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Kroboth, Frank J. MD; Zerega, W. Dennis EdD; Patel, Rita M. MD; Barnes, Barbara E. MD; Webster, Marshall W. MD
Dr. Kroboth is professor, Department of Medicine, and assistant dean, Graduate Medical Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Dr. Zerega is vice president, Graduate Medical Education, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Dr. Patel is professor of anesthesiology and associate dean for graduate medical education, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education/National Resident Matching Program Designated Institutional Official, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Dr. Barnes is associate vice chancellor for continuing education and industry relationships, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Dr. Webster is executive vice president, and president of Physician Services Division and University of Pittsburgh Physicians, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Kroboth, UPMC Montefiore W 933, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; telephone: (412) 802-8674; fax: (412) 692-4825; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
First published online December 16, 2010.
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center has seen continuous growth in the number and types of graduate training programs not accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the American Board of Medical Specialties, or the American Osteopathic Association. For the purposes of ensuring best educational products and of controlling unrecognized competition with our accredited programs, a sequential process of centralized oversight of these nonstandard programs was undertaken.
The first step involved programs whose fellows were hired and tracked like accredited fellows (i.e., not instructors). The basic process began with consensus among leadership, writing of policy with consultation as necessary, establishment of a registry of programs and graduates, and a committee to allow sharing of best practices and dissemination of policy. The second step applied the same process to instructor-level programs. Whereas the previous group of programs was made subject to ACGME regulations, more latitude in duty hours and progressive responsibility were allowed for instructor programs. The final step, in progress, is extending a similar but modified approach to short-duration clinical experiences and observerships.
The outcomes of these efforts have been the creation of a centralized organizational structure, policies to guide this structure, an accurate registry of a surprising number of training programs, and a rolling record of all graduates from these programs. Included in the process is a mechanism that ensures that core program directors and department chairs specifically review the impact of new programs on core programs before allowing their creation.
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) began an initiative in 2006 regarding nonaccredited programs in graduate medical education (GME). The goals of the effort were twofold. First was to ensure that all training programs at UPMC offered the best educational experience possible, with central oversight as a significant step toward that goal. Second was the desire to have centralized census and control over the number and types of trainees who might potentially compete for resources with accredited programs. Additional issues that were uncovered as the process unfolded included financial aspects, visa issues, and the need for open dialogue between GME, continuing medical education (CME), and the offices of credentialing and medical staff. This article describes the evolution of the organization of nonaccredited medical training programs and the lessons learned in the effort.
Despite continuous need for an expanded primary care base, the practice of medicine in the last 30 years has evolved continuously into subspecialized and often into sub-subspecialized care capabilities. Demand for the most specialized and least invasive surgery, as well as the most advanced medical care for difficult cases, has created the need for training physicians beyond their specialty and sometimes their subspecialty programs. The literature in these areas has described the dramatic rise in postgraduate training programs, the limitations of present accredited programs, and the conflicts that may arise.1–3
GME is traditionally considered to be training after medical school graduation in a program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), or the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). However, physicians in the past few decades have increasingly pursued additional training, often in programs not accredited by the ACGME, sometimes not overseen by any specialty board or medical specialty society. These opportunities range from formally constructed multiyear fellowships certified by a specialty board to procedure-specific, short-duration apprenticeships. Furthermore, these programs can be conducted and salaried similar to an accredited program, or they may involve trainees given staff attending privileges, sometimes paid by outside sources. The shortest versions which train attending physicians bridge the boundaries of GME and CME, and their funding can require reconciliation with institutional conflict-of-interest policy. Complicating the picture further are fellowships designed for research such as T-32 supported years, with minor clinical components. Lastly, there are an endless variety of persons coming to a major medical center to observe for variable time periods.
The ACGME has developed program requirements for many of these new training opportunities, such as in palliative care, to become accredited programs. However, there remain a large number of very specialized training programs that are not accredited by the ACGME, the ABMS, or the AOA. For the purpose of this article, we will refer to nonstandard programs as any physician training program not ACGME or AOA accredited. Some of these have oversight and accreditation by medical specialty boards or by specific societies and associations; many do not. Some train only one trainee at a time; others take trainees every year in numbers similar to accredited programs. Trainees include both U.S. medical graduates and international graduates. Indeed, the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) estimates that 500 J-1 physicians participate in nonstandard programs each year.4
All nonstandard programs have the potential to compete with accredited programs for resources, both patient and faculty, while at the same time offering teaching and patient care opportunities to their institutions. There are many other complexities in the operation of nonstandard programs: Although their graduates may serve to upgrade medical care in the region, they may eventually divert the referral base of the tertiary care center offering the program. Some programs have the capacity to enhance the reputation and balance sheet of an institution, but if pursued in excess, to dilute the standards and morale of the accredited programs. Moreover, it is often not clear who has institutional oversight and responsibility for nonstandard programs.
At UPMC, we conceived multiple potential advantages of centralized oversight and organization of nonstandard programs (List 1). The purpose of this article is therefore to describe the approach we adopted to organizing our nonstandard training programs. We include significant steps in the evolution of the organization of our nonstandard programs as well as the completed oversight structure itself. We provide enough specificity about types of programs, problems encountered, and realizations and decisions made in the process to allow generalization, adoption, and adaptation at other institutions.
UPMC is an international enterprise affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh and its School of Medicine (UPSOM). It includes 20 regional hospitals and multiple international sites. UPMC has placed all GME across the network under the auspices of the UPMC Medical Education Board (UPMCMEB). The UPMCMEB spans the corporate UPMC and the affiliated medical school of the University of Pittsburgh. Board members include the chief medical officer of UPMC, the dean of the medical school, hospital administrators, and representatives from GME leadership. UPSOM alone has responsibility for medical students and research fellowships. The hospitals of UPMC train approximately 1,600 trainees annually and by ACGME statistics rank among the top three largest GME training institutions in the United States. These figures do not include nonstandard programs. In this article, we have chosen to exclude non-MD programs such as osteopathic medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry in the definitions of nonstandard programs, although they are important parts of our graduate education structure.
The overarching goal of the nonstandard program initiative was to produce the best learning experience for trainees in every program at UPMC, regardless of the program's accrediting body or lack thereof, as stated by the chair of the UPMCMEB. Specific objectives were set by a small working group: the designated institutional official, the vice president for GME, and the assistant dean for GME. Progress in attaining the measures ultimately was reported to the chair of the UPMCMEB.
After establishing specific objectives based on the potential advantages stated in List 1, in late 2006 we conducted a survey of 10 institutions of similar complexity, including ours, in order to appreciate the status of nonstandard programs. (For reasons of confidentiality, we have not named those institutions here.) This was a telephone interview using both open-ended queries and specific details that we were considering. The interviewees were nearly all designated institutional officials, all of whom were most generous in sharing experiences. Of these 10 institutions, all believed some degree of regulation of nonstandard programs was desirable, and 9 of 10 placed these programs under the purview of GME. Although 7 of 10 institutions expected nonstandard programs to follow ACGME regulations, only 4 of them included nonstandard programs under the auspices of their graduate medical education committee (GMEC) and enforced ACGME requirements. Only 3 conducted formal internal reviews. We explored further the types of trainees in these programs. Specifically, some trainees had not entered practice but, instead, were hired much like traditional fellows. Some, however, were enrolled as instructor-level faculty after becoming licensed independent practitioners. They were often allowed some attending staff activity. Five of 10 institutions avoided specific duty hours limits for these attending-level fellows.
Results of a query on the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Group on Resident Affairs (GRA) listserv reflected similar disparities in practice (personal communication, Julia McMillan, MD, September 5, 2006). Three subsequent presentations by other institutions at the AAMC 2007 GRA meeting confirmed the feedback we were receiving from the institutions we surveyed.5–7 Data from a GRA national survey showed that 76% of nonstandard programs were approved by the GMEC, but only 49% received internal reviews.8
After the decision was made to organize nonstandard programs at UPMC in early 2006, responsibility was assigned to a newly appointed assistant dean for GME. A leadership group was formed consisting of the assistant dean for GME, the designated institutional official, and the vice president for GME as noted above. After collating the experiences of the institutions above, it met sequentially during academic year 2006–2007 to define targets, compose a policy, and present to the Council of Clinical Chairs of the UPSOM and to the GMEC. It was soon obvious that this entire initiative required active support from both the academic leader (dean) and institutional medical director (chief medical officer).
