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Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files
The Commission operates within the framework laid down by the basic rules governing the Organization, which states that INTERPOL's aim is ''to ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights.' (Article 2(a) of the Constitution).
Like the Organization, the Commission helps protect the rights of individuals during the processing of personal information.
- The Commission is the body officially responsible for monitoring the application of the Organization's data protection rules to personal data processed by INTERPOL.
- It also plays an advisory role vis-à-vis the Organization with regard to any operations or projects concerning the processing of personal information.
- Finally, the Commission is responsible for processing requests for access to INTERPOL's files.
The Commission's roles are explained in greater detail in the Commission's operating rules, which entered into force 1 November 2008.
A supervisory role
It is the Commission's responsibility to check that the information stored by the General Secretariat is obtained, processed and kept in accordance with INTERPOL's rules and regulations, and the purposes stated therein. The Commission also ensures that State sovereignty is respected, as this is one of the basic principles behind INTERPOL's Rules on the Processing of Data.
The Commission's supervisory role is outlined in Article 59 of INTERPOL's Rules on the Processing of Data, and in Article 5 of the Exchange of Letters which states that the Commission shall: "verify that personal information contained in the archives is:
- Obtained and processed in accordance with the provisions of the Organization's Constitution and the interpretation thereof given by the appropriate organs of the Organization;
- Recorded for specific purposes and not used in any way that is incompatible with those purposes;
- Accurate;
- Kept for a limited period in accordance with the conditions laid down by the Organization."
These provisions are supplemented by Article 1 of the Rules on the Control of Information and Access to INTERPOL's Files which states that "The Commission shall ensure that the rules and operations relating to the processing of personal information by the Organization, and particularly its projects to create new files or new methods of circulating personal information, conform to all the relevant rules adopted by the Organization, and that they do not infringe the basic rights of the people concerned, as referred to in Article 2 of the Organization's Constitution, which refers in turn to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, or the general principles of data protection."
With regard to the processing of police information, the Commission verifies that processing is carried out in conformity with the Rules on the Processing of Data and the Rules on the Control of Information and Access to INTERPOL's Files (Article 25).
By studying requests from individuals who wish to know whether the Organization has any information on them, the Commission can make targeted checks and, where necessary, recommend that certain corrections be made to the Organization's files.
The Commission generally makes spot checks at each session. Spot checks, which are either random or target specific information or a type of processing, constitute an extremely effective way of checking whether personal information received by the General Secretariat and stored in its files is processed in accordance with INTERPOL's rules and the basic data-protection principles adopted by the Organization. The Commission carries out two types of check:
- On the information processing procedures;
- On the information itself, irrespective of its source.
The Commission makes its recommendations to the Organization in a report covering basic issues and processing errors.
The purpose of spot checks is to gain a better understanding of the Organization's system for processing police information, the problems it encounters, and the risks and requirements of international police and judicial cooperation, so as to be able to effectively carry out its role as adviser to the Organization on data-processing matters.
An advisory role
The Commission also has an advisory role. With regard to requests, spot checks or the processing of police information by INTERPOL, the Commission studies projects, specific questions on the processing of information by or through INTERPOL, the relevant rules and makes recommendations, either on its own initiative or at the request of the Organization. The Commission is not empowered to process police information itself.
One example of this is the Commission's general approval of the new Rules on the Processing of Data, which came into force on 1 July 2012.
The Commission attaches the highest importance to a relationship based on consultation and transparency between itself and the General Secretariat, to enable each party to understand the requirements and the constraints of the other, thus giving them a clearer picture of these and allowing the Commission to advise the Organization more effectively, playing a role that is both preventive and proactive with regard to the processing of information by INTERPOL (Annual Report for 2002, Item 2).
The processing of requests
The Commission processes requests to access INTERPOL's files using the procedure found in its operating rules.
