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Asian and Pacific Region
- Date submitted: 1 Nov 2011
- Stakeholder type: Regional Preparatory Meeting Outcomes
- Name: Asian and Pacific Region
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Full SubmissionEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific in collaboration with United Nations Environment Programme Asian Development Bank The Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Seoul, 19-20 October 2011 Report of the Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development I. Matters Calling for Action by the Secretariat or Brought to Its Attention 1. The Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, or Rio+20) adopted the Report of the Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for UNCSD and agreed to provide the Seoul Outcome of the Meeting as an input to the UNCSD. II. Proceedings of the Meeting A. Sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific: Key challenges and opportunities 2. Under agenda item four on Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific, the Secretariat provided an overview of the programme for the Meeting and procedures, followed by reports from a number of subregional, regional and global meetings related to the UNCSD. a) H.E. Mr. Fa?amoetauloa Taito Faale Tumaalii, Minister of State, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Samoa, presented the outcomes of the Rio+20 Pacific Preparatory Meeting: Joint Ministerial Meeting, held 20-22 July 2011 in Apia, Samoa. His Excellency reported that the Pacific Meeting adopted the ?Green economy in a blue world? theme for Rio+20 to reflect that the smallness and isolation of the Pacific population does not allow sufficient human capacity to build resilience. Thus, capacity- building remains a key issue for sustainable development and the management of the global commons of the world?s largest ocean. Small Island Developing Countries need additional and considerable external financing and seek agreements with the international community to improve access to funds. b) Mr. Kilaparti Ramakrishna, Director of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia, presented the outcome of the Sixteenth Senior Officials Meeting of the North-East Asian Subregional Programme for Environmental Cooperation (NEASPEC), which was held 1-2 September 2011 in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The Meeting of the North-East Asian countries discussed the need to reinforce political commitment to sustainable development. Countries in North-East Asia expressed the view that the Rio+20 should have a concise political declaration and a focused political document on its two themes that provide meaningful insights to formulating international development goals after 2015 with a vision for sustainable development. The Meeting also heard the views of member States on the issues of ?the principle of common but differentiated responsibility?, ?human security? and ?green protectionism? with regard to the global discussion on a green economy. c) Mr. Yifan La, Deputy Director-General of the Department of International Organizations and Conferences, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, provided an overview of the High-Level Symposium on the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held 8-9 September 2011 in Beijing, China. Mr. La expressed that Rio+20 should be action-oriented and consensus-based and not renegotiate or retract agreed instruments, principles and outcomes of major summits on sustainable development. The international community should make provision for technology, finance and capacity- building for sustainable development. To facilitate this, renewed political commitment is essential for increasing the integration of all three pillars of sustainable development. Mr. La indicated that a green economy could be a good instrument to achieve sustainable development. Strengthened governance in all three pillars as well as improved integration among the three pillars is essential, and the United Nations should continue to play a leading role towards achieving that goal. d) Mr. Dana Adyana Kartakusuma, Assistant Minister, Economy and Sustainable Development, Ministry of Environment, Indonesia, presented the highlights of the High-Level Dialogue on an Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development, which was held 19-21 July 2011 in Solo, Indonesia. The Dialogue produced seven messages: (1) the need for renewed political commitment for sustainable development and a translation of this commitment into implementation; (2) the need to ensure that the three pillars of sustainable development work together; (3) at the international level, the need for an organization to enhance the integration of sustainable development; (4) at the national level, the need for more integrated support for national strategies; (5) the need to strengthen the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); (6) the need to review and support sustainable development governance at the local, national and regional levels; and (7) the need for new and additional financing to enable implementation for capacity-building and technology transfer. e) H.E. Mr. Ruslan Iskanderovich Bultrikov, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Environment Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, delivered a presentation on the progress made on the development of the Europe-Asia- Pacific Green Bridge Partnership Programme of the Astana ?Green Bridge? Initiative. Based on the Initiative, which was welcomed and endorsed as an outcome of sixth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific (MCED-6, in Astana, October 2010), the Green Bridge Partnership Programme was developed with international partners. The Green Bridge Partnership Programme was supported by the seventh Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference (Astana, September 2011) and proposes simple and practical measures to sustain reforms, create enabling conditions for green technologies, attract private green investment and transfer successful experience to interested countries and organizations. The Green Bridge Partnership Programme is proposed as an effective mechanism for supporting existing programmes, linking with various sectors of the economy and encouraging investment through policies and projects. The list of potential green projects of the Green Bridge Partnership Programme was presented, and all participating countries and organizations were invited to cooperate in these projects. f) Mr. Rajneesh Dube, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest, India, presented the outcome of the Delhi Dialogue on Green Economy and Inclusive Growth, which was held 3-4 October 2011 in New Delhi, India. Mr. Dube reported that many in the Dialogue considered the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities to be crucial in the context of reinvigorating Agenda 21; he acknowledged that poverty eradication is an important benchmark for green economy policies. The Dialogue reiterated that there should be recognition of national priorities and conditions that define the nature of the policies and strategies adopted by each country to green their economies. There is the need for creating a sustainable development fund at the global level to enable the transition to a green economy. The Dialogue also called for a green economy road map, with a tool box of flexible policies, instruments and best practices. g) Mr. Sergio Luis Lebedeff Rocha, Minister-Counsellor of the Embassy of Brazil in Seoul, briefed the Meeting on the status of preparations for the UNCSD in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and expressed his expectation for active participation of all government and major group representatives in the Conference. 3. Key outcomes and recommendations from a number of stakeholder meetings were presented, as follows: a) Ms. Chee Yoke Ling, Director of Programmes, Third World Network, presented a statement from The Road to Rio+20: Charting Our Path, which was held 17-18 October 2011 in Seoul, Republic of Korea. She indicated that although the environmental dimension of sustainable development has remained weak, the economic dimension characterized by market liberalism, privatization and deregulation has resulted in global financial instability. Employment and livelihoods, the rights of women, indigenous peoples, youth and other vulnerable groups have suffered for this. There is concern that the preparatory process has not sufficiently looked into the gaps over the past 20 years. She emphasized that the focus should be on the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development rather than on a green economy or green growth. There is a basic right to natural resources that should be used in a sustainable manner. Regarding the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development, the creation of a Sustainable Development Council at the General Assembly is recommended, along with strengthening UNEP and coordinating system-wide reforms. b) Mr. Bruce McKellar, Chair of the International Council for Science (ICSU) Regional Committee for Asia and the Pacific, provided an overview of issues raised during the ICSU-UNESCO Asia Pacific Regional Science and Technology Workshop in Kuala Lumpur in April 2011. The Workshop recognized that the continued use of the Earth?s resources and ecosystems in an unsustainable manner will lead to the situation in which the planet will not support us, recognized already by the number of people living in extreme poverty. A green economy coupled with a clear commitment to poverty reduction is a practical way to achieve sustainable development, for which the indicators of sustainable development should be fully utilized. With regard to institutional reform for sustainable development, there is a need to integrate the environment, society, economics, natural and social sciences and technology in a holistic manner. c) Prof. Hironori Hamanaka, Chair of the Board of Directors, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), summarized the outcomes of the International Forum for Sustainable Asia and the Pacific, which was held in July 2011 in Yokohama, Japan. The messages were: resilience is a key factor for pursuing sustainable development; a green economy is an important interim milestone for shifting towards sustainable development; and a better institutional framework for sustainable development is one of the necessary conditions that supports efforts by all stakeholders at all levels. With regard to the institutional framework, universal membership for UNEP should be realized, and there needs to be a strengthening and coordinating of existing institutions and networks at the regional level. d) Mr. Paul Lagoy Quintos, Programme Manager, IBON International, reported on the meeting titled ?Promoting a Transformative Agenda for Sustainable Development: A Strategy Workshop on Rio+20?, which was held in August 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand. The outcome ?People?s Statement? called upon governments and the United Nations system to deliver on the promises and commitments made at the Rio Summit 20 years ago and asked that they reaffirm and operationalize the Rio Principles. The participants expressed concern that the green economy theme chosen for the Rio+20 does not fully or holistically address the social, economic and ecological challenges of sustainable development today. Instead, the participants requested governments to look at people-centred sustainable development that is supported and promoted by an enabling environment. Regarding the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development, Rio+20 should work towards establishing a broad inclusive multi-stakeholder consultative body or network that is tasked with supporting the promotion and implementation of Agenda 21 and Rio+20 resolutions. e) Ms. Daphne Dolot Roxas, Executive Director and Co-convener, Asian Women?s Network on Gender and Development, presented the outcome of the Asian Women?s Forum on Gender Justice and the Green Economy: Special focus on water, energy and food security, which was held 12-16 September 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand. Key recommendations from this meeting include the need for recognizing gender inequity and an integration of gender perspectives in planning, decision-making processes and implementation of programmes and projects in water, energy and food security. With respect to these three sectors, the participants called for a rights-based approach to development and women?s empowerment and that gender mainstreaming must include sex-disaggregated data, gender analysis, gender action plans, monitoring and evaluation, gender indicators, gender budget audits and support to women?s leadership in all levels of decision-making. 4. Statements by representatives of member states, major groups and other organisations covered the topics of a green economy in the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development and the institutional framework for sustainable development and stakeholder perspectives. The highlights of those statements have been compiled in the Chair?s Summary, attached as annex I to this report. B. The Asian and Pacific Regional Outcome on Sustainable Development 5. It was agreed that the ?The Seoul Outcome?, as attached in annex II would be submitted as an input to the UNCSD. C. Other matters 6. A number of participants expressed appreciation to the Government of the Republic of Korea for its generosity in hosting this event. Several participants also expressed their appreciation to the organizers and partner organizations for their support in attending the Meeting. D. Adoption of the report of the Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting 7. The Report of the Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for UNCSD was adopted on 20 October 2011. III. Organization of the Regional Preparatory Meeting A. Opening session 8. The opening session included seven statements from distinguished speakers, organizers, partners, the host government and the UNCSD Secretariat. a) The Secretary-General of the UNCSD Secretariat, Mr. Sha Zukang, opened the session with an overview of Asia and the Pacific, a region that represents more than half of humanity and has much to contribute to a sustainable future, considering its great progress in reducing poverty and protecting ecosystems. Mr. Sha emphasized that Rio+20 must start with a reaffirmation of the Rio principles and the need to renew and reinvigorate political will and commitment. In this connection, he highlighted that a green economy could be a vehicle for integrating the three pillars of sustainable development and a way of reinforcing coherence among economic, environmental and social policies and that the discussion on the institutional framework for sustainable development has been gaining importance and interest. b) Mr. Nessim Ahmad, Director of the Environment and Social Safeguards Division of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), followed with remarks as a collaborating partner to the Meeting by stating that almost two billion people live without proper safe sanitation in Asia and nearly half of billion have no safe drinking water. Rising food prices place pressure on Asia?s poor. Mr. Ahmad indicated that green policy measures and new green market opportunities may increasingly become key drivers for growth in the region. c) Mr. Young-woo Park, Regional Director and Representative for Asia and the Pacific for UNEP, noted the potential for Rio+20 to contribute to the evolution of sustainable development