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The Jazz.com Blog
June 03, 2009 · 8 comments
Who Cares About Old Jazz?
Ethan Iverson has spurred an interesting web debate on how well younger musicians know the jazz tradition. He recently chided participants in a piano master class, when none of them were familiar with James P. Johnson's "Carolina Shout."
James P. Johnson (artwork by Suzanne Cerny)
Chris Donnelly, one of the pianists involved in the master class, offers his defense here—insisting that nobody is talking about James P. Johnson these days. Blame the broader culture and the jazz community, not the young musicians.
Hand it to Chris, he not only published his defense and rebuttal to Iverson on the web, but even submitted it in Iverson's recent "write a jazz blog" competition. Ethan counters with a spirited defense of "Carolina Shout." Not wanting to miss out on a good fight, Peter Hum jumped into the battle with his own commentary. He writes: "I don't see demonstrating one's ability to play James P. Johnson or stride in general as required proof of a true relationship with the jazz piano tradition."
Iverson is not convinced. He denies "that James P. Johnson's name is that obscure. I've found his name to be inescapable." He goes on to cite chapter and verse, defending Johnson's importance.
I have to side with Iverson on this matter, yet I also note that the contemporary culture does not make much room for people like James P. Johnson. Serious jazz pianists, of any generation, should know this music, but I am not surprised that they don't.
I recently tried to find my CD of James P. Johnson's concert music (he wrote a number of extended works of quasi-classical proportions), and failed to locate it in the maze of compact disks and books that passes for my home; when I went to the web to order a new copy I learned it was out of print. This was really the only decent collection of Johnson's concert works, and it was sobering to learn that it was out of stock and only available from specialty dealers. What hypocrisy, when our nation celebrates "Black Music Month" (which started on Monday, by the way), yet no one cares to keep the music in print! Can you spell L-I-P S-E-R-V-I-C-E?
But "Carolina Shout" is a different matter entirely. It is easy to find, and exerted much more influence on jazz than any of Johnson's concert works. This particular piece was the composition every stride piano player needed to learn (almost as a rite of passage) back in the days of Harlem rent parties. In a way, it was the jazz studies program before there were jazz studies programs. Thus, there is more than a little irony involved when jazz piano students today don't know about it.
If a player only plans to learn one stride piano piece, this would be the one. By the same token, if you don't know "Carolina Shout," it suggests that you don't have any real conception of piano jazz before bebop, because it would be hard not to run into this song during even the most cursory exploration of pre-WWII jazz keyboard music. Duke learned "Carolina Shout." Monk learned "Carolina Shout." Jarrett learned "Carolina Shout" (and played it as an encore at his recent Carnegie Hall concert).
Yet I would suggest that the ignorance of James P. Johnson among younger musicians is a symptom of a larger problem (which I outlined in a recent column): namely that jazz fans these days don't want to listen to recordings made before the advent of high fidelity sound. If the CD was recorded in 1957 or after, they will check it out. But anything earlier . . . forget it!
In a world that pays more attention to the recording quality than the quality of the music, we lose James P. Johnson, "Carolina Shout," and a lot else.
P.S. For a good introduction to stride piano, check out Ethan Iverson's "guest" dozens on the subject here.
This blog entry posted by Ted Gioia
Chris Kelsey
// Jun 03, 2009 at 10:14 PM
I appreciate Ethan's (and by extension, Ted's) points. But my ears prick up when I hear people say "must" or even "should" in instances such as this. Stride was a step in the evolution of jazz piano, and is therefore presumably of interest to serious students of the music. But it's characteristics have been subsumed into the greater whole. There's no need to speak Middle English in order to express one's self in the modern idiom.
Todd S. Jenkins
// Jun 04, 2009 at 04:38 PM
Interesting points. I agree with Donnelly's assertion that the world doesn't make a big deal out of Johnson anymore, so he can't be faulted for not knowing "Carolina Shout". If his instructors over 22 years never brought up the pianist, why should he be expected to know Johnson's name or music? Looking at cinema, we now have a generation coming up that has no idea who the Marx Brothers, Laurel & Hardy, or Bob Hope and Bing Crosby were. The generation before them had little or no knowledge of Valentino and Clara Bow. Too much has happened since they were alive and really significant to the culture. Yes, they made an undeniable and lasting impact upon the culture, but their footprints have been covered over by the footprints of hundreds of followers. If people would take the time to explore their legacies, Johnson's included, a world of creative expression would be opened up for them. On the other hand, for everyone who insists that pioneers like Johnson should be part of the canon (and I agree that they should), someone else will turn around and claim that the players who are living, working and breaking new ground today are being neglected in favor of the old guard. There's always an argument to be had somewhere. And really, in dealing with a musical genre that's been recorded for almost a century now, how much can an instructor really cram into the hours available?
Dan the Music Master
// Jun 04, 2009 at 04:56 PM
As a teacher and composer, I try to touch upon a good representative artist from diverse eras and/or musical styles. It's tough, and you really have to pick and choose in order to effectively communicate to a younger generation.
Gerard Cox
// Jun 08, 2009 at 07:43 PM
I agree with Chris Kelsey, and his analogy of speaking "Middle English" is on point. Both Wynton and Branford are constantly harping about the importance of early jazz and knowing all of the precedents in order to have a fully-formed voice in jazz. Some of this seems to be backlash to the situation where all the young alto players are copping Kenny Garrett, all the piano players are copping McCoy/Herbie, in what is kind of a formulaic approach to being modern and hip. I feel the Marsalis brothers go too far in the other direction though: earnest reverence for the early greats, and a desire to incorporate the "purity" of their influence, seems to lead to a kind of studied earnestness. I don't find it the least bit interesting to hear the "finer points" of what Wynton has learned from checking out King Oliver, or what Branford has learned from studying Lester Young. Then again, that is my aesthetic persuasion. Wynton believes that great art is timeless. I believe that art is not independent of its times, and that it speaks directly to the sensibilities and ethos of the times it was created. I admire the art and craftsmanship of Louis Armstrong, but it doesn't resonate with me as a young person alive in the 21st century. It seems, quite frankly- a bit "quaint." What I'd offer as a counterpoint to the Marsalis philosophy of "representing" the jazz tradition is the devil-may-care historical alchemy of Jaki Byard, Sun Ra, and Roland Kirk. They knew all the older music and could summon it at will, but it never came across as studied or attempting to make some sort of point. Oftentimes it was employed with great humor or as a kind of bizarro contrast. I think that kind of post-mod approach is still very relevant (and fun!) today. Just playing a ballad the way Lester Young would approach a ballad though? Leave that to Lester, the document is there.
Geoff Lapp
// Jun 09, 2009 at 04:50 PM
Ted, excellent points you make. As usual your articles are insightful. Thanks Geoff Lapp
Peter Gerler
// Jun 11, 2009 at 02:39 PM
My own POV: The reason scientists keep seeking after the Big Bang is because that's where the "music of the spheres" all started. How could any jazz player not want to know where his own music started?
Dave Coleman
// Jun 13, 2009 at 11:27 AM
Thanks for deleting the execrably dumb comments by this "Rab Hines" person. A shame for the whole jazz scene on the net.
Joe Tallis
// Jun 14, 2009 at 09:09 AM
Hines again (see above). True, he's trying to spam other jazz blogs with bullshit for quite a few years now ... A sad headcase.


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This book describes the complete panorama of supporting structures and their function by describing how loads are sustained and transmitted to the ground. With a minimum of mathematics, the reader is guided through the analysis of some of the world's most famous designs and structures from a civil-engineering perspective.
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Nov 3, 2011 11:07 AM
You say "to-may-to". We say "to-mah-to". You say "aging". We say "watch who you're calling hag, hag". Well, we wouldn't direct that to you, dear readers. Unless you really did use that foul "aging" word in our presence. We don't mess around when it comes to hopping down the bunny trail of time and neither does Juice Beauty Green Apple Age Defying Kit ($45). Certified organic, Juice Beauty fully discloses the juicy deets on their ingredients which really don't go past the same stuff you'd find at your local juice bar. So let's tra-la-la-la-la down this path of life together vowing to never call each other "old" again.
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The Land of Golden Sunshine
An Allegory of Soul-Yearning
by Swami Kriyananda (J. Donald Walters)
This little story, more than anything else I've ever written in wordsmore deeply even than my autobiography, The Pathis an expression of who I am, inside. My music does it alsomuch of itbut no other literary work.
I don't know how many are interested in gaining this insight. I've never liked to intrude myself on others, for I realize that I'm not of any real importance in this world. No one is! I do know, of course, that I've done a few things in my life. A few people have kindly expressed appreciation for some of them. Inside me, however, I've never felt defined by any of them. One has no choice but to be active in this life, and I've tried to be of some help to others. Inside myself, however, those activities haven't touched me. They've never expressed who I really am.
I've traveled far and wide in this world. When meeting strangers, my principal perception of us has been that we are fellow seekers of truths for which we all hunger, behind all the "busyness" of our lives. My own self-definition has always been in terms of this inner aspiration.
The "mood" of this book was mine at five and six years of age. It was mine at the age of eighteen, when I wrote it. Nearly sixty years have passed since then; I'm what people call an "old man" now, though I don't feel it. Nor did I ever feel young. I'm like Lisa, the simple girl in this story. Her "mood" today is still mine.
We are all strangers in this world. We may try to make it our own, but it can never be ours. Alone we came into it. And alone we must leave it. And all we can take with us when we leave is the longing in our hearts to embrace LIFE with deeper understanding.
In divine friendship,
Swami Kriyananda (J. Donald Walters)
See Also: Contents Sample Chapter Behind the Scenes
Return to The Land of Golden Sunshine


