text:
National Action Programmes on Desertification | Open Energy Informatio...
Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho,...
Eritrea-National Adaptation Programme of Action | Open Energy...
analysis Website http:unfccc.intresourcedoc Country Eritrea UN Region Eastern Africa References Eritrea-National Adaptation Programme of Action1 This article is a...
Annual Energy Outlook [U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)]
Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe...
Eritrea: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
Country Profile Name Eritrea Population 6,380,803 GDP 3,881,000,000 Energy Consumption 0.01 Quadrillion Btu 2-letter ISO code ER 3-letter ISO code ERI Numeric ISO...
User:GregZiebold/Developing Country Programs Map | Open Energy...
of Congo 12 Djibouti 3 Dominica 9 Dominican Republic 12 Ecuador 7 Egypt 14 El Salvador 8 Equatorial Guinea 4 Eritrea 3 Estonia 2 Ethiopia 21 Fiji 1 Gabon 10 ... further...
Ethiopia-African Climate Change Resilience Alliance | Open Energy...
Ethiopia-African Climate Change Resilience Alliance Jump to: navigation, search Logo: Ethiopia-African Climate Change Resilience Alliance Name Ethiopia-African Climate Change...
Ethiopia-ClimateWorks Low Carbon Growth Planning Support | Open...
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Ethiopia Energy Access Project | Open Energy Information
Energy Access Project Location of project Ethiopia Energy Services Lighting, Cooking and water heating, Information and communications Year initiated 2005 Organization World Bank...
Analysis of Long-range Clean Energy Investment Scenarios forEritrea, East Africa
Van Buskirk, Robert D.
We discuss energy efficiency and renewable energy investments in Eritrea from the strategic long-term economic perspective of meeting Eritrea's sustainable development goals and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are potentially important contributors to national productive capital accumulation, enhancement of the environment, expansion of energy services, increases in household standard of living, and improvements in health. In this study we develop a spreadsheet model for calculating some of the national benefits and costs of different levels of investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy. We then present the results of the model in terms of investment demand and investment scenario curves. These curves express the contribution that efficiency and renewable energy projects can make in terms of reduced energy sector operating expenses, and reduced carbon emissions. We provide demand and supply curves that show the rate of return, the cost of carbon emissions reductions vs. supply, and the evolution of the marginal carbon emissions per dollar of GDP for different investment levels and different fuel-type subsectors.
Ethiopia: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
Country Profile Name Ethiopia Population 73,750,932 GDP 51,000,000,000 Energy Consumption 0.12 Quadrillion Btu 2-letter ISO code ET 3-letter ISO code ETH Numeric ISO...
Lake Charles, LA Natural Gas LNG Imports from Equatorial Guinea...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Lake Charles, LA Natural Gas LNG Imports from Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet) Lake Charles, LA Natural Gas LNG Imports from Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per ...
,"U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Equatorial Guinea (MMcf)" ,"Click worksheet name or tab at bottom for data" ,"Worksheet ... Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (MMcf)",1,"Monthly","122015" ,"Release ...
Turmoil doesn`t dampen enthusiasm
The paper discusses the outlook for the African gas and oil industries. Though Africa remains politically and economically volatile, its vast energy potential is becoming increasingly attractive to foreign oil and gas companies. Separate evaluations are given for Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Angola, Libya, Congo, Gabon, Tunisia, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, and briefly for South Africa, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Zaire, Benin, Mozambique, Chad, Namibia, Tanzania, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Morocco, Sao Tome and Principe, Ethiopia, Niger, Madagascar, Rwanda, Mauritania, Seychelles, Uganda, and Liberia.
Ethiopia-National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Baseline Scenarios...
National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Baseline Scenarios: Learning from Experiences in Developing Countries Jump to: navigation, search Name Ethiopia-National Greenhouse Gas Emissions...
Ethiopia-DLR Resource Assessments | Open Energy Information
to 2004 the German Aerospace Center (DLR) worked with Ethiopia on solar resource and GIS analysis as part of UNEP's Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) Programme....
Ethiopia-Green Growth Planning | Open Energy Information
search Name Ethiopia-Green Growth Planning AgencyCompany Organization Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) Partner...
Ethiopia-Climate Change National Adaptation Programme of Action...
Climate Change National Adaptation Programme of Action Jump to: navigation, search Name Ethiopia-Climate Change National Adaptation Programme of Action AgencyCompany Organization...
Ethiopia-Strategic Climate Institutions Programme (SCIP) | Open...
Ethiopia-Strategic Climate Institutions Programme (SCIP) (Redirected from Strategic Climate Institutions Programme (SCIP)) Jump to: navigation, search Name Strategic Climate...
Ethiopia-Strategic Climate Institutions Programme (SCIP) | Open...
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UNEP-Ethiopia-Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for Mitigation...
UNEP-Ethiopia-Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for Mitigation (FIRM) Redirect page Jump to: navigation, search REDIRECT Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for...
Guinea: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
Country Profile Name Guinea Population 10,628,972 GDP 5,212,000,000 Energy Consumption 0.02 Quadrillion Btu 2-letter ISO code GN 3-letter ISO code GIN Numeric ISO...
Berkeley Lab's Ashok Gadgil Takes Fuel Efficient Cookstoves to Ethiopia |
Department of Energy Lab's Ashok Gadgil Takes Fuel Efficient Cookstoves to Ethiopia Berkeley Lab's Ashok Gadgil Takes Fuel Efficient Cookstoves to Ethiopia February 8, 2011 - 1:21pm Addthis Darfuri woman using a Berkeley-Darfur cookstove | Courtesy of darfurstoves.org Darfuri woman using a Berkeley-Darfur cookstove | Courtesy of darfurstoves.org April Saylor April Saylor Former Digital Outreach Strategist, Office of Public Affairs What does this mean for me? Clean-burning cookstoves reduce
Wind and Water Materials and Structures Database Download
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Safety, Security & Resilience of the Energy Infrastructure Energy Storage Nuclear Power & ... Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georgia ...
Offshore Wind RD&D: Large Offshore Rotor Development
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Safety, Security & Resilience of the Energy Infrastructure Energy Storage Nuclear Power & ... Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georgia ...
Numerical Manufacturing And Design Tool (NuMAD)
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Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Congo Cote d'lvoire Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Honduras India Indonesia...
Guinea-USAID Climate Activities | Open Energy Information
International Development Sector Energy, Land Focus Area Renewable Energy, Forestry, Agriculture Topics Background analysis Website http:www.usaid.govourwork Country Guinea...
Papua New Guinea Geothermal Region | Open Energy Information
ENERGYGeothermal Home Papua New Guinea Geothermal Region Details Areas (1) Power Plants (1) Projects (0) Techniques (0) References Geothermal Region Data Area USGS Resource...
Papua New Guinea Improved Energy Access for Rural Communities...
Communities Location of project Papua New Guinea Energy Services Lighting, Cooking and water heating, Space heating, Cooling, Information and communications, Earning a living...
Guinea-Bissau: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
Country Profile Name Guinea-Bissau Population 1,345,479 GDP 870,000,000 Energy Consumption 0.01 Quadrillion Btu 2-letter ISO code GW 3-letter ISO code GNB Numeric ISO...
A Pilot Study of Uterine Artery Embolization with Tris-Acryl Gelatin Microspheres in Guinea Pigs
Zhuang Wenquan; Tan Guosheng; Guo Wenbo, E-mail: email@example.com [The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Interventional Radiology (China); Yang Jianyong [The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Radiology (China)
Objective: This study was designed to establish guinea pigs as an animal model for uterine artery embolization (UAE) with tris-acryl gelatin microspheres (TAGM). Methods: Twenty-five female adult guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups, including a uterine artery casting mould group (n = 10) and a UAE group (n = 15). Pelvic angiography and vascular casting mould were performed in the first group. The anatomical characters of the pelvic cavity in guinea pigs were described. In the second group, the technical feasibility of performing UAE with TAGM in guinea pigs was investigated. The histopathological slides of the uterus of guinea pigs after UAE were examined to inspect the outcomes of UAE. Results: The uterine artery springs from the internal iliac artery, ascends tortuously along the cervix, and gives off vertically 8-10 branches to the cervix uteri and uterine horns. The diameters of the trunk of the uterine artery and its first branch were 0.32 {+-} 0.027 mm and 0.14 {+-} 0.01 mm, respectively. For UAE animals, the dosages of 40-120 and 100-300 {mu}m TAGM were 0.033 {+-} 0.003 ml and 0.015 {+-} 0.002 ml, respectively. On histopathological slides, embosphere particles were found in the first branches of the uterine artery, the subserous arteries, and the intramural arteries. Inflammatory reactions in the uterus were common in guinea pigs after UAE. Local or dispersed areas of necrosis in uterus also were observed in a few guinea pigs. Conclusions: Guinea pigs are an appropriate and feasible model for UAE with TAGM.
Sources and management of hazardous waste in Papua New Guinea
Singh, K.
Papua New Guinea (PNG) has considerable mineral wealth, especially in gold and copper. Large-scale mining takes place, and these activities are the source of most of PNG`s hazardous waste. Most people live in small farming communities throughout the region. Those living adjacent to mining areas have experienced some negative impacts from river ecosystem damage and erosion of their lands. Industry is centered mainly in urban areas and Generates waste composed of various products. Agricultural products, pesticide residues, and chemicals used for preserving timber and other forestry products also produce hazardous waste. Most municipal waste comes from domestic and commercial premises; it consists mainly of combustibles, noncombustibles, and other wastes. Hospitals generate pathogenic organisms, radioactive materials, and chemical and pharmaceutical laboratory waste. Little is known about the actual treatment of waste before disposal in PNG. Traditional low-cost waste disposal methods are usually practiced, such as use of landfills; storage in surface impoundments; and disposal in public sewers, rivers, and the sea. Indiscriminate burning of domestic waste in backyards is also commonly practiced in urban and rural areas. 10 refs., 4 tabs.
Protein A suppresses immune responses during Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in guinea pigs
DOE Public Access Gateway for Energy & Science Beta (PAGES Beta)
Kim, Hwan Keun; Falugi, Fabiana; Thomer, Lena; Missiakas, Dominique M.; Schneewind, Olaf
Staphylococcus aureus infection is not associated with the development of protective immunity, and disease relapses occur frequently. We hypothesize that protein A, a factor that binds immunoglobulin Fcγ and cross-links VH3 clan B cell receptors (IgM), is the staphylococcal determinant for host immune suppression. To test this, vertebrate IgM was examined for protein A cross-linking. High VH3 binding activity occurred with human and guinea immunoglobulin, whereas mouse and rabbit immunoglobulins displayed little and no binding, respectively. Establishing a guinea pig model of S. aureus bloodstream infection, we show that protein A functions as a virulence determinant and suppresses host Bmore » cell responses. Immunization with SpAKKAA, which cannot bind immunoglobulin, elicits neutralizing antibodies that enable guinea pigs to develop protective immunity.« less
Biomass resource potential for selected crops in Hawaii. [Koa haole (giant leucaena); napier and guinea grass
Seki, A.