Our efforts at institutional reorganization unfolded in a step-by-step fashion, with categorization and implementation for each type of program taking more or less a year of work. This progression was primarily attributable to realistic time and resource availability. However, there was also an element of gradual acclimatization of departmental leadership to our efforts. The leadership group began by reviewing the categories of nonstandard programs in place at UPMC and constructing a schematic to simplify the task and depict the relationships between accrediting boards and types of programs (Figure 1). As noted above, the decision was made to identify but not further include non-MD programs. Therefore, fellowships that are not ACGME accredited and also not targeted toward instructors eligible for staff appointment were designated Special Institutional Education Programs (SIEPs), in recognition of the special expertise of our teaching faculty and the institutional learning environment. These may either have ABMS oversight, which we designated type I, or not have oversight (type II), and may either be associated with a professional society or not. When present, such oversight is primarily to ensure that the program fulfills the need of its fellows to meet board requirements, and may not even involve site visits. This is quite different from the ACGME program accreditation process.
Programs employing staff-appointed instructors as fellows were named by their categories of employment (O and Z are two categories in the nomenclature of UPMC employment for which they would qualify) as an easily remembered moniker: University of Pittsburgh Physicians Clinical Instructor Programs (UPP-OZ). The choice that a program faces when deciding to be an SIEP or UPP-OZ depends somewhat on what pool of applicants the program expects to tap and to some degree on funding being available (versus the need for billing to generate support). Indeed, some programs are hybrids, accepting some candidates as SIEP fellows (often because they wouldn't qualify for staff privileges as an instructor) and some as UPP-OZ, adapting the employment arrangements in order to offer training experiences to highly desirable candidates.
Figure 1 illustrates the institutional categorization that we ultimately adopted. Accredited programs and SIEPs fall under regulations and oversight of the GMEC. Instructor-level programs (UPP-OZs) and mini-fellowships receive oversight at the corporate institutional level. Postdoctoral students are governed by cooperative policies with the University of Pittsburgh, GME, and UPMC. Table 1 shows the number of trainees in each type of program at UPMC as of 2009.
SIEPs were the first target chosen for attention, beginning in 2006–2007. This category of fellowships employs participants on GME payroll similar to accredited program fellows. After considerable discussion, it was decided that these programs must follow GME policies (essentially, ACGME policies) in all areas: curriculum, evaluation, faculty, and duty hours.
An SIEP Program Director Committee was therefore created as a subcommittee within GMEC. The initiative for policy adherence was presented to key individual chairs, then the Council of Clinical Chairs, and then to the GMEC. An enrollment document was written to ensure that programs had the required elements and documented support of the core program director and chair. A census of all SIEPs was conducted using direct connections to departments and administrators, review of the entire UPMC GME and faculty payroll, and persistent communication. Several programs emerged that had not been in our original catalog. As we designed it, enrollment involves concise description of the key elements of the program as well as the elements necessary for ECFMG acceptance in order to facilitate attestation when necessary. Signatures of the program director, chair, and core program director are required, because one of our central themes is monitoring nonaccredited programs for excessive competition with our core programs. The program descriptions are reviewed and approved by GMEC.
As anticipated, we found that enlisting enthusiastic support for our interventions was difficult. Significant time and effort were expended in gathering the involved parties, explaining, distributing, and especially collecting what was likely regarded as unnecessary paperwork and intrusion. Eventually, half of a full-time equivalent (FTE) in administrative support was recruited to advance the project. Incentives and rationale for cooperation included the overall goal of sharing attributes to strengthen the academic offerings to all trainees. In addition, we offered
* assistance with visa and other administrative issues,
* facilitation of ECFMG interactions,
* assistance with grievance issues,
* participation in GMEC events,
* continued payroll services (versus changing to instructor status and balancing income/expense),
* continued housestaff benefits and access to the Resident and Fellow Assistance Program, and
* institutional graduation certificates.
The SIEP committee began a regular meeting schedule (every four months) as well as an annual and ad hoc electronic communication schedule. The agenda progressed from defining the purpose of the organization to review of the GME regulations expected to be followed. Duty hours were the issue of most discussion, especially in specialties like hepatic transplantation, where prolonged procedural hours could be involved. Concepts such as on-site sleep and other solutions were reviewed.
Each meeting included an update on GMEC activities and pertinent GMEC discussions. From these basics, the agenda moved in subsequent meetings to sharing of best practices across SIEPs, starting with recruiting and contracting, then curriculum and eventually evaluation. Program directors also shared a discussion of research opportunities, practices, and problems.
A series of internal site visit reviews was conducted by the assistant dean in 2007 and 2008. The key elements of each review were curriculum and evaluation. The program director and select fellows were interviewed, and their documents were reviewed. The most common deficiency found was documentation of evaluation, especially in smaller procedural fellowships where everyday interaction and constant feedback were the norm. Fellows were content overall with duty hours. Written curricula were modest by ACGME standards, but practical. Research opportunity varied by the program and its length and was the exception rather than the rule.
Lastly, a Fellows' Interdisciplinary Conference Series was designed and implemented throughout the next year (2008–2009). Topics included biostatistics and research design, ethics, legal issues, and areas pertinent to ACGME competencies for fellow-level trainees. Conference proceedings were recorded and posted on the UPSOM Web site. The series was followed the next year by a course which used 11 modules from year 1 as prerequisite information. These are available to fellows from all programs as well as residents.
At the end of a year's actual experience with SIEPs, our leadership team decided to address staff instructor-level programs beginning in 2008–2009. Extensive efforts were expended in writing policy for this group of nonstandard programs, including legal consultation. The two most important issues were duty hours allowances and supervising the gradual progression to independent function for the instructors with staff appointments who often had been in or were eligible for independent practice and were coming to us for additional, concentrated experience in their area of interest. After considerable debate, it was decided that safe hours and advancement of credentialing would be the responsibility of the program director and chair, without specific hours prescribed or any special credentialing process. Although comfortable with the oversight of the program directors, the leadership group also instituted a quarterly display of each fellow's billings to be reviewed and signed off by the program director attesting to appropriateness of independent function. Increased activity over successive quarters was anticipated as evidence for a supervised increase in responsibility for the fellows.
Having set the ground rules, the group again presented the initiative to the UPMCMEB, the Council of Clinical Chairs, and the GMEC. By querying the latter, consulting our prior registry, and again reviewing the entire faculty payroll, every UPP-OZ fellow was identified. In the process, as we had with SIEPs, we discovered several programs whose existence had been unknown. After studying the operation of our programs, it was clear that several needed the latitude to employ some fellows who were SIEP fellows and some who were UPP-OZ fellows. They were designated hybrid programs, and for the SIEP fellows, GMEC regulations are followed.
Organizationally, UPP-OZ program directors were invited, and actively began contributing, to the SIEP committee. Very informative discussions centered around
* salary paid to UPP-OZ fellows (billing dependent or straight salary),
* resources for training,
* outside financial support and tuition fee for specialized experiences,
* conflict-of-interest issues regarding such supports,
* coordination of all nonstandard programs with core ACGME programs, and
* the exact mechanism for advancing UPP-OZ fellows to unsupervised roles in procedures.
For oversight, a separate leadership advisory group was created (named the Mini-Fellowship, Observership, and OZ Committee). Members included the assistant dean, the vice president for GME, and representatives from CME, the corporate administration, the medical staff office, and the credentials verification office. As described above, review of complete billing records for all UPP-OZ fellows by the advisory group revealed a baseline of 12,000 separate charges for over 6.5 million dollars in the first quarter alone. This indeed increased by 25% in quarter 3.
One particular area of interest from an institutional perspective was converting SIEP fellows to UPP-OZ fellows (instructor-level fellows). In so doing, fellows would generate their own support, overall clinical throughput might increase, and faculty policies could apply to all. The SIEP committee responded with a robust list of reasons not to do so (List 2).
At the conclusion of the year's efforts on instructor-level programs, a central graduate registry was established for all SIEP and UPP-OZ graduates. Documentation included attestation to achievement of six to eight objectives from the curriculum, as well as the six ACGME General Competencies. Seventy-one fellows graduated in 2009 from SIEP and UPP-OZ programs. The Physician Services Division (University of Pittsburgh) can now handle reference requests centrally without inefficient referrals.
We also reviewed the growth of new programs, both SIEP and UPP-OZ, between 2006–2007 and 2008–2009. An average of four new SIEP and two new UPP-OZ programs per year were created and credentialed. Several proposals required multiple revisions or were denied. We agree with others in our unpublished survey described above, that du jour creations should be discouraged and carefully reviewed for merit, and that any program that doesn't enroll fellows for three years should be administratively withdrawn. Lastly, since completion of the UPP-OZ registry and associated communications, not a single controversy over fellows' independent function has arisen, a distinct improvement over previous years.
The next targets (2009–2010) for our initiative were short (six months or less), competency-specific fellowships, termed mini-fellowships by the surgical literature,9,10 although existent in other specialties. With the work for categorizing instructor-level programs completed, the mini-fellowship policy followed easily. Duty hours responsibility became the same as for UPP-OZ programs. Supervision was required for all activities, except in those few programs fully described and registered as UPP-OZs with optional shorter duration.
The concept of brief interventions aimed at specific expertise, often for practicing physicians, raises a host of issues which an institution must weigh (List 3). Financial aspects of mini-fellowships are limited by conflict-of-interest compliance as well as the value of the skill imparted, making uniform tuition rates impossible. Indeed, ongoing conflict-of-interest issues have put several of our mini-fellowships on hold.
Observerships are being addressed by the leadership group for mini-fellowships and UPP-OZs. However, the conduct of observerships is entirely department-dependent, and the goal of our modest intervention has been to monitor overall census and to discover unusual activity. Departments are referred to the American Medical Association Web site11 for example templates. A draft policy has been written and presented, but implementation will require additional support.
We were surprised to find in our census from the first quarter of 2010–2011 that, excluding day visitors and excluding medical student and housestaff rotations, we had 104 postgraduate observers in 10 different departments. We also found a great variation in length of observerships, from three days to two years. Full centralization of oversight for these short programs will require another half-FTE of administrative support, presently under discussion.
