text:
Pusa caspica
|Scientific Name:
|Pusa caspica
|Species Authority:
|(Gmelin, 1788)
Common Name(s):
Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788
|Taxonomic Notes:
|The Caspian Seal belongs to the Phocina group of northern seals, which includes the ringed seals (Pusa), the harbour and largha seals (Phoca) and the grey seal (Halichoerus). The radiation of the Phocina group is now believed to have started in the northern seas of the late Pliocene, 2-3 MY ago, and was accompanied by invasion of the continental basins, though the paleogeography in this period is not clear (Palo and Väinöla).
The taxonomic relationships between the seals of the continental lakes and those of the open ocean remain unclear, and the placement of the Caspian Seal has varied between the genera Pusa (Gmelin 1788) and Phoca. Following Wozencraft (2005): "Burns and Fay (1970), Rice (1977), McDermid and Bonner (1975), Gromov and Baranova (1981), King (1983), and Wyss (1988) considered Phoca, Pusa, Histriophoca, and Pagophilus a monophyletic group. Cladistic analysis based on morphology and mtDNA revealed two clades, Pagophilus+Histriophoca and the Phocina group, Phoca+Pusa+Halichoerus (Muizon 1982, Mouchaty et al. 1995, Perry et al. 1995, Carr and Perry 1997, Rice 1998, Bininda-Emonds et al. 2007). In the most recent phylogenetic studies using large mtDNA datasets, Palo and Väinöla (2006) consider Pusa to be basal to the Phocina, but suggest that the Caspian Seal is most closely related to Phoca and Halichoerus, while Arnason et al. (2006) suggest the Caspian Seal to be most closely related to the Gray Seal, with the Baikal Seal forming a sister taxon, and Phoca, Ringed Seals being basal to this group.
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Endangered A2abd+3bd+4abd ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group)
|Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (Pinniped Red List Authority)
Due to a decline exceeding 50% over the last three generations, reduction in the number of sites used (range reduction within the overall geographic range), current hunting levels that almost certainly exceed sustainable harvest levels and the multiple ongoing negative impacts on the habitat of the Caspian Seal, this species should be classified as Endangered (EN).
IUCN Evaluation of the Caspian Seal, Phoca caspica
Prepared by the Pinniped Specialist Group
A. Population reduction Declines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations
Al. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
Modelling based on hunting statistics and surveys (2005-2007) suggests a population decline exceeding 70% over the past three generations. Age-structure data are not directly available for the Caspian seal population, but the maximum longevity is about 50 years. Generation time was inferred by modeling at 16.3 years when measured as the mean age of females giving birth to a cohort, and at 17.1-18.0 when measured as time for increase of R0. Three generations would then be 49-54 years. The minimum number of reproducing females in 1955 was estimated to be 117,000. Current pup production was estimated to be 20,000 in 2005, 16,500 in 2006, and 5,700 in 2007. The decline in the size of the adult female reproducing population over the past three generations is therefore inferred to be in the range in excess of 70%. Current hunting quotas exceed the annual pup production in many years, seal mortality in fishing operations is commonplace, CDV has caused mass mortality, and Caspian Seals are suggested to have impaired reproduction as a consequence of environmental pollution. This species meets the criterion for Endangered, except that the decline has not ceased.
A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1.
The inferred and observed decline may not have ceased. Pup production is thought to be in sharp decline.
A3. Population reduction projected or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) based on (b) to (e) under A1.
A further population reduction of Caspian Seals is suspected in the future because of predicted reduction in sea ice habitats due to continued climate warming, hunting, by-catch in fisheries, disease and pollution. The likely amount of population reduction has not been projected, but could exceed 50% within the next 30 years. This meets the criterion for classification as Endangered.
A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction (up to a maximum of 100 years) where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under Al.
A population reduction of Caspian Seals exceeding 50% has been observed, estimated and inferred, over the past 30 years, and causes for this reduction have not ceased. This meets the criterion for Endangered.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area of occupancy)
B1. Extent of occurrence (EOO): CR < 100 km²; EN < 5,000 km²; VU < 20,000 km²
The EOO of Caspian Seals is > 20,000 km².
B2. Area of occupancy (AOO): CR < 10 km²; EN < 500 km²; VU < 2,000 km²
The AOO of Caspian Seals is > 2,000 km².
AND at least 2 of the following:
(a) Severely fragmented, OR number of locations: CR = 1; EN < 5; VU < 10
(b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals.
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals.
C. Small population size and decline
Number of mature individuals: CR < 250; EN < 2,500; VU < 10,000
The current abundance of Caspian Seals is certainly > 10,000, but the number of reproducing females has fallen to less than 10,000.
AND either C1 or C2:
C1. An estimated continuing decline of at least: CR = 25% in 3 years or 1 generation; EN = 20% in 5 years or 2 generations; VU = 10% in 10 years or 3 generations (up to a max. of 100 years in future)
C2. A continuing decline AND (a) and/or (b):
(a i) Number of mature individuals in each subpopulation: CR < 50; EN < 250; VU < 1,000
(a ii) % individuals in one subpopulation: CR = 90–100%; EN = 95–100%; VU = 100%
(b) Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.
D. Very small or restricted population
Number of mature individuals: CR < 50; EN < 250; VU < 1,000 AND/OR restricted area of occupancy typically: AOO < 20 km² or number of locations < 5
The number of mature individuals is certainly > 1,000. AOO is > 20 km² and the number of locations is > 5.
E. Quantitative analysis
Indicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be: Indicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be: CR > 50% in 10 years or 3 generations (100 years max.); EN > 20% in 20 years or 5 generations (100 years max.); VU > 10% in 100 years
There has been no quantitative analysis of the probability of extinction for Caspian Seals.
Listing recommendation — Population size exceeded one million in the 1930s, when more than 100,000 seals (of all age classes) were killed annually. Numbers of reproducing females have decreased from about 117,000 to between 20,000 and 8,000 over the past three generations, which indicates a decline of more than 70%. Recent surveys suggest that this decline has not ceased, but is ongoing. The distribution of the Caspian Seal in a completely closed ecosystem, from which individuals cannot disperse, makes it vulnerable to some or all of the many threats it currently faces. Major pan-Caspian changes such as reduction in stocks of prey fish (due to over-fishing and the jelly-fish Mnemiopsis) and reduction in the seal's breeding habitat (i.e., ice reductions due to climate change and possibly oil extraction operations) and loss/degradation of other habitat features threaten the species' viability. Current and future large-scale mortalities due to hunting, fisheries operations and disease (such as CDV) will likely continue to drive the current population decline. Caspian Seals qualify for listing as Endangered under IUCN criteria A2abd+3bd+4abd.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|Caspian seals are confined to the Caspian Sea. They range throughout the sea with seasonal migration between the southern, middle and northern basins. Almost all breeding takes place on ice, which covers the shallow northern parts of the Caspian Sea in winter. Occasional observations of low numbers (tens) have been made at islets off Turkmenistan.
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Azerbaijan; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Kazakhstan; Russian Federation; Turkmenistan
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|Historically, the population of Caspian seals was estimated to have exceeded one million (Krylov 1990, Härkönen et al. 2005). However, the most recent abundance estimate of the total population is in the region of 111,000 in 2005. This estimate was based on an estimate of pup production that year of about 21,000 pups (95% confidence intervals 19 329 to 22 797), derived from counts made during aerial transects across the winter ice conducted in late February 2005 (Härkönen et al. 2005, 2008).
The population decline throughout the 20th century has been reconstructed by a demographic model using hunting statistics (Härkönen et al. 2005). By the 1950s–1960s, the population was estimated from this model to have been reduced to between 400,000-500,000 seals (Härkönen et al. 2005), while an estimate based on a harvest of 86,000 pups in 1966, believed to be most pups born that year, also produced an estimate of 500,000 seals for that year (Badamsin 1969, cited by Krylov 1990). Aerial surveys conducted in 1976 and 1980 suggested an estimate of 450 000 animals (Krylov 1984, cited by Krylov 1990), although the hind-casting analysis suggests a population of only about 200,000 seals remaining at that time (Härkönen et al. 2005). Surveys in 1987 and 1989 resulted in an estimate of approximately 360,000-400,000 (Krylov 1990), but again the hind-casting analysis suggests this might again have been an over-estimate, with perhaps only about 148,000 seals remaining by the late 1980s. The hind-casting analysis suggests an ongoing population reduction averaging about 3-4% per year since 1960 and an 83% reduction in the size of the breeding female population since 1955 (approximately 3 generations, with one generation being 16.5-20 years , Härkönen et al. 2005).
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|During late spring, summer, and early autumn, Caspian seals are distributed throughout the Caspian Sea. They feed throughout the sea, exploiting both the shallow basin in the north and the deep middle and southern basins. After the ice melts, the seals use sandy islands and reefs as haulout sites, preferring the tips of peninsulas and sand bars in many areas, although large concentrations of seals in reed-bed areas of islands also occur. In late autumn the breeding adults gather in the northeast, hauling out on sandy islands and reefs in increasing numbers until sea ice begins to form (Krylov 1990). When the surface freezes over, females form aggregations on the ice to give birth to their pups, tending to gather along cracks in the ice giving them ready access to the water, although they also construct and maintain holes in the ice for water access (Heptner 1996, Härkönen et al. 2008).
