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AWS Free Tier includes 1 million mobile push notifications, 1 million email deliveries and more with Amazon SNS.
Q: What is Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS)?
Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) is a web service that makes it easy to set up, operate, and send notifications from the cloud. It provides developers with a highly scalable, flexible, and cost-effective capability to publish messages from an application and immediately deliver them to subscribers or other applications. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. Amazon SNS follows the "publish-subscribe" (pub-sub) messaging paradigm, with notifications being delivered to clients using a "push" mechanism that eliminates the need to periodically check or "poll" for new information and updates. With simple APIs requiring minimal up-front development effort, no maintenance or management overhead and pay-as-you-go pricing, Amazon SNS gives developers an easy mechanism to incorporate a powerful notification system with their applications.
Q: What are some example uses for Amazon SNS notifications?
The Amazon SNS service can support a wide variety of needs including monitoring applications, workflow systems, time-sensitive information updates, mobile applications, and any other application that generates or consumes notifications. For example, Amazon SNS can be used in workflow systems to relay events among distributed computer applications, move data between data stores or update records in business systems. Event updates and notifications concerning validation, approval, inventory changes and shipment status are immediately delivered to relevant system components as well as end-users. Another example use for Amazon SNS is to relay time-critical events to mobile applications and devices. Since Amazon SNS is both highly reliable and scalable, it provides significant advantages to developers who build applications that rely on real-time events.
Q: What are the benefits of using Amazon SNS?
Amazon SNS offers several benefits making it a versatile option for building and integrating loosely-coupled, distributed applications:
- Instantaneous, push-based delivery (no polling)
- Simple APIs and easy integration with applications
- Flexible message delivery over multiple transport protocols
- Inexpensive, pay-as-you-go model with no up-front costs
- Web-based AWS Management Console offers the simplicity of a point-and-click interface
Q: How does Amazon SNS work?
It is very easy to get started with Amazon SNS. Developers must first create a "topic" which is an "access point" – identifying a specific subject or event type – for publishing messages and allowing clients to subscribe for notifications. Once a topic is created, the topic owner can set policies for it such as limiting who can publish messages or subscribe to notifications, or specifying which notification protocols will be supported (i.e. HTTP/HTTPS, email, SMS). Subscribers are clients interested in receiving notifications from topics of interest; they can subscribe to a topic or be subscribed by the topic owner. Subscribers specify the protocol and end-point (URL, email address, etc.) for notifications to be delivered. When publishers have information or updates to notify their subscribers about, they can publish a message to the topic – which immediately triggers Amazon SNS to deliver the message to all applicable subscribers.
Q: How is Amazon SNS different from Amazon SQS?
Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) and Amazon SNS are both messaging services within AWS, which provide different benefits for developers. Amazon SNS allows applications to send time-critical messages to multiple subscribers through a "push" mechanism, eliminating the need to periodically check or "poll" for updates. Amazon SQS is a message queue service used by distributed applications to exchange messages through a polling model, and can be used to decouple sending and receiving components. Amazon SQS provides flexibility for distributed components of applications to send and receive messages without requiring each component to be concurrently available.
Q: How can I get started using Amazon SNS?
To sign up for Amazon SNS, click the "Sign up for Amazon SNS" button on the Amazon SNS detail page. You must have an Amazon Web Services account to access this service; if you do not already have one, you will be prompted to create one when you begin the Amazon SNS sign-up process. After signing up, please refer to the Amazon SNS documentation and Getting Started Guide to begin using Amazon SNS. Using the AWS Management Console, you can easily create topics, add subscribers, send notifications, and edit topic policies – all from your browser.
Q: Is Amazon SNS supported in the AWS Management Console?
Amazon SNS is supported in the AWS Management Console which provides a point-and-click, web-based interface to access and manage Amazon SNS. Using the AWS Management Console, you can create topics, add subscribers, and send notifications – all from your browser. In addition, the AWS Management Console makes it easy to publish messages over your protocol of choice (HTTP, email, SQS protocol, etc.) and edit topic policies to control publisher and subscriber access. The AWS Management Console is provided free of charge at: http://aws.amazon.com/console
Q: What are the Amazon SNS service access points in each region?
The US East (Northern Virginia) end-point is: http://sns.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
The US West (Oregon) end-point is: http://sns.us-west-2.amazonaws.com
The US West (Northern California) end-point is: http://sns.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
The EU(Ireland) end-point is: http://sns.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com
The EU(Frankfurt) end-point is: http://sns.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
The Asia Pacific (Singapore) end-point is: http://sns.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
The Asia Pacific (Tokyo) end-point is: http://sns.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com
The Asia Pacific (Sydney) end-point is: http://sns.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com
The South America (Sao Paulo) end-point is: http://sns.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com
Q: Can I get a history of SNS API calls made on my account for security analysis and operational troubleshooting purposes?
Yes. SNS supports AWS CloudTrail, a web service that records AWS API calls for your account and delivers log files to you. With CloudTrail, you can obtain a history of such information as the identity of the API caller, the time of the API call, the source IP address of the API caller, the request parameters, and the response elements returned by SNS.
SNS currently supports CloudTrail auditing for authenticated calls only. CloudTrail Audit logs for unauthenticated ConfirmSubscription and Unsubscribe calls are not available at this time. For more information, see the CloudTrail section of the SNS Developer Guide.
To receive a history of SNS API calls made on your account, simply turn on AWS CloudTrail in the AWS Management Console. To learn more about AWS CloudTrail, click here.
Q: How much does Amazon SNS cost?
With Amazon SNS, there is no minimum fee and you pay only for what you use. Users pay $0.50 per 1 million Amazon SNS Requests, $0.06 per 100,000 Notification deliveries over HTTP, $0.75 per 100 Notification deliveries over SMS and $2.00 per 100,000 Notification deliveries over Email.
Amazon SNS also includes a Free Tier, where users can get started with Amazon SNS for free. Each month, Amazon SNS customers pay no charges for the first 1 million Amazon SNS Requests, no charges for the first 100,000 Notifications over HTTP, no charges for the first 100 Notifications over SMS and no charges for the first 1,000 Notifications over Email.
Please refer to the Amazon SNS Details page for additional details on pricing and data transfer costs.
Q: How will I be charged and billed for my use of Amazon SNS?
There are no set-up fees to begin using the service. At the end of the month, your credit card will automatically be charged for that month's usage. You can view your charges for the current billing period at any time on the Amazon Web Services web site by logging into your Amazon Web Services account and clicking "Account Activity" under "Your Web Services Account".
Q: When does billing of my Amazon SNS use begin and end?
Your Amazon SNS billing cycle begins on the first day of each month and ends on the last day of each month. Your monthly charges will be totaled at the end of each month.
Q: Do your prices include taxes?
Except as otherwise noted, our prices are exclusive of applicable taxes and duties, including VAT and applicable sales tax. For customers with a Japanese billing address, use of the Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region is subject to Japanese Consumption Tax. Learn more.
Q: What is the format of an Amazon SNS topic?
Topic names are limited to 256 characters. Alphanumeric characters plus hyphens (-) and underscores (_) are allowed. Topic names must be unique within an AWS account. After you delete a topic, you can reuse the topic name. When a topic is created, Amazon SNS will assign a unique ARN (Amazon Resource Name) to the topic, which will include the service name (SNS), region, AWS ID of the user and the topic name. The ARN will be returned as part of the API call to create the topic. Whenever a publisher or subscriber needs to perform any action on the topic, they should reference the unique topic ARN.
The following is the ARN for a topic named "mytopic" created by a user with the AWS account ID "123456789012" and hosted in the US East region:
arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:1234567890123456:mytopic Note: Users should NOT attempt to build the topic ARN from its separate components – they should always use the name returned from the API call to create the topic.
Q: What are the available operations for Amazon SNS and who can perform these operations?
Amazon SNS provides a set of simple APIs to enable event notifications for topic owners, subscribers and publishers.
Owner operations:
- CreateTopic – Create a new topic.
- DeleteTopic – Delete a previously created topic.
- ListTopics – List of topics owned by a particular user (AWS ID).
- ListSubscriptionsByTopic – List of subscriptions for a particular topic
- SetTopicAttributes – Set/modify topic attributes, including setting and modifying publisher/subscriber permissions, transports supported, etc.
- GetTopicAttributes – Get/view existing attributes of a topic
- AddPermission – Grant access to selected users for the specified actions
- RemovePermission – Remove permissions for selected users for the specified actions
Subscriber operations:
- Subscribe – Register a new subscription on a particular topic, which will generate a confirmation message from Amazon SNS
- ConfirmSubscription – Respond to a subscription confirmation message, confirming the subscription request to receive notifications from the subscribed topic
- UnSubscribe – Cancel a previously registered subscription
- ListSubscriptions – List subscriptions owned by a particular user (AWS ID)
Publisher operations:
- Publish: Publish a new message to the topic.
Q: Why are there two different APIs to list subscriptions?
The two APIs to list subscriptions perform different functions and return different results:
- The ListSubscriptionsByTopic API allows a topic owner to see the list of all subscribers actively registered to a topic.
- The ListSubscriptions API allows a user to get a list of all their active subscriptions (to one or more topics).
Q: What are the different delivery formats/transports for receiving notifications?
In order for customers to have broad flexibility of delivery mechanisms, Amazon SNS supports notifications over multiple transport protocols. Customers can select one the following transports as part of the subscription requests:
- "HTTP", "HTTPS" – Subscribers specify a URL as part of the subscription registration; notifications will be delivered through an HTTP POST to the specified URL.
- "Email", "Email-JSON" – Messages are sent to registered addresses as email. Email-JSON sends notifications as a JSON object, while Email sends text-based email.
- "SQS" – Users can specify an SQS queue as the endpoint; Amazon SNS will enqueue a notification message to the specified queue (which subscribers can then process using SQS APIs such as ReceiveMessage, DeleteMessage, etc.)
- "SMS" – Messages are sent to registered phone numbers as SMS text messages.
Q: Can topic owners control the transports that are allowed on topics they create/own?
Topic owners can configure specific transports on their topics by setting the appropriate permissions through access control policies.
Q: How does an owner set Access Control policies?
Please refer to the Amazon SNS Getting Started Guide for an overview of setting access control policies.
Q: Can a single topic support subscriptions over multiple protocols/transports?
Subscribers to an Amazon SNS topic can receive notifications on any transport supported by the topic. A topic can support subscriptions and notification deliveries over multiple transports.
Q: Can Amazon SNS be used with other AWS services?
Amazon SNS can be used with other AWS services such as Amazon SQS, Amazon EC2 and Amazon S3. Here is an example of how an order processing workflow system uses Amazon SNS with Amazon EC2, SQS, and SimpleDB. In this workflow system, messages are sent between application components whenever a transaction occurs or an order advances through the order processing pipeline. When a customer initially places an order, the transaction is first recorded in Amazon SimpleDB and an application running on Amazon EC2 forwards the order request to a payment processor which debits the customer's credit card or bank account. Once approved, an order confirmation message is published to an Amazon SNS topic. In this case, the topic has various subscribers over Email/HTTP – merchant, customer and supply chain partners – and notifications sent by Amazon SNS for that topic can instantly update all of them that payment processing was successful. Notifications can also be used to orchestrate an order processing system running on EC2, where notifications sent over HTTP can trigger real-time processing in related components such as an inventory system or a shipping service. By integrating Amazon SNS with Amazon SQS, all notifications delivered are also persisted in an Amazon SQS queue where they are processed by an auditing application at a future time.
Q: Is Amazon SNS available in all regions where AWS services are available?
Amazon SNS is available in the US East (Northern Virginia), US West (Oregon), US West (Northern California), EU (Ireland), EU (Frankfurt), Asia Pacific (Singapore), Asia Pacific (Tokyo), Asia Pacific (Sydney) and South America (Sao Paulo) regions.
Q: How soon can customers recreate topics with previously used topic names?
Topic names should typically be available for reuse approximately 30-60 seconds after the previous topic with the same name has been deleted. The exact time will depend on the number of subscriptions which were active on the topic – topics with a few subscribers will be available instantly for reuse, topics with larger subscriber lists may take longer.
Q: How would a user subscribe for notifications to be delivered over email?
To receive email notifications for a particular topic, a subscriber should specify "Email" or "Email-JSON" as the protocol and provide a valid email address as the end-point. This can be done using the AWS Management Console or by calling the Amazon SNS API directly. Amazon SNS will then send an email with a confirmation link to the specified email address, and require the user monitoring the email address to explicitly opt-in for receiving email notifications from that particular topic. Once the user confirms the subscription by clicking the provided link, all messages published to the topic will be delivered to that email address. The AWS Management Console is available at: http://aws.amazon.com/console
Q: Why does Amazon SNS provide two different transports to receive notifications over email?
The two email transports are provided for two distinct types of customers/end-users. "Email-JSON" sends notifications as a JSON object, and is meant for applications to programmatically process emails. The "Email" transport is meant for end-users/consumers and notifications are regular, text-based messages which are easily readable.
Q: Can a user change the Subject and Display name for notifications sent over Email/Email-JSON?
Amazon SNS allows users to specify the Subject field for emails as a parameter passed in to the Publish API call and can be different for every message published. The Display name for topics can be set using the SetTopicAttributes API – this name applies to all emails sent from this topic.
Q: Do subscribers need to specifically configure their email settings to receive notifications from Amazon SNS?
In most cases, users should be able to receive subscription confirmations and notifications from Amazon SNS without doing anything specific. However, there could be cases where the email provider's default settings or other user-specific configurations mistakenly redirect the emails to the junk/spam folder. To ensure that users see confirmation messages and notifications sent from Amazon SNS, users can add "email@example.com" to their contact lists and check their junk/spam folders for messages from Amazon SNS.
Q: In the case of passing in an SQS queue as an end-point, will users need to create the queue prior to subscribing? What permissions will the queue require?
Using the SQS console, users should create the SQS queue prior to subscribing it to a Topic. Select this queue on the console, and from the 'Queue Actions' in the menu bar, select 'Subscribe Queue to SNS Topic' from the drop-down list. In the subscribe dialog box, select the topic from the 'Choose a Topic' drop-down list, and click the 'Subscribe' button. For complete step-by-step instructions, please refer to the Amazon SNS documentation.
Q: How would a developer setup an Amazon SQS queue to receive Amazon SNS notifications?
To have Amazon SNS deliver notifications to an SQS queue, a developer should subscribe to a topic specifying "SQS" as the transport and a valid SQS queue as the end-point. In order to allow the SQS queue to receive notifications from Amazon SNS, the SQS queue owner must subscribe the SQS queue to the Topic for Amazon SNS to successfully deliver messages to the queue.
