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I read some code of a colleague and found that he often catches various exceptions and then always throws a 'RuntimeException' instead. I always thought this is very bad practice. Am I wrong?
I do not know enough context to know whether your colleague is doing something incorrectly or not, so I am going to argue about this in a general sense.
I do not think it is always an incorrect practice to turn checked exceptions into some flavor of runtime exception. Checked exceptions are often misused and abused by developers.
It is very easy to use checked exceptions when they are not meant to be used (unrecoverable conditions, or even control flow). Especially if a checked exception is used for conditions from which the caller cannot recover, I think it is justified to turn that exception to a runtime exception with a helpful message/state. Unfortunately in many cases when one is faced with an unrecoverable condition, they tend to have an empty catch block which is one of the worst things you can do. Debugging such an issue is one of the biggest pains a developer can encounter.
So if you think that you are dealing with a recoverable condition, it should be handled accordingly and the exception should not be turned into a runtime exception. If a checked exception is used for unrecoverable conditions, turning it into a runtime exception is justified.
It can be GOOD. Please read:
Throwing checked exceptions and not being able to recover from it is not helping.
Some people even think that checked exceptions should not be used at all. See http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-jtp05254/index.html
Also from the same link:
No, you are not wrong. His practice is extremely misguided. You should throw an exception that captures the issue that caused it. RunTimeException is broad and over reaching. It should be a NullPointerException, ArgumentException, etc. Whatever accurately describes what went wrong. This provides the ability to differentiate issues that you should handle and let the program survive versus errors that should be a "Do not pass go" scenario. What he is doing is only slightly better than "On Error Resume Next" unless there is something missing in the info provided in the question.
It depends.
This practice may be even wise. There are many situations (for example in web developement), where if some exception happens, you are unable to do anything (because you cannot for example repair inconsistent DB from your code :-), only developer can do it). In these situations, it is wise to wrap the thrown exception into a runtime exception a rethrow it. Than you can catch all these exceptions in some exception handling layer, log the error and display the user some nice localized error code + message.
On the other hand, if the exception is not runtime (is checked), the developer of the API indicates, that this exception is resolvable and should be repaired. If its possible, than you should definitely do it.
The other solution might be to rethrow this checked exception into the calling layer, but if you were unable to solve it, where the exception occured, you will be likely unable to solve it here also...
I would like to get comments on this, but I find there are times when this isn't necessarily bad practice. (Or terribly bad). But maybe i am wrong.
Often times an API you are using will throw an exception that you can't imagine actually being thrown in your specific usecase. In this case, it seems perfectly fine to throw a RuntimeException with the caught exception as the cause. If this exception is thrown, it'll likely be the cause of programming error and isn't inside the bounds for correct specification.
Assuming the RuntimeException isn't later caught and ignored, it's no where near an OnErrorResumeNext.
The OnErrorResumeNext would occur when someone catches an exception and simply ignores it or just prints it out. This is terribly bad practice in almost all cases.
This is common practice in many frameworks. E.g.
I am pretty annoyed (and shocked) with the rest of the answers here so I have decided to answer this myself.
TL;DR If you don't know how to handle a checked exception in the current scope then propagate it, don't crash the application.
When is it appropriate to throw a runtime exception? You throw a runtime exception when it is clear that the code is incorrect, and that recovery is appropriate by modifying the code.
For instance, it is appropriate to throw a runtime exception for the following:
This will throw a division by zero runtime exception. This is appropriate because the code is defective.
Or for instance, here's a portion of
In order to fix the initial capacity or load factor, it is appropriate that you edit the code to ensure that the correct values are being passed in. It is not dependent on some far away server being up, on the current state of the disk, a file, or another program. That constructor being called with invalid arguments depends on the correctness of the calling code, be it a wrong calculation that led to the invalid parameters or inappropriate flow that missed an error.
When is it appropriate to throw a checked exception? You throw a checked exception when the issue is recoverable without changing the code. Again, I'll rephrase to make it clearer -- you throw a checked exception when the error is related to state while the code is correct.
Now the word "recover" may be tricky here. It could mean that you find another way to achieve the goal. Like, for instance, if the server doesn't respond then you should try the next server. If that sort of recovery is possible for your case then that's great, by all means do it. But that's not exactly what it means -- recovery could simply be displaying an error dialog to the user that explains what happened, or if that's a server application then it could be sending an email to the administrator, or even merely logging the error appropriately and concisely.
