text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 4, 2011
|Priority date
|Jun 21, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Tigran Galstian, Vladimir Presniakov, Karen Asatryan, Amir Tork, Armen Zohrabian, Aram Bagramian
|Original Assignee
|Lensvector Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (35), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (6), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/000,601, a 35 U.S.C 371 National Stage on International Application Ser. No. PCT/IB2009/052658 filed Jun. 21, 2009 claiming priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/074,618, filed Jun. 21, 2008; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/074,621, filed Jun. 21, 2008; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/074,653, filed Jun. 22, 2008; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/074,654, filed Jun. 22, 2008; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/080,404, filed Jul. 14, 2008; and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/142,186, filed Dec. 31, 2008, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
This invention relates to the field of electrically tunable optical devices, particularly those using liquid crystal.
Tunable liquid crystal (LC) optical devices, such as lenses, beam steering devices and shutters are known in the art. While some tunable LC lenses operate with a uniform electric or magnetic control field, most use a spatially modulated field. In the case of electric fields, there are a few prior art techniques used to spatially modulate the electric field. Spatially inhomogenous dielectric layers have been used to attenuate the electric field to have a desired spatial profile. Electrodes have been spherically shaped to provide a desired spatial profile to the electric field. Another approach to spatially modulating the electric field is to use a planar electrode whose impedance properties are such that the voltage drop over the electrode as AC drive current is fed to the electrode leads to a spatially modulated electric field.
As shown in
In accordance with the present invention, a variable optical device is provided for controlling the propagation of light passing therethrough, where the device makes use of a frequency dependent material and an electrical signal generator that generates a drive signal at a plurality of different frequencies. The device includes a liquid crystal (LC) layer through which the light passes, the LC layer controlling the light propagation. An electrode system is also provided that is connected to the electrical signal generator and arranged to generate an electric field that acts on the LC layer to alter its optical properties. The electrical signal generator generates a drive signal at a plurality of different frequencies and supplies the drive signal to the electrode system so as to generate the electric field. The frequency dependent material is located in the device so that it interacts with the electric field. This material has a charge mobility that is dependent on a frequency of the drive signal such that a spatial profile of the electric field varies as a function of the drive signal frequency to alter the properties of the LC layer. "Charge mobility" is used to describe the property of the frequency dependent material instead of "conductivity" because the latter can be understood to describe the mean free path of electrons. At low frequencies, some frequency dependent materials that exhibit high charge mobility may actually have lower conductivity (i.e. a shorter mean free path of electrons) than at higher frequencies, however, since the time for the charge to flow within the frequency dependent material is longer at low frequencies, this can result in less charge flow. Similarly, at higher frequencies, the mean free path of electrons in some materials may be longer, however, given the shorter time that the electric potential is available in each positive or negative cycle, the resulting charge flow may be greatly reduced. Thus "charge mobility" is used to refer to the overall ability of charge to flow within the frequency dependent material within the constraints of the alternating electric signal applied.
In some embodiments, the electrode system comprises a fixed conductor electrode connected to a body of the frequency dependent material. The electric field may have a portion substantially defined by the fixed conductor electrode, and a portion defined by the frequency dependent material. The electric field may also be substantially defined by the frequency dependent material. The electrode system can have a fixed conductor electrode whose electric field is shaped by a body of the frequency dependent material that is not connected to the fixed conductor electrode.
In some embodiments, the electrode system is made using elements having a substantially flat layer geometry.
The electrode system may also be essentially optically hidden and thus may not interfere with the propagation of light through the optical device.
In some embodiments, the electrode system comprises a patterned electrode in contact with a layer of the frequency dependent material.
In some embodiments, the device is a tunable focus lens. The lens can be refractive or diffractive.
In some embodiments, the device includes a variable frequency control signal circuit configured to cause the device to control propagation of light as a function of control signal frequency.
The use of a frequency dependent material and a drive signal at different frequencies allows for a variety of different embodiments of the optical device. Some examples of variations are the number, shape and configuration of electrodes, the number of different frequency dependent materials and their positions relative to the electrodes and each other, the application of different drive signal frequencies and voltages and the use of additional materials in the optical device structure. In one embodiment, the drive signal comprises a single frequency signal for which the frequency is used to change the optical characteristics of the device. This may be done without any significant variation in the signal voltage, or it may also include changes in signal amplitude. In another embodiment, a plurality of frequencies are mixed together and applied simultaneously to create a particular interaction with the frequency dependent layer and, correspondingly, to create a desired profile for the electric field.
A basic concept of the invention is using a frequency dependent material in conjunction with different drive signal frequencies in order to change an effective electrode structure within the optical device. The electrode structure determines the profile of the electric field which, in turn, determines the optical properties of the LC layer. The frequency dependent material may be selected to exhibit different charge mobility at different frequencies such that, at different frequencies, it may appear as a conductive or as a non-conductive material. For frequencies at which it appears as a conductor, the frequency dependent material may create an effective electrode structure that is positioned differently than one of the fixed electrodes. However, for frequencies at which charge mobility in the frequency dependent material is relatively low, it does not appear as a conductor, and the effective electrode structure is determined by the actual position of the fixed electrodes. Thus, with proper positioning of a frequency dependent material, and the selection of different drive frequencies, the effective conductor configuration may be altered and the optical properties of the LC layer dynamically changed.
In one group of embodiments, a frequency dependent material is used in conjunction with a patterned electrode that, in the absence of a different electrode structure, would create a spatially non-uniform electric field. Such a structure may be used for creating a particular characteristic in the LC layer, such as a lens structure, resulting from the non-uniform reorientation of the LC molecules by the electric field. In such an embodiment, however, it may also be desirable to create a spatially uniform electric field so as to provide an initial common alignment tendency to all of the LC molecules (e.g., to avoid disclinations). In this embodiment of the invention, the frequency dependent material may be located such that, when a frequency of the drive signal is selected that provides a high degree of charge mobility (which allows charges to travel larger distances) in the frequency dependent material, an effective electrode structure is created that causes the spatial profile of the electric field to be essentially uniform. For example, the patterned electrode could be a ring electrode, and a space in the center of the electrode filled with the frequency dependent material. In such a case, the application of the drive signal at a first frequency, such as a relatively high frequency, for which there is little charge mobility (i.e., relatively small distances travelled by charges) in the frequency dependent material, results in no effective extension of the electrode surface, and a non-uniform electric field is generated based on the ring structure of the electrode. However, changing to a frequency, such as a relatively low frequency, at which the frequency dependent material has a relatively high amount of charge mobility causes the material to appear as an extension of the ring electrode, and the effective electrode structure becomes planar. As such, the electric field generated thereby is essentially uniform. In the foregoing embodiment, other shapes may be used for the fixed electrode, such as a disk shape, and the frequency dependent material may form a layer with the fixed electrode located near either the top or bottom of the layer, or surrounding it in the same plane.
In another embodiment of the invention, the variable optical device includes a central layer positioned between two LC layers. Each of the liquid crystal layers may have a different direction of LC orientation. A pair of electrodes to which the drive signal is applied are located, respectively, adjacent to each LC layer, to the side away from the central layer. The central layer includes a particular geometric arrangement of a fixed electrode, such as a hole patterned electrode, and a frequency dependent material, and functions as a gradient control layer by shaping the electric field seen by each of the LC layers in a symmetrical way. This electric field shaping is dependent on the frequency of the drive signal, which determines the extent of charge mobility in the frequency dependent layer. At a frequency corresponding to low charge mobility, the gradient control layer shapes the electric field according to the shape of the fixed central layer electrode. At a frequency corresponding to high charge mobility, however, the frequency dependent layer creates an effective electrode surface, and the gradient control layer shapes the electric field according to an overall electrode geometry resulting from the electrode and the frequency dependent layer together.
In another embodiment of the invention, the optical device has a plurality of frequency dependent materials that have differing amounts of charge mobility at certain frequencies. These materials may be arranged together in a particular geometrical configuration to create a dynamically adjustable effective electrode shape. For example, the two materials may be located in a common layer with one of the materials having a lens-like shape and being surrounded by the other. With this layer and a LC layer being located together between two planar electrodes, the electric field profile may be changed by changing the frequency of the drive voltage and thereby changing whether or not the effective electrode structure adopts a shape created by the frequency dependent materials, such as might be created along a border between the two materials. The different materials may also be arranged with surfaces perpendicular to an optical axis of the device, if desired, for better optical efficiency, and non-conductive materials may also be used together with the other materials to construct desired effective electrode shapes.