in a way that recognizes and values Asian and Pacific assets and priorities. Regarding a green economy, he remarked that the concept is an instrument to achieve sustainable development and that a green economy would contribute to income generation, job creation and poverty reduction. He also noted that to achieve sustainable development, all three pillars of the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development? environment, social and economic?must be mutually supportive and reinforcing. d) H.E. Mr. Henri Djombo, Minister of Sustainable Development, Forest Economics and Environment in the Republic of Congo, presented the perspectives of the African region in the lead up to the UNCSD and stressed that the Asia and Pacific region and Africa share a common destiny in the context of sustainable development, in particular, through Rio+20 and beyond. He said that Rio+20 should present the opportunity to catalyse a paradigm shift in growth in the twenty-first century and strengthen cooperation between industrialized and developing countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. e) Representing the UNCSD Bureau, Ambassador Kim Sook indicated that a green economy has particular relevance to the Asia and Pacific region and can provide an alternative development path for sustainable growth and environmental protection, which will ultimately contribute to eradicating poverty. A transition to a green economy requires strengthening strategic partnerships between developing and industrialized countries and utilizing public-private partnerships where possible. Institutional mechanisms to facilitate financial assistance and technology transfer to developing countries will have a significant impact on the success of Rio+20. In this context, strengthening the mandate of regional commissions should also be examined. f) Representing the organizers of the Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting, Mr. Shun-ichi Murata, Deputy Executive Secretary of ESCAP, highlighted that the region has plenty of home-grown innovative approaches for supporting the development of a green economy, considering it had the foresight to adopt a ministerial declaration that identified the need to shift towards green growth at the fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific in 2005. He expressed his expectation that, based on their rich experiences, Asia and the Pacific can embrace this unique opportunity to form an effective and powerful regional voice so that the region can play a key role in the development of a global partnership for a green economy. g) Finally, in the keynote speech, the host of the event, H.E. Dr. Yoo Young-Sook, Minister for Environment of the Republic of Korea, welcomed the delegates with the perspective that there is a broad consensus that a green economy can provide an alternative development model by making the economy work for the environment. Her Excellency emphasized that the opportunities and benefits of a green economy must be maximized through effective policies that also promote social equity. She warned that the transition to a green economy will be a huge challenge for the international community, which will need to work together to make country-specific models for building green economies and narrowing the implementation gap. B. Attendance 9. The Meeting was attended by 39 member and associate member States of ESCAP, specifically: Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People?s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Viet Nam. 10. The non-member States of Brazil and the Republic of Congo were also present. 11. Four members of the UNCSD Secretariat and three of the UNCSD Bureau were also present. 12. Representatives of the following United Nations bodies and specialized agencies were present: the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Centre for Regional Development, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the United Nations Office for Project Service, the United Nations University and the World Health Organization. 13. Representatives from the following intergovernmental organizations and other entities also attended: the Asian Development Bank, the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Global Green Growth Institute, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, the International Institute for Sustainable Development, the South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. 14. The following non-governmental organizations and civil society groups also attended: CropLife Asia, the Global Compact Local Network Korea, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Honam Petrochemical Corporation, Korean Metal Workers? Union, the Asia Pacific Network on Food Sovereignty, the Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, the Indonesian Farmers and Fishers Society Organization, the Peasant Movement of the Philippines, the World Farmers? Organisation, the Indigenous Peoples? International Centre for Policy Research and Education, the Island Sustainability Alliance CIS INC, the City Government of Dipolog in Zamboanga del Norte Province, the Local Governments for Sustainability (South Asia), the International Council for Science (ICSU) Regional Committee for Asia and the Pacific, the ICSU Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development, Asian Women?s Network on Gender and Development, the Helena Benitez Global Forum, Philippine Women?s University, Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era, the Ecofund, the Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, the Environmental Challenge Organisation (Singapore), the Freedom from Debt Coalition, the Jubilee South, the Asia Pacific Movement on Debt and Development, the Project Survival Media, Advocates for Youth, the Tunza Asia Pacific Youth Networks (UNEP), Youth with a Mission (Samoa), the Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration, the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development, the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University, the Centre for Environment and Development, the Earth Council Asia-Pacific Inc., the Forum for Nature Protection, the Greeneration Indonesia, the Greenovation Hub, the China Civil Climate Action Network, Greenpeace, the IBON International, the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, the International Green Purchasing Network, the Korean Federation for Environmental Movement, the National Institute for Disaster Prevention, the Ole Siosiomaga Society, the Stakeholder Forum for Sustainable Future, the Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia, the World Society for the Protection of Animals, the Third World Network and the World Wildlife Fund International. 15. Nineteen observers from various international organizations, institutes, companies and civil society organizations were also present. C. Election of officers 16. The Meeting elected the following officers to the Bureau: a) Chairperson: H.E. Mr. Yoon Jong-soo (Republic of Korea) b) Vice-Chairpersons: Mr. Yifan La (China) Ms. Anna Klyukhina (Russian Federation) H.E. Mr. Vijavat Isarabhakdi (Thailand) Mr. Dana Adyana Kartakusuma (Indonesia) Mr. Rajneesh Dube (India) Mr. Golam Kibria (Bangladesh) H.E. Mr. Ruslan Iskanderovich Bultrikov (Kazakhstan) Mr. Sangov Odil (Tajikistan) Ms. Christine Deborah Schweizer (Australia) H.E. Mr. Fa?amoetaula Taito Faale Tumaalii (Samoa) Mr. Asif Qayyum Qureshi (Pakistan) c) Rapporteur: Mr. Atsushi Suginaka (Japan) D. Agenda 17. The Meeting adopted the agenda EDD/UNCSD/RPM/1, with a slight modification to agenda item five: 1. Opening of the Meeting. 2. Election of officers. 3. Adoption of the agenda. 4. Sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific: Key challenges and opportunities: (a) Review of the implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation) in Asia and the Pacific; (b) Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; (c) Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development. 5. Asian and Pacific Regional Outcome on Sustainable Development. 6. Other matters. 7. Adoption of the report. 8. Closing of the Meeting. Annex I Chair?s Summary The Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 19-20 October 2011, Seoul, Republic of Korea Almost 300 delegates from 39 countries of the Asian and Pacific region met in Seoul to prepare for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD). This document presents the summary by the Chair of the Regional Preparatory Meeting of the range of views expressed during the Meeting. It does not reflect a consensus on any of the issues discussed. 1. The emerging development challenges were highlighted by many interventions. The need to change development and economic models to respond to these challenges and as a way to improve progress on sustainable development and poverty eradication was noted. 2. At the same time, the diversity of the region?s resource endowments, stages of development and capacities preclude a universally applicable model of sustainable development. Many countries in the region are already addressing sustainable development challenges with different national and subregional policies, strategies, initiatives and Economic instruments related to the green economy. Several are establishing supportive national institutional frameworks, such as inter-ministerial committees and working groups. The outcomes of the fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific (MCED-5, March 2005, Seoul), which addressed environmentally sustainable economic growth, or green growth, was a catalyst for many of these initiatives. 3. The shared priorities noted by many delegations included: access to basic needs, food security and sovereignty, equitable income distribution and the provision of opportunities for a better life in an inclusive and sustainable way. In relation to natural resource management, improving the management of marine ecosystems was highlighted. The challenges of climate change and the need for specific support in this regard were noted, especially for Small Island Developing States and for farmers. The priority development areas identified were: harmonizing rapid economic growth with employment generation and environmental sustainability; promoting sustainable urban development and transport; enhancing ecological carrying capacity; improving energy access and resource management for sustainable development; improving water resource management for sustainable development; and enhancing the resilience of socio- economic development to climate change and natural disasters. 4. There is a need to make provisions for the technology, financing and capacity- building that are necessary to support developing countries? efforts to achieve sustainable development, including through economic transformation. Appropriate technology, technology cooperation and technology transfer need to be strengthened. Industrialized countries should take the lead in changing consumption and production patterns and help developing countries with financial support, technology transfer, capacity-building and market access. Related comments noted that integrated science (natural, social and economic) has a fundamental role to play in expanding the knowledge needed for sustainable development. At the same time, technological solutions alone will not address all the challenges?changes in social values and practices in addition to technical solutions will be required. 5. It was acknowledged that to drive the required changes, there is a need for all stakeholders to be engaged. The international community?s support for creating an enabling environment for sustainable development, including through a transition to a green economy, would be required. Support to member States is provided by the Government of Republic of Korea, and among others, through the Global Green Growth Institute, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Asian Development Bank and the United Nations Development Programme. 6. The outcomes of Rio+20 should include practical measures for achieving sustainable development and for supporting a transition to a green economy at the global and national levels. Among the proposals made in this regard were: sustainable development goals that are linked to the Millennium Development Goals; the adoption of poverty-reduction goals that support the development of green economy indicators; and the adoption of sustainable development measures to complement national gross domestic product-boosting measures. Proposals relating to financing included the creation of a Sustainable Development Fund, the creation of a Green Economy Fund and a tax on financial transactions. Other proposals included the establishment of a Green Economy Clearing House and a Global Partnership on Green Growth as a way to support poverty eradication and sustainable development. 7. Other comments related to Rio+20 outcomes noted that the Conference should seek to make progress on food and water security and sustainable energy. A comprehensive approach should be developed to alleviate the short-term impacts of food shortages and excessive price volatility on developing countries. Rio+20 should agree to: increase research on agricultural and marine productivity; improve market access for farmers through greater trade liberalization and better market infrastructure; and to improve the coordination among international food security institutions. Rio+20 should also provide a valuable platform to share sustainable development best practice and encourage effective governance, including on water management and water-use efficiency in food production. In addition, Rio+20 should address access to sustainable energy by seeking to reduce the global energy intensity and expand the level of renewable energy used in national energy portfolios. It was also noted that knowledge systems and innovations need to be galvanized. 8. An effective reform of the institutional framework for sustainable development would also support a just transition to a green economy. When the establishment of a Sustainable Development Council is discussed, provisions should also be considered for the participation of major groups? representatives. 9. An objective appraisal of the implementation of sustainable development commitments and action plans was urged, including identification of areas for further progress. There were calls for further progress on: strengthening the holistic integration of the environment, economic and social dimensions of sustainable development; strengthening national councils for sustainable development; defining post-Kyoto commitments; implementing the agreed Rio Principles, in particular Rio Principle 10 on access to information; gender equality, democracy and human rights; regulatory frameworks for financial markets; recognizing the importance of peoples? participation; addressing the challenges of the least developed countries and small island States; providing children and youth with education, training and opportunities; and addressing child labour and animal welfare. 10. Other areas where the need for further progress was identified included: a framework for promoting sustainable consumption and production, commitments to workers? rights and decent jobs; promoting rights-based approaches to development; participation of major groups in decision-making processes, particularly in relation to the management of natural resources; the use of gender-disaggregated data; and partnerships between business and industry, governments and the natural science, social science and technology communities. Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication 11. A green economy was identified as one of the means to achieve sustainable development, a vehicle for integrating the three pillars of sustainable development and a way of reinforcing coherence among economic, environmental and social policies. Some delegations further noted that a green economy was essential for achieving sustainable development and promoting economic growth for poverty eradication. 12. Although Rio+20 would consider this important theme, several delegations emphasized the need for Rio+20 to secure a renewed and strengthened political commitment to sustainable development. Potential confusion regarding the introduction of a new term to the international development agenda was noted. It was also emphasized that green economy measures could not substitute for Kyoto protocol commitments. 13. Although it was recognized that there is no consensus on the definition of a green economy, some common themes were identified: low-carbon growth that delivers affordable and sustainable energy supplies to households; sustainable consumption and production; increased resource efficiency; strengthened measures to manage climate change; sustainable forestry management; sustainable development of mega-cities; the strengthened environmental health of oceans; resilience to natural disasters; and links between environmental degradation and the health of people and ecosystems, among others. 14. A transition to a green economy should follow a people-centred approach and should be clearly linked to poverty-reduction efforts. Comments in this regard included the following: a people-centred approach should address the needs of the disadvantaged and most vulnerable populations; there is a need to recognize human security issues; there is a need to improve social justice; and partnerships should promote sustainable development rather than be exploitative and opportunistic. 15. It was emphasized that member States need the flexibility to select those measures for achieving a green economy that are applicable to their own development contexts and that green economy options should be fair, open, inclusive, equitable and rules-based. Applying the theme of ?greening economies? in the ?blue world? context of the Pacific small island States and countries with a significant fisheries sector and large numbers of coastal communities requires special focus and attention at Rio+20. This is important not just for their benefit but for the sake of the globe as a whole, which depends significantly on the state of the Pacific Ocean and its resources. The ?blue economy? approach reflects the importance of marine resources and ecosystems as a foundation for sustainable development, in particular for the many countries for which they are an important source of food, livelihoods, income and culture. 16. Several interventions emphasized that any transition to a green economy should be based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. Some interventions also noted that countries should establish regulatory and market-based measures to facilitate such a transition in a way that mitigates any adverse impacts on the poorest and most vulnerable populations. This would also include the reform of environmentally harmful subsidies, such as fossil fuel and fishing subsidies. 17. Several delegations remarked that support provided to developing countries should be coordinated to promote aid effectiveness and that a transition to a green economy should not involve the imposition of conditionalities on overseas development aid. In the context of aid effectiveness, it was noted that there is a need for simplifying climate change-financing modalities to allow increased access and reduced transaction costs for developing countries. 18. It was proposed that the systematic exchange of knowledge and best practices for promoting a green economy should be supported through appropriate mechanisms that could include establishing knowledge-exchange platforms and centres of excellence in green technologies and global cooperation in priority sector areas, such as water, energy and the marine environment. This would also include strengthening global observation networks to address climate change and natural disasters. 19. The implementation of a green economy must involve all corners of society, down to the community and individual levels. There were calls for: countries to integrate the concept of sustainable development into national education curricula; public awareness- raising campaigns; and for civil society organizations to be included in decision-making and implementing processes. A role for the private sector in research and development, technological innovation, investment and support through corporate social responsibility programmes was highlighted. There was also a call for the current and potential role of women in achieving sustainable development to be addressed at Rio+20, including encouraging full participation of women in economic and political decision-making processes. 20. The use of unilateral measures that use a green economy and environmental protection as an obstacle to trade must be avoided. It was proposed that support should be provided in the form of capacity development and technology transfer to ensure access to global markets for countries in the region, which is central to achieving a green economy and sustainable development. 21. The interventions of delegations further noted that a green economy would need to: - Be built on sustainable production and consumption patterns and ensuring all people?s well-being; - Be implemented in a way that fully engages stakeholders to ensure an inclusive transition to more sustainable development pathways, including through equitable access to resources and opportunities for advancement and providing decent work and ensuring the equitable distribution of benefits; - Ensure that these approaches are developed and maintained in a way that promotes a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development and does not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade; - Secure the necessary investments towards sustainable management of ecosystems, including through joint management and protection frameworks, such as the Coral Triangle Initiative and the Pacific Oceanscape framework; at the same time, the marginalization of communities must be avoided; - Focus on the development and application of an explicit and supportive programmatic approach for poverty reduction; - Mobilize financing from domestic sources in addition to international sources of financing, including by reducing or eliminating environmentally and economically damaging subsidies and internalizing environmental costs in market prices; - Promote technologies that are critical for increasing access to basic services, in particular water, sanitation and energy, in an integrated manner and in addition to eco-efficient resource use. Institutional framework for sustainable development � 22. The core of sustainable development lies in the coordinated development of the three pillars of economic development, social progress and environmental protection. An institutional framework for sustainable development must be centred on ensuring that these three pillars are addressed in a balanced manner. 23. The international community needs to commit to a meaningful strengthening of governance in all three pillars and to make improving the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development into policymaking a priority. 24. Any reforms will need to focus on improving the functioning of governance structures in this regard on all levels?local, subnational, national, subregional, regional and global. Furthermore, reforms should also provide for the engagement of member States and with United Nations agencies to ensure the strategic direction and national implementation of outcomes as well as open and inclusive mechanisms for engaging all stakeholders, in particular the most disadvantaged populations, women and youth, in decision-making processes. 25. The United Nations should continue to play a leading role in advancing the progress of sustainable development and in providing technical and capacity- development support to developing countries. Better coordination among the United Nations agencies, programmes, funds and institutions needs to be ensured, following the principle of Delivering as One, which will increase effective field and country implementation. The role of regional commissions, as a key element of the regional institutional framework for integrating the three pillars of sustainable development, as per provisions of Agenda 21, needs to be further strengthened to effectively support the implementation of regional and subregional sustainable development strategies and plans. 26. At the global level, international financial institutions will also need to review their programmatic strategies to ensure the provision of better support to developing countries for the implementation of sustainable development. Also at the global level, Rio+20 should identify steps for reforming global governance for sustainable development, including short-and medium-term actions. Options for strengthening the United Nations Economic and Social Council and/or establishing a Sustainable Development Council should be considered. The role of any Sustainable Development Council should be to enhance the monitoring of the progress of sustainable development. To make any Sustainable Development Council that might be established as a result of Rio+20 more effective and inclusive, an advisory body consisting of major groups? representatives, including women and youth, and the scientific community could be established. Such a structure would need to be duplicated at the national level to allow for the effective implementation of sustainable development. 27. Any institutional reform needs to ensure that environmental governance is also strengthened to eliminate the segregation of the environment pillar from the economic and social pillars and to cater for the proliferation of the multilateral environmental agreements. Universal membership and predictable funding for UNEP would be important in the short run. Some interventions noted that the international community needs to review the options and/or support for further strengthening and elevating the status of UNEP to a global environment organization while others were against this proposal. Partnerships for sustainable development 28. Global, regional and subregional partnerships proved to be successful mechanisms for a more inclusive approach to the implementation of sustainable development after the World Summit for Sustainable Development in 2002. Forming regional and inter- regional partnerships to provide support for developing capacity, enhancing policymaking and decision-making processes and increasing awareness were emphasized as effective means for implementing, financing and transferring technology. 29. Delegates also proposed the following partnerships for sustainable development as regional contributions to Rio+20 outcomes: - Astana Green Bridge Initiative: Europe-Asia-Pacific Partnership for Implementation of Green Growth (Kazakhstan). The Green Bridge Partnership Programme developed under this initiative requires a multilateral, long-term partnership, a more stable basis for green investments and a technology transfer mechanism for green technologies and innovations. The programme will be able to ensure free assistance and advice to countries and institutions on new technologies or innovation and also use other countries? experiences in to help to reform policies to attract green investment. The Government of Kazakhstan welcomed the participation of member States of the Europe and Asia-Pacific regions to share their experiences, lessons learned and best practices. - Eco-city development as reflected in the Future City (Japan). The future mega- cities in Asia need to be designed and developed in a sustainable manner to maximize the benefits of low-carbon technologies and waste management. - Initiative to Cultivate Sustainable Citizens (Japan). The development of human resources in Asia and the Pacific is the key to implementing sustainable development. Annex II Seoul Outcome The Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 19-20 October 2011, Seoul, Republic of Korea 1. The participants of the Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development met in Seoul, Republic of Korea on 19-20 October 2011. 2. Recognizing that the Asia and Pacific region is one of the most diverse regional groupings, characterized by high economic growth rates while being home to the largest number of the world?s poor, 3. Further recognizing that the diverse range of States in the region, including but not limited to Small Island Developing States, high-mountain States and land-locked States, continues to face many special and particular vulnerabilities, 4. Reaffirming the principles contained in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21, as well as the instruments further adopted for the implementation of Agenda 21, in particular the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, 5. Also reaffirming that the main objective of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) is to secure renewed political commitment for sustainable development, assessing progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges, 6. The participants considered that the outcome of the Rio+20 conference should be: - Based on the Rio Principles, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities - Action-oriented - Forward-looking - Consensus-based - Inclusive - Supportive of global partnerships for sustainable development. 7. Participants agreed that a green economy has to be seen in the context of the overriding objectives of sustainable development and poverty eradication. The green economy approach should take into account the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in particular, in the context of the Rio Principles. In that regard: - It should: - Promote sustained economic growth for poverty eradication - Be one of the means to achieve and promote sustainable development - Facilitate trade opportunities for all countries, in particular, developing countries - Address the three pillars of sustainable development in a comprehensive, coordinated, synergetic and balanced manner - Allow sufficient policy space and flexibility for governments to pursue sustainable development strategies, based on national circumstances and respective stages of development - Promote the inclusion of vulnerable sections of society, women and youth - Involve all stakeholders - Facilitate technological innovation and transfer and promote access to green technologies at affordable costs - Address the challenges of delivering a green economy in Small Island Developing States in particular, along with high-mountain and land- locked States - Increase resilience to natural disasters. - It should not be used as a pretext for green protectionism. 8. There is a need to reform and improve the institutional framework for sustainable development. The reforms should: - Strengthen coherence and coordination - Enhance implementation at all levels - Strengthen governance in all three pillars - Promote the spirit of multilateralism - Improve balance and integration among the three pillars - Promote institutional capacity-building at all levels - Be aimed at enhancing the role of the United Nations at all levels, including regional and subregional levels. 9. The participants expressed their gratitude to the Government of the Republic of Korea, ESCAP, UNEP and ADB for the excellent arrangements and warm hospitality.