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Syfy's campy horror flick "Sharknado 2: The Second One" (which premiered on the network on July 30, 2014) became the highest-rated original Syfy TV-movie to premiere on Syfy. According to the Nielsen Company, the premiere of "Sharknado 2: The Second One" had 3.9 million U.S. viewers. That's triple the number of people (1.369 million U.S. viewers) who tuned in to the premiere of "Sharknado" when it premiered on Syfy in July 2013. Although those numbers are modest by broadcast-network standards, the "Sharknado" movies (which are about tornadoes of sharks) have become Internet sensations, by becoming a top trending topics on Twitter and Google every time a "Sharknado" movie premieres.
Meanwhile, "Sharknado 2: The Second One" will be released for one night only (Aug. 21, 2014, at 8 p.m. local time) at participating U.S. cinemas. More information and ticket purchases can be found at the Fathom Events website or at the box offices at the participating theaters. Fathom Events fans will also get a sneak peek into the making of "Sharknado 2: The Second One" with 10 minutes of exclusive, never-before-seen footage including a look into the special effects, hilarious bloopers and more. The first "Sharknado" movie also had a one-night-only release in participating U.S. cinemas.
"Sharknado 2: The Second One" is the story of a freak weather system that turns its deadly fury on New York City, unleashing a Sharknado on the population and its most cherished, iconic sites. The first "Sharknado" movie was set in Los Angeles. "Sharknado" cast members Ian Ziering and Tara Reid return for "Sharknado 2," which also stars Vivica A. Fox, Mark McGrath, Kari Wuhrer, Judah Friedlander and Kelly Osbourne.


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white nokja and cc sitting in a tree k-i-s-s-i-n-g!!!!!!!
July 26th
Love it! You beautiful!You so beautiful, im not have eyes...
Oct 28, '08
Looks like I'm the first guy to say this is great! Love the characters and glow emanating from the book!
Oct 23, '08
I'll have a go at that one, when you're finished!
Oct 22, '08
Sep 4, '08


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; 2000; DOI: 10.1215/ed-28-acknowledgements; CL 28: firstpage-28-vii-lastpage-28-viii
The editors again express their particular gratitude to the British Academy, which has made the Carlyle Letters a British Academy Research Project, and to the members of its Committee on Academy Research Projects and its assistant secretary, Kenneth Emond.
They also recognize a continued indebtedness and gratitude to the Beinecke Library, Yale University; the librarians, staff, and those responsible for the Bodleian Library; the British Library and staff of its Special Collections; the Ewart Library, Dumfries; Edinburgh Central Library; Perkins Library, Duke University, especially William Erwin of Special Collections; the Houghton Library, Harvard University; the Jagiellonian Library, Cracow; the Manchester Central Library; the William Brown Central Library of Liverpool; the Edinburgh University Library, its Librarian Ian Mowat, and its head of Special Collections, Richard Ovenden, and his staff; the National Library of Scotland, its Librarian Ian McGowan, and its Department of Manuscripts and Head of that Department, Murray Simpson; Trinity College Library, Dublin; Lenore Rouse at George Eastman House in Rochester; Mieke IJzermans at the International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam. We also wish to thank the British Post Office for its support, particularly Martin Cummins and John Ward; the Dean and Faculty of Arts, Edinburgh University, and the Department of English Literature; David Daiches; Owen Dudley Edwards; Uta Thompson, Curator of Carlyle's House, Chelsea and the National Trust; Fiona Auchterlonie, Curator of Carlyle's Birthplace, Ecclefechan and the National Trust for Scotland; the Scottish National Portrait Gallery; Graham Storey; Christopher Strachan and Jonathan Usher for help with various questions; Virginia Surtees; John Sutherland; Peter Scott and Bob O'Malley of Edinburgh University Computing Service; Rodger Tarr; Anne Mason, Irmgard Burns, Richard Moore, and Liz Sutherland; in Duke University, Frank Borchardt, German Language and Literature Department; Paul Mangiafico of the Duke Scriptorium; Tony McKinley and Tom Raworth. Thanks are due to Hilary Smith for valiantly returning to help us at a time when she might have been enjoying a well-deserved retirement, and to the part played by previous members of the editorial staff and assistants. A particular tribute must be paid to David Southern for the valuable part he plays as Managing Editor of the Duke Carlyle office where his contribution has always been well beyond the call of duty.
Finally, this is the first volume to appear since volume 12 without the name on the title-page of Clyde de L. Ryals, but there is a valuable contribution to be acknowledged to the present volume. Professor C. R. Sanders' initiative in starting the edition and in working ahead on the text of all subsequent volumes is also remembered and acknowledged with gratitude.


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4:05 PM ET, March 17, 2014
HoHoKam Park, Mesa, Arizona
W: E. Jackson
L: J. Blanton
S: N. Ramirez
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Import shared items from google reader
Import shared items from Google Reader, or better yet, any rss feed.
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Wmangold4 commented
Sameera Perera commented
Now that Google has killed much of the sharing features in Reader, it may make sense for Diigo to integrate RSS reading to Diigo. We'll import all our feeds from GReader and read, share, bookmark in Diigo.
Boris Mann commented
Even better, support importing (on a regular basis) any feed from Google Reader - starred, shared, a single public tag feed, etc.


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A food allergy is caused when the body's immune system mistakes an ingredient in food—usually a protein—as harmful and creates a defense system (special compounds called antibodies) to fight it. An allergic reaction occurs when the antibodies are battling an "invading" food protein. Although a person could have an allergy to almost any food, the following 8 foods account for almost 90 percent of all food-related allergic reactions:
Now that you know you have a food allergy, you might wonder how you can eliminate from your diet the foods that trigger a reaction. Here is some helpful information about foods to avoid if you have a food allergy. If you have questions or need help eliminating certain foods from your diet, ask your doctor or a registered dietitian.
NOTE: Be sure to talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian before eliminating any food from your diet or beginning a special diet. You may need to adjust your meal plan or take a nutritional supplement to replace any nutrients lost by eliminating your trigger foods. In addition, the lists of foods and products that appear here are intended to provide examples and are NOT complete. Seek the advice of your doctor or dietitian for a more comprehensive list of foods to avoid for your specific allergy.
FALCPA is an amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and requires that the label of a food that contains an ingredient that is or contains protein from a "major food allergen " declare the presence of the allergen in the manner described by the law.
Manufacturers are given two ways in which to label food allergens. They may either state the food source name of a major food allergen in the list of ingredients, most often contained within parenthesis. (e.g. Casein (milk)) or they could instead use the word "contains" in the label, such as "contains peanuts."
If you have an allergy to milk, you will need to remove milk and other dairy products made with milk from your diet. Dairy products are a good source of calcium and Vitamin D, so it's important that you eat other foods rich in these nutrients, such as broccoli, spinach and soy products.
Always check the label ingredients before you use a product. Many processed or prepared foods contain milk. In addition, check the label each time you use the product. Manufacturers occasionally change recipes, and a trigger food may be added to the new recipe.
Milk/dairy products:
Foods containing milk/milk products:
Ingredients to look for:
Diet tip: Try substituting soy, rice or almond milk for cow's milk. In addition, many non-dairy products are now available including some margarines (check the label), non-dairy ice cream, non-dairy chocolate, non-dairy cheese and non-dairy yogurt.
Egg allergies are very common in infants, young children and adults. An egg-free diet eliminates eggs and products that may contain eggs. Read food labels carefully and avoid any egg products or egg-related ingredients, as well as foods that may be made with eggs.
Egg products:
Foods containing eggs:
Diet tip: Be sure to read labels carefully. For example, some egg substitutes contain egg white.
Peanuts are one of the most common food allergens (substances that trigger an allergic reaction). Peanut allergies also are among the most serious—and potentially fatal—of the food allergies.
Peanut products:
Foods containing peanuts:
Diet tip: Many prepared foods—including baked goods, candy and ethnic foods—can be contaminated with peanuts if products containing peanuts are prepared in the same place or by the same manufacturer. Always be prepared for this possibility and the risk of a reaction.
There is a risk of cross contamination during the processing of nuts in foods. For that reason, many allergists recommend that you stay away from all tree nuts and all products that list "nuts" as an ingredient, even if you are allergic to only one type of nut.
Tree nuts:
Tree nut products:
Diet tip: Tree nuts are sometimes used in lotions and shampoos. Be sure to check product labels on these products, as well as food labels. (Is this a concern?)
The proteins in various species of fish can be very similar, so you may need to stay away from all types of fish, unless your allergist is able to determine which species of fish triggers your allergies.
Diet tip: It may be wise to avoid seafood restaurants if you have a fish allergy. Even if you order a non-fish meal, your food may become contaminated with fish proteins from a spatula, cooking oil or grill exposed to fish.
As with fish, different types of shellfish have similar proteins. You may wish to avoid all types of shellfish, unless your allergist is able to determine which species of shellfish triggers your allergies.
Diet tip: Be careful with fried foods. Some restaurants use the same oil to fry shrimp, chicken and French fries. Imitation shellfish still may use shellfish for flavoring. Before you use it, read the label to be sure.
Soybeans are legumes. Other foods in the legume family include navy beans, kidney beans, string beans, black beans, pinto beans, chickpeas (garbanzo or chichi beans), lentils, carob, licorice and peanuts. Many people are allergic to more than one legume.
Soy and soy products:
Products that may contain soy:
Diet tip: Soybeans are widely used in processed food products. Soybeans and soybean products are found in many baked goods, cereals, crackers, infant formula, sauces and soups. In addition, soy is sometimes used as a meat extender in prepared meats, such as sausage or deli meats.
Foods made with wheat are staples of the American diet.
Wheat products:
Foods made with wheat:
Diet tip: Read all product labels carefully. Many processed foods—including ice cream and catsup—may contain wheat flour. If you have a wheat allergy, you may try substituting flours and other products made from oats, rice, rye, barley or corn.
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Things to see and do - Trjavna
Leaving for Bulgaria
Church of St Michael the Archangel :
Nearby tourist sites
Nearby hotels
Hotel Rai from26 €Book
Family Hotel Biju from25 €Book
Hotel Seasons from25 €Book
Church of St Michael the Archangel
Church of St Michael the Archangel : Michelin's recommendations
The church of St-Michael-the-Archangel, built in 1819, replaced a previous building burnt down in 1798 during a raid perpetrated by kardžali, hordes of Turkish brigands attracted by the opulence of the city. The half-buried edifice features a bulging roof covered with stone slabs from which emerges a graceful wooden pinnacle. Inside, note the iconostasis, elaborately carved by local artists (Papa Vitan Conjuv, Simeon and Vitan Kojuv), the splendid Episcopal throne (by pope Kolju Vitanov) and the icons painted by artists from the local school of art.


