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Research Program on Law and the Environment - (PDMA)
- Date submitted: 1 Nov 2011
- Stakeholder type: Major Group
- Name: Research Program on Law and the Environment - (PDMA)
- Submission Document: Download
Full SubmissionNORMATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RIO + 20 The recommendations in this document are the result of preparatory meetings and online public consultations conducted and organized by the Research Program on Law and the Environment - (PDMA) at Getulio Vargas Foundation School of Law in Rio de Janeiro (FGV DIREITO RIO). These initiatives include: the Rio+20 International Preparatory Meeting, held on 24 and 25 June 2011. This preparatory meeting was entitled: ?Green Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development: Governance of Public and Private Stakeholders", and resulted in a book compiled by Carina Costa de Oliveira and R�mulo S. R. Sampaio. Two other initiatives included: the Online Forum for Sustainability regarding Rio+20 (http://riomais20.direitorio.fgv.br/), which received contributions from around the world debating issues relating to governance and green economy divided in 70 topics. Lastly, it is worth mentioning PDMA?s participation in The Access Initiative - a network of nongovernmental organizations that works with the implementation of Principle 10 of Agenda 21 designed to address the issues of access to information and public participation. Several partnerships were crucial to organizing those initiatives and continue to be important as we get closer to the official debates during the Rio+20. The organizations participating with PDMA in these endeavors are: Centre International de Droit Compar� de l?Environnement, Pace University and Brazilian American Institute for Law and the Environmental (BAILE), the The Acess Initiative, N�cleo de Estudos e Pesquisas do Senado Federal Consultoria do Senado, Escola da Magistratura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Academia Paranaense de Direito Ambiental, Minist�rio P�blico da Uni�o, PUC-Goi�s, Universidade Cat�lica de Bras�lia, Uniceub, Universidade Federal do Par�, IEDC - Instituto Estudos Direito e Cidadania, Mackenzie-SP, Prefeitura do Rio, CEDA, NKF Advogados, Tribuna Animal, CEDAM, FEMPERJ, PUC-S�o Paulo, IBRADA, and Universidade Estadual do Amazonas. In addition, professors, researchers, and professionals, who are not part of the above mentioned institutions above mentioned, participated in the development of the set of proposals. They are all cited at the end of this document. Some recommendations are made on the general topics of the conference based on the following major subjects: 1) Definitions, 2) Sustainable Trade and Investments, 3) National and International Governance, 4) National Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development, 5) International Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development. In each topic recommendations are divided in of national and international scope. GREEN ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ERADICATION 1)Definitions a) Important aspects for Green Economy concept 1) The need for internalization of social and environmental negative externalities. Policies promoting internalization of negative externalities include, but are not limited to, building reliable methodologies for natural resources valuation and working with tax incentives to encourage sustainable practices (PDMA). 2) Defining social goals and creating objective criteria to achieve them within the context of a "green economy". These goals include: job expansion, consumption decline, promoting more sustainable and housing guarantees. Relevant policies would promote sustainable public expenditure, enable green regulation and encourage public investment in priority areas (PDMA). 3) In relation to green economy, it is observed that the more this analysis is divided into sectors, the easier policies that could encourage the construction of ?green? perspective can be identified. Each specific area, such as construction, tourism, biodiversity, Energy, cities, enjoys its own set of peculiarities. The concept of green economy could be taken from the sustainable progress of each economic sector (PDMA). 4) "There should be an environmental concern on the macroeconomic policy design. The decisions related to interest rate, trade balance and the adjustments to be made in the trade balance are used to induce the production / import / export of certain products. Each of these products contributes differently to maintain an ecologically balanced environment. So we must be concerned with the regulation of microeconomic aspects such as the internalization of externalities through tax incentives or parafiscal taxes, but also, and perhaps with even greater force, we should be concerned with the macroeconomic aspects of regulation as the establishment of mandatory parameters that prevent the adoption of macroeconomic policies potentially harmful to the environment "(Arivaldo de Souza). b) Important aspects for sustainable development concept 1) Identifying general criteria for sustainability from a definition given by each country. Each country can send to the UN Secretariat for the Rio+20 its definition of sustainable development. This proposal stems from disparities between economic, social and environmental development of each state. Each one must identify how it can contribute to the present and the future of those from the following generations. 2) Opinion on the relevance of the concept of each State: "A concept is an abstraction that is used to intellectualize a complex issue. Thus, it is possible to explain the complexity of reality that becomes more accessible. However, the risk that comes with the use of a concept is the simplifying and trivializing of it. It can be regarded as the perfect mirror of reality. It is a methodological and scientific error. Many times the same happens to the concept of sustainable development. People who work on this issue want to universalize and standardize the concept. As a result, they destroy the content of sustainable development. The principles of sustainable development must be implemented by each state. Each State has its own level of development, its economies and its society. Therefore, they are different and have neither the same goals, nor the same means to accomplish their goals. Environmental considerations, for instance, do not have the same value in each state. In this sense, what is sustainable development for a State is not necessarily the same thing to another State. So in this sense, it is not useful to have a single definition of the concept of sustainable development. In practice, every State knows its needs within its development. Thus, it can decide its policies according to its reality. Finally, it is useful to emphasize a last point. The final receptors of development and sustainable development theories ? humans - are sometimes forgotten and neglected by those working on these issues. Their realities are so complex, so different that it is difficult to understand how a theory of sustainable development can be created without some practical studies. Moreover, these theories are often built in offices, in few hours. This is one reason why sustainable development has little practical effect "(Nitish Monebhurrun). 3) Opinion on the debate: "Ultimately, Planet Earth is bearing the benefits or the burden of how effective a theory of sustainable development is built?. The Planet?s environment must be balanced in order to provide for a harmonized relationship between humans and other creatures that, combined, form the biota. That is the question of sustainable development. Furthermore, sustainable development is a political concept which aims to establish the grounds for dialogue between different stakeholders. The answer for sustainable development is "Shall we all talk? What are the terms? The question that may be asked is what are the parameters to developing each political entity and what are the parameters of sustainability?" (Arivaldo de Souza). 2) Investments and Sustainable Trade a) Forests International Recommendations 1) Adopting a treaty dealing with forests (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). 2) Increasing the input of financial resources in order to provide for the recognition and payments for environmental services, using the Global Environmental Facility as a model. (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). 3) Strengthening and harmonizing existing environmental certifications (Jos� Ant�nio Tietzzman Silva). 4) Including recommendations for environmental damage under the Human Rights Council and UN Councils or Commissions of the Regional System of Protection of Human Rights (Jos� Ant�nio Tietzzman Silva). National Recommendations 1) Implementing monitoring mechanisms and instruments through voluntary and coercive measures. (Fernando Meneguin). 2) Implementing policies and measures to combat deforestation (Fernando Meneguin). 3) Implementing state incentives for environmental preservation, and opining up the process for public and private participation (Fernando Meneguin). REDD: 4) Use annual fluctuations in the opportunity costs in forested areas, rather than carbon stocks (Virg�lio Gibbon). 5) Unifying the credit registries of all the states into a single registry office to avoid double valuations of credits on the national level (Virg�lio Gibbon). 6) The need to incorporate the concept of opportunity cost in the search for solutions to the issue of native forests deforestation (Virg�lio Gibbon). 7) Establishing a REDD+ regime demands that the rights and duties are clear not only in national but also in international levels (PDMA). 8) Local participation and transparent processes of defining access to benefits and allocation of REDD+ resources are crucial for guaranteeing effective governance (PDMA). b) Renewable Energy International Recommendations 1) Specifically, a framework convention on renewable Energy could include: a)Establishing a renewable Energy list classified according to economic criteria (cost of production, levels of Energy demand, the necessary resources for its production, levels of importation, exportation, capacity to create jobs, etc) and environmental (rate of substitution of fossil fuels, environmental impact, carbon balance of the production process, etc.) (Meryem Deffairi). b)Establishing a binding target, "a minimum" of renewable Energy in 10 years for developed countries and in 15 or 20 years for developing countries (obligation of result, leaving the states free of the means used to achieve this) and finally integrate the planning requirements for each state. (Meryem Deffairi). c)Providing a mechanism for financial sanctions applicable in 10 years, and every five years, depending on the level of renewable Energy in each state, by paying a fine to an independent international institution responsible for "re-injection" of funds in development projects of technology for renewable Energy production. (Meryem Deffairi). 2) Instead of discussing a new institutional framework, we should question the function and capacity of action undertaken by the International Agency for Renewable Energy established in January 2009 (IRENA http://www.irena.org/home/index.aspx?PriMenuID=12&mnu=Pri) (Priscila Pereira de Andrade). National Recommendations 1) States should be Memberships in the International Agency for Renewable Energy established in January 2009 (IRENA - http://www.irena.org/home/index.aspx?PriMenuID=12&mnu=Pri) (Priscila Pereira de Andrade). 2) Regulating ethanol in Brazil - implement the Regulation on Conformity Assessment for Ethanol Fuel, signed by Brazil, the purpose of which is to define criteria for evaluating the intrinsic properties of ethanol, considering established technical standards, and assessing social and environmental requirements applicable to the production process, based on labor and environmental laws in Brazil and abroad (PDMA). 3) Adopting government policies to encourage transition from Energy sources based on fossil fuels to renewable energies (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). 4) Implementing, through local government, legislation and regulations that promote the use of renewable Energy (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). 5) Giving preferences in the process of granting intellectual property rights to renewable energies that would favor developing countries (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). 6) Facilitating the acquisition of patents, given the need for investment in renewable energies precipitated by recent weather events (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). 7) Reducing tariffs and establish subsidies in order to implement technologies used to produce renewable energies as well as to reduce their cost and increase production (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). 8) Promoting public policies aimed at reducing consumption in order to reduce consumer power demand (Luciane Martins de Ara�jo). c) Biodiversity and compensation mechanisms International Recommendations 1) Producing a judicially manageable definition of biodiversity and give it legal standing in the international arena (Jessica Makowiak). 2) Creating international compensation mechanisms for loss of biodiversity and their criteria (Jessica Makowiak). 3) Bolstering the notion of compensation with recognized principles of international and environmental law (the precautionary principle, "polluter-pays" principle). Such relief or compensation may also be injunctive (Jessica Makowiak). 4) Ranking priorities in order of the intensity of the threat to biodiversity, the possibility of preventing loses, and of compensation. (Jessica Makowiak). 5) Limiting compensation actions where projects do not cause major or irreversible reduction of biodiversity (Jessica Makowiak). 6) Defining, classifying and prioritizing compensation arrangements in the context of biodiversity (Jessica Makowiak). 7) Providing in the texts of such laws or agreements means of compensation and provisions for monitoring, surveillance and control (Jessica Makowiak). 8) Imposing sanctions for instances of noncompliance with measures for monitoring and their effects (Jessica Makowiak). 9) Accessing compensation practices at the institutional level (which actors are appointed to decide, implement and monitor compensation measures) (Jessica Makowiak). 10) Identifying means of channeling economic resources allocated to biodiversity conservation towards biodiversity-rich developing states (Luiz Gustavo Bezerra). d) Green Private Contracts International Recommendations 1) Promoting the inclusion of social-environmental clauses and prohibit "stabilization" clauses in order to enable the adoption of standards in the area of private law for human and environmental rights ratified after the signing of agreements (S�lvia Pinheiro). e) Technology Transfers International Recommendations 1) Promoting funding mechanisms for the acquisition of clean technology in developing countries (Renata Calsing, Maria Marinho and Carlos Henrique Rubens Tom� Silva). 2) Establishing a fund that allows the purchase of clean technologies considered relevant to environmental protection (Renata Calsing and Maria Marinho). 3) Recognizing the need to stimulate the creation of collaborative platforms for clean technology licenses (Renata Calsing and Maria Marinho). 4) Promoting discussion on the adaptability of a mandatory license allowing access to clean technologies and discuss other mechanisms of transfer (if the invention improves upon existing technology or reduces production costs, the company holding the license will exercise its exclusive right in order to differentiate itself in the market. Therefore, the incentive to transfer technology through licensing will only be effective if states establish mechanisms to compensate the private sector holder or co-holder of protected technologies that impact environmental protection) (Renata Calsing and Maria Marinho). f) National and international trade systems 1) Investing U.S. bonds certificates that comprise the international reserves of BRICS members (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) in funds managed by the shareholders (Virg�lio Gibbon). 2) Developing rules for the Investment Fund regarding the possibility of issuing a ?Green Currency? up to value of its assets. The Green Money shall only be applied to actions or funding of sustainable projects of countries that agree to be beneficiaries of the Fund (Virg�lio Gibbon). 3) Accede to a Shareholders Agreement that accords the Green Currency the same treatment given to the U.S. dollar today. In other words, it is computed as international reserve and gives rise to the issuance of corresponding domestic currency (Virg�lio Gibbon). 4) Adopting social and environmental indicators on the stock market. Examples: Domini 400 Social Index (DSI), Dow Jones Sustainable Index (PDMA). g) Sustainable Production 1) Creating a coordinated consumer products policy based on the evaluation of the environmental impact of products throughout their life cycle. Fostering discussion between the public and private sectors on the subject of producing more effective measures and lowering costs (PDMA). 2) Promoting the idea of corporate social responsibility throughout the entire production cycle, including: local communities, paid employees, shareholders, business partners, suppliers, consumers, and public authorities (PDMA). 3) Sustainable financing - direct funding for specific areas: such funding would benefit some communities or disadvantaged municipalities by granting loans through local development banks in deposits, with rates equal to or below the market price (PDMA). h) Sustainable Consumption 1) Responsibility of individuals and companies for their sustainable consumption (PDMA). 2) Consumer protection against misleading advertising by companies through notices that detail environmental protection or certifications related to Corporate Social Responsibility in their Codes of Conduct (PDMA). 3) Creationing a website specializing in the exchange of information and tips on environmentally friendly products and companies (NKLF Lawyers Association). i) Sustainable Construction International Recommendations 1) Adopting of a statement of principles for sustainable construction at the Rio +20 Conference (Luiz Gustavo Bezerra). National recommendations 1) Creating financial incentives (benefits and tax exemptions) for sustainable products and technologies to be used in construction (Luiz Gustavo Bezerra). 2) Creating a government website for the commercialization of sustainable technologies and products (Luiz Gustavo Bezerra). j) Exploitation of Genetic Resources International Recommendations 1) Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol and the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Protocol, ensuring the implementation of the ABS regime and the liability regime for damages in the case of transnational movement of GMOs (Solange Telles da Silva and Tarin Frota Mont?Alverne). 2) The Right to access information on biotechnology and nanotechnology (Solange Telles da Silva). 3) Requirements for independent studies on the risks and adverse effects on human health and the environment before genetically modified organisms are made available for human and animal consumption (Solange Telles da Silva). 4) Requirements for monitoring after such GMOs are made available on the market and for the publication of these studies (Solange Telles da Silva). National recommendations 1) It is important that countries have the legal tools necessary to access these resources effectively and benefit from sharing in a fair and equitable manner, especially after the adoption of the Protocol of Nagoya (Tarin Frota Mont?Alverne). 3) Green Economy in the Sustainable Development context: Governance and Institutional Framework a) State Liability International Recommendations 1) All Signatories shall promote sustainable management, especially within the government administration (Maria Augusta Ferreira). 2) Sustainable management means one that is conducted with transparency, accountability, and in an ethical manner, with public participation and respect for the concerns of interested parties (stakeholders ? employees, customers, suppliers, society, and government), human rights, and the environment (Maria Augusta Ferreira). 3) Respect for the environment in public administration is founded on the following pillars: environmental education, sensible use of resources, proper disposal of waste, sustainable public procurement, and a healthy work environment (Maria Augusta Ferreira). National Recommendations 1) The environmental responsibility of federal, state and local entities includes, beyond liability for damages, a responsibility to prevent damages by reducing the environmental impact of state activities, though the adoption of sustainable management practices (Maria Augusta Ferreira). b) Companies Liability International Recommendations 1) Creating guidelines that impose strict liability on companies for environmental damages caused by those companies, with joint and several liability between both parent companies and their subsidiaries (Carole Peychaud). 2) Having an Agreement on "Rights and responsibilities of market players" with guidelines such as: (PDMA) a) Minimum criteria, which would constitute the basis for the Code of Conduct for Companies (obligations and their subjects must be precise and clear) (PDMA). b) Creating an obligation to produce annual statements that consider environmental and social criteria; (PDMA). c) Promoting imperatives for voluntary certifications obtained according to the standards of ISO, for example (PDMA). 3) Environmental conventions containing provisions for conflict of laws and jurisdictional conflicts, giving preference to the laws and courts that could best grant relief. Examples of rules (PDMA): a) Conflict of laws: 1) In the case of compensation for environmental damage, the rule most favorable to the victim and to environmental protection should be applied; 2) if there exists environmental insurance, the law on the rights of the insured should be applied, 3) in case of environmental damage, the law of the jurisdiction of the parent company may be applied if it has control over the activities of its subsidiary. b) Conflict of jurisdictions: (PDMA) 1) The victims of environmental damage may choose the court most expedient for the granting of relief, for example: based on the proximity of the evidence; 2) If the parent company has control over the activities of its subsidiary, the jurisdiction of the parent company will be competent to hear the case; 3) A multinational corporation may be sued in the court of the domicile of the defendant. If the defendant is a corporation, the domicile of the defendant may be found in any of three places: a) where the company has been incorporated, b) the location of its headquarters, or c) its principal place of business. Specific Recommendations for International Law of Investments 1) The integration of clear environment protection provisions in international investment agreements: the future investment agreements or the renegotiation of existing agreements should include specific provisions on environment protection. These provisions can consider (Nitish Monebhurrun): (i) The definition of an investment activity: The activities of those companies which are constituted without knowledge of domestic environmental laws should not be qualified as an investment and therefore should not benefit from the protection of the investment agreement. The international investment agreement provision on the definition of the investment must underscore this point. The agreement must state that the investor has a duty to check, examine and understand the legal framework of the host state, especially the one applicable to the environment, so that it shall start and conduct its activity accordingly. (ii) The definition of the environment: Environment is not an abstraction and in the vein of the previous proposition, some details must be available to define or to identify what is to be understood by environment. It might be a complex task to give an exhaustive definition but it is not impossible to give a list of indicators. These indicators may vary from one state to another. (iii) Affirming the right of states to regulate according to their environmental concerns: compensation is usually provided in case of exploitation. For example, expropriation with environmental motives should have a specific status and the compensation for this kind of expropriation should be designed to give legitimacy to the objective of environment protection. (iv) The legitimate expectations of States: The agreement must declare that States have a legitimate expectation that private companies investing on its territory will always act in good faith in order to collaborate with them, whenever environmental goals are concerned. Therefore, private companies have a duty to act accordingly and must not frustrate these expectations. 2) The integration of clear rules of conflict in international investment agreements: emphasizing the prevalence of environment protection norms over investment protection norms (Nitish Monebhurrun): (i) The principle: Whenever there is a potential conflict between the investor's or the investment's protection and the environment protection, the investment agreements must present clear rules of conflict. The investment agreement can assert that whenever an investment protection provision is in conflict with an environmental norm, the latter shall prevail over the former. As environment protection is a unanimous goal which is fundamental, it must be a priority. 3) Promoting the use of the systemic integration principle (Nitish Monebhurrun): (i) The principle: Hereby, agreements should declare that international investment law is not isolated from the rest of international law and that the interpretation of an international investment treaty does not exclude references to other non-investment norms, like environmental norms. This is in agreement with article 31(1)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Hence, environmental norms can be integrated in international investment dispute settlements. They can be invoked by states and will have to be taken into consideration by arbitral tribunals. National Recommendations 1) Implementing and publicizing the system of National Contact Points in the OECD so that companies can be questioned about their actions by society (PDMA). 2) Controlling the private activities through: 1) creation of precise sustainability criteria which companies should present; 2) mandatory presentation of these criteria, and 3) Government oversight of the information published. These criteria may be based on the GRI (PDMA). c) Financial Institutions Liability 1) Organizations, whether public or private, national or international, which finance or support activities or projects which pollute the environment or may potentially pollute the environment shall require the submission of all documents relating to the environmental licensing of the project financed by them and issued by responsible controlling agencies, under penalty of becoming jointly liable for any effects arising from the violation of this Act or its regulations (Bruna Acerbi). 2) In addition, an environmental cost-benefit analysis must be taken into consideration, defining the aims of a project and identifying its impacts, defining them according to their relevance and measurement in physical units, as well as appraising them in monetary terms. (Luiz Borges) 3) Experience from a Brazilian financial institution on incorporating socio-environmental criteria into institutional and management policies of credit allocation: ?Ita� Unibanco has a Socio- Environmental Risk Policy which sets out the internal guidelines for the identification of socio- environmental risks of the projects1 to be financed. Consequently, Ita� Unibanco has a specialized multidisciplinary team, which (i) accesses the socioenvironmental conformity of the project and that of the potential corporate client, (ii) issues an opinion which is taken into account in the credit approval process, and (iii), as the case maybe, monitors the projects and respective clients. To check socio-environmental conformity, this team: a) verifies if the potential corporate client is involved in activities related to forced labor, child labor and prostitution. Should such activities come to light, the request for credit will be turned down; b) verifies if the potential client operates in sectors which have a significant socio-environmental impact, such as2: (i) extraction and production of wood, firewood and charcoal from native forest areas; (ii) mining and industrialization of asbestos; (iii) fisheries; or (iv) production and sale of firearms, munitions and explosives. In these cases, Ita� Unibanco conducts specific investigations in accordance with the activity involved: i)investigates the potential customer?s socio-environmental management and the existence of any legal or administrative actions or news items which might cast the client in an unfavorable light; ii)solicits socio-environmental documentation with respect to the potential client and the project itself, among which, the environmental license; iii) undertakes technical visits, as required; and (iv) requests a technical analysis of the project where necessary. Once the financing is approved, the contract is drawn up to include environmental clauses allowing Ita� Unibanco to suspend with immediate effect the liberation of funds and to require early repayment of the operation in the event of the financed entity?s non-compliance with the socio-environmental legislation and regulations. There are also specific contractual provisions for such cases, among others, genetically modified organisms (GMO) research, compliance with legal forest reserve norms, permanent preservation areas and lands declared as pertaining to indigenous peoples? reservations. Where a transaction is collateralized with real estate, Ita� Unibanco checks as to whether the property given in guarantee carries any environmental liabilities through an examination to be performed by an appropriate expert? (Ita� Unibanco). d) The liability of non-governmental organizations 1) Consolidate Chapter 27 of Agenda 21, in particular: "27.1. (...)The credibility of nongovernmental organizations lies in the responsible and constructive role they play in society. Formal and informal organizations, as well as popular movements, should be recognized as partners in the implementation of the Agenda 21. The nature of the independent role played by non-governmental organizations within a society calls for real participation (...); 27.5. Society, Governments and international bodies should develop mechanisms that allow non-governmental organizations to play their partnership role in a responsible manner and effectively in the process of environmentally sound and sustainable development. 27.6. In order to strengthen the role of non-governmental organizations as social partners, the United Nations System and Governments should begin a process of reviewing formal procedures and mechanisms for the involvement of these organizations at all levels from policy-making and decision-making to implementation, in consultation with non-governmental organizations (Erico Mabellini). e) Information Access and Public Participation International Recommendations 1) It is necessary to define the meaning of the right of access to information at both the international and national levels (PDMA). 2) Signing a Regional Convention in Latin America in order that the principle of information access may be implemented, under the control of an institution, such as ECLAC (The TAI Network). 3) Ratifying of the Aarhus Convention (PDMA). 4) Establishing the right to access information on biotechnology and nanotechnology as well as nuclear and other advanced technologies (Solange Telles da Silva). National Recommendations 1) Establishing publication deadlines for all documents related to environmental decisions (PDMA). 2) Imposing financial penalties in the case of noncompliance with publication deadlines (PDMA). 3) Ratifying of the Aarhus Convention (PDMA). 4) Signing a Regional Convention in Latin America to be implemented the access to information in the region under control of a regional institution (PDMA). 5) Establishing a fully detailed decree of often imprecise terms, with some examples of articles (PDMA): a) Public audiences may be conducted, for instance, by sector, population or community, in order not to allow domination of the audience by people who have greater chance to express themselves (Colin Crawford). b) Requiring effective mechanisms of access to all relevant documents to public audiences by population and interested communities, as well as access to versions with comprehensible language of details of the proposed projects (PDMA). c) Providing training courses for community leaders and mediation techniques in order to qualify the ones who need to access the public audience procedures (PDMA). d) Requiring public participation from the beginning of the procedure or process that will affect a specific community (PDMA). 6) Requiring the preparation of Environmental Impact Report (EIR) linked to the Preliminary Study Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (PDMA). 7) Environmental documents shall be available on the Internet (Larissa Clare Pochmann da Silva). f) Oversight and Accountability 1) Implementation of the monitoring system such as the GRI in the States (PDMA). 2) Controling of information provided by the companies in their annual reports by the state through a government agency (PDMA). 3) Disclosure of corporate balance sheets on the Internet (with compatible data set by States) (PDMA). 4) Rule on the requirement of social balance, with the prediction of environmental and social aspects (PDMA). 5) Issuing a decree stipulating the criteria that should be in the company's annual social report in order to make that information comparable (PDMA). g) Green Public Procurement International Recommendations 1) Writing more specific guidelines on the green bidding topic at Rio +20 (Teresa Villac P Barki). 2) Strengthening of the sustainable Public Procurement in the MERCOSUL (Teresa Villac P Barki). National Recommendations 1) Insertion of sustainable hiring in the planning activities of public entities (Teresa Villac P Barki). h) Water: The Creation of Protected Areas on the High Seas 1) In order to achieve sustainable development, States should create marine protected areas (Fernanda Salgueiro Borges). 2) Marine Protected Areas should be considered as areas of full protection, essential for the conservation of biodiversity and for the maintenance of essential ecological marine processes (Fernanda Salgueiro Borges). 3) Any activity affecting or potentially affecting the ecological balance and biodiversity conservation in marine protected areas should be considered prohibited in respect of the right to an ecologically balanced environment for the present and future generations (Fernanda Salgueiro Borges). 4) Marine Protected Areas should ensure the protection of biodiversity and the quality of marine waters, to avoid acidification and death of organisms for biotic and abiotic necessary to capture carbon from the atmosphere, responsible for mitigating global warming and climate changes (Fernanda Salgueiro Borges). 5) Marine Protected Areas should ensure the preservation of natural fisheries resources, required for food security of present and future generations (Fernanda Salgueiro Borges). i) Water: The Management of Aquifers Located under the Territories of Several Countries 1) Reduce asymmetric information (specific case of Guarani Aquifer) (David Cassuto and Romulo Sampaio). 2) Increase regional and local engagement (awareness, capacity-building and traditional knowledge) (David Cassuto and Romulo Sampaio). 3) Harmonization of national legislation (David Cassuto and Romulo Sampaio). 4) Regulatory structures (environmental services) (David Cassuto and Romulo Sampaio). j) Taxation as a Means of Environmental Management International Recommendations 1) Establish a limit (cap) for each country of carbon emissions. The initial cap will be the result of the average carbon emissions over the past three to five years. A transition rule might be created (more lenient rule) for developing countries and LDCs (Least Developed Countries ? according to WTO classification) - so that these countries are not disadvantaged because of their low level of current development, and so they can still develop despite the targets for carbon reduction (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). 2) The carbon emitted in each country shall be taxed in order to encourage companies to use resources in developing new technologies for clean Energy production. The tax rates should be the same in each country (we suggest the establishment of a maximum rate and minimum rate), so that they are not created "carbon tax havens" (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). 3) Establishing maximum and minimum rates that will also prevent the adoption of tariff adjustments on products importation (Border Tax Adjustments "BTA") (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). 4) Creating a treaty that establishes a origin for the carbon emitted as a result of international activities (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). 5) Creating a new international body with police power in order to monitor and eventually penalize those who do not comply to the limits imposed by the treaty (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). National Recommendations 1) Green tax: a) Establishing a less onerous form for the final consumer, for fuel tax, so as to encourage the consumption of cleaner fuels (such as biodiesel and alcohol) in order to reduce the consumption of high carbon concentration fuels, which are more pollutant, such as diesel and coal burning (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). b) Establishing a green contribution (purposing the creation of a fund to combat climate change and reduce the harmful effects of global warming) on fuel. The contribution would be progressive, more burdensome to diesel fuel and less to biodiesel, for example (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). c) The funds raised with the contribution should be used in development of green Brazilian technology for the production of electric cars, development of new forms of biodiesel (for instance, it is possible to transform peel potatoes and other vegetables into fuel) and even for the promotion of "green" initiatives such as increased efficiency in the recycling project, replanting of forests (which are also internationally known as "carbon sinks" as we consume and re-absorb carbon from the atmosphere), construction of bike lanes to encourage bicycle use by local people, etc (Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano). k) The Non-Regression Principle in Environmental Law International Recommendations 1) Integration of the principles of non-regression of the human rights area into environmental law (Michel Prieur). 2) In order to preserve the sustainable development and ensure the necessary protection of the environment, states may not take legislative, administrative or judicial measures importing an unlawful reduction of their protection levels granting by laws that protect the environment except in public interest prevalent case (Maria Morelli). 3) If states adopt a legislative, administrative or judicial measure which reduces levels of environmental protection in force, they shall justify the reasonableness and proportionality of the measure (Maria Morelli). National Recommendations 1) The environmental goals should be achieved in a gradual manner, through provisional and final targets, on the basis of a state planning that facilitates the implementation of activities related to these goals (Maria Morelli). 2) Efforts to ensure environment protection and conservation cannot decrease. So in this sense, it is forbidden to adopt legislative, administrative or judicial measures that illegitimately reduce levels of environmental protection legislation, except in case of public interest, which must prevail (Maria Morelli). l) The definition and criteria for local sustainability National recommendations 1) Definition and promotion of sustainability indicators that can be used for the formulation of local environmental policies. Indicators should reconcile the protection and preservation of goods, services and environmental and cultural resources with economic and social development needs (PDMA). m) Policies and standards for the protection of animals 1) Review: As founder and director of an NGO for the animal and environment, I would like to emphasize, that the animal protection associations also have great value to the conservation of the natural environment, which is "habitat" of wild animals from all over the world. The claims of the Animal Rights Movement will allow the Rio + 20 Conference to transcend the anthropocentric world view, by citing that not only humans, but also many non-human life forms that inhabit this planet with us, as the non-human animals are subjects of rights. Another important role of the third sector aimed at the protection of animals is the constituted authorities to help in the fight against wildlife trafficking, criminal activity that destroys the environment in a completely unsustainable and unacceptable way, in all respects (Erico Mabellini). 4) Green Economy on Sustainable Development context: eradication of poverty a) Regularization 1) Establishing property rights in forested areas and biomes in order to prevent illegal deforestation. (Fernando Meneguin). 2) The concession of rights to public lands to ensure better monitoring of national resources and to facilitate land regularization (Fernando Meneguin). 3) Imposing limits on land use; the concession of land rights, which are not absolute, but provide benefits to the title holder and to the state though terms and restrictions on the use of the land (Fernando Meneguin). 4) Establishing an effective policy and a coordinated regional planning (Jose Heder Benatti). a) The State must be proactive and coordinate the process of regional planning for public policies that are effective, because the lack of a public goods allocation policy may leave space for the a chaotic land occupation of public areas, through land invasion and deforestation, which often happens when there is no such policy. b) So in this sense, it is necessary to establish a regional planning policy to include: land regularization; environmental licensing of rural properties; obedience to the social function of ownership; control, enforcement and economic instruments capable of stimulating the sustainable management of natural resources, especially forests. i) For example, the economic or tax incentives can stimulate private spending in certain areas, discourage bad behavior, and correct the market trends that can encourage actions against nature conservation and the natural resources protection. 5) Land regularization in order to ensure control and define property rights, allowing the public power to know who is occupying land and how they are being used (Jose Heder Benatti). a) Firstly, to overcome the current land chaos, land ownership must be determined - who is the owner of the land, public or private sector? If public, which federative entity? b) Official recognition of the different existing forms of occupation should allow the state and society to have the control over the use of land and other natural resources. Therefore, the regularization will be positive and not negative, since it prioritizes family occupation. c) Another positive effect of land regularization policy is the fight against illegal occupation of public lands. 6) There are several necessary steps to implement a land use (Jos� Heder Benatti): d) To overcome the limited management capacity of agencies responsible for planning land, whether in its technical or staff. e) Understand that the consolidation of rural property, respecting the social and environmental assumptions, represents an important step towards the strengthening of citizenship and environmental protection. 7) The process of regularization of land occupation should (Jos� Heder Benatti): f) Be accompanied by a survey and a descriptive, georeferenced memorandum. The financial costs for its preparation should be the responsibility of recipient of legitimacy, with exception of the processes of regularization of small properties. g) Include in the title deeds issued by the land agency clauses requiring the beneficiary to maintain, conserve and, if appropriate, restore the permanent preservation areas and legal reserves. 8) Other necessary and complementary actions to the regularization (Jose Heder Benatti). h) Scanning of land acquis. i) Modernization of access to registry information of rural land in order to increase the effectiveness of the real estate property registration processes records and ensure that information can be obtained quickly and from a distance by public authorities relating to questions of federal land. b) Environmental Education International Recommendations 1) Making investment in education a priority in developing countries and underdeveloped countries, since the lack of education contributes to unemployment which results in crime and poverty. In addition, ensure that education serves as a tool for public awareness of the current problems in the world, such as politics, health and environmental preservation. The unequal distribution of wealth is also a consequence of poor education (Patricia Pellanda). National Recommendations 1) Environmental education, at all levels, is everyone's responsibility because it contributes to the reduction of social inequalities. The principle of transversality should be followed in schools (Maria Collares). 2) Government should be able to train teachers to teach environmental education at all levels of government and to monitor the effectiveness of the method adopted (Maria Collares). 3) Information on Environmental education requires transparency to public in order to contribute to the protection of natural resources, the public health and to the poverty eradication (Maria Collares). 4) Environmental education propels sustainable development. It should be compulsory in schools, social, professional and public activities (Maria Collares). 5) The inclusion of Environmental Law as a mandatory subject in law schools in order to contribute to educate professionals to apply effectively environmental legislation in all activities (Maria Collares). c) The fundamental right to land and food International Recommendations 1) Regarding the right to food, the focus of debates is on hunger eradication of people. This problem cannot be based on instruments that aim at increasing food production in the world, but on appropriate means to combat social inequalities and unequal distribution of wealth (Patricia Pellanda). 2) Cooperation and mobilization of all countries is necessary to fight against poverty and social exclusion. It is necessary to decentralize poverty policies in order to enforce cooperation, based on the premise that resources should be made available by the richest countries for the poorest countries (Alexceia Ferreira). 3) Encouraging the application of a ?Solidarity Economy?, warning private sector that their donations and supportive attitudes may contribute to the results of the company itself (Patricia Pellanda). National Recommendations 4) Guarantee of land and territories granted to indigenous people and traditional communities as a collective right, transcending the idea of merely individual property (Patricia Pellanda). 5) Prevent State?s domestic law equating indigenous lands to family farms. On this perspective it is important to achieve an international commitment and recognition of specific features of indigenous people and their cultural practices. This measure will prevent the high development of agribusiness lands and other explorations that have been occurring frequently on these populations? lands (Patricia Pellanda). 3) The commitment of States to reduce/eliminate corruption in politics. In addition to this, States shall punish those who: divert funds, individually enrich and ?forget? their real function towards government and social obligations. Corruption can be reduced by strengthening social bases and basic education (Patricia Pellanda). 4) Public awareness that many problems can be solved in the short term through measures introduced by them and taken by the population itself, independent from the government. Problems such as hunger and environmental devastation belong to everyone. In long term, the eradication of poverty can be solved through an alliance between civil society and government. Since it is a problem that concerns everybody, it is the essential to engage various sectors of society (Patricia Pellanda). 5) Besides sufficient quantity of food to fulfill basic human needs, the quality of food and water should be prioritized, in order to achieve international food security intended. Quantitatively and qualitatively appropriate nutrition result in positive consequences for the health sector such as diseases reduction, especially those arising from the use and the consumption of pesticides and new technologies (transgenic) (Patricia Pellanda). d) Definition and Criteria for a Sustainable City National Recommendations 1) Definition and promotion of sustainability indicators that may be used for the development of local environmental policies. These indicators must reconcile the protection and the preservation of goods, services, environmental and cultural resources with the needs of economic and social development (PDMA). e) The rights of indigenous people and of traditional communities International Recommendations 1) A Protocol is necessary to precise definitions, obligations and rights of indigenous people and traditional communities with provisions such as (PDMA): a) Prior, free and informed consent in relation to any activity held in indigenous areas; b) Participation in the implementation of projects that can affect their lives; c) Protection and guarantee to land access, natural resources and to benefits derived from their use; d) Recognition of traditional knowledge of indigenous people and protection of people relocating to other territories; e) Monitoring mechanism should be created at the international and national levels to ensure transparency and effectiveness of these rights. 2) Indigenous people may be impacted from the consequences of global climate change. It is necessary to ensure that such impacts are mitigated and that training and adaptation to climate change are rights of these peoples (PDMA). 3) Indigenous people have a crucial role in the conservation of environmental resources. This role should be recognized for compensation for environmental services and distribution of REDD benefits (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) (PDMA). National Recommendations 1) Better access to information and participation of indigenous people in the implementation and development of projects that affect them directly or indirectly (PDMA). 2) Recognition of land and territories granted to indigenous people and traditional communities as a collective right, transcending the idea of merely individual property (Patricia Pellanda). 3) More precise definitions of terms such as traditional communities (Colin Crawford). NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. 5) National Institutional Framework a) Legal and Procedural instruments International Recommendations: procedural instruments 1) Acceptance of civil society participation through representative entities such as amicus curiae in international environmental dispute settlement (Larissa Clare Pochmann da Silva). 2) Establishing a right to sue, the lack of implementation of environmental treaties in national tribunals (G�rard Mon�daire). 3) Creation of Regional Integrations, provided with a distinct legal personality from the Member States, competent to sign Environmental Treaties (G�rard Mon�daire). 4) Right of petition, so that the society can intervene in the Legislative Assemblies or Commissions (G�rard Mon�daire). 5) Imposition of financial sanctions to disobedience or incomplete compliance with Tribunals decisions or laws concerning environment (G�rard Mon�daire). 6) Reversal of the burden of the proofs in environmental disputes (Carole Peychaud). International Recommendations: legal instruments 1) A treaty on the reparation of environmental transnational damage affecting citizens of other countries (Larissa Clare Pochmann da Silva). National Recommendations: procedural instruments 1) Disclosure of condemnation of environmental damage with destination of these values to international public funds. Publicity of the application of these values to environmental protection (Larissa Pochmann Clare da Silva) b) Analytical methods to measure the effectiveness of law enforcement International Recommendations 1) The Secretariats of the Conventions must require States to designate national institutions to be National Points of Contact responsible for identifying the implementation of environmental treaties (PDMA). 2) The priority must not be the creation of new laws and treaties, but the political and legal commitment to the implementation of existing standards (Patricia Pellanda). National Recommendations 1) Application of environmental quality standards such as agricultural pesticides eradication that have occurred in Europe (Solange Teles). 2) Creation of legal environmental sustainability indicators of environmental governance (Solange Teles). 6) International Institutional Framework a) Existing Institutions International Recommendations 1) Creating a new international agency within the United Nations to discuss sustainable development, which would incorporate the UNEP and the committee within the ECOSOC responsible for sustainable development (PDMA). 2) Creating a committee inside this new body that would represent international NGO?s selected according to their performances (PDMA). 3) Focus on UNEP (PDMA). 4) The transformation of the UN Economic and Social Council to the Economic, Social, and Environmental Council (PDMA). 5) Reforming of the Commission on Sustainable Development in the General Assembly (PDMA). b) The Necessity of new institutions: the World Environmental Court International Recommendations Considering the International Court of Justice (ICJ) importance in the international community - we propose the reform of the ICJ or the foundation of a World Environment Court, based on the following proposals (Rafael Prado): 1) Increase flexibility of the ICJ Environmental Chamber, and encourage the use of principle of the public participation principle and the access of stakeholders to justice (not just government but also civil society). The public participation principle is fundamental principle in International Environmental Law and was recognized by the ICJ Judgment in the same case of the Pulp Mills on the Uruguay River (Rafael Prado). 2) ICJ shall demonstrate its wide jurisdiction over environmental matters involving Member States, not by modifying its Statute inserted in the UN Charter, but materializing the public participation principle and access to information and to justice, in case of environmental issues that directly affect national populations of litigants countries (Rafael Prado). c) The necessity of new Institutions: World Environmental Organization International Recommendations 1) Environmental conventions Secretariats, as technical instances of conventions, would be specialized organs in the new International Organization (Sandro Schmitz dos Santos). 2) There would be a Settlement Body, according to the model of WTO, which would also be a consulting and arbitration body on violations of International Environmental Law. This body would also be composed of a Commission with competencies similar to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) (Sandro Schmitz dos Santos). 3) Three would be the new organization sources of income: the quota-share from the participant countries, major financial penalties for environmental damage, and fees obtained from carbon credits certification and environmental economics in general (Sandro Schmitz dos Santos). Moderators of the Forum Rio + 20, researchers and institutions that have contributed for the recommendations PDMA: Fernando Penteado, Carina Costa de Oliveira, R�mulo Sampaio, Feliciano Guimar�es, Mariana Monjardim, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Mariana Campos, Renata Staudoar, Catarina Freitas; Academia Paranaense de Direito Ambiental: Alessandra Galli, Daniela Slongo; Membros da AGU: Erika Pires Ramos, Maria Augusta Ferreira, Teresa Villac Pinheiro Barki; Marcos Weiss Bliacheris; CEDA ? Daniel Barragan; CEDAM- Patr�cia Pr�coma Pellanda, Alexceia Ferreira, Antonio Araujo, Felipe Iubel Belao, Fernando Cesar Pellanda, Herik Chaves, Jo�o Renato Lima Paulon, Juliana Correa Tuji, Liana Amin Lima da Silva e Patr�cia Pr�coma Pellanda; Centre International de Droit Compar� de l?Environnement-CIDCE ? Michel Prieur, Gerard Mon�diaire, Fr�derique Bouin, Jessica Makoviac ; EMERJ ? Escola da Magistratura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Maria Collares Sidney Hartung Buarque, Leila Mariano; FGV Direito Rio : Luiz Ferreira Xavier Borges, Silvia Pinheiro; IBRADA: Fl�via Frangetto e Ricardo Stanziola; IEDC - Sandra Kish; Instituto de Direito e Meio Ambiente Brasil-Estados-Unidos ? BAILE ?David Cassuto; Mackenzi-SP: Fernanda Salgueiro Borges, Solange Telles; Moderadores Site Forum de Sustantabilidade Rio + 20: Maisa Nazario, Carol Manzoli, Lucas Noura, Larissa Clare Pochmann da Silva, Sandro Schmitz dos Santos, Arivaldo de Souza, Jo�o Renato Paulon, Mar�a Paula Morelli, Eldis Camargo, Leandro Eust�quio, Marcio Dias Lopes; Daniela Stump, Luiz Gustavo Bezerra, Rafael Prado, Claudio Louren�o Franco, Guilhardes de Jesus J�nior, Bruna Lagreca Acerbi, Humberto Moura, Carolina Claro, Sandro Schmitz, Tatiana Falc�o Octaviano, Tarin Frota Mont?Alverne; MP Rio Grande do Sul: Eduardo Viegas; NKF advogados ? Luciana Lima, Cl�udia Aleixo, Gisele Kakazu; N�cleo de Estudos e Pesquisas do Senado Federal Carlos Henrique R. Tom� Silva, Tarciso Del Maso, Fernando Meneguin, Lu�sa Cardoso e Mateus Brasileiro; Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro: Eduardo Rosa; PUC Bras�lia: Renata Calsing; PUC Goi�s: Luciane Martins de Ara�jo Mascarenhas, Luiz Ant�nio Tietzzman e Silva, Dimas Pereira Duarte J�nior; Professores da PUC-SP: Consuelo Yoshida, Erika Bechara; SUDEMA: Helena Telino Neves; Tribuna Animal: Erico Mabellini; Tulane University Colin Crawford, Marcus Gatto; Uniceub: Marcelo Dias Varela, Maria Marinho, Lucas Noura; Humberto Moura; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas ? UEA ? Joelson Cavalcante; Universidade Federal do Par� Jos� Benatti. Um agradecimento especial tamb�m aos seguintes juristas: Priscila Pereira de Andrade, Carole Peychaud, Meryem Deffairi, Virgilio Gibbon, Nitish Monebhurrun, Grace Ladeira. Um agradecimento ainda a todos que fizeram coment�rios no FORUM FGV Direito Rio + 20

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome and Explore
The Spread Eagle Spa brings a distinctly contemporary touch to this historic hotel, with excellent facilities beneath a Scandinavian-style vaulted wooden ceiling.
It is the perfect spot to swim in our indoor heated pool, or relax in either the Jacuzzi Spa Pool, Scandinavian Sauna or Steam Room. Alternatively, you can workout in our well-equipped, air-conditioned Fitness Suite or enjoy a rejuvenating body or beauty treatment in one of the Spa's three temperature-controlled treatment rooms.
For those seeking the ultimate in well-being, day and overnight Spa Packages are available for men, women and couples.
Opening Times
- The Spa is open from 7.00am to 9.00pm weekdays and 8.00am to 8.00pm weekends
- We offer family swim times from 10.30am to 12.30pm and 3.00pm to 5.00pm every day
- We ask that children are accompanied by an adult at all times whilst in the Spa
- Under 16s are not permitted to use the hot tub, Jacuzzi, sauna or steam room
Our treatment rooms are open from 10.00am to 8.00pm every day. Please do contact us if you require an earlier or later appointment.
For more information, please call us on 01730 819829 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Spread Eagle Spa is proud to announce it has been awarded The Good Spa Guide's 5 Bubble Rating.


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Hot tips for São Paulo
This is where you can hear the beat of South America's commercial heart. The constant stream of business travelers to São Paolo is not just happenchance. But it's wrong to dismiss this pulsating mega-city as a boring financial center. There's a lot worth seeing in this underestimated metropolis. Here's some insider information.
Back to the overview
São Paulo: financial centre with a lot of green space
Avenida Paulista:
Exciting, noisy, jumping, creative and multicultural – São Paulo often comes across like a Latin-American version of New York. And there are many similarities, for example, a burgeoning population and skyscrapers at every corner. Many people regard the Avenida Paulista as Sao Paulo's answer to 5th Avenue. It is the city's main cultural and financial artery and is well supplied with shopping malls that draw in the tourists and visitors from out of town. It is also the site of the Museu de Arte de São Paulo.
Unique Hotel:
São Paulo has a number of good, relatively reasonably priced hotels. But, if you're looking for something a bit out of the ordinary, and more expensive as well, the Unique Hotel is the place to go. The name says it all. For example, the architecture: the building on the edge of the city's well-known Ibirapuera Park looks like the copper-covered hull of a giant dry-docked ship. During the day the spectacular roof terrace is ideal for sunbathing and the inviting purple water of the pool is there any time you want to cool off. Evenings it's a great place for open-air parties.
Avenida Brigadeiro Luís Antônio 4700, Tel. +55-11/30 55 47 10,
Ibirapuera Park:
It's São Paulo's Central Park and the city's most popular meeting place. Stretching over just under 500 acres, it has spacious grassy areas and a multitude of different trees and flowers, plus pavilions and fountains. The Museum of Modern Art (Museu de Arte Moderna or MAM) and the São Paulo University's Museum of Contemporary Art (Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo) are also located there. The Bienal de São Paulo and the São Paulo Fashion Week are regularly held in the park's Ciccillo Matarazzo Pavilion.
Skyscrapers, markets and artists' quarter
The Altino Arantes Building:
The city has an impressive skyline made up of more than 5000 skyscrapers, many of which have public viewing platforms offering breathtaking panoramic views. One of the most well-known is the 528 ft. high Altino Arantes Building, a.k.a. the Banespa Tower. Completed in 1947, it remained the city's highest building for two decades. On a clear day, visitors to the viewing platform on the 35th floor can enjoy a panorama of the city up to a distance of 25 miles.
Rua João Brícola 24, Tel.: +55-11/32 49 71 80; open Mon – Fri 10am – 5pm; entrance free, but access only allowed to visitors presenting a valid passport.
Municipal Market:
The Mercado Municipal Paulistano, a.k.a. the Mercadão to the local inhabitants or paulistanos, is a place where big volumes are handled. An estimated 350 tons of food are sold here daily. The neo-Classic market building was renovated and enlarged in 2004, since when the services offered include snack bars and restaurants where visitors can sample a wide range of traditional Brazilian delicacies, plus typical dishes from the cuisine of immigrant groups like Italians and Japanese.
Rua da Cantareira 306, Tel.: +55-11/33 26 66 64; open Mon – Sat 6am – 6 pm, Sundays 6am – 4pm;
Vila Madalena:
Get to see the really hip side of the city. This is the Vila Madalena district where São Paolo's creative class hangs out in the many bars and cafés. Artists, writers and actors feel at home in Vila Madá – and their presence is now making it very popular with the Rich and Beautiful. Favorite spots to enjoy the scene are the bars on the Rua Aspicuelta, and a visit to the antique and flea market on the Praça Benedito Calixto can also be recommended.
Photos: Koppen/Bilderberg, getty images (5)
Further travel information
- Back to the overview
- Informationen about São Paulo Guarulhos Airport
- Information about the city of São Paulo


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Rome - Eternal and exclusive
Rome celebrates the Alta Roma fashion event twice a year. Although you won't find major trends in the making here, you could well spot designers enjoying dinner out and also snap up some fantastic bargains at the strictly exclusive shows
The front row, normally occupied by international VIPS – the likes of Anna Wintour, Victoria Beckham, Catherine Deneuve and George Clooney – is reserved for Rome's high society: princesses with melodious names like Ruspoli, Colonna, Borghese and Doria Pamphilj, ambassadors and their wives, an occasional former Miss Italy and leading local politicians.
On the catwalk, mostly Italian models reveal what people will be wearing next summer or winter – at least if it's up to the designers who show their creations not in Milan, but in Rome, which tends to play second fiddle in the fashion world. Twice a year, in January and July, the Eternal City celebrates Alta Roma within the majestic walls of Complesso Monumentale di Santo Spirito church, which dates from the eighth century and shares the banks of the Tiber with St. Peter's Basilica and the Castel Sant Angelo.
The Romans certainly knew how to make a virtue of necessity. After the capital's great couturiers, Valentino Garavani and Roberto Capucci among them, had pretty much retired and the world's top designers opted for Milan or Paris, Alta Roma gradually became a relaxed, very intimate and thoroughly Roman fashion event.
read more
Alta Roma, Tutta Roma and Hotel de Russie
Alta Roma:
In the shadow of St. Peter's: The Eternal City provides an enchanting backdrop for this fashion event, and many of its ancient buildings are even used as show venues – the splendid Complesso Monumentale di Santo Spirito church, for example, where a highly exclusive audience takes in the most important shows.
www.altaroma.it (English and Italian)
Tutta Roma:
All of Rome comes together at the shows – or at least all of those Romans considered important enough to receive an invitation. It's the intimacy of this event that lends it its special charm. Not only do most of the models on the catwalk live in the Italian capital, but also the participating designers. Satellite shows, such as Fashion-Talk, are open to the general public.
Hotel de Russie:
How about an aperitif at the Stravinsky Bar? The Hotel de Russie is always THE place to be, whether before, during or after Alta Roma! Located on Piazza del Popolo, it is the preferred hostelry of Hollywood stars. Designers Valentino, Jimmy Choo and Alberta Ferretti and others regularly present their creations in its salons, suites and the hotel's enchanting garden.
Hotel de Russie: Via del Babuino 9, Tel. +39-06/32 88 81. www.hotelderussie.it (English, German)
Roscioli, Sorelle Fontana and TAD
Roscioli used to be a traditional Italian bakery. That was before the current owner generation took over – and turned it into a glorious delicatessen store stocking a superb selection of wines. At the handful of hotly contested tables at the back of the store, models and designers lunch on fish carpaccio, caponata and the best spaghetti carbonara to be had anywhere in the Eternal City.
Roscioli: Via dei Giubbonari 21, Tel. +39-06/687 52 87. www.salumeriaroscioli.com (English, Italian)
Sorelle Fontana:
For decades now, this legendary purveyor of haute couture has been the number one address for true divas – be they members of the nobility or Hollywood high society. Way back when, Anita Ekberg took a dip in the Trevi Fountain wearing a robe by Sorelle Fontana in the movie La Dolce Vita, a scene the world stlll remembers today. Other customers were Princess Soraya, Princess Grace of Monaco, Jacqueline Kennedy, Ava Gardner, Audrey Hepburn and Liz Taylor. Visits by telephone appointment only.
Sorelle Fontana: Via Fontanella Borghese 68/71, Tel. +39-06/68 13 54 06. www.sorellefontana.com (English, Italian, Chinese, Russian)
This concept store starts with flowers and finishes with coffee on the terrace. In between, shoppers will be delighted by a huge selection of fashions, furniture, cosmetics and books. Shopping at TAD is definitely not cheap, but you will find plenty of labels here that you might have trouble tracking down anywhere else.
TAD: Via Del Babuino 155/A, Tel. +39-06/32 69 51 31. www.wetad.it (Italian)
Photos:mauritius images, Corbis (2), Bonaventura/Paoni/laif (2)
Further travel information
- Lufthansa Highlights Rome
- Information about the city of Rome


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- Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Nurse Coordinator
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Nurse Coordinator
The SANE Nurse Coordinator is responsible for providing timely, thorough, victim-centered, medically focused assessment and forensic evidence collection of sexual assault victims referred and assigned through Palm Beach County Victim Services (PBCVS) and Rape Crisis Center. The SANE Nurse Coordinator is employed by Emergency Specialists of Wellington (ESOW) under contract with PBCVS. Work is performed under the supervision of the SART medical provider in conjunction with the Director (and designee) of PBCVS and Rape Crisis Center.
The Nurse Coordinator is scheduled to work 40-hours per week and is based at the SART Center Victim Services office at 4210 N. Australian Avenue, West Palm Beach, FL. Forensic examinations are performed at the Butterfly House or area hospital emergency departments.
The Nurse Coordinator manages day-to-day program operation and administration. Examples of work include: scheduling, training, and ensuring adequate staff are available and back-up emergency options are in place; assisting in development of program policies and procedures; preparing monthly reports, invoices; maintaining necessary documentation and records; and participating in case follow-ups including depositions, taped statements, pre-trial and trial testimony.
The Nurse Coordinator is an integral part of the clinical team and is responsible for completing entire sexual assault evidentiary exams including crisis intervention, STD prevention, pregnancy risk evaluation and interception, collection of forensic evidence, and referrals for additional support and care. The Nurse Coordinator takes call and is back-up for the on-call SANE nursing staff. The Nurse Coordinator assists with discharge plans for follow-up care, supportive counseling and advocacy for sexual assault victims. The Nurse Coordinator serves as a liaison with PBCVS and other community organizations and is actively involved in community education about sexual assault issues and the role of SANE to include both informal community presentations and more formal classroom instruction. Participation on SART team, attendance at meetings, and SART clinical is expected.


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Don't let the mild weather this week fool you.
It will not be long before more seasonal winter weather comes back. And the 2013 Farmer's Almanac has predicted much colder temperatures on the East Coast.
As such, the Delaware Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Control's Division of Energy and Climate has offered some tips on how to keep warm without putting a dent in your billfold or pocketbook.
DNREC offers the following common-sense tips to help you use less energy and save more money this winter:
- Set thermostat/heater temperatures lower at night and during the day when no one is home. Turn the heat down an hour before bedtime or before leaving the house; when turning the heat up, do not turn it above its usual setting to warm the house faster.
- Instead of turning up the heat, put on a sweater or warmer socks, and keep throws or blankets on the couch for television and video games. Use warm winter bedding – flannel sheets, warm blankets, comforters or quilts – to keep the family comfortable with the house cooler at night. Snuggle up and save money.
- Pull shades or curtains at night to help keep cold out and open them during the day to let sun in.
- To feel warmer and alleviate dryness, increase home humidity using an energy-efficient humidifier or by evaporating water in containers on woodstoves, radiators or heat vents.
- Make sure all your windows are completely closed and latched. Check doors and windows for drafts and add weatherstripping if needed. A rolled-up towel makes a good temporary measure.
- Check to make sure your water heater and hot water pipes are well-insulated; if not, add pipe insulation or wrap-around insulation. Turn down temperature on the water heater by 10 degrees to save energy.
- To save water and the cost of heating it, install flow-restrictors on faucets and shower heads.
- To make your home warmer next winter, take notes now and plan home improvement projects for spring and summer, such as adding insulation, caulking cracks, or replacing your old hot water heater or furnace with a more energy efficient model.
- Adding a programmable thermostat to your home's HVAC system will allow you to set day and night temperatures automatically.
- Reduce heating in unoccupied areas and, if possible, close off rooms with the greatest northern exposure. Make family-gathering places in sunny or southern-facing rooms.
The Division of Energy and Climate also offered tips to help people save on energy costs year round by getting better usage out of their appliances and cars. They include:
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- Turn off or unplug any appliances or electronic devices (such as computers) when they are not in use. Turn off lights when not in use.
- When using the oven, cook three or four items at a time for the same cost as one – and choose a day when everyone is home to enjoy the extra warmth and good scents in the kitchen.
- Set your refrigerator at 38 to 40 degrees and your freezer at 10 degrees.
- Run the washing machine, dryer and dishwasher only with full loads.
- If purchasing new or replacing older appliances, such as heaters, refrigerators, etc., look for the Energy Star rating.
- Save gas by improving your driving habits: accelerate from stops slowly, drive at moderate, steady speeds, and avoid unnecessary braking by coasting to red lights and anticipating traffic speed changes.
- Avoid idling as much as possible, including sitting in the car to keep warm and "warming up" the car in the morning.
- Schedule oil and filter changes and other recommended maintenance to keep your vehicle operating efficiently. Check tire pressure often; under-inflated tires decrease fuel efficiency.
For more information on the Delaware Division of Energy and Climate and its programs, including the online Energy Savers Guide, call (302) 735-3480, or visit www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy.
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"This means so much to me," said Giron, who with the win earns one of the USTA's wild cards to the U.S. Open in August. "This has to be the biggest tournament win of my career. I'd like to thank Billy Martin and the entire UCLA program for everything they have done for me."
Giron, who lost just one set in six matches during the tournament, broke Sarkissian in the fifth game of the first set to take a 3-2 lead. He then went on to hold serve for the remainder of the set to take it 6-4. Giron continued his hot play to start the second set, breaking Sarkissian twice to eventually take a 4-0 lead. Sarkissian was able to stop the bleeding and hold serve for 4-1, however Giron took the next two games for a 6-4, 6-1 victory.
Monday marked the second meeting of the season between Giron and Sarkissian, with Giron also winning in straight sets on Feb. 22 at UCLA.
Only a junior, Giron still has one season of eligibility remaining. He mentioned in his on-court interview following the match that he is keeping his options open.
"I'm going to play a lot this summer and see where I'm at," said Giron. "I'll take the fall season off but after that I might come back to school."
Giron ends the season with a 30-5 overall record, marking this second-straight 30-win season. His victory over Sarkissian is also his team-leading 18th of the year over a ranked player.
For more information about this year's NCAA Championships, visit Georgia's Tournament Central Page.
Marcos Giron Post-Match Quotes
On claiming the NCAA Singles title...
"It's an honor, but now I'm so fatigued. Being out here in the humidity all week long is pretty draining, even though I've had some straight-set matches this week, my body is still pretty fatigued. It's tough playing in the hot and humid conditions all week long."
On facing an in-state opponent in Pepperdine's Alex Sarkissian...
"Growing up and playing tournaments all year round in Juniors, we always traveled and you seemed to play guys from your region no matter where you are. I just kind of took this match like any other match and just tried to focus."
On fatigue being a factor that worked against Sarkissian today...
"I noticed that he wasn't changing directions quite as strong as he usually does, and so I wanted to make sure I used the entire court making him run and not have too many straight up points. He's a big guy and can hit big, so I wanted to really make him more tired. I know he's had some really tough matches this week, so I imagine that had to have been effecting him a little bit."
On being the 11th UCLA Bruin to win an NCAA Singles title...
"I'd just like to thank the UCLA program. They've done an unbelievable job. (Head Coach) Billy Martin and (Asst. Coach) Grant Chen have done an awesome job and have just really supported me throughout the season. To become a part of such an exclusive group of champions is just an honor, and I'm just honored."
UCLA NCAA Singles Champions (11)
Jack Tidball (1933)
Herb Flam (1950)
Larry Nagler (1960)
Allen Fox (1961)
Arthur Ashe (1965)
Charles Pasarell (1966)
Jeff Borowiak (1970)
Jimmy Connors (1971)
Billy Martin (1975)
Benjamin Kohlloeffel (2006)
Marcos Giron (2014)
Giron's Run to the Title
First Rd.: def. Hunter Reese (Tennessee) - 6-1, 6-1
Second Rd: def. Ryan Shane (Virginia) - 3-6, 6-3, 6-4
Rd. of 16: def. Nathan Pasha (Georgia) - 7-6(4), 6-3
Quaterfinals: def. Ben McLachlan (Cal) - 6-1, 6-3
Semifinals: def. (9-16) Soren Hess-Olesen (Texas) - 7-5, 6-3
Final: def. Alex Sarkissian (Pepperdine) - 6-4, 6-1


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Start saving up for tickets to the big race. This R & R Imports Realtree tin money bank is perfect for collecting your extra change as you pay tribute to your favorite NASCAR driver. It's decorated in a detailed pattern with the driver's number on the side.
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Experience the process of building - and what it is like living in - a home designed by one of America's greatest architects, Frank Lloyd Wright.
This immersive exhibition explores the creation of a Wright house through the eyes of a client who spent more than 50 years fulfilling the renowned architect's Usionian Vision. The exhibit includes an impressive compilation of original furniture, architectural fragments, rare archival materials, photographs and videos.
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Travel report Graz
According to the travelogues, the second-biggest city of Austria can look back on a very long and chequered history. The Schlossberg (castle) with its partially preserved fortifications, one of the most important tourist attractions of the city, bears witness to the embattled past. Travel writers also mention as particularly worth a visit the old city of Graz, which was adopted in its entirety as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on account of its fine state of preservation. As a university city, Graz has a wide range of museums to offer. Travel reports particularly recommend a visit to the Universalmuseum Joanneum, the oldest art gallery in Austria. Other attractions include the city's many churches, the most highly acclaimed of which is the Herz-Jesu (Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus).
To the official tourist site for Graz
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An interview with a French or international personality from the world of economics, politics, culture or diplomacy. Every Wednesday at 4.45 pm Paris time and Saturday at 7.45 am.
2016-06-29 Israel
Israel's ex-intel chief: 'Together, we can do a lot to make Middle East a better place'
The former head of Israel's military intelligence welcomes Israel and Turkey's deal to restore relations, saying it could help stabilise the region. He admits that Saudi and...
2016-06-25 Panama Papers
Panama Papers scandal: 'This is a real crime'
The "Panama Papers" sent shockwaves across the world by shedding a crude light on the secretive world of tax havens. Thanks to an anonymous source, what is arguably the biggest...
2016-06-22 Guatemala
'Justice is not revenge': Rigoberta Menchu on her fight for indigenous rights
Rigoberta Menchu has dedicated her life to promoting indigenous rights, particularly those of women in her home country of Guatemala and beyond. Her work earned her the Nobel...
2016-06-20 refugees
'If you don't solve problems, they will come to you,' UNHCR tells FRANCE 24
The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) published its annual report Monday to mark World Refugee Day and the reality is grim: A record 65.3 million people have been forced...
2016-06-18 Arab world
'The Third Sex': A Lebanese poet's manifesto against taboos
Joumana Haddad is a Lebanese journalist, poet, author and one of the most daring women's rights activists in the Arab world. Her latest release is "The Third Sex", a collection...


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Power and prestige in and around the castle: Nuremberg
Merchants, inventors and scholars made Nuremberg one of the world's most distinguished cities during the Middle Ages. In the shadow of the castle, art and craft flourished, while a new and independent spirit enlivened the city at a time when few other places could offer a life so good or prosperous. Whether that still holds true is another matter. In any case Nuremberg remains a lovely place, as all visitors will soon discover.
More about Nuremberg
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Renaissance style: the Albrecht Dürer House
Attractions near Nuremberg
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The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control will host a public engagement session on adapting to sea level rise on Feb. 13.
The session will be held from 4 to 7 p.m. at the Cape Henlopen High School lobby and auditorium, 1270 Kings Highway, Lewes. The Delaware Sea Level Rise Advisory Committee composed of representatives from state and local governments, business and civic advocacy organizations, developed a list of potential options that seek to improve the way in which decisions about adapting to sea level rise are made. The options focus on improving regulatory flexibility, streamlining communications and coordination among affected groups, providing consistent policies and improving data and technical assistance.
This session is the first of three sessions (one in each county) scheduled in February. The following are the remaining sessions: 4 to 7 p.m., Feb. 19, New Castle School, 903 Delaware St., New Castle; 4 to 7 p.m., Feb. 25, Kent County Levy Court Complex, 555 S. Bay Road, Dover. Potential options, presentations, and displays can be viewed at de.gov/adaptationengagement.
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Archaeologists have discovered an ancient settlement lying beneath the Aegean Sea, just off the coast of the Greek island of Delos.
The English pacifist and journalist Fenner Brockway boasted that he received so many white feathers during the First World War that he had enough to make a fan.
Having trouble losing weight or feeling positive? Maybe bacteria or other organisms in your gut are to blame.
Scientists believe the now-extinct two-legged sthenurine kangaroo was more than two metres tall and unable to hop
Bruce Handy looks at Woody Allen, Roman Polanski, and a certain MGM exec many decades ago.
This Blog Post is Based on a Series of 3 Lectures by Dr. Henry Mosley, Emeritus Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Click here to see and hear Dr. Moseley's Lectures in full.
Via CentreSocialImpact
Creative ideas don't just come out of the blue. Creativity is often a process of taking existing ideas and remixing them.
Via Sandeep Gautam
Men aren't from Mars and women aren't from Venus, but their brains really are wired differently, a new study suggests.
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One of the best distillations I've read on systems change and the implications for corporate sustainability. http://t.co/3FeXDEOoQJ
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'I'm a Pastafarian': Man who claims his religion forces him to wear a sieve on his head given permission to wear one on his official identity card picture
Lukas Novy from the Czech Republic has been allowed to wear a sieve on his head for an official identity card because of his 'Pastafarian' religion.
Exercise can alter your DNA - cutting the risk of obesity and diabetes, according to a new study.
As the faithful flock to the Bayreuth Festival in his bicentennial year, the spellbinding German composer continues to fascinate, inspire and infuriate
Updated July 18, 2013 13:36:17 Photo: The grape farm is located 140 kilometres north of Alice Springs. Read the full story here.
From the fake houses of Leinster Terrace to the landmark with a nose sticking out of it, here are 14 sights you've probably missed
The St Vincent's Hospital Heart Lung Transplant Unit has carried out the world's first distant procurement of hearts donated after circulatory death (DCD).
Eric Roberts plucked from obscurity of 15-year career at local bank branch to penetrate Nazi 'fifth column' in UK
It's your sister's wedding, and you and your quiet but nice cousin—he's doing his Ph.D. in something, maybe history?—are doing your best to get drunk off the watered-down open-bar bourbon.
Dr. Laura Sheneman's curator insight, December 20, 2013 11:04 AM
Think about your role as a librarian and aim to develop these habits. It will keep us on the cutting edge of transformation.
ASPEL Editor's curator insight, January 14, 2014 5:01 AM
Often times we are faced with the temptation to reach for a fast (and potentially wrongheaded) solution. However, a good strategic leader holds steady, synthesizing information from many sources before developing a viewpoint. If your leader lacks some level of peripheral vision, it can leave your company vulnerable to rivals who detect and act on ambiguous signals. We need strategic leaders who will foster open dialogue, build trust and engage key stakeholders, especially when views diverge. Find out how to become the strategic leader your company needs!
Molly McClure [firstname.lastname@example.com]'s curator insight, April 4, 2014 1:24 PM
We have several strategy consultants available in Canada and the US. Sales and strategic management dashboards. Sales accounts analysis; where to focus your sales efforts and glean revenue generating sales behaviors. Reach out to me at molly at fremontconsulting dot com
In this brand new world of constant information flow our value lies in our ability to help make sense of it all. Whether it's fiction or non-fiction, books have to do more than simply entertain or inform. They have to empower and transform, meeting real needs and addressing direct concerns in their audience.
Writers, we used to say, have to also be readers. But now we know that readers who take the time to connect and deeply interact with the writers they like themselves become influencers of the writing process. Writers, these days, need to not just read, but also share and listen. The requirements of the job description have changed somewhat and the end process is not just a book that a writer has wanted to write but one that readers have wanted to read.
Via Mariana Soffer
A new book outlines the evidence for the primacy of social connections in our lives, and presents guidelines improving workplaces, schools, and personal well-being.
Via Sandeep Gautam
In a previous post we introduced the idea of systems thinking as a way of looking at the world and defined different types of systems. This post uses Peter Senge's 11 Laws of the Fifth Discipline t...
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Marine Maj. Gen. Smedley Butler would be 132 years old today, were he still alive. He was twice awarded the Medal of honour, for his heroism ......
AHPRA has confirmed that it has begun investigating allegedly rogue doctors caught up in the drugs in sport scandal.
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Austin residents have the opportunity to choose from a number of great electricity providers. Champion Energy Services is one of the many companies providing coverage to many communities across Texas. Getting the best rate on your electricity supply is all about shopping around for plans from providers in your area. If you're ready to start exploring your saving potential, see what features an electricity plan from Champion Energy in Austin offers compared with those of other providers operating in your area!
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