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Mustang Design & Iconic Fashion
Ford Motor Company and Christos Garkinos of Decades Explore Five Decades of Mustang Design and Iconic Fashion
Ford and Christos Garkinos, globally recognized celebrity stylist and co-owner of the renowned Decades vintage boutique in Los Angeles, celebrated the 50th anniversary of Ford's iconic Mustang by staging a fashion show at The Standard Hotel in Hollywood on Tuesday, October 15, 2013. The event explored the correlation between fashion and Mustang design and how both were influenced by the changing trends and culture around us. Garkinos was joined by Joel Piaskowski, Design Director at Ford Motor Company for the talk.
Notables at last night's event included Max Greenfield (New Girl), Lisa Rinna (Days of our Lives), Harry Hamlin (Mad Men), Debbie Matenopoulos (TV Host), Tony Okungbowa (DJ, The Ellen DeGeneres Show), Tracee Ellis Ross (Girlfriends), Garcelle Beauvais, Sky Nellor (DJ).
Photography by WireImage

subset: commoncrawl


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Studied attachment behavior in 48 12-mo-old infants and their mothers who were videotaped during the Ainsworth Strange Situation.
Infant-mother attachment as a function of maternal sensitivity, cognition, personality, and social support [microform]
Smoke Free Homes Committee, Prince Edward Island Tobacco Reduction Alliance
Not all data fabrication originates with, or is known by, the researcher. Fabrication of survey data can occur at multiple sites in the data collection hierarchy. To prevent such survey fraud, each research program must give attention to increasing operational safeguards. Funding agencies should be ...


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Photo via Potholes in My Blog
The Stepkids are the latest signing to Stones Throw records, deviating from the label's "indie hip-hop" reputation earned with artists like Madlib, Percee P, MED, Doom and Dilla. The Stepkids are made up of three meticulous session musicians who got tired of the back-up gigs (playing on stage for artists like Alicia Keys, 50 Cent and Lauryn Hill) and made this new music in their free time. We were lucky to have them open up for Aloe Blacc last year and they blew us away. Aside from the main draw which is their fantastic new sound, they also enhance their live show with visuals by wearing all white clothing while standing in front of a white sheet with a projector in front of them. And lots of beautiful swirling colors.
Along with a free download of "Shadows on Behalf," Stones Throw is offering this stream of "La La," a track that Gilles Peterson had to rewind in his Worldwide radio show. Gilles had to make sure you heard the quiet lyrics early in the song because it's such a lovely tune that it's easy to lose the heavy meaning behind it. Both of these tracks are available on colored vinyl, made exclusively for Record Store Day. Looking like Spin Art, this is the best colored vinyl we've seen yet, making good use of those inevitable ink bleeds.
Their debut album will be released in September 2011.
"Shadows on Behalf" [MP3]
The Stepkids – Shadows On Behalf by stonesthrow
"La La"
The Stepkids – La La by stonesthrow


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The SodaStream Red Soda Maker
Add color to your kitchen
Enjoy refreshing sparkling water and soda by itself or as a foundation for cocktails.
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Choose from over 20 flavors
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reusable bottles
Make your own soda at home and reduce bottle and can waste by up to 90%. Genesis Red Soda Maker quickly and easily turns ordinary water into delicious sparkling beverages. Requires no batteries or electricity. Soda mixes contain no high-fructose corn syrup and are low in calories and sodium.