Pups are generally born from mid-January to late February on the ice and nursed for 4-5 weeks. Females do not usually construct lairs (Frost and Lowry 1981), possibly because sufficient amounts of snow overlying the ice is normally lacking. Pupping on the ice has allowed direct counts of pups to be made in the recent aerial surveys (Härkönen et al. 2008). Pups do not enter the water until the ice melts in mid to late March.
The first documented observations of small numbers of seals breeding in other parts of the Caspian were made in 1982, with females reported pupping on small sand islands in the southern part of the Caspian Sea, although it is likely this behaviour was not new (Krylov 1990).
Large numbers of mostly nonbreeding seals spend the winter in the middle and southern Caspian, with one estimate of 15,000 seals along the Turkmenistan coast (Krylov 1990). A post-breeding moult occurs from April to May, during which the seals first use the ice and then islands and reefs for hauling out (Krylov 1990).
Both sexes become sexually mature at around 6 years of age, with most breeding females (74% in a 1974 sample) aged between 8 and 17 years (Popov 1982). The pregnancy rate for females older than 9 is reported to be as low as 0.2-0.33 (Watanabe et al. 1999, Miyazaki 2002), and Krylov (1990) reports a similar low rate of 0.34 for females aged 10-14 years. Härkönen et al. (2005), acknowledge that the reproductive rate is low in females >20 years old, but suggest that the reproductive rate is >0.5 for females et al. (1999) and Härkönen et al. (2005) attribute the lower reproductive rates of older females to the effect of long term exposure to organochlorine contaminants in the older animals.
Caspian seals feed on a variety of fish species. During the summer and autumn, seals move to and congregate where prey are abundant, particularly Caspian kilka (Clupeonella sp.), Caspian silverside (Atherina mochon), and Caspian gobies (Gobidae) (Krylov 1990), with Clupeonella species historically making up a major proportion of their total annual diet (Kosarev and Yablonskaya 1994). A report on fish found in the stomachs of seals in the northern Caspian in 1986-1987 (Piletskii and Krylov 1990) suggested that fish eaten in order of frequency were roach (Rutilus rutilus), zander (Lucioperca lucioperca), gobies (Knipowitschia sp., Neogobius kessleri and Benthophilus sp.), and bream Blicca bjoerkna and Abramis brama), followed by Clupeonella deliculata and other species. A preliminary study from faecal samples on the Apsheron Peninsula in June 2001 and March 2002 suggested that gobies, silverside and shrimp were important constituents of the diet of seals hauled out at that time (Eybatov et al. 2002). New studies of diet in Caspian seals are urgently required in order to get an accurate picture of current prey in different areas of the Caspian in light of potential changes to the abundance of fish species due to recent ecological changes occurring in the Caspian Sea.
|Terrestrial; Freshwater
|Major Threat(s):
Caspian seals have been commercially exploited on an intensive basis since the early 1800s. Harvests averaged 119,000-174,000 per year throughout the 19th century, with peaks of 300,000 having been recorded. In the 20th century, harvest levels peaked in the 1930s with an average annual harvest of 164,000 and a maximum single year take of 227,600. The numbers of seals taken fell during World War II to an average of 60,800 per year, and subsequently ranged between a low of 41,400 and a high of 108,300 for the period 1951-1975 (Krylov 1990). Commercial harvesting was temporarily halted in 1996 after a much-reduced estimated take of 14,000 seals. Commercial and scientific hunting in the region of 3,000-4,000 seals a year – mainly pups - has continued at least since 2004, and is currently ongoing. The hunting quota, set by the Caspian Bioresources Commission for 2007, was 18,000 seals which exceeded the estimated annual pup production for that year (Harkonen et al. 2008).
Significant population declines have been attributed to the high harvest levels (Härkönen et al. 2005). Another contributory cause to high pup mortality is natural predation by wolves (Canis lupus) and sea eagles (Haliaeetus spp.). Krylov (1990) estimated that wolves killed 17-40% of Caspian seal pups on "some breeding grounds from 1974 to 1976", while eagles took less than 1% of pups. The reverse was found during a systematic survey by Harkonen et al. (2008). Few wolves were observed during this survey, but about 2,000 eagles were seen on the ice preying on pups in 2005-2006; they likely took approximately 10% of the annual estimated births of 20 000 pups.
By-catch of seals in fisheries and killing of seals by fishermen are threats that have not been adequately investigated, but are thought to be a significant source of mortality, particularly for juvenile seals (Härkönen et al. 2005). The Iranian commercial fishery is of conservation concern; it is likely responsible for the deaths of an estimated 500 seals annually (Eybatov et al. 2002). But, by-catch in legal and illegal fishing activity in the northern Caspian is likely to exceed this number substantially. This by-catch may amount to several thousand animals per year, with local fishermen in the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan citing catches exceeding 200 seals per 5 km of nets set (Goodman, Wilson and Dmitrieva unpublished data based on interviews November 2007).
Mass mortality events in 1997 and 2000-01, killing several thousand seals each time, have been attributed to a morbillivirus, canine distemper virus (CDV). Presence of a hitherto unknown strain of this virus was confirmed in one dead seal in 1997 (Forsyth et al. 1998), and the same strain was confirmed as the primary cause of death in seals dying in 2000 in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan (Kennedy 2000, Kuiken 2006). The cause of a further mass mortality in 2001 was less clear (Eybatov et al. 2002). Examination of archive stranding records in Azerbaijan since 1971, show an increased mortality every few years, suggesting the possibility of previous outbreaks of CDV. A serology study of archived samples indicated that CDV was present in Caspian seals in 1993, 1997 and 1998 (Ohashi et al. 2001).
Degradation of the Caspian Sea ecosystem and overexploitation of primary food resources are also threats to Caspian seals (Reijnders 1993). An invasive of comb jellyfish, Mnemiopsis leidyi, arrived in the Caspian Sea via ship ballast water in the Volga-Don Canal in1999 (Ivanov et al. 1999). Mnemiopsis consumes zooplankton rapidly, leading indirectly to a reduction in fish stocks and a substantial impact on local fisheries. A 70% reduction in commercial landings of three species of Kilka (Clupeonella spp.) was recorded within 3 years of the comb jellyfish invasion (Kideys et al. 2005). Kilka are thought to be important prey for Caspian seals in the central and southern parts of the sea, and the invasion of Mnemiopsis is considered a threat to the seals (Ivanov 1999, Eybatov et al. 2002).
The Caspian Sea has no outlet and receives most of its input from the Volga, Ural and other rivers. Contamination of the Volga with lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium has increased dramatically since the mid-1980s, but levels in seals appear not be elevated, with the exception of zinc in some diseased animals, which may have suffered homeostatic disturbance of trace metal levels (Anan et al. 2002). Organochlorine levels in Caspian seals dying in the 2000-01 epizootic were high when compared to other marine mammal species suffering from epizootic disease outbreaks. The most significant organochlorine contaminant in Caspian seals was found to be DDT (Hall et al. 1998, Kajiwara et al. 2002). Environmental contaminants, particularly organochlorines, may affect the overall Caspian seal population health by causing decreased reproductive rates, particularly in older females (Krylov 1990, Eybatov et al. 2002, Härkönen et al. 2005). Decreased immune function has also been suggested as a contributory cause of the CDV epizootic in 2000 (Kajiwara et al. 2002), and the deaths in 2001, although scrutiny of organochlorine levels in seals dying in this outbreak did not provide supporting evidence for this (Kuiken et al. 2006, Eybatov et al. 2002).
Total juvenile mortality from continued hunting, natural predation and fisheries by-catch is believed to be unsustainable. Overall mortality in the first year of life from all sources is likely to be in the region of 50% (Härkönen et al. 2008). The high rate of juvenile mortality has been singled out as the primary reason for the continuing decline in the Caspian seal, with lowered fertility due to organochlorine contamination being a relatively minor factor (Härkönen et al. 2005).
It seems likely that warmer winters occurring in the near future may contribute to the further decline of Caspian seals if there is reduced ice cover in the northern Caspian. In 2007 the ice cover was limited to a narrow strip along the coastline of the north-east Caspian, and breeding was therefore concentrated along this strip of ice. The number of pups alive at the end of February, estimated from the aerial survey, was fewer than 7,000, i.e. fewer by half compared to the number counted in the previous two years (Härkönen et al. 2008). It has also been suggested that poor ice conditions may play a role in the epidemiology of CDV outbreaks due to seal crowding on limited haulout space and poor condition of weaned pups (Kuiken et al. 2006). However, there is no evidence for this at present.
Further threats to the seals on shore and on ice now come from increasing disturbance due to offshore and shoreline developments. One of the largest oil fields in the world is currently being developed in the Caspian, with the construction of numerous offshore oil drilling islands, pipelines, shipping access to these, and onshore logistics facilities. A recent study found that breeding seals are using shipping channels as artificial leads into the ice and are giving birth close to the edge of these channels. A significant proportion of the breeding population and pups may therefore experience disturbance by shipping traffic depending on the ice conditions (Härkönen et al. 2008). More research is required to quantify the likely impacts of this intensive oil development. The coasts of Azerbaijan and Iran have also seen increased development for domestic and leisure use in recent years, with many previously undisturbed stretches of coast now being developed.
Disturbance of island and reef haulout sites by illegal fishing activities and opportunistic seal hunting are another ongoing problem. Recent surveys have found that the Caspian seal has effectively disappeared from Azerbaijan, with the once important haulout sites of the Apsheron Peninsula and Archipelago abandoned. These sites were used by many thousands of seals until the 1930s, when they were heavily hunted (Krylov 1990). However, between 1997 and 2002 a few hundred seals were still counted regularly at these sites (e.g. Allchin et al.1997, S. Wilson, unpublished observations). Few live seals have been seen in this area since 2004 (T. Eybatov, S. Goodman, S. Wilson, unpublished observations). The overall Caspian seal population decline between 2002 and 2004 is unlikely to account for this total disappearance, which is most probably due in part to severe disturbance by illegal fishing and other coastal activities (T. Eybatov unpublished data). Similar declines in the regularity of seal occupancy have also been noted recently at other sites, such as South West Island near the Ural Delta and Osushnoy Island (Kazakhstan) and in Turkmenbashi Bay (Turkmenistan). The number of seals at Ogurchinsky Island (Turkmenistan) has also declined from several thousand in the 1980s to a few hundred (P. Erokhin, unpublished observations). The only previously recorded haulout site in Iran, at Ashoora Island, is no longer used by seals (H. Asadi, pers. com.). There is an urgent need to develop an inventory of all haulout sites throughout the Caspian together with archived and current records of seal occupancy.
|Conservation Actions:
Various prohibitions, quotas and protective measures have been taken to conserve the Caspian seal beginning in 1940 when seal nets were prohibited. The harvest of moulting seals in the spring was ended in 1946, and in 1952 the Apsheron Archipelago off Azerbaijan was closed to sealing. Female harvesting on the breeding grounds was stopped in 1966 and all take was prohibited on the "eastern islands of the northern Caspian in 1967." These last two changes led to a complete change in the commercial harvest in 1966 resulting in a switch to newborn and moulted pups. Quotas on harvest of pups, supposedly based on biological data, began in 1970 (Krylov 1990), although clearly these quotas were unsustainable. The Russian Federation continues to consider the Caspian seal to be a 'harvested' species and unsustainable quotas are continuing to be set through the Caspian Bioresources Commission (Härkönen et al. 2008), e.g. 18,000 pups in 2007.
A Seal Conservation Action and Management plan has been approved by the nations bordering the Caspian Sea, pursuant to the 2003 Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (see Harkonen et al. 2005; Caspian Environment Programme 2007), but this has as yet no legally binding action points. The cessation of all types of hunting, measures to reduce by-catch in legal and illegal fisheries, and the strategic creation of protected areas of sea, ice and shore would appear to be the only way forward in the conservation of this species.
|Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group). 2008. Pusa caspica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T41669A10532115. . Downloaded on 29 June 2016.
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The FSU Symphony Band is a concert band that started in the Fall of 2005 and presents a series of varied and diverse concerts throughout the year.
The FSU Symphony Band is open to all Ferris students who are experienced players of brass, woodwind and percussion instruments. It is also open to experienced adult community members and talented musicians who are members in good standing with their high school music program. Playing interview required.
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UMass Returns To The Pool Against URI, GW
Jan. 9, 2014
AMHERST, Mass. - Following more than a month off from competition and the annual training trip to Puerto Rico, the Massachusetts swimming and diving teams will open the 2014 portion of their season at the Rhode Island Invitational this weekend.
The two-day meet at the Tootell Aquatics Center will begin on Friday at 5:30 p.m. and Saturday at 10:30 a.m. The women's team will compete against Atlantic 10 Conference foes George Washington and Rhode Island, while the men's squad will face GW and the Rams' men's club team.
The Minutewomen currently hold four top times, both high marks in the 1- and 3-meter diving events and one relay in the league after the first semester.
On the men's side, 14 Minutemen appear in the top eight times and scores at the midway point of the season.
Fans can follow live results throughout the meet by downloading the Meet Mobile application to their smart phones and iPad devices.
Friday, Jan. 10, 2014
400 Medley Relay
Saturday, Jan. 11, 2014
200 Medley Relay
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Department Chair: Gary Prevost
Faculty: Claire Haeg, Scott Johnson, Philip Kronebusch, Matthew Lindstrom, Manju Parikh, Gary Prevost, James Read, Chris Stangl, Kay Wolsborn
The political science department equips students to understand political life, to be effective citizens, and to achieve positions of political leadership. The Department makes the following mission commitments:
Visit the Political Science website for more detailed information: www.csbsju.edu/politicalscience.
Required Courses:
111, 121, 211, 221.
One or more of 222, 223, and 224.
At least four (4) additional 300-level sequence courses and a Senior Research Seminar.
An internship for 4 or more credits may satisfy no more than one 300-level course requirement. Programs of study are developed in consultation with a faculty advisor.
Additional Requirements:
Comprehensive exam, senior year.
Required Courses: (total of six courses)
111, 121, 211.
One or more of the following: 221, 222, 223, 224.
Any two or more 300-level courses.
111 Introduction to U.S. Politics. (4)
Introduction to the study, analysis and evaluation of U.S. political institutions, processes and policies. Subjects of the course include the structure of the federal government, constitutional rights and liberties, the functions of political parties, interest groups, communication media, and the process of democratic decision-making. Every semester.
112 Election Prediction. (1)
Prediction of Congressional, presidential and gubernatorial races. Students will predict winners in all races in all states. Evaluation based on justifications of the prediction. Alternate years, fall semester.
113 Election Outcomes and Policy Consequences. (1)
Examination of election outcomes from preceding fall semester and the policy outcomes likely to emerge as a result. Alternate year, spring semester.
114 Public Policy Analysis and Recommendation. (1)
In this course students will diagnose a public policy problem and recommend a specific course of action to address that problem. Policy fields from which problems are drawn might include foreign policy, environmental policy, health care policy, education policy, or any other field of interest to the student. There are no regular classroom meetings. Students will work in groups to meet with instructor on as-needed basis. Each student will write a focused 3-page policy memo. Students will also publicly present their recommendations in poster form at the end of the course. Alternate years.
121 International Relations. (4)
Analysis of the fundamental structure of the international system, including power, development, war and peace and trade viewed from a political, economic and social perspective. Every semester.
201 Book Club. (1)
Discussion of good books on political culture and related topics. Read, discuss and write short papers. For students in any major and any class.
211 Politics and Political Life. (4)
Intensive discussion and writing-oriented course that explores perennial issues of political life (such as freedom and justice, race and gender) through literature, drama, film, and essays. Students write a Political Autobiography reflecting upon their own political experiences and the formation of their own political perspective. The course is required for political science majors and minors, and open to students from all other majors. Prerequisites: sophomore standing, 111 and 121, one of which may be taken the same semester as 211. Fall and spring.
221 Political Theory: An Introduction. (4)
Introduction to the practice of thinking theoretically about politics. Readings will include classic works (such as Aristotle's Politics, Hobbes' Leviathan, Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government) as well as some American and 20th-century political theory. The course stresses careful reading of texts, but also encourages students to theorize on their own about present-day political questions. The course is required for political science majors and minors, and open to students from all other majors. Prerequisites: sophomore standing, 111 and 121, one of which may be taken the same semester as 221. Fall and spring.
222 Finding and Using Evidence in Political Science. (4)
Investigation of scholarly work and methods in all areas of political science. Students form hypotheses in response to political questions, use a variety of methods and tools to gather evidence, and identify criteria for evaluating the quality of evidence. Not available to first-year students. Every year.
223 Comparative Politics. (4)
Examination of how politics is practiced in many different ways. Through examples of countries from Europe to developing world, this course analyses different forms of institutions, governmental decision-making and political revolutions. The course highlights the significance of particular histories, the availability of economic resources for development, and the influence of distinct cultures and social traditions to explain why these countries reflect economic and political forms different from the United States. Not available to first-year students. Every year.
224 Courts, Law and Policy. (4)
Introduction to the study of law and legal process with an emphasis on the relationship between courts and public policy. Federal and state courts systems will be studied, as well as issues in criminal and civil law. Other subjects include the role of courts as political institutions, the selection of judges, the impact of court decisions on public policy, prosecutorial discretion in criminal cases, and the reliability of juries. Not available to first-year students. Every year.
271 Individual Learning Project. (1-4)
Supervised reading or research at the lower-division level. Permission of department chair required. Consult department for applicability towards major requirements. Not available to first-year students.
311 Classics of Political Theory. (4)
Study of several especially interesting and important works of political theory from the ancient, modern and contemporary periods. The course examines historicist, feminist and postmodern interpretations of the works assigned. Since the course assumes some background in political theory, students will be able to consider more carefully and in greater detail the insights these works provide for the study of politics. Prerequisite: 221, equivalent, or consent of instructor. Alternate years.
312 American Political Thought. (4)
What is America? How have Americans thought about democracy, equality, power and justice through the last two centuries? This course focuses on the central questions that have shaped American politics by examining the primary texts written by men and women who have contributed to the continuing debates. Every year.
313 20th-Century Political Thought. (4)
Examination of political thought throughout the turbulent 20th century, with special attention to writers who theorize about justice and the struggle to achieve it. Topics covered may include: just and unjust wars, imperialism, economic justice, justice in relations between men and women and between members of different racial and ethnic groups. A careful study of the ideas of the 20th century will prepare students to face the new challenges of the 21st century. Prerequisite: 221, equivalent, or consent of instructor. Alternate years.
314 Feminist Political Theory. (4)
Examination of the common theme that cannot be ignored in feminist thought—a claim to equality. This course examines the many varieties of feminist political theory including liberal feminism, radical feminism and socialist feminism. Students will look at how feminism has dealt with gender, ethnicity, sexual preference and examine where feminist theory is going into the future. Prerequisite: 221 or consent of instructor. Alternate years.
323 Constitutional Law: Structure and Power. (4)
Examination of constitutional interpretation and development in the United States with an emphasis on the role of the Supreme Court in the U.S. system of government. The course uses a combination of case, historical and political analysis to acquaint students with the power of the Supreme Court as an institution of government. Themes studied include the development of constitutional doctrines regarding the power relationship among the president, Congress, and the judiciary and between the federal and state governments. Every year.
324 Constitutional Law: Civil Rights and Liberties. (4)
Examination of the Bill of Rights and the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution with an emphasis on noteworthy Supreme Court cases from the past 50 years. Subjects studied include the guarantees of equal protection and due process, the right to privacy, the doctrines of free expression, and the separation of church and state. Every year.
326 Topics in Law. (4)
Examination of the relationship between law, considered broadly as a socializing force, and society. Topics will vary and may include the use of alternatives to courts for the resolution of disputes, challenges of legal authority, and the relationship between cultural pluralism and legal order. Alternate years.
331 U.S. Political Parties and Elections. (4)
Analysis of the party system of U.S. elections. Students evaluate how populations are connected to governance through electoral and other processes; specifically, major parties, minor parties, interest groups, media, movements, and campaign organizations. Students investigate and compare the value of a 'two-party' system to one-party and multi-party systems as organizers of government power. Alternate years.
332 U.S. Congress. (4)
Study of the legislative branch with emphasis on the concept of representation, internal organization, committees, party leaders and constituency influences on the Congressional process. Every year.
333 U.S. Presidency. (4)
Analysis of the president, organizational aspects of the executive office and relationship with Congress, the bureaucracy, the media and public opinion. Every year.
334 U.S. Bureaucracy and Regulatory Law. (4)
Analysis of public policy organizations. Students examine values and processes that influence the regulations generated by the public sector at the national level, as well as the merit system of public service, and the web of connections among public bureaucracies at the state and national levels and institutions in other sectors. Prerequisite: 111, or instructor's consent. Alternate years.
336 Subnational Politics. (4)
Inclusive and comparative examination of governments and politics at the subnational level. In the federal structure of the United States, states and tribal nations share sovereignty with the national government. The course examines subnational policies, processes, and political structures and their potential for success in addressing issues such education, public assistance, pollution, health care, transportation, etc. Prerequisite: 111, or instructor's permission. Alternate years.
337 Theory of Public Policy. (4)
Examination of the normative nature of public policy making. The principles of public policy analysis are examined. Course focuses on the place of equality, efficiency, justice, authority, community, and other principles in the practice and evaluation of policy. Policy examples are taken from education, health care, poverty, housing, crime, employment and other areas. Every year.
338 Public Sector. (4)
Analysis of the effects of delivery systems on the quality of public goods and services. Traditional governmental agencies, not-for-profit organizations, and privatization alternatives are examined. Course takes a broad view of the public sector, including philanthropy, taxation, and fees as funding sources and contracting, grants and direct expenditures as outlays. Every year.
339 Gender and Public Policy. (4)
Analysis of public policy expectations, processes and decisions as they influence and are influenced by men and women differently. Students investigate criteria for gender-neutral policies, and evaluate the value and likelihood of such policy approaches. Alternate years.
341 European Politics. (4)
Comparative examination of the political systems of Europe with possible emphasis on the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden and Spain. In light of events at the end of the Cold War, the course includes the study of Eastern Europe including the Balkans. European integration through the European Union will be a major focus of the course. Issues of political and social change will be explored including a study of violence in Northern Ireland and the former Yugoslavia. Offered only on Spanish and Austrian international education programs.
343 Revolutions. (4)
Analysis of revolutions as a political, economic and sociological phenomenon. Focuses on writing by both political actors and social scientists. Case studies include Iran, Nicaragua, South Africa, Ireland and the Black Power Movement in the United States. Alternate years.
344 Middle East Politics. (4)
Study of the current political conflicts in the Middle East region with particular emphasis on the Arab-Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Also emphasized will be the role of Islam and the political economy of oil. Alternate years.
345 Developing Nations. (4)
Examination of important aspects of politics, economics, relevant historical experiences and the culture of developing nations of Asia, Latin America and Africa. The course explores how these nations have sought to solve their major problems by using different theories and approaches to political, economic and social development. Each student will be expected to assess the achievements and/or shortcomings of a project in a research paper on a developing country of their choice. Alternate years.
346 Asian Politics. (4)
Examination of the politics and economics of three Asian countries, namely India, China and Japan. Contemporary politics is examined through a broad study of history, cultural and social traditions, and economic conditions. The U.S. relationships with each of these nations are also studied in light of distinct foreign policy approaches. Alternate years.
347 Latin American Politics. (4)
Comparative analysis of Latin American politics focusing on the themes of the military in politics, economic dependency, reform and revolution, and agrarian reform. Case studies include Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Nicaragua and Cuba. Alternate years.
348 African Politics. (4)
Examination of politics and economics of sub-Saharan Africa. The course analyzes the different kinds of governments in the region, the relationship between economic development and political change, the social patterns that shape domestic policy and governance processes, and regional integration schemes, including the African Union. Alternate years.
349 South African Politics. (4)
Historical and contemporary overview of the South African political situation. The following topics and issues are explored: The Apartheid paradigm; major actors, parties, movements and institutions; constitutional development in South Africa; colonial and post-colonialism; economic system; and South Africa's international relations. Offered on South African international education program.
351 U.S. Foreign Policy. (4)
Examination of United States foreign policy. The course focuses on key players as well as institutions and unofficial individuals or groups involved in the making of U.S. foreign policy. Case studies will be used to bring a 'real-life' element to the class. Every year.
352 Global Gender Issues. (4)
Study of gender as a fundamental variable in social, political and economic developments around the world. In this course, the focus is to identify the significance of gender at a global level. Examination of gendered division of labor in industrialized and developing societies, in particular, gendered discourses in development policies and gender-based economic strategies of modernization and restructuring. Beyond the economic realm, the course will also deal with other issues, such as wars, peace movements and concerns over military spending, which show remarkably similar patterns in terms of gender differences over policies. Alternate years.
353 International Law and Organization. (4)
Examination of the historical and current development of international law and the emergence of different forms of international organization. There will be a special emphasis on the post-WWII period when there was a virtual revolution in international law, as reflected in the Nuremberg trial, Geneva conventions, the end of Colonialism and the International Declaration on Human Rights. Cross-listed as PCST 349. Alternate years.
355 International Political Economy. (4)
Examination of international economic linkages that play a significant role in defining relations among states and non-state actors in the post-cold war world. While security has been perceived primarily in military terms, in the new world economic conditions will determine the ranking among nations. Agreements establishing the European Union, the North American Free Trade Area, and the World Trade Organization (WTO)/General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are symbolic of the significance of global economic concerns. The course analyzes national and international responses to the challenge of global economic competition. Alternate years.
356 International Relations between Latin America and the United States. (4)
Critical perspective on historical, social, political, and economic relations between different Latin American countries and the United States. Special emphasis will be given to the analysis of the relations of Chile and the United States. Offered in Chile international education program.
361 Research Seminar in Public Affairs. (4)
Preparation and presentation of a 35-50 page senior thesis in public policy, using standard scholarly research literature and primary source materials. Topic areas include but are not limited to health care, education, welfare, poverty, economic development and crime. Research projects focus on definition of a public policy problem, a review of existing alternative policy options for addressing the problem, and a recommendation for a preferred course of public action. Especially useful for students pursuing careers in public policy and public or non-profit management. Seniors only. Every year.
362 Research Seminar in Law. (4)
Preparation and presentation of a 35-50 page senior thesis in the area of law and law-related fields. Students will learn how to research using legal materials and tools and how to organize and draft a legal writing project. Seniors only. Every year.
363 Research Seminar in Political Institutions. (4)
Preparation and presentation of a 35-50 page senior thesis in an area related to U.S. political institutions and policies. Students work individually and collaboratively to plan and execute successfully their extended research projects. The senior thesis demonstrates the student's abilities to synthesize course work preparation in the major, to apply skills and knowledge to conduct research on important political questions, and to communicate the analysis and recommendations to appropriate audiences. Seniors only. Every year.
364 Research Seminar in International Relations and Comparative Politics. (4)
Preparation and presentation of a 35-50 page senior thesis in the areas of international relations and comparative politics. Students will study different research methodologies and share the results of their research with other seminar participants. Assigned reading, seminar discussions and individual research project in international relations or comparative politics. Seniors only. Every year.
365 Research Seminar in Political Theory. (4)
Preparation and presentation of a 35-50 page senior thesis exploring in depth the work of particular theorists (Hobbes, Locke, Madison, Mill, Marx, for example) or particular themes in political thought (such as freedom, justice, power). It will also provide students interested in constitutional law an opportunity to study/investigate law from an aspect of political theory. Seniors only.
371 Individual Learning Project. (1-4)
Supervised reading or research at the upper-division level. Permission of department chair and completion and/or concurrent registration of 12 credits within the department required. Projects are understood to be part of a student's concentration area work. Not available to first-year students.
395 Model United Nations Seminar. (0-2)
Preparation for participation in a national Model United Nations Conference, usually held in New York City or Boston during the spring semester. Covers the structure and functions of the United Nations, plus selected international issues such as the environment, terrorism and human rights. Prerequisite: 121 or permission of instructor. Every year.
396 Washington, D.C., Summer Study. (8)
Preparation with faculty and other learning community participants, followed by an eight week internship experience in Washington, D.C., working full time for members of Congress, committee staffs, federal agencies, media or lobbying organizations. Includes evening seminars, discussions with Congressional delegation, and guest speakers. Every summer.
397 Internship. (4-8)
Experiential learning in the field, including work with faculty researchers, elected officials, other public officials, lawyers and judges.
398 Honors Senior Project. (4)
Required for graduation with "Distinction in Political Science." Prerequisite: HONR 396 and approval of the department chair and director of the Honors Thesis program. For further information see HONR 398.


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2013 Princeton Softball
Princeton at North Florida
Mar 03, 2013 at Jacksonville, Fla. (UNF Softball Complex)
Score by Innings R H E
Princeton........... 100 000 - 1 6 1
North Florida....... 020 304 - 9 9 1
Note: 1 out, 2 runners LOB when the game ended.
Umpires - HP: Duine Henry 2B: Frank Holcomb
Start: 1:10 Time: 2:16 Attendance: 82
Weather: Windy, cold, low 40's
Princeton starters: 7/3b Chu; 12/cf Pierce; 8/ss Schmidt; 10/p Peyton; 18/dp
Bose; 9/lf Button; 19/2b Roberts; 30/c Jerpbak; 11/1b Crowe; 22/rf Allen;
North Florida starters: 25/c REESE; 6/lf HENDRIX, B; 11/ss HOLTON; 10/dp
REYNOLDS; 5/3b THOMAS; 44/cf MANDARANO; 3/2b WILSON; 9/1b TEWEY; 1/rf TAYLOR;
12/p GOFF;
Princeton 1st - Chu singled to right field. Pierce
grounded out to 1b unassisted; Chu advanced to second. Schmidt doubled down the
lf line, RBI; Chu scored. Peyton singled to right field; Schmidt advanced to
third. Bose struck out swinging. Button grounded out to p. 1 run, 3 hits,
0 errors, 2 LOB.
North Florida 1st - REESE singled up the middle.
HENDRIX, B reached on a fielder's choice; REESE out at second 2b to ss. HOLTON
struck out looking. REYNOLDS grounded out to 2b. 0 runs, 1 hit, 0 errors,
Princeton 2nd - Roberts struck out swinging. Jerpbak
flied out to rf. Crowe popped up to ss. 0 runs, 0 hits, 0 errors, 0
North Florida 2nd - THOMAS walked. McADAM pinch ran
for THOMAS. MANDARANO singled to center field; McADAM advanced to second.
WILSON walked; MANDARANO advanced to second; McADAM advanced to third. POLLACK
pinch hit for TEWEY. POLLACK struck out swinging. ENGEL pinch hit for TAYLOR.
ENGEL singled up the middle, 2 RBI; WILSON advanced to second; MANDARANO
scored; McADAM scored. TAYLOR to rf for ENGEL. REESE struck out swinging.
MIHALIK pinch hit for HENDRIX, B. MIHALIK hit by pitch; TAYLOR advanced to
second; WILSON advanced to third. HENDRIX, B to lf for MIHALIK. HOLTON struck
out looking. 2 runs, 2 hits, 0 errors, 3 LOB.
Princeton 3rd - THOMAS to 3b for McADAM. TEWEY to 1b
for POLLACK. Chu flied out to cf. Pierce grounded out to 2b. Schmidt reached on
an error by 3b. Schmidt stole second. Peyton grounded out to 2b. 0 runs,
0 hits, 1 error, 1 LOB.
North Florida 3rd - REYNOLDS lined out to 3b. THOMAS
struck out swinging, out at first c to 1b. MANDARANO walked. WILSON popped up
to ss. 0 runs, 0 hits, 0 errors, 1 LOB.
Princeton 4th - Bose singled to center field. Button
reached on a fielder's choice, bunt; Bose out at second 1b to ss. Button out at
second c to ss, caught stealing. Roberts fouled out to 3b. 0 runs, 1 hit,
0 errors, 0 LOB.
North Florida 4th - TEWEY walked. TAYLOR walked;
TEWEY advanced to second. Peyton to 1b. Kuhn to p for Crowe. TAYLOR advanced to
second on a wild pitch; TEWEY advanced to third on a wild pitch. REESE walked.
HENDRIX, B walked, RBI; REESE advanced to second; TAYLOR advanced to third;
TEWEY scored. HOLTON reached on a fielder's choice, RBI; HENDRIX, B out at
second 2b unassisted; REESE advanced to third; TAYLOR scored. REYNOLDS flied
out to rf, SF, RBI; REESE scored. THOMAS hit by pitch; HOLTON advanced to
second. THOMAS advanced to second on a wild pitch; HOLTON advanced to third on
a wild pitch. MANDARANO lined out to cf. 3 runs, 0 hits, 0 errors, 2
Princeton 5th - Jerpbak walked. Kuhn struck out
swinging. Chu flied out to rf. Pierce singled to shortstop; Jerpbak advanced to
second. Schmidt popped up to 2b. 0 runs, 1 hit, 0 errors, 2 LOB.
North Florida 5th - WILSON doubled to left field.
TEWEY struck out swinging. TAYLOR struck out swinging. REESE walked. HENDRIX, B
lined out to 3b. 0 runs, 1 hit, 0 errors, 2 LOB.
Princeton 6th - Peyton popped up to 2b. Bose singled
up the middle. Miller pinch ran for Bose. Button reached on a fielder's choice;
Miller out at second ss to 2b. Roberts flied out to rf. 0 runs, 1 hit, 0
errors, 1 LOB.
North Florida 6th - HOLTON struck out swinging.
REYNOLDS singled to right field. DAVID pinch ran for REYNOLDS. Bose to dh for
Miller. THOMAS singled to left center; DAVID advanced to second. MANDARANO
reached on an error by p; THOMAS advanced to second; DAVID advanced to third.
WILSON singled to left field, 2 RBI; MANDARANO advanced to second; THOMAS
scored; DAVID scored. TEWEY singled to right center, RBI; WILSON advanced to
third; MANDARANO scored, unearned. TAYLOR singled up the middle, RBI; TEWEY
advanced to second; WILSON scored. 4 runs, 5 hits, 1 error, 2


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Don't drink and diet! That's what New York City weight-loss expert Heather Bauer, RD, counseled women when she first set up shop. "After all, alcohol is a bad diet deal: It's caloric without providing much nutritional value in return," explains Bauer, co-author of Bread Is the Devil. But then she realized that "for most of my clients, this recommendation turned out to be a deal breaker. If they had to give up drinking, they just wouldn't diet. So I had to figure out a way to help them lose weight while continuing to drink."
For women who've come to rely on a glass of wine or a cocktail to take the edge off their day or to help lubricate social gatherings, doing a Carrie Nation number can seem pretty unappealing. And it is possible to watch your weight without making that sacrifice. "Most research says that women who drink the recommended amount—one serving a day—tend not to gain weight over time," says Kenneth Mukamal, MD, MPH, associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. In fact, a 2010 study of 19,220 women found that over a 13-year period, women whose drinking was light or moderate (i.e., up to two drinks a day) were 30 percent less likely to become obese than nondrinkers.
Still, alcohol isn't a get-out-of-dieting-free card. You can have your alcohol and drink it, too—you just have to be smart about it.
Know Thine Enemy
Alcoholic drinks, notes Bauer, are dietitians' favorite example of empty calories. Pure alcohol, aka ethanol, contains seven calories per gram; by comparison, fat has nine calories per gram, and protein and carbohydrates each have four. That means one standard drink—defined in this story as a five-ounce glass of wine, a 1.5-ounce serving of hard liquor or a 12-ounce bottle of light beer—comes in at roughly 100 calories, "aboutthe same as an eight-ounce soda," says Marion Nestle, PhD, professor of nutrition, food studies and public health at New York University and a coauthor of Why Calories Count. (Regular beer contains about 50 calories more.) And if you add mixers to a cocktail, the alcohol content is the least of your worries. A piña colada, for example, can weigh in with as many as 530 calories—more than either a McDonald's Quarter Pounder with Cheese or a Frappuccino from Starbucks.
Alcohol changes more than your daily calorie total. As a dopamine sensitizer, it spurs your brain to release a cascade of feel-good hormones that can put you in a devil-may-care state of mind that's dangerous when you're standing next to the dessert cart, notes Lauren Slayton, RD, director of Foodtrainers, a nutrition-counseling service in New York.
But some women who drink do not pack on the pounds, for various possible reasons. Research suggests that light imbibers tend to compensate, perhaps unconsciously, by cutting down on food calories, especially from sweets, says Mukamal. And for some people, ethanol may, in effect, serve up fewer than seven calories per gram. "People metabolize alcohol differently depending on their genes," explains Mukamal. "Some readily convert alcohol into forms that can be used for energy—this would add calories that could end up being stored as fat—while in others, more alcohol may be removed from the body in ways that don't provide similar calories."
All bets are off, however, if you have more than one drink a day. "Heavy alcohol use is associated with weight gain over the long haul," says Joan Salge Blake, RD, clinical associate professor at Boston University's Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences. Even worse, there appears to be a tendency for that extra weight to land in your middle. And, in general, the more you drink at one sitting, the bigger your belly gets, Mukamal says. (For tips on lowering your intake, see Drinking in Moderation—Made Easy.)
Do note that any alcohol can adversely affect some women, such as those with a history of substance abuse. And if you are at risk for breast cancer, consult your doctor about your alcohol intake. Drinking regularly will boost your odds of getting this disease by 10 to 15 percent, and the danger increases the more you imbibe, says Mukamal.
Now that you know the facts, the risks and the math, check out this guide for the thinking (and drinking) woman.
Run the numbers
If you're on an exchange-based eating plan, the general rule is 2 drinks = 1 carb serving. Loosely translated, this means that if you're having just a single drink, you can slip under the radar, but if you're doubling up, plan to cut out some bread or dessert. Also, before you buy, check out the proof or alcohol content listed on the bottle. The higher the number, the more calories the bottle contains.
Put your drinks on a diet
Liquid calories have derailed many dieters. But if you've been in a liquor store or gourmet shop lately, you may have noticed that the shelves now offer reduced-calorie versions of vodka, premixed cocktails, mixers and agave nectar and other sweeteners. Or prepare waist-friendlier potions on your own; see 14 Slimmed-Down Sips.
Nix the nightcap
Drinking helps you fall asleep faster, but it disrupts your sleep cycle and promotes sleep apnea—obstructed breathing—especially in the second half of the night, says Steven Y. Park, MD, an otolaryngologist and sleep specialist at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx. That sets off a bad cycle: The breathing difficulties cause you to toss and turn, which elevates your stress hormones. These in turn may awaken you and make it hard for you to get back to sleep.
"Research involving adults shows that those who sleep less than eight hours nightly have not only a higher body weight but also higher levels of ghrelin, a hormone that increases hunger, and lower levels of leptin, a hormone that suppresses hunger in the body, than those who enjoy a longer nightly slumber," says Blake. In other words, using alcohol as a sleep aid only adds to a weight problem. Solution? Three or four hours before bedtime, stop drinking. "Not only will you lose weight more easily, but you'll also sleep better and have more energy during the day," Park explains.
Next: 14 Slimmed-Down Sips
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All Sensormatic and some Checkpoint branded merchandise is Refurbished. Retail Security 1-866-Hard-Tag
Harryg Security is not in any way affiliated with Checkpoint Systems. We offer sales, service, and installation in all 50 states. We can install your security tag system from Hawaii to Maine and everywhere in between. Professional installation of your retail security system is mandatory with many types of security tag systems. HarryG Security is not in any way affiliated with Sensormatic or Knogo.


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Owner and educator Dr. Chad Laurence is in private family practice at Corrective Chiropractic in Hockessin. After earning his doctorate from Life University of Chiropractic in Marietta, Ga., Dr. Laurence began practicing chiropractic in 2000. Before his chiropractic studies, Dr. Laurence received a BS degree in Microbiology from Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Laurence is one of only two doctors in Delaware who is certified in Chiropractic Biophysics, and is a Distinguished Fellow of the CBP technique. With a focus on chiropractic, structural spinal correction, nutrition, education, specific training, and massage therapy, Dr. Laurence is able to relieve symptoms for individuals suffering with physical problems, including neck and low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, headaches, arthritis, and intestinal difficulties. His approach is also particularly successful at helping children with chronic ear infections, asthma, allergies, ADD/ADHD, bed-wetting issues, colic and immune system disorders. Dr. Laurence is an experienced presenter who has been invited to speak in a variety of venues. He has published articles in regional health publications and area newspapers. Dr. Laurence and Corrective Chiropractic have been voted "Best Chiropractor in Delaware" by readers of several local newspapers. He currently serves on the boards of the Southern Chester County Chamber of Commerce, Arthritis Foundation of Delaware, and is a long-standing member of Longwood Rotary. For more information about Dr. Laurence or Chiropractic Biophysics (CBP), call Corrective Chiropractic at (302) 234-1115 or visit www.correctivechiro.net.
Along a well traveled road of Lancaster Pike sits a well-groomed house of history. The Fenimore house, as it is called as of recent years and owners, lies just north beyond the intersection of Valley Rd. and Rt. 41. It has been there for 250 years this year, built in 1763! In that time, it has experienced much of the history that we can only read about now in textbooks; the beginnings of Hockessin, the building of the town, its people and their professions, times of war, and of course, its residents.
The interior of the house is truly breathtaking, with polished hardwood floors, beautiful 18th century shelving and closets, 6 fireplaces, 19th century door handles and 20-inch granite walls. Located in the original part of the house, the exam room consists of a radiological machine, surrounded by an original bay window made of wavy double-paned glass. In addition to the interior fixtures, a beautiful expansive 900 square foot addition was annexed with several large windows overlooking the wilderness. The consignments of this space include a private consultation room, state of the art chiropractic equipment, and are accented by recessed lighting that is used to enhance the natural light. This beautiful space consists of 1700 sq. ft., and is occupied by Dr. Chad Laurence of Corrective Chiropractic. In addition, it has a vibrant massage and acupuncture room, as well as a therapy room for acute patients with pain.
Total health improvement is an integrative process, which Dr. Laurence and his team of staff and massage therapists are committed to. Because of their unique interests, many of their patients are referred to them by medical doctors, other chiropractors, massage therapists, and of course, from other patients.
To celebrate this monumental birthday, Dr. Chad Laurence of Corrective Chiropractic, along with his neighbors, Stacia's Mastery and Body Mind Spirit Massage, are inviting the community for refreshments and a tour of the building, built in 1763, On Wednesday, March 20th, 2013, from 5-8pm. Woodside Creamery, founded in 1796, will be at Corrective Chiropractic offering various ice-creams. Chef's Haven of Hockessin, a local specialty food store that offers cooking classes to the community, will also be on hand, showcasing various dishes and appetizers. Robyn's Nest Catering will also be serving hot hor'dourves. Stacia's Mastery and Body Mind Spirit Massage will be serving catered, healthy delights, and will be doing informal presentations on essential oils, bodywork and cleansing. Parking will be tight, so please carpool and consider parking at our neighboring businesses down the hill, on Rt. 41 and Valley Rd.
Dr. Chad Laurence is one of only two doctors in Delaware, and among only a few in Pennsylvania, who is certified in Chiropractic Biophysics® (CBP®). Fewer than 400 doctors worldwide have been CBP certified. Services at Corrective Chiropractic include chiropractic care, acupuncture, and oriental medicine, massage therapy, nutritional counseling, corrective exercises, spinal and postural screenings, lifestyle advice, and physiotherapy. A three-phase approach to each patient addresses relief of symptoms as necessary, corrective/restorative care to ensure symptoms have been managed successfully, and routine chiropractic protection for ongoing spinal correction and good health.
If you have questions concerning our 250th Birthday party, you can reach us at (302) 234-1115 Additional information about us is located on the practice website: correctivechiro.net.


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Featured in Vallarta Lifestyles Magazine, Fall/Winter 2007 issue.
Not only is Puerto Vallarta a great destination for enjoying beaches, nightlife and art, it's also the perfect place to enjoy exercising! Both early in the morning and late in the afternoon, it's quite common to see people running along the Malecon, whether on their own, as couples, in groups or with pets. This and other scenic routes let you work on your cardio while enjoying the charm and beauty of our city.
Although you may be tempted to visit one of the many fine gyms in town, fresh-air options should not be missed. But, please, remember that if you're over 30 you should check with your doctor before starting any exercise program. Recommended routes include:
Malecon – One of the most appealing routes (2.45 mi.), the Malecon is the ideal place to run while you appreciate public art and the local pace of life. Best times to run are 7 am and 6 pm, except Sundays.
Playa Los Muertos – This route in one of the most popular areas of town, allows you to go up and down stairs (at the end of Los Muertos), walking and running.
Agustin Flores Contreras Stadium – The municipal stadium, with sports facilities and a professional 400-meter running track, is located on Fco. Medina Ascencio in front of the Sheraton.


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Should Miami Dolphins redo Jake Long's deal?
When the Miami Dolphins used the first pick in the 2008 NFL draft to selected left tackle Jake Long, and signed him days before the draft even began it was widely reported that the former Michigan standout signed a five-year deal worth $57.5 million.
But what wasn't publicized was the fact Long's deal included a clause that would put a sixth year in place, and that happened after Long earned a Pro Bowl berth for a solid showing his rookie season.
To make a long story short….get it?…. Long is under contract for two more seasons despite what some are reporting.
His cap number for 2013 is $12,350,000, and that factors in money from his initial signing bonus, and some extra bonuses he's received for making four straight Pro Bowls.
Hard to tell at this time what Long's base salary will be because he has triggered so many of his contract's incentives, and will probably continue to do so.
But Long's cap value for 2012 is $12,800,000. With nose tackle Paul Soliai expected to depart as an unrestricted free agent this offseason, Long will likely regain his status as the Dolphins' most expensive player.
Seeing as how Long has a cap number of $25,150,000 over the next two seasons, the Dolphins could easily create more cap space by giving him a contract extension, which simply pays him a large sum of that money in bonuses and guarantees.
Problem with redoing Long's deal is its usually bad business to re-sign players coming off an injury-plagued season. And even though Long was named to the Pro Bowl for his play, 2011 was his worst season considering he allowed five sacks and 15 quarterback pressures.
Long and his camp would also probably seek a contract that restores his status as the NFL's highest paid offensive lineman, which he lost last season to Cleveland left tackle Joe Thomas, or get him in Thomas' neighborhood.
Thomas signed a seven-year extension last August that could be worth $84 million, and features $44 million in guaranteed money.
So, should the Dolphins roll the dice and extend Long, hoping that his worst NFL season, one where he played on a troublesome left knee before tearing a bicep muscle in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, is an aberration?
Doing so could create a significant amount of camp space, which could be used to re-sign some of the team's own free agents, pursue others, and maybe redo Cameron Wake's deal.


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla. (May 15, 2009) - The 2009 Atlantic Sun Track and Field Championships are underway at North Florida's Hodges Stadium, and fans can follow all the action online with live results. To access live results please click on the link above.
The championships kicked off at 9 a.m. this morning with the women's heptathlon and men's decathlon starting the meet. ETSU's Nic Chernikow (Seymour, Tenn.) holds the lead in the decathlon after the first five events by scoring 3257 points.
The A-Sun championships resume at 4 p.m. with the women's hammer, men's pole vault and men's shot beginning the afternoon session.
Stay tuned to www.ETSUBucs.com for a full recap of championship events and visit www.AtlanticSun.org for more championship coverage.


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Mason Extra-Wide Dresser
- Overview
We've rebuilt our Mason Dresser with substantial presence so it's ideal for shared spaces. A testament to the beauty of handcraftsmanship, it's made with thick planks of sustainable hardwood that are accented with grooves and saw marks to create the rustic feel of salvaged wood.
- 62" wide x 21" deep x 36" high
- Handcrafted of solid poplar.
- Features eight drawers with metal pulls.
- Finished by hand using an exclusive multistep process that results in exceptional depth of color, then sealed with a protective lacquer.
- No assembly required.
- View our Furniture Brochure.
- Dimensions & Care
- Frame, legs, top, back and drawer fronts are all crafted of solid poplar.
- Side panels are poplar veneer over MDF.
- English dovetailed drawers.
- Leg levelers ensure stability on uneven floors.
- Overall: 62" wide x 21" deep x 36" high
- Small Drawer Interior (4): 10.5" wide x 17" deep x 4.5" high
- Large Drawer Interior (4): 24" wide x 17" deep x 7" high
- Clearance Under Dresser: 5"
- Maximum Weight Capacity (top): 200 pounds
- Weight: 210 pounds
- Packaged Weight: 236 pounds
- res
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View our Shipping Information
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At Pottery Barn, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction is our priority. We carefully inspect your order prior to shipment. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement. If, within 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery and 30 days for all other products, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value. Mattresses are final sale and may not be returned or exchanged.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, made to order items, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items which are identified by a price which ends in .99.
For returns of items purchased from your Pottery Barn registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later.
You may return merchandise through the mail for a refund or replacement. For detailed procedures for returning items through the mail, please contact Customer Service at 1.888.779.5176, 7 days a week, 5:00am - 9:00pm (PT).


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Endurance Athlete's Guide to Success
The 9th edition of The Endurance Athlete's GUIDE to SUCCESS is now available for purchase! We've added even more information to this book making it a must-read for every endurance athlete.
Download a FREE copy today.
»The Endurance Athlete's GUIDE to SUCCESS (v.9) (PDF / 8.57 MB)
Product Details
For too long, endurance athletes have been bombarded, and probably confused, by the plethora of concepts (including some pretty bizarre ones) regarding the proper fueling of their bodies prior to, during, and after exercise. To the rescue comes The Endurance Athlete's GUIDE to SUCCESS, which cuts through all the hoopla and provides a primer regarding these important issues.
While finding the solution to properly fueling the body is a very individualized endeavor, requiring consistent practice in training, this handbook provides the basic guidelines. It serves as the rationale behind the Hammer Nutrition line of endurance fuels and supplements which have been successfully used in nearly every conceivable endurance and ultra endurance contest on the planet.
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|By PR Newswire
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|November 14, 2012 11:32 PM EST
SEOUL, South Korea, Nov. 14, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- 'Next Generation Computing R&D Exhibition 2012', which can catch the trend of government policy and future market and secure ideas for developing innovative ideas as the domestic best platform for the cutting edge technology and new business models leading the 3rd generation computing technology, is held at COEX, KOREA from 15 to 16, November.
'Next Generation Computing R&D Exhibition /Conference 2012' is run based on 5 themes of Human Computing, Cloud Computing, Green Computing, Future Computing and Smart Electronic Document for two days 15th and 16th. With lots of specialists attending the exhibition and conference, 'Next Generation Computing R&D Exhibition /Conference 2012' is expected to offer opportunities for exchanging information and creating human network are.
In addition, the conference which can share the knowledge of top specialists is held by KING (Korean Institute of Next Generation Computing ) and Consortium of Cloud Computing Research concerning 'User Interface Standard' and 'Big Data Management and Analyzing Technology'. At 'The 8th Wearable Computing Contest', visitors can see various ideas for future wearable computer and manufactured wearable computers which can meet the certain conditions given by Ministry of Knowledge and Economy.
Meanwhile, the Exhibition is held by Ministry of Knowledge and Economy, Korean 7 institutes of Korean Institute of Next Generation Computing, ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute), Consortium of Cloud Computing Research, Korea Digital Content Association, ITSA (Korea Information Technology Service Industry Association), KAIST (Korea Institute of Science and Technology) and KING (Korean Institute of Next Generation Computing ) together.
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Connected devices and the industrial internet are growing exponentially every year with Cisco expecting 50 billion devices to be in operation by 2020. In this period of growth, location-based insights are becoming invaluable to many businesses as they adopt new connected technologies. Knowing when and where these devices connect from is critical for a number of scenarios in supply chain management, disaster management, emergency response, M2M, location marketing and more. In his session at @Th...
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The cloud market growth today is largely in public clouds. While there is a lot of spend in IT departments in virtualization, these aren't yet translating into a true "cloud" experience within the enterprise. What is stopping the growth of the "private cloud" market? In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Nara Rajagopalan, CEO of Accelerite, explored the challenges in deploying, managing, and getting adoption for a private cloud within an enterprise. What are the key differences between wh...
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"A lot of times people will come to us and have a very diverse set of requirements or very customized need and we'll help them to implement it in a fashion that you can't just buy off of the shelf," explained Nick Rose, CTO of Enzu, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
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More and more companies are looking to microservices as an architectural pattern for breaking apart applications into more manageable pieces so that agile teams can deliver new features quicker and more effectively. What this pattern has done more than anything to date is spark organizational transformations, setting the foundation for future application development. In practice, however, there are a number of considerations to make that go beyond simply "build, ship, and run," which changes ho...
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The pace of innovation, vendor lock-in, production sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and managing risk… In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Dan Choquette, Founder of RackN, discussed how CIOs are challenged finding the balance of finding the right tools, technology and operational model that serves the business the best. He also discussed how clouds, open source software and infrastructure solutions have benefits but also drawbacks and how workload and operational portability between vendors ...
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The initial debate is over: Any enterprise with a serious commitment to IT is migrating to the cloud. But things are not so simple. There is a complex mix of on-premises, colocated, and public-cloud deployments. In this power panel at 18th Cloud Expo, moderated by Conference Chair Roger Strukhoff, Randy De Meno, Chief Technologist - Windows Products and Microsoft Partnerships at Commvault; Dave Landa, Chief Operating Officer at kintone; William Morrish, General Manager Product Sales at Interou...
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Your business relies on your applications and your employees to stay in business. Whether you develop apps or manage business critical apps that help fuel your business, what happens when users experience sluggish performance? You and all technical teams across the organization – application, network, operations, among others, as well as, those outside the organization, like ISPs and third-party providers – are called in to solve the problem.
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"SpeedyCloud's specialty lies in providing cloud services - we provide IaaS for Internet and enterprises companies," explained Hao Yu, CEO and co-founder of SpeedyCloud, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
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A strange thing is happening along the way to the Internet of Things, namely far too many devices to work with and manage. It has become clear that we'll need much higher efficiency user experiences that can allow us to more easily and scalably work with the thousands of devices that will soon be in each of our lives. Enter the conversational interface revolution, combining bots we can literally talk with, gesture to, and even direct with our thoughts, with embedded artificial intelligence, wh...
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What does it look like when you have access to cloud infrastructure and platform under the same roof? Let's talk about the different layers of Technology as a Service: who cares, what runs where, and how does it all fit together. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Phil Jackson, Lead Technology Evangelist at SoftLayer, an IBM company, spoke about the picture being painted by IBM Cloud and how the tools being crafted can help fill the gaps in your IT infrastructure.
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SaaS companies can greatly expand revenue potential by pushing beyond their own borders. The challenge is how to do this without degrading service quality. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Adam Rogers, Managing Director at Anexia, discussed how IaaS providers with a global presence and both virtual and dedicated infrastructure can help companies expand their service footprint with low "go-to-market" costs.
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You are moving to the Cloud. The question is not if, it's when. Now that your competitors are in the cloud and lapping you, your "when" better hurry up and get here. But saying and doing are two different things. In his session at @DevOpsSummit at 18th Cloud Expo, Robert Reeves, CTO of Datical, explained how DevOps can be your onramp to the cloud. By adopting simple, platform independent DevOps strategies, you can accelerate your move to the cloud. Spoiler Alert: He also makes sure you don't...
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Creating replica copies to tolerate a certain number of failures is easy, but very expensive at cloud-scale. Conventional RAID has lower overhead, but it is limited in the number of failures it can tolerate. And the management is like herding cats (overseeing capacity, rebuilds, migrations, and degraded performance). Download Slide Deck: ▸ Here In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Scott Cleland, Senior Director of Product Marketing for the HGST Cloud Infrastructure Business Unit, discusse...
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ZF-2141: Zend_Gdata_AuthSub::AuthSubRevokeToken() generates warning
Calling Zend_Gdata_AuthSub::AuthSubRevokeToken() results in a warning:
Notice: Undefined variable: source in /Zend/Gdata/AuthSub.php on line 153
Fixed by no longer referencing the undefined variable $source. Sending out request for code review to fw-gdata allow for this to be released with the next release.
Review for r6732:
I don't see anything wrong with the changes made. Feel free to merge this into release-1.0.
However, is there a reason that getHttpClient() isn't being called anywhere here? This looks like the sort of thing that could have easily been caught with a unit test.
Thanks for the review Trevor.
Agreed that getHttpClient could be called to generate the header and avoid duplicate code (in this method and others). Filed as http://framework.zend.com/issues/browse/ZF-2145.
Yes, it could be caught in a unit test, if we used mock HTTP client classes, but we haven't used those yet for Zend_Gdata. Filed as: http://framework.zend.com/issues/browse/ZF-2146
While mock HTTP clients would certainly be nice, in this case we just would have had to check that getHttpClient() is returning a properly instantiated instance of Zend_Http_Client.
Gotcha, I thought you were mentioning that we needed testing on AuthSubRevokeToken(sic), which couldn't be tested fully without a mock client. Testing getHttpClient can be tested, and would have caught this problem (as you pointed out) if we were using getHttpClient in the other methods.
Thanks Trevor! -Ryan


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Morris County has advised that they will be paving the following two portions of Route 202 starting this Thursday, December 6th:
The work will be done on weekdays between the hours of 9:00 am and 5:00 pm. The work is expected to last until Tuesday, December 11th, but could take longer, depending on the weather. While it is anticipated that the road will remain open with alternating traffic utilizing a single lane, there may be short periods when it will be necessary to close the road completely.
Please expect major delays and plan your travel schedules and routes accordingly.


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Huge Closeout Discounts Save up to 30% on select titles
Make an equation for savings on comprehensive mathematics instruction, and the answer will always be Pearson. Our textbooks have successfully improved Math skills and proficiency for students by incorporating patterns, problem-solving activities and more into daily lessons to boost the development of future mathematicians. We're liquidating overstock on some of our most successful titles. Take advantage of these outstanding discounts!


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Get more out of your training with new stylish workout gear. Team on trend tights, colourful tops and fashion fast trainers. See you at the gym!


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We are overjoyed to share our homie Knny Frsh's directorial debut on what happens to be an ill prelude to Coultrain's upcoming album. Watch the video to catch the story of Coultrain's Seymour Liberty character to date. Really draws you in.
Look out for Jungle Mumbo Jumbo to drop on April 23.


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Recommendations chart progressive course for city
Published: Saturday, September 7, 2013 at 12:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, September 6, 2013 at 1:16 p.m.
Consultant Ernie Tompkins, who guided the Lexington Strategic Planning Committee, voiced the concern of anyone who has ever worked on a long-range effort. "We want this to be a working document, not a piece of art that sits on the shelf," he said Thursday during a workshop in which the committee presented its recommendations to the city council. In one regard, brainstorming and coming up with great-sounding ideas is the easy part, even though it involves many hours and a lot of hard work. Implementing those ideas can be the challenge.
Few Lexington residents would take issue with most of the recommendations, which include better public relations, attracting new businesses, improving transportation, offering youth recreation opportunities and more. One of the positive developments out of the committee's work was the realization that the city council already is working on some areas, such as business and job development along with arts and entertainment offerings. The key now will be to incorporate the other recommendations into future goals and see that they come to fruition. Lexington government has a history of taking the suggestions of its citizen-led planning committees seriously and acting on them, and there's no reason to believe that won't happen again. But perhaps the idea of painting a chopped sandwich on the water tower off South Main Street does need a bit more scrutiny.
Another long-range effort involves the use of the Wil-Cox Bridge in county tourism and recreation efforts. The Davidson County Commissioners, who received some criticism when they agreed to take control of the bridge from the N.C. Department of Transportation to save it from demolition, heard an update on the bridge Thursday. The county will take control in the spring of 2014, and the bridge will ferry people and bikes from one side of the Yadkin to the other rather than vehicles. The bridge resides at a key point along the Daniel Boone Heritage Canoe Trail, and its historic significance — it's the longest of the six remaining open spandrel concrete arch style bridges in the state — could also be a drawing card if promoted properly.
Yet another potential ramification of voting changes approved by the North Carolina General Assembly involves new voting machines, and this one could hit taxpayers in the wallet. The law requires only paper ballots starting in 2018, a step backward from the technological age in which we life. It's another effort to address a potential problem — software manipulation of election results — that hasn't occurred. Davidson County might have to spend $683,000 to meet all the requirements. Commissioners would certainly rather spend that money elsewhere should the estimates hold true, but they will have no choice but to comply with the law and fork out the cash.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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It appears bars and restaurants are now basing their names on what will return the best results on Google.
Case in point: The Pub Orlando.
The British-inspired bar and restaurant will be opening at Pointe Orlando in early 2012. I guess the web-friendly name makes sense since it will be opening on the the tourist-heavy International Drive.
The new pub will be opening between Oceanaire Seafood Room and Cuba Libre Restaurant and Rum Bar and will feature a "Pour Your Own Beer Wall." The wall sounds a lot like how those Enomatic wine dispensers work in wine bars around town. Customers can draw their own draught, sample and pay by the ounce, just like those machines allow.
According to the press release "The Pub's centerpiece is a handcrafted bar with Optic Pourers native to the inverted pouring system that originated in Europe."
Pointe Orlando is at 9101 International Drive in Orlando.


text: To add volume sans clumping (thanks to a lash-separating brush), go for Chanel Le Volume de Chanel Mascara ($30; chanel.com). For an Angelina Jolie–like effect, try Maybelline New York Cat Eyes Volum' Express Mascara( $7; drugstores), which boasts a brush designed to flare lashes at the outer corners of the eyes. Looking fora mascara that checks every box? Lancôme Hypnôse Star ($28; sephora.com) thickens, elongates and curls.