If the user owns both the Amazon SNS topic being subscribed to and the SQS queue receiving the notifications, nothing further is required. Any message published to the topic will automatically be delivered to the specified SQS queue. If the user owning the SQS queue is not the owner of the topic, Amazon SNS will require an explicit confirmation to the subscription request.
Please refer to the Amazon SNS documentation for further details on subscribing an SQS queue to a topic and setting access control policies for SQS queues.
Q: How can I fanout identical messages to multiple SQS queues?
Create an SNS topic first using SNS. Then create and subscribe multiple SQS queues to the SNS topic. Now whenever a message is sent to the SNS topic, the message will be fanned out to the SQS queues, i.e. SNS will deliver the message to all the SQS queues that are subscribed to the topic.
Q: What is the format of structured notification messages sent by Amazon SNS?
The notification message sent by Amazon SNS for deliveries over HTTP, HTTPS, Email-JSON and SQS transport protocols will consist of a simple JSON object, which will include the following information:
- MessageId: A Universally Unique Identifier, unique for each notification published.
- Timestamp: The time (in GMT) at which the notification was published.
- TopicArn: The topic to which this message was published
- Type: The type of the delivery message, set to "Notification" for notification deliveries.
- UnsubscribeURL: A link to unsubscribe the end-point from this topic, and prevent receiving any further notifications.
- Message: The payload (body) of the message, as received from the publisher.
- Subject: The Subject field – if one was included as an optional parameter to the publish API call along with the message.
- Signature: Base64-encoded "SHA1withRSA" signature of the Message, MessageId, Subject (if present), Type, Timestamp, and Topic values.
- SignatureVersion: Version of the Amazon SNS signature used.
Notification messages sent over the "Email" transport only contain the payload (message body) as received from the publisher.
Q: How would a user subscribe for notifications to be delivered over SMS?
Please refer to the 'SMS Related Question' section below.
Q: Who can create a topic?
Topics can only be created by users with valid AWS IDs who have signed up for Amazon SNS. The easiest way to create a topic is to use the AWS Management Console. It can also be created through the CreateTopic API. The AWS Management Console is available at: http://aws.amazon.com/console
Q: Can multiple users publish to a single topic?
A topic owner can set explicit permissions to allow more than one user (with a valid AWS ID) to publish to a topic. By default, only topic owners have permissions to publish to a topic.
Q: How can the owner grant/revoke publish or subscribe permissions on a topic?
The AddPermission and RemovePermission APIs provide a simple interface for developers to add and remove permissions for a topic. However, for conditional access and more advanced use cases, users should use access control policies to manage permissions. The easiest way to manage permissions is to use the AWS Management Console. The AWS Management Console is available at: http://aws.amazon.com/console
Q: How does a topic owner give access to subscribers? Do subscribers have to have valid AWS IDs?
Amazon SNS makes it easy for users with and without AWS IDs to receive notifications. The owner of the topic can grant/restrict access to subscribers by setting appropriate permissions for the topic using Access Control policies. Users can receive notifications from Amazon SNS in two ways:
- Users with AWS IDs: Subscribers with valid AWS IDs (please refer to this link for details on obtaining AWS IDs) can subscribe to any topic directly – as long as the topic owner has granted them permissions to do so. The AWS IDs will be validated as part of the subscription registration.
- Other users: Topic owners can subscribe and register end-points on behalf of users without AWS IDs.
In both cases, the owner of the subscription endpoint needs to explicitly opt-in and confirm the subscription by replying to confirmation message sent by Amazon SNS.
Q: How will Amazon SNS authenticate API calls?
All API calls made to Amazon SNS will validate authenticity by requiring that requests be signed with the secret key of the AWS ID account and verifying the signature included in the requests.
Q: How does Amazon SNS validate a subscription request to ensure that notifications will not be sent to users as spam?
As part of the subscription registration, Amazon SNS will ensure that notifications are only sent to valid, registered subscribers/end-points. To prevent spam and ensure that a subscriber end-point is really interested in receiving notifications from a particular topic, Amazon SNS requires an explicit opt-in from subscribers using a 2-part handshake:
i. When a user first calls the Subscribe API and subscribes an end-point, Amazon SNS will send a confirmation message to the specified end-point.
ii. On receiving the confirmation message at the end-point, the subscriber should confirm the subscription request by sending a valid response. Only then will Amazon SNS consider the subscription request to be valid. If there is no response to the challenge, Amazon SNS will not send any notifications to that end-point. The exact mechanism of confirming the subscription varies by the transport protocol selected:
- For HTTP/HTTPS notifications, Amazon SNS will first POST the confirmation message (containing a token) to the specified URL. The application monitoring the URL will have to call the ConfirmSubscription API with the token included token.
- For Email and Email-JSON notifications, Amazon SNS will send an email to the specified address containing an embedded link. The user will need to click on the embedded link to confirm the subscription request.
- For SQS notifications, Amazon SNS will enqueue a challenge message containing a token to the specified queue. The application monitoring the queue will have to call the ConfirmSubscription API with the token.
- For SMS notifications, Amazon SNS will send an initial SMS subscription confirmation message to the specified phone number, and the user will need to respond with an SMS message confirming the subscription request. For additional details. please visit the 'SMS Related Questions' section below.
Note: The explicit "opt-in" steps described above are not required for the specific case where you subscribe your Amazon SQS queue to your Amazon SNS topic – and both are "owned" by the same AWS account.
Q: How long will subscription requests remain pending, while waiting to be confirmed?
Token included in the confirmation message sent to end-points on a subscription request are valid for 3 days.
Q: Who can change permissions on a topic?
Only the owner of the topic can change permissions for that topic.
Q: How can users verify that notification messages are sent from Amazon SNS?
To ensure the authenticity of the notifications, Amazon SNS will sign all notification deliveries using a cryptographically secure, asymmetric mechanism (private-public key pair based on certificates). Amazon SNS will publish its certificate to a well-known location (e.g. http://sns.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/SimpleNotificationService.pem for the US East region) and sign messages with the private key of that certificate. Developers/applications can obtain the certificate and validate the signature in the notifications with the certificate's public key, to ensure that the notification was indeed sent out by Amazon SNS. For further details on certificate locations, please refer to the Amazon SNS details page.
Q: Do publishers have to sign messages as well?
Amazon SNS requires publishers with AWS IDs to validate their messages by signing messages with their secret AWS key; the signature is then validated by Amazon SNS.
Q: Can a publisher/subscriber use SSL to secure messages?
Yes, both publishers and subscribers can use SSL to help secure the channel to send and receive messages. Publishers can connect to Amazon SNS over HTTPS and publish messages over the SSL channel. Subscribers should register an SSL-enabled end-point as part of the subscription registration, and notifications will be delivered over a SSL channel to that end-point.
Q: What permissions does a subscriber need to allow Amazon SNS to send notifications to a registered endpoint?
The owner of the end-point receiving the notifications has to grant permissions for Amazon SNS to send messages to that end-point.
Q: How can subscriptions be unsubscribed?
Subscribers can be unsubscribed either by the topic owner, the subscription owner or others – depending on the mechanism used for confirming the subscription request.
- A subscription that was confirmed with the AuthenticateOnUnsubscribe flag set to True in the call to the ConfirmSubscription API call can only be unsubscribed by a topic owner or the subscription owner.
- If the subscription was confirmed anonymously without the AuthenticateOnUnsubscribe flag set to True, then it can be anonymously unsubscribed.
In all cases except when unsubscribed by the subscription owner, a final cancellation message will be sent to the end-point, allowing the endpoint owner to easily re-subscribe to the topic (if the Unsubscribe request was unintended or in error). For further details on the ConfirmSubscription API, please refer to the Amazon SNS documentation.
Q: How reliable is my data once published to Amazon SNS?
Amazon SNS stores all topic and message information within Amazon's proven network infrastructure and datacenters. All messages are stored redundantly on multiple servers and in multiple data centers, which means that no single computer or network failure renders Amazon SNS inaccessible.
Q: Will a notification contain more than one message?
No, all notification messages will contain a single published message.
Q: How many times will a subscriber receive each message?
Although most of the time each message will be delivered to your application exactly once, the distributed nature of Amazon SNS and transient network conditions could result in occasional, duplicate messages at the subscriber end. Developers should design their applications such that processing a message more than once does not create any errors or inconsistencies.
Q: Will messages be delivered to me in the exact order they were published?
The Amazon SNS service will attempt to deliver messages from the publisher in the order they were published into the topic. However, network issues could potentially result in out-of-order messages at the subscriber end.
Q: Can a message be deleted after being published?
No, once a message has been successfully published to a topic, it cannot be recalled.
Q: Will Amazon SNS guarantee that messages will be delivered to the subscribed end-point?
When a message is published to a topic, Amazon SNS will attempt to deliver notifications to all subscribers registered for that topic. Due to potential Internet issues or Email delivery restrictions, sometimes the notification may not successfully reach an HTTP or Email end-point. In the case of HTTP, an SNS Delivery Policy can be used to control the retry pattern (linear, geometric, exponential backoff), maximum and minimum retry delays, and other parameters. If it is critical that all published messages be successfully processed, developers should have notifications delivered to an SQS queue (in addition to notifications over other transports).
Q: How do I subscribe a phone to receive SMS messages?
The easiest way to subscribe a phone to receive SMS messages is to use the AWS Management Console. First, select the SNS topic you'd like to subscribe to (or create a new topic), click the 'Create New Subscription' button, select 'SMS' from the 'Protocol' drop down, and then enter your phone number as the 'Endpoint'. Alternatively you can call the Amazon SNS API directly and specify 'SMS' as the delivery protocol, providing a valid phone number as the end- point. Amazon SNS will then send an SMS to the provided phone number, and require the user to explicitly opt-in for receiving SMS notifications from a particular topic. This confirmation has to be in the form of an SMS sent directly from the phone. Once the user confirms the subscription, all messages published to the topic will be delivered to that phone number as SMS messages. The AWS Management Console is available at: http://aws.amazon.com/console
Q: What is the format of a valid subscription phone number?
Currently Amazon SNS only accepts US phone numbers as valid subscriptions. These can be entered in the format '1-333-555-7777' (i.e. 1 followed by the area code and the 7 digit phone number, with spaces, parentheses, hyphens, etc.).
Q: Do I need to do anything special to a topic to enable SMS deliveries?
Users should use existing mechanisms such as the AWS Management Console or the CreateTopic API call to create a new topic. In addition, for topics which will support SMS, developers must identify the topic by setting a Display name. This name will be included in all SMS messages sent from this topic.
Q: How will the DisplayName show up in an SMS message delivered?
SNS will include the topic DisplayName set by the topic owner in the initial part of the SMS message being delivered. So, for example, if the topic DisplayName is set to 'Foo', the message delivered will be as follows:
Foo > This is the payload of the published message.
Q: Do I have to set a DisplayName for a topic with SMS subscriptions?
Yes, for topics which will have SMS subscriptions, users need to set a valid topic DisplayName. Note: For topics without SMS subscriptions, the DisplayName field can be left empty.
Q: Are there any size restrictions on the length of the DisplayName?
In addition to being included as a topic identifier in SMS messages, the DisplayName is also used for the 'From' field in Email notification deliveries. So, while the maximum length of the DisplayName is 100 characters, due to the constrained format of SMS messaging, only the first 10 characters of the DisplayName will be included in SMS delivered. It is therefore recommended that for topics with SMS subscriptions, users set the DisplayName to have a maximum length of 10 characters or ensure that the first 10 characters of the DisplayName distinctly identify the topic.
Q: How do I stop SMS messages from being sent to my phone?
There are several ways to stop SMS notification deliveries from reaching a user's phone. The easiest way is to reply 'STOP' or 'QUIT' to short code 30304 to unsubscribe from all topics and stop SMS deliveries. Users can also remove SMS subscriptions using the AWS Management console or by calling the Amazon SNS API directly.
Q: What short code will SMS notifications originate from?
Amazon SNS notifications will be sent from short code 30304 in the US.
Q: Are SMS subscriptions associated with Amazon SNS topics?
Yes – all SMS subscriptions are associated with Amazon SNS topics. There is no way to create an SMS subscription without associating it with a topic.
Q: Can SMS messages be sent from all AWS data center regions?
Initially, SMS messages can only be sent from topics created in the US East Region. However, an application can publish to the SNS service in US East from any other region. SMS notification support will be available in other AWS regions and countries in the coming months.
Q: Can I send an MMS message using Amazon SMS?
SNS does not support MMS messaging at this time.
Q: Can Amazon SNS be used to send SMS messages from other AWS services?
Yes – there are an increasing number of AWS services that use Amazon SNS to send service notifications including CloudWatch and S3 Reduced Redundancy. In addition to configuring and receiving email notifications for events of interest, you can also configure and receive SMS notifications for those same services. For example, you can easily setup a topic for CloudWatch Alarms which will receive alarm events. To this topic, you can subscribe an email address or a phone number (or both) as end-points for notifications to be delivered. Whenever CloudWatch detects a configured condition for an alarm to fire, it will publish a message to the SNS topic which will then delivered as an email or SMS to the appropriate end-point.
Q: How large can SMS notifications be?
SMS notifications are limited by protocol specification to no more than 140 characters per message for ASCII (or 70 characters for Unicode). Since all SMS messages sent out include the topic DisplayName, the sum of the topic DisplayName and the published message payload can at most be 140 characters (or 70 characters for Unicode). Any published message which exceeds this size will be truncated in the SMS sent out.
Q: Can Amazon SNS notifications be sent in both SMS and email format at the same time?
Yes – Amazon SNS can deliver notifications via different protocols at the same time. However, SMS messages are restricted in size to 140 total characters. For email, the maximum limit is 8K characters. Since messages must be kept short and abbreviations are often used with SMS, content that is formatted for email delivery may not display well when delivered via SMS.
Q: What is the format of the initial message sent to confirm the subscription request?
When a phone number for an SMS end-point is subscribed to a topic, Amazon SNS will send out an SMS message to the specified phone requesting that the subscription be confirmed. The format of this message is as follows:
Would you like to receive messages from Foo. Reply Yes Foo to receive messages. Reply Help or Stop. Msg&data rates may apply.
In this case 'Foo' is the DisplayName set for this topic. To confirm the subscription, users must respond with a confirmation SMS message: Yes Foo
That confirms this subscription. If such a message is not received by SNS, no further messages from Foo will be sent to this phone number.
Q: What is the format of an SMS notification sent in response to a published message?
Foo> This is the payload the published message.
where Foo is the DisplayName set for the topic.
Q: What is the format of a response to a 'Help' message?
In response to receiving a Help message, SNS will respond with the following message:
Visit http://aws.amazon.com/sns/sms or call 1-800-xxx-xxxx for help. Reply STOP to cancel. Msg&data rates may apply.
Q: Is there a 'free tier' allowance for SMS notifications?
There is a monthly free tier allowance for SMS messages. The first 100 SMS messages sent each month are free. Additional SMS messages cost $0.75 per 100 messages sent. For additional information on SMS pricing, please visit: http://aws.amazon.com/sns/pricing.