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Katie Wallace
Career-Best Outdoor Marks
Career-Best Indoor Times
Outdoor 2013: Placed seventh in the 200 meter dash with a mark of 28.48 at the Huskie open...Took eighth place in the 200 meter dash at the Benedictine Twilight with a mark of 27.12.
Indoor 2013: Competed in the 200m Dash at the UW Milwaukee Quad earning a mark of 27.93...Also received a career-best mark of 3.05m in Pole Vault at the Horizon League Championships.
Outdoor 2012: Ran a personal-best :13.24 in the 100 at the Purdue Mike Poehlein Invite ... clocked a career-best :26.98 in the 200 at the Eagle Invite for ninth place ... member of the 4x100 relay team that placed sixth at the Horizon League Championships with a time of 49.93.
Indoor 2012: Placed third in the pole vault at the Dick Pond open with a clearance of 2.45m ... took fifth in the pole vault at the Chicago Duals with a mark of 2.30m.
Outdoor 2011: Placed first in the pole vault at the Cougar Invitational (4/21/11)... finished seventh in the 200 meter dash at the DePaul Invitational (4/16/11).
Indoor 2011: Placed third in the pole vault at the Dick Pond Open (1/14/11) ... took fifth in the 200 meter run at the UWM Panther Tune-Up (2/18/11) ... finished ninth in the 200 meter run at the North Central Invitational (1/21/11).
Prep/Personal: Three-sport athlete competing in track and field, diving and gymnastics...state qualifier in 4X200, 4X400 and pole vault...member of record-setting 4X100 relay team...born May 5, 1992...parents Lori and Frank Wallace...major is Nursing.


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Call a Cruise Specialist 1.800.460.4518
7 days a week*
American Cruise Lines' modern ships are a testament to premier nautical engineering, luxurious comfort and river cruising convenience. Our fleet of vessels feature paddlewheelers and small cruise ships that offer the latest in modern amenities, state-of-the-art navigation and safety equipment.
Cruising on our world-class ships, you will enjoy comfortable lounges and large observation decks that offer the perfect place for guests to relax and enjoy the company of fellow travelers who share their interest in American heritage. Glass enclosed dining salons provide panoramic views of the spectacular scenery you will see on every American Cruise Lines trip.
Our spacious staterooms are the largest in the small cruise ship industry. These hotel-like rooms feature large opening picture windows, roomy baths, and many of our staterooms offer guests private balconies. From charming small towns to gracious southern ports, the American Cruise Lines fleet will bring you to your desired destination in luxury and comfort.
All American ships - American built, flagged and crewed
Newest small ships in the industry
Largest staterooms in industry
Most staterooms include private balconies
All staterooms feature interior entrances and large, opening picture windows
Elevators to all decks
Large, glass-enclosed single seating dining salon
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Complimentary wireless internet access shipwide
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Variety of 6-, 7- and 14-night cruise itineraries
*Cruise specialists are available to take your calls at 1.800.460.4518
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© Copyright 2016 American Cruise Lines. All rights reserved.


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Join Bing in celebrating its anniversary with this free Windows theme, highlighting the animals, landmarks, and incredible scenery that have graced the Bing home page over the site's first five years. This is just a sampling of the hundreds of images available in the Homepage Gallery, a showcase of Bing's hallmark imagery.
Set Bing as your home page
A theme is a combination of desktop background pictures, window colors, and sounds. All of the images will be downloaded when you click Download theme.
This theme can only be used in Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. It cannot be used in Windows RT 8.1 and Windows RT. It will function differently in the different versions of Windows. Installing this theme will set Bing as your default search engine and home page.


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- Sorrento Early booking Wedding promotion
- April-October
- special discount for bookings within May 15th 2015
- Women holidays in Italy offer
- Hotel Mediterraneo gives a special deal to women solo travelling groups! Save 20% on room rates!
- Last minute hotel deals sorrento italy
- Book online your LAST MINUTE HOLIDAY TO SORRENTO! Looking for a Sorrento last minute hotel? Discover the romantic resort of


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Eric Clapton was born
Eric Clapton leaves the Yardbirds and joins John Mayall's Bluesbreakers.
Eric Clapton forms Cream.
The Rolling Stones film the 'Rock and Roll Circus', with guests Eric Clapton, John Lennon, Jethro Tull and the Who.
Soon after Cream's breakup, Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker join forces with Steve Winwood (of Traffic) and Ric Grech (of Family) to form the "instant supergroup" Blind Faith.
John Lennon appears at the Toronto Rock 'n' Roll Revival concert, accompanied by Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann, Alan White and Yoko. 'The Plastic Ono Band – Live Peace in Toronto' is released in December.
Blind Faith - the only studio album by the "supergroup" comprising Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Ginger Baker and Ric Grech - tops the U.S. and U.K. charts for the first of two weeks.
Eric Clapton records his self-titled solo debut album in Los Angeles. He is backed by Delaney and Bonnie and their band, which includes Leon Russell. It yields such staples of Clapton's repertoire as "After Midnight," "Blues Power" and "Let It Rain."
Eric Clapton is released, peaking at #13. This same month, Clapton begins recording in Miami with his new band, Derek and the Dominos. They record the monumental double album Layla...and Other Assorted Love Songs in ten days. One writer called it "the most valid double since [Bob Dylan's] Blonde on Blonde."
The concert for Bangladesh, featuring George Harrison, Bob Dylan and Eric Clapton, takes place in New York's Madison Square Garden.
Backed by an all-star band, Eric Clapton performs a solo concert at London's Rainbow Theatre. It is promoted as a comeback concert, returning Clapton to the public eye after a reclusive period of heroin addiction. Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert is released in abbreviated form on LP (6 tracks) in 1973 and in expanded form on CD (14 tracks) in 1995.
A drug-free Eric Clapton launches his solo career in earnest, recording 461 Ocean Boulevard in Miami. Both the album and its key single, "I Shot the Sheriff," go to #1. Virtually reinventing himself in the space of one album, Clapton takes few guitar solos and adopts a more laid-back stylistic demeanor.
Eric Clapton's version of the Wailers' "I Shot the Sheriff," written by head Wailer Bob Marley, hits #1 and helps generate interest in reggae.
Eric Clapton's biggest-selling album of the Seventies, Slowhand, finds him recording at London's Olympic Studios for the first time since Fresh Cream, the first Cream album. Slowhand yields Top Forty hits in "Lay Down Sally" (#3) and "Wonderful Tonight" (#16), and an FM favorite and live staple in "Cocaine."
Money and Cigarettes, one of Eric Clapton's stronger albums of the Eighties, is the inaugural release on his own Duck Records label.
A four CD box set documenting the first quarter century of Eric Clapton's career, Crossroads, is released. The 73-track retrospective, which includes rare and previously unreleased material, reaches #34 and goes on to sell more than two million copies.
The first date in what becomes an annual stand of Eric Clapton concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall finds Clapton joined in different segments by a four-piece band, nine-piece band, blues band, and orchestra. The series lasts for 24 nights - hence the title of a live double-CD documentary, 24 Nights, released later in the year.
Johnnie Johnson's third solo album, 'Johnnie B. Bad,' finds the piano great backed by Eric Clapton, Keith Richards and NRBQ.
Eric Clapton performs an all-acoustic set for that is taped for the MTV series Unplugged. It airs on March 11, winning a record audience for the show, and is released on CD and videotape in August. The 70-minute live set, which includes an acoustic arrangement of "Layla," reaches #1. It goes on to sell three million copies and earns a Grammy for Album of the Year.
"MTV Unplugged" with Eric Clapton is nominated for four Grammy Awards and Mariah Carey's performance on "MTV Unplugged" is nominated for three Grammy Awards by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, Inc.
Eric Clapton releases his first all blues album 'From the Cradle'.
From the Cradle, an album of blues interpretations released the previous fall, wins Eric Clapton a Grammy for Best Traditional Blues Album.
His Pilgrim album yields the introspective hit "My Father's Eyes," which wins Eric Clapton a Grammy for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.
Eric Clapton and B. B. King release 'Riding With the King'.
Eric Clapton is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at the fifteenth annual induction dinner. Robbie Robertson is his presenter.
Eric Clapton releases Me and Mr. Johnson.
Eric Clapton presents his first Crossroads Guitar Festival at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas
Eric Clapton performs at the Tsunami Relief Concert in Cardiff, Wales.
Eric Clapton releases Clapton
Eric Clapton performs at the Concert for Sandy Relief at Madison Square Garden in New York City
Eric Clapton releases Old Sock
Eric Clapton presents the Crossroads Guitar Festival at Madison Square Garden in New York City