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Dec. 11, 2004
By BETH HARRIS
AP Sports Writer
LOS ANGELES - Freshman Jordan Farmar scored a season-high 25 points and drove the lane for the go-ahead basket with 4.7 seconds left to give UCLA an 85-83 victory over Pepperdine on Saturday.
Alex Acker's 3-pointer to win bounced off the rim as time expired, snapping Pepperdine's seven-game winning streak that began after the Waves (7-2) lost their opener to East Carolina.
Pepperdine was off to its best start in nearly 20 years and seeking its second straight victory over the Bruins (5-1) for the first time since the series began.
But Farmar took over the game in the final 2:07, scoring nine of UCLA's final 11 points.
Glen McGowan scored 24 points and Acker added 19 for the Waves, who snapped a 12-game losing streak against the Bruins in 2001 with an 85-78 upset at Pauley Pavilion in coach Steve Lavin's penultimate season.
The Bruins started three freshmen, with Josh Shipp joining regulars Farmar and Arron Afflalo as the replacement for injured Dijon Thompson, who leads UCLA in scoring and rebounding. Shipp proved a worthy substitute with 15 points and 12 rebounds in 36 minutes.
He made a key steal inside, then scored on a drive to tie the game at 81 with 52 seconds left. Acker missed a jumper, but Yakhouba Diawara tipped the ball in to give Pepperdine an 83-81 lead.
Farmar made two free throws for an 83-all tie. Diawara lost the ball out of bounds with 9 seconds remaining before Farmar scored on the winning drive.
The Bruins survived a mistake-prone stretch midway through the second half, when Pepperdine gained its first lead and built a seven-point advantage. As good as Farmar was at the end, he showed he's a freshman. He tossed up an airball as the shot-clock expired and missed on a drive. Brian Morrison missed an open 3-pointer, then turned the ball over on a bounce pass in the lane.
But Pepperdine was in foul trouble in the final 8 minutes and McGowan received a technical for hanging on the rim after a dunk.
The Bruins rallied behind Shipp, who rebounded a teammate's miss and scored, then hit a 3-pointer to pull them within two.
Center Michael Fey had a productive game, with 13 points and six rebounds. The Bruins dominated the boards, 41-23.
Thompson reinjured his right shooting hand late in UCLA's loss to Boston College last Sunday and needed 13 stitches to close the cut in the webbing between his index and middle fingers. The original injury occurred during practice in October.
UCLA leads the series 15-4.


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Daytona man with early signs of dementia missing, police say
Published: Wednesday, July 24, 2013 at 9:48 p.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, July 24, 2013 at 10:01 p.m.
An 83-year-old Daytona Beach man, showing early signs of dementia, is missing, police say.
Theodore R. Alexander was last seen Wednesday at 12:15 p.m. when he left his residence in the 400 block of Walnut Street and headed to 580 Mason Ave., Daytona Beach police said Wednesday night.
Alexander has no known medical problems other than displaying the early signs of dementia. He was last seen wearing a gray top and blue jeans. Alexander is 5 feet 7 inches and weighs about 150 pounds.
Anyone with information is asked to call Daytona Beach police at 386-671-5447.
All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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For the second consecutive week, hit country duo Florida Georgia Line have maintained the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, for the week of August 2, with their latest single, "Dirt." It is a track on their forthcoming studio album, which will be out later in the year.
It is the follow-up to their single, the platinum-selling "This Is How We Roll," which is a collaboration with country superstar Luke Bryan.
"Dirt" was co-written by such songwriters as Rodney Clawson and Chris Tompkins, and subsequently produced by Joey Moi. It has been well-received by fans and music critics and it shattered sales records, with other 250,000 downloads.
The duo of singers is made up of Brian Kelley from Ormond Beach, Florida and Tyler Hubbard from Monroe, Georgia, hence their name. They are signed to the record label, Republic Nashville.
The "Dirt" music video was directed by Nigel Dick. Within two weeks of their music video's release, it has garnered well over four million views on their official YouTube channel. It may be seen by clicking here.
Their breakthrough single "Cruise" is their most successful radio single to date, with multi-platinum certifications and it has spent the most weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, than any other single in the genre's history.
To learn more about country duo Florida Georgia Line, their new music and upcoming concerts, be sure to check out their official website.