Q: What is the cost for receiving SMS message deliveries?
Pricing for SMS message delivery to mobile devices is based on your text message plan with your wireless carrier.
Q: Does Amazon SNS currently support notification delivery to international phone numbers?
Currently Amazon SNS will only accept US phone numbers as valid subscription end-points. SMS notification support will be available in other AWS regions and countries in the coming months.
Q: Are there limits to the number of topics or number of subscribers per topic?
By default, SNS offers 10 million subscriptions per topic, and 100,000 topics per account. To request a higher limit, please contact us at at http://aws.amazon.com/support
Q: How much and what kind of data can go in a message?
Amazon SNS messages can contain up to 256 KB of text data, including XML, JSON and unformatted text. The following Unicode characters are accepted:
#x9 | #xA | #xD | [#x20 to #xD7FF] | [#xE000 to #xFFFD] | [#x10000 to #x10FFFF]
(according to http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#charsets).
Note: For SMS subscriptions, only 140 characters will be included in the payload of the message delivered. This will include the DisplayName of the topic and as many characters of the published message as can be accomodated.
Note: Each 64KB chunk of published data is billed as 1 request. For example, a single API call with a 256KB payload will be billed as four requests.
Q: Are there TCP ports that should be used for cross-region communication between SNS and EC2?
Yes, cross-region communication between SNS and EC2 on ports other than 80/443/4080/8443 is not guaranteed to work and should be avoided.
Q: What is raw message delivery?
You can now opt-in to get your messages delivered in raw form, i.e. exactly as you published them. By default, messages are delivered encoded in JSON that provides metadata about the message and topic. Raw message delivery can be enabled by setting the "RawMessageDelivery" property on the subscriptions. This property can be set by using the AWS Management Console, or by using the API SetSubscriptionAttributes.
Q: What is the default behavior if the raw message delivery property on the subscription is not set?
By default, if this property is not set, messages will be delivered in JSON format, which is the current behavior. This ensures existing applications will continue to operate as expected.
Q: Which types of endpoints support raw message delivery?
New raw message delivery support is added to endpoints of type SQS Queue and HTTP(S). Deliveries to Email and SMS endpoints will behave the same independent of the "RawMessageDelivery" property.
Q: How will raw messages be delivered to HTTP endpoints?
When raw-formatted messages are delivered to HTTP/s endpoints, the message body will be included in the body of the HTTP POST.
SNS Mobile Push lets you use Simple Notification Service (SNS) to deliver push notifications to Apple, Google, Fire OS, and Windows devices, as well as Android devices in China with Baidu Cloud Push. With push notifications, an installed mobile application can notify its users immediately by popping a notification about an event, without opening the application. For example, if you install a sports app and enable push notifications, the app can send you the latest score of your favorite team even if the app isn't running. The notification appears on your device, and when you acknowledge it, the app launches to display more information. Users' experiences are similar to receiving an SMS, but with enhanced functionality and at a fraction of the cost.
Q: How do I get started sending push notifications?
Push notifications can only be sent to devices that have your app installed, and whose users have opted in to receive them. SNS Mobile Push does not require explicit opt-in for sending push notifications, but iOS, Android and Kindle Fire operating systems do require it. In order to send push notifications with SNS, you must also register your app and each installed device with SNS. For more information, see Using Amazon SNS Mobile Push Notifications.
Q: Which push notifications platforms are supported?
Currently, the following push notifications platforms are supported:
- Amazon Device Messaging (ADM)
- Apple Push Notification Service (APNS)
- Google Cloud Messaging (GCM)
- Windows Push Notification Service (WNS) for Windows 8+ and Windows Phone 8.1+
- Microsoft Push Notification Service (MPNS) for Windows Phone 7+
- Baidu Cloud Push for Android devices in China
Q: How many push notifications can I send with the SNS Free Tier?
The SNS free tier includes 1 million publishes, plus 1 million mobile push deliveries. So you can send 1 million free push notifications every month. Notifications to all mobile push endpoints are all counted together toward your 1 million free mobile push deliveries.
Q: Does enabling push notifications require any special confirmations with SNS Mobile Push?
No, they do not. End-users opt-in to receive push notifications when they first run an app, whether or not SNS delivers the push notifications.
Q: Do I have to modify my client app to use SNS Mobile Push?
SNS does not require you to modify your client app. Baidu Cloud Push requires Baidu-specific components to be added to your client code in order to work properly, whether or not you choose to use SNS.
Q: How do SNS topics work with Mobile Push?
SNS topics can have subscribers from any supported push notifications platform, as well as any other endpoint type such as SMS or email. When you publish a notification to a topic, SNS will send identical copies of that message to each endpoint subscribed to the topic. If you use platform-specific payloads to define the exact payload sent to each push platform, the publish will fail if it exceeds the maximum payload size imposed by the relevant push notifications platform.
Q: What payload size is supported for various target platforms?
SNS will support maximum payload size that is supported by the underlying native platform. Customers can use a JSON object to send platform specific messages. See Using SNS Mobile Push API for additional details.
Q: How do platform-specific payloads work?
When you publish to a topic and want to have customized messages sent to endpoints for the different push notification platforms then you need to select "Use different message body for different protocols" option on the Publish dialog box and then update the messages. You can use platform-specific payloads to specify the exact API string that is relayed to each push notifications service. For example, you can use platform-specific payloads to manipulate the badge count of your iOS application via APNS. For more information, see Using Amazon SNS Mobile Push Notifications.
Q: Can one token subscribe to multiple topics?
Yes. Each token can be subscribed to an unlimited number of SNS topics.
Q: What is direct addressing? How does it work?
Direct addressing allows you to deliver notifications directly to a single endpoint, rather than sending identical messages to all subscribers of a topic. This is useful if you want to deliver precisely targeted messages to each recipient. When you register device tokens with SNS, SNS creates an endpoint that corresponds to the token. You can publish to the token endpoint just as you would publish to a topic. You can direct publish either the text of your notification, or a platform-specific payload that takes advantage of platform-specific features such as updating the badge count of your app. Direct addressing is currently only available for push notifications endpoints.
Q: Does SNS support direct addressing for SMS or Email?
No. At this time, direct addressing is only supported for mobile push endpoints (APNS, GCM, ADM, WNS, MPNS, Baidu).
Q: How does SNS Mobile Push handle token feedback from notification services?
Push notification services such as APNS and GCM provide feedback on tokens which may have expired or may have been replaced by new tokens. If either APNS or GCM reports that a particular token has either expired or is invalid, SNS automatically "disables" the application endpoint associated with the token, and notifies you of this change via an event.GCM specifically, at times not only indicates that a token is invalid, but also provides the new token associated with the application endpoint in its response to SNS. When this happens, SNS automatically updates the associated endpoint with the new token value, leaving the endpoint enabled, and then notifies you of this change via an event.
Q: Can I migrate existing apps to SNS Mobile Push?
Yes. You can perform a bulk upload of existing device tokens to Amazon SNS, either via the console interface or API. You would also register your app with SNS by uploading your credentials for the relevant push notifications services, and configure your proxy or app to register future new tokens with SNS.
Q: Can I monitor my push notifications through Amazon CloudWatch?
Yes. SNS publishes Cloudwatch metrics for number of messages published, number of successful notifications, number of failed notifications and size of data published. Metrics are available on per application basis. You can access Cloudwatch metrics via AWS Management Console or CloudWatch APIs.
Q: What types of Windows Push Notifications does Amazon SNS support?
SNS supports all types of push notifications types offered by Microsoft WNS and MPNS, including toast, tile, badge and raw notifications. Use the TYPE message attribute to specify which notification type you wish to use. When you use default payloads to send the same message to all mobile platforms, SNS will select toast notifications by default for Windows platforms. It is required to specify a notification type for Windows platforms when you use platform-specific payloads.
Q: Does SNS support Windows raw push notifications?
Yes. You must encode the notification payload as text to send raw notifications via SNS.
Q: What is Baidu Cloud Push?
Baidu Cloud Push is a third-party alternative push notifications relay service for Android devices. You can use Baidu Cloud Push to reach Android customers in China, no matter what Android app store those customers choose to use for downloading your app. For more information about Baidu Cloud Push, visit: http://developer.baidu.com/cloud/push.
Q: Can I publish Baidu notifications from all public AWS regions?
Yes, SNS supports Baidu push notifications from all public AWS regions.
Q: Can I use Baidu notifications to any Android app store?
Yes, Baidu push notifications work for apps installed via any Android app store.
Q: What are message attributes?
Message attributes allow you to provide structured metadata items (such as timestamps, geospatial data, signatures, and identifiers) about the message. Message attributes are optional and separate from, but sent along with, the message body. This information can be used by the receiver of the message to help decide how to handle the message without having to first process the message body.
You can use SNS message attributes in conjunction with SQS and mobile push endpoints. To learn more about message attributes, please see the SNS Getting Started Guide.
Q: What message attributes are supported in SNS?
SNS supports different message attributes for each endpoint type, depending on what the endpoint types each support themselves.
- For SQS endpoints, you can specify up to 10 name-type-value triples per message. Types supported include: String, Binary and Number (including integers, floating point, and doubles).
- For mobile push endpoints, you can take advantage of specific message attributes that each mobile platform supports (such as notification type).
Q: What does support for AWS Lambda endpoints in Amazon SNS mean?
You can now invoke your AWS Lambda functions by publishing messages to Amazon SNS topics that have AWS Lambda functions subscribed to them. Because Amazon SNS supports message fan-out, publishing a single message can invoke different AWS Lambda functions or invoke Lambda functions in addition to delivering notifications to supported Amazon SNS destinations such as mobile push, HTTP endpoints, SQS, email and SMS (US only).
Q: What is AWS Lambda?
AWS Lambda is a compute service that runs your code in response to events and automatically manages the compute resources for you, making it easy to build applications that respond quickly to new information. More information on AWS Lambda and how to create AWS Lambda functions can be found here.
Q: What can I do with AWS Lambda functions and Amazon SNS?
By subscribing AWS Lambda functions to Amazon SNS topics, you can perform custom message handling. You can invoke an AWS Lambda function to provide custom message delivery handling by first publishing a message to an AWS Lambda function, have your Lambda function modify a message (e.g. localize language) and then filter and route those messages to other topics and endpoints. Apps and services that already send Amazon SNS notifications, such as Amazon CloudWatch, can now immediately take advantage of AWS Lambda without having to provision or manage infrastructure for custom message handling. You can also use delivery to an AWS Lambda function as a way to publish to other AWS services such as Amazon Kinesis or Amazon S3. You can subscribe an AWS Lambda function to the Amazon SNS topic, and then have the Lambda function in turn write to another service.
Q: How do I activate AWS Lambda endpoint support in Amazon SNS?
You need to first create an AWS Lambda function via your AWS account and the AWS Lambda console, and then subscribe that AWS Lambda function to a topic using the Amazon SNS console or the Amazon SNS APIs. Once that is complete, any messages that you publish to the Amazon SNS topics which have Lambda functions subscribed to them will be delivered to the appropriate Lambda functions in addition to any other destinations subscribed to that topic.
Q: What does delivery of a message from Amazon SNS to an AWS Lambda function do?
A message delivery from Amazon SNS to an AWS Lambda function creates an instance of the AWS Lambda function and invokes it with your message as an input. For more information on message formats, please refer to the Amazon SNS documentation and the AWS Lambda documentation.
Q: How much does this feature cost?
Publishing a message with Amazon SNS costs $0.50 per million requests. Aside from charges incurred in using AWS services, there are no additional fees for delivering a message to an AWS Lambda function. Amazon SNS has a Free Tier of 1 million requests per month. For more information, please refer to Amazon SNS pricing. AWS Lambda function costs are based on the number of requests for your functions and the time your code executes. The AWS Lambda Free-Tier includes 1M requests per month and 400,000 GB-seconds of compute time per month. For more information, please refer to AWS Lambda pricing.
Q: Can I subscribe AWS Lambda functions created by someone else to Amazon SNS topics that I own?
We currently do not allow an AWS account owner to subscribe an AWS Lambda function that belongs to another account. You can subscribe your own AWS Lambda functions to your own Amazon SNS topics or subscribe your AWS Lambda functions to an Amazon SNS topic that was created by another account so long as the topic policy for that SNS topic allows it.
Q: Is there a limit to the number of AWS Lambda functions that I can subscribe to an Amazon SNS topic?
Amazon SNS treats AWS Lambda functions like any other destination. By default, SNS offers 10 million subscriptions per topic. To request a higher limit, please contact us.
Q: What data can I pass to my AWS Lambda function?
When an AWS Lambda function is invoked as a result of an Amazon SNS message delivery, the AWS Lambda function receives data such as the Message ID, the topic ARN, the message payload and message attributes via an SNS Event. For more information on the event structure passed to the AWS Lambda function please read our blog.
Q: Can I track delivery status for message delivery attempts to AWS Lambda functions?
To track the success or failure status of message deliveries, you need to activate the Delivery Status feature of Amazon SNS. For more information about how to activate this feature please read our blog.
Q: What regions is AWS Lambda available in?
AWS Lambda is currently available in US East (N. Virginia), US West (Oregon) and EU (Ireland).
Q: Do my AWS Lambda functions need to be in the same region as my Amazon SNS usage?
You can subscribe your AWS Lambda functions to an Amazon SNS topic in any region.
Q: Are there any data transfer costs for invoking AWS Lambda functions?
Data transfer costs are applicable to message deliveries to AWS Lambda functions. Please refer to our pricing for more information.
Q: Are there any limits to the concurrency of AWS Lambda functions?
AWS Lambda currently supports 100 concurrent requests per AWS account. If your Amazon SNS message deliveries to AWS Lambda contribute to crossing these concurrency limits, your Amazon SNS message deliveries will be throttled. If AWS Lambda throttles an Amazon SNS message, Amazon SNS will retry the delivery attempts. For more information about AWS Lambda concurrency limits, please refer to AWS Lambda documentation.
Q: Can Amazon SNS use the same AWS Lambda functions that I use with other services (e.g. Amazon S3)?
You can use the same AWS Lambda functions that you use with other services as long as the same function can parse the event formats from Amazon SNS in addition to the event format of the other services. For the SNS event format please read our blog.
Q: What are VoIP Push Notifications for iOS?
In iOS 8 and later, voice-over-IP (VoIP) apps can register for VoIP remote notifications such that iOS can launch or wake the app, as appropriate, when an incoming VoIP call arrives for the user. The procedure to register for VoIP notifications is similar to registering for regular push notifications on iOS. For more information, please refer to our documentation.
Q: Can I use VoIP Push Notifications and other Push Notifications in the same iOS app?
Yes, you can have an iOS application that is registered to receive both types of push notifications. However, you will need to obtain the VoIP push notification certificate from Apple in addition to the regular push notification certificate and create a new Platform Application in Amazon SNS and choose Apple VoIP Push as the platform type. For more information, please refer to our documentation.
Q: What are Mac OS push notifications?
You can now send push notifications to Mac OS desktops that run Mac OS X Lion (10.7) or later using Amazon SNS. For more information, please refer to our documentation.


text:
|21 Vintavious Cooper
Vintavious Cooper Runs for 198 Yards and Scores Two Touchdowns
Cooper And Wiggins Score Three TDs On Senior Day
Carden Passes For Three Scores, Hardy Catches One and Throws For Another
ECU vs. Ohio (USA Today Gallery)
East Carolina vs. Marshall (AP)
AP Photos: East Carolina vs. Houston
ECU vs. Navy - AP Photos (10/27/12)
AP Photos: Football vs. UAB
Hopes to follow a notable highlight-reel inaugural season with an encore as a senior ... Quickness, vision and elusiveness enables additional yardage after contact ... Returns as East Carolina's starter in the backfield, but should face plenty of competition from sophomore Chris Hairston, incoming junior college transfer Breon Allen and freshman Marquez Grayson, creating unmatched depth in a position that distributed many carries to different personnel a year ago ... Earned selection to 2013 Preseason All-Conference USA squads by Athlon Sports (second team) and Phil Steele's College Football Preview Magazine (third team) ... Outgoing personality and charisma makes him one of the more popular Pirates among media members and the fan base, despite his limited time in the program ... Strength numbers of note include a 286-pound power clean, a push jerk of 300, a broad jump of 109.5" and a pro shuttle time of 4.12.
2012: Selected as Conference USA's Newcomer-of-the-Year and earned all-league (second-team) honors after a dazzling debut season in ECU's backfield ... Appeared in all 13 games, starting the last eight ... Authored four 100-yard rushing games (151/UTEP, 172/UAB, 121/Navy, 140/UH), which is ranked as the second-highest total in Conference USA ... Booked three-straight triple-digit rushing efforts (vs. Blazers, Midshipmen and Cougars) were the first by a Pirate since 2003 (Marvin Townes) ... Rushed for 1,049 yards on 200 carries (5.2 avg.) with seven touchdowns, becoming the 12th Pirate to rush for 1,000 yards in a season ... Also caught 26 passes for 229 yards (8.8 avg.) with one score ... Eight total TDs (7 rush, 1 pass) ranked second on the team with Shane Carden and behind Justin Hardy (11) ... Stood third on the squad in scoring with 50 points ... Recorded 41 plays (32 rush, 9 receiving) that netted 10 or more yards to top all players ... Was ECU's top rusher in 11 of the last 12 contests ... Accounted for three TDs and a successful two-point conversion vs. UAB ... Rushed for a season-high 172 yards and two scores against Blazers - the highest rushing total by a Pirate since 2009 (and 30th-highest single-game rushing performance in ECU history) ... Recorded more than 200 all-purpose yards in a pair of games (203/UTEP, 202/UAB) ... Ran for 151 yards on 23 carries and a score vs. UTEP ... Caught a season-best four passes for 52 yards out of the backfield against the Miners ... Ranked among the league leaders in rushing (7th/80.7 pg) and all-purpose yards (8th/98.3 pg) ... Sixty-one of 200 rushes and 11 of 26 receptions resulted in ECU first downs ... Had 11 plays go for 20-or more yards (8 rush, 3 receiving) ... Three of eight TDs went for 20-or more yards (UAB/30 receiving, UTEP/24 rush, UH/22 rush) ... Recorded career-long run of 39 yards vs. UTEP and career-long reception of 33 yards against Houston ... In addition to UAB, added second multi-scoring game in the season finale against Marshall (2 rush) ... Made Pirate debut in the season opener vs. Appalachian State, rushing for three yards and catching a pair of passes for 40 yards off the bench ... Turned in lowest rushing total as a starter with a 19-yard effort vs. UL-Lafayette in the R+L Carriers New Orleans Bowl ... Also was the recipient of the program's newcomer-of-the-year honor (at annual awards banquet).
Junior College: A two-year starter as an option quarterback for the Bears who capped career earning 2011 Second-Team All-National Junior College Athletic Association All-America honors ... Also named to the All-Mississippi Association of Community/Junior Colleges (MACJC) First Team as a running back and was selected as the MACJC South's Most Valuable Back after leading the league in rushing with 1,273 yards during final season ... Topped the MACJC in ground yards per contest at 141.4 ... Participated in the MACJC All-Star Football Classic and earned the game's most valuable player honors after accounting for 163 total yards and completing 10-of-12 passes for 117 yards ... Placed on the All-Region 23 First Team as a running back ... Rushed for 11 touchdowns during the campaign and completed 70-of-149 passes for 949 yards and 11 more scores ... Gained 2,222 yards of total offense as a sophomore, an average of 246.89 per contest ... In addition to offensive role, served as a punter during the year and had nine boots for 260 yards with a long of 48 ... In the season opener against Holmes, gained 376 yards on the ground in a 24-21 double-overtime victory ... Against No. 13 Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College, rushed for 130 yards and two touchdowns ... Gained 214 yards on the ground against Northwest Mississippi Community College and 140 against Jones County Junior College ... In the contest against Northwest, added 134 aerial yards on a 10-of-15 effort ... Experienced action in seven games as a freshman, rushing for 562 yards on 110 carries and throwing for 276 yards ... Completed 20-of-53 attempts during rookie year ... Scored five rushing touchdowns and tallied one through the air ... Also caught one pass for 13 yards ... Gained a season-high 156 ground yards against Jones County ... Surpassed the 100-yard milestone against Pearl River Community College (129) and Hinds Community College (110) ... Rushed for a pair of TDs against Northeast Mississippi Community College and Pearl River ... Punched in season's final ground score versus Hinds ... Program finished the year with a 4-5 record ... Played for head coach Charles Anthony.
High School: A four-year letterwinner at quarterback for Clinch (Ga.) County who earned Associated Press and Georgia Sports Writers Association All-State Honorable Mention nods as a senior ... During final campaign, guided Clinch to a 10-4 overall record and the Region 1-A championship for the third time in four seasons ... Rushed for 141 yards and a touchdown on 13 carries while completing five-of-11 passes for 50 yards and a score to lift the Panthers to a 39-28 victory over Emanuel County Institute in the second round of the Georgia High School Association (GHSA) Class A State Championship ... Selected as The Valdosta Daily Times Player-of-the-Week following performance ... A week later in the state quarterfinals, had 213 yards of total offense (125/rush, 88/pass) with a pair of ground scores and two aerial TDs in a 35-27 win over Holy Innocents' to be tabbed as one of the PrepCountry.com's Terrific 12 of the GHSA playoffs ... Suffered a 20-14 setback to eventual champion Wilcox County in the state semifinals ... As a junior, passed for 1,618 yards and 15 touchdowns and was a Georgia Sports Writers Association Honorable Mention Class A All-State selection ... Lifted Clinch to the 1-A East Region crown with a perfect 4-0 record ... Panthers ended the campaign with a 9-3 mark after topping Twiggs County 44-19 in the opening round of the GHSA state playoffs ... During sophomore campaign, passed for 1,966 yards and 17 touchdowns to help Clinch reach the GHSA state semifinals, where it fell to Emanuel County Institute 35-14 ... In first season as a starter, helped guide Panthers to an 11-3 mark ... As a freshman, was a key contributor for a team that played for the GHSA state championship and fell to Lincoln County 21-14 ... Program finished the season with a 12-3 record and third championship appearance in five years ... Played for head coach Jim Dickerson.
Personal: Full name is Vintavious Lamar Cooper ... Nickname is Coop ... Born October 4, 1991 at Homerville, Ga. ... Father, A.C. Cooper, was regarded as the greatest prep athlete in Clinch County history after graduating from high school with six state championships (football, basketball, baseball) ... A.C. was named the 1988-89 Georgia Sports Writers Association High School Male Player-of-the-Year ... Major is communications ... Hobbies include video games.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Vermont 2-1-1is the number to dial to find out about hundreds of important community resources, like emergency food and shelter, disability services, counseling, senior services, health care, child care, drug and alcohol programs, legal assistance, transportation agencies, educational and volunteer opportunities, and much more.
2-1-1 is not an emergency number like 9-1-1, nor is it directory assistance like 4-1-1.
2-1-1 is your first step toward solving everyday problems or
when you are facing difficult times.
It's a free service. It's confidential. It's 24/7.


text:
Main Content
Sometimes camouflage makes you fade into your surroundings, but the opposite is true of this Camo tank from Billabong. Featuring contrast rib-knit accents, an allover camo print and a Billabong logo printed at the left chest, this tank will guarantee you won't be overlooked on your next trip to the beach.
- 51% Cotton/49% Polyester
- Lightweight ribbed tank
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- Imported
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- Brand: Billabong
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Polished Copper Star - Large
Catalog Item # 65666
Reg $134.39
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text:
NICE what ya building? I was going to get paperwork to rebuild a 22 mag rifle that the barrel was damaged on in a theft, but for $200 for the stamp it wasnt cost effective to do so. I can get what I had in mind to do with it, off the shelf for the $200 I would have spent on the stamp. I was going to shorten it to 12" and build a costom stock to turn it into a silloette pistol, with some redfield reciever peep sights, but like I said, not cost efective. So I won't bother, I just junked it instead.
Now get busy,,,,, we need some more gun build posts here.


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Dec 182012
Valve has announced on a private mailing list that the Steam client for Linux beta will be opened to everyone from the coming week, this after an initial launch of a closed beta that lasted about 1 month.
Because of the stability provided by the client of Steam for Linux, Valve has finally decided to open the beta to everyone.
In this regard they indicate in the mailing list:
"The Open Beta will be available to the public and will increase the current population from 80K to a higher number"


text:
by Kerri Conan
There are a lot of things we could do with the purple shiso in our herb garden. My husband Sean and I have tried several: like marinate the leaves whole in a sesame-soy concoction, shred a few into salads and stir-fries, and scrunch several into a jar of carrot pickles. Other ideas we have yet to explore: shiso pesto, tempura, or tea.
But we usually enjoy these sturdy leaves plain, to transport food from plate to mouth, as if you were eating with castanets. (Is this how shiso is often used in Japan? I've never been, but whenever the leaves are used to garnish my sushi, it never goes to waste.)


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Joined: 22 Mar 2007
Posts: 1502
Posted: Thu Mar 22, 2012 10:53 am
Post subject: Government vs. private enterprise
Hightower pulls aside another curtain. This is an excellent example of how some people argue about private enterprise vs. government:
This article is about the U.S. Post Office, but very much the same pattern has been playing out for years in arguments about Social Security, Medicare and other health care, education, and more. Too many politicians IN government don't approve of government, so they lie, rig the game, tilt the playing field, and commit outright sabotage to force government enterprises to fail.
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Joined: 23 Mar 2007
Posts: 877
Location: Florida
Posted: Sat Mar 24, 2012 6:24 pm
Post subject:
I believe the time has come for our government to begin nationalizing private companies who provide for the well-being of the nation. Certain companies that fall into this category are election companies, oil companies and power utilities to name a few. To have honest elections we need to make certain the voting machines don't have codes written into them to throw off elections. As long as we are on an oil based economy, for the greater good, we may need to make certain profits are not made by these corporations at the general public's expense. The same with electrical and gas companies as well.
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Joined: 25 Apr 2009
Posts: 420
Location: Alabama
Posted: Mon Mar 26, 2012 8:31 pm
Post subject:
I am having a difficult time understanding how republicans are against the health insurance mandates of Obamacare by stating it is unconstitutional to force people to buy private insurance. But they are also in favor of privatizing medicare which would...force seniors to buy private health insurance. Since both accomplish their goal of getting more money to the big health insurance companies, why all of the screaming against Obamacare, especially since the republicans came up with the idea in the first place? I remain in favor of a single payer system where the profit incentive is taken out of health care.
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Joined: 22 Mar 2007
Posts: 1502
Posted: Tue Mar 27, 2012 12:37 am
Post subject:
I'm afraid any attempt to nationalize anything these days will just provoke more political sabotage. I think the health care mess is another classic example. Health care should be a single national system with no profit-takers, yet attempts to "reform" just keep adding layers of profiteers.
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Joined: 22 Mar 2007
Posts: 2733
Posted: Tue Mar 27, 2012 9:27 am
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Probably a number of these problems would disappear were we to change the way we elect people to government positions, limit the length of of them, and pay for them. And perhaps we should attempt to impeach the members of the Supreme Court who allowed that corporations are persons.
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Joined: 23 Mar 2007
Posts: 877
Location: Florida
Posted: Wed Apr 11, 2012 2:50 pm
Post subject:
There is nothing wrong with capitalism except for capitalism run amok which is where we are now. Do we try to make life good for everyone or only for the 1%? The 1% have theirs, how much more do they need? Is it imperative to beat out the guy who is ahead of them on Forbes List? I think for most of us 99ers we simply are happy with the concept of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. If I can have a decent middle class job, be able to pay my bills, have enough left over at the end of the month for savings then I am a happy camper.
Most middle classers are happy with this. Why can't our corporate masters treat us with respect and dignity? Don't screw up but pay us a decent wage. Don't pay consultants millions of dollars to show you how to screw us your employees, don't deny us health and dental insurance, don't demand higher rates of productivity without sharing the extra profits.
Is that so much to ask?
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Joined: 22 Mar 2007
Posts: 1502
Posted: Sun Apr 22, 2012 11:30 am
Post subject:
Hightower pulls aside another curtain (or maybe turns over another rock):
I knew how much of the Iraq & Afghanistan wars was unwisely farmed out to private contractors, but I hadn't realized how much of that was also being done with spying.
Clearly too many people in power don't recall Machiavelli's warning about mercenaries:
"The mercenary captains are either capable men or they are not; if they are, you cannot trust them, because they always aspire to their own greatness, either by oppressing you, who are their master, or others contrary to your intentions; but if the captain is not skillful, you are ruined in the usual way."
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Joined: 23 Mar 2007
Posts: 877
Location: Florida
Posted: Wed Apr 25, 2012 8:54 am
Post subject:
by John Naisbitt published in 1982 stated that eventually governments wouldn't matter but corporations would have the higher power and more authority. Is this coming to pass?
Our federal government is not a business and should not be run for profit. It exists to take care of us the citizens. It annoys me when the conservatives thinks the government should represent a business model. Because a department or agency is not profitable, their excuse is to privatize it. Then the contract goes to a private vendor who makes a profit but it costs the government more. We see this in the private prison industry and it's what they are tying to do with the US Postal Service.
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Election Department
The Election Department conducts all municipal, state, and federal elections within the City of Boston. The Department ensures that elections are properly managed and conducted in accordance with City, state, and federal laws. The Department also handles the registration of voters, proper maintenance of voters' status and manages the annual listing of Boston residents age 17 and over.