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Keep cranking.
First Endurance EFS Energy Drinks increase your performance and endurance during intense training by providing over 1,000mg of all five electrolytes. EFS is fortified with clinical doses of the amino acids glutamine, leucine, iso-leucine, and valine to improve glycogen re-synthesis and delay fatigue. EFS also contains three different high-glycemic carbohydrate sources for quick energy and increased endurance.
- Provides over 1,000mg of all five electrolytes
- Clinical doses of the amino acids glutamine, leucine, iso-leucine, and valine
- Three different high-glycemic carbohydrate sources
Tech Specs
View more Hydration
Reviews & Community
new to using, but like so far
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Used this for my first half ironman a couple weeks ago. I alternated a bottle of water with a bottle of grape EFS in water during the bike leg and felt great. Definitely plan on using more and getting more familiar with it.
solid nutrition & tastes good
First Endurance EFS in the grape flavor is one of my favorite nutrition products for cycling. This product not only provides hydration but energy (calories) too. I'm not an expert but the ingredients look good and it definitely tastes great. The grape flavor is extremely mild. Obviously, that's why they call it "mild grape". It's not too sweet and I've never had any cramping with it. It's also fairly economical compared to similar products. On long rides in hot weather I typically fill one bottle with this and the other with Skratch hydration mix.
It works, but the taste could be better.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
I used EFS for a 152 mile bike ride that I did over the summer. Great product, definitely keeps you from having cramps. It is not as smooth as some of the other drinks as far as flavor goes.
It works but why the taste?
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I continue to purchase and use this product because it simply works better than any other endurance fuel powder on the market. That being said, why oh why does it have to taste like a concentrated dose of smashed up smarties? If you're looking for something that works, buy this, but be weary of the taste.
Sweater's Delight
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
When I'm on the bike in the summertime I sweat like a (insert crude joke here). The amount of electrolytes in EFS keep me from cramping up on long rides while I'm losing all the fluid in my body. A year or so ago they changed the formula & the lemon lime which used to be my favorite flavor became a bit too tart for my liking. After trying the Fruit Punch (too sweet) I've settled on the Orange as my new drink of choice.
Great product
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
When it comes to these types of drinks I've tried them all, to find the best one for me. EFS I think is spot on, with their product. Works well, I tend to feel a little more endurance and I don't cramp as much.
Really Works
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
The stuff really does work. I have been taking the lime one and i don't think there is much of a taste. Add some liquid shot in the drink, and BAM... your away.
Effective but kinda gross (lemon-lime)
The lemon-lime tastes pretty gross, but it's the only one I've had so I don't know how the other flavors are. It doesn't have the carbs and calories of CarboRocket (which I'm going to stick with) so you definitely have to supplement with bars, gels, or whatever. I'm sure its electrolyte are great, but the taste is pretty nasty, especially when it warmed up on a hot ride.
I love this stuff, i was previously using carboroket but i like the stronger taste of this better than the very subtle taste of other drinks like carboroket or hammer, but then again my stomach handles about anything.
keeps my legs feeling good while riding and I dont ever gets cramps after
Better than Gatorade!
This stuff is solid as an electrolyte replacement. I'm partial to lemon/lime flavors and this one is pretty good. Not as sweet tasting as OG Gatorade.
Like it.
Helps me avoid cramps. Pretty salty, wife can't stand it. Bland and I like that.
Great Hydration
I'm a big fan of First Endurance products. The energy and endurance drink is key for long rides, replacing electrolytes. I have been on rides where my friends are bonking on climbs and I'm still motoring on. I partially attribute this to staying hydrated with a product that is designed to keep your motor running. The flavors are pretty good. I'm partial to the fruit punch and grape flavors but I'm not a huge fan of the lemon-lime.
First Endurance EFS Energy and Endurance Drink Mix
First Endurance make great products. I like their range of flavours in drink mixes. I honestly think this helps me stay better hydrated in races, and it contains some very helpful nutritional products like glutamine too.
Pretty OK
I like the tast of the EFS mix. With higher temperatures I combine it with 1 bottle of water to avoid stumach problems. But in Holland I would just race and train with the First Endurance Drink Mix.
First Endurance EFS Endurance Drink.
Robert Kunz from First Endurance talks about the benefits of EFS Endurance drink mix.
Great mix
I usually don't like drink mix and prefer water. But now that the RealCyclist.com team is using this mix, I have slowly shifted from racing with all water to all EFS mix. It tastes good and doesn't require water to wash it down. It also delivers a few calories per bottle so I can eat one or two less gels per hour when racing.


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Services and Facilities
NEWWireless now available WIFI
WIFI has now been enabled throughout the hotel. Browse , surf, work while sipping an exotic cocktail lounging at the poolside, enjoying a great meal, under a centennial mango tree, in the middle of Trendy "Old Town Santo Domingo".
- Swimming pool patio-
- Solarium & Jacuzzi Terrace -
- Room Service - Massages
- Breakfast: 7 - 10:30 am -
- Restaurant "La Cuna"
- Personalized Concierge Service -
- Library with historical books -
- Private concerts and shows -
- Laundry Service -
- High Speed Internet, WiFi everywhere -
- 24 hour security watch man -
- Private Guarded Car Park -
- Spanish Lessons Onsite -
(transportation and hotel)
Private Taxi and Airport Pick Up
Transfers to Cabarete, Puerto Plata, Las Terrenas, La Romana, Punta Cana
Day & night Tours of the Zona Colonial
City Area Tours: Aquarium, Faro Colon, Boca Chica
Day trips to La Romana, BayaHibe, Saona
Island Tours: Samana, Cabarete, Barahona, Bayahibe
"Doña Elvira"
The hotel pays homage to artists, past and present. Doña Elvira de Mendoza is known as the first poet of the new world along with Leonor Ovando. Doña Elvira funded the construction of the neighboring church "Regina Angelorum" where the remains of Father Billini rest. The Hotel is also named after the woman behind its recent renovation, the owner, whose family roots mirror Dona Elvira de Mendoza's own odyssey into the new world, having emigrated from Cordoba , Spain to Cuba and the Philippines several centuries ago. From the Old World to the New World, Hotel Doña Elvira will make your stay in Santo Domingo a wonderful experience .