Fellows on grants generally are subsidized by federal grants or industry grants. The latter are discussed below, as they relate to CME issues. Federal or similar grants are administered through the University of Pittsburgh rather than UPMC. Therefore, extensive discussion of benefits, taxation, and clinical activities took place between GME (UPMC) and the university regarding nonequivalence of salary and benefits. A policy was jointly written, and case-based discussions continue to the present. For medical staff, a nonfaculty staff status was created, to allow fellows clinical activity and billing if applicable, but under strict interpretation of the grant in question.
GME and CME are governed by different accrediting bodies, and their domains have traditionally been viewed as being discrete (preparation for practice versus acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competence while in practice). However, the acquisition and maintenance of competence, in reality, require career-long iterative experiences. Although the AMA has formulated guidelines for providing AMA PRA Category 1 Credit for training on new procedures,12 CME certification is customarily limited to brief learning interventions, most often less than 7 to 10 days. Mini-fellowships therefore represent a gap between the traditional purviews of CME and GME. Collaboration between these two units at UPMC, formalized by the creation of the advisory committee described above, has permitted greater institutional oversight of trainees as well as an opportunity for provision of educational consultation to sponsoring departments.
A second issue at the interface of GME and CME is conflict-of-interest policy. The device industry has traditionally offered financial support for fellowships and observerships related to procedural training, often in nonstandard programs. A task force convened by the AAMC, while recognizing the value of this funding, cautioned that institutions create centralized mechanisms for procuring and overseeing these relationships with industry in order to minimize the potential for personal and institutional conflicts of interest.13 The UPMC industry relationships policy mandates such a process.14 Funds from industry must be processed through either the Medical and Health Sciences Foundation or the Center for Continuing Education in the Health Sciences, depending on the nature of the experience. Selection of participants is controlled at a level of the organization discrete from that at which funds are managed and overseen. We do not allow industry to directly compensate trainees for travel, lodging, or other expenses, unless such arrangements have been defined in an equipment purchase contact. Again, operationalizing a unified consistent approach between GME and CME has been important for moving forward in this area, and our policy has been uniformly applied.
As of 2010, when we wrote this article, the nonstandard program initiative at UPMC continues to grow. Future areas of interest will include internal reviews for all SIEPs, uniform graduation certificates for participating fellows, surveys of graduates from all nonstandard programs, and deeper exploration of the fiscal aspect of nonstandard programs. Of interest will be more detailed assessment of billing and collection versus the expenditures of the UPP-OZ programs and centralizing and weighting the tuition schedule. Lastly, we will explore the role of arbiter between departments as subspecialty training opportunities conflict.
Nonstandard training programs pose many potential dangers to an institution's GME structure. Competition for faculty time and for patients is foremost. Creation of unregulated experiences may impact accredited trainees rotating through, may allow unsafe working environment issues, and may invite overextension of clinical privileges, especially when instructor-level fellows are involved. If nonstandard trainees are not of the caliber of core programs, morale may suffer. Unregulated programs may create human resources issues if proper contracting, evaluation, tracking, and discipline are not practiced. Funding sources for these programs may involve conflict-of-interest issues, and, lastly, a medical center may erode its own referral base by saturating the locale with sub-subspecialty expertise.
At this point in our process, we can summarize the lessons we have learned in the effort:
* All levels of the institution's leadership must support the effort.
* In order to be successful, the effort must involve multiple areas of GME, faculty, and hospital offices and administration working together, with approval of involved institutional oversight bodies.
* There are programs of many types that can benefit by proper categorization and oversight, which may only be appreciated as the effort is undertaken.
* There is endless potential for new programs (of variable educational value) to arise.
* Resistance is to be expected and incentives/authority are necessary, but improvement is possible. Gains we appreciated included improved curricula, improved evaluation, improved adherence to credentialing details, a reliable database of programs, fellows, and graduates, a consistent process for new programs and for questions about old ones, increased awareness by all program directors and chairs, and a functional communication network.
* In addition to the primary educational impact of this effort, there can be significant fiscal and legal aspects to these programs.
* Designated resources are necessary; specifically, one-half of an administrative FTE, one-third of a faculty FTE, and considerable committee time from a core group of participants have been our minimum need.
At each step of the way, the issues were more complex than we expected and the time and effort were greater than anticipated. Overall, we believe we are in a stronger position to make educated decisions about questions that arise amongst our training programs. We have already set a higher bar for the nonstandard programs that currently exist and for those that are arising at a surprising rate in a dichotomous era of primary care need and sub-subspecialty technology.
The authors wish to thank Dr. Arthur Levine and Dr. Anna Roman for support of the project. Parts of it were presented in a workshop at the Association for Hospital Medical Education; April 15, 2009.
Not applicable.
© 2011 Association of American Medical Colleges
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East Indian culture spices the very landscape of central Trinidad, where 42% of the population trace their roots back to the Ganges basin of Northeastern India.
Come escape with us as we go on a pilgrimage of sorts, to spend the day in this community's heartland, Caroni, this little corner of India...
We'll exit the busy Uriah Butler Highway at the booming market town of Chaguanas, named after the Chaguanese Amerindian tribe who once lived here about, and immediately the road is crowded with vendors, and bargain hungry pedestrians. Your exotic adventure's just begun...
Central Trinidad
On the eastern side of the highway there are sleepy villages, with predominately Hindu communities where East Indian culture rules.
There are said to be some 300 temples in Trinidad, the cinemas here sport marquise advertising the latest Bollywood movies, Saris can be purchased as easily as a cool bottle of beer, and it's not unheard of to see a water buffalo or donkey powered cart, laden down with grass, meandering its way home along the narrow Caroni roads.
Cane Arrows can also sometimes be seen floating above old cane fields in this rolling landscape. The blooms, now just a fading memory of the days when sugar was king.
Hanuman Statue
But we are on our way south, and west, along the Old Southern Main Road. The radio is on and we are listening to a little local Chutney music to enhance your experience. Our first port of call, on our figurative journey along the Ganges, is the Hamuman Murti statue in Carapichaima.
The first time you see the solitary figure you'll have turned off the old main road and traveling west along the Orange Field Road. The statue towers above the village fields, with the Northern Range a faint pregnant bulge on the horizon. The statue is stunning, and powerful. At 85 feet tall it's the highest statue of Lord Hanuman, the Hindu monkey god, outside of India.
Dattatreya Yoga Center
But it is when you arrive at the Dattatreya Yoga Center and Mandir, and park that the size of this sacred image really begins to dawn on you, as does how authentically East Indian culture is represented in the ornate pink, orange and salmon colored buildings, which surround it. You have arrived...You are in India.
Hanuman is the mighty ape that aided Lord Rama, the protector of gods, one of the most popular idols in the Hindu pantheon, believed to be an avatar of lord Shiva, who is worshiped as a symbol of strength, perseverance and steadfast devotion.
This is East Indian culture at it most magnificent, and even though it was only completed in 2003, this amazing complex, built in the Dravidian style of southern India is, in its own New World way, the equal of many old world religious sites found in Europe, Britain and even the Far East.
Temple by the Sea
Next you'll journey westward for 20-minutes on the Waterloo Road until we can drive no further, and the Temple by the Sea stands before you.
This is another incredible site, best viewed when a perfect sunset paints the Gulf of Paria in colors equal to the brightly colored prayer flags that erupt from the surrounding muddy tidal flats.
The Temple by the Sea is an inspiring story of one man's faith, persistence and untiring devotion, who by share force of will continued to build this temple by hand, block by block, against overwhelming odds.
It's also a place where Hindu funereal pyres are burnt in the old way, as if the departed are on the banks of the Ganges; and it's a great place for bird watching if you are inclined to sit a while.
Barra Plaza, Debe
Time now to start thinking about lunch, and on this occasion we'll drive past Pointe-a-Pierre's oil refineries, where the tang of raw oil floats through the air like a pungent brew of morning coffee, to the once sleepy village of Debe, and it's Barra Plaza.
Here you'll want to treat yourself to a slice of East Indian culture, delicious delicacies like Phoulorie, Trinidad Doubles, Baiganee, Saheena, and curried mango to mention a few.
East Indian Delights
These simple East Indian foods have transformed this quiet village. Where once a few wooden houses stood, now large, prosperous concrete homes fronted by neat take-out counters crowd the bustling intersection.
Alternatively, if you are traveling with a Trinidad tour guide, they will take you for authentic Trinidadian East Indian food, where your meal will be served on a banana leaf in the traditional way and you'll eat with your fingers as East Indian Culture demands. It's a scrumptious, and exotically different luncheon experience, a taste of Trinidad food in all its wondrous diversity.
Southern Trinidad
You are now deep in central Trinidad and close enough to make a quick side trip to either theLa Brea Pitch Lake, an informative addition to your adventure, or journey to thermal vents and mud volcanoes of the Devil's Woodyard.
East Indian Culture
Another alternative is to revisit Chaguanas where the Lion House, immortalized by Trinidad's Nobel laureate V.S. Naipaul in his novel "A House for Mr. Biswas", still stands.
Depending on the time of year, because some events are governed by lunar phase, you may be invited to witness other celebrations of Trinidad's East Indian culture like the festival of Holi, or Phagwa as its called in Trinidad, or the Hindu festival of lights at the Diwali Nagara Cultural Center in Chaguanas, or Hosay.
But we are on our way north, because on this day we plan to witness a Caribbean sunset at the Caroni Bird Sanctuary, in the company of Scarlet Ibis and, hopefully, crimson stained skies.
Try ah St. James Roti, an' ah Coconut Water 'round de Savanna
You may decide, like we often do, to end your day of East Indian culture with a mouth watering Trinidad Roti from St. James, and the subtle tropical flavor of a freshly cut coconut water from the Queen's Park Savanna.
There you'll sit on a park bench, opposite the row of eccentrically designed, European styled, Victorian mansions known as the Magnificent Seven, to be fanned by a sultry Caribbean evening breeze as you relax for a moment before returning to your hotel room. What an adventure! It's hard to believe that this was just another day touring Trinidad.
Here's more about Central Trinidad Sightseeing Tours