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Gilles Peterson sits with Herbie Hancock this week, discussing Buddhism, Watermelon Man and more.
Also in this weeks Worldwide Mix: music from Jay Electronica featuring Jay-Z, Coultrain, Jazz Invaders, Homeboy Sandman, Colonel Red, and Radio Citizen. Gilles closes with John Coltrane's "Equinox" for good measure. Enjoy!
Part 1
Part 2


text: Bring a beautiful new look to your bedroom decor with the White & Sage Full Duvet - White & Sage by Bed Voyage bedding. With its soothing earth tones and luxurious naturally soft feel, the White Sage collection by Bed Voyage bedding will give your bedroom a calm, tranquil atmosphere you will cherish night after night. Featuring a sheer, smooth base combining understated sage and pristine white into an artfully coordinated ensemble, Bed Voyage Mocha Plum bedding is hypoallergenic, as well as thermo regulating, to create an unparalleled sleeping experience.


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The Office of Strategy and Development promotes the BBG's mission through a wide range of projects that strengthen free and open media worldwide to provide accurate, objective and balanced news and information to audiences overseas. Principal activities include:
- Public-Private partnerships with U.S. government agencies, non-governmental organizations, foundations and commercial and public broadcasters to create programs that support democratic institutions, good governance, the free flow of information and the free enterprise system.
- Supporting multi-platform news and information programs
- Training journalists, editors and media executives in sales and marketing, basic journalism, ethics, investigative, health and business reporting, among other subjects.
2015 Training Activities
2014 Training Activities (click here)
2013 Training Activities (click here)


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Teen dating violence — also called intimate relationship violence, intimate partner violence among adolescents, or adolescent relationship abuse — includes physical, psychological or sexual abuse; harassment; and/or stalking of any person ages 12 to 18 in the context of a past or present romantic or consensual relationship.
Read about how NIJ is building its research program through collaborative insights.
On this page learn about:
The creation of the Federal Interagency Workgroup on Teen Dating Violence was one outcome of the 2006 Workshop on Teen Dating Violence. The workgroup is composed of representatives from 18 agencies representing the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice, Education and Defense as well as the Office of the Vice President.
The workgroup has met regularly since September 2006 to share information and coordinate teen dating violence program, policy and research activities to combat teen dating violence from a public health perspective. Participating agencies have collaborated on several joint efforts, including cohosting the December 2007 workshop and sponsoring the Concept Mapping Project (see below).
NIJ, along with its partners in the Federal Interagency Workgroup on Teen Dating Violence, funded the development of concept maps on adolescent relationship abuse. In the emerging area of teen dating violence research — as with all emerging fields — definition and concept development are key. It is equally critical that the definitions and concepts that researchers and practitioners use to define relationship abuse resonate with young people. However, prior workgroup meetings noticed that adolescents consistently have not been included in developing the research agenda to address teen dating violence. Because it gives equal weight to adolescent and adult viewpoints, concept mapping was chosen as the most appropriate method for including adolescent perspectives.
A broad range of adolescent participants were included to provide a better understanding of the features of adolescent relationships, including the range of healthy, unhealthy and abusive characteristics, from the standpoint of adolescents.
Concept maps were used to determine whether adolescents and adults (e.g., parents, practitioners and researchers) have similar ways of thinking about relationships, as well as what value adolescents place on various relationship characteristics.
The results of the project will help ensure that prevention and intervention can incorporate language and concepts of relationships that youth can relate to and can educate young people about dangerous behaviors they may not consider negative or abusive. The results also include recommendations on how to incorporate the findings into planning program activities and research agendas in the area of teen dating violence.
Learn more about the results of this project:
Learn more about concept mapping in general from Concept Systems Incorporated Exit Notice
Next section: Prevalence of Teen Dating Violence.


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Frosty Coffee Pie RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
4.5 12 11
This pie was inspired by my husband, who loves coffee ice cream, and his mom, who makes a cool, creamy dessert using pudding mix. —April Timboe, Siloam Springs, Arkansas
- 1/4 cup hot fudge ice cream topping, warmed
- 1 chocolate crumb crust (9 inches)
- 3 cups coffee ice cream, softened
- 1 package (5.9 ounces) instant chocolate pudding mix
- 1/2 cup cold strong brewed coffee
- 1/4 cup cold 2% milk
- 1-3/4 cups whipped topping
- 1 cup marshmallow creme
- 1/4 cup miniature semisweet chocolate chips
- Spread ice cream topping into crust. In a large bowl, beat the ice cream, dry pudding mix, coffee and milk until blended; spoon into crust.
- In another bowl, combine the whipped topping and marshmallow creme; spread over top. Sprinkle with chocolate chips. Cover and freeze until firm. Yield: 8 servings.
Originally published as Frosty Coffee Pie in Branson's Great American Pie Show January 2009
Reviews for Frosty Coffee Pie
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Reviewed Nov. 26, 2014
"Not bad but not my favorite either."
Reviewed May. 26, 2014
"This pie is wonderful! I used a 3.9 oz pudding and it turned out perfectly!"
Reviewed Jun. 27, 2013
"I had forgotten all about this pie. I use to make it all of the time. So glad I refound the recipe. Now that summer is here, this will be a refreshing pie to serve to guests."
Reviewed Jul. 21, 2012
"Very rich and very good! I made my own coffee ice cream so I could make it decaf."
Reviewed Jun. 10, 2010
"This recipe was so easy to make and my guests just raved about it! Everyone wanted the recipe. This will really 'wow' your friends and family."


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Quick View
Aged ManchegoPerhaps Spain's most famous cheese, Manchego is a D.O. (Denominacion de Origen) protected cheese, meaning the traditional recipe must use 100% Manchega sheep milk. The breed has proven sturdy enough over the centuries to traverse the rocky, arid central plateau region of La Mancha – where cows just can't hang. Read More
Quick View
Quadrello di BufalaSomething old-7th century Italian cheese. Something new-Quadrello, not mozzarella. Something borrowed-Taleggio recipe. Somethingbuffalo? Creamy-sweet paste with washed rind funk. Read More


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Innkeeper's Lodge Chester, Christleton
|AA Evaluado
The lodge's 14 comfy en-suite rooms are complemented by a cosy pub, which is dripping with rustic character and rural charm. Here you can enjoy seasonally inspired country dining together with a range of cask ales and well-chosen wines.
There are plenty of things to see and do in Chester. Fantastic shopping, black and white medieval architecture, historic city walls and the famous Chester Racecourse are just a few of its many attractions. Children and adults alike will love Chester zoo or you can explore the weaving footpaths of the unspoilt Delamere Forest. West Cheshire is full of rolling hills, sweeping valleys and quaint market towns worth exploring.