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|December 4, 1998
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Assessment and Watershed Protection Division (4503F)
Attention: Mr. Robert Goo
401 M Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
Dear Mr. Goo:
As the lead service in the Department of Defense (DoD) for issues pertaining to the Clean Water Act, the Department of the Navy is providing herewith DoD's coordinated comments on the Section 319 Federal Consistency Guidance proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement section 319 of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1329. These comments respond to the Notice of Availability and Request for Comment published in the August 26, 1998 Federal Register (63 FR 45504).
DoD recognizes the importance of tackling the significant problem of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution of our Nation's waters and that section 319 offers a means of addressing potential sources of such pollution. Although State (NPS) programs vary widely across the nation, DoD complies with applicable requirements of these programs including implementation of Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plans at construction sites and implementation of State-specific Best Management Practices (BMPs) on DoD installations. DoD is also developing an implementation strategy for the Administration's Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP), which includes cooperative mechanisms to work with other Federal and State agencies. In addition, existing DoD environmental and natural resources programs integrate NPS controls into environmental and natural resources programs in such areas as facility planning, pesticide management, grounds maintenance, reduction of impervious surfaces, establishment of riparian buffers, and designation of low-mow and no-mow corridors.
DoD realizes that cooperation among Federal agencies and the States is an important component in managing NPS pollution. Examples of our successful use of cooperative mechanisms include DoD's 14-year partnership with the watershed-based Chesapeake Bay Program and the Bay signatory states. Many of our voluntary programs overlap with the Bay States' NPS control plans. Similar efforts are underway in the San Diego and San Francisco Bay areas and the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. The management of NPS pollution is a key component of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard's ENVVEST (Project XL) pilot program for Sinclair Inlet in Washington State. Partnerships among States, DoD components, and other Federal agencies have resulted in the development and implementation of voluntary NPS actions by DoD, demonstrating that such partnerships can achieve the goals of State NPS programs. In light of our past successes with DoD/State partnerships, we recommend that EPA focus its guidance on the States' role in including Federal agencies during NPS program development. Federal agencies and the States will benefit substantially from cooperative development of NPS solutions that allow consistency issues to be pro-actively addressed during State NPS program development.
We are concerned that the proposed Clean Water Act Section 319 Federal Consistency Guidance, as currently written, will expand EPA's role and the obligations of Federal agencies under section 319 without first providing adequate opportunity for Federal agencies to review and comment on the guidance document before publication in final form. Even though the proposed guidance document has been published, we request that EPA consider our comments requesting several changes to correct references and clarify the scope of section 319 and other statutory and regulatory provisions prior to finalization of the document. A clear understanding by the States and the Federal agencies of their respective statutory responsibilities will enhance a cooperative working relationship by all involved.
We would like to discuss these key issues with EPA before the guidance document is finalized. My point of contact is Ms. Maude Bullock, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, (703) 602-1738. Ms. Bullock will contact you shortly to arrange a meeting to discuss these comments and any other issues of mutual interest pertaining to the section 319 Federal consistency process.
Copy to:
a. Comment: EPA's guidance goes well beyond what is necessary to implement subsection 319(k), and in doing so, EPA has assigned itself a role for which the statute does not provide authority. For example, the Conflict Resolution Process in III(E) is outside the scope of EPA's authority under the statute. Moreover, EPA does not have authority under section 319 to "interpret" for Federal agencies their obligations under subsection 319(k).
Discussion: Subsection 319(k) is self-implementing and does not require additional guidance from EPA. Once a State identifies those assistance programs and development projects it will review for consistency with its NPS management program under the procedures set forth in Executive Order (E.O.) 12372, Federal agencies are required to modify their existing regulations to allow for this process.
Section 319 provides for specific action by the EPA Administrator. With regard to Federal agency consistency, the Administrator's only role under subsection 319(k) is to transmit to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and appropriate Federal departments and agencies a list of those assistance programs and development projects identified by each State for review under the procedures set forth in Executive Order (E.O.) 12372. The onus of accommodating State concerns in accordance with E.O. 12372 then falls on Federal agencies.
DoD recognizes that States may have a strong interest in EPA providing additional guidance on how the process works, that EPA has committed to providing such guidance, and that EPA clearly has authority to provide assistance in the form of a guidance document. The problem with this particular guidance document is that, instead of merely addressing how States should invoke their rights under section 319(k) to review certain Federal programs and projects for consistency, it provides EPA's vision of an ideal program, not authorized under existing law, under which EPA would have the authority to resolve conflicts and establish policy for other Federal agencies.
The conflict resolution discussion in section III(E) is an example of EPA acting outside the scope of the statute. Unlike the Coastal Zone Management Act, which provides for the Secretary of Commerce to mediate disputes between Federal agencies and States (see 16 U.S.C. § 1456(h)), section 319 does not provide for the EPA Administrator to mediate such disputes. Although EPA may serve a useful role in working with States and Federal agencies that have reached an impasse on a particular issue, use of EPA's services in this regard is entirely optional on the part of all of the players.
Recommendation: EPA should limit the guidance to describing a) those actions necessary for EPA, other Federal agencies, and States to implement section 319(k), b) the efforts EPA is willing to engage in voluntarily to assist States and Federal agencies, at their request, in implementing subsection 319(k), and c) the steps necessary to obtaining such assistance. In particular, the guidance should clarify that, although a State may request EPA's assistance in facilitating Federal-State negotiations and with mediation and conflict resolution, participation in the process on the part of both the State and the Federal agency is voluntary. In our further comments below, we suggest some additional changes to the guidance with respect to specific matters involving the scope of subsection 319(k).
We have no objection to EPA stating, under subsection III(E) (Conflict Resolution), that it will work with Federal agency headquarters to foster consideration of NPS concerns in the development and implementation of Federal agency legislation, regulations, policies, and programs, because this is a statement of EPA's intentions and does not commit other agencies to any particular position.
b. Comment: The purpose of this guidance and its intended audience should be clearly stated in the introduction. A clear statement indicating that EPA's' issuance of this guidance is not required under section 319 or any other provision of the Clean Water Act will assist states in understanding that the authority and responsibility for Section 319(k) Federal consistency review rests solely with the States.
Discussion: Our understanding is that EPA is not issuing Section 319 federal consistency guidance for the purpose of developing new policy, regulations, or requirements. In the Background section to the guidance document, the guidance describes EPA's intent to support implementation of the Federal consistency provisions. Section 319(k), however, authorizes State NPS Federal consistency review, not EPA's Federal consistency implementation. Some readers may not understand the limits of EPA's authority under section 319(k).
Recommendation: Provide introductory language clarifying that section 319 is a State-driven program, and that this guidance is not intended to establish any new requirements for the States or Federal agencies. Describe EPA's authority as limited to technical and financial assistance to the States and transmittal to OMB of a listing of assistance program and development projects identified by the States.
c. Comment: EPA's Appendix B list of pertinent Federal assistance programs and development projects from the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance significantly misleads States with regard to Federal programs subject to section 319 consistency. The guidance also fails to notify States that, to invoke the consistency requirements of section 319, their NPS management programs must list specific entries from the Catalog or Federal assistance programs and direct development projects that would otherwise fall under Executive Order (E.O.) 12372.
Discussion: The Clean Water Act is specific as to which Federal actions are subject to consistency review under section 319(k). Only projects or assistance listed in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance or subject to E.O. 12372 require review. EPA's guidance, however, confuses this point by listing DoD actions in Appendix B that are not DoD domestic assistance projects. A check of the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance shows that the assistance available from DOD generally involves economic planning assistance for major base expansions, base closures, or off-base public and private development compatible with military installations (we do not fund the development, but we will fund studies of appropriate types of development); assistance with flood control, navigation projects, and other matters under the cognizance of the Army Corps of Engineers; educational and research grants and cooperative agreements; and Defense/State Memoranda of Agreement for oversight at cleanup sites.
DOD assistance is not available for natural resource management plans and projects (although such assistance is available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and States also have ample opportunity to comment on such plans under the Sikes Act), military construction other than certain National Guard facilities, or land and water-based military training plans and exercises. Although assistance is available for some types of facility development plans and projects, the development must meet certain criteria with regard to size and community impacts. Those projects for which assistance is available generally involve the provision of funds to local communities and/or the State for planning purposes, with an attendant opportunity to provide for NPS pollution controls in the planning process.
We considered whether any of the items on the list that were not covered by the Catalog were nevertheless subject to the Executive Order. The Executive Order, however, pertains to Federal financial assistance or direct Federal development that has an effect on State and local governments. This type of development is generally that which places an increased strain on education or transportation or which removes property from the tax rolls. We believe the specific items listed in the Catalog already cover those instances involving military installations.
Recommendation: Because the list in the guidance will mislead States, DoD recommends that Appendix B include only specific entries from the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance: e.g., "Community Base Reuse Plans," "Aquatic Plant Control," "Flood Plain Management Services," and so on. The guidance should clarify that States must refer to the Catalog for specific programs to list in their NPS management programs.
To avoid creating unwarranted expectations, DoD also recommends that EPA delete the discussion in the second and third paragraphs of subsection III(B) about States notifying Federal agencies and EPA Regional Offices concerning additional programs they want to review under Section 319. Similarly, the second paragraph of subsection II(D) appears to misrepresent the programs eligible for inclusion on the State's list and should be clarified or deleted.
d. Comment: The guidance does not adequately distinguish between mandatory requirements in state NPS management programs and those requirements for which Federal agencies must either accommodate or explain their inability to accommodate the State program.
Discussion: Section 313 of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. 1323, requires federal agencies engaged in any activity resulting in, or which may result in, the discharge or runoff of pollutants to comply with all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements respecting the control of water pollution in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity. Section 319, however, requires only that Federal agencies accommodate State concerns or, in accordance with E.O. 12372, explain why such concerns cannot be accommodated. The guidance could assist both States and Federal agencies in understanding their respective authorities and responsibilities by discussing what is necessary to make a nonpoint source control an enforceable requirement vis à vis a Federal agency and what types of controls are merely subject to "accommodation or explanation."
For example, confusion may result from the summary statement in subsection III(D), paragraph 3, which appears to infer that all State laws are enforceable authorities. These laws may be enforceable by the State, but not enforceable against Federal entities for which sovereign immunity has not been waived. Although consistency review may be appropriate in the examples cited, it is misleading to imply that these policies are thereby enforceable against Federal agencies. This confusion in the guidance may lead to States tying enforceable policies (e.g., permits under CWA authorities) to non-enforceable State laws (e.g., Virginia's Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act), and withholding or delaying required Federal permits based on these consistency provisions.
Further, neither section 319 nor E.O. 12372 defines what it means to "accommodate" a State's concern, as that term is used in section 319. Suggesting such a definition might avoid misunderstandings on the part of both State and Federal agencies.
Recommendation: The guidance should include a discussion of the difference between mandatory requirements and those requirements subject to "accommodation or explanation." The guidance should explain that a Federal agency accommodates a State's concerns by incorporating the State's recommendations or requirements into its assistance program or direct development unless doing so cannot be reconciled with the goals or requirements of the program, development, agency mission, or agency authorities, including funding.
e. Comment: The list in II(G) (Other Existing Review Mechanisms) will confuse States as to what Federal actions are or are not subject to the formal Federal consistency review mechanism. DoD is particularly concerned that the inclusion of the FEDPLAN pollution abatement process will mislead States into believing they have authority to reprioritize DoD compliance projects.
Discussion: The guidance purports to provide help in implementing the Federal consistency provision in section 319 of the Clean Water Act. In listing "other existing review mechanisms," the guidance confuses other means States may use to control nonpoint source pollution with the role of the Federal consistency program. This information should be included in guidance to States on implementing or developing nonpoint source pollution controls. By including the information in guidance on section 319 consistency, EPA may confuse States into believing that Federal actions not listed in E.O. 12372 or the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance are subject to the formal Federal consistency review mechanism of section 319.
Moreover, although E.O. 12088 does make it Federal policy to comply with State and local pollution control standards, it outlines a process for Federal agencies to come into compliance with such requirements. That process does not include State review of an agency's prioritization of its funding requirements for compliance. Agencies are in the best position to recommend those projects that most urgently need funding and then working through the Federal process to develop an appropriate budget.
In addition, the use of section 401 of the Clean Water Act as another review mechanism for nonpoint source pollution has been rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (see Oregon Natural Desert Assoc. v. Dombeck, No. 97-35065 (9th Cir. July 22, 1998).
Recommendation: EPA should delete the listing and subsequent discussion of "Other Existing Review Mechanisms" from the guidance. Alternatively, the guidance should clarify that these requirements apply to Federal agencies only to the extent that they impose applicable and enforceable requirements respecting the control and abatement of water pollution and that these programs do not provide other bases for Federal consistency review. In any case, at a minimum, E.O. 12088 should be substituted for the FEDPLAN as a review mechanism and the guidance should not include section 401 of the Clean Water Act as another review mechanism for nonpoint source pollution.
f. Comment: The current status of State NPS management programs is unclear. Our discussions with representative States and EPA have led us to believe that not all State programs are finalized and that many are undergoing significant revision to meet the nine key elements to strengthen their program. If these revised programs are not finalized, section II(A), paragraph 2 should be clarified accordingly. Participation in the State management plan development process is clearly the most effective means for States and Federal agencies to work cooperatively to achieve the goals of section 319, and this opportunity is significantly restricted if States do not invite Federal agencies to join in the NPS Program development process.
Discussion: The most effective means for Federal agencies to work cooperatively with their State partners in achieving NPS goals is to work with the States during development of their NPS programs. In this manner, consistency issues and types of projects and assistance can be specifically discussed by the State and affected Federal partners, thereby providing clarity to the State program. EPA's current approach of issuing guidance for Federal consistency implementation after these plans have been finalized, rather than emphasizing voluntary Federal/State cooperation during NPS program development, will lead to confusion as to the roles and responsibilities of all concerned parties.
Recommendation: If State programs are not EPA-approved as of the date of issuing this guidance, the guidance should recommend that States seek input from Federal agencies on the draft guidance. The time frame for this review needs to be sufficient for substantive review and constructive working meetings with the States. If there is insufficient time for this process to take place, then it will be difficult for Federal agencies to implement "cooperative" programs in which they had no role in developing. Because this is a State-led initiative, the onus should be on the States to foster early collaboration via cooperative program development. This type of involvement should preclude the need for after-the-fact MOUs and should set a clear course for NPS consistency between the States and affected Federal agencies.
g. Comment: The guidance places too great an emphasis on the use of memoranda of understanding (MOUs) or other means for achieving consistency outside the formal Federal consistency review mechanism created by E.O. 12372 and section 319.
Discussion: When section 319 was amended in 1987, Congress deleted language that would have required the negotiation of MOUs as a means of resolving State consistency concerns, although nothing in the statute prohibits such arrangements. DoD has found that negotiating MOUs is often a poor use of resources and may lead to false expectations on the part of other parties, who do not understand that an expression of common goals is not a commitment when such goals require the expenditure of funds. Funding is not always available or may be diverted to meet exigent needs. Reducing the number of MOUs by negotiating them on a state or regional level is preferable because it ensures uniformity among the commitments of subordinate commands. At the same time, DoD recognizes the need not to burden military installations with requirements that tax their limited resources. These are factors DoD must take into consideration when a State requests the development of an MOU.
Recommendation: Under II(F) (Informal Review Mechanisms), clarify that the use of MOUs is entirely voluntary, that the commitments made in them are usually subject to funding being available, and that some Federal agencies may prefer to negotiate them on a regional level or to handle nonpoint source issues on a more informal basis. Also, delete "primary" from the sentence "While the primary formal Federal consistency review mechanism will be that created by E.O. 12372 ." The mechanism created by the executive order is the only formal Federal consistency review mechanism.
h. Comment: Subsection III(B) (Transmittal of the List) does not provide any information on EPA's role in transmitting the list of specific projects States will review under their NPS management programs to Federal agencies.
Discussion: EPA should identify the process it will use to transmit appropriate information to Federal agencies, including timelines for so doing. EPA should also clarify whether States will independently provide such information to Federal agencies and, if so, that States should inform Federal agencies whether such notification will be provided by the NPS lead agency or the State Single Point of Contact (SPOC).
Recommendation: Include a paragraph on the transmittal of the list to Federal agencies by EPA and/or the States.
i. Comment: Subsection III(B) encourages States to operate outside the process provided for in the statute, placing Federal agencies in an awkward position when they cannot, or choose not to, grant a State's request to expand the section 319 consistency review process.
Discussion: EPA does not have authority to establish policy for other Federal agencies on how such agencies accommodate States who want to expand section 319 consistency review beyond that provided for by law. Federal agencies are better able to assess how they can work with States on nonpoint source issues. In actuality, States have ample opportunity to review other programs through NEPA and other processes (such as CZMA consistency in coastal states or the process in the Sikes Act under which States review fish and wildlife management plans). Requiring Federal agencies to subject additional programs to the section 319 consistency review process would substantially increase the difficulty of Federal agency planning, by establishing another layer of review with possibly inconsistent timelines, while not adding any value to the State NPS management program.
Recommendation: Change the first sentence of the third paragraph under subsection III (B) to: "Federal agencies will determine whether to allow States to conduct Section 319 consistency reviews of assistance programs and development projects that do not fit the criteria above, and where the Federal agency determines that section 319 consistency review is not possible, the Federal agency may inform the State of any suggested alternative mechanism for State input." (Principal changes are underlined.)
j. Comment: Subsection III(D) (How to Review for Consistency) should require States to provide the criteria and guidelines they will apply in reviewing Federal assistance and direct development programs for consistency with State NPS management plans.
Discussion: Requiring States to identify the criteria and guidelines they will apply in reviewing covered Federal programs will ensure that Federal agencies know which projects require review and what criteria and guidelines are important to State NPS agencies. It will also ensure that the process is used to address only nonpoint source pollution issues rather than other issues that are better dealt with through the political process. Keeping the program "honest" will make Federal agencies more eager to accommodate a State's nonpoint source concerns.
Recommendation: DoD recommends that the second sentence in the second paragraph under III(D) state: "States should provide these criteria and guidelines to the SPOC, all State and local agencies with NPS responsibilities or interest, all relevant Federal agencies, and others as appropriate."
k. Comment: EPA's summary of roles in section IV repeats the problem of directing Federal agencies, in subsection IV(D) (Other Federal Agencies), to allow States to conduct section 319 reviews for projects that do not meet the statutory criteria for review.
Discussion: The discussion of the role of other Federal agencies purports to establish a policy for other Federal agencies under which they would expand section 319 review beyond that required by law. EPA cannot dictate policy for other Federal agencies in this regard.
Recommendation: EPA should delete the third paragraph under IV(D).
l. Comment: Appendix C of the guidance should provide a POC for the lead NPS agency for any jurisdiction in which an SPOC is not designated because the State does not participate in the Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs Process.
Discussion: POCs in state NPS agencies would enable Federal agencies to address nonpoint source consistency with an appropriate State contact. Hawaii and Virginia, states with a large DoD presence, do not have SPOCs listed.
Recommendation: Add State NPS agency POCs for States without SPOCs.
m. Comment: The examples in Appendix F, under the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), are misleading and unnecessary. The discussion of section 401 as a review mechanism for nonpoint source pollution is inconsistent with current case law.
Discussion: In providing guidance to States, EPA should not mislead them with regard to the utility of other authorities to address nonpoint source pollution. We are concerned because misleading guidance makes it more difficult for Federal agencies to work successfully with States. In general, Federal agencies are willing to accommodate State concerns with respect to Federal agency actions. This is particularly true for military installations, which have a long-term presence in States and whose personnel are a very visible presence in the community. Yet there are times when accommodation must be subject to mission requirements and/or funding constraints.
Coastal consistency review, for example, occasionally results in changes to actions in a political effort to accommodate State concerns, even when addressing such concerns under CZMA is not mandated. For example, the Navy provides vessel oil response plans to State governments as a matter of comity, not because the CZMA mandates such actions. It is important, however, that States understand the limitations of the CZMA, because it enables both sides on a coastal issue to avoid unnecessary litigation.
The proposed guidance does not provide similar examples for any other statutory or regulatory authorities. Moreover, it does not provide any examples of States overreaching under CZMA and losing in court. Just as States might object to being held up in that light, DoD objects to the unflattering portrayal of Federal agencies in these paragraphs. Further, most of the examples are irrelevant to nonpoint source pollution issues.
Recommendation: DoD recommends that EPA delete the examples of uses of CZMA in California and Massachusetts. The discussion of FEDPLAN under subsection (F) should be redrafted as a discussion of the E.O. 12088 process without any implication that Federal agency budget submissions, which ultimately are at the discretion of the President, are subject to State review. We also recommend that EPA delete section 401 from this Appendix, given the decision of the Ninth Circuit noted previously.