subset: commoncrawl


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Following a huge week on the diamond for the 11th ranked Seward County Lady Saints, third baseman Danielle Orr has been named the Jayhawk West Player of the Week as announced by the league on Tuesday.
Orr was on fire for the Lady Saints last week, picking up hits in all six Seward games and hitting .632 in the process. Monday against McCook she was 3 for 4 with a pair of doubles in a double header. Wednesday against Garden City she finished 6 for 9 with 5 runs scored and 3 RBI's as Seward took both games from the Lady Busters. On Friday she finished the week strong, going 3 for 6 with 2 doubles and 3 RBI's as Seward swept a double header from Barton.
Orr and the Lady Saints will continue their annual Spring Break Trip in Phoenix, Arizona on Wednesday afternoon as they take on Glendale in a 3:00 CST double header.
©2016 Seward County Broadcasting Company, Inc.
1410 N. Western Ave. Liberal, KS 67901


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Background Documents:
Guiding Principles for Rural Broadband (PDF)
Unused TV Channels Offer Important Opportunities for Rural Communities (PDF)
Rural Broadband and the TV White Space (PDF)
Unlicensed Operation in the TV Broadcast Bands (PDF) [FCC Letter]
Vacant TV Channels Resource Pack (Spanish/Español) (PDF)
Download and print copies of our brochure here.
People's Production House have put together a new video that explains white space issues for non-techies. Click here to check it out.


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Four Wrestlers Earn All-Academic Honors
Related Links
Follow Oregon State Wrestlling on: Twitter | Facebook
Corvallis, Ore. – Four members of the Oregon State wrestling team earned Pac-12 All-Academic honors, as announced by Conference Commissioner Larry Scott.
Redshirt sophomore Drew Van Anrooy was named to the Pac-12 All-Academic First Team for his excellence in both the classroom and on the mat. He is one of just 10 wrestlers to be named first team, currently studying Biology while maintaining an impressive 3.67 GPA. This is Van Anrooy's second straight year earning top academic marks within the conference.
Redshirt junior Alex Elder earned Pac-12 All-Academic Second Team honors for his hard work in academics and athletics. He is currently studying Public Health and Human Sciences and maintains a 3.15 GPA. Elder is just one of 10 recipients to achieve this honor, and has earned second team status two years in a row.
Two Beaver wrestlers earned Pac-12 All-Academic Honorable Mention, redshirt sophomore Toney Chay and junior Joe Latham. Chay, a Construction Engineering major, has maintained a 3.00 GPA, earning his first conference academic honor. Latham, an Environmental Engineering student, has a 3.05 GPA. This is his second all-academic honor after earning first team status in 2012. Chay and Latham are two of just seven wrestlers named as honorable mentions, epitomizing diligence in the classroom and on the mat.
For a complete list of the Pac-12 All-Academic Teams, visit http://pac-12.com/article/2014/04/17/pac-12-names-wrestling-all-academic-teams.


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Mathematics Courses: Spring & Intersession 2012
Mar 14/12
Mathematics Department Offerings for Spring and Intersession 2012
The Mathematics Department is offering the following courses for the Spring or Intersession term in 2012. Each course consists of a lecture component and a lab component.
Calculus I for the Natural Sciences
0.5 Credit
Review of algebra and trigonometry. Differential calculus of the algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions of a single variable; introduction to integral calculus; techniques of integration. Introduction to ordinary differential equations. Polar coordinates. Complex numbers. Applications to problems in the natural sciences are emphasized.
MA101 Spring Lectures TR, 5:30-6:50 p.m., lab W, 5:00-6:50 p.m.
Calculus I
0.5 Credit
Limits and continuity; differential and integral calculus of functions of a single variable; the Mean Value Theorem; determination of extrema; the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and techniques of integration; introduction to partial derivatives.
MA103 Spring Lectures TR, 5:30-6:50 p.m., lab W, 5:30-6:50 p.m.
Calculus II
0.5 Credit
Applications of integration; polar coordinates and parametric equations; infinite sequences and series; applications of partial derivatives.
MA103 Spring Lectures TR, 5:30-6:50 p.m., lab M, 5:30-6:50 p.m.
Introductory Calculus for Business and Social Sciences
0.5 Credit
This course concentrates on developing mastery of pre-calculus and introductory calculus skills and techniques. Pre-calculus topics include: solving equations and inequalities; algebraic, logarithmic and exponential functions and their properties; matrix representation and solution of systems of linear equations. Calculus topics include: rates of change and tangents; differentiation of algebraic, exponential and logarithmic functions; optimization; introduction to integration.
MA129 Spring Lectures MW, 5:30-6:50 p.m., lab T, 7:30-8:50 p.m.
Introduction to Mathematics for Finance
0.5 Credit
An introduction to the theory of interest. Mathematical models and their analysis for problems involving fixed interest rates. Simple and compound interest. Cash flows, annuities, amortization and sinking funds. (Zero-)coupon bonds.
MA170 Spring Lectures M, 7:00- 9:50 p.m., labs W, 7:00-9:50 p.m.
Differential Equations I
0.5 Credit
First order differential equations; linear differential equations of second and higher order; methods of undetermined coefficients and variation of parameters; Laplace transforms; power series solutions.
MA205 Intersession Lectures TR, 7:00-9:50 p.m., lab M, 7:00-8:20 p.m.
More information about these and other courses and programs can be found at http://www.wlu.ca/math . Inquiries should be sent to email@example.com
View all Mathematics news |
View all Faculty of Science news
View all Laurier news


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Buckle buckleshop

nach hierhin wird von unten
Welcome to
jewellery shop for the
traditionally minded.
Original Tegernseer Tracht, completed with
Trachtenschmuck von Bertele
"Kropfkette" made of silver gold-
plated with malchite beads
hav a look at more Kropfketten
Necklaces, chains, hair pins, apron clasps, brooches, earrings or crosses and much
more, all our traditional jewellery is
handmade in the traditional and typical style.
bolder tie, 800/ silver with
the typical bavarian blue
Kropfkette filigre made from 800/ silver gold plated
Badges and pins, rings for
scarves, buckles for belts or braces, bolder ties, buttons, charms and watch chains,
charivaris our gold
smiths are perfect in original and traditional jewellery.
made from brass with
silver, fits to 3 cm belts
brooches or pendents 800/
silver goldplated
Brooch and earrings, made of 800/
silver goldplated with antic pieces of enamail
Do you need a new buckle
fitting to your Lederhosen or
traditional costume that you wear at
any of the beerfestivals?
Go to our site
buckles / G³rtelschlie▀en und
If you prefere
silver, silver decorated
with gold-plate or gold also set with
gems and pearls,
if you want unique pieces
or a small number for
your club and "Verein"
- don't hessitate to ask us first.
Your advatage is.....
that we have 125 years
of experience when it comes to
traditional jewellery.
You are
Go into
"Servie" and send an
e-mail and you will get your
free 'Bertele brochur
You will find more interesting offers around "Tracht" in our "Links zur Tracht"
We do not accept any
responsability for Link informations!
back to top


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This fabulous recipe was introduced to us by Norm Klapper, Coloradoan and former Israeli beekeeper who schooled us on the importance of bees at the September 15 Salon Night, The World of Bees and Honey. We were joined by Grampa's Gourmet Honeys for this sweet extravaganza of celebrating bees, honey and the sweetness of the Jewish New Year. Guests commented that it was the best honey cake they've ever tasted!
Sybil Toper's Honey Cake
One lb. honey (1 1/3 cup) any grade will do, dark honey is also fine (we highly recommend Grampa's!)
1 ¼ Cup DARK coffee (very, very strong!)
¼ Cup dark molasses (optional)
1 Cup sugar
1 Cup good quality vegetable oil
3 eggs
2 Teaspoons Apple Pie Spice (allspice, nutmeg, anise)
1 Teaspoon ginger powder
1 Teaspoon cinnamon
4 Cups self-rising flour (or, if plain flour, add 4 Teaspoons baking powder)
1 Teaspoon baking powder (add only if not using self-rising flour)
1 Teaspoon baking soda
2 Tablespoons red wine
Warm together honey, coffee, sugar, (molasses) and oil 2. Beat eggs and slowly add honey mixture. Sieve in dry ingredients into the eggs and honey mixture while blending slowly. Dissolve the baking soda in the red wine, mix thoroughly and add to mixture, blend briefly using slow speed. Bake in a wax-paper (parchment-paper) lined or well-oiled and floured baking pan, 12" x 9" x 2" glass, spring-form pan or equal, at 325 degrees for 1.5 hours or until done (when inserted dry toothpick comes out clean).
At higher altitude adjust cooking time accordingly. It will generally be less time until fully baked. If you use a spring-form pan, the cake will turn out drier.
OPTIONAL: After 15-20 minutes of baking, sprinkle thinly shaved almonds on top, then continue baking until done.
Honey cake will be very moist and deliciously dense when baked to perfection. The honey cake will freeze quite well, that is, of course, if there is any left to freeze!
This recipe was provided by Norm Klapper via his mom, Sybil Toper. Norm can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Home run challenge
Published On: Jul 13 2011 03:02:30 PM CDT Updated On: Jul 14 2014 03:24:59 PM CDTSorry, Flash is not supported.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.


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Austin Preferred Integrative Medicine associates specializes in the care and treatment of athletes at any level (Youth, High School, College, Recreational and Professional).
Each clinic is staffed with highly qualified professionals including Sports Chiropractors, Licensed Physical Therapists, Certified Athletic Trainers and Physical Therapist Assistants educated in functionally based exercises as well as agility and coordination drills necessary to progress an athlete from injury through return to play.
The importance of chiropractic and physical therapy care for athletes has grown exponentially in recent years. More and more, athletic departments and sports organizations have realized the benefit of these therapeutic cares for their athletes' injuries.


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If you have questions about specific contact personnel not listed, please contact one of the Bureau Administrative Staff. Thank you.
If you have questions pertaining to CADD (computer aided drafting and design) standards and configurations or require access to files used in Roadway Plan production, Special Detail Drawings, Traffic Control Details, General Sign Details or CADD menu configurations, please refer to the CADD Support.
Questions pertaining to workstations, servers, network access or usage, Operating systems, general software applications or property management within the Design Bureau should refer to the Systems Operations page.
For Consultants or others working on ALDOT Design or Construction related projects who are in need of copies of the ALDOT Standard Drawings, please contact Mr. Bryan E. Nichols of Plans and Proposals.
Impact Attenuator Selection Chart - Ground mounted impact attenuator selection chart; Revised 07/16/2015
ALDOT Roadway Plans Preparation
Manual - CH_00-04_PPM_12.15.08.pdf ; rev. 12/15/08
ALDOT 11x17 New
Borders - New Borders in a .zip file (updated
ALDOT 11x17 New Borders MicroStation v7 - New Borders in
.zip file, Microstation v7 (updated 01/4/12)
ALDOT Guidelines for Operations
- Updated 6/17/2016
GDCP with attachments - Version 07/31/14
Special Interest Hyperlinks to Various Web Sites with Possible Valuable Information for Design Bureau and ALDOT Employees
Send Questions or Comments about this Page to


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Restoration low level healing advice (6.0)
At level 10, you can choose "restoration" from the list of specializations. Resto is recommended for healing in instances but not solo. However, you can't join dungeons until level 15 (and healing as resto won't be good until 18 when you get regrowth), so from 10 to 15 you may want to choose balance or feral for leveling instead.
Low level healing spells & abilities
- Level 4: Rejuvenation – Low mana cost, instant-cast Heal over Time (HOT) spell.
- 10: Swiftmend – Instant direct heal. Requires a HOT to be on your target.
- 12: Revive – Bring people back to life after they die.
- 18: Regrowth – High mana cost, Short cast time direct flash heal with a short lasting Heal over time (HOT) Spell. Has a pretty high critical strike chance.
- 26: Healing Touch – High mana cost, long cast time direct heal, hits harder than nourish or regrowth.
- 30 Nature's Swiftness – Makes your next Healing Touch, Regrowth, or Rebirth instant cast. I recommend using this on Healing Touch.
- Level 30 talent – I recommend Cenarion Ward for early in leveling due to giving you another ability you can use on people. You can swap this out to something else later in leveling when you have more buttons.
- 36: Lifebloom – A HOT that you can only have on one person at a time. Put this on your tank. Direct heals from regrowth or healing touch will refresh the timer on lifebloom.
- 44: barkskin – You take less damage for a short time.
- 56: Rebirth – Resurrect a dead ally in combat, to return them to the fight.
- 74: Tranquility – a big area of effect (AOE) heal that helps save your team. 8 minute cooldown. You have to stand still and channel this ability for the duration.
- 76: Wild Growth – Another AOE heal on a much shorter cooldown. A 1.5 second cast time, this ticks on multiple people over time.
- 84: Wild Mushroom –This is an AOE HOT that radiates from where the mushroom is placed on the ground. Target this under the feet of people who are grouped up.
Healing advice 10 to 18: Right now, until level 18, you only get rejuv (a HOT), and swiftmend (on a 15 sec cooldown). I suggest playing a different spec until 18, and then coming back to healing unless you are leveling with friends.
Healing Advice 18 – 60: Gaining regrowth now makes you viable for dungeon healing. You should put rejuv on multiple party members, and use swiftmend/regrowth as direct healing when people get low on health. When you have lifebloom, you want to keep it on a tank at all times.
However, we still don't get access to our AOE heals (tranquility, wild growth, or wild mushroom) until pretty late in leveling. So, druid healing gets better as we get access to more tools.
Stats & Gearing: Intellect is the primary stat for resto druids. Spirit is also important for resto to give you mana regen.
Major Glyphs: Decent glyphs for 5-man healing:
- glyph of Rejuvenation
- glyph of Regrowth
- glyph of Healing Touch
- glyph of blooming