I'm not feeling very creative at the moment, so let's take the example that was mentioned in mrmuggles' answer:
This sort of abomination is not the correct way to handle the checked exception. The mere incapacity to handle the exception in this method's scope does not mean that the app should be crashed. Instead, it is appropriate to propagate it to a higher scope like so:
Which allows for the possibility of recovery by the caller:
Propagation is one of the reasons for which checked exceptions are great. It allows you to pass the handling of the error to the application layer with ease, and it ensures that no portions of the error flow will be ignored. Rethrowing the exception as a runtime exception is working against this wonderful feature.
It is also worth mentioning that in contrast to popular opinion, the calling layer has a better context of the grander scheme of things as has been demonstrated above. There could be many causes for that
A different (more article-like) version of this answer has been published on ##java at Freenode blog.
For standalone applications. When you know your application cannot handle the exception you could, instead of throwing the checked RuntimeException, throw Error, let the application crash, hope for bug-reports, and fix your application. (See the answer of mrmuggles for a more in depth discussion of the pro's and con's of checked versus unchecked.)
This might depend on case to case basis. In certain scenarios it is wise to do what your friend is doing, for example when you are exposing an api for some clients and you want the client to be least aware of the implementation details, where you know that certain implementation exceptions may be specific to implementation details and not exposable to the client.
By keeping the checked exceptions out of the way, you can expose api's that would enable the client to write cleaner code as the client itself might be pre-validating the exceptional conditions.
For example Integer.parseInt(String) takes a string and returns the integer equivalent of it and throws NumberFormatException in case the string is not numeric. Now imagine a form submission with a field
There are really a couple of questions here
The general rule of thumb is that exceptions that the caller is expected to catch and recover from should be checked. Other exceptions (ones where the only reasonable outcome is to abort the whole operation or where you consider them unlikely enough that worrying about handling them specifically is not worth it) should be unchecked.
Sometimes your judgement on whether an exception deserves catching and recovery is different from that of the API you are working with. Sometimes context matters, an exception that is worth handling in one situation may not be worth handling in another. Sometimes your hand is forced by existing interfaces. So yes there are legitimate reasons to turn a checked exception into an unchecked exception (or to a different type of checked exception)
Firstly and most importantly make sure you use the exception chaining facility. That way the information from the original exception is not lost and can be used for debugging.
Secondly you have to decide what exception type to use. Using a plain runtimeexception makes it harder for the caller to determine what went wrong but if the caller is trying to determine what went wrong that may be an indication that you should not have changed the exception to make it unchecked.
The whole "checked exception" thing is a bad idea.
Structured programming only allows information to be passed between functions (or, in Java parlance, methods) when they are "nearby". More precisely, information can only move across functions in two ways:
This is a fundamentally good thing. This is what allows you to reason about your code locally: if you need to understand or modify a part of your program, you only need to look at that part and other "nearby" ones.
However, in some circumstances, it is necessary to send information to a "distant" function, without anyone in the middle "knowing". This is precisely when exceptions have to be used. An exception is a secret message sent from a raiser (whatever part of your code might contain a
Checked exceptions destroy the secrecy of the mechanism, and, with it, the very reason for its existence. If a function can afford to let its caller "know" a piece of information, just send that piece of information directly as a part of the return value.
In my opinion,
In the framework level, we should be catch runtime exceptions to reduce more block of try catch to the invoker in the same place.
In the application level, we rarely capture runtime exceptions and i think this practice was bad.
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That's the question.
Salt Lake mag has a quartet competing at Salt Lake Art Center's Miniature Golf exhibit Wednesday. Some people are flexing their wrists and throwing darts to improve their swing and aim.
Me, I'm worrying about what to wear.
It's too late to get team T-shirts, even though Jeremy thought of a catchy slogan: they would all say, "Didn't you read my blog?" over a magazine logo. And times being what they are in the publishing biz, our comptroller in Florida nixed the expense, anyway.
So we're on our own.
I have some examples. Remember Katharine Hepburn in Pat & Mike? I just don't think I have the cheekbones to pull it off...
But. Not blonde enough. Not tan enough. Not ethnic enough. Face it: not young enough.