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Some Game Themes
Arizona hosts in-state rival Northern Arizona in its first home game of the season ... Can the Wildcats overcome the miscues on both sides of the ball that plagued them against Utah in the season opener? ... Will
Last Time Out
Quick Hits From
- Sophomore LB Dane Krogstad tallied a career-highs with 15 tackles, nine solo stops and two TFL against the Utes.
- Sophomore QB Richard Kovalcheck recorded career-highs in both completions (21) and yards (255) in the loss.
- Junior TE Brad Wood tied his career-highs in receptions (3), TDs (1) and longest reception (21). His 49 receiving yards were the most in his UA career.
- Former walk-on Adam Austin completed his first collegiate pass attempt in the second quarter.
- Arizona tallied more first downs than an opponent in a game for the first time since last season's opening contest against NAU (10 games).
- The 21 second-half points scored by Arizona against Utah were the most in the final 30 minutes of a game since UA posted 23 in a 52-23 loss at Oregon State on Nov. 1, 2003 (14 games).
Arizona and its neighbor to the north will meet up for the ninth time since 1931 ... The Wildcats own a 7-1 advantage in the series and have won the last six straight ... This year's game will be just the third contest between the two in the last 57 years, but it is also the third game pitting the in-state schools against each other in the last four seasons ... Arizona defeated NAU 37-3 in the opening game of the 2002 season and again 21-3 last season ... Arizona is a perfect 6-0 against the Lumberjacks in Arizona Stadium, 1-0 against NAU in Flagstaff and 0-1 in Phoenix.
NAU and
Arizona opened its first game under Mike Stoops with a 16-play, 80-yard drive on the opening possession and went on to defeat Northern Arizona 21-3 in Tucson last season ... Mike Bell scored a TD from two yards out on the opening drive to hand UA a 7-0 lead. He rushed the ball eight times for 35 yards on the opening drive and finished the contest with a game-high 124 yards on 30 carries and two scores ... Leading just 7-3 after three quarters, the Wildcats pulled away with a pair of scores in the final frame ... Darrell Brooks intercepted NAU's Jason Murrietta to help set up Bell's second TD of the game in the fourth quarter and former QB Kris Heavner hit Syndric Steptoe on a 13-yard pass at the 5:40 mark for the final score of the game ... True freshman Antoine Cason made an immediate impact in his UA debut and garnered Pac-10 Player of the Week honors with a game-high 13 tackles, two forced fumbles, a PBU and an interception ... The contest marked the first time since 2002 (North Texas) that Arizona kept an opponent out of the end zone for six points.
Noting the Jacks
Northern Arizona heads south with a 1-0 record after defeating Division II foe Adams State 52-13 on Sept. 1 ... Leading just 7-6 at half, the Lumberjacks exploded for 45 second-half points in the season opening victory ... Junior QB Jason Murrietta threw for 195 yards and three TDs and senior Tucsonan Philo Sanchez rushed for a game-high 75 yards and a TD in the win ... NAU was picked to finish sixth in the Big Sky Conference in polls by both the league's head coaches and its media members ... The Lumberjacks return eight starters on offense and five on defense from the 2004 team that finished 4-7 ... Murrietta, the 2003 Big Sky Player of the Year (3,472 yards and 29 TDs), is coming off a 2004 season that saw him throw for 2,495 yards and 16 TDs ... Sanchez takes over at the starting RB spot after backing up Roger Robinson last season. Sanchez rushed for 216 yards and two TDs his junior year ... All five offensive linemen return for NAU this season ... On defense, senior Bruce Branch returns from a medical redshirt season to anchor a young unit that returns just five starters from last season... Head coach Jerome Souers enters the game against
The 2005 season is the first in four seasons that Arizona's home opener is not its season-opener (at SDSU in 2001) ... This season will mark the second-straight that Arizona will open its home slate against NAU ... UA is 16-1 over the last 17 years in its home opener (the lone loss came in 2000 against Ohio State).
Five Plus
Mike Bell's opening game effort of 99 yards on 18 carries against
Converting on Third Down
After opening the first half against
Red Zone Numbers
The Wildcats were a perfect 3 for 3 in red zone chances against
Red Zone Success
Date Opp Rush TD Pass TD FG
Oct. 30
Nov. 6 at
Nov. 13 at USC (1 for 1) 0 1 0
Nov. 26
Sept. 2 at
Totals 10 for 10 5 3 2
Frosh Catch On
True freshman receiver Mike Thomas snagged seven receptions for 92 yards in his debut game at
No. 1 Bobby Wade (1999-2002), 230 rec ?-3351 yds
Debut: 2-12 at
No. 2 Dennis Northcutt (1996-1999), 223-3252
Debut: 0-0 in 1st game (CB); 1-14 vs. WSU four G later, 1996
No. 3 Theopolis Bell (1972-75), 153-2509
Debut: 0-0 in 1st game; 2-35 vs. UCLA in 2nd game, 1972
No. 10 Vance Johnson (1981-84), 104-1014
Debut: 6-96 vs. UCLA, 1981
Going All the Way
One aspect of UA's improvement up front is better depth on the offensive line. Yet in the opener at Utah, line coach Eric Wolford played his cards close to the vest with his starting unit -- left tackle Peter Graniello, left guard John Abramo, center Erick Levitre, right guard Kili Lefotu and right tackle Tanner Bell -- playing every single scrimmage down. For senior Lefotu, a 30-game career starter, it was business as usual. Graniello started every game and went most of the way at RT or RG a year ago, and earned Freshman All-America second-team honors. Abramo, a senior, had five starts and has been a factor as a two-year letterman. But Levitre has played sparingly in his three-years in the program and senior
True to Form
Putting on the Hits
Senior safety Darrell Brooks moved closer to UA's top 20 chart for career tackles after his 11-hit effort at
In The Second Year
Mike Stoops is looking to join predecessors Larry Smith and Dick Tomey as the two
Mike Stoops
Tony Mason
Larry Smith
Dick Tomey
John Mackovic
1977* - 5-7, 3-4
1980 - 5-6, 3-4
1987 - 4-4-3, 2-3-3
2001 - 5-6, 2-6
2004 - 3-8, 2-6 1978 - 5-6, 3-4
1981 - 6-5, 4-4
1988 - 7-4, 5-3
2002 - 4-8, 1-7
2005 - 0-1, 0-0
Mike Stoops