Matters outside its remit
The Commission is also regularly called upon to confirm – mainly when processing requests to access INTERPOL's files – that neither it nor INTERPOL should in any way:
- Take over from the judicial authorities by checking or amending charges. INTERPOL and the Commission should nonetheless ask the relevant questions in order to help them decide whether or not police information is accurate and, more generally, whether or not it should actually be recorded, is up to date or should be retained in the files;
- Assess the legal situation in a member country with a view to giving an opinion on the validity of an arrest warrant or a legal decision;
- Determine whether, under the terms of a legal cooperation agreement between the two countries, a decision to discontinue proceedings should be taken;
- Provide assistance with visa applications, or issue certificates of good conduct.


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Boston - Discover the Old and the New World on Foot
Pull on those sneakers and make the city your own. Boston is perhaps the best US city to explore on foot. New England's secret capital is often surprisingly European in other ways, too, and a stroll along the historical Freedom Trail will take you back in time to the birth of a world power.
Back to the overview
Boston: public parks, historic quarters and the "Cradle of Liberty"
Boston Common:
North America's oldest public park has an amazingly eventful history. It began in 1634, when Puritan colonists purchased 44 hectares of land on which to graze their animals, but they also held executions here. British soldiers camped here during the Revolutionary War- the end of which Boston's citizens also celebrated right here on the Common. The park was later the scene of a succession of political events and civil demonstrations, led by such famous activists as Martin Luther King.
Located between Tremont, Beacon, Charles, Park und Boylston Street. Subway: Park Street Station
Beacon Hill:
This historical neighborhood is one of Boston's most desirable and expensive residential areas and over the years has been home to such influential characters as US senator Edward Kennedy, Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry, actor Uma Thurman (Kill Bill) and bestselling author Michael Crichton (Jurassic Park). The streets are lined with lovingly restored houses in the Federal style and Massachusetts State House, the seat of the state government, stands on top of the hill to which the neighborhood owes its name.
North of Boston Common
Faneuil Hall:
Somehow typically American: To Bostonians call Faneuil Hall, originally built as a commercial exchange in 1742, is the "Cradle of Liberty." It was here that incensed American settlers gathered to protest against taxes levied on them by the English monarch. Their protests led to an intensified political tension - and ultimately to the American Revolution.
Located between North and Congress Street. Subway: State Street Station; Tel.: +1-617/242 56 42; Opening times: daily 9am-5pm
Historic importance: North End, USS Constitution & Salem
North End:
The North End is Boston's oldest residential area. Since the city's establishment in 1630, it has attracted a succession of very different inhabitants. It was the site of the first community formed by former black slaves. Later, the neighborhood attracted mainly Irish immigrants before becoming the center of Jewish life. Today it is Boston's "Little Italy." The Freedom Trail takes in the Old North Church, built in 1723, from whose tower the signals were given that warned of the approach of British forces and the first battles of the Revolutionary War.
Old North Church: 193 Salem St., Tel.: +1-617/523 66 76, www.oldnorth.org. Opening times: June-October, daily 9am-6pm, November-May, daily 9am-5pm
USS Constitution:
The USS Constitution is the world's oldest seaworthy warship. It lies at anchor in Charlestown Navy Yard but leaves its berth regularly for trips into Boston harbor. The ship, completed in 1798, earned its legendary reputation during the British-American War of 1812, when even cannonball fire failed to materially damage it. The Constitution's nickname, Old Ironsides, belies the fact that its sides are built of several layers of timber.
USS Constitution: Charlestown Navy Yard; Tel.:+1-617/242 55 85; Opening times: April-October, daily except Mon 10am-6pm, November-March, Thu-Sun 10am-4pm; www.history.navy.mil/ussconstitution/
Renting a car is another fine way to take more journeys through time into the rich history of Boston's environs. The small town of Salem, for instance, was the scene of the infamous witch trials of 1692, to which the Witch Museum today bears grisly testimony. The old university town of Cambridge is the seat of two of the world's most illustrious universities. The drive over to Concord is also well worth the trip. Known as the "American Weimar," Concord is the home of Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne, all of whom count among America's most respected authors.
