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The Saturn launch vehicle was the penultimate expression of the Peenemuende Rocket Team's designs for manned exploration of the moon and Mars. The designs were continuously developed and improved, starting from the World War II A11 and A12 satellite and manned shuttle launcher, through the designs made public in the Collier's Magazine series of the early 1950's, until the shock of the first Sputnik launch brought sudden real interest from the U.S. government. On December 30 1957 Von Braun produced a 'Proposal for a National Integrated Missile and Space Vehicle Development Plan'. This had the first mention of a 1,500,000 lbf booster (Juno V, later Saturn I). By July of the following year Huntsville had in hand the contract from ARPA to proceed with design of the Juno V.
Following transfer of the Peenemuende Rocket Team from the US Army to NASA, a year after the first plan was mooted, Von Braun briefed NASA on plans for booster development at Huntsville with objective of manned lunar landing. It was initally proposed that 15 Juno V (Saturn I) boosters assemble a 200,000 kg payload in earth orbit for direct landing on moon. NASA produced two months later, on February 15, 1959, its plan for development in the next decade of Vega (later cancelled after NASA discovered the USAF was secretly developing the similar Hustler (Agena) upper stage), Centaur, Saturn, and Nova launch vehicles (Juno V renamed Saturn I at this point). Throughout the initial planning, Presidential decision, and landing mode debate for the Apollo lunar landing goal, a variety of Saturn and Nova configurations were considered. Of these, only the C-1 and C-5 were taken through to further development.
|Stage 1
|Stage 2
|Stage 3
|Stage 4
|LEO Payload - kg
|Escape Payload - kg
|Saturn A-1
|8 x H-1
|2 x LR89
|2 x LR115
|Saturn A-2
|8 x H-1
|4 x S-3
|2 x LR115
|Saturn B-1
|8 x H-1
|4 x LR89
|5 x LR115
|2 x LR115
|Saturn C-1
|8 x H-1
|6 x LR115
|2 x LR115
|Saturn C-2
|8 x H-1
|1 x J-2
|6 x LR115
|2 x LR115
|Saturn C-3
|2 x F-1
|4 x J-2
|6 x LR115
|2 x LR115
|Saturn C-4
|4 x F-1
|4 x J-2
|1 x J-2
|Saturn C-5
|5 x F-1
|5 x J-2
|1 x J-2
|Nova Basic
|6 x F-1
|1 x F-1
|4 x J-2
|Nova A
|4 x F-1
|4 x J-2
|5 x LR115
|1 x 2700 kgf
|Nova B
|6 x F-1
|8 x J-2
|7 x LR115
|1 x LR115
|Nova C
|6 x F-1
|8 x J-2
|1 x Nerva
|Nova D
|6 x F-1
|8 x J-2
|1 x Nerva
|Nova N-F1
|8 x F-1
|4 x F-1
|1 x J-2
|Nova N-M1
|8 x F-1
|4 x M-1
|1 x J-2
After the Saturn V drawings had been issued, Marshall engineers immediately turned to considering further developments of the basic launch vehicle. These would be required for Apollo Applications, Manned Orbiting Research Laboratory, Mars fly-by, and Mars landing missions in the 1970's and 1980's.
Contracts were let for a variety of trade studies. There were limits to how far the core stack could be stretched, dictated by the 410 foot maximum overhead crane height in the Vertical Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center (this did not prevent 470 foot versions being proposed, including the nuclear NERVA third stage, for manned missions to Mars - they'd just have to raise the roof, darn it). Given these limits, a variety of strap-on solid motors were considered.
The most feasible, lowest development cost improvement would have used upgraded F-1 motors, an S- IC first stage stretch, modest upgrades to the J-2 upper stage motors, and proven 120 inch solid rocket motor strap-ons. If a follow-on Saturn V production contract had ever been issued, it probably would have been for this configuration. More advanced versions would have used Flox oxidizer (liquid fluorine mixed with the liquid oxygen oxidizer - nasty to handle, but increased performance with minimal changes to the existing motors and pumps), new technology engines (plug nozzles or high-pressure combustion engines - the ancestors of the Shuttle SSME's). Instead America abandoned its heavy lift capability and further manned exploration of space. The two unused flightworthy Saturn V's from the initial production run of 15 became tourist displays at Cape Canaveral and Huntsville. A third Saturn V, exhibited in Houston, is made up of static test article stages.
Saturn II First Stage Derivatives
There was a large payload gap between the Saturn IB's 19,000 kg low-earth orbit capacity and the two-stage Saturn V's 100,000 kg capability. Marshall considered the best way to fill the gap was to use the Saturn V's second stage, the S-II, as the first stage of an intermediate launch vehicle.
Using the S-II had several advantages. It could be mounted atop a 'milk stool' and use the existing Saturn V launch gantry arms and plumbing for fueling and preparations (this approach was actually used later for Saturn IB launches for Skylab and ASTP). Discontinuing use of the Saturn IB would eliminate one rocket stage production line together with associated configuration and quality control headaches.
A dazzling array of combinations of S-II stages, S-IVB stages, and a variety of solid rocket motor strapons were considered. In most cases the S-II would have to be fitted with 'sea-level' versions of its J-2 engines, which were designed only for operation in near-vacuum conditions. This resulted in a decrease in engine performance. Since the S-II stage did not have enough thrust to get off the ground by itself, various combinations of solid rocket motor augmentation and propellant off-loads had to be used. The resulting configurations would have provided a payload range of between 13,000 kg and 66,000 kg to low earth orbit, thereby filling the payload gap and replacing the S-IB.
LEO Payload: 118,000 kg (260,000 lb) to a 185 km orbit at 28.00 degrees. Payload: 47,000 kg (103,000 lb) to a translunar trajectory. Success Rate: 100.00%. Launch data is: complete. Development Cost $: 7,439.600 million. Launch Price $: 431.000 million in 1967 dollars in 1966 dollars.
Stage Data - Saturn V
Status: Retired 1973.
Gross mass: 3,038,500 kg (6,698,700 lb).
Payload: 118,000 kg (260,000 lb).
Height: 102.00 m (334.00 ft).
Diameter: 10.06 m (33.00 ft).
Thrust: 33,737.90 kN (7,584,582 lbf).
Apogee: 185 km (114 mi).
First Launch: 1967.11.09.
Last Launch: 1973.05.14.
Number: 13 .
The launch vehicle required was a single Saturn C-5, consisting of the S-IC, S-II, and S-IVB stages. To provide a maximum launch window, a low earth parking orbit was recommended. For greater reliability, the two-stage-to-orbit technique was recommended rather than requiring reignition of the S-IVB to escape from parking orbit.
The current concepts of the Apollo command and service modules would not be altered. The lunar excursion vehicle (LEV), under intensive study in 1961, would be aft of the service module and in front of the S-IVB stage. For crew safety, an escape tower would be used during launch. Access to the LEV would be provided while the entire vehicle was on the launch pad.
Both Apollo and Saturn guidance and control systems would be operating during the launch phase. The Saturn guidance and control system in the S-IVB would be "primary" for injection into the earth parking orbit and from earth orbit to escape. Provisions for takeover of the Saturn guidance and control system should be provided in the command module. Ground tracking was necessary during launch and establishment of the parking orbit, MSFC and GSFC would study the altitude and type of low earth orbit.
The LEV would be moved in front of the command module "early" in the translunar trajectory. After the S-IVB was staged off the spacecraft following injection into the translunar trajectory, the service module would be used for midcourse corrections. Current plans were for five such corrections. If possible, a symmetric configuration along the vertical center line of the vehicle would be considered for the LEV. Ingress to the LEV from the command module should be possible during the translunar phase. The LEV would have a pressurized cabin capability during the translunar phase. A "hard dock" mechanism was considered, possibly using the support structure needed for the launch escape tower. The mechanism for relocation of the LEV to the top of the command module required further study. Two possibilities were discussed: mechanical linkage and rotating the command module by use of the attitude control system. The S-IVB could be used to stabilize the LEV during this maneuver.
The service module propulsion would be used to decelerate the spacecraft into a lunar orbit. Selection of the altitude and type of lunar orbit needed more study, although a 100-nautical-mile orbit seemed desirable for abort considerations.
The LEV would have a "point" landing (±½ mile) capability. The landing site, selected before liftoff, would previously have been examined by unmanned instrumented spacecraft. It was agreed that the LEV would have redundant guidance and control capability for each phase of the lunar maneuvers. Two types of LEV guidance and control systems were recommended for further analysis. These were an automatic system employing an inertial platform plus radio aids and a manually controlled system which could be used if the automatic system failed or as a primary system.
The service module would provide the prime propulsion for establishing the entire spacecraft in lunar orbit and for escape from the lunar orbit to earth trajectory. The LEV propulsion system was discussed and the general consensus was that this area would require further study. It was agreed that the propulsion system should have a hover capability near the lunar surface but that this requirement also needed more study.
It was recommended that two men be in the LEV, which would descend to the lunar surface, and that both men should be able to leave the LEV at the same time. It was agreed that the LEV should have a pressurized cabin which would have the capability for one week's operation, even though a normal LOR mission would be 24 hours. The question of lunar stay time was discussed and it was agreed that Langley should continue to analyze the situation. Requirements for sterilization procedures were discussed and referred for further study. The time for lunar landing was not resolved.
In the discussion of rendezvous requirements, it was agreed that two systems be studied, one automatic and one providing for a degree of manual capability. A line of sight between the LEV and the orbiting spacecraft should exist before lunar takeoff. A question about hard-docking or soft-docking technique brought up the possibility of keeping the LEV attached to the spacecraft during the transearth phase. This procedure would provide some command module subsystem redundancy.
Direct link communications from earth to the LEV and from earth to the spacecraft, except when it was in the shadow of the moon, was recommended. Voice communications should be provided from the earth to the lunar surface and the possibility of television coverage would be considered.
A number of problems associated with the proposed mission plan were outlined for NASA Center investigation. Work on most of the problems was already under way and the needed information was expected to be compiled in about one month.
(This meeting, like the one held February 13-15, was part of a continuing effort to select the lunar mission mode).
At this same meeting, Grumman presented a comparison of radially and laterally folded landing gears (both of 457-centimeter (180-inch) radius). The radial-fold configuration, MSC reported, promised a weight savings of 22-2 kilograms (49 pounds). MSC approved the concept, with an 876-centimeter (345-inch) adapter. Further, an adapter of that length would accommodate a larger, lateral fold gear (508 centimeters (200 inches)), if necessary. During the next several weeks, Grumman studied a variety of gear arrangements (sizes, means of deployment, stability, and even a "bending" gear). At a subsequent LEM Mechanical Systems Meeting, on November 10, Grumman presented data (design, performance, and weight) on several other four-legged gear arrangements - a 457-centimeter (180-inch), radial fold "tripod" gear (i.e., attached to the vehicle by three struts), and 406.4-centimeter (160-inch) and 457-centimeter (180-inch) cantilevered gears. As it turned out, the 406.4-centimeter (160-inch) cantilevered gear, while still meeting requirements demanded in the work statement, in several respects was more stable than the larger tripod gear. In addition to being considerably lighter, the cantilevered design offered several added advantages:
But at this smaller angle, the panels now blocked the CM's four flush- mounted omnidirectional antennas, used during near-earth phases of the mission. While turning around and docking, the astronauts thus had to communicate with the ground via the steerable high gain antenna. For Block II spacecraft, therefore, MSC concurrently ordered North American to broaden the S-band equipment's capability to permit it to operate within 4,630 km (2,500 nm) of earth.
Eight days later, at its static facility in Santa Susana, California, North American first fired the S-II, intermediate stage of the Saturn V. The event was chronicled as the "second major Saturn V milestone" during April. Additional Details: here....
Phillips added: "I am definitely not satisfied with the progress and outlook of either program and am convinced that the right actions now can result in substantial improvement of position in both programs in the relatively near future.
"Inclosed are ten copies of the notes which we compiled on the basis of our visits. They include details not discussed in our briefing and are provided for your consideration and use.
