huemul have been shown to leave areas disturbed by logging (Gill et al. 2007). Pure plantations, especially of exotic conifers, would likely make habitat unsuitable. The subpopulation at Cerro Castillo (Chile) appears to be expanding to areas which had been reforested with exotic pine trees to stop erosion (J. Jimenez pers. comm.).
Genetic problems: inbreeding may affect various components of fitness, but it is poorly understood in natural populations (Coulson et al. 1998). They looked at two measures, birth weight and neonatal survival in red deer, and neither inbreeding coefficient nor individual heterozygosity was consistently related to these fitness components. China's population of Pere David's Deer, once extinct in its native habitat in China, has grown to over 2,000 from 12 founders, with few signs of genetic retrogression after generations of inbreeding. To measure occurrence of inbreeding on a genetic basis might be difficult in general (Pemperton 2004), and very impractical for most remaining huemul subpopulations. Detection of a reduced fitness component with or without specific underlying causes might still be an indication of a problem related to inbreeding. On the other hand some species have been show to be apparently resistant to inbreeding possibly from purging of deleterious alleles (Windig et al. 2004). As there is no apt information on huemul, the precautionary principle indicates that increasing the size of subpopulations by all means should be a mayor major objective.
Small population size: this is the most important aspect in terms of extinction risk due to demographic and environmental stochasticity, and emphasis should be on determining the population size and monitoring the trend (O'Grady et al. 2004). Only a few subpopulations in Chile seem to be stable (Tamango and Castillo National Reserves, Torres del Paine National Park, some southern coastal subpopulations). One subpopulation in central Chile has been declining (Povilitis 1998), but trends for most subpopulations are unknown, or became only clear when local extinctions were evident. Although sightings in both countries have increased in recent times for some localities, it has not been shown to be due to a numeric response. Any factor known or suspected to prevent the numeric recovery should be eliminated. In the case that this is impossible, another valid option is a possible total capture of the group and to use it to reinforce other subpopulations, to re-introduce the animals to a site where negative factors are judged sufficiently reduced, or to stock a semi-captive centre.
Infrastructure development: both countries are experiencing rapid economic growth and are promoting its continuation. Several important huemul subpopulations face construction of the largest ever energy project of Chile, major dams and reservoirs and 1,600 km of transmission lines, whereas smaller scaled hydro electric projects in Argentina will also affect several populations. Inundations of fertile valley bottoms will be a major loss of important habitat, whereas construction and later maintenance will increase the human contact with these huemul and thus result in losses from poaching, dogs and illegal releases of domestic livestock. The current environmental approach in Chile leans towards "the one who does the damage pays", resulting principally in trying to mitigate by reducing damage, repair or compensation (pay if damage is irreversible).
Some factors are not commonly listed as threats, yet they contribute substantially to the probability of achieving a recovery, or not. Some countries are obligated by law to spend the money necessary to address issues determined important for an endangered species. This appears not to apply to Chile nor Argentina. The National priorities regarding an endangered species or other National interests, like building dams, pipelines, roads, etc. differ, thus the adequacy of laws pertaining to huemul need to be confirmed. For instance, as of 1995, Chilean laws contained flaws, were inconsistent, and the mining code in Art. 17 permits mining exploration and exploitation within the Protected Wilderness Areas (Diaz and Smith-Flueck 2000). Also, the adequacy of enforcing the existing laws has direct implication on the potential to achieve a recovery, and should be explicitly analyzed.
Socio-economic and political interests often override what conservation biology would recommend, and thus might limit the potential for recovery. Settlers within National parks raise livestock (Martin and Chehebar 2001), utilizing up to 56% of park areas (Simberloff et al. 2003), but commonly run several fold more livestock than permitted (Serret et al. 1994). Although areas of Reserves in National Parks were declared as 'Critical Areas' due to huemul presence, 90% of such an areas is are still exclusively used by cattle and only 10% by huemul, and 'intangible' Park areas are exploited mainly through unauthorized livestock and hunting. Reducing livestock is hampered by lack of control, fencing and prevailing policies (Martin and Chehebar 2001, Sabatini and Iglesia 2001).
Thus, other threat categories to consider include:
- inadequacy of laws
- inadequacy of enforcement of laws
- lack of government obligation to finance endangered species measures
- socio-economic and political realities which have little chance to be modified, yet prevent huemul recovery
- chronic under-funding of responsible agencies, affecting law enforcement, monitoring, etc.
- lack of public awareness of the huemul situation.
|Conservation Actions:
As 63% of all subpopulations are outside of protected areas (and another 9% are partially outside), there is an urgent need to establish management plans for most of the remaining huemul subpopulations. The huemul is classified as endangered in the Chilean and Argentinean Red Data Books of Vertebrates (Glade 1988, Díaz and Ojeda 2000) and is also listed in the Appendix I of CITES and UNEP/CMS Conventions. This species has been protected by law since 1929 in Chile and 1989 in parts of Argentina (Diaz and Smith-Flueck 2000). In order to promote huemul conservation, five Binational Workshops have been conducted since 1992. In 2001, both countries developed their national huemul conservation plans (Chile began with an update in 2007), but funding constraints have thus far impeded their implementation. The species occurs in 13 Chilean national parks and reserves (Corti et al. 2005), and populations occurring outside of protected areas are either barely known or unknown. In Argentina, huemul occur in 5 national parks plus several provincial reserves. Both countries also have some private reserves with huemul populations. Nevertheless, only 28% of the 101 identified subpopulations in both countries were found within existing protected areas, 63% were located outside of protected areas, while 9% were found partially within protected areas (Vila et al. 2006). Moreover, most protected areas in both countries are 'paper parks': financial constraints result in insufficient personnel and infrastructure and prevent adequate inventorying, monitoring and protective measures. For instance, problems are such that field-based national park wardens in Argentina often do not receive fuel for transportation, for 2 month periods (2007/2008). A man on horseback with 5 dogs, another roaming dog, and a group of 3 horseback riders were seen in the course of one day, on visiting an area classified as Critical due to huemul presence in an Argentina national park reserve. (C. Chehebar 2007, report to national park administration). Furthermore, management plans, if prepared, are based on limited data, and are hardly, if at all, implemented (Martin and Chehebar 2001, Rusch 2002). In remote national parks of Chile, cattle introductions and poaching of huemul are common due to lack of infrastructure for enforcement (Frid 2001, Corti 2006). Other important limitations result from socioeconomic and political interests which prevent the implementation of conservation measures, such as removal of cattle from national parks, which utilize up to 56% of park areas (Simberloff et al. 2003). On the other hand, the public system of protected areas contains extensive habitat formerly and currently still used by huemul, making it a prime candidate for contributing significantly to huemul recovery (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006a). An urgent task is thus to find ways to extend the implementation and control of existing policies established for protected areas (Martin and Chehebar 2001, Rusch 2002).