Another variation of the invention makes use of a frequency dependent layer that has a frequency dependent charge mobility that varies along a gradient through the layer. Thus, one portion of the layer exhibits a higher degree of charge mobility in response to a first frequency than that of another portion of the layer. As such, for a frequency of a drive voltage applied to the device, adjustment of the frequency changes the portion of the layer that behaves as a conductor. The shape of the gradient in the layer may therefore be used to create an effective electrode shape that varies with changing drive signal frequency. This type of a layer may also be combined with different fixed electrode structures, including a patterned electrode, to produce more complex effective electrode shapes.
The frequency dependent materials may consist of a variety of different possible materials. In one embodiment, the material is a thermally polymerizable conductive material, while in another embodiment it is a photo polymerizable conductive material. Other possibilities include vacuum (or otherwise, e.g., sol-gel) deposited thin films, high dielectric constant liquids, electrolyte gels, conductive ionic liquids, electronic conductive polymers or material with electronic conductive nanoparticles. The key feature of the material is that it has a charge mobility that is frequency dependent.
When the frequency dependent material is a thermally or photo polymerizable conductive material, it may include: a polymerizable monomer compound having at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond; an initiator that is a combination of UV-vis, NIR sensitive or thermally sensitive molecules; an additive to change the dielectric constant of the mixture, where the additive is selected from the group consisting of organic ionic compounds and inorganic ionic compounds; and a filler to change a viscosity of the mixture. The material may also include an adhesive selective from the group consisting of adhesives sensitive to UV-Vis, adhesives sensitive to NIR and adhesives polymerized using a thermal initiator. An optical elastomer may also be included.
When the frequency dependent material is a high dielectric constant liquid, it may include a transparent liquid material having an epsilon between 2.0 and 180.0 at a relatively low frequency that allows electric charge to move in a frequency dependent manner.
When the frequency dependent material is an electrolyte gel material, it may include: a polymer material; an ionic composition; and an ion transporter.
When the frequency dependent material is a conductive ionic liquid, it may include an ionic species selected from the group consisting of cholorate, perchlorate, borate, phosphate and carbonate.
The various embodiments of the invention also include a drive signal that may be varied in signal frequency. The drive signal generator may output a single frequency signal for which the frequency may be changed, a signal that is a mixture of different individual frequencies, or some other form of signal for which the frequency content may be varied. In one embodiment, the drive signal generator generates a pulse width modulated signal for which the filling factor may be varied. In such a case, the filling factor may be modified to change the amount of high frequency content in the signal. In another embodiment, the drive signal generator generates an amplitude modulated signal in its basic mode or in the mode for which a signal at a first frequency is modulated by a signal at a second frequency. In yet another embodiment, the drive signal generator generates a drive signal that is a combination of several different individual frequency signals having predetermined relative frequencies and amplitudes. The selection of the appropriate drive signal may be made taking into account the specific electrode and frequency dependent layer configuration of a particular application.
In a particular group of embodiments of the invention, an electrode system is used that includes a fixed conductor electrode having a non-flat geometry. A frequency dependent material that has a non-flat geometry may also be used either alternatively, or in combination with, the non-flat fixed electrode. The structural configurations in this embodiment are varied, and may include a fixed conductor electrode that comprises a curved layer of conductive material coated atop a lens-like polymer structure. In another embodiment, the fixed conductor electrode is a multi-level flat-surface layer of conductive material coated atop a flat-aperture polymer structure. The frequency dependent material may also be a flat layer of material located between the LC layer and the fixed conductor electrode. In a variation, a flat-surface polymer structure may be formed of a pair of lens-like polymer structures having opposite and matching curved surfaces. The curved layer of frequency dependent material may also include a layer of optically transparent glue that attaches the matching curved surfaces together.
In still another embodiment of the invention, a variable optical device includes a LC layer that itself has a frequency dependent charge mobility. In one version of this embodiment, no external frequency dependent material is necessary, as the LC layer itself changes its degree of charge mobility with changes in the drive frequency. Thus, the spatial profile of the electric field interacting with the LC layer may be frequency dependent resulting in an LC layer the optical properties of which may be modified by changing the frequency content of the drive signal. In one version of this embodiment, the electrode assembly generates a spatially non-uniform electric field and, when a frequency is generated that creates a high degree of charge mobility in the LC layer, the electric field is modified to be more spatially uniform. In another variation, the electrode system includes a hole-patterned electrode with an optically transparent material in the central zone of the electrode.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the various principles and embodiments described herein may also be mixed and matched to create optical devices with various electric field generating characteristics. Electrodes of different shapes and configurations, frequency dependent materials of different types, shapes and positions, different drive signal generators, and all of the other variations described herein may be used in combination to create an optical device with a particular characteristic. The devices may also be frequency controlled, voltage controlled, or a combination of the two.
For example, an LC layer may be used that has a low angle pre-tilt alignment layer, and a first frequency may be applied for which the effective electrode structure is uniform. At this frequency, the voltage may then be increased to a level at which the LC molecules all have an initial reorientation at a uniform tilt. The frequency of the voltage may then be changed to modify the effective voltage structure and introduce non-uniformities into the electric field so as to change the optical characteristic of the liquid crystal, such as to form a lens structure. By applying an initial uniform electric field strength to the liquid crystal before introducing field non-uniformities, disclinations in the LC layer are avoided. The drive signal may also be applied so as to prevent the liquid crystals from remaining close to a ground state, and to thereby reduce image aberrations. In another example, frequency control may be used to alter the optical power of LC lens, but the voltage of the drive signal switched from one level to another at different optical powers so as to improve the performance of the lens. Many other similar control paradigms are likewise possible.
The present invention is directed to a tunable liquid crystal (LC) lens using a frequency dependent material to modify a spatial profile of the electric field via frequency tuning. Thus, tuning of the lens can be frequency controlled. The devices of the present invention may be used for tunable focusing, diffracting, steering, etc. The devices of the present invention may also be used for controlling a LC optical device that is fixed.
Referring again to
The gradient control structure 402, which controls the electric field gradient, is composed of an optically transparent central electrode 404 of fixed (preferably low) electrical resistance, while the peripheral part of the same layer (on the same plane) and the area below that plane is filled by a layer 406 of the frequency dependent material. This layer 406 is the portion of the structure that may also be referred to herein as a hidden electrode. In the present embodiment, the electrode 404 is disk-shaped and located in the center of the gradient control structure 402. An optional cover substrate 413 may also be provided in the upper portion of the gradient control structure, above the transparent central electrode 404 and the frequency dependent layer 406.
As mentioned above, the frequency dependent layer 406 is a complex dielectric material for which the depth of penetration of electrical charge resulting from an applied AC excitation voltage will be different for different frequencies. The different depths of charge penetration for different frequencies allows for the reconfiguration of the electrode structures by moving the effective electrode surfaces. In other words, a depth of penetration of electrical charge for one frequency may create an effective, or "virtual," electrode surface that is in a different position for the effective electrode surface for a different frequency. As the electrodes are used to generate an electric field that is applied to the LC layer, the different effective electrode surfaces can be used to change the electric field experienced by the LC layer, and therefore to change its optical properties. Thus, for example, a tunable LC lens can be made frequency tunable, since optical properties of the LC cell are controllable by the frequency applied to the electrodes. Moreover, the frequency tuning may be voltage independent, in that the tuning can be accomplished using essentially the same RMS voltage for the excitation signals of different frequencies.
Referring again to
By frequency tuning instead of essentially voltage tuning, voltage ranges can be used that are more efficient, either for power consumption purposes or for liquid crystal modulation purposes, while frequency control can be used to provide the desired optical tuning. Frequency control can also be used to provide the capacity of dynamic control of the effective shape of the electrodes, and thus of the shape of the electric field generated by these electrodes. Furthermore, the use of this "hidden and frequency controlled" electrode to provide for the spatial modulation of the electric field opens up a very large choice of optically transparent materials. Such a configuration of an LC lens is also simple and cost-effective to fabricate, while being insensitive to variations of physical parameters. Finally, the frequency dependence of conductivity is an additional tool, which allows the building of thicker films, and the control of the electric field spatial profile by its conductivity.
A variant of the above example is shown in
It will be appreciated that the tunable LC optical device can be fabricated using a layer by layer assembly and, preferentially, in a parallel way (many units simultaneously, called "wafer level"), the final product being obtained by singulation and, optionally, joining lenses with operation axes (directors) in cross directions to focus both orthogonal polarizations of light.
The control signal for tuning the optical device can be provided by a variable frequency control signal circuit configured to cause said device to control propagation of light in the device as a function of control signal frequency. Such circuits are of known design, and are not discussed in any further detail herein.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the figures showing the different embodiments of the invention, such as
Within a frequency range between the relatively high and relatively low frequencies discussed above, the frequency of the driving voltage may be adjusted so as to create a gradually changing optical parameter of the LC layer. An example of this is to create a lens with an optical power that can be varied between a minimum and a maximum by changing the frequency of the driving voltage. Prior art tunable LC lenses use a driving voltage of a constant frequency and adjust the voltage level to change the optical properties of the LC layer. Thus, changing the voltage between a flat electrode and a hole patterned electrode (like that of
Another problem with prior art systems having patterned electrodes is the effect of "disclination." In a typical LC lens, the LC molecules are all provided with a common pretilt angle so that they are aligned at a zero voltage. When using voltage tuning of a lens having a patterned electrode, the increasing voltage creates nonuniform electric field lines that cause some of the LC molecules to realign differently than others which experience the same electric field strength. These disclinations cause aberrations in the lens but they can be removed by aligning all of the molecules with a very high voltage that erases the lens, before reducing the voltage back to the appropriate range for providing a desired optical power. However, in an embodiment such as that of
In the case of gradient index liquid crystal lenses that use spatially uniform low-angle pre-tilt alignment layers, the liquid crystal material undergoes a reorientation from a ground state through to a desired maximum reorientation in a direction of the electric field. When the pre-tilt angle is close to 90 degrees with respect to the electric field, the ability of the field to reorient LC molecules is weakest. Therefore, it can be advantageous in some designs of tunable GRIN optical devices to select as the tunable range, orientations of liquid crystal that avoid the orientations at which the electric field has a weak ability to reorient the liquid crystal. This can be done by applying a uniform electric field that results in reorientation of the liquid crystal away from the ground state to thus have a new, more responsive, "ground" or base state and then on top of that uniform field, applying a modulated electric field to form the lens or other optical device. Alternatively, this can be achieved by having the variation in index of refraction resulting from an orientation close to alignment with an electric field (the lowest optical power) and a spatially modulated orientation deviating from that uniform field alignment in a direction of a ground state (the higher optical power). This avoids aberrations caused by the weak interaction between the electric field and the liquid crystal in the ground state. Thus, it will be appreciated that the present invention can use a frequency dependent material to form such a suitable electric field
In the above embodiments, the structure of the TLCL is essentially all flat, namely, the frequency dependent layer, electrode layer (ITO or the like), LC layer, etc. are flat. The electric field shaping is either a result of patterning the electrode layer or the complex impedance of the frequency dependent layer, or both. It is however possible to use other structural configurations to provide the electric field shaping.
By way of a non-limiting example, the dimensions of a variable focus flat refractive lens embodiment of the invention will be provided. It will be appreciated that dimensions can vary greatly depending on design choice and the choice of materials. The cover substrate can be made of glass with a thickness of 50 to 100 microns. The hole-patterned electrode can be made of an opaque metal such as aluminum, or it can be made of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) which is transparent. The thickness of the electrode can be in the range of 10 to 50 nm. The frequency dependent material can be made of titanium oxide with a thickness of about 10 nm. Titanium oxide has semiconductor properties that change with control signal frequency.
The frequency dependent permittivity (or complex dielectric) material can comprise a variety of materials as set out in the following. The essential property of such a material is that it can exhibit a weak conductivity that will provide for charge mobility that is variable as a function of the frequency of the control signal. This allows frequency tuning of the shape of the electric field to control optical quality or power, as well as frequency tuning of the on/off operation of the LC optical device.
Top and bottom alignment layers can be polyimide layers of about 20 to 40 nm thick that are rubbed to yield surfaces that induce a liquid crystal ground state alignment with a low angle pre-tilt. The layer of liquid crystal can be 5 to 30 microns thick, as an example. Such a single layer of liquid crystal with spatial modulation form a gradient index lens focuses a single linear polarization of light. In the embodiment of
It will be appreciated that a two to four layer TLCL can be assembled in this manner that can have a lens diameter of about 1 to 3 mm with a thickness of about 460 microns. The optical power of the TLCL can be roughly from 8 to 16 diopters, which is suitable for most camera applications. One TLCL can provide variable focusing, while two can provide a zoom lens.
In the embodiment of
In this embodiment, the two frequency dependent materials are located in the same layer, and occupy different regions of that layer. A first material 1406 a has a lens-like shape and is centered relative to an optical axis of the lens. A second frequency dependent material 1406 b occupies the remainder of the layer and has a different frequency dependent characteristic than the first material. Thus, as an electric field is applied to the layer, the response of the two materials 1406 a, 1406 b will be different. In this embodiment, both the upper electrode 1404 and the lower electrode 1423 are planar and parallel to one another, with the liquid crystal 1421 in between. As the frequency of the voltage potential between the two electrodes 1404, 1423 is changed, the distribution of the electric field applied to the liquid crystal will change. This allows the optical characteristics of the LC cell 1420 to be changed by changing the control frequency, as the "shape" of the electric field will be dictated by the relative location of the two materials 1406 a, 1406 b and their relative permittivities.
If, for example, an excitation frequency used with the
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the relative shapes of the materials 1406 a, 1406 b and their permittivities may be selected as appropriate to a particular application. Moreover, a complex frequency dependent layer such as this may make use of more than two different frequency dependent materials. In addition, as with previous embodiments, a tunable lens using this construction may be tuned by varying the frequency of the drive voltage, or by varying the magnitude of the voltage having a particular frequency, or by a combination of both adjustments.
In the embodiment of
When the frequency is lowered enough that the frequency dependent permittivity material is fully conductive, the effective upper electrode appears to be located at the bottom of the frequency dependent permittivity layer. Thus, the effective electrode follows a shape according to the gradient within the material 1506 when at a frequency that is between a low frequency at which the frequency dependent layer is fully "conductive," and a high frequency at which the whole frequency dependent layer is essentially "non-conductive." Thus, as with the embodiment of
It is important to note that many other variant configurations of an LC lens using such a hidden electrode to provide for modulation of the electric field are possible and are included within the scope of the present invention.
Frequency-Dependent Material
As mentioned above, the present invention provides various chemical compositions of a frequency dependent material, suitable for use in tunable optical devices, such as the LC lenses described herein. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such materials may also be used in other frequency-dependent optical applications, such as beam steering devices, shutters, and the like. A uniform or non-uniform layer of the frequency dependent material may be incorporated into the lens, beam steering device, and/or shutter configuration, in order to provide for spatial modulation of an electric field via frequency tuning. Thus, tuning can be frequency controlled. Such a device may be used for tunable focusing, diffracting, steering, and the like.
For the different LC lens configurations discussed above, the frequency dependent layer is made of a material having a complex dielectric permittivity which is dependent (including the weakly conductive properties) on a driving frequency applied to the system electrodes. According to a non-limiting example of implementation, this material may be a thermally or photo polymerizable conductive material, whose composition may include the following elements:
In one example, 90 (wt.) of isodecyl acrylate (SR256) is mixed with 0.3% Li+CLO4− (wt %). Then 3% of an initiator; 2-hydroxyl 2-methyl 1,1-phenyl propanone (Darocure 1173) is added and the mixture stirred carefully at room temperature to obtain a homogeneous clear solution. Then a quantity of 10% of ECA (2-ethyl cyanoacrylate) (wt % of total mass of the monomers) was added and the final solution stirred carefully for 15 minutes at room temperature and dark conditions. The mixture can be polymerized by a UV source by exposing the material for three minutes at an intensity of 15 mV/cm2.
In another example, in order to prepare a first part of the composition, 35% (wt.) of optical adhesive OA9352HT2 (HT) is mixed with 65% (wt.) of (2(2-Ethoxyethoxy) Ethylacrylate monomer) and the mixture is stirred carefully at room temperature to obtain a homogeneous clear solution. Then a quantity of 10% of 4-methylphenyl)[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]-hexafluorophosphate (wt. of total mass of the monomers) is added and the final solution is stirred carefully for 15 minutes at room temperature and dark conditions.
A second part of the composition having low epsilon or conductivity is a 55% wt. of isodecyl acrylate (SR395) mixed with an optical adhesive (45% wt., AT6001). The solution is stirred carefully for 15 minutes at room temperature and dark conditions. The mixture can be polymerized by an UV source by exposing the material for 3 minutes with an intensity of 15 mV/cm2. Optionally, an optical elastomer from the silicone family may be included in the thermal- or photo-polymerizable conductive material and used as a low epsilon part of the composition. This material may be classed as a thermally curable compound (and may be a one or two part silicone elastomer).
It should be noted that various material compositions, various LC layers, various electrodes, various director alignments, various geometrical forms, etc. may be used to fabricate the same optical device. That is, different combinations of materials and physical structures disclosed herein may be used for a particular application, although the use of a frequency dependent material, which allows for frequency tuning of the optical device, is common to each of these embodiments.
It has been determined that various different chemical compositions of a material with complex dielectric permittivity may be suitable for use in the above-described frequency tunable lens, beam steering device, and/or shutter configurations, where this material may be altered (including the weakly conductive properties) by modulating a driving frequency applied to the electrodes.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the polymerizable monomer compound has at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond and has a complex dielectric constant including an imaginary part which describes the conductivity, and the initiator is a combination of UV-Vis, NIR sensitive or thermally sensitive molecules.
On particular initiator compound may include, for example, mixed triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts, hexafluorophosphate salts, and any other suitable initiators known to those skilled in the art. A preferred initiator compound is 4-methylphenyl[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]-hexafluorophosphate.
The additive to change the dielectric constant or conductivity of the thermal- or photo-polymerizable conductive material may be an organic ionic compound (such as iodonium (4-methylphenyl)[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]-hexafluorophosphate or triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salts, mixed in propylene carbonate), an inorganic ionic compound (such as Li+ClO4−, K+ClO4− etc.), an ionic organometallic compound, or a mixture of any of these, and any other suitable additives known to those skilled in the art.
The adhesive is sensitive to UV-Vis, NIR, or is an adhesive that is polymerized using a thermal initiator and may be used as surface treatment agent, or incorporated directly to the solution to increase the adhesion. In the example above, the adhesive is optical adhesive OA9352HT2 (HT), but other suitable adhesives will be known to those skilled in the art.
The optical elastomer, as discussed in the example above, may be selected from a group including isodecyl acrylate (SR395) mixed with an optical adhesive (AT6001), and any other suitable optical elastomers known to those skilled in the art.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the frequency dependent material is a high dielectric constant liquid, chosen from all transparent liquid materials having an epsilon value between 2.0 and 180.0 able to provide for charge mobility. Preferably, the high dielectric constant liquid has an epsilon value between 30.0 and 150.0. More preferably, the high dielectric constant liquid has an epsilon value between 60.0 and 120.0. The liquid may be pure, or a mixture of alkylene carbonates family, such as propylene carbonate (PC) or glycerin carbonate (GC) having epsilon of 67 and 111, respectively, alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkyl carbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group and an aryl carbonyl group. Furthermore, use of water, glycerol, and mixtures of water with an organic or inorganic compound such as glycerol, alkaline salts, or rare earth alkaline salts are also envisioned. One particular example is a mixture of 7% distilled water with 93% glycerol. The solution is stirred for fifteen minutes at room temperature (the refractive index of the solution is adjusted to a value of 1.4630 that is compared to the second part of the hidden layer).
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the frequency dependent material is an electrolyte gel, which includes a polymer material (used as a matrix), an ionic composition, and an ion transporter.
In general, all commercially available polymers (such as polyacrylic, epoxy material, polyurethane, polycarbonate, and polyphenylic material) which are miscible with the ionic composition and ion transporter material can be used as polymer matrix. The ionic composition having the anion and cationic species may be selected from the group including soluble alkaline or rare alkaline salts (such as Li+, K+, etc.), organic, or organometallic compound.
The ion transporter material may be a pure liquid such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC) or a mixture of two or more liquids or a monomer having a polar group such as etheric or phenoxy group. This polar group can be a side chain or may be incorporated in polymer's main chain. For example: (2(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethylacrylate monomer), in which the etheric group is a long side chain and plays a role of ion transporter. An example of an electrolyte gel might be 10% wt. of PMMA dissolved in 80% propylene carbonate (PC). The solution is stirred over night at room temperature. Then a quantity of 10% wt. of Li+ClO4− is added to the solution and stirred at room temperature. The final gel like material is used as the high dielectric constant layer part of a tunable LC lens.
According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the frequency dependent material may be a conductive ionic liquid. This material is classed in different organic, inorganic or organometallic compounds having the ionic species such as chlorate, perchlorate, borate, phosphate and carbonate. Specific, non-limiting examples of such materials include (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) and (1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate).
Yet another example of the frequency dependent material is an electronic conductive polymer. The most important aspect of conjugated polymers is their ability to act as electronic conductors. These materials range from conventional polymers (e.g., polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly acetylene) or PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and PEDT from Clevios to new polymers with specialized conductivity properties such as low band gap and intrinsically conducting polymers.
In a nano particle environment, materials may be dispersed in water, an organic solvent, monomer. For example, ATO ((SnO2)0.9(Sb2O5)0.1) dispersed in the water or in the polyethylene glycol diacrylate, or the nano particle used in a powder form coated by sputtering as a thin layer on the substrate. Or the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. This material may be used as dispersed nanoparticles in the water or an organic material such as a monomer. The nanoparticles can be deposited by different techniques such as spin coating process on the surface of the glass.
Another possibility for preparing the frequency dependent layer is based on the deposition of metallic oxide as a thin film on the surface of a glass substrate. In this case, the metallic compound is deposited on the surface of the glass followed by an oxidation process. In this method, a metallic target is used for e-beam, sputtering or thermal evaporation process. For example, metallic oxide compounds such as SnO2, Ti3O5, ZnS, ZnO2, etc. prepared by e-beam technique can be used as a frequency dependent portion.
Conductive glass can also be used as a frequency dependent portion of a tunable LC lens. In this case, the conductive material can be doped in glass (bulk) and used as a target in a thin film deposition technique (such as e-beam, sputtering or sol-gel process, etc.). Examples include molybdenum, silver or a mixture of them doped directly into the glass and used as conductive glass target for thin film deposition technique. While a Ti3O5 (titanium oxide) layer may be about 10 nm thick, a polymer that provides some ionic conductivity can work well, although the thickness would be in the range of 0.1 to 30 microns.
Driving Signals
The specific materials used herein to provide frequency-dependent control of a corresponding optical device may make use of a variety of different driving signals having different characteristics. These signal characteristics include frequency variations, and may also include amplitude and duty cycle control. Some examples of these are discussed in more detail below.
Pulse-Width Modulation
One way of doing frequency control is by using a signal with so-called "pulse width modulation" (PWM).
The control of a TLCL may make use of PWM, for example, in certain applications such as lenses for cell phone cameras. PWM control provides certain advantages for such a TLCL and may be seen as having the following characteristics:
1) For a given "central" frequency, e.g., f=f1, the driving "maximum amplitude" may be set such that a maximum of optical power is achieved at relatively low FF taking into account that the real spectra of driving signal will be significantly broadened. Then, simply increasing the FF will increase the RMS voltage and thus will decrease the optical power, but this decrease will not follow the curve for f1 (
2) Once the maximum optical power is achieved for a given driving frequency and FF, the driving frequency can be shifted down, effectively changing from one transfer function to another (such as changing from f1 to f2 in
3). Combined or simultaneous FF and frequency changes can also be used to achieve optical power control. The present invention is directed to a tunable LC lens using a hidden electrode system to provide spatial modulation of the electric field via frequency tuning. Thus, tuning of the lens can be frequency controlled, although adjustment of the FF also changes the relative frequency content of the driving signal. As such, both FF and frequency can be used to tune the lens. As mentioned above, the devices of the present invention may be used for a variety of different applications, including tunable focusing, diffracting, steering, etc.
In contrast to PWM mode, amplitude modulation (AM) mode may also be used to modulate the lens given a particular frequency.
The control signal for tuning the optical device can be provided by a variable frequency control signal circuit configured to cause said device to control propagation of light in the device as a function of control signal frequency. As an example, in
In the case that the frequency content is to be controlled to reduce the presence of the higher frequencies, the PWM amplitude can be stepped down while the duty cycle is then increased to achieve the same RMS voltage as a mechanism to avoid the creation of the higher frequencies that the electrode system or the LC cell will respond to in an undesirable manner.
Complex Frequency Signals
Although PWM or AM signals are specifically discussed above, it is possible to use a driving signal that is simply carried on one frequency or is the combination of multiple individual frequency components. Such a "complex frequency" signal can be, for example a combination of individual signals at different frequencies all mixed together in a predetermined ratio (but dynamically variable). Unlike the PWM method, the complex frequency signal does not rely exclusively on square wave type signal shapes, and does not use an adjustment of filling factor to change the level of high and low frequency components.
A first signal of 100 Hz at 10V is active to reduce disclinations across the lens, as it produces very little variation in effective voltage relative to radial position. A second signal of 3 kHz at 12V provides a general shape to the lens. Finally, the third signal of 20 kHz at 8V contributes to the overall voltage profile in a manner that improves the lenticular (spheric or aspheric) properties of the profile. Thus, the combination of the three signals shape the electrode voltage profile in a way that is better than a single frequency. The first signal can be used to ensure that the whole aperture of the LC layer is subjected to a minimum voltage to begin orientation of the LC molecules. The second signal has a smooth transition between the outside and the center, and provides a good smooth profile. The addition of a third signal at a higher frequency may provide a more spherical, lenticular, aspheric or other desired profile.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the addition of more signals at other frequencies can be used to further shape the electric field in a way that is desirous for the lens properties. In addition, once a desired voltage profile is achieved, tuning of the lens can be done also by voltage adjustment alone. Voltage adjustment can be done for all signals together, or a different adjustment can be used for each of the different frequencies.
Shaped Electrodes
The frequency dependent material may be a weakly conductive material such as those described above, whose charge mobility is variable as a function of an electrical signal frequency applied to the electrodes, such that it can be used to spatially modulate the electric field resulting therefrom. More specifically, the weakly conductive material may be a complex dielectric material having a permittivity/conductivity that is dependent on frequency. Therefore, by varying the frequency of the AC excitation voltage between the electrodes 2708 and 2716, one can vary the degree of charge mobility in the frequency dependent layer. This provides for a variable (frequency controllable) transformation/adjustment of the electrical field that is generated in the LC cell by the bottom flat and top curved electrodes.
In the present embodiment, the form of the lens-like polymer structure of the top electrode structure can be selected to optimize its optical function while its electrical function (generating the electrical field in the LC cell) can be adjusted by the flat IMLVC layer and the choice of the driving frequency. Furthermore, the curvature of the electric field generated in the LC layer may be changed from a lens-like form at a relatively high driving frequency to a flat electric field distribution at a low driving frequency (as if, effectively, one were using two flat electrodes). That is, the high charge mobility state of the frequency dependent layer, which results from the low drive frequency, makes the top structure appear as if the curved electrode did not exist and as if the layer 2706 was the top electrode. Accordingly, it is possible to avoid the generation of disclinations (abrupt orientation changes in space). Finally, the transformation of the electric field profile by the dynamic reorientation of LC molecules (and corresponding aberrations) may be compensated by the dynamic change of the charge mobility of the hidden layer of the frequency dependent material, which will reshape the profile of the electric field.
Alternatively, for relatively high driving frequencies, where the movement of charges is very limited in material 2706, the profile of the electric field will not be affected, and will be defined primarily by the curvature of the lens like polymer structure 2714. In a variation of this embodiment, the lens like polymer structure may be fabricated from the same material as the layer 2706. The operation of such a structure will be very similar to that defined above, but there will be no need of a separate layer of material 2706.
Although the layer of frequency dependent material is described in the given examples as being a part of the electrode system of the tunable LC lens, it may also be considered as being separate from the electrode system, simply as an additional element of the tunable LC lens. As part of the lens, it allows for the shape of the electric field generated by the electrode system to be dynamically controlled by varying a frequency of a drive signal applied to the electrode system.
It should also be noted that, during the reorientation of the LC molecules, the profile of the electric field (within the LC layer) will be changed. However, the LC lens configuration shown in
The choice of the "flat aperture" shape for the polymer structure means that the top electrode structure 2811, and thus the electrode system in its entirety, becomes optically "invisible," such that this layer no longer performs an optical function (lensing) and is solely responsible for the electrical function (generating a spatially non-uniform electric field in LC layer). As in the previously discussed lens configurations, the flat IMLVC layer and the choice of driving frequency provide for adjustment of this electrical function, such that tuning of the LC lens is frequency controllable. Another important advantage arising from the fact that all of the surfaces in the LC lens configuration of
Accordingly, in the variant configuration shown in
Any of the frequency dependent materials discussed herein may be used in the different LC lens configurations above. Such materials have a complex dielectric permittivity that may be varied (including the weakly conductive properties) by the change of driving frequency. The specific characteristics of the material may be selected according to the particular lens structure in question. It should be noted that various material compositions, various LC layers, various electrodes, various geometrical forms, etc. may be used to fabricate the above-described LC lens, without departing from the scope of the claimed invention. It should also be appreciated by the reader that various optical devices can be developed using the LC lens described herein. In addition, all of the "curved" surface geometries discussed herein (e.g.,
Those skilled in the art will also recognize that certain devices may make use of materials that have low, or no, frequency dependence, but that may still be "sensitive" to the frequency of the excitation signal. This is the case where the combination of different elements provides electric field attenuation (in the transverse plane) depending upon the frequency, such as in distributed RCL electronic circuits.
Doped LC Layer
Shown in
The annular electrode of
It will be appreciated that the parameters of the LC are to be chosen in a way to avoid non-desired effects, such as electrohydrodynamic instabilities of the liquid crystal materials.
It will be appreciated that weakly conductive liquid crystal materials can be combined with a layer of complex dielectric material to work together to shape the desired electric field, whether using frequency as a control mechanism to change the shape of the electric field or whether frequency is constant and voltage is used to control the electric field and optical state of the device.
While the invention has been shown and described with referenced to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
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|Jun 15, 2011
Owner name: LENSVECTOR INC., CALIFORNIA
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Wildlife, Birding And Outdoors
Camouflage | Hides | Camouflage Nets | Camouflage Gear
If you remove sheer luck from the equation, we are left with the next best thing to getting that elusive photograph, and that is our range of camouflage material. Constructed with the sole purpose of making you invisible, atleast to the wildlife, the applications are varied and can range from hiding your lens barrel, to hiding yourself or, even your entire vehicle.
If there is anything specific that you would like us to showcase here, please send us an email, or call us with comments and feedback. We love hearing from you.
Price: Call or send ProPix an email.

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Skydiving.com now has a network skydiving location serving Archer City and Archer County in Texas. Call Skydiving.com at 1-800-617-7948 for details, free information and specials on skydiving in Archer City, TX today!
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As ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on June 25, 2014
CBO estimates that enacting S. 1214 would have no significant effect on the federal budget. The legislation would amend federal law to require that all American flags acquired by the federal government be manufactured in the United States from materials grown, produced, or manufactured in the United States. The legislation also would provide exceptions from this requirement if complying with it would adversely affect a U.S. company or result in unreasonable costs or delay in acquiring flags.
Based on information from the General Services Administration and affected vendors, CBO expects that implementing this bill would have no significant effect on the federal budget because of the bill's broad exemptions and because the federal government already acquires some flags from manufacturers that meet the requirements of the legislation. Enacting S. 1214 also could affect direct spending by agencies not funded through annual appropriations, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Bonneville Power Administration; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. CBO estimates, however, that any net increase in spending by those agencies would not be significant. Enacting S. 1214 would not affect revenues.
S. 1214 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments.


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We offer several pricing options for our Industrial and Commercial Accounts.
Option 1: Fixed Pricing
Our sales staff will determine a "fixed" price per bottle of propane or unit based on volume and current LPG market. This price will remain constant without significant LPG market fluxuation. In the case of significant fluxuation, price may be increased or decreased.
Option 2: Contract Pricing
Our sales staff will determine a constant price per bottle of propane or unit based on volume and current LPG market. The customer will "contract" a specified gallon amount at the constant price. This price will remain constant regardless of the LPG market fluctuations during the terms of the purchase agreement.
Option 3: OPIS Pricing
OPIS is an acronym for Oil Price Indexing Service. This is a publication and service which aggregates and summarizes daily trading values of oil and gases at relevant locations or hubs. In Kansas we utilize the daily average price traded at Conway, Kansas. Our sales staff will establish an incremental "basis" over the OPIS that will determine your delivered bottle price. With this option your price is adjusted weekly or monthly depending on your preference. This option will ensure you always are pricing relevant to the current LPG market.


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Another game to shore up an NCAA bid, and another close loss for the Gators. Yes, Vanderbilt is a good team, but it was a home game for Florida, and with only a road trip at Kentucky remaining, it was a win Florida needed.
Instead, the Gators were unable to maintain their slim lead in the final minutes, and the Commodores pulled out a 64-60 victory in Gainesville Tuesday night.
Vernon Macklin provided most of the punch for Florida, scoring 21 points and securing nine rebounds to lead the Gators in both categories. No other player scored in double digits for Florida.
The starting guards, Kenny Boynton and Erving Walker, were a combined 3-24 from the floor, including 1-9 from beyond the arc. Compare that to Vandy's starting backcourt who was a combined 10-24 shooting, inlcuding 9-15 from 3-point range, and you have the main reason why Florida lost the game despite dominating the boards.
John Jenkins led the Commodores with 18 points while center A.J. Ogilvy added 16, including eight rebounds. The win improves Vanderbilt's record to 23-6.
Florida (20-10) has one more regular season game, and will be hard pressed to beat Kentucky on the road. Should Florida lose on Sunday, they will likely need to win at least two games during the SEC tournament to be a safe pick for the NCAA tournament and end their two-year NCAA drought.


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Leather Pants, Tucking In Shirts
tucking in concerns
Dear Fashion Columnist,
I'm a fairly well-built man in my mid-30s. For as long as I can remember, I've been having trouble tucking in my button-down shirts. The problem is they make me look fat on the sides around the waistline. Help!
Sid Potier, Australia
There are two ways to get rid of "blousing" when tucking in button-down shirts. First, you need a proper tucking technique and second, perhaps you should consider purchasing different shirts.
Technique is everything. That said, always put on your shirt first, and then your trousers. When closing your trousers, be careful not to disturb the shirttail because it will dictate how your shirt appears once you pull it out. Remember to pull slowly and evenly all around.
Unfortunately, your shirt might still hang loosely, despite the proper shirt-tucking technique. In that case, the problem might be in the shirt. Traditional American shirts tend to be "fuller" in the torso, which might cause your shirt to bulge when tucking.
You might want to get your shirts altered at waist level to give them a slimmer fit. Most department stores charge a nominal fee for the service. In the future, you may want to try wearing European shirts, which tend to be slimmer at the waist for a perfect fit.
getting a hummer... hmmm
Hi Chris,
I'm a marketing director at one of the country's top pharmaceutical companies and recently received a hefty bonus. I am considering purchasing a Hummer. Do you think it's a wise move?
Garth, MA
The Hummer is a wicked truck, but as marketing director, you should know that image is important and that it's all about positioning. Four types of people generally drive Hummers: celebrities, people in the military, those who travel through rough terrains, and attention-seekers. So how do you want to position yourself?
You might be a star at your company but you don't need the extra attention. Choosing a car is something very personal but I think you should purchase something a little less flashy — a 3 series BMW or the new A4, for example. You'll not only feel more at ease when parking your new vehicle besides those of your colleagues, but you'll also have plenty of money left over to enjoy other things like cool threads and a great vacation. Good luck.
Until next week, keep on stylin'.
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Space History Department
The Space History Department is the focal point for the space-related historical research, collecting, and exhibit work of the Museum. Curators and staff within the department research and publish; engage in public outreach through exhibitions, lectures, and other means; and collect and manage the care of rocket and space artifacts in the Museum's collection. The department embodies the Museum's mission to preserve, understand, and communicate the history of rocketry and space exploration as part of the larger story of United States and world history.
As a museum, our special strength is documenting this history through our artifacts. The Museum possesses an unparalleled collection that preserves many facets of rocketry and space exploration undertaken by the United States and, to a lesser degree, other countries. Our artifacts cover programs and technology created for human spaceflight; rocketry and missiles; computers and avionics; commercial satellites; military space; space sciences; ground- and space-based astronomy; and foreign space programs. These artifacts are on display in a number of venues: the Museum on the National Mall, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, and, through the department's active loan program, at museums throughout the United States and around the world.


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Key Features Of A Great Bounce House Theme
Bounce houses are one of the most popular toys and attractions one could possibly own. Each different bounce house brings its own unique style and theme to the market, and as a result, the amount of possible bounce houses available is incredibly high, and shows no signs of dropping anytime soon. If you're specifically searching for a bounce house with a theme, you should be on the lookout for some certain features that exist in all the elaborate and popular inflatable devices.
If your primary users of this bounce house will be children, it is highly important that the theme you select is welcoming and friendly, without being too lifelike or scary. You don't want to potentially scare off or frighten any young kid just being introduced to bounce houses for the first time. If there are faces on the outside walls of the inflatable, they should be happy and smiling, which promise fun and excitement inside their walls for all to be had. Any animals or characters that might potentially be seen as scary or frightening should be made to be overly exaggerated, resembling that of a cartoon. The main goal of a bounce house should be to provide happiness and thrills, especially for those who have never used a bounce house before.
Once you've found the right theme that will attract your friends and family within minutes, the next step is make sure that you bounce house has a good color scheme. Take note of the various colors that make up the oxford cloth or polyvinyl chloride. All the top quality designers and manufacturers of moonwalks work long and hard, experimenting with different color schemes for each bounce house until they find just the right combination of hues and pigments. For instance, a bounce house with an ocean theme would be wise to contain a good amount of blue in the color palette. Colors like purple or orange are simply not what one thinks of when envisioning the ocean, and the wrong or unsuited color scheme can hinder the imaginations of those bouncing that day.
Also, when searching for a bounce house, be on the lookout for any bouncer with multiple different colors that bring its theme to life. The wider variety of colors that a bounce house has, the more welcoming and inviting the bounce house becomes. After all, these will be the colors that shine from your yard all over the neighborhood once your bounce house is fully inflated. An inflatable device with dull or faded colors simply will not do. The best and brightest bouncers create the most memorable summertime experiences.
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Fixing the Rapid Unit Test Feature
By @lex on Nov 14, 2008
It has been a view years or Siebel versions that a nice little feature named "Rapid Unit Test" has been introduced. If memory serves me correctly it was 188.8.131.52xx. The feature allows you to start a compile in Siebel Tools while the Developer Web Client (siebel.exe) is still running.
The effect is such that the browser closes and siebel.exe releases the srf. When the compile process completes, siebel.exe starts up again from its suspended mode (gray icon in the system tray becomes colorful again) and the browser launches AND navigates to the previously opened view.
So developers can continue testing without having to shut down the Siebel client and restart it, hence "Rapid Unit Test".
So far so good.
Then - out of a sudden in version 7.8 - a bug prevented this feature to work. Most of us are familiar with the gruesome error message of wrong username and password.
I am not sure if the bug has been fixed in the latest patch release, but there is a generation of developers who either do not know about that feature or have a version running which contains the bug.
I have developed a workaround (it is nothing more) which goes as follows (the following being a script you can run on your windows workstation after applying the correct installation folders):
rem rename sscfsaodbc.dll to sscfsaodbc.dll.orig
ren %SIEBEL_INSTALL_DIR%\client\bin\sscfsaodbc.dll sscfsaodbc.dll.orig
rem make a backup copy of sscfsadb.dll to sscfsadb.dll.backup
copy %SIEBEL_INSTALL_DIR%\client\bin\sscfsadb.dll %SIEBEL_INSTALL_DIR%\client\bin\sscfsadb.dll.backup
rem rename sscfsadb.dll to sscfsaodbc.dll
ren %SIEBEL_INSTALL_DIR%\client\bin\sscfsadb.dll sscfsaodbc.dll
Basically, we have to swap the database connectivity dll files.
All I can say is that it works for me, you have to try it for yourselves and of course download and install the latest patch.
have a nice day


text:
STANFORD, Calif. – No. 10 Stanford will compete at the NCAA Championships for the seventh time in eight years, and 14th time overall, as it heads to Birmingham, Ala., on April 18-20.
The Cardinal is ranked 10th in the 12-team field and will compete in the first of two six-team semifinal groups on Friday at 11 a.m. (PT) at the BJCC Arena. The top three teams from each semifinal will advance to the Super Six team finals on Saturday at 4 p.m. The top four individual finishers in each semifinal (including ties) will qualify for the NCAA Individual Event Finals on Sunday at noon.
The last time Stanford competed as the 10th seed was in 2012 when the team recorded its highest NCAA Championships team scores in program history on vault (49.550), bars (49.350) and beam (49.375). Stanford's score on vault was the second-highest in program history at any competition.
Stanford is seeking its seventh Super Sixth berth since 2002. The Cardinal is one of seven teams in the nation to make six Super Six appearances in the past 12 years (2002-13).
What: No. 10 Stanford at NCAA Championships
When: April 18-20
Where: BJCC Arena • Birmingham, Ala.
NCAA Championships Schedule
Semifinals: Friday, 11 a.m. PT (session I); 5 p.m. (session II)
Super Six: Saturday, 4 p.m.
Individual Event Finals: Sunday, noon
Broadcast Information
Friday: Semifinals, ncaa.com webcast
Saturday: Super Six, ESPN3.com
Sunday: Individual Event finals, ESPN3.com
Wednesday: Super Six tape delay broadcast, ESPNU, 5 p.m. PT
Follow the Action
• The meet will be streamed online and live stats will be available via GoStanford.com. Fans can follow along on Twitter @StanfordWGym and #gostanford.
Cardinal Update
• Stanford tied its season-best team score of 197.275 to finish second at the NCAA Baton Rouge Regional (April 5) and qualify to the NCAA Championships. The Cardinal's team score was its second-highest all-time at a regional competition.
• Stanford recorded its second-highest event scores on the year on beam (49.450) and floor (49.325), and its third-best total on bars with a 49.325.
• Samantha Shapiro and Kristina Vaculik tied for the regional title on bars with scores of 9.950. Shapiro tied her career best, while Vaculik set a career high.
• The Cardinal has 13 victories against teams ranked in the top-25, including three in the top 10, on the season.
Full Circle
• Stanford last competed at the NCAA Championships in Alabama during head coach Kristen Smyth's first season in 2002. The Cardinal qualified to its first Super Six in program history that year, placing sixth with a 196.025. It was a pivotal moment for Stanford, which has qualified for five additional Super Six competitions since 2002.
