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16 Crochet Shawl Patterns: DIY Clothing You'll Love
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24 Free Crochet Shawl Patterns, Crochet Ponchos & More
By: The Editors at AllFreeCrochet
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I'm sure we can all admit that we've tried a fabulous shawl on in a store and just stared at ourselves in the mirror for 10 minutes, only to put it back on the rack because it was just too pricey. Why do we continuously put ourselves through that pain? Beats me. Luckily, you have an amazing skill in the world of crochet, so you can easily make your own free crochet shawl patterns. That's right, I said free!
Free crochet shawl patterns can be made and worn all year-round. They can be worn under heavy coats or they can be worn over tank tops to complete an outfit. Shawls come in all crochet colors and designs, perfect for showing off your fashion sense. Here you can find all the free crochet shawl patterns you want. You can also find stoles, wraps and even crochet ponchos.
24 Free Crochet Shawl Patterns Table of Contents:
Free Crochet Shawl Patterns
Stoles and Ponchos
Access the best crochet shawl patterns at any time by downloading our free eBook, 16 Crochet Shawl Patterns: DIY Clothing You'll Love!
Free Crochet Shawl Patterns
Alyssa's Shawl - This shawl is exquisite and can be crocheted together for a lovely wedding shawl.
- Embrace Tie Shawl - Crochet a shawl that gives you the ability to tie together at the top, and that comes with pockets.
- Madelein's Vintage Shawl - This free crochet shawl pattern is great for anyone to wear. Its vintage light-weight yarn really adds beauty.
- Paris Shawl - Get a more sophisticated look with this paris shawl pattern. The fringe adds a nice embellishment to this shawl and any other shawl.
- Sugar Plum Shawl - Free crochet shawl patterns are great when they come in multiple colors like this one. The earth-toned variegated colors are great for fall.
- Sweet and Simple Shawl - This easy crochet pattern is great for those just learning how to crochet. A size G crochet hook is used for this free crochet shawl pattern.
- Beautiful Bridal Shawl - This bridal shawl will guarantee you get compliments all night long.
- Bright Flower Lattice Shawl - This flower shawl will brighten your day and bring a little color to your outfit.
- Vintage Lace Popcorn Shawl - Crochet a shawl inspired by Hollywood vintage glamour.
- Convertible Shell Shawl - This is probably the most versatile shawl pattern ever!
Angel WIngs Shawl Pattern - You'll look and feel like an angel when you wear this shawl.
Oversized Crochet Shawl - A larger than life shawl designed to keep you warm and cozy at all times!
Purple Serenity Shawl - Use the v-stitch to complete this free crochet shawl pattern.
Stoles and Ponchos
- A Soft Comfy Poncho for Fall - Crochet ponchos make great accessories for the fall season. If you're not ready for bulky winter coats just yet, ponchos are the perfect replacement.
- Fashionable Poncho - Use the button closure for the poncho to be worn over the shoulders and to the front. Otherwise, you can simply wear it over the shoulders like a little crop top.
- Fashion Stole - Crochet yourself a warm stole like this one. It's heavier than most to keep you warm on those cold days.
- Feather Stole - You'll fall in love with this lace stole the minute you see it. The pattern is so delicate and elegant looking for any occasion.
- Queen Elizabeth Poncho - Worked up in a royal red yarn, this poncho is sure to make anyone look like they belong atop a throne.
- Cozy Cowl Poncho - Super trendy, this bulky poncho is always cozy, warm, and stylish.
- Pretty Purple Poncho - Girls of all ages can love this pattern because it can be made for young ones, too.
- Mega Wrap - Close this wrap with a stylish pin for your fashionable style. It's an easy crochet pattern you can wear with any outfit.
- Motif Wrap - Crochet a motif wrap for you or a friend. This is a more advanced crochet pattern, so if you're just learning, this may not be for you.
- Chevon Lace Wrap - This beautiful wrap is an easy crochet pattern to make using any lightweight lacy yarn.
- The Best Ruffle Wrap - Make a statement with this long and flowing wrap that is full of color.
What else goes along with shawls, wraps and ponchos? Our collection of 9 Free Crochet Shrug Patterns, of course!
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nancyberry 6145088
Oct 26, 2013
your patterns are so exciting and inspiring.
clarkslilsis 12066 97
Apr 11, 2013
Yesterday I saw a pattern for "Beautiful Wedding Shawl" but couldn't get it to print. How can I get this pattern?
Apr 12, 2013
When trying to print a pattern, we suggest that you go to the page and highlight the text, then right-click on it. You'll get a window that gives you the option to "copy." Do that, and then paste the text into a word document. You should be able print that document that way. Another option is to highlight exactly what you would like to be printed. Then, select print from your dropdown menu, and change your print range from all to selection. Hope this helps! Kathryn, editor of AllFreeCrochet
dorcaspwillis 0404 136
Jun 21, 2012
Butterfly Shawl
karencalvert 76993 36
Apr 10, 2012
I have enjoyed so many of your projects and wish to thank you for giving these free patterns for everyone to enjoy.
Apr 10, 2012
I've been looking for a crochet or knit patterns for a cropped shrug type sweater with short sleeves to the elbow. Can anyone help. Thanks.
Apr 10, 2012
Oh! my......... So many wraps and shawls to make. This ,I like
Apr 10, 2012
You guys do a great job sharing free patterns. Thank you * Id love a bolero or cropped cardigan pattern if you find some! thank you *
Jan 25, 2012
I really love this website, I see so many patterns. Espaecially the ones on ponchos and shaws. This one of my projects ,I love the most. Oh! I also do Afghans, too
robinenedy 1804798
Dec 30, 2011
I am looking for a shaw or wrap that has pockets in it. Does anybody have one or could point me in the right direction. This is for my daughter so it needs to be something more modern and not like something my grandmother would wear. Thanks so much!
Jan 03, 2012
Hi, robinenedy 1804798. Here is a link to all of our shawl patterns: http://www.allfreecrochet.com/Shawls We hope you find what you're looking for! --Editors of AllFreeCrochet
jlphillips9773 853 9368
Jan 24, 2012
Try the Lion Brand website: www.lionbrand.com Search for pocket wraps or pocket shawls, they have several patterns that you might enjoy. I have made one and it was really easy.
Aug 29, 2011
Hi Rachel Whitley, Here is a link to all of our shawl patterns on AllFreeCrochet: http://www.allfreecrochet.com/Shawls --Editor of AllFreeCrochet
Rachel Whitley
Aug 26, 2011
Can anyone tell me where I can find a pattern for a shawl that has the armholes in it?
Mar 11, 2011
I'm sharing this offer with my prayer shawl group in Mt Lebanon PA. Thanks so much.
Nov 01, 2010
I'm defiitely downloading these patterns. I like shawls to wrap up in at home, and they make great gifts too. Yay!
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Aug 30, 2011 11:43 AM
There comes a point where putting the same number of candles on your birthday cake as the number of years you're turning becomes a significant fire hazard. When you reach that age, there's no reason to stop celebrating. But, in the interest of safety, let us point you toward the Trained Vine Candleholders ($10 each).
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Synopsis by William Silvester
Notes and links by Michele L. Worley
US hardcover edition: pages 183 - 210
UK paperback edition: pages 199 - 228
Sunday xx November - Saturday xx December,
In which Harry spends the weekend in hospital, Lupin returns to class and
tells Harry about dementors, and Fred and George give Harry the
Marauder's Map. Harry uses a secret passage to join Ron and Hermione in
Hogsmeade, they overhear a teachers' conversation, and learn that Black
is believed to have betrayed Harry's parents and is his godfather.
Interesting facts and notes about the text of this chapter:
This chapter introduces the Marauder's Map.
The most memorable events of this chapter are the twins' early Christmas
gift to Harry - the map itself - and the teachers' conversation in the
Three Broomsticks about Sirius Black and his supposed involvement in
the murder of Harry's parents.
It was a relief to return to the noise and bustle of the main
school on Monday...
...even if he had to endure Draco Malfoy's taunting. Malfoy was
almost beside himself with glee at Gryffindor's defeat. He had
finally taken off his bandages...
...and celebrated having the full use of both arms again by doing
spirited imitations of Harry falling off his broom.
Malfoy spent much of their next Potions class doing dementor
imitations across the dungeon...
Snape is clearly ignoring all this arm-waving and flouncing
around by Malfoy. It's a wonder that he manages to control
a class with Slytherins in it if he ignores this kind of
...Ron finally cracked and flung a large, slippery crocodile
heart at Malfoy...
...which hit him in the face and caused Snape to take fifty
points from Gryffindor.
Both Ron and Hermione had decided to remain at Hogwarts, and although
Ron said it was because he couldn't stand two weeks with Percy...
There were shelves upon shelves of the most succulent-looking sweets
imaginable. Creamy chunks of nougat, shimmering pink squares of coconut
ice, fat, honey-colored toffees; hundreds of different kinds of
chocolate in neat rows; there was a large barrel of Every Flavor Beans,
and another of Fizzing Whizbees...
...the levitating sherbet balls that Ron had mentioned...
...along yet another wall were "Special Effects" -- sweets:
Droobles Best Blowing Gum (which filled a room with bluebell-colored
bubbles that refused to pop for days), the strange, splintery
Toothflossing Stringmints, tiny black Pepper Imps ("breathe fire for
your friends!"), Ice Mice ("hear your teeth chatter and squeak!"),
peppermint creams shaped like toads ("hop realistically in the
stomach!"), fragile sugar-spun quills, and exploding bonbons.
"How about these?" said Ron, shoving a jar of Cockroach Clusters under
Hermione's nose.
...examining a tray of blood-flavoured lollipops. Harry sneaked up
behind them.
"Ugh, no, Harry won't want one of those, they're for vampires, I
expect," Hermione was saying.
Characters introduced in this chapter:
Rosmerta, Madam
Flume, Mr. and Mrs. Ambrosius,
the owners of Honeydukes (named in HBP)
(unnamed) bunch of rowdy warlocks at the bar of the Three Broomsticks
Characters returning in this chapter:
Bell, Katie
Flitwick, Professor
Fudge, Cornelius
Granger, Hermione
Hagrid, Rubeus
Lupin, Remus
(as Moony)
Malfoy, Draco
McGonagall, Minerva
Pomfrey, Poppy
Potter, Harry
Johnson, Angelina
Snape, Severus
Spinnet, Alicia
Weasley, Fred
Weasley, George
Weasley, Ginny
Weasley, Ron
Wood, Oliver
(unnamed) the remaining third-year Gryffindors in DADA and Potions
(unnamed) the remaining third-year Slytherins in Potions
Characters mentioned in this chapter:
Black, Sirius
(as Padfoot)
Dumbledore, Albus
Dursley, Dudley
Dursley, Petunia
Dursley, Vernon
Filch, Argus
Granger, Dr. and Dr.
Gudgeon, Davey
Norris, Mrs.
Pettigrew, Peter
(as Wormtail)
Potter, James
(as Prongs)
Potter, Lily
Weasley, Arthur
Weasley, Molly
Weasley, Percy
Settings and locations introduced or returning in this chapter:
the Three Broomsticks
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry
DADA classroom
Gryffindor Tower
Hospital Wing
Potions dungeon
third-floor corridor containing a statue of a one-eyed witch
empty classroom along third-floor corridor, next to statue
Settings and locations mentioned in this chapter:
post office
Shrieking Shack
Dumbledore's study
second floor
secret passage behind mirror on the fourth floor
secret passage from Whomping Willow to Shrieking Shack
four secret passages from Hogwarts to Hogsmeade that Filch
is thought to know about
trophy room
the Potters' home at
Godric's Hollow
number four, Privet Drive
Exceptional character moments:
Draco Malfoy, wearing bandages on
an uninjured arm for over two months just to get
Hagrid into trouble.
Harry, who feels that in losing
his Nimbus 2000 he's lost one of his best friends.
Lupin's controlled lack of
reaction upon finding out that
Snape had assigned an essay on
werewolves to his
third-year students, when the material was being brought up months too early.
Snape, who ignores
Malfoy waving his arms around
doing falling-off-a-broom and
Dementor imitations
throughout a Potions
The Weasley twins, who give
Harry their most valuable aid to
magical mischief-makers to cheer him up and get him into
Hogsmeade, even
though they could've just shown him the entrance to the secret passage
without ever telling him about the map at all.
Ron and
Hermione, opting to
spend the Christmas holidays at
Hogwarts, even though
this is the third year running that
Ron has done so and the second year
running for Hermione.
Fidelius Charm
Memory Charm
(effect referred to)
Links and Resources:
Bestiary, the
(Droobles Best Blowing Gum, Every-Flavour Beans, Fizzing Whizbees,
Ice Mice, Jelly Slugs, Pepper Imps, Toothflossing Stringmints)
Harry's Things
A View of the Map: Understanding How the Marauder's Map Works
magical items and devices
(Nimbus 2000, Shooting Star)
Marauder's Map
singing get-well card
potions ingredients
(crocodile heart)
House Points - PA
Department of Magical Catastrophes
Magical Law Enforcement Squad - Hit Wizards
Order of Merlin, First Class
(supposedly posthumous)
Which Broomstick
Whomping Willow, the
Memorable lines:
Strictly British:
fairy lights
(U.K. edition only)
The action of the chapter begins the day after Gryffindor-Hufflepuff and continues
through the afternoon of the day of the second Hogsmeade visit.