"The conclusions expressed in our briefing and notes are critical. Even with due consideration of hopeful signs, I could not find a substantive basis for confidence in future performance. I believe that a task group drawn from NAA at large could rather quickly verify the substance of our conclusions, and might be useful to you in setting the course for improvements.
"The gravity of the situation compels me to ask that you let me know, by the end of January if possible, the actions you propose to take. . . ."
A total of 167 contract change authorizations (CCAs) to the Grumman contract had been issued by December 31. Negotiation of the proposal for the conversion to a cost-plus-incentive-fee included all CCAs through No. 162, and CCA amendments dated before December 9. Proposals for CCAs 163167 were in process and would be submitted according to contract change procedures.
The request was initiated because the flight crew had to rely on an out- the-window reference of the S-IVB/SLA to verify separation of the LM/CSM combination from the S-IVB/SLA. The question arose as to whether the out-the-window reference was sufficient or whether an electromechanical device with a panel readout in the CM was required to verify separation.
Main objectives of the mission were to demonstrate the structural and thermal integrity of the space vehicle and to verify adequacy of the Block II heatshield design for entry at lunar return conditions. These objectives were accomplished.
The S-IC stage cutoff occurred 2 minutes 30 seconds into the flight at an altitude of about 63 kilometers. The S-II stage ignition occurred at 2 minutes 32 seconds and the burn lasted 6 minutes 7 seconds, followed by the S-IVB stage ignition and burn of 2 minutes 25 seconds. This series of launch vehicle operations placed the S-IVB and spacecraft combination in an earth parking orbit with an apogee of about 187 kilometers and a perigee of 182 kilometers. After two orbits, which required about three hours, the S-IVB stage was reignited to place the spacecraft in a simulated lunar trajectory. This burn lasted five minutes. Some 10 minutes after completion of the S-IVB burn, the spacecraft and S-IVB stage were separated, and less than 2 minutes later the service propulsion subsystem was fired to raise the apogee. The spacecraft was placed in an attitude with the thickest side of the CM heatshield away from the solar vector. During this four-and-one-half-hour cold-soak period, the spacecraft coasted to its highest apogee - 18,256.3 kilometers. A 70 mm still camera photographed the earth's surface every 10.6 seconds, taking 715 good-quality, high-resolution pictures.
About 8 hours 11 minutes after liftoff the service propulsion system was again ignited to increase the spacecraft inertial velocity and to simulate entry from a translunar mission. This burn lasted four and one half minutes. The planned entry velocity was 10.61 kilometers per second, while the actual velocity achieved was 10.70.
Recovery time of 2 hours 28 minutes was longer than anticipated, with the cause listed as sea conditions - 2.4-meter swells.
Liftoff at 7:00 a.m. EST was normal but, during the first-stage (S-IC) boost phase, oscillations and abrupt measurement changes were observed. During the second-stage (S-II) boost phase, two of the J-2 engines shut down early and the remaining three were extended approximately one minute to compensate. The third stage (S-IVB) firing was also longer than planned and at termination of thrust the orbit was 177.7 x 362.9 kilometers rather than the 160.9-kilometer near-circular orbit planned. The attempt to reignite the S-IVB engine for the translunar injection was unsuccessful. Reentry speed was 10 kilometers per second rather than the planned 11.1, and the spacecraft landed 90.7 kilometers uprange of the targeted landing point.
The most significant spacecraft anomaly occurred at about 2 minutes 13 seconds after liftoff, when abrupt changes were indicated by strain, vibration, and acceleration measurements in the S-IVB, instrument unit, adapter, lunar module test article, and CSM. Apparently oscillations induced by the launch vehicle exceeded the spacecraft design criteria.
The second-stage (S-II) burn was normal until about 4 minutes 38 seconds after liftoff; then difficulties were recorded. Engine 2 cutoff was recorded about 6 minutes 53 seconds into the flight and engine 3 cutoff less than 3 seconds later. The remaining second-stage engines shut down at 9 minutes 36 seconds - 58 seconds later than planned.
The S-IVB engine during its first burn, which was normal, operated 29 seconds longer than programmed. After two revolutions in a parking orbit, during which the systems were checked, operational tests performed, and several attitude maneuvers made, preparations were completed for the S-IVB engine restart. The firing was scheduled to occur on the Cape Kennedy pass at the end of the second revolution, but could not be accomplished. A ground command was sent to the CSM to carry out a planned alternate mission, and the CSM separated from the S-IVB stage.
A service propulsion system (SPS) engine firing sequence resulted in a 442-second burn and an accompanying free-return orbit of 22,259.1 x 33.3 kilometers. Since the SPS was used to attain the desired high apogee, there was insufficient propellant left to gain the high-velocity increase desired for the entry. For this reason, a complete firing sequence was performed except that the thrust was inhibited.
Parachute deployment was normal and the spacecraft landed about 9 hours 50 minutes after liftoff, in the mid-Pacific, 90.7 kilometers uprange from the predicted landing area (27.40 N 157.59 W). A normal retrieval was made by the U.S.S. Okinawa, with waves of 2.1 to 2.4 meters.
The spacecraft was in good condition, including the unified crew hatch, flown for the first time. Charring of the thermal protection was about the same as that experienced on the Apollo 4 spacecraft (CM 017).
Of the five primary objectives, three - demonstrating separation of launch vehicle stages, performance of the emergency detection system (EDS) in a close-loop mode, and mission support facilities and operations - were achieved. Only partially achieved were the objectives of confirming structure and thermal integrity, compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft, and launch loads and dynamic characteristics; and of verifying operation of launch vehicle propulsion, guidance and control, and electrical systems. Apollo 6, therefore, was officially judged in December as "not a success in accordance with . . . NASA mission objectives."
All launch and boost phases were normal and the spacecraft with the S-IVB stage was inserted into an earth-parking orbit of 190.6 by 183.2 kilometers above the earth. After post-insertion checkout of spacecraft systems, the S-IVB stage was reignited and burned 5 minutes 9 seconds to place the spacecraft and stage in a trajectory toward the moon - and the Apollo 8 crew became the first men to leave the earth's gravitational field.
The spacecraft separated from the S-IVB 3 hours 20 minutes after launch and made two separation maneuvers using the SM's reaction control system. Eleven hours after liftoff, the first midcourse correction increased velocity by 26.4 kilometers per hour. The coast phase was devoted to navigation sightings, two television transmissions, and system checks. The second midcourse correction, about 61 hours into the flight, changed velocity by 1.5 kilometers per hour.
The 4-minute 15-second lunar-orbit-insertion maneuver was made 69 hours after launch, placing the spacecraft in an initial lunar orbit of 310.6 by 111.2 kilometers from the moon's surface - later circularized to 112.4 by 110.6 kilometers. During the lunar coast phase the crew made numerous landing-site and landmark sightings, took lunar photos, and prepared for the later maneuver to enter the trajectory back to the earth.
On the fourth day, Christmas Eve, communications were interrupted as Apollo 8 passed behind the moon, and the astronauts became the first men to see the moon's far side. Later that day , during the evening hours in the United States, the crew read the first 10 verses of Genesis on television to earth and wished viewers "goodnight, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you - all of you on the good earth."
Subsequently, TV Guide for May 10-16, 1969, claimed that one out of every four persons on earth - nearly 1 billion people in 64 countries - heard the astronauts' reading and greeting, either on radio or on TV; and delayed broadcasts that same day reached 30 additional countries.
On Christmas Day, while the spacecraft was completing its 10th revolution of the moon, the service propulsion system engine was fired for three minutes 24 seconds, increasing the velocity by 3,875 km per hr and propelling Apollo 8 back toward the earth, after 20 hours 11 minutes in lunar orbit. More television was sent to earth on the way back.
On March 5 McDivitt and Schweickart entered the LM through the docking tunnel, evaluated the LM systems, transmitted the first of two series of telecasts, and fired the LM descent propulsion system. They then returned to the CM.
McDivitt and Schweickart reentered the LM on March 6. After transmitting a second telecast, Schweickart performed a 37-minute extravehicular activity (EVA), walking between the LM and CSM hatches, maneuvering on handrails, taking photographs, and describing rain squalls over KSC.
On March 7, with McDivitt and Schweickart once more in the LM, Scott separated the CSM from the LM and fired the reaction control system thrusters to obtain a distance of 5.5 kilometers between the two spacecraft. McDivitt and Schweickart then performed a lunar-module active rendezvous. The LM successfully docked with the CSM after being up to 183.5 kilometers away from it during the six-and-one-half-hour separation. After McDivitt and Schweickart returned to the CSM, the LM ascent stage was jettisoned.
During the remainder of the mission, the crew tracked Pegasus III, NASA's meteoroid detection satellite that had been launched July 30, 1965; took multispectral photos of the earth; exercised the spacecraft systems; and prepared for reentry.
On May 19 the crew elected not to make the first of a series of midcourse maneuvers. A second preplanned midcourse correction that adjusted the trajectory to coincide with a July lunar landing trajectory was executed at 3:19 p.m. The maneuver was so accurate that preplanned third and fourth midcourse corrections were canceled. During the translunar coast, five color TV transmissions totaling 72 minutes were made of the spacecraft and the earth.
At 4:49 p.m. EDT on May 21 the spacecraft was inserted into a lunar orbit of 110.4 by 315.5 kilometers. After two revolutions of tracking and ground updates, a maneuver circularized the orbit at 109.1 by 113.9 kilometers. Astronaut Cernan then entered the LM, checked all systems, and returned to the CM for the scheduled sleep period.
On May 22 activation of the lunar module systems began at 11:49 a.m. EDT. At 2:04 p.m. the spacecraft were undocked and at 4:34 p.m. the LM was inserted into a descent orbit. One hour later the LM made a low-level pass at an altitude of 15.4 kilometers over the planned site for the first lunar landing. The test included a test of the landing radar, visual observation of lunar lighting, stereo photography of the moon, and execution of a phasing maneuver using the descent engine. The lunar module returned to dock successfully with the CSM following the eight-hour separation, and the LM crew returned to the CSM.
The LM ascent stage was jettisoned, its batteries were burned to depletion, and it was placed in a solar orbit on May 23. The crew then prepared for the return trip to earth and after 61.5 hours in lunar orbit a service propulsion system TEI burn injected the CSM into a trajectory toward the earth. During the return trip the astronauts made star-lunar landmark sightings, star-earth horizon navigation sightings, and live television transmissions.
At 4:40 p.m. EDT July 18, the crew began a 96-minute color television transmission of the CSM and LM interiors, CSM exterior, the earth, probe and drogue removal, spacecraft tunnel hatch opening, food preparation, and LM housekeeping. One scheduled and two unscheduled television broadcasts had been made previously by the Apollo 11 crew.
The spacecraft entered lunar orbit at 1:28 p.m. EDT on July 19. During the second lunar orbit a live color telecast of the lunar surface was made. A second service-propulsion-system burn placed the spacecraft in a circularized orbit, after which astronaut Aldrin entered the LM for two hours of housekeeping including a voice and telemetry test and an oxygen-purge-system check.
At 8:50 a.m. July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin reentered the LM and checked out all systems. They performed a maneuver at 1:11 p.m. to separate the LM from the CSM and began the descent to the moon. The LM touched down on the moon at 4:18 p.m. EDT July 20. Armstrong reported to mission control at MSC, "Houston, Tranquillity Base here - the Eagle has landed." (Eagle was the name given to the Apollo 11 LM; the CSM was named Columbia.) Man's first step on the moon was taken by Armstrong at 10:56 p.m. EDT. As he stepped onto the surface of the moon, Armstrong described the feat as "one small step for man - one giant leap for mankind."
Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface of the moon at 11:15 p.m. July 20. The astronauts unveiled a plaque mounted on a strut of the LM and read to a worldwide TV audience, "Here men from the planet earth first set foot on the moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." After raising the American flag and talking to President Nixon by radiotelephone, the two astronauts deployed the lunar surface experiments assigned to the mission and gathered 22 kilograms of samples of lunar soil and rocks. They then reentered the LM and closed the hatch at 1:11 a.m. July 21. All lunar extravehicular activities were televised in black-and-white. Meanwhile, Collins continued orbiting moon alone in CSM Columbia.
The Eagle lifted off from the moon at 1:54 p.m. EDT July 21, having spent 21 hours 36 minutes on the lunar surface. It docked with the CSM at 5:35 p.m. and the crew, with the lunar samples and film, transferred to the CSM. The LM ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit. The crew then rested and prepared for the return trip to the earth.
The CSM was injected into a trajectory toward the earth at 12:55 a.m. EDT July 22. Following a midcourse correction at 4:01 p.m., an 18-minute color television transmission was made, in which the astronauts demonstrated the weightlessness of food and water and showed shots of the earth and the moon.
During the translunar coast astronauts Conrad and Bean transferred to the LM one-half hour earlier than planned in order to obtain full TV coverage through the Goldstone tracking station. The 56-minute TV transmission showed excellent color pictures of the CSM, the intravehicular transfer, the LM interior, the earth, and the moon.
At 10:47 p.m. EST, November 17, the spacecraft entered a lunar orbit of 312.6 x 115.9 kilometers. A second service propulsion system burn circularized the orbit with a 122.5-kilometer apolune and a 100.6-kilometer perilune. Conrad and Bean again transferred to the LM, where they perfomed housekeeping chores, a voice and telemetry test, and an oxygen purge system check. They then returned to the CM.
Conrad and Bean reentered the LM, checked out all systems, and at 10:17 p.m. EST on November 18 fired the reaction control system thrusters to separate the CSM 108 (the Yankee Clipper) from the LM-6 (the Intrepid). At 1:55 a.m. EST November 19, the Intrepid landed on the moon's Ocean of Storms, about 163 meters from the Surveyor III spacecraft that had landed April 19, 1967. Conrad, shorter than Neil Armstrong (first man on the moon, July 20), had a little difficulty negotiating the last step from the LM ladder to the lunar surface. When he touched the surface at 6:44 a.m. EST November 19, he exclaimed, "Whoopee! Man, that may have been a small step for Neil, but that's a long one for me."
Bean joined Conrad on the surface at 7:14 a.m. They collected a 1.9-kilogram contingency sample of lunar material and later a 14.8-kilogram selected sample. They also deployed an S-band antenna, solar wind composition experiment, and the American flag. An Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package with a SNAP-27 atomic generator was deployed about 182 meters from the LM. After 3 hours 56 minutes on the lunar surface, the two astronauts entered the Intrepid to rest and check plans for the next EVA.
The astronauts again left the LM at 10:55 p.m. EST November 19. During the second EVA, Conrad and Bean retrieved the lunar module TV camera for return to earth for a failure analysis, obtained photographic panoramas, core and trench samples, a lunar environment sample, and assorted rock, dirt, bedrock, and molten samples. The crew then examined and retrieved parts of Surveyor III, including the TV camera and soil scoop. After 3 hours 49 minutes on the lunar surface during the second EVA, the two crewmen entered the LM at 2:44 a.m. EST November 20. Meanwhile astronaut Gordon, orbiting the moon in the Yankee Clipper, had completed a lunar multispectral photography experiment and photographed proposed future landing sites.
At 9:26 a.m. EST November 20, after 31 hours 31 minutes on the moon, Intrepid successfully lifted off with 34.4 kilograms of lunar samples. Rendezvous maneuvers went as planned. The LM docked with the CSM at 12:58 p.m. November 20. The last 24 minutes of the rendezvous sequence was televised. After the crew transferred with the samples, equipment, and film to the Yankee Clipper, the Intrepid was jettisoned and intentionally crashed onto the lunar surface at 5:17 p.m. November 20, 72.2 kilometers southeast of Surveyor III. The crash produced reverberations that lasted about 30 minutes and were detected by the seismometer left on the moon.
At 3:49 p.m. EST November 21, the crew fired the service propulsion system engine, injecting the CSM into a transearth trajectory after 89 hours 2 minutes in lunar orbit. During the transearth coast, views of the receding moon and the interior of the spacecraft were televised, and a question and answer session with scientists and the press was conducted.
At 8:13 p.m. EST a 217-second S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system burn aimed the S-IVB for a lunar target point so accurately that another burn was not required. The S-IVB/IU impacted the lunar surface at 8:10 p.m. EST on April 14 at a speed of 259 meters per second. Impact was 137.1 kilometers from the Apollo 12 seismometer. The seismic signal generated by the impact lasted 3 hours 20 minutes and was so strong that a ground command was necessary to reduce seismometer gain and keep the recording on the scale. The suprathermal ion detector experiment, also deployed by the Apollo 12 crew, recorded a jump in the number of ions from zero at the time of impact up to 2,500 shortly thereafter and then back to a zero count. Scientists theorized that ionization had been produced by 6,300 K to 10,300 K (6,000 degrees C to 10,000 degrees C) temperature generated by the impact or that particles had reached an altitude of 60 kilometers from the lunar surface and had been ionized by sunlight.
Meanwhile back in the CSM/LM, the crew had been performing the routine housekeeping duties associated with the period of the translunar coast. At 30:40 ground elapsed time a midcourse correction maneuver took the spacecraft off a free-return trajectory in order to control the arrival time at the moon. Ensuring proper lighting conditions at the landing site. The maneuver placed the spacecraft on the desired trajectory, on which the closest approach to the moon would be 114.9 kilometers.
At 10:08 p.m. EST April 13, the crew reported an undervoltage alarm on the CSM main bus B, rapid loss of pressure in SM oxygen tank No. 2, and dropping current in fuel cells 1 and 3 to a zero reading. The loss of oxygen and primary power in the service module required an immediate abort of the mission. The astronauts powered up the LM, powered down the CSM, and used the LM systems for power and life support. The first maneuver following the abort decision was made with the descent propulsion system to place the spacecraft back in a free-return trajectory around the moon. After the spacecraft swung around the moon, another maneuver reduced the coast time back to earth and moved the landing point from the Indian Ocean to the South Pacific.
Apollo 14 entered lunar orbit at 1:55 a.m. EST on February 4. At 2:41 a.m. the separated S-IVB stage and instrument unit struck the lunar surface 174 kilometers southeast of the planned impact point. The Apollo 12 seismometer, left on the moon in November 1969, registered the impact and continued to record vibrations for two hours.
After rechecking the systems in the LM, astronauts Shepard and Mitchell separated the LM from the CSM and descended to the lunar surface. The Antares landed on Fra Mauro at 4:17 a.m. EST February 5, 9 to 18 meters short of the planned landing point. The first EVA began at 9:53 a.m., after intermittent communications problems in the portable life support system had caused a 49-minute delay. The two astronauts collected a 19.5-kilogram contingency sample; deployed the TV, S-band antenna, American flag, and Solar Wind Composition experiment; photographed the LM, lunar surface, and experiments; deployed the Apollo lunar surface experiments package 152 meters west of the LM and the laser-ranging retroreflector 30 meters west of the ALSEP; and conducted an active seismic experiment, firing 13 thumper shots into the lunar surface.
A second EVA period began at 3:11 a.m. EST February 6. The two astronauts loaded the mobile equipment transporter (MET) - used for the first time - with photographic equipment, tools, and a lunar portable magnetometer. They made a geology traverse toward the rim of Cone Crater, collecting samples on the way. On their return, they adjusted the alignment of the ALSEP central station antenna in an effort to strengthen the signal received by the Manned Space Flight Network ground stations back on earth.
Just before reentering the LM, astronaut Shepard dropped a golf ball onto the lunar surface and on the third swing drove the ball 366 meters. The second EVA had lasted 4 hours 35 minutes, making a total EVA time for the mission of 9 hours 24 minutes. The Antares lifted off the moon with 43 kilograms of lunar samples at 1:48 p.m. EST February 6.
Meanwhile astronaut Roosa, orbiting the moon in the CSM, took astronomy and lunar photos, including photos of the proposed Descartes landing site for Apollo 16.
Ascent of the LM from the lunar surface, rendezvous, and docking with the CSM in orbit were performed as planned, with docking at 3:36 p.m. EST February 6. TV coverage of the rendezvous and docking maneuver was excellent. The two astronauts transferred from the LM to the CSM with samples, equipment, and film. The LM ascent stage was then jettisoned and intentionally crashed on the moon's surface at 7:46 p.m. The impact was recorded by the Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 ALSEPs.
The spacecraft was placed on its trajectory toward earth during the 34th lunar revolution. During transearth coast, four inflight technical demonstrations of equipment and processes in zero gravity were performed.
The CM and SM separated, the parachutes deployed, and other reentry events went as planned, and the Kitty Hawk splashed down in mid-Pacific at 4:05 p.m. EST February 9 about 7 kilometers from the recovery ship U.S.S. New Orleans. The Apollo 14 crew returned to Houston on February 12, where they remained in quarantine until February 26.
All primary mission objectives had been met. The mission had lasted 216 hours 40 minutes and was marked by the following achievements:
S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system burns sent the S-IVB/IU stages toward the moon, where they impacted the lunar surface at 4:59 p.m. EDT July 29. The point of impact was 188 kilometers northeast of the Apollo 14 landing site and 355 kilometers northeast of the Apollo 12 site. The impact was detected by both the Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 seismometers, left on the moon in November 1969 and February 1971.
After the translunar coast, during which TV pictures of the CSM and LM interiors were shown and the LM communications and other systems were checked, Apollo 15 entered lunar orbit at 4:06 p.m. EDT July 29.
The LM-10 Falcon, with astronauts Scott and Irwin aboard, undocked and separated from the Endeavor (CSM 112) with astronaut Worden aboard. At 6:16 p.m. EDT July 30, the Falcon landed in the Hadley-Apennine region of the moon 600 meters north-northwest of the proposed target. About two hours later, following cabin depressurization, Scott performed a 33-minute standup EVA in the upper hatch of the LM, during which he described and photographed the landing site.
The first crew EVA on the lunar surface began at 9:04 a.m. July 31. The crew collected and stowed a contingency sample, unpacked the ALSEP and other experiments, and prepared the lunar roving vehicle (LRV) for operations. Some problems were encountered in the deployment and checkout of the LRV, used for the first time, but they were quickly resolved. The first EVA traverse was to the Apennine mountain front, after which the ALSEP was deployed and activated, and one probe of a Heat Flow experiment was emplaced. A second probe was not emplaced until EVA-2 because of drilling difficulties. The first EVA lasted 6 hours 33 minutes.
At 7:49 a.m. EDT August 1, the second EVA began. The astronauts made a maintenance check on the LRV and then began the second planned traverse of the mission. On completion of the traverse, Scott and Irwin completed the placement of heat flow experiment probes, collected a core sample, and deployed the American flag. They then stowed the sample container and the film in the LM, completing a second EVA of 7 hours 12 minutes.
The third EVA began at 4:52 a.m. August 2, included another traverse, and ended 4 hours 50 minutes later, for a total Apollo 15 lunar surface EVA time of 18 hours 35 minutes.
While the lunar module was on the moon, astronaut Worden completed 34 lunar orbits in the CSM operating scientific instrument module experiments and cameras to obtain data concerning the lunar surface and environment. X-ray spectrometer data indicated richer abundance of aluminum in the highlands, especially on the far side, but greater concentrations of magnesium in the maria.
Liftoff of the ascent stage of the LM, the first one to be televised, occurred at 1:11 p.m. EDT August 2. About two hours later the LM and CSM rendezvoused and docked, and film, equipment, and 77 kilograms of lunar samples were transferred from the LM to the CSM. The ascent stage was jettisoned and hit the lunar surface at 11:04 p.m. EDT August 2. Its impact was recorded by the Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15 seismometers, left on the moon during those missions. Before leaving the lunar orbit, the spacecraft deployed a subsatellite, at 4:13 p.m. August 4, in an orbit of 141.3 by 102 kilometers. The satellite would measure interplanetary and earth magnetic fields near the moon. It also carried charged-particle sensors and equipment to detect variations in lunar gravity caused by mascons (mass concentrations).
A transearth injection maneuver at 5:23 p.m. August 4 put the CSM on an earth trajectory. During the transearth coast, astronaut Worden performed an inflight EVA beginning at 11:32 a.m. August 5 and lasting for 38 minutes 12 seconds. He made three trips to the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay of the SM, twice to retrieve cassettes and once to observe the condition of the instruments in the SIM bay.
One anomaly, an auxiliary propulsion system leak on the S-IVB stage, produced an unpredictable thrust and prevented a final S-IVB targeting maneuver after separation from the CSM. Tracking of the S-IVB ended at 4:04 p.m. EST April 17, when the instrument unit's signal was lost. The stage hit the lunar surface at 4:02 p.m. April 19, 260 kilometers northeast of the target point. The impact was detected by the seismometers left on the moon by the Apollo 12, 14, and 15 missions.
Spacecraft operations were near normal during the coast to the moon. Unexplained light-colored particles from the LM were investigated and identified as shredded thermal paint. Other activities during the translunar coast included a cislunar navigation exercise, ultraviolet photography of the earth and moon, an electrophoresis demonstration, and an investigation of the visual light-flash phenomenon noted on previous flights. Astronaut Duke counted 70 white, instantaneous light flashes that left no after-glow.
Apollo 16 entered a lunar orbit of 314 by 107.7 kilometers at 3:22 p.m. April 19. After separation of LM-11 Orion from CSM 112 Casper, a CSM active rendezvous kept the two vehicles close together while an anomaly discovered on the service propulsion system was evaluated. Tests and analyses showed the redundant system to be still safe and usable if required. The vehicles were again separated and the mission continued on a revised timeline because of the 5 3/4-hour delay.
The lunar module landed with Duke and Young in the moon's Descartes region, about 230 meters northwest of the planned target area at 9:23 p.m. EST April 20. A sleep period was scheduled before EVA.
The first extravehicular activity began at 11:59 a.m. April 21, after the eight-hour rest period. Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the lunar roving vehicle systems were activated, because the steerable antenna on the lunar module could not be used. The lunar surface experiments packages were deployed, but accidental breaking of the electronics cable rendered the heat flow experiment inoperable. After completing activities at the experiments site, the crew drove the lunar roving vehicle west to Flag Crater, where they performed the planned tasks. The inbound traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop was Spook Crater. The crew then returned via the experiment station to the lunar module and deployed the solar wind composition experiment. The duration of the extravehicular activity was 7 hours 11 minutes. The distance traveled by the lunar roving vehicle was 4.2 kilometers. The crew collected 20 kilograms of samples.
The second extravehicular traverse, which began at 11:33 a.m. April 22, was south-southeast to a mare-sampling area near the Cinco Craters on Stone Mountain. The crew then drove in a northwesterly direction, making stops near Stubby and Wreck Craters. The last leg of the traverse was north to the experiments station and the lunar module. The second extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 23 minutes. The distance traveled by the lunar roving vehicle was 11.1 kilometers.
Four stations were deleted from the third extravehicular traverse, which began 30 minutes early at 10:27 a.m. April 23 to allow extra time. The first stop was North Ray Crater, where "House Rock" on the rim of the crater was sampled. The crew then drove southeast to "Shadow Rock." The return route to the LM retraced the outbound route. The third extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes, and the lunar roving vehicle traveled 11.4 kilometers.
Lunar surface activities outside the LM totaled 20 hours 15 minutes for the mission. The total distance traveled in the lunar roving vehicle was 26.7 kilometers. The crew remained on the lunar surface 71 hours 14 minutes and collected 96.6 kilograms of lunar samples.
While the lunar module crew was on the surface, Mattingly, orbiting the moon in the CSM, was obtaining photographs, measuring physical properties of the moon and deep space, and making visual observations. Essentially the same complement of instruments was used to gather data as was used on the Apollo 15 mission, but different areas of the lunar surface were flown over and more comprehensive deep space measurements were made, providing scientific data that could be used to validate findings from Apollo 15 as well as add to the total store of knowledge of the moon and its atmosphere, the solar system, and galactic space.
The LM lifted off from the moon at 8:26 p.m. EST April 23, rendezvoused with the CSM, and docked with it in orbit. Young and Duke transferred to the CSM with samples, film, and equipment, and the LM was jettisoned the next day. LM attitude control was lost at jettison; therefore a deorbit maneuver was not possible and the LM remained in lunar orbit, with an estimated orbital lifetime of about one year.
The particles and fields subsatellite was launched into lunar orbit and normal system operation was noted. However, the spacecraft orbital shaping maneuver was not performed before ejection and the subsatellite was placed in a non-optimum orbit that resulted in a much shorter lifetime than the planned year. Loss of all subsatellite tracking and telemetry data on the 425th revolution (May 29) indicated that the subsatellite had hit the lunar surface.
The mass spectrometer deployment boom stalled during a retract cycle and was jettisoned before transearth injection. The second plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that transearth injection could be performed about 24 hours earlier than originally planned.
Activities during the transearth coast phase of the mission included photography for a contamination study for the Skylab program and completion of the visual light-flash-phenomenon investigation that had been partially accomplished during translunar coast. A 1-hour 24-minute transearth extravehicular activity was conducted by command module pilot Mattingly to retrieve the film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, inspect the equipment, and expose a microbial-response experiment to the space environment. Two midcourse corrections were made on the return flight to achieve the desired entry interface conditions.
All launch vehicle systems performed normally in achieving an earth parking orbit of 170 by 168 kilometers. After checkout, insertion into a lunar trajectory was begun at 3:46 a.m.; translunar coast time was shortened to compensate for the launch delay. CSM 114 transposition, docking with LM-12, and LM ejection from the launch vehicle stage were normal. The S-IVB stage was maneuvered for lunar impact, striking the surface about 13.5 kilometers from the preplanned point at 3:27 p.m. EST December 10. The impact was recorded by the passive seismometers left on the moon by Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16.
The crew performed a heat flow and convection demonstration and an Apollo light-flash experiment during the translunar coast. The scientific instrument module door on the SM was jettisoned at 10:17 a.m. EST December 10. The lunar orbit insertion maneuver was begun at 2:47 p.m. and the Apollo 17 spacecraft entered a lunar orbit of 315 by 97 kilometers. After separation of the LM Challenger from the CSM America and a readjustment of orbits, the LM began its powered descent and landed on the lunar surface in the Taurus-Littrow region at 2:55 p.m. EST on December 11, with Cernan and Schmitt.
The first EVA began about 4 hours later (6:55 p.m.). Offloading of the lunar roving vehicle and equipment proceeded as scheduled. The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package was deployed approximately 185 meters west northwest of the Challenger. Astronaut Cernan drove the lunar roving vehicle to the experiments deployment site, drilled the heat flow and deep core holes, and emplaced the neutron probe experiment. Two geological units were sampled, two explosive packages deployed, and seven traverse gravimeter measurements were taken. During the 7-hour 12-minute EVA, 14 kilograms of samples were collected.
The second extravehicular activity began at 6:28 p.m. EST December 12. Because of geological interest, station stop times were modified. Orange soil was discovered and became the subject of considerable geological discussion. Five surface samples and a double core sample were taken in the area of the orange soil. Three explosive packages were deployed, seven traverse gravimeter measurements were taken, and observations were photographed. Samples collected totaled 34 kilograms during the 7 hours and 37 minutes of the second EVA.
The third and final EVA began at 5:26 p.m. EST December 13. Specific sampling objectives were accomplished. Samples - including blue-gray breccias, fine-grained vesicular basalts, crushed anorthositic rocks, and soils - weighed 66 kilograms. Nine traverse gravimeter measurements were made. The surface electrical properties experiment was terminated. Before reentering the LM, the crew selected a breccia rock to dedicate to the nations represented by students visiting the Mission Control Center. A plaque on the landing gear of the lunar module, commemorating all of the Apollo lunar landings, was then unveiled. After 7 hours 15 minutes, the last Apollo EVA on the lunar surface ended. Total time of the three EVAs was approximately 22 hours; the lunar roving vehicle was driven 35 kilometers, and about 115 kilograms of lunar sample material was acquired.
While Cernan and Schmitt were exploring the lunar surface, Evans was conducting numerous scientific activities in the CSM in lunar orbit. In addition to the panoramic camera, the mapping camera, and the laser altimeter, three new scientific instrument module experiments were included in the Apollo 17 orbital science equipment. An ultraviolet spectrometer measured lunar atmospheric density and composition; an infrared radiometer mapped the thermal characteristics of the moon; and a lunar sounder acquired data on the subsurface structure.
Challenger lifted off the moon at 5:55 p.m. EST December 14. Rendezvous with the orbiting CSM and docking were normal. The two astronauts transferred to the CM with samples and equipment and the LM ascent stage was jettisoned at 1:31 a.m. December 15. Its impact on the lunar surface about 1.6 kilometers from the planned target was recorded by four Apollo 17 geophones and the Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 seismometers emplaced on the surface. The seismic experiment explosive packages that had been deployed on the moon were detonated as planned and recorded on the geophones.
During the coast back to earth, Evans left the CSM at 3:27 p.m. EST December 17 for a 1-hour 7-minute inflight EVA and retrieved lunar sounder film and panoramic and mapping camera cassettes from the scientific instrument module bay. The crew conducted the Apollo light- flash experiment and operated the infrared radiometer and ultraviolet spectrometer.
Reentry, landing, and recovery were normal. The command module parachuted into the mid-Pacific at 2:25 p.m. EST December 19, 6.4 kilometers from the prime recovery ship, U.S.S. Ticonderoga. The crew was picked up by helicopter and was on board the U.S.S. Ticonderoga 52 minutes after the CM landed. All primary mission objectives had been achieved.
An unexpected telemetry indication of meteoroid shield deployment and solar array wing 2 beam fairing separation was received 1 minute and 3 seconds after liftoff. However, all other systems of the OWS appeared normal, and the OWS was inserted into a near-circular Earth orbit of approximately 435 km altitude. The payload shroud was jettisoned, and the ATM with its solar array was deployed as planned during the first orbit. Deployment of the Workshop solar array and the meteoroid shield was not successful. In fact the xternal solar/meteoroid shield had ripped off 63 seconds into ascent, tearing away one solar panel wing and debris jamming the remaining panel. Without shield temperatures soared in station. Repairs by crews led to virtually all mission objectives being met.
Following the final manned phase of the Skylab mission, ground controllers performed some engineering tests of certain Skylab systems--tests that ground personnel were reluctant to do while men were aboard. Results from these tests helped to determine causes of failures during the mission and to obtain data on long term degradation of space systems.
Upon completion of the engineering tests, Skylab was positioned into a stable attitude and systems were shut down. It was expected that Skylab would remain in orbit eight to ten years. It was to have been visited by an early shuttle mission, reboosted into a higher orbit, and used by space shuttle crews. But delays in the first flight of the shuttle made this impossible.
On July 11, 1979, Skylab disintegrated when it re-entered the earth's atmosphere after a worldwide scare over its pending crash. The debris stretched from the south-east Indian Ocean into Western Australia. Additional Details: here....


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My sister discovered this bar during her freshman year of college and kept begging me to try one for the longest time. I finally did and though this was a few years ago, I still remember being impressed by the texture and flavor of the honeycomb center. I think it was my first experience with the stuff.
I was really interested to see how this compared to the Cadbury Crunchie I had earlier. The bar was already cracked when I opened it, so I immediately took a look at the cross section. There's no burnt sugar stripe in the center like in the Crunchie, which is a defining feature in my opinion. The texture is lighter and crispier and doesn't have the foamy melt in the mouth.
As for the flavor, it's sweet and has a really good burnt sugar caramel flavor that's reminiscent of how a perfectly toasted marshmallow tastes on a graham cracker. There's also a subtle smokiness to it (perhaps why I'm thinking marshmallow) that's very addicting. The coating is unfortunately mockolate, and therefore it doesn't add any chocolate flavor but instead more sweetness. The mockolate also provides a cool, smooth texture contrast to the crunchy center.
Half way through the bar I started to get the sugar throat burn, which is unusual for me. The sweetness started to take precedence on my taste buds. Still, that smokiness followed through in the aftertaste and kept me interested enough that I finished the bar.
If I had to choose which honeycomb bar to eat next time, I'd rather have choose a Crunchie.
Rating: Might Eat Again
Violet Crumble Wikipedia Page

subset: commoncrawl


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Below is a reprint of the Victoria Chamber Awards Gala program where Friday April 27, Terry Farmer was given the Lifetime Achievement Award.
After all, if he hadn't offered to lend a hand to help his father and partner build the Chateau Victoria he might never have realized just how much more fun he could have in hospitality rather than a career in banking, property management or construction.
Anyone who knows Terry, knows that he isn't content to rest on his laurels. Positive change has been a staple of his life. Terry's advice to the graduates of Royal Roads at their 2007 Convocation, "… as life moves on over the years do not hesitate to change your area of work should opportunities arise. When they do you should do your due diligence and then strike out quickly, especially if you have a chance to get out on your own and become an entrepreneur. I did this 21 years ago and it was the most thrilling and challenging stage of my career (aside from getting married of course)." (more…)


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DeLand museum celebrates holiday of Kwanzaa
Published: Friday, December 28, 2012 at 9:23 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, December 28, 2012 at 10:47 p.m.
Music, dancing, poetry readings and family stories fill the African American Museum of the Arts in DeLand on Friday to celebrate Ujima, day three of the seven-day Kwanzaa celebration. Ujima is the day dedicated to collective work and responsibility.
Uniquely African-American, Kwanzaa was created in 1966 by Dr. Maulana Karenga, a professor at California State University, and is based on African harvest celebrations.
"It honors your ancestors, those who came before you and stood in the forefront, paving the way for a better way for African Americans," said Mary Allen, museum director. "Kwanzaa is just a good way of sharing stories and laughter, enjoying your culture and enjoying your family."
— Kathleen Rasche
All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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May 28 Calendar
Published: Tuesday, May 28, 2013 at 12:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, May 24, 2013 at 4:56 p.m.
Bring Calendar information to 30 E. First Ave., email it to firstname.lastname@example.com, or mail it to The Calendar, The Dispatch, P.O. Box 908, Lexington, 27293 so it is at The Dispatch one week prior to its publication date. Include an address for the event. Events listed below are in Lexington, unless otherwise noted. For publication of church and nonprofit yard sales, please call classified advertising at 249-1637.
Summer camp will be offered by the J. Smith Young YMCA. Registration $45 per child. Camp Timberwood and Camp Northern Lights is for rising first through fifth grades. Camp Adventure is for sixth-ninth grade. Weekly rates for members is $100; non-members $132.00. Additional $22 per week for Camp Adventure. Registration forms are available online at www.lexingtonymca.com or at the Y. Additional information call 249-2177.
Junior lifeguard camp for youth ages 10-14 will take place from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. June 24-28. Cost is $200. Registration form and prerequisite skills are required and available at the Y. For more info call 249-2177 or email Chris Tapler, aquatics director, at email@example.com.
The Class of 1951 Lexington High School mini reunion to be held at 11:30 a.m. June 12 at Yarborough's Restaurant. To make reservations, please call Marian Sink at 249 1547 at least one week before June 12.
The Lexington Christian Women's Connection All Things Gardening Luncheon will be held at 11:30 a.m. June 19 at J. Smith Young YMCA, 119 W. Thirrd Ave. Get out that green thumb and come and learn from Master Gardener Kathy Sill. Jada Travis, an 11-year-old young lady sing. Mary Jane Battista, from Bluffton, S.C., will share how something beautiful can come from life's irritations. Call Kathy Wright at 357-2305 for luncheon reservations. Cost of the luncheon is $10.75. Free on-site nursery (just bring bag lunch for your child).
Groups and Governments
WOW (Winning On Wednesdays) is a Davidson County business networking group that meets from 8 to 9 a.m. every Wednesday for breakfast at Speedy Lohr's restaurant, 8000 N. N.C. Highway 150, Arcadia. For more information, call Sherry Smith 596-7704.
On the third Wednesday of each month, the Humane Society of Davidson County offers a low-cost spay/neuter transport at 1114 Piedmont Drive in Lexington. The Humane Society holds the commuter on the third Wednesday of every month. For more information about the commuter or to schedule an appointment, call 237-0131 or visit the program's website at www.thespayandneutercommuter.com.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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- Overview
- Specs
- Reviews
Continental Trail King 26x2.2 Mountain Tire - Closeout!The Continental Trail King 2.2 MTB tire features an oversized casing and an open tread pattern that grabs traction in virtually all conditions. Its size allows for clearance on any mountain bike, but with the same great ride that beefier trail tires deliver.
- Apex sidewall treatment reinforces the sidewalls just above the bead to help reduce pinch flats
- Stiffer sidewalls improve control in hard cornering and off-camber riding
- Wire bead
Continental Trail King 26x2.2 Mountain Tire - Closeout!
- bead:
- Wire
- max. psi:
- 58
- size(s):
- 26x2.2"
- tpi:
- 180
- weight:
- 800g
- rating:
- 3
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Receive 20% off on your one item. Valid at Performancebike.com and by phone 6/28/16 - 6/29/16 only. Online, discount taken in cart on single item. If there is more than one item in cart, discount will be applied to highest valued qualified item. Excludes bikes and frames. Some brand and/or item exclusions may apply to this promotion – visit Terms and Conditions for details. E-Gift Cards, Gift Cards, Team Memberships and Team Membership Renewals, sales tax and spin doctor services/service plans are also excluded. Not valid on previous purchases. Photographic, typographic and pricing errors are unintentional and subject to change.


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The British Museum
Myth and reality
13 November 2008 – 15 March 2009
Discover the greatest city of ancient Iraq
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Mario Tama's Close-Up On Netanyahu's UN Speech
Note to photographers covering the United Nations General Assembly: It pays to carry a telephoto lens.
Yesterday, Michael Shaw at Bag News noted that Getty Images photographer Mario Tama had managed to zoom in on the text of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's speech to the General Assembly on September 23, capturing the prime minister's handwritten notes, cross outs and revisions.
Six years ago at another UN gathering, President George W. Bush slipped a note to Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice saying he would need a bathroom break. The text of that note was captured by a sharp-eyed Reuters photographer who, like Tama, was shooting from a booth above the hall.
Though slightly less amusing than a request by a world leader to go to the boys' room, Netanyahu's revised speech came 40 minutes after Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas had called on the UN to establish a Palestinian state. Comparing Netanyahu's typed text with the speech as he delivered it, Shaw speculates that Netanyahu had scribbled down changes in reaction to Abbas's statements.
Tama tells PDN that he had been covering the UN assembly for three days from locations among the roughly two dozen booths above the assembly. "Some are filled with photographers, others with video people, others with translators," Tama explains. "As photographers we have a bit of leeway to explore angles from a few different booths, as long as we stay out of the way of the official UN camera crews and the like."
As Netanyahu's speech went on, "I began to notice some heavy blue-ink scribblings on the side of his notes," says Tama, who has covered the UN many times in the past ten years. "I don't recall ever seeing such prominent markings and corrections on a world leader's speech before."
He notes, "After shooting all the angles of him delivering the speech, I decided to try and just focus on the notes for the latter part of the speech." He shot several photos of the notes with a 400mm lens, but couldn't make out the words through his viewfinder. "I could only properly make them out once I blew them up in Photoshop." The images, he says, "obviously had to be cropped quite significantly, hence the less than perfect image quality. I felt in this instance the unique content overrode quality concerns."
Tama adds that if he had seen similar notes on Abbas's text, he would have photographed those as well; he only recalls seeing that Abbas's speech was in Arabic.
More of Tama's close-up images are shown in "Over Netanyahu's Shoulder" on Bagnewsnotes.com. Tama says to his knowledge "Bag News is the first significant publication of the images."
Tags: Benjamin Netanyahu, Getty Images, Mahmoud Abbas, Mario Tama, United Nations


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Well me Musket and Crazy may have a 3 team worked out, so if you see some trades coming out that look biased, it's because it's a 3 team. Don't veto them!
smokes is trying to wrestle STAT from the Porkerbockers. The Knickerporkers.
Still not sure if I'm willing to accept.
3 team deal going down right now...
Lin to Pork Pirates
Kyrie to MusketeerX
Granger returns to the Bouncy breast lovers
Um, can someone explain to me why this is happening?
That kind of **** could really mess you up?
20 hours left until Trade Deadline!
I wonder if we'll have any deadline day excitement?
C Kaman on the block open to other trade ideas. get at me people!
Milsap has been a nightmare to the Coquis...I can't contain him.


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Silver Support & Subscription Service
Note: VMware retired the VMware Silver Support and Subscription Service on March 31, 2010 and will honor existing contracts through the end of their term. Please consider our other support options to address your needs.
Electronic Support Designed for Workstation Users
- Global, 12x5 Web-only access to support
- Unlimited number of support requests
- Online access to documentation and technical resources, knowledge base, discussion forums
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VMware Silver Support is designed for individual users of our VMware Workstation product. Silver support requests are submitted via the VMware support Web site only. Subscribers to this service should take advantage of our online knowledge base, documentation and discussion forums. Developers, test engineers and help desk personnel requiring the ability to contact VMware Support by phone should consider the VMware Basic Support service.
|Silver Support
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New to our Basketball DVD collection are two All Access sets featuring Jim Boeheim and Steve Prohm. Coach Boeheim is the Syracuse Men's Coach and 4x time Big East Coach of the Year. Coach Prohm is the Murray State Men's Coach and 3x Ohio Valley Conference Champions. The titles of these recent Basketball DVDs are:
All Access Syracuse Basketball Practice
All Access Murray State University Basketball Practice
For other high quality Basketball instructional DVDs, check out the products below:
Building Blocks of the Pack Line Defense
Mike Anderson: Building an Aggressive Transition Offense
Frank Allocco: Developing the Complete High School Player
The Coach's Plan for Building a Championship Team
Agnus Berenato: Man-to-Man Defensive Breakdown Drills
Don Showalter: Continuity Ball Screen Offense
Mike Dunlap: 1-1-3 Man Zone Defense
Mike Rice: Warm Up Drills for Practice
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PDN Video: Gregory Heisler on His New Book and Best Portraits
Master portrait photographer Gregory Heisler has just released a book that is both a retrospective of his work, and a guidebook on the art and craft of portraiture. Heisler says it is the kind of book he always wanted to buy as an up-and-coming photographer. "What I wanted to know about was sort of the creative process, what went into each picture. Not how you took it, particularly, but why you made the decisions you made."
In an excerpt of the book published this month in PDN, Heisler describes how he photographed Hugh Grant, Muhammed Ali and other subjects. He also sat down for a video interview to talk about his work and career. In this clip, he explains how he thought through an assignment to photograph former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani for the TIME Person of the Year cover in 2001. Later this week, we will post clips of Heisler discussing his lighting technique, how to connect with subjects, and how clients choose photographers.
Heisler will hold a seminar called The Evocative Portrait at Photo Plus Expo this Friday, October 25, from 8:45 to 11:45 a.m.
Creative Tips from Portrait Photographer Gregory Heisler from PDNOnline on Vimeo.
Related:Gregory Heisler Shares the Techniques That Go Into His Portraiture


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Related pages
World Symposium on Sustainable Development at Universities (WSSD-U-2012)
5 Jun 2012 - 6 Jun 2012Forty years after the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and twenty years after the first ?Earth Summit? (UN Conference and Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, the world community will meet again, to review progresses and outline the future steps we need to take towards a more sustainable world. The 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as ?Rio+20?, will be a historical event.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The objectives of UNCSD are: to secure renewed political commitment to sustainable development; to assess progress towards internationally agreed goals on sustainable development and to address new and emerging challenges. The Summit will also focus on two specific themes: a green economy in the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development, and an institutional framework for sustainable development. UNCSD offers a unique opportunity to also discuss the extent to which universities have been providing a meaningful contribution towards the efforts in shaping a better world and, perhaps more importantly, to discuss what else remains to be done.
It is against this background that the ?World Symposium on Sustainable Development at Universities? (WSSD-U-2012) will be organised by the Research and Transfer Centre ?Applications of Life Sciences? of the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, under the auspices of the RCE Hamburg and Region. The RCE Hamburg and Region is part of a global network of Regional Centres of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development (RCEs) coordinated by the United Nations University. More Information


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A 13-year-old Harrington boy is facing criminal charges following after allegedly pulling a classmate off of some playground equipment.
Harrington Police Department spokesman Lt. Earl Brode said the incident occurred in September 2012 and was initially reported as a sexual assault.
After the girl was interviewed by the Children's Advocacy Center of Delaware, detectives determined no sexual assault had occurred, he said.
But police reportedly did find that the boy and the girl had been involved in an altercation in which the boy damaged the girl's phone and pulled her off the playground equipment by her arm, causing her to fall to the ground.
Warrants were obtained charging the boy with offensive touching and criminal mischief under $1,000, Brode said.
The boy turned himself in to police on Sunday and was subsequently released to the custody of his parents, pending a future court appearance in Kent County Family Court, he said.
Location, ST | website.com


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Entering a healthcare system is never an easy thing to do. You'll have questions about your individual treatment and care as well as more general things like insurance, payment options, accommodations and follow-up care.
We surveyed our staff members and asked them to give us their top questions (and the answers) to create this Frequently Asked Questions section.If you have questions which are not answered in this FAQ section, please feel free to use Contact Us to submit a question via email to our Service Excellence department. You can also reach Service Excellence at 240-566-3564. They'll be happy to connect you with the right person or department to answer your question.


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Lan Dong
Professor Dong on Asian American literature and culture
Meet Lan Dong,
Assistant Professor,
- B.A. in Chinese Literature, Beijing University
- M.A. in Comparative Literature, Dartmouth College
- Ph.D. in Comparative Literature, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
- Bilingual
- Moved to Springfield from the East Coast
Learning philosophy:
- Active learning
- Keeping an open mind
Research interests:
- Asian American literature and film
- Comics and graphic narratives
- Children's literature
Professor Dong on Asian American literature and culture:
Major project underway:
- Editing a volume on critical approaches to teaching comics and graphic narratives at the college and university level.
- Revising a couple articles on comics, ethnicity, and education for publication.
Advice to prospective students:
- Be responsible (including not only be prepared for class, finish assignments on time, and participate in class discussion actively, but also take care of yourself).
- Consider challenges as learning opportunities.
- Seek help when you need it.
Best thing about UIS:
- Small class sizes


text: Out-of-Town Patients & Visitors Experienced surgeons. The latest technology. Exceptional care. At the Rochester General Bariatric Center, patients receive quality care at an institution recognized nationally for its use of leading surgical technology. When you or a loved one comes to us to receive surgical care, our first priority is to provide you with the information you need so you can focus on your return to wellness. Our goal is to make you, as our patient and guest, as comfortable as possible, relieve your anxiety and help you to heal after your surgery. Whether you are a patient, family member, friend or visitor, our team of bariatric surgeons and healthcare providers is committed to providing you with compassionate care. The following information is intended to help you during your visit. Maps & Directions Most surgeries are performed at one of our two hospitals: Rochester General Hospital or Newark-Wayne Community Hospital. Click on one of our locations below to view a map and driving directions to your surgery or related appointment: Rochester General Hospital – Driving Directions Rochester General Hospital – Patient Discharge Map Rochester General Hospital – Walking Map Inside the Hospital Newark-Wayne Community Hospital – Driving Directions Parking & Lodging Rochester General Hospital is conveniently located near many hotels in the Rochester area. Click on the following links to view parking and lodging options for your visit or stay at the hospital: Hotels & Lodging Parking & Security If you need further assistance, please call Patient Information at (585) 922-4528.


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Scooped by
Ian Mitchell
onto The importance of Storytelling
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APIntd's curator insight, March 10, 2014 4:42 PM
Une (petite) leçon à garder en tête pour la diffusion d'information
Jody MacPherson's curator insight, March 10, 2014 5:36 PM
I think this sums up social media quite nicely:
"The irony, of course, is that the more data we mine, and the closer we come to determining a precise calculus of sharing, the less likely it will be for what we know to remain true. "
Welcome to reality.
Steven Mallach's curator insight, May 15, 2013 5:29 AM
This is one of the most powerful infographics that I have seen that makes the case for content. Scroll down to find out more about the power of well written articles.
This is an open secret that quality online and even print publications have known for many years - that classical advertising only works up to a point. Most consumers have reached a mental staturation level when it comes to print advertising.
Articles and well crafted, key message rich (not just SEO) content is capable of engaging the reader and building interest and brand loyalty, as well as promoting a call to action where appropriate.
They say a picture is worth a thousand words. Perhaps, but combine an interesting infographic or other type of image with captivating copy and you have a powerful instrument of engagement (and the distinct possibility of sharing across the social media landscape).
Nuff said.
Randy Bauer's curator insight, May 15, 2013 4:07 PM
I am sponging on the learning process of content marketing. While I should be hiring somebody to do this for me, I believe that I must understand what impacts the content of my clients, and potential clients.
Infographics are a great outline, and this one provides much content.
Kris DaCosta-Jamaica Tourist Board's curator insight, May 17, 2013 11:43 AM
90% of organizations use #Content Marketing....its not the future.
AlGonzalezinfo's comment, March 28, 2013 2:01 PM
I was soo looking forward to reading this. Bummer that they are selling the content :(
Robin Martin's curator insight, May 18, 2013 11:18 AM
How did I miss this one, Deb? Thanks for the scoop!!
Ivon Prefontaine's curator insight, May 19, 2013 11:09 AM
An important corollary question is what do we use social media for?
Jenn Alevy's curator insight, May 20, 2013 4:57 AM
Interesting but not surprising. I think the older the Gen X-, Gen Y, Millenials and Digital Natives grow, the higher the stats for all ages.
Karen Dietz's curator insight, March 26, 2013 11:29 AM
If you want a clear explaination of why marketing is all about connecting emotionally with prospects and customers, then this is it.
Even better -- the author Douglas Van Praet provides a 7-step process for us to craft marketing materials that connect emotionally.
That is what our biz stories SHOULD be doing. Sometimes they don't. You can use Van Praet's 7-step process to craft or refine your business stories so they can do the work you want them to do.
Van Praet also offers us a video as a terrific example of his Step #4 "Shift the Feeling". I know you'll like it.
Have fun with this one -- I hope it gets your creative juices flowing!
This review was written by Karen Dietz for her curated content at www.scoop.it/t/just-story-it
Tina Stock's curator insight, March 27, 2013 10:25 AM
Douglas Van Praet provides a 7-step process for us to craft marketing materials that connect emotionally.
Karen Dietz's comment, April 2, 2013 10:23 AM
Tina and Ian, glad you both got a lot out of this post!
Karen Dietz's comment, April 2, 2013 10:24 AM
Thanks Brian and eProAgi! Glad you both got a lot out of it :)


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Gemini Item # A4615
Mid-Century Modern Wall Sconce
Customize This Product
Docked together around a mirror or spaced evenly down a hallway, the Gemini creates both wall-washing light and a soft, ambient glow. Based on Prescolite's early 1960s Chandeline series, the Gemini has a clean, minimalist aesthetic that works with both classic postwar and modern design alike.
In the vast "cosmos" of mid-century lighting design, the hourglass profile remains one of the most iconic. Fresh and futuristic when first introduced, our handcrafted fixtures are an elegant update for period and modern homes.
- Brushed aluminum parts
- Hand-applied finish
- Can be oriented vertically or horizontally
- Choose standard incandescent or energy-efficient GU24 sockets
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Mid-Century Modern Wall Sconce


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2 Sisters Isabella GoudaThis year-old gouda has it all: the dense creamy paste of a younger cheese, and the developed beefy-butterscotchy flavor and light crunch of something much older. Leaves little to be desired, save your favorite beverage pairing. Read More
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5 Spoke Creamery
TumbleweedIf farmhouse Cheddar and French Cantal took a roll in the weeds you'd get this little square. Read More


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Author(s): Ross D. Parke (University of California, Riverside ); Alison Clarke-Stewart (University of California, Irvine )
ISBN: 9780470599051 / Hardcover / 8/1/2010
Marketplace Disclaimer:
Edition, Cover Design, etc may vary from the eCampus.com description. Please refer to the seller's comments before ordering. Marketplace sellers are required to ship by the end of the 5th business day. Items are not returnable to eCampus.com. Orders cannot be cancelled by eCampus.com.


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Robert Charles Kuziel
Position: C-T
Height: 6-4 Weight: 255 lbs.
Born: July 24, 1950 in New Haven, CT
High School: Manlius
College: Pittsburgh (school history)
Drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the 3rd round (60th overall) of the 1972 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 27 (3730th overall since 1950)
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Princeton Claims Three Victories In Opening Men's Session Of Big Al Open
DAY TWO: LIVE VIDEO l LIVE RESULTS
Freshman Jack Sanborn and a pair of relays earned wins for the Princeton men's swimming and diving team Friday night during the first session of the season-opening Big Al Open.
Princeton opened the meet with a victory in the 200 free relay, and it saw a pair of freshmen help lead the way. Freshmen Teo D'Alessandro and Jeremy Wong joined sophomore Harrison Wagner and senior Brian Barrett for a win in 1:23.06.
Freshman En-Wei Hu-Van Wright took second in the 500 free with a time of 4:35.84, while D'Alessandro (4:37.66) and sophomore Caleb Tuten (4:38.66) place 4-5 in the event.
Princeton took the top five spots in the 200 IM, and three freshmen were first to touch the wall. Byron Sanborn and Marco Bove produced the most exciting finish of the session, with Sanborn (1:52.53) topping Bove (1:52.57) by less than half a second. Hu-Van Wright took third in 1:53.31, while Maher finished fourth in 1:53.57. Junior Daniel Hasler took fifth in 1:55.26.
Fordham's Demetrios Karedis won the 50 free, while Wagner (20.99) and freshman Brooks Powell (21.04) placed second and third.
The Tiger men went 1-2 in the 400 medley relay to finish the session. The team of Maher, Hasler, Oliver Bennett and Wong won the race in 3:24.16, while Kaspar Raigla, Jack Pohlmann, Bove and Ian Rea placed second in 3:27.11.
The Big Al Open concludes Saturday with a pair of sessions, one at 9 am and one at 2 pm. You can follow via live video or live results by clicking on the links above.


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Cave Aged
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Haystack Mountain
Haystack PeakThe most delicious foothill we've seen, tucked beneath the shadows of the Rockies in Longmont, Colorado, Haystack Peak bursts with aromas of wet stone and flavors of sautéed mushrooms and cultured butter. Read More
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Nettle Meadow
KunikA powerful one-two punch. Begin with tangy goat milk and enrich with Jersey cow cream for buttery decadence. Then, ripen in Murray's cave for a mineral finish and perfect rind. Read More


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Just when you feel like your hands have given their all, there's hope to help give back. Hands of Hope Hand & Cuticle Cream is designed to help moisturize and smooth dry hands and rough cuticles. The formula contains shea butter and a blend of natural oils to help provide long-lasting moisture and help prevent dry skin and nails.This ultra-rich hand cream helps aid in moisture retention and improve skin's smoothness for silky, soft hands. Hands of Hope absorbs quickly without leaving hands feeling sticky or greasy. It's the hope your hands have been searching for. Apply liberally to hands as needed.
Department: CosmeticsStyle: 00520604


text: Teens, there is an Online Book Club just for you. Signup today and start reading books tomorrow! Every Monday, you will be introduced to a new Teen book. Receive a five-minute read in your e-mail every weekday morning. By the end of the week you can decide if you want to read the entire book or give it a miss. If you like the book it is easy to check it out from your local library.


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I want to ask you about PD. I know this place has been around a long time and survived terrible wars. I think it has kept it's spirit which is unique compared to other places.
So I want to make some statements about what this forum is and isn't and see if you agree.
1) Although this place is loose and not totalitarian I expected it to be overrun by trolls. There are trolls but not the same type as else where. I notice PD isn't like the 4chan culture and no one here likes memes. This place is so anti-memes I didn't even know about meme popularity in the rest of the internet.
I'm curious how that was kept out?
2)This place is laid back and people don't take them self to seriously. It's been more serious in the past as wars and arguments have been driven my competition and change. But none of the stuff that happen was due to self important duch-bagery.
Why are most people on PD friendly?
3) Mod abuse did happen on PD and there were fights between mods. But their actions didn't require bureaucratic consensus from other mods. That means that some bans would be undone by other mods. Some how this didn't cause massive infighting. Also at no point did mods seem to collaborate to ban members. I guess that is because mods didn't require other people's input. In general the will of the forums stood above the will of the administration and Tim took it to extremes when he gave up his power.
Why is the forum as a whole more important than what the people in power want?
I know I'm babbling nonsense but after joining a few other forums I have to wonder how PD kept it's community feel. While other places are just plain hell.
If we had alot more members would this place take a turn for the worse?


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About Our School
North Fitzroy Primary School, established in 1875 and located in an attractive inner-city suburb four kilometres from the CBD, is a school of 540 plus students.
The school is culturally rich, having a high socio-economic profile and a mid to high proportion of students with English as Another Language.
Our fete is on Sunday 9 November, 2014.
Find out about our Out of School Hours Care program.
NFPS is committed to continuous improvement and excellence. As we aim to educate the whole child, our outstanding achievement is evident across the whole curriculum.Find out more +
From The Principal
Welcome to North Fitzroy Primary School (NFPS) where we are committed to developing responsible global citizens and the leaders of tomorrow.
To be a student at NFPS means to access opportunity – the opportunity to learn, the opportunity to develop, and the opportunity to excel.Read full report +


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April 9, 2013
TUCSON, Ariz.- University of Arizona women's soccer team concluded their 2013 spring home slate with a tie (1-1) against NMSU and a win (2-1) over UTEP.
On Saturday, the Wildcats tied New Mexico State University 1-1 in a fast paced match. The Wildcats got the lead in the first half when Senior Jazmin Ponce scored the goal off a corner kick. NMSU responded with a goal in the second half to tie the game 1-1.
On Sunday, Arizona came out with a 2-1 victory over the University of Texas at El Paso. UTEP managed to put one away 15 minutes into the match after a slow start by the Cats. Only 10 minutes later, Arizona responded when Ponce was fouled in the box which resulted in a penalty for the Wildcats. Ponce netted the penalty kick with confidence to tie up the game. Junior Candice Osei-Agyemang gave the Wildcats a 2-1 lead off a great combination play around the box which lead teammate Ana Montoya to fire a shot that rebounded off the upright which allowed Candice to slot it into the back of the net.
"Our major objective over the weekend was team development and growth," head coach Tony Amato said. "I thought we accomplished this objective over the course of two matches. We showed great resiliency to overcome a goal deficit in the second game against a team that is difficult to play against. I was happy with the weekend and I give a lot of credit to the players for competing on back to back days."
To conclude the spring matches, the Cats will travel to El Paso, Texas to take on UNM on Sunday, April 21 at noon. Updates can be found on Twitter and Facebook.


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In 1995, the Department of Moroccan Languages and Culture (DMLC) was created to provide quality language instruction that would help CCCL program participants immerse themselves in Moroccan culture. Since then, the department has gained respect for its courses and textbooks, and attracted over 300 students annually of diverse backgrounds from all over the world. The DMLC provides and coordinates all language courses that are part of study abroad programs and classes requested by individuals that are interested in language and cultural learning.
The Department offers courses in Standard Arabic (Fus'ha), Moroccan Arabic (Darija), and Tamazight (Berber). Students can also opt for the Language for Special Purposes (LSP) which is designed for students wishing to study specific topics such as politics, economics, or religion in one of the three languages mentioned above. Classes are available for students of all levels, and range from one-on-one instruction to a maximum of 10 students per class. Individual levels are determined through oral and written placement tests. In conjunction with its language courses, the DMLC hosts cultural events for all its program participants. Examples of previous culture sessions include lectures on current events and culture, music and dance performances, and Arabic film screenings.
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Part Art and Book Fair, Part Photo Fest, Unseen Delivers Energy, Mixed Reviews From Sellers in Second Year
In its second year, Unseen Art Fair drew an international audience to Amsterdam to view previously un-exhibited work from established artists and emerging talents. Set against the industrial backdrop of a repurposed nineteenth century coal gas power plant, the "art fair with a festival flair," as organizers dubbed it, featured plenty of energy and excitement, but drew mixed reactions from gallerists, with some noting that combining an art fair, book fair and photo festival, with artist talks and other programming, distracted from the business of print sales. (more…)
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Please note: Chocolates are non-refundable. If they arrive melted, please pop them in the refrigerator so they solidify and enjoy!
Imagine sweet, tangy, antioxidant-rich acai berries surrounded by delicious raw chocolate that's exactly what you'll get in the new Acai Cacao Truffle Bar from the culinary geniuses at Righteously Raw! The Acai Cacao Truffle Bar represents a stunning advance for raw chocolatiers and raw chocolate, enrobing a rich filling of acai with dark, decadent raw cacao. Like the other Righteously Raw Truffle Bars, Acai Cacao is completely raw, organic, & gluten-free. But acai and cacao have even more in store than awesome nutrition.
The texture of this bar alternates between the delicate snap of the best raw chocolate and the smooth texture of a superfruit filling, for a treat that is totally unique, simply delicious. Righteously Raw!
Makers of raw chocolate bars have long sought to emphasize the profound flavor of cacao through the careful selection of healing sweeteners. In the spirit of the most Righteous cacao on the planet, the makers of Acai Cacao Truffle Bars use Organic Yacon Syrup and Organic Agave Nectar to bring out the raw earthiness of cacao and acai, with hardly any effect on your blood sugar. Agave is widely known as a clean, low-glycemic alternative sweetener, and Yacon has an even lower Glycemic Index, while offering added benefits for imporoved digestion and greater immnity.
Acai is gaining more and more attention as an antioxidant champ in its own right, the perfect match for raw cacao and other superfoods like goji berries and yacon. The rich, deeply satisfying flavor of acai lingers on the tongue after every bite, thanks to a wide spectrum of Omega 6 and Omega 9 oils. The taste lingers long enough to allow the rich flavors of cacao and yacon to arise, creating a truly unexpected synergy of Amazonian superfoods. Your ticket to superfood nirvana arrives as soon as you take your next bite of the Acai Cacao Truffle Bar.
The Acai Cacao Truffle Bar is 100% Certified Organic by CCOF, certified Kosher by EarthKosher, totally vegan, and prepared in a facility approved to be Gluten-Free by the Celiac-Sprue Association. The Acai Cacao Truffle Bar is prepared in a nut-free facility.
The Acai Cacao Truffle Bar contains 80% Cacao by weight. Net Wt. 2.3 oz
If you are concerned about the temperatures in your area, please also consider selecting expedited shipping (3rd Day, 2nd Day, or Next Day Air) upon checkout.
|Righteously Raw
|Organic Cacao Butter, Organic Cacao Powder, Organic Acai Berry (Freeze Dried), Organic Agave Nectar, Organic Coconut Oil, Organic Yacon Syrup, Organic Vanilla Bean, Himalayan Pink Salt.
|Non-GMO, USDA Organic, Raw, Vegan, Gluten-Free, Earth Kosher
|Store in cool place, preferably refrigerator.
Customer Reviews
- Indulgent Review by Fernanda
- Tart, blueberry-like flavor Review by Elizabeth
- Delicious Review by Isabella
- Perfect!!!!!! Delectable!!!!!! Review by mimi