Some conservation measures currently prioritized by government agencies of both countries include: increase efforts to obtain more information on huemul subpopulations such as the current distribution, abundance, and threats; encourage more effective protection of the identified subpopulations (emphasizing an increase of protection in the VIII and XI regions of Chile and in the Province of Chubut of Argentina); promote the creation of private protected areas with presence of huemul (or suitable habitat) to facilitate connectivity and dispersal; promote training to improve local skills in wildlife management and monitoring techniques; and encourage educational activities and media campaigns to raise awareness about the huemul´s status. Achieving these measures would be more likely through coordination (also binationally) between the several administrative jurisdictions, private owners, and local communities.
The present state of huemul with its high degree of fragmentation, small subpopulation sizes, and low total number (Vila et al. 2006) indicates that the situation is not viable, and may be less so in Argentina with only a few hundred remaining huemul. The trend follows a continued loss of subpopulations, i.e. a reduction in numbers and area of occupancy, even within national parks (Franke 1949, Povilitis 1998, Serret 2001). In 1936, the Argentine National Parks created a captive breeding station in order to repopulate park areas already devoid of huemul, and in 1971 the 'Operativo Nacional Huemul' was launched to prevent huemul from extinction, although the program never crystallized. The goal today is the species' recovery (e.g. Argentina National Huemul Conservation and Recovery Plan), which implies an increase in numbers and distribution to a viable level. For recovery to succeed, threats to individual remaining huemul subpopulations need to be understood (Corti et al. 2005). Making decisions about corrective measures should be based on understanding these threats, and would take conservation beyond the creation of protected areas. Basic information on the species and on most subpopulations is very scarce, which complicates interpretations of some observations. If sufficient data are lacking to make informed management decisions, they likely are insufficient to build a realistic PVA model which would be premature or even misleading; urgent management needs and research priorities can be identified without constructing a quantitative model (Ralls et al. 2002). Thus, a fundamental need is to increase well-founded knowledge about the ecology and biology of the species and factors preventing the recovery of individual subpopulations. It is important to study detrimental factors with a holistic approach since the factors acting on a given subpopulation are multi-factorial, and the importance of factors may change over time. In-situ studies are recommended; however, a recovery strategy for huemul must also include ex-situ tools, as for many of the questions, the most efficient, and sometimes only, approach would be controlled studies of semi-captive animals (captive center in Chile since 2005). It would also provide opportunities to study re-introduced groups (stemming from the captive breeding center), taking an adaptive management approach (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006a, Armstrong and Seddon 2007). In consequence, several additional conservation measures surfaced that need to be incorporated:
1. Scientific research, as performed in similar situations worldwide, should be facilitated by all agencies involved and for any existing huemul subpopulation
2. Management decisions for any subpopulation should be made acknowledging the limitations imposed by socioeconomic and political constraints and the gaps of information, and should take the approach of the Precautionary Principle until better information is available
3. Centres with semi-captive huemul for studies and re-introductions function as a valuable recovery tool and should be facilitated, particularly if non-competing funds are available. Efforts should be directed to gain a maximum of information through research under controlled conditions and through reintroductions
4. Once subpopulations are known to be recovering numerically and spatially, they should become a research focus in order to determine the reasons for the recovery success.
|Jiménez, J., Guineo, G., Corti, P, Smith, J.A., Flueck, W., Vila, A., Gizejewski, Z., Gill, R., McShea, B. & Geist, V. 2008. Hippocamelus bisulcus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T10054A3157381. . Downloaded on 27 June 2016.
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Sub Pop
Sub Pop
Sub Pop is a record label founded by Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman in Seattle, Washington in 1986. Sub Pop achieved fame in the late 1980s for first signing Nirvana, Soundgarden, Mudhoney and many other bands from the Seattle music scene. They are often credited with taking the first steps toward popularizing grunge music, and have continued to achieve critical and commercial success in the new millennium, with popular bands such as The Postal Service, Flight of the Conchords and The Shins on their roster. In 1995 Poneman sold a 49% stake of the label to Warner Bros. Records.
Sub Pop's Video Network Vol 1
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Reducing the number of fatalities, injuries and property losses due to fire is the primary focus of the Memphis Fire Department' s Fire Prevention Program. The fundamental components of this program include Public Education, Code Enforcement, Arson Investigation and Anti-Neglect. Employees trained in these areas include state-certified Fire Inspectors, Anti-Neglect Field Inspectors, Fire Education Specialists and Fire Investigators. These employees penetrate each segment of the Memphis Community through daily face-to-face contact with the public.
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In order to reduce the rate of fire incidents, the Memphis Fire Department developed the Fire Protection Plan as a mechanism to reach high-risk fire management zones. The concept involves the use of statistical information to identify high-risk areas. Once high-risk areas are identified, one or more companies of firefighters blitz targeted areas to ensure that every occupied residence has a working smoke detector.
During each blitz, firefighters and other Fire Services personnel actually visit each occupied residence within specific fire management zones to check for working smoke detectors. Discrepancies such as the lack of smoke detectors, defective smoke detectors and smoke detectors with dead batteries or no batteries are recorded. Before each project is completed, all discrepancies are corrected by installing new smoke detectors or replacing missing or dead batteries.
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One of the keys to fire prevention is educating the public through various programs and activities. One of these programs, the Juvenile Fire Setter Program targets and educates children involved in incidents of fire setting or equipment tampering. This intervention redirects children' s interests, which ultimately decreases fire loss due to juvenile arson.
In between presentations made at schools, nursing homes and other local facilities, Fire Education Specialists lead tours while teaching fire safety at the Fire Museum of Memphis. This unique interactive fire safety facility is one of the most popular educational and historical attractions in Memphis.
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In addition to conducting annual inspections of all hospitals, hotels, schools and other structures, Fire Inspectors ensure response to plan reviews and inspect new buildings within 48 hours of notification. View the Smoke Detector informaton to see if you qualify for a free smoke alarm:
Smoke Detector Request
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Fire Investigators conduct detailed investigations and interrogations to determine the origins of fires. As a result of recently enacted state laws, investigators now have police powers to expedite the process of apprehending individuals involved in arson-related incidents. The acquisition of an accelerant-detecting canine has also helped make conducting arson investigations more efficient.
Anti-Neglect Field Inspectors inspect neglected and/or abandoned buildings that are potentially dangerous. Property owners failing to comply with the City's anti-neglect ordinances are issued citations and subsequently fined if problems are not corrected within the time allotted. Fees collected as a result of fines are used to maintain the operations of this self-supporting office.
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My dad's favorite gift
By LeeFritzy
from Dover, DE, United States
Comments about Mr. Coffee Coffee Maker - White:
I bought this for my dad and he loves it! Wouldn't trade it for anything! He's been using it daily going on 4yrs.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Just the Best!
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from Las Vegas, NV
I have had this for a long time (proof of its quality) and use it more than once daily. It is fast and produces a rich and very hot coffee. i also have the other version with the clock and it performs just as well. I take it on trips as I prefer using it with my own ground coffee instead of usng the coffeemakers in hotel rooms. I will buy this one over and over again as long as Mr. Coffee continues to make them.
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In honor of #GivingTuesday, Bloganthropy wants to encourage bloggers to get involved and write about their favorite opportunities to give back to the community around them, around the nation and even around the globe. As many of you know, Debbie from Element Associates is also the co-founder of Bloganthropy and our agency donates time, money and resources to many non-profits as well as sponsoring the Bloganthropy Awards.
This week, we are offering a central link-up for giving-related posts and would love to have you add your post below!
Also in honor of the spirit of #GivingTuesday, Element Associates, in partnership with Bloganthropy, is donating $1 for each link up to 100 links to Postpartum Progress .
Postpartum Progress was started by Katherine Stone as a public charity that exists to improve the support and services for pregnant & new mothers with perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. The information on the site is for educational and advocacy purposes only. It is not intended to diagnose or treat any medical or psychological condition.
To link-up, you are welcome to write about anything. If you need some suggestions, see below:
1. Goodwill.org is offering a fun snapguide about How to Throw a Festive Sweater Holiday party. You could also write about cleaning out and taking things to Goodwill for that last minute charitable tax deduction. Goodwill is also supporting Giving Tuesday as mentioned in this post on AdLibbing.
2. AutoTex Pink is selling pink wiper blades to support breast cancer awareness.
3. Joseph Nogucci has pink ribbon bracelets also to support breast cancer awareness.
Leave a comment below with suggestions you might like to add.
Add your #GivingTuesday post below and please include a link in your post back to this post to support the larger giving community. Of course, go visit other posts and read what people and brands are doing to make a difference!
Disclosure: Element Associates has a working relationship with the businesses and non-profit listed above and while we would love to see their work supported, this linkie is open to whatever giving opportunities a participating blogger desires to write about.


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All branches of Marin County Free Library will be closed on Monday, July 4 for Independence Day.
> View the full list of poets in the Marin Poets Archive
Marin Poets Live! is a public access television show presented by Marin County Free Library and features host Neshama Franklin, who works at the Fairfax Library. The show introduces local Marin poets and delves into their reasons for writing and the influence that living in Marin County has had on their poetry. The monthly show appears the second Thursday of each month at 7:30pm PST. Check the Community Media Center of Marin for schedules.
The interview with karen Benke aired on Marin Poets Live! on Thursday, May 8, 2014 at 7:30pm.
Karen Benke is the author of Sister (Conflux Press, 2004), RIP THE PAGE! Adventures in Creative Writing (Roost Books/Shambhala, 2010), LEAP WRITE IN! Adventures in Creative Writing to Stretch & Surprise Your One-of-a-Kind Mind (Roost Books/Shambhala, 2013), and the monthly subscription-based, handwritten, snail-mail museletter.
A coach who specializes in using creative writing to tap into the heart's truest desires and intentions, Karen's been a California Poet in the Schools for 20+ years and brings her magic word ticket bag to book fairs and community events to write poems-on-the-spot for kids and kids-at-heart. She has seen her work published in numerous anthologies and literary magazines, including Rattle, Ploughshares, Poetry East, Hawaii Pacific Review, Common Ground Review, Pilgrimage, Poetry Daily, and elsewhere. A recipient of grants from Poets & Writers and Marin Arts Council Fund For Artists as well as residencies from Hedgebrook and Djerassi Resident Artists Program, she lives north of the Golden Gate Bridge with her husband, 12 year-old son, and a magic cat named Clive.
More information can be found on her website, www.karenbenke.com


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Written for "Healthy Updates from Valley Natural Foods," (Burnsville, MN)
As September arrives on our doorsteps, we notice a change in the air and in what's FRESH & LOCAL at Valley Natural Foods in Burnsville. We may still have a few fleeting days to savor our last bites of fresh cucumber, sweet corn and watermelon. Our supplies of ripe red local tomatoes and aromatic basil are winding down, to be upstaged by the arrival of all that thrives in cooler weather, including the nutrient-rich Brassica oleracea family of luscious greens, including broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale and kohlrabi.
All cousins to wild cabbage native to the wind-swept limestone sea cliffs of coastal England and Europe, these hardy Brassica veggies love our autumnal weather and offer the highest level of disease-fighting nutrients per serving of anything FRESH & LOCAL, not to mention naturally low in calories, fat and sodium. You can't find a healthier return on your grocery dollars than serving these beautiful greens to your family.
Consider trying the eye-popping member of this cabbage family this month: lime green Romanesco delivered FRESH & LOCAL by Gardens of Eagan of Farmington. Crunchy and nutty, this unique veggie offers a sweeter and milder flavor and a creamier texture than the white cauliflower. Serve it raw with a dip, steam and season with butter, salt and pepper or toss with a little olive oil and roast in the oven, just until the edges start to brown.