text:
TYC Yoga Instructor
Before becoming a yoga instructor for The Yoga Connection, Alison enjoyed yoga for many years and in many places!
Alison Grew up in the UK and has lived in Johannesburg, and South Africa. She also traveled around Europe and lived in the US which provided ample opportunities to try new teachers, yoga studios and schools of thought.
Until 2010 she mostly concentrated on Hatha and gentle/restorative yoga. Shortly after she became addicted to hot yoga! This healthy addiction resulted in a decision to attain the RYT 200 hr Certification.
Presently Alison loves to teach a variety of yoga classes. These yoga classes cover a variety of static poses for beginners and more experienced yogis alike, Yin and Therapeutic and Gentle/Restorative classes.
"I continue to be amazed and delighted that one's practice has such an inclusive and holistic effect on the entire being. I particularly love that yoga can meet anyone where they are on that day, in that moment".
Ever the student, Alison is actively pursuing the RYT 500hr Certification.
Have questions for Alison?
The Yoga Connection will be happy to answer any questions regarding our classes and our current schedule.


text:
Within the past year, Microsoft has added Games with Gold which gives Xbox Live Gold members access to some free games. While this was intended to rival Sony's PlayStation Plus subscription, not as many games have seen the light of day in comparison to its competitor. Microsoft is looking to up the ante as it has partnered with Electronic Arts on Tuesday to provide a service called EA Access. The service will offer access to major titles and also provide some perks. Members of the service will save 10% on EA digital content for the Xbox One that are offered through the Xbox Games Store.
At EA, we are always looking for new ways to make it easier for gamers to play more EA games across all platforms, and we are excited about what EA Access will offer to players on Xbox One.
The membership will make The Vault available for consumers. This will be a collection of EA's more popular titles on Xbox One that will be ready for download and play. The service is currently in beta and is being rolled out to a limited amount of players. There's no official launch date, but those in beta will have unlimited access to FIFA 14, Madden NFL 25, Peggle 2, and Battlefield 4. More titles will be added soon as the current games are worth over $100.
Much like the old EA Sports Ticket, EA Access will feature Play First. This will allow members to experience trials of new EA games up to five days prior to the release date. This will start with all the sports games this coming fall including Madden 15, NHL 15, NBA Live 15, and FIFA 15. The trial will also include Dragon Age: Inquisition. Your progress through the trials will carry over to the game if you decide to purchase it.
EA Access will be priced at $4.99 a month, or an annual membership is available for $29.99 on Xbox Live. Gamestop and Amazon will eventually be selling these exclusive memberships in their respective stores. EA Access memberships will be available across Europe, as well as at EB Games in Canada. For the price, sports gamers who own the Xbox One should definitely look into this. Maybe you will be lucky enough to be selected for beta. Stay tuned for more information on this service.


text:
The Photos in My Mind
I don't take pictures when I travel, preferring the camera in my mind. I pack a notebook instead and please myself with the notion that my scribblings will prompt memories more vivid than any vacation snapshot.
Later I pull out my notebook and see: Here is my attempt at sketching the massive stone pillars that forest the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak; here I've noted the stone portrait of the goddess Isis suckling the god Horus on Agilka Island; at the Luxor train station, I was fascinated by the stooped elderly man selling tea, who scuttled across the tracks with a steaming tin kettle in his hands.
And, of course, I still have the poem dictated to me by Captain Saleem as I sit on the floor of his felucca, Relax. He is tall, with striking blue eyes set in a dark brown face, both of which are set off by his white cotton djellaba. His first mate, Zeko, occasionally uses the oars — they look more like planks, really — but mostly we glide along the glassy green water. Our course this afternoon in Aswan is to circle around Elephantine Island, named for the ivory trade, though the granite boulders at one end do, indeed, look like elephants. Captain Saleem can't help but note that I'm writing down everything I see: the two camels with riders, picking their way down a hill in the distance; the motorboats that whiz past, full of tourists.
"You are a writer," he intones. "I am a writer too."
And then he recites a poem in Nubian, laughing when I confess that I have no idea what the poem means. Kindly, he translates. "It is a love history," he says, then clears his throat to begin. "'You are standing in front of me/but I miss you/I forget myself/and I remember you./Be kind to me just a little bit.'"
I tell him it's a good poem. We pass a small outcropping of rock, its banks covered with the yellow blossoms of mimosa. The perfume wafts our way.
"Do you know about mimosa?" he asks. "If you are too tired, you sleep one hour underneath the mimosa and you feel better. It's like medicine, especially in the middle of the day."
Which, I don't tell him, is how I think of travel: If you are tired in your life, it helps to take a trip, preferably to a place where down is up and up is down. It's like medicine — especially in the middle of your life.
The What and Where of Travel in Egypt
Getting There
Flights from the United States to Egypt often require a stop in Europe, but EgyptAir has a nonstop from New York to Cairo; by planning ahead, I was able to get a round-trip ticket for $800. (Go to egyptair.com, or call 212-581-5600 or 310-215-3900.) You will need a visa, which can easily be purchased for $15 in the customs area of the airport when you land in Cairo.
What to bring
Pack a wide-brimmed hat, high-SPF sunscreen, and some medium- and long-sleeved linen shirts. A growing number of Egyptian women wear the hijab, or head covering, and although you don't have to do that, keeping your arms covered in lightweight linen will help you beat the heat and respect local culture.
When in Cairo
Make sure you see the Khan al-Khalili, a medieval bazaar. Visit the centuries-old coffee shop Fishawi's, and stop by the Egyptian Pancake House for a fateer, a delicate flaky pastry that can be sweet or savory. If you've dreamed of waking up to the sight of the Pyramids, then stay in splendor at the Oberoi Mena House, a former royal hunting lodge in the Cairo suburb of Giza. Rooms with "the view" start at $200 per night.
When in Luxor
Take a break from the west bank hubbub at the Al Moudira, a boutique hotel near the tombs, founded by a Lebanese jewelry designer. At the restaurant, order the mezze plates, small dips and salads that traditionally begin a good Egyptian meal. Sumptuous rooms start at $200 a night.


text:
Jeff Thomas of the Springfield Republican has an update on MAC teams and their bowl success this year. MAC teams have won three of four bowl games this year following Toledo's win over Air Force last night. Temple and Ohio each won their respective bowls, while Western Michigan lost a close game to Purdue.
Republican - Toledo's win over Air Force gives MAC its third bowl win
No TrackBacks
TrackBack URL: http://cstv.collegesports.com/mt5.2/mt-tb.cgi/29192


text:
Derwin Lamont Gray
Position: DB
Height: 5-11 Weight: 198 lbs.
Born: April 9, 1971 in San Antonio, TX
High School: Judson
College: BYU (school history)
Drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 4th round (92nd overall) of the 1993 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 6 (8785th overall since 1950)


text:
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June 28, 2012
By BECKY THOMAS
Staff Reporter
At its June 22 meeting, the board of trustees of Eastern Washington University approved a 3 percent increase to service and activity fees, as well as supplemental changes to the final year of its 2011-2013 budget.
For fiscal year 2013, $1.43 million was added to the $227 million budget. Three million dollars were added to scholarships and fellowships, $3.5 million to auxiliary enterprises and $2.7 million to tuition operating fees. The dedicated local funds line item was reduced by nearly $7 million and the sponsored programs fund was reduced by $2.6 million.
Several spectators missed the general open meeting, which ended before the approximated start time of 1:45 p.m. last Friday. According to supplemental agenda items available on EWU's website, the fees and supplemental budget were the only action items. Other items included in the agenda were:
• President Rodolfo Arévalo reported that 2,925 people were eligible to graduate and between 10,000 and 15,000 people attended commencement ceremonies in Cheney June 16.
• New Faculty Organization president Sam Ligon reported to the board that the Faculty Organization constitution, bylaws, and other policy documents would be reviewed and revised next year in an effort to clarify and update the documents. A committee of faculty had concluded a study on student success and retention, finding that students do best when they have an assigned faculty member for guidance. The committee recommended that EWU start such a program.
• Associated Student president Kaleb Hoffer listed several goals for the 2012-13 school year, including a PUB remodel, interfaith space for faith groups, bringing more services to the Riverpoint campus and expanding library hours.
Becky Thomas can be reached at email@example.com.
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text:
Lowest Price Guarantee
The Sherwood T30 Hockey Gloves are ideal for entry to intermediate level play, because youngsters can progress in a comfortable glove that is able to withstand game time impacts. The exterior features a lightweight nylon, which is both breathable and abrasion resistant.
The Sherwood T30 glove implements segmented protection in the fingers and backhand consisting of medium-density foam; therefore, making the protection comfortable and sturdy. Additionally, the single lock thumb aids in preventing hyperextension.
Sherwood utilizes their microfiber palm, which is similar to a Nash type material. This great feature implements durable double stitching and is equipped with soft materials for key responsiveness. The Corn liner is very soft to the touch and excellent at wicking away moisture for reduced drying time.
- Model Numbers:120SW000489
- Heritage: T30-2012
- Level of Play: Ideal for entry level to intermediate play
- Fit Guidelines: Traditional fit - Also referred to as a "volume fit" this design gives the players ample room through the glove for wrist mobility
- Sizing Guidelines: Size varies on Personal Preference, see sizing chart below
- Exterior:
- Nylon
- Breathable material and abrasion resistant
- Protection:
- Cuff: Standard cuff design for good mobility
- Backed by a molded plastic insert
- Fingers: Medium-density foam with vented knit gussets
- Backhand: Medium-density foam in the backhand region
- Good protection from slashes
- Palm:
- Microfiber palm
- Soft to the touch
- Double stitched for key durability
- Liner:
- Corn Liner has excellent moisture wicking properties while being very comfortable
- Fit:
- Traditional fit - Also referred to as a "volume fit" this design gives the players ample room through the glove for wrist mobility
- Sizes:
- 9'' and 10"
Other Items to Consider
Similar Items
Sherwood True Touch Gloves Jr & Yth
Traditional Fit
The Sherwood T120 4-Roll Hockey Gloves are the premier gloves in Sherwood's True Touch traditional fitting line. Using a firm medium-density foam with PE inserts throughout the glove, players are protected from varying levels of impact whether it's sticks or pucks.Colors: 3
The Sherwood T90 4-Roll Hockey Gloves feature a CableKnit nylon exterior for a durable and well-ventilated glove. Protection-wise, the T90 utilizes medium-density foams with PE inserts that protects against both high and low-intensity impacts.Colors: 2


text:
I've just changed my web hosting and edited my nameservers, etc. and uploaded the website onto the new hosting servers. This all went fine and without any problems. However, when testing the live site I found that
www.example.co.uk is working but just typing
mydomain.co.uk redirects back to the old server/website (which is closing down later on today).
I was just wondering what the issue is here and if/when the new site will show up when typing in the address without the
I'll be the first to admit that I know very little about this
www. vs
no-www. so any help with this would be greatly appreciated and I'd like to know the best way of setting my domains up so that all of my sites are consistent.


text:
There's less than a month until Thanksgiving and if you're hosting your family for the biggest feast of the year, you can't have a boring table. It has to be inviting, warm and comforting for your guests.
If you have no clue what to do for a Thanksgiving centerpiece or need some dining table ideas, fear not, I have provided my favorite suggestions below. You can do this!
Fallen Leaves
If you have an oblong table, lay a premade swag or garland of artificial leaves and pinecones down the center of the table. Nestle candle pedestals of varying heights, alternating on both sides of the swag, concentrating on the center portion of the table. Then, you can place real or faux pumpkins on the tops of the pedestals to create a visually pleasing play of autumn color.
Warm Wreath
Buy a premade wreath made of faux leaves or pumpkins, or create your own. Buy a twine or foam wreath and hot glue glittered pumpkins, acorns, sparkly pinecones and beaded fruit. Add a few pheasant-colored feathers and some orange and brown leaves and you'll have a special centerpiece you can use for years to come. Create a warm ambience by placing a cake plate in the center of the wreath (for height) and add a glass hurricane lantern on top of it with a pillar candle inside.
Natural Vase
Scoop out the inside of a pumpkin or large gourd to serve as a natural vase for mums, daisies, wheat and more. Hot glue a piece of floral foam (available at your local craft store) to the bottom of the inside. Place your fresh or silk stems into the foam for a beautiful display. Flank the vase with smaller hallowed out gourds and place tea lights in them to tie it all together.
Goblets of Thanks
Find seven or eight (or less if your table is smaller) clear wine glasses of varying sizes and heights. Take a square piece of paper and fold it in half to make a tent that fits into the glass. Write one word on both sides of the tent that reflects what you are thankful for (family, health, laughter, etc.). Place the glasses upside down (stem up) and put the tent under the glass. This allows for both sides of the table to see what you're thankful for. Place pillar candles on top of the glasses and cluster all of them together in the center of the table or display them in a straight line. Scatter leaves around them for a finishing touch.
Bountiful Basket or Cornucopia
Depending on the size of your table, buy a square, round or cornucopia-shaped basket and fill it with fruits and vegetables (real or faux). Have the items appear to overflow by having grapes cascade down the sides of the basket or have gourds tumbling out of the side of a tilted display. Thanksgiving is a time to show a bountiful harvest, and if you can find artificial corn, fruits and vegetables in beaded or sequined styles, you can make a truly stunning focal point on your table.
The First Thanksgiving
If you happen to have a ship replica at home, you can make this the centerpiece of your Thanksgiving table display. Add figurines of Pilgrims and Native Americans to flank both sides of the ship to represent the Mayflower and the first Thanksgiving feast. If you can't find Pilgrims, flank the ship with large wheat stalks and corn or bowls of fruit and vegetables to symbolize the harvest.
Branched Out
If you believe less is more, this might be a better fit for your Thanksgiving display. Forget the flowers and gourds and place a cluster of tall dried branches in a wide-mouthed vase and scatter colorful leaves at the base of the vase to make it look like they just fell off. To fill extra space in the vase, you can add wheat or faux berry stems from a local craft store to add color while still keeping a natural look. For an added element, have all of your Thanksgiving guests write something they're thankful for on a small piece of paper, punch a whole through it and hang them with string like ornaments on the branches.
Complementary Accents
A nice centerpiece can only shine if accompanying pieces complement your focal point.
Linens: Use a full tablecloth or runner in a bronze, brown, gold, cinnamon or fern-colored material to act as a warm backdrop for your centerpiece. Include cloth napkins at each place setting with fall-themed napkin rings to tie the whole look together.
Dishware: Having a fall or harvest-themed display means you can't just throw your typical cereal bowl on the table and call it a day. If possible, find dishes, plates and bowls that feature leaves, a turkey or pumpkins. At minimum, you should have solid-colored dishware that complements your linens and centerpiece.
Chandelier Décor: If you have a light source above your table that allows for decorative accents, go for it! I strung a mini glass leaf garland around the chandelier and it cascades nicely and makes the table look more dramatic. Hang some faux gourds on a string and suspend them from the chandelier, or weave a garland of orange and red leaves to spruce up the lighting!
The possibilities are endless for warm and inviting Thanksgiving centerpieces and dining table ideas. What do you plan on putting together for your Turkey Day table?
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This Post Has 3 Comments
Often than not, some experience low funds when christmas approaches. I consider getting loans. But I do not make it a habit.
Great ideas for upcoming thanksgiving! Especially the idea of Chandelier Décor appeals to me so much.
Look for what you really need for thanksgiving. It would be nice to get wonderful things. But keep in mind your budget.