I've spent a lifetime watching golf on television over the shoulder of my beloved father, a great armchair golfer, Bobby Jones fan and author of the definitive review of a golf game,"Golf isn't FUN, Mary."
No. But it is fun-ny when it comes to clothes. I mean:
So I can't help but wonder why, when a game of golf seems to inspire men to unprecedented heights (or depths, depending on how you look at it) of unfettered flights of fashion-plaid pants, pink shirts, green jackets-women golfers are stuck in khaki skorts and gender-free polo shirts.
It makes me wish Madonna or Lady Gaga had taken up the sport. But they're probably intimidated by John Daly: When Payne Stewart can look like this:
and Amy Alcott looks like this:
something is very, very wrong.
At least, I can find no sartorial inspiration...


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Sept. 13, 1997
Arizona State vs. Miami Game Notes
- This game marks Miami's first loss in a home opener since a 35-23 loss to Florida in 1985.
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- The last time Miami gave up 100 yards or more to two players in the same game was back in 1979 when Syracuse's Bill Hurley (124) and Joe Morris (114) turned the trick.
- This is the first game since 1984 that Miami has not scored an offensive touchdown.


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I was so excited that I was given these as one of my UK candy finds. With my love for the US's Starburst and Japan's HiChew, I can safely assume that the UK equivalent would be something right up my alley. Fruitella seem to be a bit of a classic UK candy, found in most stores and even sold individually in bulk bins. I know that, unlike Starburst and HiChew, they use all natural ingredients and flavors, which I find attractive in a candy.
The pieces are a little smaller and a little thicker than a Starburst chew, yet they approximately the same: square in shape, wrapped in colorful wax paper and come in a long roll.
First, I have to report that I only tasted a few of the flavors because in this pack of four big rolls I assumed that all were the same assorted mix of every flavor. I was mistaken. I only realized this after it was too late to get the ones I shared with my boyfriend. He did say they were very tasty though.
But out of the flavors I did try, I did enjoy very much.
Strawberry: The color is a light pastel pink, since it's all natural. Te flavor is very milky, creamy, and berry-like. It's odd because I also taste notes of banana and medicine in there too. It's an odd, starchy sweetness followed by a bitterness that I couldn't quite put my finger on. It was good, but strange.
Orange: Nowhere near as intense as the Starburst orange flavor. The taste is mild with an authentic juiciness and nice zest to it. It still gets my saliva going, which I love.
Lemon: The color is a light, pastel yellow. The flavor is extremely authentic of fresh lemons: zesty, tart, bright and citrusy. It left an awesome fresh flavor in my mouth and I couldn't get enough of these.
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I hope to get my hands on more so I can try the peach, raspberry and pear flavors I missed. Next time!
Rating: Will Buy Again


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Useful Links
International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA)
- Date submitted: 31 Oct 2011
- Stakeholder type: Major Group
- Name: International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA)
- Submission Document: Download
Full Submission?Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature? ? Principle 1 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992
This position statement and submission is delivered in response to the request for input from the co-chairs of the UNCSD Bureau, dated 14 March 2011, to the compilation document used to prepare the zero draft of the UNCSD Rio+20 outcome framework.
The International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA) represents 1.3 million medical students from 91 countries across the globe.
We affirm our commitment to the principles outlined in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and of Agenda 21. In particular, we believe that human health and wellbeing must be a central tenant of any global agreement made at the UNCSD Rio+20.
Whilst acknowledging the considerable improvements achieved in development and poverty eradication (in no small part as a result of the Millennium Declaration), we note the limited progress made in bringing together historically independent social, environmental and economic policy at a national and international level.
Rio+20 must support global recognition that social, economic and environmental principles underpinning sustainable development are mutually enhancing, not mutually exclusive. Evidence and experience have proven that health and sustainable development are interdependent and indivisible. Progress thus far in sustainable development has been impeded by constrained thinking, which assumes that economic growth coupled with a focus on specific disease and discrete sectors in isolation to one another, will stimulate development.
Objectives from Rio+20
We call for a return to the principles of health and human rights as enshrined in Article 1 of the 1992 Rio Declaration and of health as the highest social goal as enshrined in the 1978 Declaration of Alma-Mata. This should place health at the centre of the international negotiation process, as a necessary precondition for sustainable development, fundamental to social, environmental and economic development. Such an approach must address the social, environmental and economic determinants of health as a means to reduce health inequities through integration of health in all outcomes of the summit.