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Today is "black Monday" in the NFL aka doomsday for coaches getting the pink slip. And while Dallas Cowboys interim head coach Jason Garrett can celebrate his exclusion from that list, he's not exactly on the hired list yet either.
Fort Worth Star Telegram columnist Clarence E. Hill Jr. raised an interesting point highlighting the differences between Garrett and Minnesota Vikings Leslie Frazier and the NFL's Rooney Rule.
The Rooney Rule, implemented by the NFL in 2003, requires teams to interview minority candidates for head coach vacancies and senior football operations opportunities.
From the Fort Worth Star Telegram:
"If Jason Garrett were black, he would have been named the Dallas Cowboys' head coach immediately after Sunday's 14-13 season-ending victory against the Philadelphia Eagles at Lincoln Financial Field.
If Garrett were black, Jerry Jones could have simply done what Minnesota Vikings owner Zygi Wilf plans to do as early as today, according to multiple reports, and give interim coach Leslie Frazier the full-time job without conducting a single interview."
Hiring Garrett is certainly in Jones' plans, and what he most likely will do.
A high-ranking team official reiterated as much to me in the postgame locker room following the improbable comeback victory led by third-string quarterback Stephen McGee.
Be that as it may, Jason Garrett will get the Dallas Cowboys job and I still have no problems with the Rooney Rule. When you consider the overall percentage of African American head coaches jumped to 22 percent in 2006 from 6 percent before 2003, then obviously it's making the desired impact of creating more opportunities for minorities that wouldn't have had those opportunities otherwise.
I do wonder, though, if there will come a day when the NFL will not need a Rooney Rule because owners and management will initiate an interview process that includes diverse, qualified candidate selections?


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The Power of Washington's Open Park SpacesHuffington Post
Growing up in the Petworth section of the District of Columbia, I was 10 years old before I saw my first real park. I didn't realize at the time that it would be my salvation from the drugs and violence that were ravaging my community. It would have been preposterous then to think that...Read more
Routt National Forest work helps veterans transition to civilian lifeCraig Daily Press
Steamboat Springs — After spending a year deployed with the Army in Iraq, Elder Pyatt had to adjust to civilian life when he finished his service in 2008.
Life in the military moves much faster, said Pyatt, who served to earn money for college....Read more
Youth volunteers tackle Charles ParkQueens Chronicle
It may have been 91 degrees — at 9:30 a.m. no less — but the 40 high school students in blue shirts who spread out across Charles Park worked through the brutal mid-July weather, picking up garbage and flotsam junk from the beach, cleaning the dugouts in the baseball fields and painting...Read more
NY1: Students Work Through Heat To Restore Sandy-Damaged Park In Howard BeachNY1
Despite the heat, 25 students helped to restore the hurricane-damaged Frank M. Charles Memorial Park in Howard Beach Friday. Click here to see the story.Read more
Veterans find work fighting firesKOTA Territory ABC News
During the summer the risk of wildfires rises, so a six-man crew is doing what it can to prevent that in the Bighorn National Forest.
"We take out the ladder fuels, the fuels that could...Read more
Student Conservation Association Working On Repairing Gateway National Recreation Area's Hurricane DamageNational Parks Traveler
Driving down the West Side Highway in Manhattan every day can be unpredictable – and not just the traffic. Recently, I was stuck in a bumper-to-bumper crawl trying to enter the Lincoln Tunnel when a...Read more
Johnson Controls' Conservation Leadership Corps Providing Summer Jobs for Detroit-Area Teens3BL Media
This summer 80 Detroit-area students will participate in a unique employment experience through Johnson Controls' Conservation Leadership Corps (CLC), a summer jobs program created and sponsored by Johnson Controls in...Read more
Johnson Controls' Conservation Leadership Corps providing summer jobs for Detroit-area teensPR Newswire
DETROIT, July 8, 2013 /PRNewswire/ — This summer 80 Detroit-area students will participate in a unique employment experience through Johnson Controls' Conservation...Read more
Kihei teen participates in conservation projectThe Maui News
Working 10-hour days hauling debris, constructing a boardwalk and cleaning up in the aftermath of Superstorm Sandy wouldn't be an ideal summer project for most college students.
But for Kihei's Jamal William Garcia, it was something that inspired him. The 18-year-old...Read more
Rutgers students apply studies, provide Sandy relief, as volunteers of Student Conservation AssociationmyCentralJersey.com
The damage caused by Hurricane Sandy in October was debilitating and widespread. Many New Jersey students and their families felt the immediate effects of the storm, but were unable to lend a hand during the school year. Recognizing the significant need for...Read more
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Kevin Hamilton
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About Us
The Student Conservation Association (SCA) is America's conservation corps. Our members protect and restore national parks, marine sanctuaries, cultural landmarks and community green spaces in all 50 states.


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Travel Guard
Miles&Smiles members can now earn miles on domestic and international flights by purchasing Travel Guard travel insurance policies.
Thanks to the new agreement signed with Turkish Airlines business partner Travel Guard Chartis (an AIG Sigorta A.Ş. company), Miles & Smiles members can now earn 5 Mile for every 1 Turkish lira spent on insurance policies.
Travel Guard Travel Insurance Exclusive Package for Turkish Airlines passengers offers well rounded protection against unexpected and sudden situations during travel, i.e. cancellation of travel plan, loss of baggage, emergency medical transfer, purse snatching, treatment expenses and flight delay.
Travel Guard insurance policy can be purchased at advantageous rates, 4 Turkish lira for domestic flights and 5 Euros for international flights.
For detailed information on Turkish Airlines Travel Insurance, please visit http://thy.travelguardworldwide.com.
About Travel Guard Chartis /AIG:
AIG is a pioneering insurance company with nearly 100 years of experience and wide product range. Serving clients with more than 40,000 employees in 160 countries across the world, AIG continues its activities in commercial and consumer lines with more than 500 products and service packages.
AIG Sigorta A.Ş. has Regional Offices in Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Izmir, Samsun and Adana with agencies operating under them. AIG Sigorta A.Ş. takes an innovative approach to product development across all of its distribution channels in order to meet the needs of its various consumer segments. This approach manifests itself in the form of direct sales channels as well as product distribution through banks, an outstanding agency network and use of international brokers.
AIG Sigorta A.Ş. offers complete assurance through its technical expertise, financial power, effective and superior claims service for the benefit of all businesses.
Detailed information on AIG products and services can be obtained from AIG Call Center at 444 1 244, www.aig.com.tr, AIG Regional Offices and agencies.
AIG Contact:
Evren Sandıkçı
AIG Sigorta A.Ş.
(212) 310 4949


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Our Mission
Volunteer State Community College is a public, comprehensive community college offering associate degrees, certificates, continuing education, and service to northern Middle Tennessee. The College is committed to providing quality innovative educational programs; strengthening community and workforce partnerships; promoting diversity, and cultural and economic development; inspiring lifelong learning; and preparing students for successful careers, university transfer, and meaningful civic participation in a global society.
Campus Locations
In addition to the main campus in Gallatin, the college has operations in many areas across the region. Those operations include satellite campuses, degree granting centers, evening class sites, high school dual-enrollment programs and health and business classes.
Main CampusAddress: 1480 Nashville Pike
Gallatin, TN 37066
(615) 452-8600 (Local) or
1-888-335-8772 (Toll Free)
Livingston Campus113 Windle Community Road
Livingston, TN 38570
(931) 823-7065 (Local) or
1-800-563-8220 (Toll Free)
Highland Crest150 Laureate Avenue
Springfield, TN 37172
(615) 433-7030 (Local) or
1-855-724-8722 (Toll Free)


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Vere Chocolate (pronounced "very") is a chocolate company with a conscience. They strive to produce chocolate that's good for the body and the earth by using the best ingredients by using sustainably grown, pesticide-free cocoa beans with minimal sugar and no preservatives. The pride themselves in making the best possible tasting product while making ecological choices.
I found these two mini bars on a recent trip to Chelsea Market in New York City. They're very cute, coming in colorful little boxes. Each bar is a 75% dark chocolate base and weighs in at 10g. Obviously meant to be a small indulgence.
The bar come nicely protected with board covering and sealed heavily plastic foil wrapped inside. The bar is a single long piece that is reminiscent of Legos.
Ultimo Dark: Smells very floral, fruity and of course chocolatey. Notes of red berries, raisins, cream, cinnamon.
The flavor is very musky and bitter at first. I taste notes of mushrooms and green coffee. The middle flavor gets more fruity and acidic, with red berries, citrus and cocoa. The finish is a little sweeter, with cream appearing and mingling with the dry, tart fruity notes. The aftertaste is dry and lingers a little while with flavors of cocoa.
The mouth feel is not as smooth as I'd like. It's a little grainy and doesn't melt very easily on the tongue.
Raspberry + Lemon Organic Dark: It smells odd and I can't really distinguish a chocolate, raspberry or lemon aroma. It's a strange, muddled sour like smell.
Immediately tastes of lemon right away and it's beautiful. The middle flavor is where the raspberry finally kicks in and it's very fresh and authentic. So much so I felt like I needed to reach in and pick out seeds from my teeth. I almost thought too soon, because there are bits of raspberry seed in there, providing an slightly crunchy texture and much teeth picking.
I do like the idea of these bars: getting organic chocolate with interesting flavors in a small, portion controlled size. I can't help but feel I can get this elsewhere where it tastes better and possibly costs less (even though I can't recall how much I paid for them).
Rating: Might Eat Again
Vere Chocolate Website