Super Frosh
• Freshman Nicolette McNair was named the Pac-12 Freshman of the Year. She is Stanford's fourth recipient of the honor, joining Carly Janiga (2007), Mandy Delgado (2002) and Lindsay Wing (2001).
• McNair continued to thrive at the NCAA Baton Rouge Regional, tying for seventh on vault (9.875), tying for eighth on bars (9.850) and contributing a 9.850 on beam.
• McNair earned six individual victories and hit 94 percent (34-of-36) of her routines in her regular lineup spots on vault, bars and beam on the year. McNair got stronger as the year went on and the competition got tougher, hitting each vault, bars and beam routine in the final nine meets of the year and scoring 9.850 or higher in 24 of 27 routines during that span.
Vaculik Does It All
• Redshirt junior Kristina Vaculik has been one of Stanford's most consistent gymnasts this season, competing in the all-around in nine of 12 meets. She leads Stanford with 15 individual victories, hitting 91 percent (41-for-45) of her routines. She led the conference with three Pac-12 Gymnast of the Week selections.
• Vaculik continued her outstanding season at the Baton Rouge Regional, tying for the bars title with a career-best 9.950, and posting strong performances on beam (9.875), floor (9.850) and vault (9.800).
Senior Leadership
• Stanford's two seniors, Amanda Spinner and Shona Morgan, have been significant contributors throughout their collegiate careers and excelled in their final season.
• Spinner has hit 100 percent of her routines on balance beam throughout her entire career and posted five individual victories this season. She was the 2013 Pac-12 Specialist of the Year in the event.
• Spinner began the season with four consecutive individual wins, capped by a career-high 9.975 at the UC Davis quad meet on Jan. 26. She earned the fifth individual victory against then-No. 4 Utah to help lead Stanford to a 197.000-196.300 win.
• Morgan has been consistent throughout her career, typically performing in the leadoff position in her three events (bars, beam, floor) for Stanford to ensure a strong start.
• She is coming off a regional meet in which she tied her career high on bars (9.900) to tie for third, scored 9.925 on beam to tie for third and went 9.875 on floor to tie for ninth.
Heat Watch
• Samantha Shapiro has been heating up just in time for postseason competition, hitting each of her past six bars routines. She tied her career-best of 9.950 at the NCAA Baton Rouge Regional to tie for first and went 9.925 at the Pac-12 Championships to tie for third.
Consistent Contributor
• Rachel Daum hit 100 percent of her routines and scored 9.800 or higher in 23 of 28 events as a freshman.
Reaching 200
•Stanford head coach Kristen Smyth earned the 200th win of her career when Stanford defeated Washington on Feb. 8. Since Smyth arrived as Stanford's head coach in 2002, the program has had unprecedented success. Now in her 13th year with the program, Smyth has posted a 208-56-1 all-time record.
Rotation Schedule
• Here is the rotation order for the first session of the Pac-12 Championships:
Oklahoma: beam, bye, floor, vault, bye, bars
LSU: bye, floor, vault, bye, bars, beam
Georgia: vault, bye, bars, beam, bye, floor
Michigan: bars, beam, bye, floor, vault, bye
Stanford: floor, vault, bye, bars, beam, bye
Illinois: bye, bars, beam, bye, floor, vault
Athletes and Honors: Here is a listing of collegiate titles and honors for current Stanford gymnasts.
Ivana Hong, jr.:
2013 Norman Regional champion (beam)
2013 Norman Regional champion (vault)
2013 All-Pac-12 first team (beam)
2012 All-America first team (beam)
2012 All-America second team (vault)
2012 Pac-12 champion (vault)
2012 All-Pac-12 second team (vault)
Nicolette McNair, fr.:
2014 Pac-12 Freshman of the Year
2014 All-Pac-12 first team (vault, bars)
Shona Morgan, sr.:
2012 All-America second team (bars)
2012 All-Pac-12 second team (beam)
Taylor Rice, so.:
2013 All-America second team (floor)
Samantha Shapiro, jr.:
2014 Baton Rouge Regional champion (bars)
2014 All-Pac-12 second team (bars)
2012 All-America first team (bars)
Amanda Spinner, sr.:
2014 All-Pac-12 second team (beam)
2013 Pac-12 champion (beam)
2013 Pac-12 Specialist of the Year
2013 All-Pac-12 first team (beam)
2012 All-America first team (beam)
2012 NCAA Champaign Regional champion (beam)
Kristina Vaculik, rs jr.:
2014 Baton Rouge Regional champion (bars)
2014 All-Pac-12 first team (all-around)
Super Six Experience
Stanford has six gymnasts who were part of the lineups that competed in the 2012 NCAA Super Six finals in Duluth, Ga., on the Cardinal's fourth-place team. They are: Pauline Hanset, Ivana Hong, Shona Morgan, Samantha Shapiro, Rebecca Wing and Amanda Spinner.
Stanford NCAA Championships Facts
• Team is competing in its 14th NCAA Championship meet.
• Has reached the Super Six six times.
• Most recent Super Six appearance was 2012 (fourth place).
• All of team's Super Six appearances have come since 2002
• The Cardinal is one of seven teams in the nation to make six Super Six appearances in the past 12 years (2002-13).
• The program's highest finish has been third in 2004 and 2008.
• Team's highest NCAA score was 197.500 in 2012 Super Six (fourth place).
• There have been two individual NCAA champions from Stanford.
• Larissa Fontaine tied for first on vault in 1998 (9.8625).
• Carly Janiga won the bars in 2010 in Gainesville, Fla.
• Janiga's score of 9.9375 is the program's highest on the event in NCAA competition.
• Stanford has had 29 individual All-Americans that have garnered a total of 96 honors.
• Program has 20 first-team All-Americans in its history.
• Those individuals totaled 52 first-team All-America honors.
• Current assistant coach Tabitha Yim has the most first-team All-America honors in school history, with 13 from 2005-08.
• The highest all-around finish was Carly Janiga's third in 2010 (39.525).
Stanford Against NCAA Opponents
• Here are the results from Stanford's most recent matchup against each opponent in Session I:
Oklahoma: April 6, 2013 (Norman, Okla.), NCAA Norman Regional: Oklahoma (first) 197.375, Stanford (second) 196.800.
LSU: April 5, 2014 (Baton Rouge, La.), NCAA Baton Rouge Regional: LSU (first) 198.325, Stanford (second) 197.275.
Georgia: Jan. 12, 2014 (Stanford, Calif.), dual meet: Stanford (first) 196.325, Georgia (second) 196.150.
Michigan: April 2, 2011 (Ann Arbor, Mich.), NCAA Ann Arbor Regional: Michigan (first) 197.075, Stanford (T-fourth) 195.225.
Illinois: April 19, 2013 (Los Angeles), NCAA Semifinals: Illinois (fifth) 195.700, Stanford (sixth) 194.700.
• Here are the results from Stanford's most recent matchup against each opponent in Session II:
Florida: April 19, 2013 (Los Angeles), NCAA Semifinals: Florida (first) 197.775, Stanford (sixth) 194.700.
Alabama: March 7, 2014 (Tuscaloosa, Ala.), dual meet: Alabama (first) 198.250, Stanford (second) 196.300.
Utah: March 22, 2014 (Berkeley, Calif.), Pac-12 Championships: Utah (first) 197.925, Stanford (second) 197.175.
UCLA: March 22, 2014 (Berkeley, Calif.), Pac-12 Championships: Stanford (Second) 197.175, UCLA (fourth) 196.525.
Nebraska: April 20, 2012 (Duluth, Ga.), NCAA Semifinals: Stanford (third) 197.125, Nebraska (fifth) 196.625.
Penn State: April 6, 2013 (Norman, Okla.), NCAA Norman Regional: Stanford (second) 196.800, Penn State (fourth) 195.875.
International Experience
Stanford's roster includes six gymnasts with senior national team experience. The list includes three Olympians, one Olympic alternate, two U.S. senior national team competitors, and four World Championships veterans.
• Junior Ivana Hong, a national champion on vault and beam in 2009, was a 2008 U.S. Olympic team alternate. She was a bronze medalist on the beam at the 2009 World Championships and a team gold medalist at the 2007 worlds. Hong also earned a 2007 Pan Am Games bronze in the all-around.
• Junior Pauline Hanset represented Belgium, the country of her birth, in a four-nation meet in Germany in 2011.
• Senior Shona Morgan competed for Australia in the 2008 Olympics, finishing 15th in the all-around. She was a five-time national champion and competed in three World Championships.
• Junior Samantha Shapiro competed for the U.S. senior national team from 2009-11, winning several international meet titles. Earlier, she won three U.S. junior national championships.
• Junior Becky Wing competed for Great Britain in the 2008 Olympics. She also competed in two World Championships and two European Championships.
• Redshirt junior Kristina Vaculik competed for Canada at the 2012 Olympics, helping the team to a fifth-place finish - its highest-ever team finish. She has won nine Canadian national championships, including three all-around titles (2007, 2010, 2012). She is a three-time competitor at the World Championships.


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Aug 26, 2014 8:36 AM
This hand-dyed Batik Cotton Infinity Scarf ($45) is the perfect accessory for a gray day. You'll blend in seamlessly with your surroundings, at least if your surroundings look like a day in the moody rainy Pacific Northwest or the tundra of Upper Midwest in the middle of February, as the ombre scarf already looks like it's been out in the weather. A few more raindrops won't hurt it, only help you become even more one with nature.
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Outblush is a blog for girls who love to shop. Our staff digs up the best clothes, home stuff, beauty items, and more. New items are posted every day — bookmark us and check out:


text:
For more information about this meeting, contact Fei Wang, Toan Nguyen, Stephanie Zerby, Mark Levi, Victor Nistor, Jinchao Xu, Chun Liu.
|Diffusion Mapped Delay Coordinates (DMDC) and the geometry of dynamical data
|Computational and Applied Mathematics Colloquium
|Tyrus Berry, Penn State University
|In this talk I will examine the geometry of attractor reconstruction and show how the induced geometry of time-delay coordinates increasingly biases the reconstruction toward the stable directions as delays are added. This bias can be exploited, using the diffusion maps approach to dimension reduction, to extract dynamics on desired time scales from high-dimensional observed data. I discuss the technique of Diffusion Mapped Delay Coordinates (DMDC) and its application to video data from experiments. Time permitting I will introduce Local Kernels as a generalization of the isotropic kernels used in Diffusion Maps which can access geometries other than the induced geometry.
Room Reservation Information
|Room Number:
|02 / 17 / 2014
|02:30pm - 03:30pm


text:
|Men's Soccer » Schedule » Roster » News » Coaches » Statistics
Recap | Boxscore
Purdue Calumet Falls to Viterbo
Purdue Calumet (3-7)
Viterbo Univ., Wis. (3-10-1)
10/13/2012 | La Crosse, Wis. | Attendance: 78
LA CROSSE, Wis. - The Purdue University Calumet men's soccer fell to Viterbo, 3-1, on Saturday afternoon. The Peregrines fall to 3-7 overall with the loss.
Viterbo controlled possession throughout the contest, posting a 17-6 advantage on shots. The V-Hawks scored twice in the opening 10 minutes of the contest, before adding another tally in the 66th minute.
Purdue Calumet was able to find the scoreboard with Jawayne Spence's first career goal in the 85th minute, as the Hammond native punched in a nice feed from Djurica Bukur. Tom Spillman took the loss for the Black and Gold, falling to 2-7 on the season.
PUC will be back in action tomorrow, when it faces Muskegon CC in an exhibition match. Kick-off is scheduled for 12 p.m. CST.
2012-13 Men's Soccer
Wednesday, October 17, 2012Purdue Calumet to Host Meet the Coaches Night
Saturday, October 13, 2012Purdue Calumet Falls to Viterbo
Saturday, October 6, 2012Clarke Snaps PUC's Winning Streak with 4-0 Win
Wednesday, September 26, 2012Purdue Calumet Blanks Grace Bible for Second-Straight Win
Saturday, September 22, 2012Purdue Calumet Uses Second Half Scores to Defeat Finlandia
Sunday, September 16, 2012Offensive Woes Continue in PUC's Loss to Madonna
Saturday, September 15, 2012Concordia Hands Purdue Calumet Third-Straight Loss
Friday, September 14, 2012Purdue Calumet Soccer to Host Sunday Doubleheader


text:
Happy Saturday! For those of you that didn't read my updated comment on my previous post, Maybe Baby, here it goes…
I posted that entry on Wednesday night and I did call the doctor first thing Thursday morning. I explained what was going on, how I was feeling, my symptoms and about taking way too many home pregnancy tests (HPT). The nurse said it's very possible I could be pregnant and that my levels just aren't high enough to be detected yet. She also said there's a good chance that I just "skipped" a period. WTF.
Momma always told me if you were late you were knocked up. I'm pretty sure she lied to me. She also said that I'd burn in hell if I had premarital sex (which I tested, and I'm burn free!).
The nurse also suggested that I relax… stop taking HPT and just not worry about it. Easier said than done, for sure. She said to call on the 12th if I haven't started my period and they'd do a blood test and go from there.
In the back of my mind, I can't stop convincing myself I'm pregnant. We want this so bad and I can't move on. It's all I can think about… although I've been doing a good job of keeping busy.
Last night I organized the things I have to write reviews for, wrapped a few presents and chatted with my best friend. I lit a candles, turned on some music and tried to relax and not worry about this whole shenanigan. When I get bored and start worrying, I go enter some giveaways. LOL! That keeps me busy and gives me something to concentrate on.
I'm praying that I'm pregnant and can have a wonderful, healthy pregnancy. But until I know for sure, I'm trying to stay calm and relax. My mom says that I need to be patient and not worry… WHAT?! She knows me better than that, I'm the most impatient person ever. She followed up her comment with saying that if I am pregnant, I have nine months to wait so I better get used to it. She's sweet, ain't she?!
Oh, and the one thing I'm trying not to do is Google my symptoms. Jesus H. Christ…. by reading those search pages, you'd think I was about to die in 45 minutes. Do not Google your symptoms EVER!
I'll try to keep y'all updated… and please, pray for me. Thank you, I love your advice and what not.
17 days late… and counting.


text:
7 Jul 15:57 2008
OTRS 2.3.0 beta4 (Bora Bora) is released!
Hauke Boettcher <hauke.boettcher <at> otrs.com>
Dear Community Members, +++++++++++++++++++++++++ Release Note ++++++++++++++++++++++++ We are proud to announce OTRS 2.3.0 beta4 (Bora Bora) today. This is a beta release of OTRS 2.3 which is not recommended to use for productive operation. Beta releases are published for test purposes only. The stable release is planned to be released Aug 4th 2008. Fixed bugs: =========== * Bug #3053 - AJAX functionality within the ticket interface wasn't working properly when the cookies support was disabled in the browser. [ http://bugs.otrs.org/show_bug.cgi?id053 ] * Bug #3046 - Creating a new Telephone- or Email-Ticket in the agent interface required to click twice on the "create" botton. [ http://bugs.otrs.org/show_bug.cgi?id046 ] * Bug #3047 - Once assigned it wasn't possible to reset services and slas to the option >none< in the AgentTicketNote screen. [ http://bugs.otrs.org/show_bug.cgi?id047 ] * Bug #2960 - OTRS update script "scripts/DBUpdate-to-2.3.pl"(Continue reading)


text:
Studs Terkel endorses John Laesch for IL-14 Congressional Seat
Studs Terkel endorses John Laesch for the 14th Congressional District in Illinois.
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IL Lt. Gov. Quinn Endorses John Laesch for IL-14
Illinois Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn endorsed John Laesch for Congress in the 14th District. He met with John and a large gathering of supporters at John's campaign office in downtown Aurora.
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Leaked: Jan-19-2008 in News
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The Knockout Game ( It's A Big Hit) "Animals"
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UN Investigators Discover Evidence Chemical Weapons Used By Rebels
Testimony from victims of the conflict in Syria suggests rebels have used the nerve gas agent, sarin, according to a leading United Nations investigator. Carla Del Ponte told Swiss TV that there we
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One Boston Bomber Captured in Watertown Mass
Boston Globe reports one boston marathon bomber suspect has been captured. story here: http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/18/mit-police-officer-hit-gunfire-cambridge-police-dispatcher-sa
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Location: Boston, Massachusetts, United States | Leaked: Apr-19-2013 in Regional News
Accused paedophile on 252 charges sipping tea in Sri Lanka
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Born Gay Homosexual / Homosexual Agenda Propaganda Exposed!
The "Born Gay" Hoax Exposed! By 1985, the pro-sodomy movement The "born "gay hoax was invented in 1985 by Marshall Kirk and Dr. Hunter Madsen. Marshall Kirk graduated magna cum la
By: RealityChecker | Comments: 80 | Views: 16405 | Votes: 3 | Shared: 265
Location: United States | Leaked: Aug-20-2012 in Propaganda
Pure ecstasy can be 'safe' if consumed responsibly: B.C. health officer
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Location: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | Leaked: Jun-14-2012 in Other News
"Cocaine One" and "Cocaine Two" – ongoing CIA wholesale drug trafficking…
Compilation of reports regarding: · "Cocaine One" April 10, 2006 - a plane busted in a rural airport in the Yucatan, Mexico, with 5.5. tons of cocaine on board. · "Cocaine Two" September 24, 200
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Location: Los Angeles, California, United States | Leaked: Apr-27-2012 in World News, Regional News, Other News, Politics
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