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Margarita Island, Venezuela
CC Sambil, Nueva etapa nivel PB Local T208 Margarita Island, Venezuela
Last week we loaded up the van and headed to Clisson, France for the tenth edition of the Hellfest festival. Axel Cruysberghs, Dustin Dollin, Harry Lintell and Victor Pellegrin jumped in; we checked set times and put the pedal to the metal to make sure we could not only get our shred on the ramp setup but also enjoy shows from the likes of Black Sabbath, Melvins, Napalm Death, King Diamond, Sunn O))) and of course our friends from Gojira, The Shrine and Kveletrak. Heres a little clip of some of what went down. Roll on Hellfest 2017! Here we go! Axel Cruysberghs - Frontside Flip Insane Clown. No Possee Axel Cruysberghs and Victor Pellegrin. Bros. Another of the many party crews Abbath Harry Lintell. Frontside Air for Lemmy Dangerous Dave and our team manager Christian Vankelst. Belgium forever Dustin Dollin, Kevin Parrott and one of the many Code Blue The mainstage complete with a zipline Each to their own Jesus Saves Ozzy during the Black Sabbath show Kevin Parrott Axel and Peter Molec Victor Pellegrin - Wallride
Posted on 06/23/16
Well, folks, the 2016 TCT Global Champs is complete and champions were crowned! It was another beautiful day at Lower Trestles with amazing surf and conditions. There were huge upsets, spectacular surfing, and tons of smiles scattering the beach as the 20 & Under groms were frothing, not only for a piece of the $30,000 prize purse, but for the ultimate chance to become a TCT Global Champ! 2016 TCT Global Champs Winners PRO-AM: Griffin Colapinto JUNIORS: Samuel Pupo GROMS: Kade Matson SQUIDS: Kai Martin GIRLS: Brissa Hennessy Click here for full Finals Day results! Finals Day photo album: Volcom's New Future program is our long-term journey of turning sustainability commitments into actions. And this year at the 2016 TCT Global Champs we wanted to implement those actions through our exclusive True To Trestles tee. When you purchase our True To Trestles tee, 100% of the proceeds go to the San Onofre Parks Foundation who is providing education, protection & preservation for the California State Parks at San Onofre and San Clemente State beaches! Help protect our environment while feeling good about supporting this amazing cause by purchasing the True To Trestles tee HERE Check out full day highlights from the 2016 TCT Global Champs below! Day 3 Highlights: Day 2 Highlights: Day 1 Highlights: 3 Perfect 10s Volcom is helping to protect and conserve our coastlines through various initiatives and we have a deep focus in sustainability with our products, production and environment. Learn more about some of these efforts that took place at this year's TCT Global Champs below! True To Trestles San Onofre Parks Foundation Repreve - Turning Plastic Bottles Into Cool Stuff Mike Hill of AoSA Thank you to California State Parks for making all this possible, and all of our amazing sponsors for the support: Banzai Bowls, OAM, Wienerschnitzel, New Era, Electric, Surfing Magazine, Watermans Sunscreen, Matunas Surf Wax, Futures, Speaqua, Maxx Digital
Posted on 06/20/16
Day 3 at the 2016 TCT Global Champs is a wrap! Today started w/ glassy conditions and a great swell to kick off Groms, Juniors, and Pro-ams round 2 heats, and finished with quarterfinal heats of Groms and Juniors. Three perfect 10 point rides were awarded, and many competitors put together excellent heat totals to advance into the final day of competition. Tomorrow is FINALS DAY!! 7:45am PT webcast start at tct.volcom.com - Don't miss our last action-packed day as we broadcast to you live from the world famous Lower Trestles, CA to witness the world's best 20 & Under surfers battle it out for the $30,000 prize purse! Click here for Day 3 results! Day 3 photo album: Day 1 Highlights: Day 2 Highlights: Check out our exclusive True To Trestles tee whose proceeds go to the San Onofre Parks Foundation who is providing education, protection & preservation for the California State Parks at San Onofre and San Clemente State Beaches. Thank you to all our great sponsors! Banzai Bowls, OAM, Wienerschnitzel, New Era, Electric, Surfing Magazine, Watermans Sunscreen, Matunas Surf Wax, Futures, Speaqua, California State Parks, Maxx Digital
Posted on 06/17/16
By now you've probably seen Holy Stokes! a Real Life Happening (if not you can download it here) or at least parts of it over at Thrasher Magazine. If you've been wondering about the soundtrack you can stream it here! Intro Montage DANAVA - EYES IN DISGUISE iTunes Louie Lopez 1st Song THE BLACK HIPPIES - DOING IT IN THE STREETS iTunes Louie Lopez 2nd Song PLASMODIUM - SPACE EYE iTunes Chris Pfanner & Kyle Walker shared part SHIRLEY NANETTE - ALL OF YOUR LIFE iTunes Pooltown Section EARLYMAN - YOU FANCY ME MAD iTunes Table Section LA TAKEDOWN - BAD NIGHT AT BLACK'S BEACH iTunes Sheckler, Midler and Gonzalez shared part NUMB.ER - FEAR Bandcamp Alec Majerus part MONDO DRAG - PLUMAJILLA iTunes South America Section GUADALUPE PLATA - LORENA iTunes Milton Martinez Part SERPENT THRONE - VEIL OF THE BLACK WITCH iTunes Trahan, Busenitz, Caswell and Raemers shared part LUMERIANS - TAZAWULA iTunes Dustin Slam Section SIR RICHARD BISHOP - CANNED GOODS AND FIREARMS iTunes Axel Cruysberghs and Jackson Pilz shared part BILLY CHANGER - BAND OF BROTHERS iTunes Dane Burman part PONTIAK - GHOSTS iTunes Australia Section JACK LADDER - COME ON BACK THIS WAY iTunes Daan van der Linden part JACKIE MITTOO - SOUL BIRD iTunes New Zealand Section SPIRAL SHADES - WIZARDRY iTunes Grant Taylor and Collin Provost part KING DIAMOND - THE CANDLE iTunes Credits JOSEFUS - HARD LUCK iTunes All instrumental interlude music is by, director Russell Houghten's brother, Richard Houghten, support his music on iTunes as well!
Posted on 06/16/16
Part 1, "Inception" Part 2, "Let The Kids Ride Free" Part 3, "Champs Themes" Volcom's TCT Tour Manager, RJ Dunzelman talks about the progression of the TCT Champs moving to Lower Trestles, and TCT Tour Director, Carl Holm shares his thoughts on the current state of the TCT series. Totally Crustaceous Tour is Volcom's amateur "anti-contest" surf series with dozens of tour stops around the world, and featuring five different divisions to ensure maximum stoke from kids of all ages. These free events showcase some of the hottest young up-and-comers from around the globe and whose platform is used to launch their young careers into a destined dream. The Let The Kids Ride Free motto, coupled with the insane amount of preposterous shenanigans that go down at each event (which we take great pride in), and the high talent pool of surfers, make this series unmatched to any surfing event you've ever been to. Follow along our journey on our Instagram @volcomtct *Watch the 2016 TCT Global Championships @ Lower Trestles on June 16 & 17 on tct.volcom.com! TRAILER
Posted on 06/16/16
Day 2 at the 2016 TCT Global Champs is a wrap! Pro-am round 1, Juniors round 1, and Girls quarterfinal heats all finished today under sunny skies and great surf! Tomorrow kicks off our live webcast! Be sure to tune-in at 8am at tct.volcom.com for all the action live from Lower Trestles, CA! Click here for Day 2 results Day 2 photo album: Check out our exclusive True To Trestles tee whose proceeds go to the San Onofre Parks Foundation who is providing education, protection & preservation for the California State Parks at San Onofre and San Clemente State Beaches. Thank you to all our great sponsors! Banzai Bowls, OAM, Wienerschnitzel, New Era, Electric, Surfing Magazine, Watermans Sunscreen, Matunas Surf Wax, Futures, Speaqua, California State Parks, Maxx Digital
Posted on 06/16/16


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In "Final Fantasy VII", stats effect everything from physical damage, magic damage, defense, to even the speed of the ATB bar. And there are only a select few ways to raise these precious stats. The most common of which, is through leveling up.
As a character levels up, he or she becomes stronger, and the way that the character becomes stronger is through the increase of stats. With each level up, a character obtains a random amount of HP, within specific boundaries, as well as a number of other random stat increases. The maximum number that any specific stat can have, excluding HP, is 255. This means if one character's Strength stat was 255, then that character would be doing the maximum amount of damage possible in the game, though damage caps out at 9999 and therefor 255 Strength is not needed to achieve this damage. In addition, the cap on HP is also 9999, meaning if a character with 255 Strength got the Confused status and attacked an ally for 9999 damage, he or she would instantly die, regardless of defense or HP.
However, there is another way to raise stats and make characters stronger, and that is through the use of Sources. Throughout the game, the player will find Source items such as Guard Source which raised the Vitality/defense stat or Mind Source which raises the Magic Defense stat. These items can be found quite often in certain chests or hidden areas of specific dungeon-type sections of the game. Though the player is not simply limited to the rare, non-renewable ones found as the game progresses.


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Former lead man for the Stone Temple Pilots, Scott Weiland, has been in jail for almost a month, or at least that is what the Beverly Hills Police believed all that time. That belief came to a screeching halt when the real Scott Weiland came forward.
The real Weiland read the news that he had been incarcerated for all that time and released a video as proof to his fans that he was not in jail, according to the Huffington Post on Aug. 22. He called it a "lie" and said that he wasn't even arrested, never mind sent to jail.
MSN News today reports that Weiland threatens to sue TMZ for running the story that the singer was in jail. On the video, which was released by the real Weiland, he said he had been touring and writing music the past month and not in a cell. The article that TMZ ran stated that Weiland was arrested for shoplifting razors and that when he was searched, methamphetamine was reportedly found on his person.
As of Thursday the Beverly Hills Police Department reported that they "definitely" had Scott Weiland, the former lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots in their jail. Later that day they discovered the error of their ways and they are now saying they definitely do not have Scott Weiland incarcerated, it is someone else who looks like him and who gave false information to the police.
One might think this is a big embarrassment to the Beverly Hills Police Department, who thought they had a celeb in their midst all that time. On Aug 21, the police discovered through the FBI fingerprint return that they didn't have the former Stone Temple Pilot front man in their jail, they had a 44-year-old imposter.
Considering this guy was arrested on July 26, you might think that they would have double check his fingerprints by now because all he did was give police verbal information on who he was. Police said he was able to provide Weiland's correct date of birth, which is easily found online.
It is not as if he had identification saying that this is who he is. Apparently he looked enough like Weiland, whose picture is just a Google click away for anyone wanting to obtain his image.
Police were called to a Rite Aid Pharmacy on July 26 with a report that there was a man in their store shoplifting. The police arrested the man who identified himself as Weiland. He remained in jail under that false name for almost a month until the real rocker heard about this. While the guy is still in jail today, he is now incarcerated under his real name, Jason Michael Hurley.
The Beverly Hills Police Department "quickly released a statement" explaining how this mix up occurred:
"On Saturday, July 26, 2014, at approximately 9:34 a.m., the Beverly Hills Police Department received a call of a shoplift that had just occurred at the Rite Aid in the 400 Block of N. Bedford Drive. Police units ultimately arrested a suspect for that crime. Upon arrest, the suspect identified himself as former Stone Temple Pilots band member Scott Weiland."
Police, now knowing they made a mistake, have charged Jason Michael Hurley with furnishing officers with false information.