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I honestly hope this is stickied. I have no idea why it was taken down earlier.
"This guide wasn't made by me (as you can see below) This was made by and Copyrighted to Dragon Paw. I give my thanks to Dragon Paw(don't sue me!). I hope this helps any rpers...."
Pawys Guide to Role Playing
What is role playing? Role playing, at least the type covered here, is the act of collaborating with others to create what is similar to a story. Each person controls their own character(s) and, sometimes, those that are not the creator of the role play, the scenery, plot, and other factors that make a story a story. Role plays can be done on forums, instant messengers, and in other methods that allow people to collaborate.
Role playing can be an excellent way to have fun and relieve stress. But, to be able to role play with a broader range of people, you must know the common dos and donts, along with how to wow your fellow role players with your prowess at role playing. A first impression, such as a role play sample, can determine a lot. So, here you are, reading this to become better, to hear my tips, or merely to bug me with how you disagree with part of this guide.
The Basics
1. Posting in Action Format or Script Format may seem easy, but it is not how, say, book writers write their stories. And since role playing is a lot like book writing, it isn't really the best thing you can do... Its really looked down upon in serious role playing. In fact, posting in such format is grounds for getting kicked out of role plays in most places Ive been to.
Example of Action Format
*Gets up and walks to the table and begins cutting fruit*
By looking at this, the actions arent described very well and leave you guessing on the scenery.
Example of Script Format
Kasei: Huzzah! I make an appearance here.
Suishou: Shut up, we're only here because DP needs an example.
By looking at this, we can only guess in what tone they are using. We can't truly know what sort of emotions they're conveying.
2. A very, very big mistake for one to do in role playing is to control another character that belongs to someone else. Why is this? Its not fair to the other person. It makes it seem as if whatever they do is in vain or as if they arent even in control of their own character. This is known as powerplaying.
A common mistake people make, that is considered powerplaying, is saying something like this:
As I began to try balancing the ball upon my head, everyone gave me funny looks.
You see, that IS controlling another persons character (assuming the people in the room were not just NPCs). It is frowned upon, for you are dictating an action of another character without their consent.
Another common mistake, is saying whether or not an attack hit. Every character should get the opportunity to dodge, block, or reflect. You should not dictate whether or not it hits, what damage it does (besides give a rough estimate or what it can do when compared to something else), and what effects it has on the character.
3. Godmoding, the act of being near invincible or god-like, is severely frowned upon. Other forms include, but are not limited to: having everything or a lot (as in, way more than the other characters or way more than what would be possible through normal means) in materials, wealth, power, et cetera, being able to dodge every single attack thrown your way, being immune to everything, the ability to heal every wound without bounds, and possessing a LOT of attacks, skills, et cetera (in other words, being able to do too much).
4. I cannot stress this enough, DO NOT ruin a plot someone has thought up. Do you know how dang irritating it is to come up with a plot after an hour of thinking only to have it blow up in your face because of another individuals actions? While blowing up things in a big, fiery explosion is cool, that is not. Be polite, let their plot carry out before adding yours, or, better yet, try talking with the person in charge of the current plot and see if you can get permission to integrate whatever you have planned with the persons plot. Or at least get the okay to do something.
5. As stated above, changing things drastically is a bad thing. Got that? Do not change anything drastically, from plot, to a NPCs personality, to scenery, without consent from the role plays creator or the current plot holder.
6. Never, never, kill someones character or NPC without their consent. The only time I wont bombard you with a shower of diamond shards and cactus needles for doing this around me, is when the person in question was being annoying or not role playing up to my standards. But even if I dont stab you with pointy things, I dont mean you should do it! Its very saddening to lose a fictional character in a fictional world. ... That may or may not be a sarcastic remark.
Common Terms
OoC/OOC/OC: This stands for Out of Character. Basically, if you put OOC: at the top of your post with some information not related to the role play, you have used this abbreviation correctly. This is often substituted with brackets, such as (( )). Or using text that is bolded, italicized, or made to stand out via font effects works, too.
IC: Basically the opposite of OoC, used when one is representing that they are back in character.
NPC: This stands for Non-Playable Character. What does THAT mean, you ask? Well, my curious friend, it means that these are characters that are NOT the persons main character. Sometimes, NPCs just show up for a few scenes and then proceed to be dramatically stabbed with crystal shards, killing them. In other words, these are the characters that are controlled by someone that are NOT their main character.
1. Perfect characters are not perfect for role playing. Perfect characters are the bane of role playing characters they are beyond irritating when it comes down to how they act, look, and feel. Why are they so annoying? Because they are, not only unrealistic, but are better than the other characters. A perfect character falls into one or both dimensions perfect in prowess and perfect in character.
Perfect in prowess is a character that is very, very likely to godmode. Characters that godmode can be defined as perfect characters. This type tends to be the most annoying of the perfect characters.
Perfect in character means that the character in question is perfect in personality or appearance. A character with a perfect personality would be one like this.
I never get mad at anyone. Im always calm and levelheaded. Im also very nice and happy. I always do the right thing.
See why one would hate having that sort of character in a role play? Seeing as this character would be flat out dull to play and has no interesting quirks or even bad qualities, its pretty annoying at times. In fact, be realistic. There arent any people with such a perfect personality in real life. Strive for realism in some areas.
A character with an absolutely gorgeous appearance can be annoying, but this is the one facet of the Perfect Character Syndrome that I really dont care too much about. Sometimes characters that you create end up, inadvertently, beautiful. Just dont overdo it.
2. When creating a character, try to make the character as complex as possible. Dont just go for a few facets. Here are some example bios.
Bad Example
I am very kind with a fiery temper.
Better Example
I am usually very kind; being very polite and usually trying to help those in need. But, I do sometimes refuse my helping services to those who anger me. The aforementioned anger often gets the best of me, quite often in fact. It is very easy to anger me, seeing as I get annoyed very easily. I can get snappy when just slightly irritated.
While I didnt add any interesting quirks or anything beyond this characters unstable moods, this is an example to you to show that expanding on the characters persona is a good thing. It gives you a far more realistic character. If it helps, as it does for me, try writing down everything that your character is as you think of it.
3. Try staying in character, try not to change your character's personality with little reason. See, if your character suddenly experienced killing something after a peaceful life, their personality would change drastically, they may feel shattered, they may feel guilty and swear never to kill again and be on a vendetta against killing, or they may begin to like it and kill for fun, among other possibilities. That's one example where your character can change their personality with a plausible reason, other such instances may occur after a bad experience, after a sharp realization of something, etc. But other than through such instances, your character should keep the facets of their original personality. Exception being small events that occur over a long time that shape the persons character even further.
Let's say your character loves the world, is a very happy person, and hates killing. Your character wouldn't suddenly go around killing stuff or being a depressed 'oh I hate the whole world' kind of person on a whim.
Making Your Own, Actually Creative, Role Play
1. Nearly all good role plays (exceptions being random role plays and those do tend to die relatively fast, from my experience) revolve around some sort of plot. Whether or not the plot is created at the time of the first post or not is up to you; however, starting off with some sort of plot, hidden or not, is very good to do. Remember, no plot often results in small posts, little to do, and, ultimately, death to the role play. How unfortunate.
2. A plot that hasnt been done a few thousand times is good for a role play. ... Use the An evil force is threatening to destroy the world for no apparent reason at all and is now targeting the ones it somehow knew were going to defeat it after doing many unplanned things that seem hastily thrown together that involves going around in circles fighting bad guys that seem to appear out of nowhere with no background or real personality. type role play around me, and you will definitely rub me the wrong way. ... And make me that much more prone to correcting your run on sentence in the aforementioned plot.
Try doing something that someone hasnt overkilled. ... Yes, that IS very hard. Failing that, the least you can do in the case of the aforementioned role play is: give reason as to why the evil force is there in the first place with a vendetta against the world; give the events that lead up to the final battle significance, not just throw in some bad guys to fight that really have no bearing on anything (not to mention lack of uniqueness in the obstacles, there); throw in some twists, maybe have one of the evil forces henchmen actually be an angel in disguise that has a hidden power to destroy the evil force that comes in the form of a necklace the angel-in-disguise wears; and, in general, things that give the plot more depth, realism, and interest.
3. Now, sometimes a role player wants the others participating in the role play to use their imaginations as to available races, areas, et cetera. But, if you are not one of those role players, it is wise to have a good outline of the world. Try to know things such as: what species is most prominent in what country; what each countrys social system is like; the general geography of the country; things of that nature, things that make the area realistic and seem as if it wasnt thrown together in ten minutes. Also, adding depth to the world makes things nicer.
On the depth matter, look at earth. Does it have no discriminations between age, sex, species, et cetera? Do the people of earth all live in harmony? Are things perfect in the world? If you answered no to all three questions, then you have a good grasp on how things work. On a made up world, not everything is going to be perfect. ... At least in a realistic type environment. To add depth, try making the countries of the world at conflict, carry some sort of dislike of another countrys people, that sort of thing. Try to make the world have its own share of problems, just like earth!
4. Try to involve those that have joined your role play. Ive seen that a lot of people [role play creators] dont give this aspect too much thought they often just go on as if they are the only one that makes things happen in the role play. In some role plays, the more open ones, this isnt really something to give too much thought; role players can do unique things to help the storyline on their own. But on role plays with strict rules, set plots, and so forth, this is a pretty important aspect. Even on some of the more open ones people may be nervous about doing something unique and not do anything much at all.
Point is: make some sort of conflict that takes advantage of a specific characters abilities/traits; something that only one or few characters can do; among other things one could do to involve the other players. I used to be in role plays a lot, I noticed that I didnt know what I could do in half of the role plays to make it feel like I was actually doing something useful!
Avoiding the Grammar Nazis
1. Proper grammar is essential! Particularly proper punctuation and tenses.
Remember, always use commas, periods, exclamation points, question marks, semi-colons, dashes, parenthesis, and colons when needed. Never exclude a mark of punctuation just for the sake of simplicity or because you didnt feel like adding it. It will haunt you, particularly when an angry mob arrives at your PM Inbox shouting at you for making your post near indecipherable.
Always keep in mind what tense you are doing your role play posts in. Whether it be past tense (most common; writing in past tense is done as if everything has already happened), present tense (second most common; this is done as if the events within the post are happening that very moment), and future tense (least common, I really have yet to see anyone role play in this tense, it seems rather hard to do so, as well; this tense pertains to writing as if everything done will happen in the future).
Big words with vivid meanings are cool. Using big words with meanings that evade your knowledge is not cool. In other words, use vivid words that you know what their meanings are; drop words with meanings that are unknown to you.
Chat speak and leetspeak are very, very frowned upon in the role playing world. My advice is to dump both of the aforementioned forms of typing and type just as if your life depended on it. You arent going to die from typing the word you out.
As always, type like you were actually awake in Language Arts class.
Role Playing Tips
1. There are several things one should/may include in a role play post, depending on the style of the role play and the style of the role player:
Actions: Cause and effect, fluid action descriptions.
Thoughts: Emotion, prominent thoughts, affects of certain situations on the psyche.
Description: Surroundings, characters, objects.
For the actions, it is important to take note of adding cause and effect; that is, telling what happened and what caused it. Fluid action descriptions of everything or only major points of the actions are important. Fluid means described well, but yet not in too many words. Fluid also means there is a transition between action to action (also applies to, say, thought to action or action to description).
Thoughts are important, but not totally necessary. One could gauge the characters mood by their actions, such as smiling. But its usually good to transition from something, usually an action or effect, and write down how it affected the characters mood. Prominent thoughts are nice, being that they are phrases from what the character is now thinking, but are not really necessary as they can bog down the post with something that could be said in a different sort of sentence a sentence that sums up the general theme of a thought.
Description is next. Description is very, very important in most sorts of role plays, seeing as you need to know the surroundings and objects within an area to do anything. Describing things from surroundings to characters can be a bit tricky. There are several ways to describe things, including, but not limited to, the following: order from left to right, order from top to bottom, order from the most eye catching features to the least noticed features.
2. Disjointed actions, disjointed feelings, and disjointed talking confuses or doesn't look too great.
Here is an example of two of those things:
I was tired. I walked along an empty road. I looked up and saw a bird flying in the sky. I was feeling depressed. The bird flew on. It was sunny out.
Here is what the post would read like without those said problems:
Feeling tired, I walked along an empty road. Looking up, I saw a bird flying across a cyan sky, sunlight playing across my face. The bird began to fly out of my sight, flying on to the north. Despite the cheeriness of the weather, I felt quite depressed.
Remember, describe setting, descriptions, and such before or after emotions. Don't just randomly go and do this: Description, emotion, setting, more description, talking, emotion, etc. And when you talk, say something relevant to the situation, not something random unless your character is crazy, or something, and shouting out random stuff is in their personality. And remember, don't throw in actions or emotions that are not true or relevant to the posts.
And, another thing, see how I used a lot of ands in the first example and almost none in the second? Try and get rid of the ands and use commas.
Bad Example
I walked alone and looked around myself.
Good Example
Walking alone, I began to look around myself, studying my surroundings carefully.
3. Its good to be descriptive. Its not good, however to be overly descriptive. Overly descriptive would happen when one bores everyone into a never ending coma with details of every single aspect of your characters past, every single thought they think, every single tiny movement, to the tiniest detail. It gets annoying and has the potential to kill! Well, not really, but its still annoying.
4. Balance your characters. Give them bad traits and give them weaknesses. And dont make the bad in them obscure, either!
Bad Example
The only thing that can hurt me is a pure diamond that has been set upon the top of the tallest mountain during a lunar eclipse and left there till after a solar eclipse. And even then, it works one percent of the time.
Make the weaknesses within a character come close to outweighing or plainly outweighing the powerful traits of the character. A weak character is, in my opinion, actually more fun to role play than an absolutely strong character. ... Just as long as the character doesnt die.
Now, while you may be tempted to give the character a perfect personality, many people will give you their hate for it. Including me, Ill throw bricks and shiny knives at you. Give them some sort of interesting quirk. Or at least some less redeeming qualities, of which make the character more realistic and interesting.
So, youve now received some tips from a role player of a year. Without, somehow, falling asleep or spontaneously combusting from the sheer amount of pointers to remember. What next? Try getting some first hand experience at role playing! As said, practice makes perfect. While youll never be perfect at role playing, practice is what makes you the best you can be; not just mere words on a tutorial make a role player. Integrating what you learn from others and what you learn yourself helps a lot. To advance, you must find what works for you, what style makes you feel comfortable.
Remember to always strive to be your best. Never settle for a half acre job. Its like harvesting a field of corn. If you have harvested half your corn field, good for you. But what about the other half you plan on harvesting tomorrow? While you settle for half the corn today, a pyromaniac comes and burns the rest of the field. Now you only have half a field to work with, for a while. In other words, keep up your best work to get better; settling for less puts you out of practice and makes you need to build up more experience to become what you once were.
Keep at it, and, one day, you may become a very well known person in the role playing community!
Copyright © 2005 to Dragon Paw/Kristen