Take note of the imminent arrival of red and yellow onions and red, russet and Yukon gold potatoes, delivered FRESH & LOCAL by L&R Poultry and Produce, a family owned and operated woodland farm near Kenyon in Goodhue County. This organic farm offers Valley Natural customers a wide variety of delicious, fresh earthly root crops in September. Expect a fall cornucopia of beets, carrots, radishes, rutabagas, radishes, turnips and the start of the winter squashes.
About mid-September, look for L&R's popular "Speckled Hound" kabocha squash, a squatty round specimen with bluish gray speckled skin and tummy-warming sweet orange flesh on the inside. Originally hailing from Japan, kabocha squashes are increasingly becoming favorite dining companions in the U.S., as well as the budding stars of ornamental autumnal displays. Rae Rusnak, farmer/owner of L&R Poultry and Produce, says that these stellar squashes can be enjoyed into March, if stored in a cool dry place. She advises laying out squashes on newspaper, paper bags or wood without touching one another for adequate air circulation and optimum winter preservation.
Check out my FRESH & LOCAL monthly series of blogs, demos and classes under CLASSES and Valley Natural Foods at 13750 County Road 11, Burnsville, MN 55337 or www.valleynaturalfoods.com (952.891-1212).


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Home >
> Insul-Bright Needled Insulated Lining - 22.5in.
Interfacing and Stabilizers
Insul-Bright Needled Insulated Lining from the Warm Company
Insul-Bright Needled Insulated Lining: Insul-Bright is the ideal insulated lining for just about any creative project! This easy to sew material is comprised of needle punched hollow polyester fibers through a reflective metalized film, allowing for maximum conduction and radiant energy resistance! Craft handy pot holders, oven mitts, ironing board covers, or keep your lunch warm or cool with an insulated lunch bag! Maintenance is as easy as popping your finished project into the washing machine! That's right! Insul-Bright is washer and dryer safe! This wonderful material possesses boundless creative possibilities! Get your hands on a few yards today and see what you can create!


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I'm 1/2 excited about netbooks. Will be 100% excited when they get the screen to 1280x800 or similar because 1024x600 is not enough space for modern programs or web sites. They should be able to do that under 11" or 10"
The Atom processor is perfect, 1 or 2 gig is perfect, all ports and connectivity and battery they have are perfect, Windows XP is not bad, but Windows 7 will be absolutely perfect, 92% keyboard is perfect. Screen, not yet perfect.
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Download The Dark Knight Rises MTV Movie Awards TV Spot video
Download The Dark Knight Rises MTV Movie Awards TV Spot video on savevid.com
Download The Dark Knight Rises MTV Movie Awards TV Spot streaming video in flv, mp4, avi formats direct easily on Savevid.com.
The Dark Knight Rises MTV Movie Awards TV Spot
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- Rate: Please rate this video Views: 5 Downloads: 10
Release Date: July 20, 2012 (2D theaters and IMAX)
Studio: Warner Bros. Pictures
Director: Christopher Nolan
Screenwriter: Jonathan Nolan, Christopher Nolan
Starring: Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Anne Hathaway, Tom Hardy, Gary Oldman, Marion Cotillard, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Morgan Freeman
Genre: Action, Thriller
MPAA Rating: PG-13 (for intense sequences of violence and action, some sensuality and language)
Official Websites:
Plot Summary:
Warner Bros. Pictures' and Legendary Pictures' "The Dark Knight Rises" is the epic conclusion to filmmaker Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy, Leading an all-star international cast, Oscar winner Christian Bale ("The Fighter") again plays the dual role of Bruce Wayne/Batman. The film also stars Anne Hathaway, as Selina Kyle; Tom Hardy, as Bane; Oscar winner Marion Cotillard ("La Vie en Rose"), as Miranda Tate; and Joseph Gordon-Levitt, as John Blake. Returning to the main cast, Oscar winner Michael Caine ("The Cider House Rules") plays Alfred; Gary Oldman is Commissioner Gordon; and Oscar winner Morgan Freeman ("Million Dollar Baby") reprises the role of Lucius Fox. The screenplay is written by Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan, story by Christopher Nolan & David S. Goyer. The film is produced by Emma Thomas, Christopher Nolan and Charles Roven, who previously teamed on "Batman Begins" and the record-breaking blockbuster "The Dark Knight." The executive producers are Benjamin Melniker, Michael E. Uslan, Kevin De La Noy and Thomas Tull, with Jordan Goldberg serving as co-producer. The film is based upon characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. Batman was created by Bob Kane.
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This Supercut Proves That All Running Should Be In Slow Motion
Just admit it. Sometimes you're jogging in the park or you're on the treadmill and you visualize yourself running in slow motion. Sweat pouring off you, hair swinging, face contorted as you fight for your goal. It's pretty epic.


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I've been running FreeNAS for a while now. Hardware is 1.8 GHz Celeron, RAM 1 GB. SATA card is Via - I am not sure about the model. It's 2 ports and I have 6 x 1.5 TB hard drives.
All ran OK while running on 1.5 TB, no RAID. I'm now trying to create a RAID 5 with my 6 hard drives. Software RAID. Is it normal for it to take roughly up to 2 weeks just to build the RAID? Sorry, I'm very new to implementing RAID and googling doesn't tell much other than it takes a long time.
Also the RAID building process seems to fail many times. Going to degraded. I suspect it's because 4 of my hard drives are connected to my motherboard and the other 2 are connected to my SATA card. What's your take?
I'm considering 2 options now. Either get a 8 port SATA card and attach all the hard drives to it. Or get a RAID controller 8 portcard which is probably going to be more pricey. Also how do you access hardware RAID through FreeNAS?
I like how FreeNAS emails you should your harddrive fails. Can this be done as well with hardware RAID?


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California's Governor Jerry Brown recently declared a drought emergency and urged Californians to voluntarily reduce their water usage by 20 percent. The action is the result of a prolonged dry spell in the state with no end in site. If the drought continues, then Bakersfield and the San Joaquin Valley, home to one of the largest agricultural areas in the world, will be seriously impacted.
So what can the average person do to meet the Governor's goal of a 20 percent reduction? There are several things and some are simple, easy, and won't cost you a penny. The attached video details just some of the steps we all can take to save water during this emergency.
Do you have some other water saving tips? Please describe them in the comments section below, and don't forget to subscribe to Bakersfield Environmental News to keep up on the latest news affecting the environment and you. It's free - you can't beat that!
Suggested Links
- Gov. Brown declares drought emergency as media ignores climate change aspects
- APCD to host workshop on new CAPCOA greenhouse gas reduction exchange, GHG Rx
- New California snow survey finds little snow, drought blamed
- Recent freezing temperatures prove global warming is a liberal hoax - oh really?
- Solar powered dairy in Tulare named a 2013 Environmental Champion by EPA


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It may not be the most polite thing to do, but we're all guilty of it. The phone rings and some random number pops up on your screen. 10 years ago, I would have answered it, but now thanks to caller ID, whoever it is can go straight to voicemail. Of course when they don't leave a message, curiosity inevitably gets the better of me, so it's off to Google in order to find out whose call it was that I just bounced.
To Google's credit, they have been pretty aggressive about fighting spammy search results from content farmers, but when it comes to your digits, they still haven't found a way to filter out the spammers from the legitimate information. Take for example, a Google search for my own phone number
As you can see from the screenshot, Google is really good at finding any and all search results with this number in it, but most of the links presented are directing users to pages and pages of meaningless phone numbers. If you click on Google's #1 search result for my phone number, it leads to a company named AllCallerDirectory.com. While this site does provide "reverse lookup" services, it will cost you $15 if you want to buy a report letting you know that it was Davis Freeberg who called. While my blog's contact page does show up as the 2nd search result for Google, the remaining 467 results are all similar search spam of some sort.
By comparison, the same search on Blekko (who tends to use more aggressive spam filters) yields only 2 results, both of which are high quality hits.
It would be easy to blame AT&T for this problem, because I imagine that there are all kinds of data silos that surround our phone numbers, but when you consider the my number is actually a Google Voice number, there really isn't any excuse for Google to be directing traffic to these paid services instead of my Google profile.
While I've never spent money on any of these reverse lookup services, I imagine that there are lots of people who have paid for information that they could have gotten for free. In an ideal world, I'd like to see Google partner with some of the telephone directories to improve these types of searches for consumers, but in the meantime simply nuking the "directories" that are gaming the system would be a positive step in the right direction.


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Miami Dolphins GM Jeff Ireland explains "the makeup"
For the past five years I've CONSISTENTLY heard about "the makeup" the Miami Dolphins use to minimize risk when putting together their draft board.
General Manager Jeff Ireland finally explained the process that allows him to assess a player's off the field makeup.
"I always tell player you reach in your pocket for two cents because I'm going to give you my two cents of advice whether you like it or not. I always try to tell them a little bit about [Miami's approach]. We have this thing called the makeup," Ireland said. "Basically, I ask my scouts to grade the ability of the player, and the makeup of the player.
"I ask them grade their ability in a system. Let's say 1 through 10, you're a 9.5. You're an 8.6," Ireland said, giving an example of his points system, which determines where a player is slotted on the Dolphins' draft board.
For the record, most first-round picks don't have 8.0 grades. In fact, Stanford's Andrew Luck has the highest draft grade in this draft class, and I'm told he's a 8.5. Most first round picks struggle to crack a 7.0.
The players with the second highest rating according to ProFootball Weekly is Alabama tailback Trent Richardson and LSU cornerback Morris Claiborne, who both have 7.0 grades.
Now comes the player's off the field evaluation, which also factors into most team's grades.
"With the makeup of the player I'm trying to grade whether he has it or not. It's passion. It's heart. It's toughness. It's competitiveness. It's football intelligence. It's integrity. It's character," Ireland said, breaking down theplayer makeup he's looking for. "It's a yes or no answer. Either you have them ALL or you don't. Some of those [traits] you can develop and some you can't. And that's the way my scouts answer that question.
"It's a yes or no? Does he have all or he doesn't? If he's missing one of those, he doesn't because that's a margin of failure," he continued. "It's more than just heart. It's the entire makeup of the person that allows a player to be successful."
After spending the past decade covering football, I completely agree with Ireland, who clearly learned this approach from former Dolphins czar Bill Parcells.
Say what you want about the Stinky Tuna, but he knew how to build winning teams. Not title contending teams ANYMORE, but winning franchises.
Everyone who gets to that level has talent. But the difference between the Zach Thomas, Jason Taylor and Cameron Wake's of the NFL world is "the makeup."
It is the commitment to the game. Their focus. Intelligence. And the drive to be great.
Are you satisfied with just doing enough, or will you go the extra mile. Despite what many think, you can tell with some players before taking them in the draft.
If you've been following me for a while you should know I firmly believe the successful executives limit their risk factor in the draft, and that's what "the makeup" is about.
Does it guarantee a certain player will come off your draft board, or get overlooked? In some instances yes. Especially when drugs are involved. That's the easiest, sure-fire way to come off Miami's draft board I'm told.
But then there are others, like cornerback Vontae Davis, who had rumors of character issues entering the 2009 draft, and cornerback Jimmy Wilson, who had a troublesome legal past before Miami selected him in the seventh-round of the 2011 draft. Wilson made it through despite spending two years in jail for murder charges because the Dolphins did their homework.
No matter how many times you knock Wilson down I'm certain he'll get back up. That's why Wilson is the ideal case study of "the makeup."
There's something driving Wilson to overachieve, and if you could give that something to Phillip Merling he'd be a elite starter.
Brian Hartline's football intelligence is another example of the makeup. He was leading the Dolphins' draft room as a rookie. If you put his brain and instincts into Clyde Gates body you'd have a Pro Bowl receiver.
That's the makeup. That's why its better to select player with it than one without.


text:
COMPUTEX Taipei 2010 - Synaptic is the company behind some of the touch pad tech we take for granted to day on notebooks and netbooks. The company is behind much of the gesture supporting tech that is on notebooks and netbooks we all use.
At Computex the company has shown off a sweet new tech called TouchPad-IS that is capable of accurately recognizing up to four fingers. The technology can also recognize the difference between fingers and the palm of your hand to eliminate accidental activation when you hit the track pad with your hand.
Synaptics is also demonstrating a new track pad that has no dedicated buttons for clicking. The track pad itself clicks providing a larger space for gesture control.


text:
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A strength, cardio& core training program designed for participants used to exercising moderately. Workout targets the entire body, focusing on building strength, power, balance and stability by replicating natural movements such as pushing, pulling, lunging and squatting. Super-effective training that allows individuals to enhance personal fitness and performance levels. Designed for level 2 clients.
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What Level Am I?
You'll have the opportunity to try sessions that are labeled as either 1&2 or 2&3 to help you decide which Get Fit Session you should sign up for. The following is a general guide to help you decide:
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- Level 3: Comfortably participates in at least 40 minutes of continuous physical activity resulting in intervals of heavy breathing.
For more information or to book a group or private session, please call Donna at 770-846-9373


text:
It was a good day. Warm with a cool breeze and not very sunny so your clean white paper did not blind you. You set yourself up on a bench in a nearby park, preparing your pencils. You flip open your sketch book to another white page. As you look around for a subject to draw, your eyes catch sight of a young man. He had blonde hair tied in a ponytail. His bangs were parted in the middle with a single curl hanging down. A pair of dark sunglasses hung on the tip of his nose, purple eyes peering over them. A hockey stick, the end wrapped in barb wire, laid at his boots.
He sat at the edge of a fountain nearby, slouching, a lost and empty look across his face. You watched him curiously for a few moments before you quickly looked down at your page, your pencil moving across the white paper as if possessed.
You had a quick sketch and basic details of his body before you noticed him staring at you. Your breath catches in your throat as you watch him, wide eyed. He slowly gets up, reaching down and picking up his hockey stick.
'Uh oh...' you thought as you placed your sketch book down and stood up, ready to apologize. He seemed very intimidating though, how he glared at you with his violet eyes.
You both stood there for a moment before the man slings his threatening hockey stick over his shoulder and calmly walks away.
You felt a little relieved that there was no trouble but you felt a little disappointed that he just left without a word. He was very charming, despite his scary appearance. You look down at your sketch book and turn to the page you were working on.
'Should have worked on his face first...' You mentally scolded yourself. You hoped you can see him again, you wanted to finish drawing him. There was a certain loneliness around him that you wanted to figure out.
A few days later, you came back to the park and sat back down on the same bench you sat on days ago. You began sketching a few birds that had landed not too far from you. As you continued to sketch, almost complete with the picture, the birds abruptly flew away. You pout and look up to see what had shooed them off.
Your heart skipped a beat as you saw the man from before. He was walking towards the same fountain and sat down, slouching in almost an identical fashion from the other day.
You didn't hesitate and quickly flipped back to the unfinished page. You furiously began to draw, trying to capture all his features before he notices you again.
After a few moments he slips his sunglasses over his eyes and lays on the fountain's edge, seeming to take a nap.
'Chance!' You mentally thought to yourself and flipped to a new page, drawing the new scene before you.
You had finished a fairly good sketch before the man stirred, sitting up. He lowers his sunglasses and glares over at you. He stands and grabs his hockey stick once again but instead of walking away as he did the day before, he started to head over to you, his hockey stick dragging across the ground.
You gulped, looking away. You were a little ashamed that you just drew him without his permission regardless of the look he gave you before.
He looms over you and stares down at you.
"U-Um...." you nervously began but stopped when you felt his hockey stick pull down your sketch book from you hands so that he could see it.
His purple eyes examine the sketch you had done of him for a moment before he mutters, "you're pretty good...." He had an accent in his voice, which you guessed was a Canadian one.
You blush a little and shyly smile. "T-Thanks. I'm sorry I did it without permission." You slowly stand up, placing the sketch book to the side and extend your hand out to him. "I'm ______ _____."
He looks down at your hand for a moment before looking into your (e/c) eyes. He takes your hand hesitantly but give it a tight grip. "Matt..."
"Nice to meet you, Matt." you smile, trying to match his grip. This made the corner of his lips twitch into a smile from a moment but soon returns back into a frown. "Have we met before? You kinda look familiar."
Matt's eyebrows furrow as his face contorts a little from your question.
You thought about where you could have seen him for a moment but shake your head, chuckling a little. "Sorry, I must be imagining things."
"What, did you mistaken me for someone?" He growled a little.
"What? No." you nervously laugh. "It probably was my imagination. You're kinda unforgettable."
Matt's eyes widen a little as he is taken back by your comment. "Unforgettable?"
"Yeah." You bashfully smile and blush, looking to the side. "I had the urge to draw you since I saw you the other day. I guess I was attracted to you, you had this very lonely air about you." Matt looks away, glaring at the ground and you realize how rude that sounded. "I'm sorry! I didn't mean it that way! I just wanted to know more about you since I saw you and I guess that's why I wanted to draw you." There was an awkward silence between you two and you sighed, turning away and collecting your things. "I'm really sorry."
As you picked up you things and began to leave, you felt a hand on your shoulder. You look over your shoulder in surprise to see Matt. "Will you be here again?" He asked, avoiding your gaze. A pink tint was across his face.
You stood there in silence before giggling and nodding to the embarrassed Canadian. "If you want. Can I draw you again?"
"We'll see..." He mumbled before letting you go. He reaches a hand into his pocket and slips out his cell phone. His cheeks turn a deeper red as he asks you, flustered, "Give me your number and I'll text you mine..." You look at him surprised and he quickly added, furrowing his brows, "W-well, I don't want to wait for a long time for you to show up!"
"OK OK!" You laughed as you quickly took out your cell phone as well. You exchanged cell phone numbers and slipped it back into your pocket. You waved to the flustered Canadian, giggling, "I'll see you later then, Matt!"
He looks away as you run off, angrily looking at the ground but once you have disappeared behind the buildings outside the park, slowly his lips curled into a smile. "Later." He whispered to himself and slings his hockey stick over his shoulder. He walks off, looking forward to seeing the Artist once again.
2P!CanadaXArtist!Reader by MikavocaloidWatch
©2012-2016 Mikavocaloid
Matt: *Lays by fountain to rest*
Me: 'Yes now's my chance!' *Begins to sketch furiously*
Matt: *Wakes up and glares at me*
Me: *Sweatdrops and stands up* Meep! Meep! *Runs away leaving a cloud of dust* (Lol who knows that reference? XD)
Me: 'Yes now's my chance!' *Begins to sketch furiously*
Matt: *Wakes up and glares at me*
Me: *Sweatdrops and stands up* Meep! Meep! *Runs away leaving a cloud of dust* (Lol who knows that reference? XD)
Eeey road runner, did ya know it's Italian?
oh matties one wolf you cant drop a anvil on
Road Runner? ^w^
I do!!!
Yes! You're awesome for that! Road Runner up in here! XD
I actually shouldn't know where it's from, but I do anyway!
Why not? It's pretty cool and funny!
I know, it's just that I was so young when it stopped going on the TV, then I started watching it on YouTube. It's like Beavis and Butthead, I shouldn't know, but I do.
This is very cute!
loved it!!!
*draws an AWESOME picture of Matt*
*Matt gives me the 'death glare'*
*melts from the intensity of the glare*
*Matt gives me the 'death glare'*
*melts from the intensity of the glare*
Really cute!
Me: * drawing Matt *
Matt: * giving me the glare *
Me: •^• * troll face and runs away *
Matt: * giving me the glare *
Me: •^• * troll face and runs away *
aww this story was so cool and cute!
This was great!! And really cute!!
O my god this was awesome please write more!!! ^^
Write more! ;o
>w< I will hopefully soon! ;w; I am currently on hiatus but I should be returning soon!
d'aaawww! :3


text:
Straight Story Showtimes and Tickets
Read Movie Reviews about Straight Story Write a Movie Review for Straight Story
Dvd Release Date: 2000-11-07
Genre: Drama, Family
Rating: G
Duration: 1hr 51min
From director David Lynch comes a lyrical portrait of one man's real journey across America's Heartland. Filmed along the 260-mile route that the actual Alvin Straight traversed in 1994 from Laurens, Iowa to Mt. Zion, Wisconsin, "the Straight story" chronicles Alvin's patient odyssey and those he meets along the way. When not rolling along at five miles an hour aboard his '66 John Deere, Alvin encounters a number of strangers, from a teenage runaway to a fellow World War II veteran. By sharing his life's earned wisdom with simple stories, Alvin has a profound impact on these characters that color his pilgrimage.
Cast and Crew
- Starring
Sissy Spacek, Harry Dean Stanton, Richard Farnsworth, Everett McGill, Jane Galloway Heitz
- Directed by David Lynch
- Produced by Mary Sweeney, Neal Edelstein
- Written by Mary Sweeney, John Roach
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text:
2009 Boulder Roubaix is ON..... NOT
Submitted by Kris Thompson on
Some of you may remember the April Fools story we ran April 1st saying the Boulder Roubaix was on. Well, it worked because that one story on that one day got us record traffic. What is it about the Boulder Roubaix that can turn us in the most gullible people around? I've competed in the race at least 7 times because of its uniqueness from any other race out there, I love it and apparently so do many other Coloradans too but sadly the April Fools jokes has become a nightmare because the race is not on in 09. We contacted Chris Grealish at DBCEvents the promoter for the majority of the Boulder Roubaix's about the reason for not hosting the Boulder Roubaix in 09 and if it will ever be promoted by them in the future and he said..
"It appears bulk of the racers have shifted away from Road Races and their lifestyles and mindset are more geared towards 40-60 minute criteriums. With the low turnouts for 2008 Boulder Road Race and Boulder Roubaix , we decided to try them every other year instead of every year. 400 people went to the Roubaix movie at Boulder Theater the Wednesday before the race and 250 people raced Boulder Roubaix."
It is true, the turn out in 08 was sad but many would not blame the riders but mother nature because it was held during a very cold summer raining day... still it is Roubaix, right, where were the riders?
Related Stories
News Item:
13 Comments
I think timing and WEATHER
Submitted by Bubba Billy Bob (not verified) on
I think timing and WEATHER had more to do with low turn out at Roubaix 2008. Put Roubaix in mid-April and numbers will be around 500.
Put Hwy 128 on schedule and make BAR/BAT. Great local road race for climbers.
People will race Road Races!!!
Koppenburg averages over 500
Deer Trail over 600
Hugo over 500
Iron Horse - Sells Out!
Ft. Collins over 400 at $60+ last year
Mt. Evans ~ 1000
Salida over 400
Points: -5
Submitted by Ryan H (not verified) on
Hold the Boulder Roubaix around the same time as the Paris-Roubiax and you'll get record turnouts. I get pumped for the spring classics in europe and that might be a reason why I love the Koppenberg race so much.
Points: -15
Boulder Roubaix and other DBC Road Races
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
If you're missing road races then you should step up and develop them. Looking to Chris to solve the lack of racing in Colorado is not the answer. Chris has moved on from local racing and is developing internationally recognized cyclocross races like Boulder Cup and CrossVegas. When he drops back into the local scene and creates races like 2008's Roubaix, Cat Eye RR and the Case Logic Crits he does so in the hope that other groups will step up and take them over.
Nobody does and he moves on, I don't blame him.
If you disagree with Chris' assessment that most racers are interested in shorter races (I happen to think he's correct). then prove him wrong and start creating the races you claim will attract big fields.
Points: -13
Boulder-Roubaix RR
Submitted by Harry (not verified) on
Hello "anonymous",
I am going to quote you here:
"If you disagree with Chris' assessment that most racers are interested in shorter races (I happen to think he's correct), then prove him wrong and start creating the races you claim will attract big fields."
That proof was already given with the Road Race numbers in previous posts and shown very clearly in Bubba Billy Bob's post. You can verify these numbers on the ACA results website pages. In other words, I don't have to become a promoter to "prove him wrong". Also, just because there are a lot of riders that like crits, does not mean that they do not like long Road Races. I happen to like all of them. Heck, I even like TTs.
Not everybody has the ability/energy/knowledge/backing to promote a bicycle race. Therefore we heavily rely on folks like Chris to do this. The responses in this thread have clearly been posted by Road Race enthusiasts (me being one of them) who like and appreciate Chris Grealish and simply are begging him to bring back the Boulder-Roubaix and the Boulder RR.
So now I am going to put my money were my mouth is. If Chris for this year can still bring back the Boulder-Roubaix or Boulder RR, then I will be the first to donate $100 to him. I know this is only a drop in a bucket. So therefore I am asking all you forum contributors/readers to pledge an amount as well. I don't care if it is only 5 bucks. It at least gives Chris a positive message.
In the mean time please look around in the different bike shops for the Boulder-Roubaix T-shirts (I think Vecchio's still has some). Then buy one or more and start wearing them. Part of the T-shirt sales goes to Chris.
I also pledge that, after my own race is finished, I will volunteer my time during the remainder of the race day. I am asking all of you to do the same thing.
I also truly hope that Chris will consider working with the ACA BAR/BAT committee (of which I am a member) to start molding both his races into a BAR/BAT format, beginning 2010. The ACA staff, as well as myself, will be more than happy to work with Chris on this.
Last but not least, keep the posts on this subject coming. Maybe the more of us RR enthusiasts speak up the better the chances are that Chris "hears our cries".
I truly hope that Chris reads these posts. Maybe the host for website can alert him to log-on (how about it Kris?)
Now I stop with Stephen's Swift Cycling Club slogan: Long Live Long Road Races.
Happy suffering.
Points: -12
a new thread on Boulder Roubaix has been started
Submitted by 303admin on
Please follow this link for on-going discussion on the Boulder Roubaix and more road racing discussion.
Points: -22
Generalization of current racers in Colorado
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
One of the comments was that the Boulder Road Race was after a "hard crit in Longmont"(Prospect)and also not BAR/BAT. Is doing challenging races less appealing than the attendance award that BAR/BAT has become ? What ever happened to doing a race for the challenge instead of the possibility of getting on the podium ? In this culture, people feel the need to be in the mix and place or at least think they have a chance to place. When I raced cat 4 and then cat 3 back in the late 80's thru mid 90's, we usually had 100+ guys at every race. To be the 20th finisher out of 100 starters was rewarding ,especially when you were the last guy to stay in the pack and the other 80 were in the parking lot. I am vertically challenged and my body type is more built for Roubaix than Mt Ventoux. Regardless, I'd do Mt Evans and Ironhorse climbing races because it was a major challenge. People refuse to accept that humiliation is an inherent part of bicycle racing, unless you are sandbagging or a gifted athlete, you need to suck it up and take your medicine by not going to the parking lot when shelled.
Points: -18
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
Chris is a great guy and a great promoter, but I think he is dead wrong on his comments. We have plenty of crits in CO and need more RR's. Sure a lot of the guys only have time to race crits, but there is a huge demand for RR's. Look at the #'s for events like Koppenberg and even Deer Trail & Hugo (which are in the middle of no where).
Chris added both of those events to the scheduel late in the year (they were not on the calendar until mid summer), so people were not as aware of them. The Roubaix was killed by bad weather. Most racers buy their own gear and will take a pass on getting it destroyed racing on dirt in the rain. Chris also put those events on in August. They have never been held that late in the year and that is a big reason for the low turn out. It has nothign to do with Chris or his races, but we all know racers in CO get burned out and race less in August.
As I opened with Chris is a good guy, a good promoter and "gets it". However I think he is flat wrong on this. He needs to move those races back to earlier on the calendar and get them on the calendar when it comes out in Jan. or Feb. Thoses changes would get him good attendence (as long as the weather works out).
Points: -15
Boulder-Roubaix - Please bring it back
Submitted by Harry (not verified) on
I truly hope that Chris Grealish reads this.
Last year's (2008) low turn out should not be taken as an indicator that the majority of ACA racers is shifting away from Road Races to Criteriums.
I realize that the name sake (Paris Roubaix) will be run no matter what the weather is. However we should not forget that the pros in that race get paid to race. We instead pay to race. There lies the difference.
I bet if the race last year on that day in August would have been a criterium with partial dirt/muddy roads, then the turn out would have been just as bad. Also, as bad luck would have it, the weather was bad at the start of the day but not near as bad towards the middle and end of the day. I bet the turn out would have been greater if the reverse would have been true.
For comparison the turn out for the Deer Trail and Hugo Road Races were 633 and 542 respectively. These numbers indicate that Road Races continue to enjoy strong popularity.
I also suspect that if the Boulder Road Race would have not been the day after a hard criterium (last year it was the Prospect Crit) then the turnout would also have been greater.
Lastly I think that either race would enjoy a much greater turnout if they would have BAR/BAT status. Whether you agree with the BAR/BAT format or not, the fact is that BAR/BAT races historically get a greater turnout then non-BAR/BAT races.
Chris always has done a fantastic job in organizing his races. In my opinion, he has become an essential part of the racing community in our State. So I truly hope that Chris will reconsider and bring both races back to a yearly status and work with the ACA to bring them into a BAR/BAT format.
Points: -10
Boulder Roubaix
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
I raced Roubaix last year and it was epic. That being said I used my Cross bike and wouldn't have thought about racing my nice road bike in that weather. I learned that lessen after the abuse it took at Cateye the year prior (BTW - what happened to Cateye too????).
Definetly agree that the weather is the dominent factor in attendance and there is huge support for road races. Crits are far more dangerous and not nearly as fun in my opinion. I wish Gore Pass would come back too but not be in September.
Points: -28
i think that that race is
Submitted by ciro (not verified) on
i think that that race is the best i hate crit's but i have to do it so i had fan in boulder road race and roubaix this every other year sucks
Points: -12


text:
XLrator Media has released a nice chunk of new images from the Jimi Hendrix biopic, "Jimi: All Is by My Side." The film will release to limited theaters on Sept. 26.
Andre Benjamin portrays the legendary rocker in the film that chronicles Hendrix's life from 1966-1967, when he was an unknown backup guitarist playing at New York's Cheetah Club. It also shows his breakthrough in London and the moment when he became a hit in the U.S. at the Monterey Pop Festival.
Along with Benjamin, the film also stars Hayley Atwell, Imogen Poots, Andrew Buckley, and Ruth Negga. It was written and directed by Oscar winner John Ridley ("12 Years a Slave").
Be sure to check out the new photos in the slideshow located on the left side of this column.