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Abigail Potter is a Program Officer with NDIIPP at the Library of Congress. She also currently serves as the Communications Officer for the International Internet Preservation Consortium, a group of over 40 libraries and archives from around the world who work together to promote and improve the practice of web archiving. Since joining the Library of Congress in 2006 Abigail has contributed to the Section 108 Study Group, the Preserving Creative America initiative, the NDIIPP Communications Team, the National Digital Stewardship Alliance, and the Web Archiving Team. Prior to joining the Library, Abigail worked on digital publishing and library programs at National Public Radio, the University of Michigan Library, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and the University of Michigan Press. Abigail earned an MS in 2005 from the University of Michigan, School of Information and a BA in 1999 from Western Michigan University.
Most Recent Posts
- 22 Opportunities in Web Archiving! A Harvard Library Report March 17th, 2016
- Assessing Digital Preservation at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library March 2nd, 2016
- Demystifying Digital Preservation for the Audiovisual Archiving Community February 22nd, 2016
- Survey: How Do You Approach Web Archiving? January 20th, 2016
- Digital Library Federation to Host National Digital Stewardship Alliance October 20th, 2015
- Seeking Comment on Migration Checklist September 3rd, 2015
- Viewshare Supports Critical Thinking in the Classroom September 2nd, 2015
- SAA Awards NDSA for Outstanding Published Work August 26th, 2015
- Digital Preservation Infrastructure Tours: The Bentley Historical Library June 24th, 2015
- Reminder: NDSA Host Applications due June 30 June 22nd, 2015


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Because the casualty level in Mexico is much lower than that of, say, Iraq, military analysts hesitate to call this a war. After all, border combatants do not use suicide bombs and improvised explosive devices. But both wars involve non-state campaigns that have weakened legitimate authority. In Iraq, factions of Sunnis, Shiites, and Kurds jockey to impose their worldview; in Mexico, cartels fight for market control to feed America's insatiable demand for cocaine, heroin, and cheap labor. Through prison recruits and street gangs, narcoterrorists also threaten to destabilize significant portions of the American southwest. Although the outcome remains uncertain, geography dictates that Mexico's security situation will be an issue of permanent strategic significance to the United States.
Murky U.S. Action
The Pentagon's position on the war in Mexico has not been clearly defined. According to the Los Angeles Times , drug interdiction capabilities south of the border from 2003 to 2007 were reduced by 62 percent as a result of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. And to the north, Operation Jump Start, a federally funded surge of 6,000 National Guard troops that was less than popular with Defense Department brass, ended on 15 July. There are no plans for renewal.
Congress has been equally vague. Both Democrats and Republicans have offered less-than-enthusiastic support for the Merida Initiative, a toothless three-year, $1.4 billion aid package for Mexico that passed in 2008. Over 80 percent of the bill is dedicated to technology procurement—mostly sensors, aircraft, and UAVs. After congressional skeptics suggested the Mexicans could not be trusted to use the funds responsibly, U.S. lawmakers granted the Calderon government little discretion in dispensing the money. The only certain winners are aviation defense contractors.
In editorials and opinion forums, border residents—particularly west of El Paso, where the international anarchy is at its worst—cheered Operation Jump Start and lamented its July 2008 end. Although the troops only provided logistics support and observation assistance for border agencies, some locals believed their presence sent a signal to smugglers. From the perspective of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, however, the troop deployment had little to do with psychological operations. It was a stop-gap measure designed to free agents for fieldwork while the Border Patrol increased their ranks from 12,000 to 20,000. As the Border Patrol's rolls expanded, Homeland Security deemed additional troops unnecessary.
During the 1990s, the Border Patrol's interdiction rate had fallen to around 25 percent. Officials say that it now reaches upward of 90 percent in a few highly guarded areas. However, for many rural locales, almost half of illegal entrants are not caught by U.S. agents, despite the significant employment of additional personnel, sensors, and other resources.
Despite their tactical and technological capabilities, I do not believe that 20,000 agents will be any more effective at securing the border than 10,000 have been. This is not intended to take anything away from the men and women who perform brave, humane, and unheralded feats on America's southwestern frontier. But doubling the size of the Border Patrol without a serious reexamination of basic strategic assumptions obscures fundamental issues and misses the forest for the trees.
In Proceedings ' November 2005 issue, Marine Corps General James N. Mattis and retired Marine Lieutenant Colonel Frank Hoffman coined a theory of 21st-century combat called hybrid warfare. "Irregular methods—terrorism, insurgency, unrestricted warfare, guerrilla war, or coercion by narco-criminals—will challenge U.S. security interests," the pair wrote. Mattis and Hoffman stressed that hybrid wars—a refined type of counterinsurgency—would not be won by focusing on technology or other one-dimensional solutions. Victory, they said, would come from unconventional strategies blending global statecraft with local security. The essential elements of the hybrid war theory have contributed to the U.S. military's tactical success in cities such as Mosul, Tal Afar, and Ramadi during the Iraq War.
Department of Defense planners define combat operations along a phased spectrum from zero to five. During Phase 0, security forces are mobilized to prevent a burgeoning conflict from emerging; in Phase 1, a war is underway and military forces are preparing to shape events in progress to regain initiative. Right now, a hybrid war—think Phase 0.5—is in progress throughout Mexico and along our common border in parts of the southwestern United States. Although cartels do not seek to overthrow the existing political structure, the increasing levels of violence indicate that the non-state opponents—who are better networked, equipped, and financed than the combination of the Mexican Army and U.S. Border Patrol—are winning the fight.
Break from History
The U.S. government defines border security as the province of law enforcement, but this has not been the historical norm. From 1871 to 1910, Texas Rangers and U.S. customs inspectors patrolled the border jointly with Mexican rurales . Mexico's Porfirio Diaz had allied with a succession of U.S. presidents against Apache security threats and Asian immigration concerns. 1 Although many rurales were former bandits themselves, the Mexican government paid them well, which encouraged their cooperation with Americans. The tactic bore similarities to the U.S. Marines approach to Anbar Province in 2006, co-opting former Sunni insurgents into Awakening Councils.
Relations soured during the pre-World War I Mexican Revolution, and the border alliance ended. The low-water mark came in 1916, when Pancho Villa's raid into Columbus, New Mexico, led to a U.S. Army incursion. During Prohibition, shootouts between Mexican rumrunners and U.S. Soldiers became common events. This inspired the 1924 creation of the U.S. Border Patrol as both an immigration enforcement agency and a paramilitary support force. Army bases were shuttered after the ban on alcohol was removed, and then reopened for mobilization during World War II. Still, throughout the 1930s and early '40s, the Border Patrol called on the Army during international firefights.
By the end of 1945, when the Pentagon became absorbed with defending against the Soviet Union, guarding the borders had evolved into a matter that was supposedly left to civilians. This remained the status quo until 13 November 1989. Two days after the fall of the Berlin Wall, President George H. W. Bush's Secretary of Defense, Dick Cheney, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, General Colin Powell, announced the establishment of Joint Task Force (JTF)-6. "I believe that our military forces have the capability to make a substantial contribution towards drug interdiction," then-Secretary Cheney said. "I am instructing them to carry out that responsibility."
The Pentagon ordered JTF-6 to establish a headquarters in El Paso. Mission: support local, state, and federal law enforcement. Official area of operations: California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Press coverage: none. Compared with the end of the Cold War, a few soldiers on the border didn't seem particularly important. From September 1990 to May 1997, JTF-6 completed more than 3,450 missions there. Although they were officially called "counterdrug" missions, these military activities effectively became border security operations. Today, JTF-6 is known as JTF-North. 2
Tragedy-Forced Change
On 20 May 1997, the U.S. military's ground presence on the border came to an abrupt end. Corporal Clemente Bauuelos, an artillery forward observer, shot and killed a teenage boy named Esequiel Hernandez in Redford, Texas. Banuelos had reacted after Hernandez fired a .22-caliber rifle in the direction of his team. Subsequent investigations concluded that Hernandez, who had been watering goats, could not have known the Marines were present. The Marines were 200 yards from Banuelos and cloaked in camouflage during the mission. Hernandez likely thought he was firing at wild animals.
The Texas Rangers, the Justice Department, JTF-6, and the Marine Corps investigated Banuelos for more than a year. All four agencies concluded that he had committed no crime. Rules of engagement granted Marines the authority to use deadly force in self defense, and Banuelos—who had received only minimal training in escalation of force procedures, much less the deeper complexities of counterinsurgency theory—had behaved according to standard Marine Corps procedure when under fire. 3
The U.S. government paid the Hernandez family $1.9 million to settle a wrongful death claim for the role of Corporal Banuelos in the loss of their son. But that didn't change the reality: Esequiel Hernandez was the first civilian killed by the U.S. military on American soil since four students at Kent State University in 1970. Because of Hernandez's death, the idea of employing active duty U.S. forces to support either U.S.-Mexico border security or ground operations in Mexico has become an official taboo.
Three Choices
As the 21st century unfolds, U.S. government leaders can choose from three strategic approaches to confront this hybrid war. One is to maintain the current strategy: add increasing levels of personnel, detection technology, and new infrastructure to the border, and treat Mexico's difficulties as an internal problem. Unfortunately, there is no reason to believe this will work any better in the future than it has in the past. Agents, cameras, sensors, concrete barriers, and fences may offer the expedient illusion of progress to a restless electorate, but the existing model is not likely to create enduring stability.
The second option is to treat Mexico as an enemy state. U.S. authorities could respond by fully militarizing the border. This would mean pulling out of NAFTA, digging claymores outside of El Paso, mining the Rio Grande, and establishing a final protective fire in Arizona's Sonoran Desert with .50-caliber machine guns. This would brutally, but effectively, seal the border. Rabid anti-immigration activists in the blogosphere might cheer this course of action, but I have yet to meet a single member of the U.S. national security establishment who advocates this path.
The final choice—perhaps the most difficult to conceptualize on many levels—is to make Mexico a full partner in U.S. border security while simultaneously expanding the investment of U.S. resources in Mexico's hybrid war. This would require legislative action for tactical, operational, and strategic coordination. In this scenario, Mexican military units, police officers, and security forces would be treated as adjacent organizations rather than opponents or independent actors.
At first blush, the apparent obstacles to this final option seem insurmountable. Mutual distrust between Americans and Mexicans has almost been institutionalized as part of North American societal DNA. Mexico's security forces are not without cause seen as corrupt and untrustworthy. Changes to American immigration and narcotics laws, which contribute to Mexico's destabilization, have become politically impossible. The U.S. Navy's formal request for basing rights in Mexico has been officially rebuffed for seven decades. And the U.S. Coast Guard has less bilateral authority for law enforcement operations with the Mexican government than with any other nation in the Western Hemisphere.
Small Opening
Were it not for the Calderon administration, the U.S. government would have little reason to believe that Mexico wants a long-term investment with their northern neighbors. But Calderon has backed his talk with action, both in his response to the cartels and in his attitude toward U.S. assistance. In 2007, the Mexican government accepted full partnership in NORTHCOM after spurning American offers since the command's inception in 2002. When I asked JTF-North officials about Mexican partnerships, they described a "glasnost"—a transparency and openness—that has increased productive security cooperation to the highest levels they have seen in their careers.
But glasnost is rarely a permanent condition. The Mexican constitution restricts all presidents to a single term, and Calderon will be out of office in 2012. If Calderon fails to show progress by reducing crime, the Mexican electorate may choose a successor less favorably disposed to American interests. Unless working partnerships are codified into a more enduring series of agreements, the gains made under Calderon will be lost. There is a limited window of opportunity.
Despite the myriad security challenges, the United States is living in a time of feast with respect to opportunities with the Mexican military. The U.S. government should consider enacting legislation—such as negotiating hot pursuit clauses and defining a zone of cooperation—that could endure a future political famine. Within the next four years, every bilateral commitment, military-based partnership or offer that the Mexican government has rejected since the end of World War II should be revisited. Not all of these will be workable, but the entire spectrum should be reevaluated.
The U.S. military has solid experience in liaison relationships on the tactical and operational levels with foreign militaries of every skill level. The Pentagon—not Homeland Security—is positioned to put this experience to use as partnerships evolve in Mexico. Negotiating the use of U.S. troops for both border security and cooperation with Mexico—not only as counterinsurgency advisers (as in Colombia), but also as peers—sends a signal of long-term commitment that law enforcement simply does not.
During my travels on the border, I was surprised to discover Mexican civilians who were in favor of U.S. military help. "Why are the Americans in Iraq? They should be here instead," a Nuevo Laredo shopkeeper commented in May 2007, lamenting the violence that has plagued his city for three years. "If this menace remains, there will be nothing left." Local Mexican officials also voiced approval. "As long as it goes through the proper channels," said Hector Cantu, mayor of Marin, a city south of Nuevo Laredo, "[American military] aid is welcome."
What the Military Can Offer
As a result of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Pentagon has acquired a cadre of the finest counterinsurgency practitioners on the planet, an adaptive force trained to find effective, humane solutions to violent, inhumane problems. In Mexico City's fight, President Calderon could use American warrior-scholars who have cut their teeth in complex environments. The U.S. Border Patrol could use assistance patrolling remote swaths of federal land like the Tohono O'odham Nation and the Coronado and Organ Pipe National Forest. In either case, our military focus should not simply guarding the line, but also in taking concrete, productive steps to quell the furor to the south. Lessons learned in Anbar also have application in Arizona.
Truthfully, the idea of sending the U.S. military to stabilize either side of the border bothers me. Young Americans brimming with duty, honor, and Red Bull are not always the ideal resolution to protracted peacekeeping enigmas. As in Iraq, grunts who would carry out this theoretical mission would encounter one Catch-22 after another. They would patrol with Mexican soldiers they might not trust, deal with corrupt politicians whom they would be powerless to remove from office, adapt to streetwalkers who smile one day and betray them the next, and do it all in the relentless, perfectionist glare of a media spotlight.
But if American or Mexican citizens in specific locales along the border clamor repeatedly for reinforcements to police and civilian law enforcement, then the U.S. Army and Marine Corps should rightfully be considered as viable alternatives. When security decays to its nadir—as when 86 percent of Mexicans polled in 2004 said they needed soldiers walking the streets to protect them from organized crime—governments have a moral obligation to respond to the basic needs of their citizens. In dire circumstances, military forces are, by default, the last best hope for success.
In May 2008, two months after I visited Juarez, Mexico's national chief of police was assassinated. Three months later, the war's annual death toll passed 2,500. As the growing anarchy terrorized residents, the territorial graffiti celebrating gangs and protesters plastered along the border fences near Juarez had never felt so haunting. And both Washington and Mexico City had never seemed so remote.
1. T. R. Fehrenbach, Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico (New York: Da Capo Press, 1973 and 1995), pp. 458-59.
2. Since 1997 JTF North has continued to conduct missions along the border, although the size and scope have publicly been restricted. For a decade, most JTF North missions involved the use of aircraft for reconnaissance and surveillance and combat engineers (particularly Reserve units) to build fences and vehicle barriers. In 2007, after President Calder??n took office, the cooperation between Mexican and U.S. military units increased significantly.
3. MG John T. Coyne, "Investigation Into the (JTF-6) Shooting Incident That Occurred on 20 May 1997 Near the Border Between the U.S. and Mexico." U.S. Marine Corps, Camp Pendleton, California, 7 April 1998.