Shifts in a geopolitical world have exacerbated many of the challenges faced by Majority World Nations. Chief among them are the provision of access to medicines, health services, adequate food and clean water for drinking and sanitation. We look to Rio+20 to elevate and further validate the social determinants of health nexus as a core concept in sustainable development.
Rio+20 must provide a comprehensive and ambitious plan of action for the mainstreaming, enhancement, and accelerated implementation of Agenda 21. Such strategies should include formal mechanisms to ensure the co-implementation of social, economic and environmental policies and the securing of resources for development and implementation of Action Plans.
Health in the Green Economy
We view the green economy as a means to achieving the overarching goals of global poverty eradication and improved health and well-being for all, and not an end in itself.
We support the initiatives and strategies outlined in the World Health Organisation?s ?Health in the Green Economy? Series1 which proposes a series of co-beneficial solutions for health and climate change mitigation and adaptation, relating to health systems, housing and household energy, and the transport sector. We call for a Health in All Policies (HiAP)2 approach to sustainable development, which outlines the need for cooperation between all sectors of society, to advance Human development, sustainability, and equity. Such an approach emphasise that all implementation strategies which emerge from Rio+20 will be best achieved when integrated with health and well-being as a key component of their policy development. A key factor in the green economy must involve strengthening the capacity of national healthcare systems with an emphasis on devolved yet integrated care, and embedded prevention thinking to face the emerging epidemiological and demographic challenges in health. Such an approach will coincide with the development and implementation of sustainable practices within healthcare systems.
The promotion of holistic and long-term sustainable city planning based on environment-sensitive master planning that takes into account population growth, resource utilization, building design, efficient transportation and waste management. Sustainable architecture should strive to improve living conditions, reduce vulnerability and diminish exposure to hazardous materials, tackling the social determinants of health. This could be made possible through financial incentives and mandatory technical standards for new developments.
The implementation of environmental policies must stress green strategies which enhance health and economic benefits in an equitable fashion, rather than environmental protectionist strategies, concerned only with environmental benefit.
Youth Engagement and Capacity Building
Article 25 of Agenda 21 states that "Youth comprise nearly 30 per cent of the world's population. The involvement of today's youth in environment and development decision-making and in the implementation of programmes is critical to the long-term success of Agenda 21." We agree with the sentiment expressed in Article 25 and call upon all parties to engage youth organisations and in particular young professional organisations, with sustainable development decision making processes. As future health professionals who will be involved in the delivery of healthcare and as young people whose health will be affected by failing to develop sustainably we request all parties to listen to the views of future health professionals on sustainable development.
With regards to capacity building, we take the concepts outlined in Article 6 of the UNFCCC and would like to see them applied to the field of sustainable development. We call on parties to further ?the development and implementation of education and training programmes, including the strengthening of national institutions and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field in particular for developing countries?. We would also like to see this incorporated within existing professional education programs so as to enable future professionals to actively participate in tackling sustainable development problems and promoting of their solutions.
Implementation, Accountability, and Building Momentum
We support the use of key health-based indicators as a measure of global progress, and in the evaluation of all sustainable development policies implemented as a result of Rio+20. Unlike sustainable development, health is a simplistic and tangible concept, with immediate and personal benefits. As such, health outcomes generate significant public interest and additional political will.
We look to the World Health Organisation, and their established tools and instruments useful in evaluating the social impacts of policies across all sectors. Member states should implement similar evaluation and monitoring mechanisms to obtain specific data on the effectiveness of the policy agreements made at the Earth Summits, feeding back to regional reporting and support systems to ensure enhanced political accountability.
Whilst broadly supportive of proposals to upgrade the UNEP to a Specialised Agency, in that it would advance the sustainable development agenda, we believe the integration and strengthening of health and human rights institutions to tackle issues in sustainable development to be of equal importance. As such, any additional Specialised Agency should include the economic, social and environmental principles of sustainable development in its mandate.
We support an evidence based, precautionary approach to sustainable development detached from the biases of the political process. As such, we see great merit in the establishment of an intergovernmental scientific body tasked with reviewing and assessing the scientific, technical, and socio-economic information relevant to sustainable development. Such a body would simultaneously act to form a link between policy- and decision- makers, and sustainable development science.