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Progress report on China's 12th Five Year Plan in low carbon cities
- Date
- 16 November 2011
BEIJING: This week a short case study report, China Low Carbon City Tour was published under The Climate Group Greater China's program China Redesign, which explores the implementation of China's 12th Five Year Plan in China's cities so far.
The report was officially released in Beijing at a high-profile event organized by China Southern Media Group, the most influential media group in China.
Building on our 2011 China's Clean Revolution: Cities report, the new report reviews the status of China's 12th Five Year Plan progress in some of China's cities, exploring which energy and carbon policies the central Government has since moved forward.
The release of the report is the result of the China City Low Carbon Tour joint initiative that was started in 2010 between The Climate Group and China Southern Media Group.
Both organizations visited the cities of Dongguan, Hangzhou, Kashgar and Wuhan together between August and October 2011, where workshops and interviews were conducted with each city's officials to review the different levels of low carbon development.
The report itself revolves around two major sections:
- An update of the progress that has been made at both national and local level since China's 12th Five-Year Plan Outline was released in March, and its implications on cities;
- Four city case studies which zoom in on the above mentioned cities representing four different regions, each with different levels of development and industrial structures.
The initiative will continue next year, with The Climate Group Greater China officially launching the whole China's Clean Revolution flagship report (IV), entitled Financing China's Low Carbon Growth next week - a preview of which was published earlier this month.
Changhua Wu, Greater China Director, The Climate Group says: 'This report is a product of our proud joint initiative with Southern Media Group which started this summer when our teams visited these cities as part of our China Redesign program. We have agreed with Southern Media Group that we will continue such an endeavor in the coming year. It has turned out to be a great learning opportunity for us to understand our cities' key low carbon issues, which is helping us form the foundations that are driving forward a Clean Revolution in China.'
Download the English executive summary PDF
Blog: Changhua Wu, Greater China Director, The Climate Group writes on Kashgar and much more in her Clean Revolution blog
News Hong Kong Summit reveals China's Clean Revolution flourishing despite global crisis


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Let it ride
OK, I'm in Vegas at the Winter Meetings. Finally made it through the byzantine halls of the Bellagio Hotel and Casino to find the media work room a little while ago.
I promise to keep you posted on the daily happenings via this blog as the four-day bacchanalia of rumors and disinformation unfolds. Keep checking back often and keep those ideas coming on things you want me to check into.
Problem is, so far not much has happened.
The Hall of Fame Veterans Committee just announced the results of its voting. Once again former Cub Ron Santo has been rejected, even though he led the way with 61 percent of the vote (75 percent is needed).
No players were chosen in the post-World War II period. Pre-WWII, only former Yankees and Indians 2B Joe Gordon was picked, although Gordon did play through 1950.
Keep your fingers crossed for Marlins broadcaster Dave Van Horne, who will find out Tuesday if he's going into the Hall's broadcast wing. DVH is one of 10 finalists for the honor.
He'll get there someday. It's only a matter of time.
From a Marlins perspective, there is some buzz on Jorge Cantu and Jeremy Hermida, with some more on Matt Treanor to a lesser extent. Contracts for 2009 must to offered to arbitration-eligible players by Friday, and of those Treanor seems the one in some danger of being non-tendered if he's not traded first.
Robert Andino, being out of options, also could be moved here.


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Happy 75th Birthday Tom (El Paso's Shining Star)
Thomas W. McKay has been a part of the southwest's boxing scene since 1966 when he helped form the Southwest International Amateur Boxing Association (SWIABA).
HAPPY 75th BIRTHDAY TOM from Convicted Artist. On Friday October 2nd we celebrated Tom W. McKay of Convicted Artist birthday. Below is a poem written by David Arredondo for the honorable Thomas W. McKay.
El Paso's Shining Star
You're a true piece of El Paso just like it's shining star,
You walk the walk, we all know who you are.
A teacher, a trainer you've paved our way,
You've picked your battles wisely and never walked away.
From yesterday's Cliff "Magic" Thomas and Randall "Tex" Cobb,
To today's David Rodriguez, schooled to do the job.
Showing young kids the value of perseverance and discipline,
Watching as their self confidence grows with a knowing grin.
You've been there and done that, both defense and offense,
Integrity and strength, with true boxing excellence.
You're a writer and a thinker who packs a hard jab,
Hooks and body shots that chop and stab.
You practice the ax the good old fashioned way,
Bobbing and weaving with your head full of gray.
We all know who you are, your El Paso's shining star,
You've surpassed the horizon and the sky by far.
By David Arredondo
Quotes About Tom
"Tom was always a hoot! He never really had anything bad to say about anyone, instead he found a way to laugh at them. And the Man was full of energy and life!"
- Ross Purrity
"Tom McKay gave me the belief in myself and the spark to embark on this beautiful thrilling and exhilarating rollercoaster called boxing. He was the one who gave me the tools since a little boy both physically and mentally. I love Tom with all my heart and he is truly the spark that lit this fire that is now burning out of control. He created a monster!"
- David Rodriguez


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Certified photos by travelers like you. What's this?
June 2011
Bangkok Bridge, Chao Phraya River cruise
June 2011
Wat Arun from Chao Phraya River
December 2014
White Orchid River Cruise
One of the River Cruise in the River City BKK
November 2012
The Hills are alive with the sound of music
singing with music ans dancing
November 2012
Dinner, having sweet
Good meal and music was 60's and 70's


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49 Comments
Donal Doherty Hi guys, Just a note to say that I really loved your talk at WPPI. It really inspired me and I've definitely have taken onboard some of your strategies! See you next year! Donal Mar 12, 2012, 1:33pm
Regina Marie it was so great getting to meet you two at the Centrifuge, and actually getting to talk for a few minutes! And, Mary, your platform was magnificent and had me in tears pretty much the whole time. Thank you so, so much! You may not feel like one of the "cool kids" but you're one of the coolest kids on the block just by being you!!!! Mar 3, 2012, 6:28pm
Airika Pope We couldn't be there, but I have no doubt that you inspired the socks off everyone who interacted with you.Y'all are awesome. Mar 1, 2012, 7:34pm
Lauren Wakefield It was SOOO great seeing you guys in Vegas. In all seriousness...your talk was a game changer. Like more than you know... It is an honor to call you guys friends and you blew WPPI out of the water!!! Feb 29, 2012, 2:38pm
Christa Yesterday I heard Jerry Ghionis say "your point of difference should be humanity" Mary & Justin you've done exactly that, I applaud you :) Feb 29, 2012, 1:27pm
Brittany Dawson That was the most inspiring and amazing video. The compassion and kindness you two have for others not only shows but screams out of you! Well Done! Feb 29, 2012, 12:59am
Dawn Davis Mary, I heard your platform class was amazing. I'm so happy for you! It's always nerve wracking but I knew you would do wonderfully! Good things come to good people. xoxo, ~Dawn Feb 29, 2012, 12:09am
sharon elizabeth Seriously..... you two are incredible. It's not that you do so many amazing things for others.. it's that you can tell how genuine and pure it is!!! <3 ya'll!!! Feb 28, 2012, 11:05pm
Emily Crall Just so you know, even your recap made me cry...all over again. :) Thank you, thank you, thank you. You have no idea the impact you are making on the photography world!! And in people's lives... Much love, Emily Feb 28, 2012, 11:02pm
Ely Im so sad that I couldn't be there this year, but it looks like you guys showed up in style! Congrats! Feb 28, 2012, 9:43pm
Sindy You both are just amazing :) Feb 28, 2012, 9:19pm
Faye Bernoulli Seriously, in less than a month, you guys have managed to make me cry TWICE! :*) You guys are such amazing people and I feel so blessed to have met you! Feb 28, 2012, 9:14pm
Lydia So sad I didn't get a picture with the two of you, but so grateful I was able to make your platform on Wednesday!! I've already been over my notes from it a couple of times and have been taking steps to do BIG things this year! Feb 28, 2012, 8:43pm
Brittani Holy moly, talk about powerful stuff. You two inspire me SO much to be not only a good photographer who is passionate about what I do but a good PERSON and a good leader. Thank you so much for all of your heart and vulnerability. Feb 28, 2012, 8:11pm
Tara Talalas Ugh! You suck a little. Now I'm about to cry. That is so awesome I want to quit my job and do this kinda stuff to all the time (too bad we all still need money). Feb 28, 2012, 7:56pm
Alicia White There are SO many things I could say.... but the only thing that comes out of my mouth is "wow" Really, I have no words to describe how epic this week was, and I have both you and justin to thank for much of that! I respect and heart u two more than you will never know. Thank you for your beautiful words and honesty - bows will forever have a special place in my heart :-) xoxo !! loves! Feb 28, 2012, 7:24pm
Catie Ronquillo So glad that you recapped the tail end of your talk! I missed it (stinkin' flight!) But seriously, y'all blow me away with your HUGE hearts. Thank you for sharing these stories. Thank you for blessing this family. I'm going to go gather myself now that I'm a blubbery mess! LOVE YOU GUYS! Feb 28, 2012, 6:39pm
amy okay, thanks for making me an emotional mess!!! I am so thankful for that amazing couple. They are such an inspiration to me! So strong! Being a military wife..not easy. I pray I never have to go through that. Thank to both J+M for taking care of such a deserving couple! Feb 28, 2012, 6:34pm
Julie Villarreal The baby is beautiful, and what you are doing for them is beautiful! I am sad I missed your Platform class (I had to leave that morning). It looks like it was amazing! Thank you both for being YOU and giving so much to everyone! Through God you make wonderfulness come true! Feb 28, 2012, 6:16pm
Elizabeth & Ryan | Elizabeth Ryan Photography Ahhhhhhh!!! We have no words!!! What an AMAZING week!! We are so blessed to have been surrounded by your MAGIC last week! Love you guys! Feb 28, 2012, 5:58pm
Nick Godsell Justin & Mary....you are two of the most genuinely good people I've met...it was a pleasure to meet you and to document your week...can't wait for WPPI next year! Feb 28, 2012, 5:10pm
Jenn Valluzzo Tears. You guys are so incredible. The world needs more like you. Feb 28, 2012, 4:56pm
Spring Mary- you should have a warning at the top of this post telling everyone to get a box of tissues!!!!! Feb 28, 2012, 4:25pm
EpicDanger Wasn't a J&M fan before this WPPI not because you lack awesomeness (obviously) but just because I had my head in a hole or something. I'm now a huge fan. You can die happy ;) Just wanted to say that the phrase "Our scars make us stronger" has really stuck with me . I always believed the opposite and would spend time, energy and money to keep my scars out of site. From my friends, my family, my clients... not anymore. Thank you. Feb 28, 2012, 4:16pm
Ashley Hawkes It was....legen...wait for it....DARY!! But seriously, you were inspiring and thought provoking to say the least. Thanks for putting us on the blog, wow, I laughed out loud when I saw our smiling faces:) I'm like "Hey look it's Dave and I at the bottom of Mary's post!" HAHA Awesome. Feb 28, 2012, 4:08pm
rich such such big hearts - you two are amazing people! ahh got the chills reading this post! SO SO SO blessed reading this - thank you for sharing!! Feb 28, 2012, 3:58pm
Evie Perez Wow!!! You two are awesome. That is so awesome of you two to give this deserving family a trip to Disney. I know they will forever be indebted for not only yours, but the other photographers that participated for your kindness. Thank you for always giving back. It's photogrpahers like you all that raise the bar for this industry. I am so glad you used a Chaviano Couture dress. Annette is super sweet and talented!!! Feb 28, 2012, 3:56pm
Kathryn Denelle Stevens Yes! This post is beautiful! And yes to "choosing heart over swagger"! Cheers to that, my friend! Feb 28, 2012, 3:49pm
Deyla Huss Photography You two are amazing and inspire me to be a better person not just a Photographer. I have had the privilege of following you both on your Blog since the very beginning of my career as well as meeting Justin at WPPI in 2009 and I have to say it has been an honor! Truly blessed! Feb 28, 2012, 3:40pm
Sonya Ahhh thank you again, Justin & Mary! Were just so grateful for this opportunity to share our story! Grace is super excited for Disney!! You guys are amazing! xoxo -Sonya Feb 28, 2012, 3:36pm
Sarajane Case Thank you so much for caring enough about us to prepare and be original. To push us to take risks and be better people. You deserved the standing ovation and I'm beyond grateful for your hard work and dedication. Feb 28, 2012, 3:22pm
JamieY You are both such wonderful people. I missed out on your class, but I heard that it was the best one yet and there wasnt a dry eye in the house. It was great to meet you for a moment! Feb 28, 2012, 3:17pm
Lexi McCreary OK, so I thought you guys were awesome before, but ohmystinkingoodness I love you guys! this not only confirmed how much you care about people, but how much you want to give back to the world of photography. The pics and videos were great - thank you for sharing your WPPI experience with us! Feb 28, 2012, 3:13pm
Lisa Mathewson WOW! Looks like you were busy! Great post :) stop making me cry :) Feb 28, 2012, 3:00pm
ashley barnett So awesome. I just sniffled in Starbucks. People are looking. You both put your heart and soul into this entire week and it shows. Feb 28, 2012, 2:57pm
Elizabeth Sounds like a great week...cannot wait to go one year! Feb 28, 2012, 2:54pm
Nancy Mitchell You guys are amazing! I LOVE your hearts! Way to honor this couple and their daughter! I can't wait to see the pics from DISNEY! Bummed I miss WPPI but one day I WILL make it there:) xoxo~nance Feb 28, 2012, 2:54pm
Joe Don When I saw that you posted. I thought I have so much to do. I am not going to get sidetracked and all emotional. It did not work. So genuine and heartfelt are your words and actions. Thank you all so much for being my friend and a friend to so many others. YOU ROCK!!! Feb 28, 2012, 2:46pm
Jennelle What a lovely post! Mary, you've found your calling in life, I think! Looks like you had a wonderful time in Vegas, too. Feb 28, 2012, 2:46pm
Kari Jeanne Wow - you are both have such amazing hearts. Seriously, amazing. Feb 28, 2012, 2:38pm
Jeremy Mitchell Thank you guys so much for allowing us to peek a little bit into your lives and being able to share these stories with everyone! Feb 28, 2012, 2:35pm
Sasha Norgaard Thank you J+M for being wonderful photographers, inspiring speakers and most of all for bringing your hearts into everything you do. This post was so epic I had to stop drinking my Starbucks for a whole 20 mins just to read it and take it all in. Who DOES that?! Feb 28, 2012, 2:27pm
teri pozniak | tPoz Photography AMAZEBALLS. Seriously, you guys ROCKED IT!! Can you post the group sunrise shoot on FB, for us to tag ourselves in?? xoxo Feb 28, 2012, 2:27pm
em thankful for you guys. Feb 28, 2012, 2:20pm
Abby Grace Darn this work PC- I want to watch those videos!! And bless your hearts for what you gave to that Marine and his family. I just love you guys! Feb 28, 2012, 2:14pm
josh I got chills reading this as it took me back to those moments sitting there listening to your speech. Thank YOU for all that you've done for all of us. You rock! Feb 28, 2012, 2:14pm
Tiffany Farley LOVE. :) Feb 28, 2012, 2:14pm
Kandise Love. So much love. Feb 28, 2012, 2:11pm
Christy This gave me mad goosebumps! Love you two! You amaze me more and more every time I see you! :) Feb 28, 2012, 2:09pm