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VMware® vRealize™ Hyperic® is a component of the VMware® vRealize™ Operations™. It monitors operating systems, middleware and applications running in physical, virtual and cloud environments.
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In graphic design since 1986 and a professional photographer since 1997. I make things look very dramatic, pretty, striking, serene, loud or whatever my client needs. We can shoot any image, write any copy and design any book you need right here on Blurb. I'm based in Boca Raton, Florida and have worked for clients as far east as Jerusalem and as far west as Hong Kong. Wherever you are in between, we are glad to help! Here is a rough breakdown of my book design fees: PICTURE BOOKS - ANY SIZE $20/page - interior $40/page - front cover $40/page - back cover TEXT BOOKS (B/W) 5x8" $5/page - interior text $20/page - interior pictures $40/page - front cover $40/page - back cover I can provide scanning services (if necessary) at $50/image, including color balancing. A 50% deposit is required upon receiving the raw materials (pictures, text, etc) and the balance is due upon approval of the final proof (prior to my upload to Blurb).
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A 31-year-old Harrington man is facing drug charges after police stopped him while he was riding a bicycle on Saturday.
An officer saw Gavin Hill nearly get struck by a vehicle after riding his bicycle into traffic on Clark Street near Howard Dill Avenue about 9:45 p.m., according to Harrington Police Department spokesman Lt. Earl Brode.
The officer stopped Hill's bicycle, which was not equipped with a light, and reportedly noticed him drop crumpled napkin onto the ground.
Brode said the officer picked up the napkin, which contained about a gram of crack cocaine.
Hill is charged with possessing or consuming a controlled substance, tampering with physical evidence, littering on a highway, possession of drug paraphernalia, disregarding a traffic control device and operating a bicycle at night without a lamp.
Hill later was released on a $1,475 unsecured bond, Brode said.
Location, ST | website.com


text:
Anxiety & Panic Disorders Health Center
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) for Panic Disorder
|Generic Name
|Brand Name
How It Works
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) help balance certain chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) to relieve symptoms of anxiety associated with panic disorder.
Why It Is Used
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are usually given to people who have panic disorder and who:
- Do not get better with other antidepressants.
- Cannot tolerate the side effects of other antidepressants.
- Have a history of successful treatment with MAOIs.
How Well It Works
Although MAOIs are as effective as other antidepressants for treating panic disorder, other antidepressant medicines such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants are typically tried first because they have less serious side effects.
Side Effects
All medicines have side effects. But many people don't feel the side effects, or they are able to deal with them. Ask your pharmacist about the side effects of each medicine you take. Side effects are also listed in the information that comes with your medicine.
Here are some important things to think about:
- Usually the benefits of the medicine are more important than any minor side effects.
- Side effects may go away after you take the medicine for a while.
- If side effects still bother you and you wonder if you should keep taking the medicine, call your doctor. He or she may be able to lower your dose or change your medicine. Do not suddenly quit taking your medicine unless your doctor tells you to.
Call 911 or other emergency services right away if you have:
- Trouble breathing.
- Swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor right away if you have:
Common side effects of this medicine include:
- Dizziness or lightheadedness.
- High blood pressure.
- Appetite changes or weight gain.
- Loss of sexual desire or ability.
- Muscle twitching during sleep.
Serious reactions-or even death-can result when MAOIs are combined with some foods and medicines. While taking MAOIs, you must avoid eating certain foods, including many alcoholic and caffeinated drinks, sour cream and yogurt, bananas, chocolate, and some cheeses such as American, cheddar, and Swiss. Eating these foods can cause severe high blood pressure and other health problems. Talk with your doctor about diet and medicine restrictions that you need to follow if you are planning to take an MAOI.
You must wait at least 14 days after you stop taking MAOIs before taking another antidepressant. Common nonprescription medicines, particularly certain cold remedies and diet pills, can also be dangerous when taken with an MAOI.
MAOIs can cause death if they are taken in overdose.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an advisory on antidepressant medicines and the risk of suicide. Talk to your doctor about these possible side effects and the warning signs of suicide.
See Drug Reference for a full list of side effects. (Drug Reference is not available in all systems.)
What To Think About
Taking medicine
Medicine is one of the many tools your doctor has to treat a health problem. Taking medicine as your doctor suggests will improve your health and may prevent future problems. If you don't take your medicines properly, you may be putting your health (and perhaps your life) at risk.
There are many reasons why people have trouble taking their medicine. But in most cases, there is something you can do. For suggestions on how to work around common problems, see the topic Taking Medicines as Prescribed.
Advice for women
Taking medicines for panic disorder during pregnancy may increase the risk of birth defects. If you are pregnant, breast-feeding, or trying to get pregnant, talk to your doctor. Medicines may need to be continued if your panic disorder is severe. Your doctor can help weigh the risks of treatment against the risk of harm to your pregnancy.
Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.
Complete the new medication information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you understand this medication.
ByHealthwise Staff
Primary Medical ReviewerAnne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine
Specialist Medical ReviewerLisa S. Weinstock, MD - Psychiatry
Current as ofNovember 14, 2014
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise