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- Date submitted: 31 Oct 2011
- Stakeholder type: United Nations & Other IGOs
- Name: UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication
- Submission Document: Download
The toolbox
green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication is one of the two key themes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable De�velopment (UNCSD), Rio+20. The ?Synthesis report on best practices and lessons learned on the objectives and themes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development? (A/CONF.216.PC/8) from January 2011 proposes that international prepa�rations for the conference should strengthen support for sustainable development by pro�viding a platform for exchanging best practices and lessons learnt.
According to the Synthesis report, it is important to look at existing experiences and to consider a variety of approaches, assessing how they contribute to sustainable develop�ment and poverty eradication. It suggests the development of a toolbox or best practice guide of actions, instruments and policies to advance the green economy.
This water toolbox is an output from the UN-Water conference on ?Water in the Green Economy in Practice: Towards Rio+20?. The objective is to provide proposals based on the analysis of existing practice, reflecting specifically on lessons from implementation, scal�ing up and the relevance for developing and transition countries.
The toolbox has been compiled by the UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC) on the basis of the documents and papers prepared for the conference by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), In�ternational Labour Organization (ILO), World Bank, UN Environmental Programme (UNEP), UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC), Ebro River Basin Authority (CHE), UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UN�ESCWA), and UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN�ECLAC). The documents and comments provided by a wide range of stakeholders before and during the course of the conference also contributed to the content of this toolbox.
2. The issues
Water plays a fundamental role in the green economy as it interacts with poverty, food security, health and so many other sustainable development issues. The UN-Water conference has identified four priority water-related issues where the
change towards a green economy needs to take place: agriculture, industry, cities and wa�
tersheds. Information briefs were prepared for each of these issues and reviewed by the
concerning UN agency. This section highlights the key points from these information briefs.
Agriculture can play an essential role in achieving a green economy since it accounts for 70% of global water withdrawals and provides employment for 40% of the global population. The key objective for agriculture is to achieve food security for an expand�ing population, but by using fewer natural resources.
Water scarcity and water quality degradation trends;
Rising food prices;
Vulnerability of small-scale farmers;
Growing population, food production and dietary habits;
Inefficient use of water;
Non-point source pollution of water, land and coastal areas.
Approaches to address the challenges: Coping with these challenges will require adaptations in agricultural practices, food production chains, food markets, land man�agement, water management practices ?including pollution control? information and knowledge, institutional capacities and, water governance.
Industry is critical for the delivery goods and services and for the creation of Job op�portunities to foster poverty alleviation and the improvement of living standards. As the prime manufacturer of the goods and services that societies consume, industry has a critical role to play in creating more sustainable production and consumption patterns. It can promote the green economy by decoupling the consumption of mate�rials and energy from production, so doing ?more with less?.
Excessive use and contamination of freshwater;
Low labour productivity and a limited capacity for innovation in developing coun�tries;
Inefficient and unsustainable production and promotion of unnecessary con�sumption.
Approaches to address the challenges: Coping with these challenges requires advances in regulatory frameworks, a better normative framework focused on adapting manu�facturing practices to the objectives of a green economy, voluntary agreements and proper incentives. These approaches will enable more resource efficient production and processes; improve technological innovation, transfer and diffusion; and build the adap�tive capacities and skills required for the adoption of better water management practices.
Cities have a central role to play in the green economy, since the majority of the world?s economic activity and now over 50% of its population is concentrated in urban areas. Developments in cities have far-reaching effects upon the world?s economies, energy use and climate change. As centres of social interaction and economic activity, cities are the critical spatial platform for the formulation and implementation of policies across sectors.
Adequate water and sanitation facilities for growing urban population;
Meeting basic needs in slum areas;
Water pollution;
Water loss in supply systems;
Water price.
Approaches to address the challenges: Coping with these challenges requires building institutional capacities and governance to enhance the sustainability of urban development, the recognition of the importance of natural capital and ecosys�tems services for a more harmonic integration among urban and rural areas, awareness-raising, social involvement and leadership to make the objectives of green urban development the focus and the identity of cities, and sustainable urban water management.
Watersheds. Freshwater ecosystems provide services that are crucial for human sur�vival, supporting the economy and for the conservation of natural capital. Water ecosystems provide clean water for household use, agriculture and industry; they sup�port fisheries; recycle nutrients; remove waste; replenish groundwater; help prevent soil erosion; protect against floods, etc. This is particularly important for the world?s poor, as they often depend directly on water and other ecosystem services provided by rivers, lakes and wetlands for their livelihoods. Freshwater ecosystems are also water consumers and require water (environmental flows) to function and to ensure the on�going supply of valuable ecosystem services.
Environmental degradation and loss of freshwater ecosystems;
Overexploitation of water resources;
Climate change;
Lack of information and monitoring;
Weak participatory processes.
Approaches to address the challenges: Investing in the recovery and the adequate pro�tection of natural capital and freshwater ecosystems must be a primary policy objec�tive and coordinated with all other public policy sectors (e.g. agriculture, hydropower, manufacturing, urban development). This requires building the capacity of governing institutions to agree on precise objectives for ecosystem conservation, to implement and enforce these objectives, and to implement Integrated Water Resources Manage�ment. Water resources management requires the development of resilient and adap�tive social responses to extreme events and climate change.
EEconomic instruments for water management in a green economy
Economic instruments (EIs) are all incentives to modify individuals? behaviour in a predictable way such as, for example, reducing water consumption, reducing pol�lution loads or adopting a modern irrigation technique. There is a need to increase the use of economic instruments, enforce them and share experiences in order to im�prove efficiencies in water supply and sanitation services and in water use.
Utilising economic instruments in water management has a number of advantages. They can (i) avoid costly investments and make the case for low-cost, non-technical measures
(e.g. ecosystem services to secure water or protect against floods); (ii) generate revenues to fund water management and water-related infrastructure; (iii) align incentives and strengthen policy coherence across the board (water, energy, food, land use); and (iv) pro�vide information on the costs of status quo, the benefits of reform, and the distribution of these costs and benefits.
1.1. Approaches
Environmental or green taxes;
Water and sanitation charges;
Marginal pricing to incorporate the scarcity value of water;
- Fees;
- Subsidies;
Markets and trading (of water use and pollution rights);
Market based instruments such as payment of ecosystem services;
Consumer driven accreditation and certification schemes;
Economic instruments
Arrangements to send scarcity signals (including trading of water and emission rights, and offset schemes);
Insurance schemes;
Buy-back of water use rights for the environment.
1.2. Lessons learnt from implementation
Many decisions regarding water are made by households, firms, farmers and other economic agents that use water resources to satisfy individual demands. Properly designed and implemented economic instruments (EIs) have the potential to make all these individual actions coherent with the ability of water ecosystems to continue providing the services that underpin economic growth, the generation of public goods (such as security, health, recreational amenities, etc.) and the preservation of the water environment;
EI are not ends in themselves, but means (incentives) to the actual ends of water pol�icy (increased efficiency in the use of water, reduce poverty, etc.);
Water users respond to incentives. Introducing a variety of EIs can support the transi�tion towards a green economy. A combination of subsidies, taxes and pricing may gen�erate an optimal outcome;
EIs are useful but only in combination with good policies and regulation. The progres�sive implementation of economic incentives accompanied by institutional development can enable society to respond to water security challenges (e.g. prices to reduce water consumption in Israel ?especially during droughts?, markets to secure water for the environment in the Murray-Darling basin);
For any given water issue there are many different alternative EIs available. Instru�ments should be selected according the country?s stage of development and institu�tional framework (e.g. dealing with water scarcity prices may work in Israel; markets may be more appropriate in Australia);
Innovative EIs need to be adapted to the pre-existing institutional frameworks and to local conditions. They need to take into account other areas of public policy (e.g. agri�cultural policy, energy policy, climate change policy, environmental policy);
There is no such thing as the wrong or right price for water services. The right incen�tive is that which allows individual decisions over water use to be compatible with the collectively agreed goals of water policy;
Compared with behaviour change that is mandated by policy or law, EIs have the ad�vantage of reducing information and research costs (for example users may be more able than governments to find the most efficient ways to save water or to develop in�novative alternatives to reduce pollution);
EIs can be a powerful tool for encouraging the development or adoption of new water sources, e.g. water reuse, desalinisation;
Any EI offers many design options (water prices can be flat or volumetric rates, fix or variable per unit of consumption, etc.). The potential of an EI to deliver its intended en�vironmental outcome depends on its design (e.g. flats rates do not change behaviour and progressive prices are better to discourage excess water consumption);
Water markets can help secure water supply by allowing the trade of water from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity. Markets can reduce water demand by allowing the trade of water from low to high value uses, creating incentives to use water efficiently and reduce demand;
The use of water markets and trading needs to be properly regulated to safeguard pub�lic, third party interests and to ensure environmental objectives are met;
Marginal pricing can signal the optimal time to invest in water infrastructure so that sup�ply is augmented efficiently, and can reduce demand for water during periods of scarcity;
Good information about prices can encourage market participation and deliver more efficient transactions;
It takes time to set up the infrastructure and enabling conditions for markets. The govern�ment can play a role in establishing these conditions and getting all stakeholders on board;
Water markets can enable irrigators to respond more flexibly to drought;
Buy-backs of water use rights for the environment can secure water for environmen�tal flows and offset economic losses;
Emission permit trading for point and non-point pollution allows pollution to be re�duced from the lowest cost sources. Emission taxes create on-going incentives for all sources to reduce pollution;
In spite of recent improvements in information and communications technology, in�spection and enforcement costs are still high in many water policy contexts. The ben�efits and efficiencies gains achieved with EIs may be undermined by the high transaction costs resulting from implementation, monitoring, enforcement, bargain�ing costs, and so on;
EIs are effective when intended behavioural changes can be properly achieved at rea�sonable monitoring and enforcement costs;
Implementing EIs is more challenging when the political priority is social equity and poverty reduction rather than increasing water efficiency;It is necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of implemented policies and actions.
2. Financing water development in a green economy
n the transition to a green economy, financing means mobilising the funds required to drive sustainability and growth in parallel, alleviate global poverty, foster innovation and new green technologies, create green jobs, reduce scarcities, abate waste and greenhouse gas emissions and increase efficiencies in the production and consumption of water and energy. UNEP has estimated that under the green economy investment sce�nario the additional investment in the water sector that is required would be $191 billion per year until 2030 and $311 billion per year until 2050. The challenge is more than just attracting funding; it is also about making better use of the limited financial resources available.
Apart from providing access to water and sanitation and building water infrastruc�ture, funding is particularly needed to increase resilience and adaptability to extreme events and climate change, reduce water scarcity, and diversify water supply sources and demand management. Financing is also essential for supporting capacity build�ing, transparent information and enforcement mechanisms and improving water gov�ernance.
2.1. Approaches
Improve the effectiveness of existing financing;
Assess and increase the efficiency of government spending through Public Ex�penditure Reviews;
More efficient use of water and energy and better quality services in order to im�prove corporate responsibility, public stewardship, social acceptance, cost re�covery and the financial sustainability of water services provision;
Improve economic returns in water utilities in order to improve access to funds and reduce financial risk premiums;
Tariff reforms to reflect the real financial, resource and environmental costs of water services;
Innovative funding schemes e.g. through Official Development Assistance of lo�cally managed initiatives, results-based financing, public-private partnerships. These instruments include:
Social contract formulas of financing in urban areas and rural areas;
Enhancing investments for generating knowledge that is made available as a public good;
Small-scale financing;
Pro-poor financing;
Pro-The toolspoor cost recovery;
Results-based financing, e.g. via Output-Based Aid (OBA) schemes and social contracts and for pro-poor financing.
Better focused financing and subsidies for poverty reduction and equity improve�ment, through micro-finance, and training opportunities supported by Social Safety Nets (SSNs);
Financing water development
Reducing capital needs by adapting investment decisions to local resource en�dowments, giving priority to small scale, land- or labour-intensive options (e.g. substituting fixed capital by voluntary labour);
Improving access to and effectiveness of capital at local and community level;
Involvement of the private sector to improve efficiencies, e.g. through delegated management under Public Private Partnership contracts, outsourcing of non-revenue water reduction activities, and technical assistance contracts;
Prioritisation of government investment in areas that stimulate the greening of eco�nomic sectors and the reduction of spending in areas that deplete natural capital;
Prioritisation of financing programmes that generate strong synergies with local development.
2.2. Lessons learnt from implementation
Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs) provide a transparent and objective means to assess the efficiency, effectiveness and equity of resource allocations. They serve to identify bottlenecks that impede appropriate and effective use of public funds. Water-focused PERs that link spending to outcomes can increase political will and help the government ministry responsible for water ?make its case? to the Ministry of Finance;
Efficiency improvements are a key precondition to making water services financially sustainable in the long term. They serve to make cost recovery prices legitimate and socially acceptable;
There are still significant gains to be obtained from improving the efficiency in the water sector. Inefficiencies can be technical (e.g. non-revenue water), managerial (e.g. corruption, billing, collection, pricing signals), institutional (e.g. sector governance, coordination among sectors), or related to the regulation and investment climate (ma�croeconomic policy, economic stability, long term confidence, etc.). Eliminating ineffi�ciencies result in savings of more than 0.8% of GDP annually;
There is a positive feedback between increasing the effectiveness of public funds and in�creasing efficiencies in service provision. Public expenditures that effectively target the poor and build vital infrastructure provide the foundation for sustainable service deli�very. Improving efficiencies in service provision increases profitability, improves willing�ness to pay, and justifies ?green? tariffs that reflect financial and environmental costs. Creditworthy providers are able to access new funds at better terms, reducing the re�liance on public funds;
Cost recovery tariffs coupled with clear and transparent subsidies for low income fam�ilies is an efficient way to rationalise water use and increase coverage of water and sanitation services; however an important precondition is public investment in the uni�versalisation of service coverage;
Mechanisms are needed to match the interests of potential investors with those who are most capable of applying financial funds to water investments. Small and medium
enterprises (SMEs), small holders and municipalities often have difficulty in accessing capital. Water User Associations may have similar problems;
Revenue security is not only a way to guarantee the financial sustainability of water services but also to reduce risk and hence the cost of loans;
There are considerable gains involved in making the best use of the scarce capital avail�able. Reducing capital requirements or substituting capital with other inputs (e.g. volun�tary labour or land), are means to reduce costs and cope with tight financial constraints;
Significant efficiency gains can be achieved from better designed water tariffs such as separate charges for water supply, wastewater discharge, and surface water runoff;
The severe financial constrains existing in many least developed countries translate into low levels of investments in the water sector. Well-managed projects generating financial revenues and with provisions for risk bearing are better equipped to cope with these financial constraints;
Pricing water is still a political challenge in most of the world. Prices are important for making people aware of the importance of water, making water utilities accountable for the services they provide to their customers and for improving and guaranteeing the continuous provision and financial sustainability of water services;
Collaboration and cooperation between governments, private, and public entities is the best way to support the expansion of water and sanitation services and invest in so�cial welfare;
Maintaining the MDG achievements already made in the long term depends on the abil�ity to make the provision of basic water and sanitation services financially sustainable and also the capacity to finance water development for food security, energy provision and other critical areas of economic development;
Generating revenue through tariffs is often difficult for some investments, particularly those with characteristics of public goods (e.g. sanitation, pollution treatment and abatement, biodiversity protection). Governments can play a proactive role in investing in water infrastructures that have relatively higher start-up costs. The benefits of these investments are longer-term with positive externalities;
Cost recovery of water supply and sanitation services is a strong element of the finan�cial sustainability of water utilities and allows for better service delivery to consumers
(e.g. in the Western Asia region).
Lessons learnt in agriculture:
The transaction costs of collecting revenue or making trades (in agriculture) are frequently high relative to the resource cost of the water. High income countries have been able to take advantage of investments for other reasons (i.e. GIS, remote sensing) to cut the transaction costs of some interventions (e.g. separate charges for surface water runoff). These strategies have not been available to low income countries;
Low cost revenue recovery mechanisms with the potential to generate secure streams of revenue are still required in the agricultural sector;
Development of cost recovery mechanisms in agriculture can provide a constant and more secure flow of revenues independent of yield fluctuations. Drought insurances can help stabilize rural income and so secure revenues for water services.
Lessons learnt in relation to developing and least developed countries (LDCs):
In developing countries, investments are needed to increase crop yields, for example through irrigation projects. Funds are also needed to improve the way water is used in the economy, through investments in efficient water transport, distribution and use systems;
In spite of poverty and low saving ability, financial mechanisms for water development do exist in LDCs. For example, small scale finance can mobilise savings when they are scarce;
In LDCs, low income levels result in low saving rates and low investment capabilities. Breaking this vicious circle is one of the main financial challenges that need to be over�come in order to begin the transition to a green economy;
Eliminating the exchange risk premium by allowing multilateral development banks to lend in the domestic currencies of the developing countries would support the advance of domestic financial markets in these countries;
Social contracts can foster the empowerment of rural communities to preserve their own water resources and promote development opportunities (e.g. the Naandi Foun�dation, India).
Lessons learnt in relation to pro-poor financing:
Subsidies are necessary to help those who cannot afford to pay the full cost of water services. Subsidies have to be carefully designed to avoid unintended incentives to con�sume too much water or to favour capital intensive investments;
Subsidies should be targeted to reach the poor and promote the efficient use of water and energy.
Investments in water and sanitation and pro-poor financing can contribute to poverty alleviation. The most financially sustainable actions are those that reduce poverty and promote growth at the same time; they promote equality, but not at the expense of
growth and they make equity a condition for sustainable growth. These actions are easier to fund precisely because they offer better conditions for cost recovery;
Rural poor households are willing and able to pay for water services. However. the im�plementation of volumetric water prices requires community awareness campaigns, especially when a cost recovery tariff is a novel concept;
Financing programmes that target the poor must be built on a thorough analysis of the beneficiaries? local conditions in order to be flexible and custom-made. This re�quires interdisciplinary study of economic, social and psychology behaviour, as well as the rules, regulations and institutions that affect social behaviour;
Credit for the poor is not the solution when it does not contribute to income genera�tion or savings for consumers ? it should be seen as a temporary measure.
Lessons learnt in relation to Output Based Aid (OBA) schemes:
The successful implementation of OBA schemes for water services provision can gen�erate a number of benefits:
A proven incentive to encourage competitiveness and efficiency;
Helps refocus service provision on household demand;
Rewards service delivery once quantity and quality are independently verified;
Acts as an incentive for providers to reach the poor (otherwise they risk low cost recovery);
Gives the poor an opportunity to connect to a network at low cost;
Increases accountability;
Provides an incentive for providers to pre-finance their work;
Transfers procurement and financial management-related risk to service providers and the private sector;
Provides incentives for the efficient use of money, materials and time;
Provides a simple regulatory, legal and contractual framework ? including poli�cies for setting and adjusting tariffs;
Makes monitoring of service delivery a priority;
Enhances an understanding of and willingness to work with performance-based arrangements;
Enables the capacity development of water authorities and social actors, e.g. to handle transaction processes such financial management and the monitoring and verification of results;
Develops experience in public-private cooperation, where relevant.
OBA schemes are custom made and not easy to transfer from one context to another. Their effectiveness should be tracked through constant monitoring and evaluation;
Governments must understand the benefits of being able to clearly monitor and meas�ure the impact of its investments. The formulation of clearly defined incentives re�quires reporting systems that generate systematic and reliable information to Investing in natural capital
3.2. Lessons learnt from implementation
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) offers a real opportunity to bring the value of na�ture into the economic arena and thus promote improvements in natural capital. Lessons learnt from PES schemes are the following:
Public information and awareness to promote PES schemes:
Education, public campaigns and dissemination of robust studies of the challenges faced are required to increase the public and private awareness of the importance of ecosystem services;
Better information on the importance of ecosystems services can be important in sen�sitising stakeholders to upstream?downstream environmental linkages and to the eco�nomic significance of the ecosystem services provided;
Increasing the recognition of how individuals? actions and welfare are interconnected through freshwater ecosystems is important for generating the willingness to engage in negotiations to find mutually beneficial agreements for ecosystem conservation. This is also important to gain social acceptance of PES as an instrument for water management;
Information is essential to convince downstream water users that they should con�tribute financially to the protection, maintenance or restoration of ecosystem services by upstream landowners/managers. Downstream water users who already pay fees or taxes for their water consumption, may be ?forced to pay twice? by any additional levy or charge for ecosystem services;
It is important to identify ?beneficiaries? and ?suppliers? of ecosystem services and rep�resentatives of each group who are able and willing to participate in discussions/ne�gotiations on behalf of others. Stakeholders may include different categories of ?actors?, some of whom are direct suppliers/sellers or users/buyers.
Start small and scale up:
In most situations PES is an innovative instrument and its successful implementation requires overcoming an adaptive ?trial and error? and ?learning by doing? process. ?Starting small? and ?scaling up? is better than trying to implement a fully fledged fi�nancial mechanism from the beginning;
PES is not a panacea. It is normal to be confronted with a range of challenges, requir�ing continual adaptation.
Achieving both environmental and social objectives:
PES can support livelihoods of ecosystem service providers and therefore jointly meet social and environmental goals;
The success of PES hinges on its ability to provide suppliers of environmental services with better economic prospects. Sustainable provision of ecosystem services can be achieved through changes in land-use practices that are both equitable and support ex�isting opportunities for economic progress;
Charges paid by water users must be set at a level that is acceptable to the water users but which still generates sufficient income to finance planned investments in environ�mental protection upstream;
Payments to upstream land/water managers must be set at a level that is equitable and sufficient to act as an incentive to conserve natural resources (regardless of the stip�ulations of any contract or sanctions for non-compliance) rather than continue ex�ploiting them unsustainably;
Implementing PES is a means to convert conservation of water sources into a win-win solution for water users (e.g. FONAG, Ecuador).
PES schemes design:
There are no one-size-fits-all solutions. Successful PES schemes may be very de�manding in terms of design effort, depending on the economic and institutional/gov�ernance framework and the intended environmental outcomes they must deliver;
To be effective PES schemes need to have predefined and easily observable objectives to provide clear indicators of success (and failure);
Pilot projects provide a valuable means of testing and adapting internationally or na�tionally proven PES approaches to local conditions;
Poorly designed PES schemes are not only ineffective, but are also associated with ex�cessive administrative and implementation costs;
It must be ensured that any financial mechanism proposed is in line with policy and leg�islation of the country where it is implemented;
There should be a clear connection between the payment and the service being provided.
In practice it is difficult to assign a value to a particular service or area;
It is essential to build trust and a spirit of partnership or mutual ?buy-in? among stake�holders which can be achieved through a programme of public awareness;
Buyers need ?progressive? thinking and long-term vision (benefits may be slow to ma�terialise);
Communication of the PES scheme should be simplified in order to ensure the under�standing and engagement of the stakeholders;
Investing in natural capital
PES can be institutionalised as a financing mechanism for river basin management;
Corporate and social responsibility (e.g. image, reputation) can help attract private sectors as buyers;
The ?payment? in Payment for Ecosystem Services can be non-monetary. For example, conditional land tenure can be a pro-poor reward to upstream farmers for providing ecosystem services (e.g. Indonesia);
Payments must be determined through transparent mechanisms with the participation and effective involvement of the community;
Water Funds are learning-by-doing solutions that can be adapted to different circum�stances in order to guarantee the preservation of critical water providing ecosystems.
The need to monitor and have a baseline scenario:
A transparent and technically designed monitoring programme is an integral part of any PES scheme and needs to be designed and agreed upon in advance;
The need of a proper baseline and clear monitoring provisions is easily forgotten in the midst of complex negotiations to establish workable financial mechanisms;
Environmental outcomes can only be attributed to a PES scheme provided there is a clear baseline scenario allowing for the comparison of scenarios with and without the PES scheme. Comparing situations before and after is uninformative because of the lack of a counterfactual demonstration that the observed outcome would not have oc�curred in the absence of the PES scheme.
Water technology
innovative water technologies, and the lack of knowledge dissemination. Although the know-how is readily available it might not be accessible on-site.
4.1. Approaches
Improving technology choice in both the public and the private sector;
Technology transfers from developed to developing countries;
Adoption of existing water efficient technologies;
International financing sources to support clean technology adoption;
Use of success stories;
Learning from other sectors;
Expanding access to technologies;
Reform of the global intellectual property regime;
Improvement of skills and trainings;
Knowledge transfer through information technology;
Green business needs business structures (from charity to investment);
Find compromise between high-tech and low cost technologies;
International cooperation and collaboration on research and development.
4.2. Lessons learnt from implementation
There are many available, tested but still not completely diffused technologies that are strong enough to tear down barriers and water governance-deficits (e.g. online mon�itoring of wastewater effluents with real-time data transmission to address the prob�lem of poor law enforcement);
Technology choices need to be adapted to local conditions and especially to existing fi�nancial constraints, availability of labour supply, management abilities, etc. Knowing these constraints helps to find the proper balance between both small-scale and large technologies that may yield optimal results. (e.g. both micro-harvesting and large water resources development projects in agriculture);
Success stories can transfer lessons learnt from one case to another with compara�ble location, situation or site-conditions;
There are important ?avenues for leapfrogging? open to least developed countries to foster the transition to sustainable production and the advance in energy and resource efficiency;
The experience with information and communication technologies demonstrates the capacity of poor countries and poor communities to achieve a jump in the technologi�cal development process;
Water usage is often technologically determined and changing behaviour requires re�placing the current technology being employed with an alternative technology. Capital costs can often be significant;
International cooperation and local collaboration in research and development (e.g. through networks or clusters) can contribute to the innovation, development, adapta�tion and diffusion of green technologies;
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) applications can reduce environ�mental impacts and also affect how other products are designed, produced, used and disposed of. ICT can also contribute to making information easily and globally acces�sible, to standardising problem solving approaches and avoiding repetition of failures;
Political governance and donor finance have been able to open up opportunities to un�lock greentech development potentials, for example the development of pilot projects for water loss reduction under a public-private partnership scheme (e.g. Burkina Faso);
Advances in desalination technology have assisted some countries of the Western Asia region meet growing domestic water demand by using desalinated water;
The lack of knowledge dissemination may hinder the application of water technologies;
Wise technology transfer in LDCs means adapting technology to green development needs and contexts, avoiding lock in. Technology adoption should guarantee sustain�able resource use and innovation within the chosen technical options;
The best technology options are those selected in a participatory and transparent man�ner to implement the collective goals of water policy;
Water governance is an integral part of technical choice and progress;
Even in LDCs there is scope for finding adaptive solutions to water management prob�lems within the range of available technologies;
Technology transfers are not necessarily one way from developed to developing coun�tries. Technological innovation can occur in developing countries;
It is not always clear whether technologies are ?green?. Any technology has an impact, and these outcomes need to be understood in terms of growth, resource conservation and poverty reduction;
Choosing the appropriate technology for the context is crucial: transferring the tech�nology is one matter, but sustaining it is another (local capacity for operation and maintenance is an important consideration, and training may be required, e.g. Burk�ina Faso);
Water technology researchers and project developers can learn from other more sec�tors of industry that are more technologically developed than the water sector;
Industrial wastewater reuse can generate economic and environmental benefits by making more water available for development and reducing pressure on the environ�ment (e.g. wastewater treatment plant);
5. Green jobs
he promotion of green jobs is central in the transition towards a greener economy. Green jobs result in the reduction of the environmental impact of industries, com�panies and economies; promote the efficient use of local resources; and result in the generation of income and progress opportunities for individuals and their communi�ties. Green jobs can play a key role in socially inclusive development if they provide ade�quate incomes, social protection, respect the rights of workers, and give workers and employers? organisations a say in decisions that affect their lives. The shift towards a greener economy means the creation of new jobs, such as skilled jobs in emerging green industries and services. However, other jobs will be redundant and will disappear, so ac�tive labour policies and social reforms will be needed to facilitate the re-allocation of workers from contracting to expanding sectors and firms, such as those that replace pol�luting activities with cleaner alternatives or those that provide environmental services.
5.1 Approaches
The design and implementation of active labour policies and actions in order to:
Maximise the labour creation potential of green activities and practices;
Meet the demand of new skills in green sectors;
Foster labour market dynamism in order to facilitate the transition in the labour market, reduce unemployment in the interim and reduce social conflicts;
Promote an inclusive labour market;
Create opportunities for productive employment and decent jobs for all;
Use local labour, knowledge, industry and resources.
Active education and human capital policies in order to:
Adapt workforce skills in advance to the emerging green Job market;
Promote investments in human capital and in particular in the acquisition of ?green skills?;
Increase effectiveness and reduce the costs of building competences in green technologies;
Focus on younger professionals as they yield better outcomes, and have higher potential to propel permanent changes in mindsets (e.g. Egypt eLearning).
Provide social protection during the transition:
Protect the poor unskilled workers already in the traditional sectors and facilitate their inclusion in the emerging green sectors;
Use education and training public policies as a mean to favour the inclusion of the poor in the green economy.
Improvements of governance/institutional arrangements in order to:
Enhance social dialogue and collaboration;
Improve management practices;
Promote participatory approaches and empowerment for managing change.
5.2. Lessons learnt from implementation
When the supportive measures and policies are in place, the transition to green prac�tices and the promotion of green products and production processes can result in the creation of numerous Job opportunities that can facilitate social inclusion and poverty reduction;
The green economy is a critical opportunity to advance in all the social aspects of sus�tainable development through adequate: education, health, social protection, gender equity and labour policies and measures;
Labour market and training policies can play an important role in achieving a socially fair transition to a green economy. They can help facilitate the structural adjustments associated with the green economy, while minimising the associated social costs;
For this transition to be smooth, labour market institutions need to be reshaped. Many social impacts of the transition towards a green economy depend critically on the coordination (or the lack of it) between the decline of some jobs and the cre�ation of new green jobs. By helping workers move from jobs in contracting sectors
(e.g. polluting activities) to expanding sectors (e.g. in environmental services), ac�tive labour policies can help to ensure the costs of the transition are shared fairly. Workers of declining sectors should be properly protected and assisted to find al�ternative Job opportunities;
Jobs are ?green? if they provide adequate incomes, social protection, respect workers? rights, and give workers a say in decisions that affect their lives;
Green economy policies and measures that affect employment must take into account the needs of the vulnerable;
Potential conflicts and social contest can be effectively prevented if the unavoidable disruption of the labour market is anticipated by workers and firms, so they are able to find the way to reconvert their skills and production processes in advance;
The social or labour impacts of any ?green economy? policies or measures should be analysed in advance. Sectoral policies should take into account their potential to lever�age Job creation.
Social dialogue is more effective than leaving individuals to respond to conflicts. It can help build a social safety network and provide a coordinated and anticipated re�sponse rather than a competitive, individual and reactive answer to labour market disruption;Most of the negative effects of the unavoidable destruction of some employment op�portunities can be avoided, minimised or managed, for example through labour mar�ket reform, programmes to help firms to adapt, and education and training programmes to adapt the labour supply in advance;
True dialogue must be continuous and should include all issues, from those of com�mon interest to those that concern only particular groups most affected by the change. The agenda must be flexible to incorporate the communities? concerns;
Engaging a wide cross section of society requires different approaches and ways of working;
Well-designed green education and training programmes will have an important role to play in helping workers to exploit the potentials of the emerging green economy;
Project managers need to respect cultural differences, including preferred consulta�tion mechanisms and the time needed to make decisions;
Local workers and water users have resources which can be harnessed to promote sustainability, e.g. their common interest, collective memory and knowledge of the terrain;
Traditional community leaders must take part in conservancy committees in order to find more adapted solutions as well as to avoid conflict and delays;
Sharing the benefits from increasing the efficiency of water provision between work�ers and service providers is an effective means to enhance cooperation, reduce con�flicts and ensure the achievement of environmental goals;
Making local people aware of their rights enables them to challenge elitist and self-serving behaviour within committees;
Consensus is needed to implement environmental activities within the project frame�work, particularly when party staff and politicians want to control projects in order to reach their own goals and to secure votes;
Improving responsible management practices at and around the workplace can greatly contribute to cleaner, greener and safer practices, reducing emissions and preventing health care costs of occupationally related accidents and illness;
Organisational change or reforms which are undertaken from the bottom to the top ? by empowering workers and employers through consensus-development and partic�ipatory approaches? are more likely to change the culture of the organisation and result in better designed and adapted capacity development programmes;
De-privatisation is not an end in itself, but can in some contexts serve to recover col�lective objectives and values of water management leading to quality improvements and participative decision-making;
Differences of culture and idiosyncrasies of each region, province and district must be observed. A more focused and localised approach may provide reform processes more flexibility to evolve.
6. Water planning
reen growth requires that welfare improvement and economic growth are made compatible with the conservation of water related ecosystems. Water planning is a powerful social tool for identifying how to allocate and use the available water re�sources to meet the competing needs of different users and sectors, including environ�mental requirements. Planned and anticipated responses are needed to ensure the provision of water services which underpin the economic system. Water planning is also necessary to cope with environmental challenges such as water scarcity, water quality degradation and climate change risks. It is essential to build governance and institutional capabilities to agree on, design and effectively implement long-term integrated water management plans in order to support the transition towards a green economy.
6.1. Approaches
Agreement on the desired balance between water use and water resource con�servation;
Harnessing development opportunities and addressing environmental and de�velopment challenges;
Building governance and institutional capabilities;
Coordinating public policies;
Stakeholder engagement and public participation;
Aligning private decisions with collectively agreed goals;
Establishing collective responses to scarcity and risk.
6.2. Lessons learnt from implementation
In Europe, setting the objective of reaching a good or fair ecological status of the water bodies as the main objective of River Basin Management Plans has proved to be key means to make economic development compatible with the chosen environmental ob�jectives;
Adopting a set of international commitments regarding the environmental status of international rivers has enabled the coordination of national development policies with water planning;
Clear objectives for freshwater ecosystems restoration have been a critical for gaining social acceptance and approval for investments in infrastructure and natural capital in many developed and underdeveloped countries;
Water planning has played an essential role in:
The development of the agro food and energy complex that now represents a com�petitive advantage and is a defining characteristic of the Ebro River Basin in Spain;
The setting of clear, ambitious and measurable water environment objectives in the Ebro River Basin in Spain;
io+20 needs to demonstrate that a green economy is possible; that there are oppor�tunities to advance in social justice, economic progress and conservation of the envi�ronment within the range of available resources and technology. A green economy is for everyone and developing countries can take a leading role through adopting innovative initiatives that generate economic, social and environmental benefits. We all have a joint re�sponsibility to progress to a different economic model. We must not miss this opportunity.
1. Achieving a green economy is not possible without ensuring everyone has access to basic water and sanitation services. Across the world, access to these services has proved to be a critical step for lifting people out of the vicious cycle of poverty and en�vironmental degradation.
2. Transitioning to a green economy in water requires a shift from current practice.
Some key tools to promote the necessary change and support the transition: (1) eco�nomic instruments; (2) green jobs; (3) cost recovery and financing; (4) investments in biodiversity; (5) technology; and (6) water planning. These tools enable us to overcome barriers, do more with less, to harness opportunities and to change behaviours in order to achieve a green economy.
3. Creating incentives for improving efficiency is appropriate where basic water and sanitation services are already being provided. Incentives can modify individuals? be�haviour in a predictable way in order to achieve desired policy goals, for example: re�ducing water consumption, reducing pollution loads, or adopting a modern irrigation technique. Using economic instruments has a number of advantages. They can (i) avoid costly investments and make the case for low-cost, non-technical measures (e.g. ecosystem services to secure water or protect against floods); (ii) generate revenues to fund water management and infrastructure; (iii) align incentives and strengthen pol�icy coherence across sectors; and (iv) provide information on the costs of status quo, the benefits of reform, and the distribution of these costs and benefits.The messages
1. There is an important role for social dialogue and for communities in the provision of water services. Community initiatives are vital in places where government action does not reach. The pro-poor approach adopted by many governments and interna�tional organizations is paying off, with a greater focus on outcomes, social dialogue, so�cial contracts and community participation. Social dialogue is a power full means to improve effectiveness in service delivery for a socially inclusive development that pro�vides adequate incomes, social protection, respect for the rights of workers, and give workers a say in decisions which will affect their lives.
2. The transition to a green economy requires mobilising more funds, but also requires increasing efficiencies to make better use of the limited financial resources avail�able. Funds are required to drive sustainability and growth; invest in water and sani�tation services and infrastructures; alleviate global poverty; foster innovative green technologies; create new ?green? Job opportunities; reduce scarcities; reduce waste and greenhouse gas emissions; and increase efficiencies in the production and con�sumption of water and energy. Pro-poor tariffs systems are essential for ensuring the provision of water services to the poorest.
3. Investing in the improvement of biodiversity is critical for sustaining or restoring the water-related services provided by ecosystems. Healthy freshwater ecosystems pro�vide services that are crucial for human survival. The poor particularly often depend di�rectly on water and other ecosystem services provided by rivers, lakes and wetlands for their livelihoods. There are real opportunities for Payment for Ecosystem Serv�ices schemes, which are proving a successful instrument for financing environmental protection throughout Latin America, but also in Africa and Asia. They are instruments to improve nature by rewarding its conservation and guaranteeing the continuous pro�vision of the welfare benefits produced by ecosystems.
4. Governments need to facilitate innovation a and adoption of greener water provision and water use technologies, contributing to Job creation and structural transforma�tion towards greener economies. Technologies help to close the increasing gap be�tween water supply and demand by increasing water availability or increasing the efficiency of water use. Most of the necessary water technologies for promoting the sustainable water management are already proved and ready for application on larger scales. However, barriers to adoption ?such as lack of access to finance, knowledge and patents? must be addressed. There are opportunities for developing countries to ?leapfrog? with information technology.
5. Water planning is a powerful social tool for identifying the best way to use water re�sources to meet the competing needs of different users. Green growth requires that social improvement and economic growth are made compatible with the conservation of ecosystems. Participatory planning is a key instrument for this proposing measures and infrastructures needed for economic and social growth, and the protection of long term ecosystem services. Participatory planning enables the consideration of trade offs and the alignment of these goals. It is essential to build governance and institu�tional capabilities to design and effectively implement long-term integrated water management plans in order to support the transition towards a green economy.


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W Hampton Bch, New York Golf Courses
Click on any the golf course listings below to explore golf courses in W Hampton Bch, New York. Find course information, driving directions, scorecards and W Hampton Bch, New York golf instructors.
Home » Golf Courses » New York » W Hampton Bch, New York Golf Courses
PGA of America Championships
Harbor Shores
Benton Harbor, Mich.
Sahalee Country Club
Sammamish, Wash.
Baltusrol Golf Club
Springfield, N.J.
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minn.

subset: commoncrawl


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A lively tour of Leipzig
A couple of years ago, Else Buschheuer returned to her native city from New York. To an eastern German town where the bright blush of capitalism is, as she puts it, still tarred in places with the old socialist brush. The bestselling author and TV presenter takes us around nighttime Leipzig
Back to the overview
It's half past seven in the evening and I'm walking around downtown. Doing the "lipsi step." You've never heard of it? Left foot left, right foot left tap, feet together. It was invented here in Leipzig in the 1950s. An East German attempt to combat the twist. Only it never caught on.
Cobblestones. Cold, round streetlamps. Children in hoods. Matching shoes and scarves; stretch jeans tucked into boot tops. Married couples dining out, enjoying traditional food. Brightly lit windows in old facades, a scent of vanilla wafting from a tea shop.
Postcard stands being brought inside. An accordionist plays the Turkish Rondo one last time. Something reminds you of a fairy tale by Wilhelm Hauff.
Read more
Pubs, clubs & high-rise buildings
One of author Else Buschheuer's favorite streets is Am Barfußgässchen, also known as Drallewatsch, fun place, because of its many bars
The skyscraper near Mendebrunnen is a city landmark. It was the tallest building in Germany when it was built in 1972
Jazz, funk, disco: The Spizz is one of the hippest clubs in Leipzig and live acts feature regularly on the program
Leipzig - a vast range of ways to spend your evenings
Leipzig is famous for its variety: If you love ice cream, don't miss the good old Pinguin milk bar
Else Buschheuer savors her favorite Korean dish at the Kim: bulgogi, strips of spiced beef cooked at the table served with Kim-Chi (Chinese cabbage in a sour marinade) and hot sake (rice wine)
First classical, then the blues: The "third" Gewandhaus, completed in 1981 on Augustusplatz, is one of Germany's largest concert halls. Its two predecessor buildings opened in 1498 and 1884
Else Buschheuer was born in Eilenburg near Leipzig in 1965. Her first novel, Ruf! Mich! An! (Call me), came out in 2000 and was an immediate bestseller. Her second novel, Masserberg, first published in 2001 was re-released in 2010 by Aufbau Verlag. (Price: €8.95, ISBN 978-3-7466-2587-4). The author and TV presenter is now also on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/buschheuer
Pictures: Jörg Gläscher (6) Jackal/fotolia, Taner/Corbis


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New Castle County residents soon will be able to help their local schools this month by pledging to properly dispose of used cooking grease.
The Great Schools, Clean Streams program, sponsored by New Castle County's Department of Special Services, will be collecting pledges at greatschoolscleanstreams.org from Friday to April 19.
County residents who sign the online pledge also will be able to select a public, private or charter school in the county. The schools with the most pledges at the end of the campaign will win cash prizes to pay for on-campus tree plantings, stream cleanups, rain barrels and other educational science projects.
Homeowners also will benefit from keeping cooking grease out of their drains by avoiding the clogged pipes, toilet backups and plumber bills caused by improper disposal, according to department spokesman Daniel Sullivan.
"We're working with local schools to educate country residents about simple steps they can take to protect their own plumbing and the county's sewer systems," he said. "Here's what residents should do with their leftover cooking grease: Pour it in a can, and throw the can in the trash."
Location, ST | website.com


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Polski party
Glitter, glamour, party people: Warsaw's nightlife beats that of most other European cities hands down. So what if the sun is already high in the sky again when you head home? Lots of bars, clubs and pubs stay open until the last guest is ready to leave – even if it's in the middle of the following day…
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Warsaw's nightlife: bars, lounges and tango
Bojangles Bar & Lounge
Drinks and snacks along with the music of swing legends like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and Ella Fitzgerald are all on the menu at the Bojangles. In the evenings, a pianist often also sits down at the elegant grand piano and plays. The bar of the 4-star Polonia Palace hotel (right across the road from the famous Palace of Culture) is a perfect place for a stylish start to a long night! As Robbie Williams' album title says: "Swing When You're Winning"
Bojangles Bar & Lounge (at the Polonia Palace hotel): Al. Jerozolimskie 45, Tel.: +48 (0)22/318 28 33, www.poloniapalace.com. Opening times: Mon-Fr 3pm-1am, Sat-Sun 10.30am-1pm (Happy Hour, daily 5-7pm)
Panorama Bar & Lounge
Warsaw is booming! And the Panorama Bar on the 40th floor of the Marriott Hotel is a good vantage point for surveying the skyline of this growing metropolis by day or after sundown. Here at one of Europe's most elevated hotel bars, you can enjoy some spectacular view as you sip one of the many excellent cocktails, single malts and vodkas on the menu.
Panorama Bar & Lounge (at the Marriott Hotel): Al. Jerozolimskie 65/79, Tel.: +48 (0)22/630 63 06, www.panoramabar.pl Opening times: 6pm-2am
It doesn't always have to be house, hip hop or electric: The fans of other, older music styles also get a chance to party through the night in the Polish capital. Warsaw has long enjoyed a reputation for its jazz clubs and now has a growing set of tango aficionados, who get together for a milonga, a special tango evening, every Monday and Thursday at the Argentina. Tango instructors give free lessons between 6 and 8pm before the milongas (and on all other days of the week, as well).
Argentina: Ul. Sandomierska 13/14, Tel.: +48-22/412 00 00, www.argentina.com.pl (in Polish). Opening hours: Milonga Tue 8pm through 12 midnight
Party through to the morning: clubs and a special breakfast to cure a hangover
Klub Organza
A Warsaw club scene classic over three floors. Guests can dance, drink - and eat - at the Organza because as well as being a bar and club, it's a restaurant in the daytime, too. In the evening, well-known Polish DJs spin chillout, electro, house and Latin, but hits from the 1980s and '90s also go down well. The venue is less elitist than it was a few years ago, but the bouncers still won't let every would-be guest through the door. Leave your favorite sneakers at home and affect a smarter style and you're in with a good chance.
Klub Organza: Ul. Sienkiewicza 4, Tel.: +48/(0)22/828 32 32, www.kluborganza.pl (in Polish). Opening hours: Tue-Sun, from 8pm
Restaurant 99
Even the longest night ends sometime, and then what you need is a hearty breakfast to set you up for the day. The morning menu at Restaurant 99 includes croissants, muesli and omelets, but the restaurant also serves excellent lunch and dinner somewhat later in the day. According to the Wall Street Journal, the 99 is one of the ten hippest restaurants in Europe.
Restaurant99: Al. Jana Pawła II 23, Tel.: +48 (0)22/620 19 99, www.restaurant99.com. Opening hours: Mon-Thu 8am-11pm, Fri 8am-12 midnight, Sat 3pm through 12 midnight, Sun 12 noon through 10pm.
Pictures: Ginter/Modrak/Bilderberg (2), Stoyanov/Fotolia, PR (3)


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text: These license plate frames are a Caprine Supply exclusive. Now you can tell the world, "Love Me, Love My Goats" without a bumper sticker. These license plate frames will fit both front and back plates. All six dairy goat breeds are pictured. Frames are black with white lettering. These frames are inexpensive enough to put on all your vehicles, and they make great gifts. Choose the top or bottom solid frame depending on where your state sticker is located.


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If the problem persists, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or call our Service Centre at 604.876.6221 (Vancouver area and international) or 1.888.847.0770 (Canada and USA).


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Mobile Site You Are Here > PFR Home > Boxscores > Boxscore finder: all games started at QB by Gerry McDougall
News: s-r blog:All-Time NFL Players of the Week on Pro Football Reference
Gerald Gordon McDougall
Position: FB
Height: 6-3 Weight: 225 lbs.
Born: March 21, 1935 in Long Beach, CA
High School: Long Beach PolytechnicCollege: UCLA (school history)
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Goldey-Beacom College junior utility player Roni Peters has been named as the recipient of the Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference Softball Pitcher of the Week award for the week ending Mar. 31, CACC officials announced.
It is the first time a Goldey-Beacom pitcher has earned the award since Heather Draper earned the award on Mar. 24, 2009.
In leading the Lightning to a 3-3 record last week, Peters (Leonardtown H.S./Leonardtown, Md.) posted a perfect 3-0 record with a 0.40 earned run average after surrendering one earned run in 17.2 innings. She also had 12 strikeouts and allowed just one walk while holding opposing hitters to a .111 batting average.
Peters earned her first win of the season on Wednesday afternoon after pitching 3.2 innings of relief against Millersville University as the Lightning rallied to take an 8-7 victory. She allowed just one earned run on three hits while recording two strikeouts.
In the Lightning's 1-0 victory over the University of the Sciences on Thursday afternoon, Peters posted the second shutout of her college career as she allowed just one hit while recording a season-high seven strikeouts with one walk. It marked the Lightning's first 1-0 victory since Apr. 14, 2011 against the Devils.
Peters earned her second consecutive shutout on Saturday afternoon after scattering three hits in a complete game victory over Post University at the Jackson Athletic Complex. She tallied three strikeouts and did not walk a batter while upping her record to 3-1 on the season.
In six appearances this year, Peters has posted a 1.73 earned run average and has 15 strikeouts with just four walks. She is also the Lightning's second-leading hitter with a .317 average and ranks second on the team with 20 base hits.
Led by Peters, the Lightning have won 8 of their last 12 games after opening the season with a 1-7 record. They are scheduled to face the Wilmington University Wildcats in a CACC doubleheader at 3 p.m. Tuesday.
Location, ST | website.com


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1982 Chevrolet Impala Wheel Spacers
1982 Chevrolet Impala Wheel Spacers
Using 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel spacers can improve your car handling and track performance. It also improves the overall appearance by maximum allowed fender width. We offer 1982 Chevrolet Impala hubcentric wheel spacers for specific model of vehicles and universal 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel spacers to fit all applications. TCSportline 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel adapters are made with high quality aluminum, CNC machined for precise fitting and finish. Please check out our 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel guide to find out the bored size for the popular vehicle models.
Car tuners and truck tuners have often been changing out the original tires on the car or truck for ones that are much larger than what were intended to be used on the vehicle. 1982 Chevrolet Impala Wheel spacers can make this problem a non-issue by adding back that additional space needed for larger tires. With aftermarket 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel spacers, proper fitment should be easy to achieve, even with the use of oversized tires.
I Love Body Kits carries many 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel spacer from many trusted brand names, so you can pick out a set of aftermarket 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel spacers that you want for your car or truck. No one wants to have his car or truck not have its new tires fit, so if you did order custom tires that are larger than normal for your vehicle, you will want a new set of 1982 Chevrolet Impala wheel spacers to go with that purchase.
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1982 Chevrolet Impala Wheel adapters are made from high strength metal. They allow you to install over size tires. They also allow you to increase the distance between the wheels on the same axle.


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Shoe Terms and Technology
Finding the right running shoe can be hard enough; add some complicated jargon and you might as well be reading an upside-down Ikea instruction manual. Here's a little running shoe Rosetta Stone explaining some of the most-used terms and why they matter to you. Let's start from the top!
Upper: Literally, the upper is the top of the shoe. It covers the foot from toe to heel and is usually made of mesh – for breathability – with some kind of synthetic or leather component to add support. It's also what the shoe "looks" like, i.e. where you find all the flashy colors and awesome logos (or solid whites if that's your jam). So when your running partner shows up rocking some rad new kicks, go ahead and tell her you dig her upper. She won't know what you're talking about, and you'll look like a genius.
Midsole: If you guessed that this is the "middle" of the shoe…you are a genius! When you slip your foot into the upper, it lands on the midsole. This is where the magic happens: foams, gels, plastics and even space-age air pockets give the shoe its cushioning, support, motion control and flexibility properties. The midsole varies significantly from shoe to shoe; some flats even combine the midsole and outsole into one unit to reduce bulk and bring the foot closer to the ground.
Outsole: But what's an outsole, you say? This is the bottom of the shoe (see how we did that? Like a layer cake, only with less buttercream); it provides a barrier between your foot and the ground. The outsole is typically made of rubber or some kind of rubber compound, and it's designed to provide traction on most surfaces (trail shoes have specific outsoles equipped to deal with dirt, roots and rocks).
Heel Counter: Three guesses as to where this is located! Built either internally or placed on the outside of the shoe, it keeps the heel centered and stable as the foot moves through the gait cycle.
Toe Box: You can probably figure out where to find this, too. It's a piece of plastic or fiberboard that covers and protects the toes while also helping the shoe maintain its shape. Some runners prefer a roomier toe box, while others like the tighter, more secure feel of a narrower cut.
Sockliner: Often removable to accommodate custom orthotics, the sockliner is a thin layer of fabric and foam that runs the length of the shoe's interior.
Vamp: No, there's not a man-eating siren wearing red lipstick and batting her eyelashes anywhere on your shoe. Stop looking. The vamp is simply the portion of the upper that covers the forefoot.
Heel-to-Toe Offset: Ready to do some math? No? We don't blame you, so here's the definition in its simplest terms. The heel-to-toe offset is the millimeter difference (or "drop") between your heel and your forefoot; subtract the shoe's forefoot height from the heel height to find the offset. Eight millimeters is standard, but the smaller the number, the more "minimalist" the shoe. "Zero drop" indicates an essentially level platform; the entire foot is on the same plane.
Cushioning Compounds: Most brands have one or more signature cushioning technologies that are constantly being updated as research and running shoe trends evolve. A few examples: ASICS uses GEL cushioning, while Brooks' shoes feature DNA technology, Saucony goes with the Grid and overachieving Nike keeps us guessing with Max Air, Zoom, and Lunarlon.Now that you're fluent in running shoe, you'll be able to amaze your training buddies: "Girl, that is one fiiiiiine upper! Looks like you're Zoomin', sweet! But are you dropping 8 millimeters or 4?"
So you want to run a marathon? Congratulations! Deciding to run a marathon is rock-star and awesome. But before you start logging training miles, it's a good idea to actually pick your race. Some things to consider:
Timing: When choosing your marathon, make sure to keep the weather in mind. The fall is fantastic because the air is getting cooler, but you won't freeze to death waiting around for the start; however, you'll be doing the bulk of your training during the raging hellfires of summer. An early winter marathon lets you train through the cool fall months, and you may get lucky enough not to need a snowsuit… or you might have to run in a blizzard. Actual race day conditions are incredibly unpredictable, so if you can, make your decision based on when you'll be able to train at your best (because of weather, work schedules, weddings, whatever). If you put in the time and hit the starting line feeling confident, you'll be better equipped to deal with whatever Mother Nature throws at you.
Location: Destination races have a lot of perks. There's no better way to see a new city than on foot, plus you get major bragging rights if your "vacation" includes a 26.2-mile run. But don't underestimate the comfort factor of sleeping in your own bed the night before the biggest race of your life, as well as having access to all the familiar foods you tested during your training. You don't want to be lost in a brand-new city at 7:30 p.m. on race eve Yelping nearby Italian restaurants and coming up with the one-star Fast Eddie's House of Spaghetti. If you pick a marathon out of town, plan ahead. Some races partner with hotels to offer complimentary runner breakfasts, shuttles to the start, and late check-outs, as well as discounted overnight rates.
Race profile: One word: Elevation. If you live in a pancake-flat area, it's going to be tough to train for a race that's full of hills. Even the treadmill can't really mimic significant downhills, which can wreak havoc on the quads and leave them trashed by mile 10 (looking at you, Steamtown). Similarly, a runner training consistently on rolling hills might have difficulty with the monotony of flat road followed by more flat road and then some more flat road. Training on hills will definitely make you a stronger runner overall, but if your race has an elevation change of zero feet over 26.2 miles, work in some flat running.
Size: Some runners prefer big races with lots of hoopla, like the Rock 'N' Roll series: bands on the course, epic crowd support, wave starts, photographers, and aid stations every mile. This can be great for a first marathon, because all the distractions make it easy to forget that you're on the pain train. But for some runners, the thought of bobbing and weaving through hordes of people for the first five miles is horrifying. If this sounds like you, there are bare-bones marathons with a starting gun, a finish line, and not much (besides 26.2 miles) in between. Before signing up for a race, consider whether you like running in a big group or prefer to cruise solo-style, and pick your poison accordingly.
Registration: Planning ahead is always a good idea, but especially when it comes to race registration, since the fees tend to increase as the big day gets closer. Pick your race as far ahead of time as possible, and sign up as soon as registration opens. This way you're guaranteed a spot, and you'll pay less than you would have if you'd waited.
Nothing new on race day. This is the Holy Grail, the race day bible in its entirety. Do. Not. Do. Anything. New. Don't eat something new that morning or the night before. Don't try the fancy new energy drink you got at the expo. Don't pull the tags off a cute new running outfit on race morning. Don't even wear a new pair of socks.
"But—" No. You don't want to introduce any variables into your day. That different brand of tomato sauce might start an intestinal storm; peanut butter on a banana might sit like a brick in your stomach; fifteen-hour energy might make you jittery and nauseated; that adorable tank top might chafe under your arms; those awesome capris might slip down while you're running.