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Things to see and do - Vietnam
Leaving for Vietnam
Where to sleep?
Vietnam Hotel tips
Airport View Hotel from21 $Book
Flamingo Dai Lai Resort from77 $Book
Thuy Dong Guest House from14 $Book
Vietnam Leisure tips
Mekong Delta Discovery Small Group Adventure Tour from Ho Chi Minh City
- 58.0 €
- Book
Private Tour: Hanoi City Full-Day Tour including Cyclo Ride
- 46.0 €
- Book
Private Tour: Deluxe Halong Bay Day Cruise including Seafood Lunch from Hanoi
- 76.0 €
- Book
Art and architecture
Art and architecture
Three main artistic civilisations have successively flourished in Vietnam with a singular lack of continuity and with gaping chronological interludes. The Dong Son bronze civilisation (7C-2C BC), was the first, covering a vast area from southern China to the coasts of Indonesia; the second Cham period (7C-15C AD) produced brick and clay sculptures in honour of the Champa gods and kings; the third occurred from the 11C under the impetus of the Vietnamese kingdoms and gave rise to the use of carved wood decoration of palaces and temples. Very little remains of any of these civilisations. Ancient, and to an even greater extent, recent, wars have taken their toll. The damage is further aggravated by the fact that up until the mid-20C almost no research into the arts of Vietnam had been undertaken. Now however they are more alive than ever. Whether it be the traditional crafts of the country's various ethnic groups or the work of its contemporary artists, it is as if this nation's tireless will to rebuild its country is constantly rekindling its artistic talent.
Early art in Vietnam
The drum beat
At the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, metalworking reached a remarkable level of sophistication in the Dong Son culture. In a necropolis of 200 burial places near the village of Thanh Hoa, several hundred bronze objects were discovered which had been made using techniques such as lost-wax metal casting, planishing, riveting and soldering. The burial places held tools (axes, knives), weapons (swords, lances), a few human and animal statuettes, together with two ritual objects, drums and situlae (bucket-shaped containers), which contained cereals, Chinese coins or shells. The impressive dimensions of these artefacts, some of which are up to 60cm in height and 80cm in diameter, bear witness to their importance even if their decoration is now more subject to conjecture than to certainty. Portraits and scenes of everyday life including figures with feather head-dresses, vividly portrayed in profile (hunting, farming or soldiering) and animals (deer, aquatic birds, crocodiles) were carved around the lids of the situlae. On the drums, these strip-cartoon-like scenes were laid out in spirals radiating from a central star motif, possibly symbolising the sun. They gradually became simpler, evolving into geometric patterns, sometimes accompanied by little frog statuettes in allusion to a water-bound civilisation. Chinese occupation from around the 1C AD silenced this art form, but it revealed the symbolic significance of these drums. General Ma Yuan, sent to crush uprisings in the south, had the Dong Son leaders' emblems of power melted down whenever one of them was captured.
The Dong Son legacy
Despite vigorous attempts to Christianise them, the Highlanders today represent a living link with Vietnam's ancient civilisation. The Austronesians in particular, by virtue of their languages, represent a cultural era which coincides with that of the Dong Son drums, examples of which have been found in the Philippines and in Indonesia. On either side of the South China Sea, ancient architectural traditions have given rise to a house similar to that depicted on the drums. The rooftop was the most striking feature of these stilt houses, whether it be the trapezoid E De house, the Gia Rai longhouse or the Ba Nang communal house (rong) with its tapered double roof. Ethnographists have yet to agree to what extent the rituals of the Dong Son have been reproduced by the Highlanders, whose communal house contains artefacts held sacred by the community, such as pitchers, gongs and drums. Several groups transmit the myth of a drum-boat which saved humanity from the Flood. Drums and gongs continue to summon the community to meet during complex sacrificial funeral rites when the deceased gradually leaves the land of the living for the world of the spirits. Among the Gia Rai, the E De and the Ba Na, the definitive departure of the dead is marked by the building of a funeral house, the statues of which represent nature and fertility.
Cham art
The Champa kingdom was heavily influenced by India, the first signs of which had reached the Mekong Delta around the 1C AD. After the fashion of their Khmer neighbours, the Cham sovereigns worshipped the Hindu pantheon of gods, focused around two main divinities, My Son, the "Good Mountain", devoted to Shiva, and Po Nagar, the rock overlooking the sea, devoted to the Goddess Bhagavati. From the 7C, the spoils of war financed large numbers of identical brick spire-shrines and a wide variety of carved sandstone images. Some experts have argued that it is almost as if Vietnam's artistic civilisation had stood still before jumping a few generations, and indeed Cham art only really emerges from the 15C. Such lack of continuity has complicated analyses, already hampered by a clear preference for studies of Khmer art. A few meagre towers scattered along the Mandarin Road, statues in Vietnam and in the Guimet Museum in Paris, old photos of architectural complexes destroyed during the Vietnam War and a few inscriptions are all that remains of this vanished civilisation.
A conservative architecture
The remains of Cham architecture are religious and based almost entirely on a single model, reproduced from the 7C by all the major Indianised kingdoms from the Indochinese peninsula to the Indonesian archipelago, namely that of the sikhara or spire-shrine, called kalan in Cham. The dwelling-place of the god was designed to be a place of worship and not of assembly. These confined, windowless shrines hold a divine image, either in the shape of a statue or a lingam, as in the case of the cult of Shiva. The image is placed on a pedestal, the yoni, sometimes equipped with a drainage system which collects the holy water poured over the statue during ceremonies. The design of the exterior reflects the sacred nature of the edifice, which generally faces east. Each shrine is built on three levels, reflecting the Indian mythological concept of the world, with the foundations, relatively low in the Cham version, representing the world down on earth (bhurloka), up to the pyramidal roof depicting the heavenly spheres (svarloka). The slenderness of the edifice is enhanced by miniature corner stones, which faithfully reproduce the kalan's outline. The shrines at Hoa Lai (late 8C-early 9C) are the oldest examples of this architectural form.
In the 10C, at My Son, a more complex type of structure emerged. It comprised a perimeter wall within which stood a number of edifices, more or less derived from the kalan, such as the gopura (tower-porch) which forms the entrance into the holy area, the mandapa (four-door pavilion) where the offerings may have been prepared. There were also barlong-type constructions, such as the koshagraha (library), covered by a vault, where the sacred objects were kept. Unlike the Khmer, the Cham did not build on a grand scale; the only exception to this rule was the Buddhist complex at Dong Duong (late 9C), which was entirely destroyed during the Vietnam War.
The materials used by the Cham changed very little over the centuries. Wooden prototypes probably existed, but in the 8C they began to use brick, undoubtedly cemented with a resin. Unlike the Khmer, the Cham only used sandstone very sparingly, restricting it to a few blocks over or around the doors or in decorative elements, such as tympanums or friezes. The brick was carved to emphasise the building's features, using pilasters around the main entrance doors, recesses and false windows to enliven side walls or moulding on the cornices around the base of the roof. Even if it is true that the basic layout of such buildings underwent few changes over the centuries, their architectural ornamentation reveals a clear evolution in style.
Unique carvings
The few remaining individual pieces or groups of statues which are still in place paint a picture of what is one of the Indochinese peninsula's most unusual types of statuary. The Cham had become master craftsmen in the art of brickwork and some of their buildings still display examples of superb ornamental and figurative sculpture, carved directly into the stone, such as that on the walls of the koshagraha of the B group at My Son or the statues which ornament the three façades of the annexe to the temple at Po Nagar. The essentially Shivaist iconography of Cham art, with the exception of a Buddhist interlude (late 9C-early 10C) and several rare appearances of the God Vishnu, reveals the undisputed influence of India, although over time it developed its own stylistic forms, enriched by Khmer, Indonesian and sometimes Chinese influences.
The earliest known works, which come from the E1 tower at My Son (mid-7C), impress by their sobriety and elegance. The carved altar base, a recurrent element of Cham architecture, features an elaborate blend of divinities with other more everyday motifs. In the late 9C, the Dong Duong style reveals a radical change in direction, particularly apparent in its adoption of concepts such as the Buddhist Greater Vehicle. The intricate foliated motifs and thread-like tracery bear witness to the Buddhist abhorrence of empty spaces and the guardian gods (dvarapala) are depicted with exaggerated faces and stances. After a transition phase, My Son returned to its former classicism, revealed by the statues of the now-vanished complex at Tra Kieu (10C), such as the pedestal with apsaras or the altar with dancers. The style becomes purer and the lines rounder as the Cham also develop a catalogue of naturalistically depicted animals in which the elephant figures prominently. In the mid-12C, the Thap Mam style is illustrated by religious furniture and architectural decorative features which echo the exuberant aspects of Dong Duong. Gods, guardians and animals are covered in robes, the details of which are intricately carved. With its garuda (bird-men), begging dragons, lion-elephants and lions balancing on their heads, the Thap Mam style created one of the most fantastic bestiaries of Asian art. But subsequently, Cham art began to repeat itself and entered a long period of decline, reflecting the absorption of the Champa Empire into Vietnam.
Art of the Vietnamese kingdoms
To an even greater extent than Champa art, Vietnamese art has suffered from having long been considered little more than a "marginal" Chinese art. Up until the 10C-11C, this epithet was probably justified. At that time, Vietnam was simply a far-flung province of the Chinese Empire and although many religious foundations date back to this era, nothing of them remains today. Archaeological excavations have unearthed only a few artefacts from tombs, which were designed, along the Chinese model, to be dwelling places in the afterlife and accordingly equipped with crockery and tiny ceramic edifices. Vietnamese art only really emerges when the Vietnamese kingdom becomes independent. From this point on, one of its most striking characteristics is an amazing capacity to assimilate other models – mainly Chinese – into its culture, only to break free of them later.
Not built to last
Wood and clay
The oldest remaining architectural traces can be found in the North, though they were sorely damaged by the 20C wars. Destruction by man is not, however, the only reason that so few edifices remain from the Vietnamese kingdoms. Whether built for secular or religious purposes, Vietnamese architecture was never intended to last. Although it won its independence in 1428, Vietnam remained under Chinese influence, which differed immensely from the Indianised traditions favoured by the Champa.
The materials used remained perishable. Buildings were made out of wood and not brick and the structure was upheld by columns instead of walls. The similarity with its Chinese counterparts is however purely superficial. The amplitude and curves of the turned-up roof are in fact more akin to Dong Son constructions. Beginning with a primitive farmhouse built around a single, central post, buildings gradually acquired a multitude of supports, thereby offering more scope to the sculptor's chisel. The roofs were covered in flat tiles, laid out like overlapping fish scales, or in semicircular tiles in the Chinese tradition. Pottery also became a major feature of architectural decoration and appeared on walls, floors and rooftops. Stone was used primarily for foundations, bases of columns, balustrades, bridges and staircases. Brick or mud walls served as simple envelopes and were no more structurally load-bearing than were the inner wooden or bamboo partition walls.
Portable buildings
Partition walls were not the only movable features of this foundation-free architecture. The load-bearing columns were erected without mortice and tenon joints, straight onto the stone bases, enabling the structure to be entirely dismantled. Each building could be easily taken down and rebuilt elsewhere in case of war, natural catastrophe or a change in the seat of power. Such removals even occurred within the grounds of the Imperial City at Hue. In 1833, Minh Mang had the throne moved to the south in order to build an enormous golden gate in its place, itself built from materials from a former palace at Gia Long. The passing whims of the royal families were not the only motives behind such displacements, which were also dictated by the logic of geomancy. This ancestral science of Chinese origin examines the conjunction of a number of phenomena and the disposition of buildings, to determine what is propitious or ill-fated for any given structure. Geomancy was what caused so many buildings to be built with a southern aspect.
Official art
Ghost capitals
The inherently temporary nature of Vietnamese architecture explains why the remains of Vietnam's past capitals fit into just a few museum display-cases, and consist of a few forlorn engraved paving stones and ornamental roof features and tiles. Hoa Lu, the first capital of the independent kingdom was moved to Hanoi, and, after eight centuries as the seat of power, transferred to Hue. The only notable exception to this rule was the Temple of Literature, founded in the 11C at Hanoi for the cult of Confucius and enlarged by successive dynasties, and which remained in the city.
Power and protocol
The last Imperial capital, Hue was designed on the Chinese model. Three concentric square enclosures define the three areas of the citadel and, by extension, the protocol of the Nguyen court. The Capital City (Kinh Thanh), or citadel, marks the separation between the town and the area where the civilian mandarins and soldiers in the emperor's service lived. The immense Southern Gate set in the ramparts leads into the Imperial City (Hoang Thanh), which contains the throne room and temples devoted to the worship of the dynasty's ancestors. A third gate leads into the Forbidden Purple City (Tu Cam Thanh), the private quarters of the imperial family. The dragons making their way around the rooftops in search of a pearl add a frivolous touch to this otherwise austere edifice.
Eternal palaces
Up until the dynasty of the Later Le in the 15C, Vietnamese monarchs were interred in simple burial mounds, marked by a stele. After this they adopted the customs of the Chinese court and had eternal palaces built within concentric enclosures similar to those of their citadels and set in vast grounds. This type of construction is the only departure from the otherwise short-lived, removable qualities so characteristic of Vietnamese architecture. The tombs of Hue's emperors are the apotheosis of this style of funerary art. Built during the emperor's life, each one is stamped with its future occupant's personality. Tu Duc's tomb illustrates his whimsical, poetic nature, Minh Mang's burial place echoes his austere, rigorous personality and Khai Dinh's symbolises his grandiloquence.
Religious art
The Buddhist pagoda
Introduced between the 3C and 6C, Buddhism, which only prospered from the 11C-14C under the royal patronage of the Ly and then the Tran dynasties, was to bequeath Vietnam a number of masterpieces.
The pagoda (chua) is a complex of buildings, whose number varies depending on the importance of the site and its topography. The layout reveals a sense of rhythm and space, characteristic of this modular approach to architecture which alternates courtyards and buildings. It is an architectural form which attaches great importance to blending in with its surrounding landscape, as is illustrated by the Thay (Master's) Pagoda, suspended between mountain and water, the Keo Pagodas, But Thap in the flat expanses of the delta or again, the Tay Phuong Pagoda perched on an outcrop.
The heart of the pagoda is the shrine. It is surrounded by a series of galleries (hanh), which enclose it on three sides and are preceded by a large courtyard, entered through a gate. The rear gallery houses the altars devoted to the patriarchs who lived here. The side galleries provide shelter to the pilgrims and sometimes accommodation for monks. Among the outbuildings, there is often a tower with a bell or a gong, which is rung at prayer times, and stone reliquary-towers, which are in fact the real "pagodas", containing the ashes of monks or lay donors.
The shrine is divided up into three successive areas, sometimes all housed under the same roof. An ante-room (tien duong), where guardian gods (ho phap) protect the faithful come to worship, an Incense Room (thieu huong) where the monks read prayers and a Main Altar Room (thuong dien) which houses the pantheon's divinities, who stand at the foot of the trinity of Present, Historical and Future Buddhas.
Stone carving is rare. Buddhist artists preferred to carve painted, lacquered or natural wood, producing works of immense depth of expression.
A review of Vietnamese Buddhist art would be lacking should it fail to mention one of its most unusual facets, a sort of combined effort of nature and man. These rocky cave pagodas, where the blue light of day filters through natural windows, were initially the result of erosion leaving curiously shaped caverns later adopted by worshippers. Among the most famous are the Marble Mountains at Da Nang, the caves at Lang Son and those on the Mountain of Fragrant Traces, not far from Hanoi.
Temples inhabited by spirits
In former times, each northern village had its own communal house (dinh), where the wise-men of the village held court, under the aegis of the community's patron spirits – founder, hero or beast. A large courtyard served to welcome the villagers during local festivals. Of a barlong-type construction, each house had altars at either end of its long structure. From the 17C, the dinh was to supplant the pagoda in size and in ornamentation. Beams, joists, lintels and façades were smothered in carvings of highly varied themes, ranging from fabulous animals to seasonal flowers and scenes of daily life and fairy-tales and myths. Those communal houses still standing after the ravages of the war have been brought back into service, such as Dong Khang Dinh at Dinh Bang or Hang Khen Dinh at Haiphong.
The den is a national or regional temple, the layout of which varies greatly; built in honour of a king, a spirit or a famous person. These cults emerged under the Trinh family (1533-1789) and they contributed to developing a "national" style of architecture which abandoned Chinese themes in favour of a more distinctly Vietnamese style. One of the characteristics of a den is that many house a simple tablet on which the donor's name or the person's insignia of office (crown, mandarin cap) is inscribed, based on the model of the ancestors' altars. When it contains an effigy, this is placed in the back of the shrine, hidden by a carved wooden screen.
20C hybrid art
Colonial influences
From 1860 to 1945, the whole country was subjected to a new influence introduced by colonial France. This initially gave rise to identical reproductions of styles prevalent in France at the time, but little by little an unusual combination of styles was to emerge. This phenomenon was furthered in the early 19C by the work carried out by French engineers in the building of the Gia Long citadels at Hue, Hanoi and Haiphong.
Cochinchina was the first land conquered and the first to witness Western architecture with the building of the Customs' House in Saigon in 1862. Saigon and Hanoi were to become home to France's administrative and municipal institutions (town hall, law courts, governor's residence, post office and customs house), cultural bodies (theatres) and religious edifices (cathedrals), all of which were built in a style which can only be described as eclectic neo-Classicism.
Dating from the late 19C, Phat Diem Cathedral, whose construction and decoration are reminiscent of Vietnamese temples, augurs the birth of the hybrid 1920s style, a cross between new international movements and local architectural currents. This "Indochinese" style was employed in institutions of a cultural nature, such as the Louis Finot Museum (1925) or the University of Indochina (1926) in Hanoi. Legitimately rejected by the nationalist movement and neglected for a long time by historians, this colonial legacy has recently come back into fashion and is now accepted as an integral aspect of Vietnam's artistic heritage.
From socialist realism to contemporary creations
Contemporary Vietnamese art, released from its ties with religion and royal patronage, took root in the foundation of the Indochinese School of Fine Arts, created in 1925 in Hanoi. Trained in the major Western art trends, a generation of painters and sculptors born in the early 20C was, for the first time ever, to acquire the status of artist and to discover a freedom of expression unhampered by the bonds of patronage.
From 1945, artistic expression was required to reflect daily life and to faithfully reproduce Ho Chi Minh's theories. Vietnam's presence within the sphere of Soviet influence in 1975 effectively ruled out any possibility of individual creativity in favour of a pompous Socialist realism and the glorification of Leninist-Marxist thinkers. Cut off from the rest of the world, Vietnam was to delve into its own past to unearth the foundations of an original art, exhibited in galleries which opened in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi and Da Nang, as part of the Doi Moi policy. A new artistic language developed, reinforced by a rekindling of traditional village arts. This interest in traditional crafts was to revive dormant skills such as lacquer-work.
Since the end of the 1990s, the regime has slightly slackened its censorship policy, thus giving rise to the emergence of forms of contemporary expression. Exhibitions of the work of Vietnamese artists have been held in London, New York and Paris.


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The successful interdiction by the Churchill sparked a global effort to develop a modern playbook for confronting piracy. In the United States, the Bush administration began to develop a policy consistent with national maritime strategy, which culminated in a comprehensive piracy policy governing diplomatic and legal action and signed by President George W. Bush in 2007. This establishes a framework for warships that encounter or interrupt acts of maritime piracy and armed robbery at sea, as well as for agencies charged with facilitating the prosecution of perpetrators and the repatriation of victims and witnesses. But because much of the ocean's surface is beyond state jurisdiction, effective piracy repression demands international action and coordination.
The Response
Since 2006, the United Nations and its agency for maritime matters, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), have aggressively confronted piracy. This action could not be more timely: a disturbing spike in piracy is occurring off the Somali coast with an intensity and frequency unmatched since the era of Caribbean buccaneers of the early 19th century. 1 As this was written in late October, about 100 crew members were being held hostage and so far in 2008 more than $30 million in ransom money has been funneled to organized criminal gangs in Somalia. 2 This is not just a regional issue. Global energy markets are affected because 30 percent of the world's daily oil supply is carried on tankers through the Gulf of Aden on their way to the Suez Canal. 3 Sea lines running between Yemen and Somalia constitute the main link between Europe and Asia.
Piracy's devastating effects extend beyond the immediate threat to ships, people, and property. It endangers sea lines of communication, disrupts freedom of navigation and the free flow of commerce, and undermines regional stability. Nations as diverse as France, Malaysia, and Russia are sending warships to respond. The private defense contractor Blackwater has fitted out a helicopter-carrying security escort ship—the MacArthur —and offered her services to commercial ships transiting the Gulf of Aden. The United States and other countries participate in Combined Task Force 150, a multinational coalition that coordinates with the U.S. Fifth Fleet off the Horn of Africa. Ten European Union countries have agreed to contribute to an anti-piracy task force headed for the region. 4 The policy and legal efforts that support these operations are essential to effective piracy repression. It is especially important to ensure that all nations converging on the region to address piracy are operating within the same set of rules.
Defining Piracy
Generally, piracy is any illegal act of violence, detention, or depredation committed outside territorial waters for private (rather than political) ends by crew or passengers of a private ship or aircraft against another ship, persons, or crew. Inside territorial waters such crimes constitute armed robbery at sea and are the responsibility of the state. These definitions emerged from customary international law, the 1958 Convention on the High Seas, and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which has become the de facto constitution for the world's oceans.
The UNCLOS, the UN Charter, and more broadly, customary international law, provide authority that may be invoked for seizing a pirate ship, boarding a ship on the high seas, conducting hot pursuit, and taking action in furtherance of the inherent right of individual and collective self-defense. On the high seas or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of a state, any nation may seize a pirated ship, arrest the pirates, and seize the property on board and submit the matter to its civil and criminal courts. Only warships and military aircraft or vessels in government service, however, may exercise this authority.
Boarding may be conducted under a variety of legal rationales, including the consent of the flag state under Articles 92 and 94 of UNCLOS, the exercise of the right of self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter, the right of visit a vessel under Article 110 of UNCLOS if there are reasonable grounds to believe it is engaged in piracy, and in some cases, the extension of port state control measures. Some nations, including the United States, also accept that the master of a vessel can consent to a boarding. If a seizure of a suspected pirate ship is determined to be without adequate grounds, however, the state making the seizure could be liable to the flag state for any loss or damage.
Further, in 1988, IMO member states approved a maritime anti-terrorism and criminal law treaty in the wake of the 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking. The treaty is directed at acts that endanger the safe navigation of ships, and it was amended in 2005 to include a legal framework for combating the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems. Whether the focus is on piracy in the Baltic in the 14th century or in the Indian Ocean in the 21st century, nothing is as inimical to piracy as regional stability and the rule of law. In an important exception to the norm of flag state jurisdiction, all states may take action against piracy, which is a violation of international law and a universal crime.
Decisive U.S. Action
The wide-ranging policy signed by President Bush—the broadest presidential articulation of U.S. policy toward international piracy since the time of the Barbary pirates—was developed through the National Security Council by Navy judge advocates in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and Strategic Plans and Policy, Joint Staff. It establishes seven goals, each an important component for addressing piracy.
Prevention : One of the most ambitious initiatives is the International Shipping and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. The code tightens security throughout the world's commercial fleets and ports by obligating operators of ships and port facilities that handle ships of more than 500 gross registered tonnage to develop, implement, and evaluate security plans. The United States was a leader in crafting the code, which was adopted in 2002, and the U.S. Coast Guard certifies as compliant foreign ports that are departure points for vessels bound for the United States. Because of the major infrastructure changes required, parties to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) were given two years before compliance became mandatory.
Deterrence : Coastal and maritime states leverage the deterrent value of presence at sea and in ports in the same way that a street cop walks through a neighborhood. Piracy tends to surge when it is ignored and recede when it is addressed by the international community. Several international initiatives in the straits of Malacca and Singapore have, for example, dramatically reduced the incidence of piracy.
Reduce the Maritime Domain's Vulnerability : The complex and ambiguous nature of contemporary maritime threats places a premium on collection and dissemination of actionable information. To anticipate and counter threats requires situational awareness that depends on the ability to monitor activities so that trends can be identified and anomalies differentiated. One of the most important tools in this effort is the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which is required on all ships over 300 gross tons or that carry 12 or more passengers on international voyages. The system broadcasts a signal, which provides pertinent information about the ship and its movement. In the Mediterranean and Gulf of Guinea, the Navy is working with partner nations to promote an advanced system that fuses AIS information in an internet-based exchange portal.
A global satellite-based vessel identification system that is more secure than AIS—Long Range Identification and Tracking—was introduced in 2006. Once fully operational in December 2008, it will provide global surveillance of maritime traffic for the purposes of detecting, identifying, and classifying vessels and will be key to reducing vulnerability in the maritime domain.
Hold Pirates Accountable : The present policy is an extension of 200 years of experience in prosecuting piracy. From 1815-23, for example, piracy cases—which are federal crimes under Title 18 of the U.S. Code—were among the most numerous reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court. 5 In the 2006 case of the Indian dhow, the pirates were transferred to Mombasa and later convicted in a Kenyan court and sentenced to seven years imprisonment. Local action is particularly beneficial because it demonstrates responsible governments maintaining order and stability in their maritime neighborhood.
Preserve Freedom of the Seas: Freedom of navigation underpins global prosperity, peace, and security. Throughout world history the foremost powers achieved and maintained their position of leadership through preeminent seapower and reliance on freedom of the seas.
Historically, the United States has actively defended this freedom. Piracy was the catalyst for George Washington to launch the Navy by building six frigates to operate against the Barbary pirates while European governments paid tribute to transit the Mediterranean. Freedom of the seas was a feature of President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points in World War I, and one of the aims of the Atlantic Charter during World War II. By including freedom of the seas as a major component of its piracy policy, the United States acknowledges that pirates work to deny the international community the exercise of a long-established freedom and well-recognized right.
Protect Sea Lines of Communication : The initial rise of the global economy can be attributed in large part to unimpeded ocean transit. There is an interlocking and reinforcing quality to open sea lines of communication, as freedom and safety in the maritime domain generate stability and prosperity on land. Free trade and international investment help socialize non-democratic nations into an interdependent liberal world system. Today, shipping is the heart of the global economy with more than 80 percent of the world's trade traveling by sea.
Lead and Support International Efforts : One promising means of achieving greater cooperation is the Global Maritime Partnership. The concept embraces a figurative 1,000-ship navy, representing the idea that no nation can do it alone. This approach is central to that adopted in A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower and is key to expanding maritime security cooperation.
All nations have a common interest in taking action against piracy because all benefit from a stable maritime security environment. In the Indian Ocean, for example, the United States and India both desire freedom of navigation, the free flow of commerce, and protection of the sea lines. When the two countries reached agreement on civilian nuclear cooperation in 2006, they also affirmed their commitment to address piracy and armed robbery at sea with the signing of the Indo-U.S. Framework for Maritime Security Cooperation.
Beyond the Policy
In addition to the formal U.S. piracy policy, a working group principally composed of the Departments of Defense, Justice, and Homeland Security developed complementary disposition and logistics guidance for managing suspected pirates, victims, and witnesses taken into custody by warships during counter-piracy operations. The guidance is valuable to on-scene responders and includes recommendations for recording, among other points, accurate identification of vessels involved, identification of victims and witnesses and persons-under-control (PUCs), and information collection checklists.
Piracy and armed robbery at sea are global concerns, and the International Maritime Organization in particular has been a remarkably effective forum advancing issues of maritime security and the most active multilateral institution in combating piracy. The organization first addressed the problem in 1983 after Sweden expressed alarm to the Maritime Safety Committee over the high incidence of piracy. Later, the IMO produced a draft text that became the basis for Resolution A.545(13), which set measures to prevent acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships. Three years later the organization approved Circular 443, "Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts Against Passengers and Crew On Board Ships," which applied to passenger ships on voyages of 24 hours or more, and the port facilities that service those vessels. In November 2001, the IMO assembly adopted a code of practice for investigating piracy and armed robbery against ships. 6
A multi-layered regional approach to piracy in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore has led to a dramatic reduction in incidents on those waterways. Under Japanese leadership in 2004, Asian nations signed the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP), the first treaty dedicated solely to combating piracy. The pact, which entered into force in 2006, established the Information Sharing Centre in Singapore to share piracy-related information among member states. The IMO sponsored meetings in Tanzania and Yemen seeking a treaty against piracy in the western Indian Ocean. Just as the ReCAAP agreement was its model, this action could serve as a framework for regions—such as the Gulf of Guinea and the Caribbean—affected by piracy but are struggling to develop the capacity to address the problem.
The IMO has sponsored other multilateral efforts. In 2005, more than 25 shipping nations, the littoral states of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, the international shipping industry, and non-governmental organizations met in Jakarta to develop a framework for improving maritime safety, security, and environmental protection in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore.4 The negotiations continued in Kuala Lumpur in 2006 and Singapore in 2007. In Singapore, states signed the Cooperative Mechanism , which provides for shipping nations to help littoral states develop maritime security capacity for the straits. The mechanism marks the first time that littoral and maritime states have worked together to ensure the safety and security of an international strait, as envisaged in Article 43 of UNCLOS. It provides a forum for regular dialogue, a committee to coordinate and manage projects, and a fund to manage contributions from shipping states.
The successes of ReCAAP and the Cooperative Mechanism show that building partnerships is a prerequisite for developing greater coordination for maritime security.
Dramatic Action
Perhaps most significant, the UN Security Council took historic action against maritime piracy this past summer. Resolution 1816, which was decided under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and therefore legally binding on all states, called on them to cooperate in counterpiracy actions off the coast of Somalia. The resolution authorizes operations inside Somalia's territorial waters to deny that area as a safe haven for pirates who operate outside the 12-mile limit. It also provides for disposition and logistics of persons-under-control detained as a result of counterpiracy operations.
The resolution encourages states to increase and coordinate their efforts to deter acts of piracy in conjunction with the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, a weak ruling authority inside the fractured state. It also calls on states, the IMO, and other international organizations to build a partnership to ensure regional coastal and maritime security, and is designed to bring together flag, port, and coastal states, and other states with jurisdiction under national and international law. They will cooperate in determining criminal jurisdiction for acts of piracy, in its investigation and prosecution, and in rendering disposition and logistics assistance to victims, witnesses, and persons detained.
Although decided under Chapter VII, the resolution does not compel any state to take PUCs from U.S. warships, but it does provide a valuable umbrella of political cover to states, making it easier to achieve PUC disposition and logistics. The Security Council recently adopted Resolution 1838, which condemns acts of piracy in the region around Somalia and, under Chapter VII, called on states to take part in actively fighting piracy by deploying naval vessels and aircraft. The Security Council also reaffirmed the Law of the Sea Convention's rules applicable to countering piracy and armed robbery at sea.
While piracy has varied in scope, location, sophistication, and lethality over the past 2,000 years, there is one constant: maritime piracy will always exist. Enhanced worldwide repression efforts have resulted in unprecedented development in the legal authorities and level of cooperation to combat the scourge. Effectively responding to this threat requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses political, military, financial, and legal support for operations, logistics, investigations, and prosecutions. More important, there must be the will to move anti-piracy efforts to the forefront.
Looking forward, it is fair to ask how success will be measured. Will the new policy and legal authorities be effectively employed ? Will success be solely linked to numbers, data, and trends on a flow-chart ? Such measurements would only tell part of the story because they cannot account for increased maritime security capacity building, which generates positive benefits beyond piracy. And those numbers do not take into account how these efforts have better prepared states to individually and collectively respond to this international crime.
1. Ellen Knickmeyer, "100 Hostages Held by Somali Pirates," 12 September 2008, The Washington Post , A11.
2. Ibid.
3. "America, Russia and Terrorists of the Seas," International Herald Tribune , 2 October 2008.
4. Jenny Booth, "Europe to Send Warships to Defeat Somali Pirates," The TimesOnline (UK), 2 October 2008; and Michael Evans, Rob Crilly, and David Charter, "Euro Task Force Declares War on Somali Pirates," The TimesOnline (UK), 3 October 2008.
5. G. Edward White, "The Marshall Court and International Law: The Piracy Cases," 83 American Journal of International Law 727 (October 1989).
6. IMO Doc. A.922(22), "Code of Practice For The Investigation Of The Crimes Of Piracy And Armed Robbery Against Ships," 2001.
Commander Kraska is a member of the faculty of the International Law Department at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, and previously served as Oceans Policy Adviser for Strategic Plans & Policy (J-5), Joint Staff.
Captain Wilson is Commanding Officer, Region Legal Service Office Naval District Washington and previously served as Oceans Policy Adviser in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.


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High School Sports: Volleyball, Basketball and Swimming
Rowing Honors & Awards: Junior National Team 2006, World Champion in the 4-.
Academic Honors:Named to the 2012 2nd Team Pac-12 All-Academic Rowing Team ...
Husky Rowing Experience: 2013 (Senior) - Rowed four seat for the winning Varsity Eight at the WSU Dual... Stroked for the women's senior class in the Seattle Times Women's Eight at the Class Day Regatta 2013...Rowed four seatfor the V8 that took fifth in the Varsity Grand Final at the San Diego Crew Classic.(Junior) - stroked the victorious junior shell in the Seattle Times Women's Eight at the Class Day Regatta ... Rowed six seat for the women's varsity eight to win the 2012 Windermere Cup ... Pulled the No. 6 oar for the varsity eight that earned a bronze medal at the Pac-12 Championships on Lake Natoma ... Rowed six seat in the Varsity Eight shell that placed sixth in the Grand Finale race at the NCAA Championships...2011 (Sophomore) - Competed in the Husky 2V8+ that won their petite final at the NCAA Championships ... Rowed six seat for the women's 2V8+ boat that beat Western Washington and Seattle Pacific in the Women's Erickson Cascade Cup at the 25th annual Windermere...2010 (Freshman)- Rowed in the seven seat of the Varsity Eight in four of the six races this season, including the Pac-10 Championships and NCAA Women's Rowing Championships...rowed in the five seat of the varsity eight in Washington State Dual...rowed in the JV in the Stanford Invitational...helped Washington to retain the Windermere Cup.
Personal: Daughter of Josef and Irmingard Strohmayer ... Father is a surgeon and mother is a nurse ... Has two brothers, Johannes (30) and Clemens (22).