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Montana ranked 44th in population in the US with an estimated total of 909,453 in 2002, an increase of 0.8% since 2000. Between 1990 and 2000, Montana's population grew from 799,065 to 902,195, an increase of 12.9%. The population is projected to reach 1,006,000 by 2005 and 1.1 million by 2025. The population density in 2000 was 6.2 persons per sq mi, the 3rd-lowest in the country.
In 2000, the median age of all Montana residents was 37.5. In the same year, 25.5% of the populace were under the age of 18 while 13.4% were age 65 or older.
Montana had no cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in 2002. The largest cities and their estimated populations are Billings, 89,847, and Great Falls, 56,690.
All US cities
Montana bigger cities, Montana smaller cities, Montana small cities
Montana detailed state guide


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Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for inviting me to take part in your series on the Middle East. It is a privilege to be able to contribute to your understanding of the issues that affect us all so much. I view this series as a testament to the impressive lengths by which the Tower Hill School educates its students.
Under Headmaster Wheeler's guidance – and with fine teachers like Dr. Wasson – this educational institution is certainly giving its students something to take away with them as they go on to college and beyond. Your parents and teachers deserve thanks for providing you with such great opportunities.
I understand that to complement this series you have been learning about the Middle East in your classes. No doubt when you read the paper or watch TV, the region is also discussed widely. Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Iran, all face serious issues. These issues may seem incredibly complex. There are Christians, Jews, and Muslims – each represented by various denominations and sects. There are Arabs and Persians and Kurds. And there are national identities and histories to further complicate matters.
The fact that you are all willing to engage this challenging area is highly commendable. But if even one of you can be inspired to some day contribute to finding solutions, then, you will be going a long way to helping your fellow man. We need more people who are willing to take up the cause of peace. So I thank you all for your interest.
Ladies and Gentlemen: If we consider the specific issues at hand – which include the war in Iraq, Afghanistan's fight for stability, vicious contention between Lebanon and Israel and Palestine and Israel, and Iran's nuclear ambition – we know that solutions are not going to come overnight. They are going to take time and patience.
But with so many issues, where do we begin? Is there any one place where the international community can focus that will bring real change? Indeed, where is the heart of the problem?
Ladies and gentlemen, there is just such a place. The cause of most of these issues – or the factor that is making them more complicated – is both clear and simple to understand. It is the dispute between Palestine and Israel.
Besides being a conflict between two peoples, the situation with Palestine and Israel has become an impediment to international stability. Without forging a solution, we will continue to be unable to secure lasting peace throughout the Middle East. And this turmoil, as we have all witnessed, will be echoed across the world.
Terrorists use the conflict to justify their evil acts around the world. Extremists use the conflict to recruit people to their cause. If you could see what people in the Middle East see on television every night, your opinion would change dramatically. For too long, the Palestinian people have endured great injustices and hardships. Many thousands live in hopeless poverty and thousands more have been uprooted from their homes. All have been deprived of minimum human and national rights.
Since peace is manifestly in the interest of the region and the world at large, it is that much more incumbent on leading powers, including Saudi Arabia and the United States, to be consistent – and insistent – in moving Palestine and Israel towards the known outlines of a durable settlement.
The path to peace begins with peaceful coexistence between a Palestinian state and an Israeli state, and peace between Israel and the entire Arab world.
To this end, Saudi Arabia understands its role. What we have done, and what we are doing, is to act as a voice of reason and moderation. And we have worked to bring the Arab world together to support the peace process.
Starting a quarter of a century ago, Saudi Arabia, under the leadership of then Crown Prince Fahd, offered a simple vision: If Israel and Palestine can find a peaceful territorial compromise along the lines of UN Resolutions 242 and 338, under which Israel would withdraw from the lands it occupied in the 1967 War, including Jerusalem, and make peace with a Palestinian state, then the Arab world would not only accept Israel's existence, but have normal relations with it.
This plan, echoed and expanded by then-Crown Prince, now King Abdullah at the Arab Summit in Beirut in March 2002, generated worldwide support because it went to the heart of the matter – land for peace – and defined it in terms acceptable to both peoples.
Even after the events of this summer – the capture of the Israeli soldiers followed by the destructive and vicious bombardment of Palestine and Lebanon – the Abdullah Peace Plan still stands as the best plan. What is left now is for reasonable minds on both sides to look at this historic offer objectively and without emotion, and to work to put it in place.
While Saudi Arabia, as a single nation, can continue to provide aid and support peace and stability, this is not something we can accomplish alone. It is time for the United States to take action and do what it has been talking about within the framework of the Road Map.
Indeed, the basic failure of international diplomacy toward the Middle East in the past 50 years has been a lack of implementation. We've had ideas and proposals, resolutions and initiatives for five decades without any concrete implementation. We now have the Road Map – as outlined by President Bush – and the Abdullah Peace Plan. Let them be implemented.
Last week I was at an event with your Secretary of State, Dr. Rice, and I made this very clear. U.S. policy must change and move toward a solution. In fact, the Saudi government has been clearer and clearer on this point. And right now we are encouraged by the discussions we are having with your government. But encouragement is not enough. When it comes to Middle East peace, hope is too easily dashed.
This may sound very direct. It is meant to be. We should be direct with one another – especially when it comes to matters of such great importance. But also, we are direct because we can be.
Saudi Arabia and the United States share a long and special relationship, one that is some 70 years old. We have always been forthright with one another. We have been open and honest. And so we will continue to be.
About a year ago, when I delivered my diplomatic credentials to Secretary Rice, I reminded her of a story about Winston Churchill. He came to Washington during the war years when President Roosevelt wanted to honor him by putting him up in the White House instead of Blair House. One night, Mr. Roosevelt wheeled into Mr. Churchill's room and found him stark naked. Embarrassed, Roosevelt tried to wheel back out quickly. But Churchill turned to him and he said: "Mr. President, the Prime Minister of England has nothing to hide from the President of the United States."
I assured your Secretary of State that I was not going to come to her naked on any occasion, but that that is the kind of relationship Saudi Arabia would like to have with the United States. We have nothing to hide.
Now, with that in mind, I would be glad to answer any questions you may have. Thank you again for inviting me, and for your patience and attention.


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Miami Dolphins' defensive depth chart – post draft
What's the next step for the Miami Dolphins' young and athletic defense?
That's what the team's coaches and the unit's players are all wondering. How good can this group - which features six projected starters who are 25 or younger – be now that they've had some seasoning, and are no longer green.
Imagine a defensive line where Paul Soliai's a force for an entire season, not just a half.
Or a unit where Koa Misi turns the dial up on his pass rushing. How about a secondary that catches the majority of the balls that hit their hands (talking to you Sean Smith and Chris Clemons?
Mike Nolan's defense finished sixth in the NFL in yards allowed (309.3) last season. The unit will get back 2010 first-round pick Jared Odrick and A.J. Edds, the team's fourth-round pick that year. Both players should add to the team's overall depth and scheme versatility.
General Manager Jeff Ireland views Odrick and Edds return from the season-ending injuries that derailed their rookie year as if the Dolphins acquired an extra first and fourth round draft pick. Hard to argue against that viewpoint considering both will likely serve as regular contributors in 2011.
Here's a look at what the Miami Dolphins have on the defensive side of the roster before free agency begins.
If you missed the offensive breakdown click on this link.
Defensive Line (10)
LE – Kendall Langford, Phillip Merling, Ryan Baker, Lionel Dotson
NT – Paul Soliai, Chris Baker, Frank Kearse (R- seventh round)
RE – Randy Starks, Jared Odrick, Rob Rose (practice squad in '10)
Langford and Starks are two of the NFL's top rated 3-4 starting ends, and that likely won't change in 2011 if their health doesn't become a factor. Expect a breakout season from Langford, who is entering the final year of his contract. And Starks should ratchet up his pass rushing now that he doesn't have to spend an entire offseason getting prepared to play nose tackle. Keeping Soliai will ensure that the strength of the Dolphins defense (its front line) remains relatively intact. Expect to lose Tony McDaniel to free agency, but Odrick and Merling should fill the void his absence creates. The selection of Frank Kearse in the seventh round possibly gives the Dolphins a nose tackle to groom for the future.
Linebackers (9)
WLB – Cameron Wake
MIKE ILB – Karlos Dansby, Tim Dobbins, Mike Rivera
MOE ILB – Channing Crowder, A.J. Edds, Austin Spitler
SLB – Koa Misi, Ikaika Alama-Francis
Wake is coming off a 57 tackle, 14 sack season that earned him his first of what could be many Pro Bowl berths. But he's the Dolphins' only pass rushing threat. That's why the defense registered just 39 sacks last season, five fewer than last year's inferior defense produced in 2009. Misi is growing into his role, and will continue to get better, but he must provide more than the 4.5 sacks he generated last season. If you don't think the team's pass rushing is an issue then answer this question: what happens to the Dolphins' defense if Wake suffers a season-ending injury like Elvis Dumervil did during the preseasons? If you weren't comfortable with your answer then it should be a top priority to add another pass rusher. Dansby fell four tackles shy of producing a 100 tackles season, but he was handcuffed by a turf toe injury, and the unit's need for him to drop back into coverage. Edds should be able to fill that role as a platooned inside linebacker in the nickel, dime and cover 6 package.
Secondary (13)
CB – Vontae Davis, Benny Sapp, Nate Ness, Jimmy Wilson (R- seventh-round selection)
CB – Sean Smith, Will Allen, Nolan Carroll
FS – Chris Clemons, Reshad Jones, Jonathon Amaya
SS - Yeremiah Bell, Tyrone Culver, Mark Restelli (CFL)
Smith and Davis took a couple steps forward as the Dolphins' starting cornerbacks, but both are no where near their ceiling as players. Smith needs to work on his hands, pulling in some of the numerous dropped interceptions. Davis must improve his technique, learning to lock-down defenders better. Getting Allen back should help the unit because his veteran wisdom was missed last season. Allen, who is entering his 11th NFL season, could push for a starting spot, but it's more likely that he'll challenge Sapp for the nickel cornerback spot. Clemons, who was slowed by a groin injury in the second half of last season, and Jones will continue their battle to see who serves as the starting free safety, and the honor of being paired with Yeremiah Bell. Drafted Jimmy Wilson in the seventh round was risky, but it gives the Dolphins three talented and versatile youngsters – Carroll, Ness and now Wilson - to groom. The Dolphins usually carry at least 10 cornerbacks and safeties on the 53-man roster.
P – Brandon Fields
LS – John Denney
K – Dan Carpenter
Returners –The status quo would be to have Davone Bess on punts, and Carroll on kickoffs. But don't be surprised if Kory Sheets and rookie receiver Edmond Gates gets into the mix. The Dolphins could also sign a player (veteran tailback Darren Sproles or undrafted rookie Noel Devine) that could upgrade the return unit.
So, have you identified any holes after taking a look at the defensive side of the roster? What area of this unit excites you the most, and which is the most troubling?


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Hop on over and visit Springtime Roundup at Big Thunder Ranch Jamboree in Disneyland Park. The area is filled with springtime decor and flowers to enjoy.
One of the unique aspects of this event is the chance to meet some of your favorite Disney rabbits, including Br'er Rabbit, Rabbit from Winnie the Pooh, White Rabbit, Thumper, Roger Rabbit and Mr. Easter Bunny. And join in with those Disney wabbits for "Dance a new creation, it's a new sensation, do the Bunny Hop!" several times throughout the day, as well as square dancing to western music with Sasparilla Sam, Miss Chris, Tex Tumbleweed and the Springtime Dancers.
Guests may create their own bunny ears from a selection of designs and patterns at the craft area. Also stop by to see artists create beautiful Disney themed eggs.
Tasty treats are in store by creating your very own Bunny Cookie! Cookie decorating kits are sold in addition to a Hot Dog, Apple Burrito and Cotton Candy.
So come on by for an "egg-cellent" time at The Disneyland Resort this Spring.


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College Hockey:Clarkson Edges Out Union in Defensive Struggle
Walsh Posts 20 Saves in Shutout Performance
POTSDAM, N.Y. — Chris Blight's goal at 18:17 of the second period proved to be the only offense of the evening, and Clarkson goaltender Mike Walsh stopped 20 shots, as the Knights defeated Union, 1-0, on Saturday evening at Cheel Arena to remain undefeated in ECAC play.
Clarkson (9-7-3, 5-0-2 ECAC) has only allowed two goals in the last four games.
"The two goals can be attributed to the whole team playing tougher," said Clarkson goalie Mike Walsh. "We're picking up guys, we're picking up sticks, we're doing stuff that we weren't doing in the first half of the year."
Blight's goal came when Kevin O'Flaherty sent the puck from the back of the net at goal, and the puck found its way over to Blight on the right side. Blight's attempt was the only one that beat Union goaltender Kyle Loney.
The game started with back-and-forth hockey, as neither team controlled the momentum of the game for too long. The Golden Knights outshot the Dutchmen, 9-2, in the first frame. Play evened out in the second, and the period mirrored the first in action until Blight's goal.
The third period saw Union turn up the intensity in hopes of getting the equalizer, but the Dutchmen were unable to find a hole in Walsh. Union head coach Kevin Sneddon pulled Loney for the extra attacker in the waning seconds of the third, and even though the added pressure challenged Walsh in the final seconds, the puck never got past him.
"Low shot games, you have to stay mentally tough," remarked Walsh afterwards. "In the first period there were two shots, I was wondering if it would be another 10-shot game. I'm glad the action picked up in the end."
"We're excited about the four points, but we were hoping for a little more effort on our part," said Clarkson coach Mark Morris. "It was less than we expected, we were hoping to build on last night's energy. Credit Union with a real gutsy performance, they battled it out until the final buzzer. They had a few chances to beat us, but Mike Walsh was spectacular."
Walsh ended the evening with 20 saves, while Loney had a solid night, stopping 28 and allowing the lone goal. Neither team cashed in on the power play, as the Dutchmen went 0-for-3, while the Golden Knights went 0-for-2.
"It was one of those games where there wasn't a lot of shots on goal, there wasn't a lot of odd man rushes," said Sneddon. "For the most part it was going to come down to a goal that was battled around for in front of the net, and Clarkson won that battle."
The return of Rob McFeeters is still in question for Clarkson. A knee injury Friday night has sidelined the sophomore for an indefinite time period. The Golden Knights hope to find out McFeeters' status early next week.
Next week, Union will host travel partner Rensselaer in a Wednesday night matchup before hosting Findlay for a non-conference weekend, while Clarkson will travel to face Dartmouth and Vermont.
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
Please also keep "woofing," taunting, and otherwise unsportsmanlike behavior to a minimum. Your posts will more than likely be deleted, and worse yet, you reflect badly on yourself, your favorite team and your conference.


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Thanks to the posts 65876 and 66141, I was thinking about the functional square roots of the identity function on $\mathbb R$, namely involutions. An involution on $\mathbb R$ is a function $f:\mathbb R \to \mathbb R$ such that $f(f(x))=x$ for all $x \in \mathbb R$. I will restrict myself to functions that are continuous everywhere.
It is an easy exercise that every continuous involution on $\mathbb R$ has at least one fixed point. After a little effort, I have a complete characterization of continuous involutions on $\mathbb R$ with precisely one fixed point. Namely, these are precisely the functions that of the form:
$$ f(x) = \begin{cases} a + \varphi(x-a) & x \geq a, \\ a - \varphi^{-1}(a-x) & x \leq a. \end{cases} $$ where $a \in \mathbb R$ and $\varphi: [0,\infty) \to [0, \infty)$ is a continuous strictly increasing bijection with $\varphi(0)=0$. Here $a$ is the fixed point of $f$. (A special example is the function $x \mapsto 2a-x$ for a fixed $a \in \mathbb R$.)
I want to know if there are any nontrivial examples other than the above family of functions.
Are there continuous involutions on $\mathbb R$, other than the identity, that have at least two fixed points?
Note. Searching on Math.SE, I found this question on involutions of $\mathbb R$. Gerry's answer gives a reference to a paper by J F Ritt, On certain real solutions of Babbage's functional equation, Annals of Math 17 (1916) 113-122. The paper touches upon fixed points, but does not address or answer my question.


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College Hockey:D-III women's poll finds undefeated RIT No. 1 once again
Undefeated RIT garnered all 15 first-place votes this week to stay atop the USCHO.com Division III Women's Poll.
Norwich is again No. 2, while Elmira is the new third-ranked team, switching places with Middlebury.
Amherst, Gustavus Adolphus, Wisconsin-River Falls, Plattsburgh and Wisconsin-Superior remain in positions 5-9, respectively, while Concordia (Minn.) falls one to No. 10 this week.
The following is a self-policing forum for discussing views on this story. Comments that are derogatory, make personal attacks, are abusive, or contain profanity or racism will be removed at our discretion. USCHO.com is not responsible for comments posted by users. Please report any inappropriate or offensive comments by clicking the "Flag" link next to that comment in order to alert the moderator.
Please also keep "woofing," taunting, and otherwise unsportsmanlike behavior to a minimum. Your posts will more than likely be deleted, and worse yet, you reflect badly on yourself, your favorite team and your conference.


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- Institutional Review Board (IRB)
- Getting Started
- Compliance and FWA
- eIRB
- FAQ's and Tips
- For IRB Members
- For Research Participants
- Forms and Instructions
- General Guidelines
- Investigator Resources
- Meeting Dates and Deadlines
- Quality Assurance Review (QAR)
- Regulations
- Scientific Review
- Training and Education
- Use of Central IRBs
- IRB Suggestion Form
- Contact IRB
The Saint Louis University IRB is offering the following educational workshops. The workshops are open to all SLU affiliated research personnel (including faculty, staff and students).
Any instructor interested in scheduling an IRB education session for your students, or departments interested in scheduling a session for faculty or staff, please contact the IRB at 977-9813.
To RSVP to any of the workshops, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Course Descriptions:
IRB Submitter 101 - This introductory course will cover the basic history and mission of the IRB, how to determine which projects need review, choosing the appropriate forms to submit, basic information on the submission and approval process, and tips for successful submissions. Submitter 101 is for SLU students and staff newly involved in research (or those looking for a refresher), who are interested in learning the basics of human subjects research and submitting to the IRB.
eIRB 101 - This course will cover how to use the electronic IRB (eIRB) submission system, including how to manage protocols and their subsequent submissions, obtain appropriate signatures and approvals, and other system tips and tricks. eIRB 101 is for anyone who is interested in learning the basics of using the IRB's electronic submission system.
Click on the Workshop Calendar for upcoming sessions.
IRB Brown Bag Series - This continuing education series is designed to provide the SLU research community with in-depth understanding and discussion concerning the latest policies, procedures, and requirements pertaining to human subjects research. Participants are encouraged to bring a lunch or a snack to enjoy during the session. Each session is held during lunch from 11:30 am - 1:00 pm unless otherwise noted.
Medical Campus:
"Progress in Genomic Research: Regulatory and Ethical Challenges" October 16, 2015, 11:30 am - 1:00 pm, Caroline Building Conference Room, C108
"Research With Vulnerable Populations" October 29, 2015, 2:30 - 4:00 pm, Learning Resources Center (LRC), Room 113


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Candy brothers dodge first of many bullets
Sweet and sour
The luxury apartment developers have moved to limit the damage from partnering with Icelandic banks on two schemes. Their Qatari backers on the huge Chelsea Barracks project in London are more secure. But the brothers still have to shift a lot of luxury flats in a bad market.
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Technology update
Dec 6, 2005
Nanostructured silicon emits laser light
Scientists in the US claim to have observed lasing from a nanostructured piece of silicon for the first time (Nature Materials 4 887 2005). The news follows demonstrations earlier this year of silicon lasers that relied on either the Raman effect or rare-earth doping to achieve optical gain.
The team from Brown University took an electronic grade silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and used refractive ion etching and a nanopore mask to etch billions of tiny (60 nm wide) pores into its surface. They then cooled the wafer to cryogenic temperatures (10 K) and pumped it with up to 1.5 W of green light from an Argon Ion laser.
As the pump power was increased, Jimmy Xu and his colleagues Sylvain Cloutier and Pavel Kossyrev observed the telltale signs of lasing in the infrared - optical gain followed by linewidth narrowing and the generation of a sharp emission peak at a wavelength of 1278 nm.
Although the exact mechanism behind the lasing is not clear, Xu's team believes that it is due to the creation of A-centre defect states in the silicon. These defect energy states are located just below the conduction band and allow trapped electrons and free holes to recombine and emit light.
Currently, the emitted laser light is very weak, with an estimated output power of 30 nW and an external efficiency of about 0.0001% (1x10-6) and Xu says that his team did well to spot it. That said, the researchers are confident that by optimizing the design it can be scaled to higher powers.
"Even though the external efficiency may seem to be very low, it is comparable to the optically pumped solid-state lasers in their early days and conventional noble gas lasers," said the researchers in their paper. "Although only observed at cryogenic temperatures so far, we hope that this report will help generate broad interest and stimulate further investigations."
About the author
Oliver Graydon is editor of Optics.org and Opto & Laser Europe magazine.


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Have you heard about Tootie and Peach Stitchery?
This awesome Facebook page is the creation of my baby cousin, Jess Manross and I must say that she is more than talented! She is a stay-at-home Mom who has turned her love for sewing into a home business that allows her to be at home with her two gorgeous girls...Tootie & Peach!
Tootie and Peach Stitchery offers not only sewing lessons to local residents but also just about anything you can dream up! If you don't see it available, ask her! I'm sure she can come up something just as fabulous as the picture you have in mind.
Jess would love to offer a giveaway for one AWESOME reader...a handmade, personalized Headband & Turtle Set...perfect for braving the winter weather! Enter HERE!
Visit Tootie and Peach Stitchery to see Jess's amazing work!
She's also on Pinterest!


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N indepedent unit vectors of uniformly random directions are added in R^3. What is the expected squared length of the resulting vector?
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Since the mean of the unit vectors is $0$, the mean of the squares of the lengths of the vectors is the variance of the vectors: the variance is the mean of the squares minus the square of the mean.
The mean of the square of length of one vector is $1$ (it is always $1$). Since the vectors are independent, the variance of the sum is the sum of the variances, so the variance of the sum of $N$ unit vectors is $N$.
Thus, as did claims in his comment, the expected squared length of the sum of $N$ uniformly directed, random unit vectors is $N$.


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Recent News
Fri, Jul 1, 2016
THE GRAB BAGS ARE BACK! That's right, as well as this month's regular pin for $10 donations, if you donate $25 I'll send you a ...
Fri, Jul 1, 2016
THE GRAB BAGS ARE BACK! That's right, as well as this month's regular pin for $10 donations, if you donate $25 I'll send you a bag of FIVE pins from months past (all the way back to 2007). The bags are random and unlike the regular pin you can donate multiple times and get more than one bag!
Thu, Jun 30, 2016
TODAY IS THE LAST DAY TO GET THIS MONTH'S DONATION PIN! All donations received after midnight EST will go instead towards July's pin!
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ONLY TWO DAYS LEFT TO GET THIS MONTH'S DONATION PIN! ALL Last month's pins are now in the mail!
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