The biomass crops selected for review were koa haole (giant leucaena), napier and guinea grass, and eucalyptus (saligna, grandis, and globulus). The islands examined were Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, and Molokai. The potential land acreage for growing these crops was estimated grossly. As anticipated, the island of Hawaii had the largest land potential with eucalyptus having the greatest potential land acreage.
Protein A suppresses immune responses during Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in guinea pigs
Kim, Hwan Keun; Falugi, Fabiana; Thomer, Lena; Missiakas, Dominique M.; Schneewind, Olaf
Staphylococcus aureus infection is not associated with the development of protective immunity, and disease relapses occur frequently. We hypothesize that protein A, a factor that binds immunoglobulin Fcγ and cross-links VH3 clan B cell receptors (IgM), is the staphylococcal determinant for host immune suppression. To test this, vertebrate IgM was examined for protein A cross-linking. High VH3 binding activity occurred with human and guinea immunoglobulin, whereas mouse and rabbit immunoglobulins displayed little and no binding, respectively. Establishing a guinea pig model of S. aureus bloodstream infection, we show that protein A functions as a virulence determinant and suppresses host B cell responses. Immunization with SpAKKAA, which cannot bind immunoglobulin, elicits neutralizing antibodies that enable guinea pigs to develop protective immunity.
In vitro effects of fatty acids on goat, calf and guinea pig hepatic gluconeogenesis
Aiello, R.J.; Armentano, L.E.
Isolated hepatocytes from male guinea pigs, ruminating goats and bull calves were incubated at 39 C for 1h. Fatty acids C18:1, C16, and C8 (.5, 1, 2 mM) were added as albumin complexes (3:1 molar ratio), C2 and C4 (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mM) were added as Na salts. In ruminant cells C2 had no effect on (2-/sup 14/C)-propionate (PROP) (2.5 mM) or (U-/sup 14/C)-L-lactate (LACT) (2.5 mM) metabolism. C4 (2.5 or 5 mM) decreased (/sup 14/C)-glucose (GLU) (P < .01) from PROP (48% goats, 68% calves) and decreased LACT conversion to GLU, (27% goats, 50% calves), C8, C16 and C18:1 effects depended on gluconeogenic substrate and species. In goat cells conversion of PROP to GLU was increased (P < .01) by C18:1 (30%) and C8 (52%) with C16 showing a similar trend. There were no interactions between the effects of fatty acids and lactation state (lactating does vs wethers). In goat cells C8 increased PROP conversion to GLU relative to oxidation, other fatty acids did not change relative rates. In calf cells C18:1, C16 and C8 had no effect on PROP metabolism. C8 inhibited gluconeogenesis from LACT in goats (24%) (P < .07) and calves (47%) (P < .01). In contrast fatty acids decreased (P < .01) GLU production from PROP (C18:1 90%, C8 80%) and LACT (C18:1 75%, C8 75%) in cells from guinea pigs. They have established a clear difference in the regulation of gluconeogenesis among species which contain similar intracellular distribution of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase.
Financial sustainability in municipal solid waste management – Costs and revenues in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Lohri, Christian Riuji Camenzind, Ephraim Joseph Zurbrügg, Christian
Highlights: • Cost-revenue analysis over 2 years revealed insufficient cost-recovery. • Expenses for motorized secondary collection increased by 82% over two years. • Low fee collection rate and reliance on only one revenue stream are problematic. • Different options for cost reduction and enhanced revenue streams are recommended. • Good public–private alliance is crucial to plan and implement improvement measures. - Abstract: Providing good solid waste management (SWM) services while also ensuring financial sustainability of the system continues to be a major challenge in cities of developing countries. Bahir Dar in northwestern Ethiopia outsourced municipal waste services to a private waste company in 2008. While this institutional change has led to substantial improvement in the cleanliness of the city, its financial sustainability remains unclear. Is the private company able to generate sufficient revenues from their activities to offset the costs and generate some profit? This paper presents a cost-revenue analysis, based on data from July 2009 to June 2011. The analysis reveals that overall costs in Bahir Dar's SWM system increased significantly during this period, mainly due to rising costs related to waste transportation. On the other hand, there is only one major revenue stream in place: the waste collection fee from households, commercial enterprises and institutions. As the efficiency of fee collection from households is only around 50%, the total amount of revenues are not sufficient to cover the running costs. This results in a substantial yearly deficit. The results of the research therefore show that a more detailed cost structure and cost-revenue analysis of this waste management service is important with appropriate measures, either by the privates sector itself or with the support of the local authorities, in order to enhance cost efficiency and balance the cost-revenues towards cost recovery. Delays in mitigating the evident financial deficit could else endanger the public-private partnership (PPP) and lead to failure of this setup in the medium to long term, thus also endangering the now existing improved and currently reliable service. We present four options on how financial sustainability of the SWM system in Bahir Dar might be enhanced: (i) improved fee collection efficiency by linking the fees of solid waste collection to water supply; (ii) increasing the value chain by sales of organic waste recycling products; (iii) diversifying revenue streams and financing mechanisms (polluter-pays-, cross-subsidy- and business-principles); and (iv) cost reduction and improved cost-effectiveness. We argue that in a PPP setup such as in Bahir Dar, a strong alliance between the municipality and private enterprise is important so that appropriate solutions for improved financial sustainability of a SWM system can be sought and implemented.
Estimation of neutrophil infiltration into hairless guinea pig skin treated with 2,2' -dichlorodiethyl sulfide
Bongiovanni, R.; Millard, C.B.; Schulz, S.M.; Romano, J.M.
Despite growing acceptance of the hairless guinea pig (HPG) for evaluating sulfur mustard (2,2'dichlorodiethylsulfide, HD) skin injury, there are presently few antivesicant drug assessment endpoints validated in vivo for this model. We measured the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) to characterize the dose- and time-dependence of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration during development of the HD lesion. Biopsies were obtained from the dorsal thoracic-lumbar area of HGPs at successive 3 hr time intervals for up to 24 hrs following controlled exposure to either 5, 7, 8 or 10 min HD vapor. The presence of PMNs, as judged by MPO levels, peaked at 9 hrs irrespective of total HD vapor dose. The maximum response was a 20-fold increase compared to unexposed control sites at 9 hrs following 10 min HD vapor. This time period coincides with epidermal detachment characterized previously by electron microscopy in the HGP. By 24 hrs post-exposure, the MPO levels subsided markedly (2-fold compared to controls). These results suggest that PMNs participate in the HGP cutaneous inflammatory response following exposure to HD and that MPO may be a useful biological marker for evaluating putative antivesicants.
Mast cells in citric acid-induced cough of guinea pigs
Lai, Y.-L. . E-mail: email@example.com; Lin, T.-Y.
It was demonstrated previously that mast cells play an important role in citric acid (CA)-induced airway constriction. To investigate the role of mast cells in CA-induced cough, three experiments were carried out in this study. In the first experiment, 59 guinea pigs were employed and we used compound 48/80 to deplete mast cells, cromolyn sodium to stabilize mast cells, MK-886 to inhibit leukotriene synthesis, pyrilamine to antagonize histamine H{sub 1} receptor, methysergide to antagonize serotonin receptor, and indomethacin to inhibit cyclooxygenase. In the second experiment, 56 compound 48/80-pretreated animals were divided into two parts; the first one was used to test the role of exogenous leukotriene (LT) C{sub 4}, while the second one to test the role of exogenous histamine in CA-induced cough. Each animal with one of the above pretreatments was exposed sequentially to saline (baseline) and CA (0.6 M) aerosol, each for 3 min. Then, cough was recorded for 12 min using a barometric body plethysmograph. In the third experiment, the activation of mast cells upon CA inhalation was investigated by determining arterial plasma histamine concentration in 17 animals. Exposure to CA induced a marked increase in cough number. Compound 48/80, cromolyn sodium, MK-886 and pyrilamine, but not indomethacin or methysergide, significantly attenuated CA-induced cough. Injection of LTC{sub 4} or histamine caused a significant increase in CA-induced cough in compound 48/80-pretreated animals. In addition, CA inhalation caused significant increase in plasma histamine concentration, which was blocked by compound 48/80 pretreatment. These results suggest that mast cells play an important role in CA aerosol inhalation-induced cough via perhaps mediators LTs and histamine.
Ascorbic acid suppresses endotoxemia and NF-?B signaling cascade in alcoholic liver fibrosis in guinea pigs: A mechanistic approach
Abhilash, P.A.; Harikrishnan, R.; Indira, M.
Alcohol consumption increases the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and intestinal permeability of endotoxin. The endotoxin mediated inflammatory signaling plays a major role in alcoholic liver fibrosis. We evaluated the effect of ascorbic acid (AA), silymarin and alcohol abstention on the alcohol induced endotoxemia and NF-?B activation cascade pathway in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Guinea pigs were administered ethanol at a daily dose of 4 g/kg b.wt for 90 days. After 90 days, ethanol administration was stopped. The ethanol treated animals were divided into abstention, silymarin (250 mg/kg b.wt) and AA (250 mg/kg b.wt) supplemented groups and maintained for 30 days. The SIBO, intestinal permeability and endotoxin were significantly increased in the ethanol group. The mRNA expressions of intestinal proteins claudin, occludin and zona occludens-1 were significantly decreased in ethanol group. The mRNA levels of inflammatory receptors, activity of IKK? and the protein expressions of phospho-I?B?, NF-?B, TNF-?, TGF-?{sub 1} and IL-6 were also altered in ethanol group. The expressions of fibrosis markers ?-SMA, ?{sub 1} (I) collagen and sirius red staining in the liver revealed the induction of fibrosis. But the supplementation of AA could induce greater reduction of ethanol induced SIBO, intestinal barrier defects, NF-?B activation and liver fibrosis than silymarin. The possible mechanism may be the inhibitory effect of AA on SIBO, intestinal barrier defect and IKK?, which decreased the activation of NF-?B and synthesis of cytokines. This might have led to suppression of HSCs activation and liver fibrosis. - Highlights: � Alcohol increases intestinal bacterial overgrowth and permeability of endotoxin. � Endotoxin mediated inflammation plays a major role in alcoholic liver fibrosis. � Ascorbic acid reduces endotoxemia, NF-?B activation and proinflammatory cytokines. � AA's action is by inhibition of SIBO, IKK? and alteration of intestinal permeability. � This might have led to suppression of HSCs activation and liver fibrosis.
Reduction of erythema in hairless guinea pigs after cutaneous sulfur mustard vapor exposure by pretreatment with niacinamide, promethazine and indomethacin
Yourick, J.J.; Dawson, J.S.; Mitcheltree, L.W.
Erythema is the initial symptom that occurs after sulfur mustard (HD) cutaneous exposure. The time course of HD-induced erythema is similar to that observed after UV irradiation, which can be reduced by indomethacin. Sulfur mustard lethality is decreased by using promethazine, which is an antihistamine. Niacinamide can reduce microvesication after HD vapor exposure in hairless guinea pig (HGP) skin. The present study examines the effect of the combined administration of niacinamide, indomethacin and promethazine used alone or in all possible combinations on the degree of erythema and histopathologic skin damage after HD exposure in HGP. Niacinamide (750 mg kg%`, i.p.), promethazine (12.5 mg kg%1, i.m.) or indomethacin (4 mg kg%1, p.o.) used singly or in combination was given as a 30-min pretreatment before an 8-min HD vapor cup skin exposure. Using a combination pretreatment of niacinamide, promethazine and indomethacin, erythema was reduced at 4 (91%) and 6 (55%) h, but not 24 h after HD. The incidence of histopathological skin changes (microvesicles, follicular involvement, epidermal necrosis, intracellular edema and pustular epidermatitis) 24 h after HD was not reduced. This study indicates that HD (induced erythema) may result from several different mechanisms, including inflammation, histamine release and DNA damage. It is suggested that two phases of inflammation may occur: an early phase sensitive to antihistamines and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and a late phase of extensive cell damage that was not sensitive to these drug pretreatments.
Cutaneous uptake of 14C-HD vapor by the hairless guinea pig. Technical report, December 1992-June 1993
Logan, T.P.; Bongiovanni, R.; Millard, C.B.; Shutz, M.B.; Schultz, S.M.
The hairless guinea pig (HGP) is used by our laboratory to model the human cutaneous response to sulfur mustard (HD) exposure. We have determined the HD content in the skin of HOP after 7-minute exposures to vapors saturated with a mixture of HD and 14C-HD. Concentration/time (C1) values in the range of 2 mg/sq cm/min were determined by counting skin 14C disintegrations per minute (dpm) in animals euthanized immediately after exposure. These values are similar to human penetration rates obtained by other investigators. A direct relationship between C1 and relative humidity was demonstrated in 5 of 6 studies. A rate curve monitoring the reduction in skin 14C dpm was developed for animals euthanized between 0 and 24 hours post exposure. This curve showed the greatest change after 1 hour. Epidermal and dermal distribution of 14C at 24 hours was measured for two animals. Site preference for HD penetration, multiple use of a vapor cap containing HD, and 14C content of adhesive tape were also investigated with radiolabeled HD to evaluate other aspects of the experimental model. These results contribute to a better understanding of the cutaneous response to HD in the HGP model.
Equatorial Guinea: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
by building new gas-fired power stations and investing in the construction of new dams.Work is ongoing on the Djibloho hydroelectric plant project on the Wele River near...
Ethiopia-Reducing the GHG Impacts of Sustainable Intensification...
can benefit poor farmers and to understand trade-offs among different dimensions of poverty and different groups of the poor (including between men and women). Special attention...
Ethiopia-Measurement and Performance Tracking (MAPT) Initiative...
of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and being carried out in partnership with key stakeholders in Brazil,...
Microsoft Word - Ethiopia_10km_solar_country_report.doc
of 5x5 km. Figure 1: The solar irradiance data is derived from Meteosat a 0 (red circle) and at 63 East (orange circle). The brightened area marks the quantitatively...
GGGI-Ethiopia-Green Growth Strategy Support | Open Energy Information
These TCSTCs have a mission to translate objectives of the GTP concerning climate resilience and green economy into a detailed action plan across the sectors of energy, REDD,...
Ethiopia-Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for Mitigation...
six to eight developing countries to strengthen their national low carbon development strategies and get a "quick start" on NAMAs. The focus will be on reducing emissions of...
Papua New Guinea-Lowering Emissions in Asia's Forests (LEAF)...
assessing, improving, and implementing REDD+- related forest policies; improving forest management; and encouraging equitable sharing of REDD+ benefits. The program will tailor...
Papua New Guinea: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
EIA Natural Gas Reserves 226,500,000,000 Cubic Meters (cu m) 44 2010 CIA World Factbook Oil Reserves 170,000,000 Barrels (bbl) 62 2010 CIA World Factbook Energy Maps featuring...
Papua New Guinea-Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR)...
Development (IISD) Sector Climate, Energy, Land, Water Focus Area Renewable Energy, Agriculture, Biomass, - Waste to Energy, Economic Development, Forestry, Greenhouse...
Papua New Guinea-Low Emissions Asian Development (LEAD) Program...
the growth of greenhouse gas emissions. The LEAD program supports and enhances country-led development programs, plans, and policies, and complements efforts of other...
Guinea-Bissau: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
0 Area(km) Class 3-7 Wind at 50m 116 1990 NREL Solar Potential 93,662,158 MWhyear 132 2008 NREL Coal Reserves Unavailable Million Short Tons NA 2008 EIA Natural Gas...
U.S. LNG Imports from Equatorial Guinea
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
2007-2015 Liquefied Natural Gas Prices -- -- -- -- -- -- 200
U.S. LNG Imports from Equatorial Guinea
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
7-2015 Liquefied Natural Gas Prices -- -- -- -- -- -- 2007
Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates for 1980 (NDP-055)
Brown, S.
This document describes the contents of a digital database containing maximum potential aboveground biomass, land use, and estimated biomass and carbon data for 1980. The biomass data and carbon estimates are associated with woody vegetation in Tropical Africa. These data were collected to reduce the uncertainty associated with estimating historical releases of carbon from land use change. Tropical Africa is defined here as encompassing 22.7 x 10{sup 6} km{sup 2} of the earth's land surface and is comprised of countries that are located in tropical Africa (Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Benin, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Burkina Faso (Upper Volta), Zaire, and Zambia). The database was developed using the GRID module in the ARC/INFO{trademark} geographic information system. Source data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, and a limited number of biomass-carbon density case studies. These data were used to derive the maximum potential and actual (ca. 1980) aboveground biomass values at regional and country levels. The land-use data provided were derived from a vegetation map originally produced for the FAO by the International Institute of Vegetation Mapping, Toulouse, France.
Ethiopia-Program for Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income...
Dissemination of improved biomass cook stoves and other distributed renewable energy technologies (like solar lighting devices and solar home systems, institutional cook...
USAID West Africa Climate Program | Open Energy Information
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Sao Tome and Principe, Cape Verde Western Africa, Western Africa, Western Africa, Western Africa, Western...
Papua New Guinea-ClimateWorks Low Carbon Growth Planning Support...
Organization ClimateWorks, Project Catalyst, McKinsey and Company Sector Energy, Land Topics Background analysis, Low emission development planning, Policiesdeployment...
,"U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (MMcf)"
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Annual",2015 ,"Release Date:","2/29/2016" ,"Next Release Date:","3/31/2016" ,"Excel File Name:","ngm_epg0_nus-nek_iml_mmcfa.xls" ,"Available from Web Page:","http://tonto.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/ngm_epg0_nus-nek_iml_mmcfa.htm" ,"Source:","Energy Information Administration" ,"For Help, Contact:","firstname.lastname@example.com" ,,"(202) 586-8800",,,"2/26/2016 2:52:02
Price of U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Decade Year-0 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9 2000's 6.32 -- -- 2010's
U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (Million...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 0 0 0 0 0 2,910 8,989 5,896 0 0 0 0 2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
Price of U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 -- -- -- -- -- 7.46 6.04 6.18 -- -- -- -- 2008 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ...
U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (Million...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Decade Year-0 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9 2000's 17,795 0 0 2010's
Ethiopian Development Research Institute | Open Energy Information
Ethiopian Development Research Institute Jump to: navigation, search Logo: Ethiopian Development Research Institute Name: Ethiopian Development Research Institute Address: Ethiopia...
Sustainable Land Management Through Market-Oriented Commodity...
Commodity Development: Case studies from Ethiopia AgencyCompany Organization: International Livestock Research Institute Sector: Land Focus Area: Agriculture Topics:...
,"Price of U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)" ,"Click worksheet name or tab at ... Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic ...
The Gut Microbiota of Rural Papua New Guineans: Composition,...
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
regions in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with that of United States (US) residents. ... Woods Hole, MA (United States) Papua New Guinea Inst. of Medical Research, Goroka, ...
Search for: All records | SciTech Connect
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... sciences fecal microbiota (1) papua new guinea (1) Filter by Author Eren, A. Murat (1) ... regions in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with that of United States (US) residents. ...
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Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (MMcf)","U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas ... Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)","Price ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
... Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)","Price of Elba Island, GA Natural Gas LNG Imports from Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic ...
,"Price of U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)"
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Annual",2015 ,"Release Date:","2/29/2016" ,"Next Release Date:","3/31/2016" ,"Excel File Name:","ngm_epg0_nus-nek_pml_dmcfa.xls" ,"Available from Web Page:","http://tonto.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/ngm_epg0_nus-nek_pml_dmcfa.htm" ,"Source:","Energy Information Administration" ,"For Help, Contact:","firstname.lastname@example.com" ,,"(202) 586-8800",,,"2/26/2016 2:52:03
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Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Honduras India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Kenya Latvia Lesotho Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mauritius Mexico ...
Microsoft Word - 2002_WREC_SWERA_full_paper.doc
data from geostationary satellites we provide solar irradiance data for Cuba, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Brazil, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, China, Sri Lanka,...
United Kingdom Department for International Development | Open...
Climate Change Resilience Framework Ecuador-Quito City Climate Change Action Plan El Salvador - National Climate Change Strategy Support Eldis Ethiopia-Strategic Climate...
LBNL-Cookstoves Projects | Open Energy Information
(LBNL) Sector Energy Focus Area Biomass, - Biomass Combustion Topics Co-benefits assessment, - Energy Access Website http:cookstoves.lbl.gov Country Sudan, Ethiopia,...
Ethiopian Geothermal Resources and Their Characteristics | Open...
exploration in Ethiopia dates back to 1969. The country is currently using hydro and thermal plants as electric energy source. The proven geothermal fields, Langano and...
Property:EnergyAccessYearInitiated | Open Energy Information
+ Burkina Faso Energy Access Project + 2007 + E Ethiopia Energy Access Project + 2005 + G Ghana Energy Development and Access Project (GEDAP) + 2007 + M Mongolia Renewable Energy...
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Safety, Security & Resilience of the Energy Infrastructure Energy Storage Nuclear Power & ... Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georgia ...
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Japan, Malaysia, Ethiopia, Australia, Hong Kong, Mexico, Jamaica, South Korea, Turkey, and the Netherlands, stopped by the exhibit. ARM's Live Data Display was popular with...
File:Ethiopiametst 226.pdf | Open Energy Information
usage Meteorology: map of Ethiopia selected meteorological stations and elevation from NREL Size of this preview: 776 600 pixels. Full resolution (1,650 1,275 pixels,...
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD...
OECD-Private Sector Engagement in Adaptation to Climate Change Visualization of World Energy Supply Add Tool OECD Programs Ethiopia-National Greenhouse Gas Emissions...
Category:Economic Community of West African States | Open Energy...
15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. B Benin Burkina Faso C Cape Verde G Gambia Ghana G cont. Guinea Guinea-Bissau I Ivory Coast L Liberia M Mali N Niger Nigeria...
Price of Elba Island, GA Natural Gas LNG Imports from Equatorial...
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Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet) Price of Elba Island, GA Natural Gas LNG Imports from Equatorial Guinea (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet) Decade Year-0 Year-1 ...
Financing Clean Energy Infrastructure in Africa | Department of Energy
Office of Environmental Management (EM)
Financing Clean Energy Infrastructure in Africa Financing Clean Energy Infrastructure in Africa September 24, 2014 - 4:03pm Addthis Upon arrival to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, for the U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial, U.S. Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz is greeted on the tarmac by Ethiopian Minister of Water and Energy, Alemayehu Tegenu (right), and U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, Patricia Haslach (center). | Photo courtesy of the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa. Upon arrival to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, for
NREL: Technology Transfer - African Delegation Exchanges Knowledge...
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Experts May 18, 2015 Tapping into 14,000 megawatts of geothermal potential in eastern Africa is the focus one new collaboration at NREL. Six visitors from Djibouti, Ethiopia, and...
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Faso 20 1690 808 773 745 Ethiopia 110 1749 1020 970 932 Somalia 16 1789 778 741 714 Pakistan 255 1805 1063 1016 973 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 129 1827 1400 1293 1206 India 1908...
Blog Archive | Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
John J. Qu, Ph.D., George Mason University, fellow participants at the May 2014 U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial in Ethiopia. Empowering the Next Generation: Connecting the U.S....
Lihir Geothermal Power Plant | Open Energy Information
Lihir Geothermal Power Plant General Information Name Lihir Geothermal Power Plant Sector Geothermal energy Location Information Location Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea Coordinates...
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Czech Republic Poland Denmark Portugal Djibouti Rwanda Equatorial Guinea Sao Tome and Principe Estonia Sierra Leone Finland Singapore France Slovak Republic Gambia Slovenia Germany...
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Western Pacific locale was established. The Manus facility was located at Momote Airport on Los Negros Island in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). This location was...
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Western Pacific locale was established. The Manus facility was located at Momote Airport on Los Negros Island in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). This location was...
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data at five ARM sites: Barrow, Alaska; Lamont, Oklahoma; Darwin, Australia; Manus, Papa New Guinea; and Nauru Island. In addition to bringing ARM the MMCR, Ken is also...
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Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russia Rwanda...
Category:Countries | Open Energy Information
Korea Northern Mariana Islands Norway O Oman P Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Q Qatar R Republic of Macedonia...
Stump the Scientist Question Form | GE Global Research
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Norway Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts...
Utility Rate Database | Open Energy Information
Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territories Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Islands Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia...
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility | Open Energy Information
Madagascar, Mexico, Moldova, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of the Congo, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam...
U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial Co-Chairs' Summary from Energy...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Djibouti, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, the Gabonese Republic, the Republic of the Gambia,...
Natural Gas Weekly Update, Printer-Friendly Version
Annual Energy Outlook [U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)]
or 75 percent of all deliveries. In recent years, several African countries, including Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, and Algeria, also have been suppliers of LNG to the...
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States. The United States imports natural gas from Canada, Mexico, Algeria, Australia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Trinidad and Tobago, and...
Substrate-Induced Band-Gap Opening in Epitaxial Graphene
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Technology), D.-H. Lee (University of California, Berkeley), F. Guinea (Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Spain), and A.H. Castro Neto (Boston University). Research...
ARM - Publications: Science Team Meeting Documents
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New Guinea and Republic of Nauru, the TWP Office has developed stable power and reliable communications systems to continuously operate an extensive suite of in-situ instruments,...
Matt Schatzman Houston 22 October 2007
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
... US as the balancing market in action 11 US as part of the global marketplace Algeria Australia Egypt Equatorial Guinea Malaysia Nigeria Trinidad & Tobago Oman Qatar Belgium Japan ...
Ministers Meet in Addis Ababa for U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial |
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Department of Energy Ministers Meet in Addis Ababa for U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial Ministers Meet in Addis Ababa for U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial June 16, 2014 - 4:15pm Addthis Desiree Pipkins Desiree Pipkins Special Advisor, Office of International Affairs On 3-4 June 2014, Secretary Moniz co-chaired the U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial (USAEM) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with the Government of Ethiopia. High-level delegations from over 40 countries, the private sector, and other
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Natural Gas Imports From Canada (MMcf)","U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Egypt (MMcf)","U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports From Equatorial Guinea (MMcf)","U.S....
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I. Lehr Brisbin Jr.2, Mark Feinstein3, and Susan Bulmer4 1The New Guinea Singing Dog Conservation Society, 5265 Old Stage Road, Central Point, Oregon 97502, USA 2Savannah...
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of Equatorial Guinea BG LNG Services, LLC 2288 FE06-05-LNG 010606 Arab Republic of Egypt BG LNG Services, LLC 2287 FE06-04-LNG 010606 Trinidad and Tobago BG LNG Services,...
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... westward flow of the SEC, the southward Ekman drift and coastal currents off New Guinea. ... Finally, the eastern Indian Ocean (region I) receives the largest net surface heat flux ...
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Imports from Denmark of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day)","U.S. Imports from Egypt of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day)","U.S. Imports from Equatorial Guinea of Crude...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
(Brazzaville) 24 8 13 20 12 15 1993-2015 Congo (Kinshasa) 1993-2013 Denmark 1997-2004 Egypt 17 1993-2015 Equatorial Guinea 1996-2014 Estonia 1999-1999 Gabon 4 18 1993-2015...
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Imports from Denmark of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels)","U.S. Imports from Egypt of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels)","U.S. Imports from Equatorial Guinea of Crude Oil...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day)","Weekly U.S. Imports from Equatorial Guinea of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels per Day)","Weekly U.S. Imports from Norway of Crude Oil ...
From: Audrea Keninger To: Congestion Study Comments Subject:
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
... I also do not appreciate that I and my family, get to be the guinea pigs to see if this line has any health risks. It is already a safety hazard that we would have to endure even ...
Bluer Skies and Brighter Days: The U.S. and India Collaborate...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
... That information is plugged into the data streams from ARM's permanent field sites that are located across the globe - from Alaska and Oklahoma to Australia and Papua New Guinea. ...
Carbon Smackdown: Cookstoves for the developing world
Ashok Gadgil, Kayje Booker, and Adam Rausch
In this June 30, 2010 Berkeley Lab summer lecture, learn how efficient cookstoves for the developing world ? from Darfur to Ethiopia and beyond ? are reducing carbon dioxide emissions, saving forests, and improving health. Berkeley Lab's Ashok Gadgil, Kayje Booker, and Adam Rausch discuss why they got started in this great challenge and what's next.
Increased use of Renewable Energy in Africa through a Program of Energy Enterprise Development and Investment
Christine Eibs Singer
To provide training in enterprise development and technical applications, local partner capacity building, individualized enterprise development services and seed capital investment to catalyze the creation of sustainable renewable energy enterprises that deliver clean energy services to households and businesses in South Africa, Ethiopia and Tanzania.
FE Leaders Discuss African Energy Development
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
As part of this new engagement with Africa, the Department of Energy has been working with African leaders to pursue ways to sustainably develop African energy resources. In June, Secretary Ernest Moniz and the Office of Fossil Energy's Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Christopher Smith attended a U.S.-Africa energy ministerial meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. That meeting set the stage for ongoing collaboration between DOE and African energy leaders.
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New light on human evolution New light on human evolution Scientists recently unearthed 8 million-year-old gorilla fossils from the Chorora Formation in Ethiopia, which indicate the human evolutionary split took place 10 million years ago. February 19, 2016 Human-gorilla divergence may have occurred two million years earlier than thought (Photo : Flickr: Rod Waddington) Human-gorilla divergence may have occurred two million years earlier than thought (Photo : Flickr: Rod Waddington) "Our
Fossil Gorillla and Africa: Humans Likely Evolved Earlier Than Thought,
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light on human evolution February 19, 2016 Fossil Gorillla and Africa: Humans Likely Evolved Earlier Than Thought, Researchers Say Scientists recently unearthed 8 million-year-old gorilla fossils from the Chorora Formation in Ethiopia, which indicate the human evolutionary split took place 10 million years ago. Although it is still not clear when exactly human and gorilla lineages diverged, the recent find provides yet another theory that the split from our ancient ancestors happened earlier
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Indoor Air Quality November 19, 2013 by philbutler For decades, teams of Berkeley Lab scientists have investigated the ways that indoor air quality affects human health-from cognitive ability to personal comfort. Bringing Solutions to the Developing World August 20, 2013 by admin Berkeley Lab: Bringing Solutions to the Developing World Efficient Cookstoves for Darfur, Ethiopia Women living in refugee camps in Darfur often walk miles to gather firewood. Volunteer Scott Sadlon trained workers in
President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts | Department of
Energy December 9, 2009 - 12:00am Addthis WASHINGTON - Today, President Barack Obama announced his intent to nominate the following individuals to key administration posts: Patricia A. Hoffman, Assistant Secretary for Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Department of Energy Mari Del Carmen Aponte, Ambassador to the Republic of El Salvador, Department of State Donald E. Booth, Ambassador to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Department of State Larry Persily, Federal
Deliverables from U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial 2014 | Department of
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Energy Deliverables from U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial 2014 Deliverables from U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial 2014 This document outlines major deliverables and commitments from U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial that took place in Ethiopia on June 3-4, 2014. PDF icon Deliverables from U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial 2014 More Documents & Publications Before House Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations, Committee on Foreign Affairs Draft
Webinar: Overview of the Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure Research...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
... The last thing we want to do is put impure fuel into a vehicle. We don't want to use the vehicle as a guinea pig. So this is important. Sort of the two sub-tasks within this are ...
Secretary Moniz to Lead Delegation to U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial |
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Department of Energy to Lead Delegation to U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial Secretary Moniz to Lead Delegation to U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial May 28, 2014 - 11:15am Addthis NEWS MEDIA CONTACT (202) 586-4940 WASHINGTON, DC -- Secretary Ernest Moniz will join Northern and sub-Saharan African energy ministers for the U.S.-Africa Energy Ministerial on June 3-4. Co-hosted by the Government of Ethiopia, the Ministerial will bring together representatives from government, private sector, and
World frontiers beckon oil finders
Not Available
This paper discusses the international aspects of the petroleum industry. Most who work in the industry agree that the possibilities for huge are found largely in international regions. Something that is helping fuel that possibility is the way countries are increasingly opening their doors to US oil industry involvement. Listed in this paper is a partial list of the reported projects now underway around the world involving US companies. It is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather an indication of how work continues despite a general lull atmosphere for the oil industry. These include Albania, Bulgaria, Congo, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Ireland, Malta, Madagascar, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Panama, Paraquay, and Senegal.
The problem of living in a world contaminated with chemicals
Metcalf, R.L.
The proliferation of xenobiotic chemicals in the global environment poses living problems for each of us aboard {open_quotes}spaceship earth.{close_quotes} Seven case studies are presented that illustrate the magnitude of the problem that can result from waiting to identify toxic hazards until there have been decades of {open_quotes}human guinea pig{close_quotes} exposure. 25 refs., 5 tabs.
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April 8, 2013 [Events, Facility News] ARM Facility Highlights at EGU General Assembly 2013 Bookmark and Share Where do scientists get their data? The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility provides continuous data from heavily instrumented fixed sites in the United States (Alaska and Oklahoma), the Tropical Pacific (Australia and Papua New Guinea), and soon in the Azores. These measurements are supplemented through mobile observation facilities and research aircraft at
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InactiveVisiting the TWP TWP Related Links Facilities and Instruments Manus Island Nauru Island Darwin, AUS ES&H Guidance Statement Operations Science Field Campaigns Year of Tropical Convection Visiting the Site TWP Fact Sheet Images Information for Guest Scientists Contacts Visiting the TWP Nauru Island from the air. Nauru Island from the air. The Tropical Western Pacific site consists of three diverse climate research facilities in Papua New Guinea, the Republic of Nauru, and Australia.
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Teacher Turtle? Outreach Home Room News Publications Traditional Knowledge Kiosks Barrow, Alaska Tropical Western Pacific Site Tours Contacts Students Study Hall About ARM Global Warming FAQ Just for Fun Meet our Friends Cool Sites Teachers Teachers' Toolbox Lesson Plans Who's Teacher Turtle? Teacher Turtle lives in the toasty tropical waters, referred to as the Pacific "warm pool," off the coast of Papua New Guinea, just north of Australia. She is one of eight species of sea turtles
In-service packet with pics.pmd
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Climate Change Into The Classroom ARM Education Program North Slope of Alaska 2002 What is ARM? What is ARM Education? The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (here, "radiation" means sunlight and radiant heat) is the largest global climate change research program supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. The ARM Program has data collecting sites in three very different places in the world: the Tropical Western Pacific (Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Nauru), in the Southern
Oil and gas developments in central and southern Africa in 1987
Hartman, J.B.; Walker, T.L.
Significant rightholding changes took place in central and southern Africa during 1987. Angola, Benin, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Seychelles, Somali Republic, Tanzania, Zaire, and Zambia announced awards or acreage open for bidding. Decreases in exploratory rightholdings occurred in Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, and Tanzania. More wells and greater footage were drilled in 1987 than in 1986. Total wells increased by 18% as 254 wells were completed compared to 217 in 1986. Footage drilled during the year increased by 46% as about 1.9 million ft were drilled compared to about 1.3 million ft in 1986. The success rate for exploration wells in 1987 improved slightly to 36% compared to 34% in 1986. Significant discoveries were made in Nigeria, Angola, Congo, and Gabon. Seismic acquisition in 1987 was the major geophysical activity during the year. Total oil production in 1987 was 773 million bbl (about 2.1 million b/d), a decrease of 7%. The decrease is mostly due to a 14% drop in Nigerian production, which comprises 60% of total regional production. The production share of OPEC countries (Nigeria and Gabon) versus non-OPEC countries of 67% remained unchanged from 1986. 24 figs., 5 tabs.
Trading Carbon: Can Cookstoves Light the Way (LBNL Science at the Theater)
Gadgil, Ashok; Booker, Kayje; Rausch, Adam
Science at the Theater: Get smart about carbon! Learn how families in Africa, using stoves designed by Berkeley Lab, are at the forefront of global carbon reduction. Ashok Gadgil is the driving force behind the Berkeley-Darfur Cookstove. He is a researcher, inventor, renowned humanitarian, and director of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division. Kayje Booker is a Berkeley Lab researcher and UC Berkeley graduate student in ecosystem sciences. She is exploring how carbon markets can serve as catalysts for innovation in technologies for the poor. Adam Rausch is a Berkeley Lab researcher and UC Berkeley graduate student in civil environmental engineering. He helps to design and test stove designs in Ethiopia and elsewhere.
Trading Carbon: Can Cookstoves Light the Way (LBNL Science at the Theater)
Gadgil, Ashok; Booker, Kayje; Rausch, Adam
Science at the Theater: Get smart about carbon! Learn how families in Africa, using stoves designed by Berkeley Lab, are at the forefront of global carbon reduction. Ashok Gadgil is the driving force behind the Berkeley-Darfur Cookstove. He is a researcher, inventor, renowned humanitarian, and director of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division. Kayje Booker is a Berkeley Lab researcher and UC Berkeley graduate student in ecosystem sciences. She is exploring how carbon markets can serve as catalysts for innovation in technologies for the poor. Adam Rausch is a Berkeley Lab researcher and UC Berkeley graduate student in civil environmental engineering. He helps to design and test stove designs in Ethiopia and elsewhere.
Opportunities in African power generation: A business briefing for industry and investment executives. Held in Baltimore, Maryland, June 21-22, 1995. Export trade information
The report, prepared by the Institute of International Education, was funded by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency. The information contained in the report was compiled in part for a power generation conference held in Baltimore, Maryland. The focus of the report is the market created by electric power projects financed by multilateral development banks. The study contains country information and project profiles related to the energy sector for eleven countries: Benin, Botswana, Cote D`Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Morocoo, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The report also outlines the range of service opportunities in the region such as consulting, engineering, construction and project management, and equipment procurement. It is divided into the following sections: (1) Agenda/Program; (2) African Energy Sector Overview; (3) Project Profiles; (4) Country Information; and (5) Attendees.
Waste collection in developing countries - Tackling occupational safety and health hazards at their source
Bleck, Daniela; Wettberg, Wieland
Waste management procedures in developing countries are associated with occupational safety and health risks. Gastro-intestinal infections, respiratory and skin diseases as well as muscular-skeletal problems and cutting injuries are commonly found among waste workers around the globe. In order to find efficient, sustainable solutions to reduce occupational risks of waste workers, a methodological risk assessment has to be performed and counteractive measures have to be developed according to an internationally acknowledged hierarchy. From a case study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia suggestions for the transferral of collected household waste into roadside containers are given. With construction of ramps to dump collected household waste straight into roadside containers and an adaptation of pushcarts and collection procedures, the risk is tackled at the source.
Policies to Spur Energy Access. Executive Summary; Volume 1, Engaging the Private Sector in Expanding Access to Electricity; Volume 2, Case Studies to Public-Private Models to Finance Decentralized Electricity Access
Walters, Terri; Rai, Neha; Esterly, Sean; Cox, Sadie; Reber, Tim; Muzammil, Maliha; Mahmood, Tasfiq; Kaur, Nanki; Tesfaye, Lidya; Mamuye, Simret; Knuckles, James; Morris, Ellen; de Been, Merijn; Steinbach, Dave; Acharya, Sunil; Chhetri, Raju Pandit; Bhushal, Ramesh
Government policy is one of the most important factors in engaging the private sector in providing universal access to electricity. In particular, the private sector is well positioned to provide decentralized electricity products and services. While policy uncertainty and regulatory barriers can keep enterprises and investors from engaging in the market, targeted policies can create opportunities to leverage private investment and skills to expand electricity access. However, creating a sustainable market requires policies beyond traditional electricity regulation. The report reviews the range of policy issues that impact the development and expansion of a market for decentralized electricity services from establishing an enabling policy environment to catalyzing finance, building human capacity, and integrating energy access with development programs. The case studies in this report show that robust policy frameworks--addressing a wide range of market issues--can lead to rapid transformation in energy access. The report highlights examples of these policies in action Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Mexico, and Nepal.
Ventilatory function assessment in safety pharmacology: Optimization of rodent studies using normocapnic or hypercapnic conditions
Goineau, Sonia; Rompion, Sonia; Guillaume, Philippe; Picard, Sandra
Although the whole body plethysmography for unrestrained animals is the most widely used method to assess the respiratory risk of new drugs in safety pharmacology, non-appropriate experimental conditions may mask deleterious side effects of some substances. If stimulant or bronchodilatory effects can be easily evidenced in rodents under standard experimental conditions, i.e. normal air breathing and diurnal phase, drug-induced respiratory depression remains more difficult to detect. This study was aimed at comparing the responsiveness of Wistar rats, Duncan Hartley guinea-pigs or BALB/c mice to the respiratory properties of theophylline (50 or 100 mg/kg p.o.) or morphine (30 mg/kg i.p.) under varying conditions (100% air versus 5% CO{sub 2}-enriched air, light versus dark day phase), in order to select the most appropriate experimental conditions to each species for safety airway investigations. Our results showed that under normocapnia the ventilatory depressant effects of morphine can be easily evidenced in mice, slightly observed in guinea-pigs and not detected in rats in any day phase. Slight hypercapnic conditions enhanced the responsiveness of rats to morphine but not that of guinea-pigs and importantly they did not blunt the airway responsiveness of rats to the stimulation and bronchodilation evoked by theophylline, the most widely used reference agent in safety pharmacology studies. In conclusion, hypercapnic conditions associated with the non-invasive whole body plethysmography should be considered for optimizing the assessment of both the ventilatory depressant potential of morphine-like substances or the respiratory stimulant effects of new drugs in the rat, the most extensively used species in rodent safety and toxicological investigations.
Annual review of earth and planetary sciences. Vol. 19
Wetherill, G.W.; Albee, A.L.; Burke, K.C. (Carnegie Inst. of Washington, DC (United States) California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena (United States) National Research Council, Washington, DC (United States))
Various review papers on earth and planetary sciences are presented. The individual topics addressed include: tectonics of the New Guinea area, interpretation of ancient Eolian and dunes, seismic tomography of the earth's mantle, shock modification and chemistry and planetary geologic processes, the significance of evaporites, the magnetosphere, untangling the effects of burial alteration and ancient soil formation. Also discussed are: pressure-temperature-time paths, fractals in rock physics, earthquake prediction, rings in the ocean, applications of Be{minus}10 to problems in the earth sciences, measurement of crustal deformation using the GPS, physics and physical mechanisms of nuclear winter, experiemental determination of bed-form stability.
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) site is next to the Pacific "warm pool" - off the coast of Papua New Guinea, just north of Australia. The "warm pool" is important because it gives off heat and moisture to the atmosphere above it, forming deep convective cloud systems. These cloud systems control the amount of solar energy that reaches the earth's surface and the amount of the earth's heat energy that can escape into space. The TWP site has locations in Manus, Nauru, and
Options for developing countries in mining development
Walrond, G.W.; Kumar, R.
This book is a study of the issues that developing countries face in planning and implementing mineral development, taking as case studies Botswana, Sierra Leone, Zambia, Tanzania, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and the developed states of Quebec and Western Australia. The authors consider the major aspects of the matter including organization and administration; regulation; taxation and surplus distribution; the dynamics of such instruments as royalty, rent resource tax and capital allowances under various cost/price scenarios; and selected mining agreements and their key provisions. They stress throughout the need for foreign investment while maximizing the economic benefits reaped from exhaustible resources.
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
3 Analyses of Measurements for the First Year of Operation of the Tropical Western Pacific Atmospheric Radiation and Cloud Station J. H. Mather and T. P. Ackerman Department of Meteorology The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Introduction The first Tropical Western Pacific Atmospheric Radiation and Cloud Station (TWP ARCS) has been operating since October 1996. The TWP ARCS is located on the island of Los Negros, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, at 2.06°S, 147.42°E.
Non-OPEC oil supply continues to grow
Knapp, D.H.
Global reserves of crude oil remain at 1 trillion bbl, according to OGJ`s annual survey of producing countries. Significant gains are in Brazil, Colombia, Congo, Egypt, Libya, Nigeria, Oman, and Papua New Guinea. Decreases were reported by Indonesia, Norway, the U.K., Iran, Canada, Mexico, and the US. Natural gas reserves slipped to 4.9 quadrillion cu ft. The major production trend is a lasting surge from outside of OPEC. This year`s Worldwide Production report begins with a detailed analysis of this crucial development by an international authority. This article discusses the OECD outlook by region and the turnaround in production in the former Soviet Union.
ARM - Feature Stories and Releases Article
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
, 2011 [Feature Stories and Releases] AMIE, What You Wanna Do? Bookmark and Share Data spanning the Maldives to Papua New Guinea will help scientists analyze far-reaching tropical weather cycle This view shows a subset of the ARM Mobile Facility instruments operating at the Gan Island airport for the AMIE campaign. To see the complete collection, see the image set in Flickr. This view shows a subset of the ARM Mobile Facility instruments operating at the Gan Island airport for the AMIE campaign.
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
govSitesTropical Western Pacific TWP Related Links Facilities and Instruments Manus Island Nauru Island Darwin, AUS ES&H Guidance Statement Operations Science Field Campaigns Year of Tropical Convection Visiting the Site TWP Fact Sheet Images Information for Guest Scientists Contacts Tropical Western Pacific-Inactive Manus, Papua New Guinea: 2° 3' 39.64" S, 147° 25' 31.43" E Nauru Island: 0° 31' 15.6" S, 166° 54' 57.60" E Darwin, Australia: 12° 25' 28.56" S,
Chimeric human parainfluenza virus bearing the Ebola virus glycoprotein as the sole surface protein is immunogenic and highly protective against Ebola virus challenge
Bukreyev, Alexander Marzi, Andrea; Feldmann, Friederike; Zhang Liqun; Dorward, David W.; Pickles, Raymond J.; Feldmann, Heinz; Collins, Peter L.
We generated a new live-attenuated vaccine against Ebola virus (EBOV) based on a chimeric virus HPIV3/{delta}F-HN/EboGP that contains the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) as the sole transmembrane envelope protein combined with the internal proteins of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). Electron microscopy analysis of the virus particles showed that they have an envelope and surface spikes resembling those of EBOV and a particle size and shape resembling those of HPIV3. When HPIV3/{delta}F-HN/EboGP was inoculated via apical surface of an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium, the virus was released from the apical surface; when applied to basolateral surface, the virus infected basolateral cells but did not spread through the tissue. Following intranasal (IN) inoculation of guinea pigs, scattered infected cells were detected in the lungs by immunohistochemistry, but infectious HPIV3/{delta}F-HN/EboGP could not be recovered from the lungs, blood, or other tissues. Despite the attenuation, the virus was highly immunogenic, and a single IN dose completely protected the animals against a highly lethal intraperitoneal challenge of guinea pig-adapted EBOV.
C-Band Scanning ARM Precipitation Radar (C-SAPR) Handbook
Widener, K; Bharadwaj, N
The C-band scanning ARM precipitation radar (C-SAPR) is a scanning polarimetric Doppler radar transmitting simultaneously in both H and V polarizations. With a 350-kW magnetron transmitter, this puts 125 kW of transmitted power for each polarization. The receiver for the C-SAPR is a National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) -developed Hi-Q system operating in a coherent-on-receive mode. The ARM Climate Research Facility operates two C-SAPRs; one of them is deployed near the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility near the triangular array of X-SAPRs, and the second C-SAPR is deployed at ARM�s Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) site on Manus Island in Papua New Guinea.
Darwin : The Third DOE ARM TWP ARCS Site /
Clements, William E.; Jones, L. A.; Baldwin, T.; Nitschke, K.
The United States Department of Energy's (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program began operations in its Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) locale in October 1996 when the first Atmospheric Radiation and Cloud Station (ARCS) began collecting data on Manus Island in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Two years later, in November 1998, a second ARCS began operations on the island of Nauru in the Central Pacific. Now a third ARCS has begun collecting data in Darwin, Australia. The Manus, Nauru, and Darwin sites are operated through collaborative agreements with the PNG National Weather Service, The Nauru Department of Industry and Economic Development (IED), and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's (BOM) Special Services Unit (SSU) respectively. All ARM TWP activities in the region are coordinated with the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) based in Apia, Samoa. The Darwin ARM site and its role in the ARM TWP Program are discussed.
Africa: the emphasis is exploration
Not Available
Individual country reports on drilling, oil and gas production, and petroleum exploration and reserves are given for Africa. Nigeria was the continent's largest oil producer in 1979, averaging 2.3 million bpd, followed closely by Libya with 2.07 million bpd. Algeria cut production of crude oil in 1979 to a level of 1,194,350 bpd, and increased gas production to 2031 mmcfd. In Egypt, the return of Israeli-occupied oil fields and a surge in productive capacity enabled production averaging 524,000 bpd. Brief country reports are included for Gabon, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Cameroun, Tunisia, Morocco, Zaire, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Niger, Chad, Republic of South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Seychelles Islands, Mauritania, Republic of Mali, Benin, Kenya, Madagascar, Botswana, Gambia, Mozambique, and Senegal.
1-D seismic velocity model and hypocenter relocation using double difference method around West Papua region
Sabtaji, Agung E-mail: email@example.com; Nugraha, Andri Dian
West Papua region has fairly high of seismicity activities due to tectonic setting and many inland faults. In addition, the region has a unique and complex tectonic conditions and this situation lead to high potency of seismic hazard in the region. The precise earthquake hypocenter location is very important, which could provide high quality of earthquake parameter information and the subsurface structure in this region to the society. We conducted 1-D P-wave velocity using earthquake data catalog from BMKG for April, 2009 up to March, 2014 around West Papua region. The obtained 1-D seismic velocity then was used as input for improving hypocenter location using double-difference method. The relocated hypocenter location shows fairly clearly the pattern of intraslab earthquake beneath New Guinea Trench (NGT). The relocated hypocenters related to the inland fault are also observed more focus in location around the fault.
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
LNG World LNG Imports 1964 - 2007 World LNG Imports 1964 - 2007 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 Americas Total Europe Total Asia in mtpa 7.7%pa 2 LNG 0 4 8 12 16 1 9 6 8 1 9 7 3 1 9 7 8 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 3 Algeria Trinidad Egypt Nigeria Eq. Guinea M. East Pacific Basin in mtpa US LNG Imports by Source 1968-2007 US LNG Imports by Source 1968-2007 3 LNG Regional LNG Production 1990 - 2007 Regional LNG Production 1990
U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Imports by Point of Entry
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
7,173 11,205 5,654 8,689 7,515 5,618 1997-2015 From Canada 41 44 45 43 45 59 2013-2015 Portal, ND 1 0 2015-2015 Champlain, NY 1 2 1 2 20 2014-2015 Sumas, WA 4 4 2 1 2014-2015 Highgate Springs, VT 41 39 40 41 43 37 2013-2015 From Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973-2015 From Australia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973-2015 From Brunei 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001-2015 From Egypt 0 0 0 0 0 0 2005-2015 Cameron, LA 2011-2011 Elba Island, GA 2011-2012 Freeport, TX 2011-2011 Gulf LNG, MS 2011-2011 From Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0
The effects of repeated low-dose sarin exposure
Shih, T.-M. . E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Hulet, S.W.; McDonough, J.H.
This project assessed the effects of repeated low-dose exposure of guinea pigs to the organophosphorus nerve agent sarin. Animals were injected once a day, 5 days per week (Monday-Friday), for 2 weeks with fractions (0.3x, 0.4x, 0.5x, or 0.6x) of the established LD{sub 5} dose of sarin (42 {mu}g/kg, s.c.). The animals were assessed for changes in body weight, red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, neurobehavioral reactions to a functional observational battery (FOB), cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum, and intrinsic acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter (NT) regulation over the 2 weeks of sarin exposure and for up to 12 days postinjection. No guinea pig receiving 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 x LD{sub 5} of sarin showed signs of cortical EEG seizures despite decreases in RBC AChE levels to as low as 10% of baseline, while seizures were evident in animals receiving 0.6 x LD{sub 5} of sarin as early as the second day; subsequent injections led to incapacitation and death. Animals receiving 0.5 x LD{sub 5} sarin showed obvious signs of cholinergic toxicity; overall, 2 of 13 animals receiving 0.5 x LD{sub 5} sarin died before all 10 injections were given, and there was a significant increase in the angle of gait in the animals that lived. By the 10th day of injection, the animals receiving saline were significantly easier to remove from their cages and handle and significantly less responsive to an approaching pencil and touch on the rump in comparison with the first day of testing. In contrast, the animals receiving 0.4 x LD{sub 5} sarin failed to show any significant reductions in their responses to an approaching pencil and a touch on the rump as compared with the first day. The 0.5 x LD{sub 5} sarin animals also failed to show any significant changes to the approach and touch responses and did not adjust to handling or removal from the cage from the first day of injections to the last day of handling. Thus, the guinea pigs receiving the 0.4 and 0.5 x LD{sub 5} doses of sarin failed to habituate to some aspects of neurobehavioral testing. Spectral analysis of EEG data suggested that repeated sarin exposure may disrupt normal sleeping patterns (i.e., lower frequency bandwidths). While these EEG changes returned to relative normalcy 6 days after the last injection in animals receiving 0.4 x LD{sub 5} sarin, these changes were still observed in the animals that received 0.5 x LD{sub 5} sarin. Ten to twelve days after the last sarin injection (in 0.4 x LD{sub 5} group only), neurochemical data showed that striatal choline levels were reduced in comparison to the saline group. At this time, atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge resulted in a transient elevation in striatal ACh levels in animals exposed to repeated 0.4 x LD{sub 5} sarin as well as in control animals. No evidence of brain or heart pathology was found in any guinea pig that survived all 10 sarin injections.
Clifford, A.J. )
The vast continent of Africa hosts over eight sedimentary basins, covering approximately half its total area. Of these basins, only 82% have entered a mature exploration phase, 9% have had little or no exploration at all. Since oil was first discovered in Africa during the mid-1950s, old play concepts continue to bear fruit, for example in Egypt and Nigeria, while new play concepts promise to become more important, such as in Algeria, Angola, Chad, Egypt, Gabon, and Sudan. The most exciting developments of recent years in African oil exploration are: (1) the Gamba/Dentale play, onshore Gabon; (2) the Pinda play, offshore Angola; (3) the Lucula/Toca play, offshore Cabinda; (4) the Metlaoui play, offshore Libya/Tunisia; (5) the mid-Cretaceous sand play, Chad/Sudan; and (6) the TAG-I/F6 play, onshore Algeria. Examples of these plays are illustrated along with some of the more traditional oil plays. Where are the future oil plays likely to develop No doubt, the Saharan basins of Algeria and Libya will feature strongly, also the presalt of Equatorial West Africa, the Central African Rift System and, more speculatively, offshore Ethiopia and Namibia, and onshore Madagascar, Mozambique, and Tanzania.
Integrated Human Futures Modeling in Egypt
Passell, Howard D.; Aamir, Munaf Syed; Bernard, Michael Lewis; Beyeler, Walter E.; Fellner, Karen Marie; Hayden, Nancy Kay; Jeffers, Robert Fredric; Keller, Elizabeth James Kistin; Malczynski, Leonard A.; Mitchell, Michael David; Silver, Emily; Tidwell, Vincent C.; Villa, Daniel; Vugrin, Eric D.; Engelke, Peter; Burrow, Mat; Keith, Bruce
The Integrated Human Futures Project provides a set of analytical and quantitative modeling and simulation tools that help explore the links among human social, economic, and ecological conditions, human resilience, conflict, and peace, and allows users to simulate tradeoffs and consequences associated with different future development and mitigation scenarios. In the current study, we integrate five distinct modeling platforms to simulate the potential risk of social unrest in Egypt resulting from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia. The five platforms simulate hydrology, agriculture, economy, human ecology, and human psychology/behavior, and show how impacts derived from development initiatives in one sector (e.g., hydrology) might ripple through to affect other sectors and how development and security concerns may be triggered across the region. This approach evaluates potential consequences, intended and unintended, associated with strategic policy actions that span the development-security nexus at the national, regional, and international levels. Model results are not intended to provide explicit predictions, but rather to provide system-level insight for policy makers into the dynamics among these interacting sectors, and to demonstrate an approach to evaluating short- and long-term policy trade-offs across different policy domains and stakeholders. The GERD project is critical to government-planned development efforts in Ethiopia but is expected to reduce downstream freshwater availability in the Nile Basin, fueling fears of negative social and economic impacts that could threaten stability and security in Egypt. We tested these hypotheses and came to the following preliminary conclusions. First, the GERD will have an important short-term impact on water availability, food production, and hydropower production in Egypt, depending on the short- term reservoir fill rate. Second, the GERD will have a very small impact on water availability in the Nile Basin over the longer term. Depending on the GERD fill rate, short-term (e.g., within its first 5 years of operation) annual losses in Egyptian food production may peak briefly at 25 percent. Long-term (e.g., 15 to 30 year) cumulative losses in Egypt's food production may be less than 3 percent regardless of the fill rate, with the GERD having essentially no impact on projected annual food production in Egypt about 25 years after opening. For the quick fill rates, the short-term losses may be sufficient to create an important decrease in overall household health among the general population, which, along with other economic stressors and different strategies employed by the government, could lead to social unrest. Third, and perhaps most importantly, our modeling suggests that the GERD's effect on Egypt's food and water resources is small when compared to the effect of projected Egyptian population and economic growth (and the concomitant increase in water consumption). The latter dominating factors are exacerbated in the modeling by natural climate variability and may be further exacerbated by climate change. Our modeling suggests that these growth dynamics combine to create long-term water scarcity in Egypt, regardless of the Ethiopian project. All else being equal, filling strategies that employ slow fill rates for the GERD (e.g., 8 to 13 years) may mitigate the risks in future scenarios for Egypt somewhat, but no policy or action regarding the GERD is likely to significantly alleviate the projected water scarcity in Egypt's Nile Basin. However, general beliefs among the Egyptian populace regarding the GERD as a major contributing factor for scarcities in Egypt could make Ethiopia a scapegoat for Egyptian grievances -- contributing to social unrest in Egypt and generating undesirable (and unnecessary) tension between these two countries. Such tension could threaten the constructive relationships between Egypt and Ethiopia that are vital to maintaining stability and security within and between their respective regional spheres of influence, Middle East and North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.
Quantification of the epitope diversity of HIV-1-specific binding antibodies by peptide microarrays for global HIV-1 vaccine development
DOE Public Access Gateway for Energy & Science Beta (PAGES Beta)
Stephenson, Kathryn E.; Neubauer, George H.; Reimer, Ulf; Pawlowski, Nikolaus; Knaute, Tobias; Zerweck, Johannes; Korber, Bette T.; Barouch, Dan H.
An effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) will have to provide protection against a vast array of different HIV-1 strains. Current methods to measure HIV-1-specific binding antibodies following immunization typically focus on determining the magnitude of antibody responses, but the epitope diversity of antibody responses has remained largely unexplored. Here we describe the development of a global HIV-1 peptide microarray that contains 6564 peptides from across the HIV-1 proteome and covers the majority of HIV-1 sequences in the Los Alamos National Laboratory global HIV-1 sequence database. Using this microarray, we quantified the magnitude, breadth, and depth ofmore » IgG binding to linear HIV-1 sequences in HIV-1-infected humans and HIV-1-vaccinated humans, rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs. The microarray measured potentially important differences in antibody epitope diversity, particularly regarding the depth of epitope variants recognized at each binding site. Our data suggest that the global HIV-1 peptide microarray may be a useful tool for both preclinical and clinical HIV-1 research.« less
Human radiation experiments associated with the US Department of Energy and its predecessors
This document contains a listing, description, and selected references for documented human radiation experiments sponsored, supported, or performed by the US Department of Energy (DOE) or its predecessors, including the US Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), and the Off ice of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). The list represents work completed by DOE`s Off ice of Human Radiation Experiments (OHRE) through June 1995. The experiment list is available on the Internet via a Home Page on the World Wide Web (http://www.ohre.doe.gov). The Home Page also includes the full text of Human Radiation Experiments. The Department of Energy Roadmap to the Story and the Records (DOE/EH-0445), published in February 1995, to which this publication is a supplement. This list includes experiments released at Secretary O`Leary`s June 1994 press conference, as well as additional studies identified during the 12 months that followed. Cross-references are provided for experiments originally released at the press conference; for experiments released as part of The DOE Roadmap; and for experiments published in the 1986 congressional report entitled American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on US Citizens. An appendix of radiation terms is also provided.
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data from the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Site.
DOE Data Explorer [Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)]
ARM maintains four major, permanent sites for data collection and deploys the ARM Mobile Facility to other sites as determined. The Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) site is one of the four fixed sites. It consists of three climate research facilities; the Manus facility on Los Negros Island in Manus, Papua New Guinea (established in 1996); the Nauru facility on Nauru Island, Republic of Nauru (1998); and the Darwin facility in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (2002). The operations are supported by government agencies in each host country. Covering the area roughly between 10 degrees N and 10 degrees S of the equator and from 130 degrees E to 167 degrees E, the TWP locale includes a region that plays a large role in the interannual variability observed in the global climate system. More than 250,000 TWP data sets from 1996 to the present reside in the ARM Archive. Begin at the TWP information page for links or access data directly from the ARM Archive at http://www.archive.arm.gov/. Users will need to register for a password, but all files are then free for viewing or downloading. The ARM Archive physically resides at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Assessing health impacts in complex eco-epidemiological settings in the humid tropics: Modular baseline health surveys
Winkler, Mirko S.; Divall, Mark J.; Krieger, Gary R.; Schmidlin, Sandro; Magassouba, Mohamed L.; Knoblauch, Astrid M.; Singer, Burton H.; Utzinger, Juerg
The quantitative assessment of health impacts has been identified as a crucial feature for realising the full potential of health impact assessment (HIA). In settings where demographic and health data are notoriously scarce, but there is a broad range of ascertainable ecological, environmental, epidemiological and socioeconomic information, a diverse toolkit of data collection strategies becomes relevant for the mainly small-area impacts of interest. We present a modular, cross-sectional baseline health survey study design, which has been developed for HIA of industrial development projects in the humid tropics. The modular nature of our toolkit allows our methodology to be readily adapted to the prevailing eco-epidemiological characteristics of a given project setting. Central to our design is a broad set of key performance indicators, covering a multiplicity of health outcomes and determinants at different levels and scales. We present experience and key findings from our modular baseline health survey methodology employed in 14 selected sentinel sites within an iron ore mining project in the Republic of Guinea. We argue that our methodology is a generic example of rapid evidence assembly in difficult-to-reach localities, where improvement of the predictive validity of the assessment and establishment of a benchmark for longitudinal monitoring of project impacts and mitigation efforts is needed.
The Gut Microbiota of Rural Papua New Guineans: Composition, Diversity Patterns, and Ecological Processes
DOE Public Access Gateway for Energy & Science Beta (PAGES Beta)
Martínez, Inés; Stegen, James C.; Maldonado-Gómez, Maria X.; Eren, A. Murat; Siba, Peter M.; Greenhill, Andrew R.; Walter, Jens
Comparisons between the fecal microbiota of humans from industrialized and non-industrialized communities indicate a pronounced impact of westernization on the diversity and composition of the human gut microbiota. However, the exact consequences of westernization on community characteristics are still insufficiently understood, and the ecological processes that drive differences have not been elucidated. Here we have compared the fecal microbiota of adults from two non-industrialized regions in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with that of United States (US) residents. Papua New Guineans harbor communities with greater bacterial diversity but lower inter-individual variation. Although the fecal microbiota in PNG and US was largelymore » dominated by shared bacterial lineages, the relative abundance of 25 families, 45 genera, and 230 species-level OTUs differed, and 47 core OTUs in PNG were undetectable in US residents. To gain insight into the ecological mechanisms that cause the observed differences, we quantified community assembly processes in PNG and US microbiomes using a null modeling approach. This analysis demonstrated a significant higher rate of bacterial dispersal in PNG and divergent selective environments in the US. Interestingly, equivalent findings were obtained for other datasets comparing industrialized and non-industrialized microbiomes. Overall, the findings demonstrate a dominant role for microbial dispersal in shaping the human gut microbiota in non-industrialized societies, and point to differential selection pressures across individuals as a major factor shaping microbiomes associated with modern lifestyle.« less
Mineral industries of Australia, Canada, and Oceania (including a discussion of Antarctica's mineral resources). Mineral perspective
Kimbell, C.L.; Lyday, T.Q.; Newman, H.H.
The Bureau of Mines report gives the mineral industry highlights of two of the world's major mineral producing countries, Australia and Canada, and seven Pacific island nations or territories--Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Nauru, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. The mineral resources of Antarctica are also discussed. Because of the size of the Australian and Canadian mineral industries, summary reviews are presented for each of the States, Provinces, or Territories. The most current information available from all nations is given on major minerals or mineral-commodity production, share of world production, and reserves. Reported also are significant mining companies, locations and capacities of their main facilities, and their share of domestic production. Other information is provided on mineral-related trade with the United States, government mineral policy, energy production-consumption and trade, the mining industry labor force, and prospects for the mineral industry. Maps show the locations of selected mineral deposits, oilfields and gasfields, mines, and processing facilities including iron and steel plants, nonferrous smelters and refineries, and cement plants, as well as infrastructure pertinent to the mineral industry.
Spatial Variability of Surface Irradiance Measurements at the Manus ARM Site
Riihimaki, Laura D.; Long, Charles N.
The location of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site on Manus island in Papua New Guinea was chosen because it is very close the coast, in a geographically at, near-sea level area of the island, minimizing the impact of local island effects on the meteorology of the measurements [Ackerman et al., 1999]. In this study, we confirm that the Manus site is in deed less impacted by the island meteorology than slightly inland by comparing over a year of broadband surface irradiance and ceilometer measurements and derived quantities at the standard Manus site and a second location 7 km away as part of the AMIE-Manus campaign. The two sites show statistically similar distributions of irradiance and other derived quantities for all wind directions except easterly winds, when the inland site is down wind from the standard Manus site. Under easterly wind conditions, which occur 17% of the time, there is a higher occurrence of cloudiness at the down wind site likely do to land heating and orographic effects. This increased cloudiness is caused by shallow, broken clouds often with bases around 700 m in altitude. While the central Manus site consistently measures a frequency of occurrence of low clouds (cloud base height less than 1200 m) about 25+4% regardless of wind direction, the AMIE site has higher frequencies of low clouds (38%) when winds are from the east. This increase in low, locally produced clouds causes an additional -20 W/m2 shortwave surface cloud radiative effect at the AMIE site in easterly conditions than in other meteorological conditions that exhibit better agreement between the two sites.
Anti-addiction drug ibogaine inhibits voltage-gated ionic currents: A study to assess the drug's cardiac ion channel profile
Koenig, Xaver; Kovar, Michael; Rubi, Lena; Mike, Agnes K.; Lukacs, Peter; Gawali, Vaibhavkumar S.; Todt, Hannes; Hilber, Karlheinz; Sandtner, Walter
The plant alkaloid ibogaine has promising anti-addictive properties. Albeit not licenced as a therapeutic drug, and despite hints that ibogaine may perturb the heart rhythm, this alkaloid is used to treat drug addicts. We have recently reported that ibogaine inhibits human ERG (hERG) potassium channels at concentrations similar to the drugs affinity for several of its known brain targets. Thereby the drug may disturb the heart's electrophysiology. Here, to assess the drug's cardiac ion channel profile in more detail, we studied the effects of ibogaine and its congener 18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) on various cardiac voltage-gated ion channels. We confirmed that heterologously expressed hERG currents are reduced by ibogaine in low micromolar concentrations. Moreover, at higher concentrations, the drug also reduced human Na{sub v}1.5 sodium and Ca{sub v}1.2 calcium currents. Ion currents were as well reduced by 18-MC, yet with diminished potency. Unexpectedly, although blocking hERG channels, ibogaine did not prolong the action potential (AP) in guinea pig cardiomyocytes at low micromolar concentrations. Higher concentrations (? 10 ?M) even shortened the AP. These findings can be explained by the drug's calcium channel inhibition, which counteracts the AP-prolonging effect generated by hERG blockade. Implementation of ibogaine's inhibitory effects on human ion channels in a computer model of a ventricular cardiomyocyte, on the other hand, suggested that ibogaine does prolong the AP in the human heart. We conclude that therapeutic concentrations of ibogaine have the propensity to prolong the QT interval of the electrocardiogram in humans. In some cases this may lead to cardiac arrhythmias. - Highlights: � We study effects of anti-addiction drug ibogaine on ionic currents in cardiomyocytes. � We assess the cardiac ion channel profile of ibogaine. � Ibogaine inhibits hERG potassium, sodium and calcium channels. � Ibogaine�s effects on ion channels are a potential source of cardiac arrhythmias. � 18-Methoxycoronaridine has a lower affinity for cardiac ion channels than ibogaine.
Parameterization and analysis of 3-D radiative transfer in clouds
Varnai, Tamas
This report provides a summary of major accomplishments from the project. The project examines the impact of radiative interactions between neighboring atmospheric columns, for example clouds scattering extra sunlight toward nearby clear areas. While most current cloud models don��?t consider these interactions and instead treat sunlight in each atmospheric column separately, the resulting uncertainties have remained unknown. This project has provided the first estimates on the way average solar heating is affected by interactions between nearby columns. These estimates have been obtained by combining several years of cloud observations at three DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility sites (in Alaska, Oklahoma, and Papua New Guinea) with simulations of solar radiation around the observed clouds. The importance of radiative interactions between atmospheric columns was evaluated by contrasting simulations that included the interactions with those that did not. This study provides lower-bound estimates for radiative interactions: It cannot consider interactions in cross-wind direction, because it uses two-dimensional vertical cross-sections through clouds that were observed by instruments looking straight up as clouds drifted aloft. Data from new DOE scanning radars will allow future radiative studies to consider the full three-dimensional nature of radiative processes. The results reveal that two-dimensional radiative interactions increase overall day-and-night average solar heating by about 0.3, 1.2, and 4.1 Watts per meter square at the three sites, respectively. This increase grows further if one considers that most large-domain cloud simulations have resolutions that cannot specify small-scale cloud variability. For example, the increases in solar heating mentioned above roughly double for a fairly typical model resolution of 1 km. The study also examined the factors that shape radiative interactions between atmospheric columns and found that local effects were often much larger than the overall values mentioned above, and were especially large for high sun and near convective clouds such as cumulus. The study also found that statistical methods such as neural networks appear promising for enabling cloud models to consider radiative interactions between nearby atmospheric columns. Finally, through collaboration with German scientists, the project found that new methods (especially one called ��?stepwise kriging�) show great promise in filling gaps between cloud radar scans. If applied to data from the new DOE scanning cloud radars, these methods can yield large, continuous three-dimensional cloud structures for future radiative simulations.
Radiative Heating of the ISCCP Upper Level Cloud Regimes and its Impact on the Large-scale Tropical Circulation
Li, Wei; Schumacher, Courtney; McFarlane, Sally A.
Radiative heating profiles of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud regimes (or weather states) were estimated by matching ISCCP observations with radiative properties derived from cloud radar and lidar measurements from the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites at Manus, Papua New Guinea, and Darwin, Australia. Focus was placed on the ISCCP cloud regimes containing the majority of upper level clouds in the tropics, i.e., mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), deep cumulonimbus with cirrus, mixed shallow and deep convection, and thin cirrus. At upper levels, these regimes have average maximum cloud occurrences ranging from 30% to 55% near 12 km with variations depending on the location and cloud regime. The resulting radiative heating profiles have maxima of approximately 1 K/day near 12 km, with equal heating contributions from the longwave and shortwave components. Upper level minima occur near 15 km, with the MCS regime showing the strongest cooling of 0.2 K/day and the thin cirrus showing no cooling. The gradient of upper level heating ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 K/(day?km), with the most convectively active regimes (i.e., MCSs and deep cumulonimbus with cirrus) having the largest gradient. When the above heating profiles were applied to the 25-year ISCCP data set, the tropics-wide average profile has a radiative heating maximum of 0.45Kday-1 near 250 hPa. Column-integrated radiative heating of upper level cloud accounts for about 20% of the latent heating estimated by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR). The ISCCP radiative heating of tropical upper level cloud only slightly modifies the response of an idealized primitive equation model forced with the tropics-wide TRMM PR latent heating, which suggests that the impact of upper level cloud is more important to large-scale tropical circulation variations because of convective feedbacks rather than direct forcing by the cloud radiative heating profiles. However, the height of the radiative heating maxima and gradient of the heating profiles are important to determine the sign and patterns of the horizontal circulation anomaly driven by radiative heating at upper levels.