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Witness: Miss Geico crew initially unaware of fire
Published: Monday, July 2, 2012 at 10:36 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, July 2, 2012 at 10:36 a.m.
SARASOTA - A witness who saw the Miss Geico racing boat catch fire on Saturday evening says the crew was initially unaware of the blaze.
David Gregg said he was with friends on his boat at the Ritz-Carlton on Lido Key when the Miss Geico "went flying past me. Its tail pipes were glowing like the Space Shuttle. Suddenly, flames were coming out the back and black smoke."
The two people on board soon looked back and noticed the fire. They briefly attempted to put it out with a fire extinguisher but abandoned the effort and jumped out, Gregg said.
No one was reportedly injured in the fire that happened at about 5:30 p.m., roughly 250 yards off Lido Beach. The Miss Geico was supposed to be in Sunday's 2012 Suncoast Offshore Grand Prix off Lido Key.
Firefighters suspect the blaze may have been caused by an electrical malfuction.
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1. Introduction Tomcat
Apache Tomcat is an open source software implementation of the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies. The Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages specifications are developed under the Java Community Process.
Apache Tomcat is developed in an open and participatory environment and released under the Apache License version 2. Apache Tomcat is intended to be a collaboration of the best-of-breed developers from around the world. We invite you to participate in this open development project. To learn more about getting involved, click here.
Apache Tomcat powers numerous large-scale, mission-critical web applications across a diverse range of industries and organizations. Some of these users and their stories are listed on the PoweredBy wiki page.
Apache Tomcat, Tomcat, Apache, the Apache feather, and the Apache Tomcat project logo are trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation
2. Install Tomcat 7.0.42
Step 1: Download Tomcat
Before install Tomcat read How to Install JDK/JRE 7u25 on Linux CentOS 6.4/Redhat. Download and Unpack Tomcat 7. Find the latest download link here for the Core Tar file http://tomcat.apache.org/download-70.cgi
# cd /usr/share
# wget http://mirrors.digipower.vn/apache/tomcat/tomcat-7/v7.0.42/bin/apache-tomcat-7.0.42.tar.gz
# tar -xzf apache-tomcat-7.0.42.tar.gz
# cd /etc/init.d
# vi tomcat
In this new file copy the following:
# description: Tomcat Start Stop Restart
# processname: tomcat
# chkconfig: 234 20 80
export JAVA_HOME
export PATH
case $1 in
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh
sh $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh
exit 0
Step 2: Save this and run the following command
# chmod 755 tomcat
# chkconfig --add tomcat
# chkconfig --level 234 tomcat on