The point is, you never know how something new is going to affect you, so if you're going to wear it to the race or eat it before/during the race, make sure you test it out during training. That's what training is for: to prepare, in every way, for your big day.
And this also applies to your running shoes. Even if you're simply replacing your old kicks with the exact same model, make sure you run in the new ones a few times before the race.
Get everything ready the night before. Even if you're totally Type Z, this is one time you'll want to be Type A. Set out your (familiar, oft-worn) running outfit. Get your race bib and pins together. Stuff some socks into your shoes. Charge your iPod and your Garmin. Anything you're going to want for the morning, have it ready to go. You'll likely be looking at a rude pre-dawn wake-up call, and the less you have to do in the morning, the better. You don't want to break your toe scrambling around in the dark because you can't find your lucky sports bra five minutes before it's time to leave.
Go to the bathroom. When you arrive at the race, get in line for the bathroom right away. You might not think you have to go, but you probably do, and the lines are only going to get longer while the roll of toilet paper gets shorter.
Warm up. For races shorter than a marathon, it helps to jog a little before the start. Your legs might feel alarmingly like two slabs of concrete, but that's the point: to loosen them up so they're ready to move when the gun goes off. Know the course. Surprises are great when they involve birthdays or baby showers; not so much when you turn the corner in a race to find 2000 feet of elevation you weren't expecting. Check out a course map and do a little research – ideally during your training, so you can work out on similar terrain, but at the very least, learn a bit about your race before the morning of the event.
Be honest about your pace and line up at the start accordingly. Pace groups make this super simple, but they're usually reserved for bigger races. If you're gunning for an aggressive PR, get closer to the front and stay off to the sides so you can (mostly) avoid being boxed in during the inevitable first mile chaos. If your pace goals are more casual, though, hang back a little bit. You don't want Ryan Hall running up your backside because you decided to line up in front of him.
Bring a change of clothes. If your race has a bag check, or if it starts and finishes in the same place, bring something to change into when you're finished. It's a lot more fun hanging out and celebrating if you're dry and don't smell.
Remember that you are awesome. Most of us aren't running to make money, and paying our bills doesn't depend on crossing the finish line first. So even if you're not feeling your best, keep in mind that what you're doing is amazing. It's good for you, it's (for the most part) fun, and no one is going to love you any less if you finish slower than expected. You're not running for a paycheck, you're running for you.
"If I am still standing at the end of the race, hit me with a board and knock me down, because that means I didn't run hard enough." - Steve Jones
"To give anything less than your best is to sacrifice the gift." - Steve "Pre" Prefontaine
"Exerting yourself to the fullest within your individual limits: that's the essence of running and a metaphor for life." - Haruki Murakami, "What I Talk About When I Talk About Running""Running is all about having the desire to train and persevere until every fiber in your legs, mind, and heart is turned to steel. And when you've finally forged hard enough, you will have become the best runner you can be. And that's all that you can ask for." - Paul Maurer, "The Gift - A Runner's Story"


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Cologne - a cultural tour
Cologne's vibrant cultural scene has a rich variety of attractions: from the cathedral, with its world-famous treasures of art, via Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque finds in Cologne's museums to enthralling works in the fields of photography, painting, multimedia, dance and theater in the city's galleries and art centers. Join us on a cultural tour of selected highlights.
Back to the overview
Of Kulturbunker and modern art
Kolumba, the art museum of the archbishopric of Cologne, is an oasis of calm at the heart of the bustling town – an unusual building in an unusual location. Designed by star architect Peter Zumthor, the modern, brick building with a warm, gray hue, was built on the ruins of the St Kolumba church, which was destroyed in the Second World War. It displays art and culture from Late Antiquity to the present day, artifacts from the St Kolumba treasury, as well as collections of Romanesque sculpture, medieval painting and modern, secular works of art.
Kolumba, art museum of the archbishopric of Cologne: Kolumbastrasse 4, Old Town, Tel.: +49-(0)221/933 193-0, Hours: daily except Tuesdays, noon – 5pm, admission charge: free up to age 18, €5 for adults, www.kolumba.de
The Kulturbunker Köln-Mülheim in the northeastern part of the cathedral city has undergone more than a few transformations since it was constructed in 1943. It has served as an air-raid shelter, a hotel, dancehall and dingy warehouse, was closed down, forgotten about and rediscovered. Following extensive remodeling in the 1990s, the bunker has become one of the most interesting locations in Cologne today. A diverse program of events awaits visitors on six levels: temporary exhibitions are complemented by readings, concerts and theatrical performances, along with Pilates courses, parties and poetry slams.
Kulturbunker Köln-Mülheim, Berliner Strasse 20, District: Mülheim, Tel.: +49-(0)221/61 69 26, program of events:
The name is Ludwig. Museum Ludwig. Underneath an undulating roof alongside the cathedral, this crowd puller is the first port of call for modern and contemporary art enthusiasts. And not only on account of the marvelous Picasso and Pop Art collections, nor the unique assemblage of important photographic art, to mention just a few of the museum's highlights. With an ever changing series of regional and international exhibitions, Ludwig is very much alive. Workshops, art discussions, lectures and film nights in the museum's own cinema round off the program.
Museum Ludwig, Heinrich-Böll-Platz, Old Town, Tel.: +49-(0)221/22 12 61 65, Hours: Tue-Sun 10am-6pm, admission charge: €10 for adults, €7 reduced rate, www.museum-ludwig.de
Art by the Rhine and in the Volksgarten
New media art, dance, theater - the Kunsthaus Rhenania at the Rheinauhafen docklands is an absolute powerhouse of creativity. Dozens of artists from home and abroad under one roof, active in the most diverse disciplines imaginable. The broad range of projects and the interaction of artists based here both define and reflect the basic philosophy of the house, to the advantage of creative artists and visitors alike. While Rhenania regularly plays host to events and exhibitions, the city of Cologne has displayed impeccable timing with a modernization program for the Rheinauhafen harbor. A very attractive residential quarter is developing here, provided ample space for architecture, art and culture.
Kunsthaus Rhenania, Bayenstrasse 28, District: Rheinauhafen, Tel.: +49-(0)221/16 89 84 79, Program of events: www.rhenaniakunsthaus.de
Without a doubt, Cologne Cathedral is the focal point and heart of the cultural city. Wars, weathering and polution have left their mark on the Gothic structure over the centuries. A host of stonemasons, sculptors, painters and restorers have dedicated themselves to repairing and maintaining the grandeur of the mighty cathedral. The cathedral is graced with a wealth of historically significant works of art, intricately crafted mosaic floors, impressive stonemasonry and stained glass windows. Guided tours of the treasury and excavation site in the vaults beneath the cathedral are particularly popular, while those with a head for heights can brave the windswept roof.
Cologne Cathedral, Old Town, Hours: November-April 6am-7:30pm, May-October 6am-9pm. For details (times, admission charges, contact and telephone) on guided tours please check the website www.koelner-dom.de
Deep inside Cologne's Volksgarten, concealed behind tall trees, stands an especially beautiful venue for dance, music, art and performance: the Orangerie. The Theater im Volksgarten can look back on a long and memorable history, the location itself well worth a visit on its own merit. Its program features performances from Cologne's independent theater scene, as well as from traveling companies, along with dance performances presented by local and international choreographers and dancers.
Orangerie, Theater im Volksgarten, Volksgartenstrasse 25, District: Südstadt, Tel.: +49-(0)221/952 27 09, Event listings: www.orangerie-theater.de
Pictures: Imagesource, Sackermann/Bilderberg (2), Zuckerman/Corbis, PR (3)


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Circa 1910
A pair of gilt copper and bronze sconces, signed by the maker E. F. Caldwell.
Overall: 15" h. x 12" w. x 5" d.
Backplate: 13-1/2" h. x 5" w.
2 candelabra sockets, maximum 60 watts per socket
Dry UL listing available with modifications; please contact your salesperson for pricing.
1 pair total available.
Please contact your local showroom about viewing this item.


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