Pictures: Jupiterimages, look-foto, Corbis (3), getty images (2)

subset: commoncrawl


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Useful Links
- Date submitted: 28 Oct 2011
- Stakeholder type: Member State
- Name: India
- Submission Document: Download
General Contenta) What are the expectations for the outcome of Rio+20, and what are the concrete proposals in this regard, including views on a possible structure of the Outcome document? The Rio+20 Conference in 2012 provides an opportunity to refine and fast-track global efforts towards sustainable development. Green economy is a dynamic concept which infuses every activity taken towards poverty eradication with sustainability, thereby greening the economy as we develop economically, socially and environmentally.
An approach to GESDPE has to be based on the following principles:
- It is directly related to the overriding priorities for developing countries such as poverty eradication, food security, universal access to modern energy services, public health, human resource development and employment generation. As such, Green economy should be seen as one of the means to achieve these fundamental and overriding priorities and not an end in itself.
- A common approach to GESDPE is to be based on the Rio principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) with special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries according to the respective capabilities of the states. Accordingly, its outcome document should be based on the Rio Principles which continue to be the bedrock of the international discourse on sustainable development, and there should be no rewriting or negotiation of the Rio Principles.
- GESDPE allows ample flexibility and policy space for national authorities to make their own choices out of a broad menu of options and define their paths towards sustainable development based on the country?s stage of development, national circumstances and priorities. This is essential for equitable sustainable development.
- States should have the sovereign right to exploit their own natural resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental requirements and natural resource endowments.
- Poverty eradication should be the overarching objective and the benchmark of the GESDPE. Green economy should promote sustained economic growth for poverty eradication. GE should not adversely impact the livelihoods of vulnerable sections of society, like the small and marginal farmers and those employed in SMEs.
- As a pre-requisite to a global transition towards Green Economy, developed countries must reduce their unsustainable patterns of consumption and the resulting ecological footprints and release ecological space for developing countries to achieve equitable and sustainable growth;
- The outcome document should uphold and promote the spirit of multilateralism;
-Developed nations, in the name of progression towards GESDPE, shall not impose tariff and non-tariff barriers on exports of developing countries or aid conditionalities or any other form of green protectionism;
- Rio+20 should facilitate grants for research and development and deployment of green technologies appropriate to the labour and other factor endowments and needs of the developing countries. These technologies should be in public domain and be accessible to developing countries at affordable prices including through creation of a Sustainable Development Fund for provision of new, additional and scaled up sources of financing to the developing countries. GE should not exacerbate technological dependence of developing countries on developed countries.
b) What are the comments, if any, on existing proposals: e.g., a green economy roadmap, framework for action, sustainable development goals, a revitalized global partnership for sustainable development, or others? The Rio+20 conference provides an opportunity to review the progress made in the path of sustainable development, identify the implementation gaps and come with a menu of options on what needs to be done nationally and through international cooperation. Country-specific strategies may be adopted based on their stages of development, national circumstances, priorities and the extent of global support. Intra-generational equity and poverty eradication remains the major concerns for many developing countries.
India does not support defining and aiming for quantitative targets or goals towards sustainable development. Since the Principles of Rio guide us ? foremost amongst which is the principle of CBDR, we need to be mindful of whom we are setting targets for. CBDR exhorts developed countries to take on commitments first. This principle must be upheld in any implementation-focused outcome on sustainable development, as opposed to MDGs. The context of MDGs and SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) are disparate.
India supports the view that a multilateral trading system should be supportive of sustainable development. For a fair and equitable global trade regime to achieve development goals we need reduction of producer subsidies equivalent and export subsidies for agricultural products in OECD countries; removal of tariff escalation and non-tariff barriers affecting labour intensive exports from developing countries; and effective enforcement of the special and differential treatment provisions of the WTO.
Most environment-friendly/green technologies are with the developed countries. GESDPE should supplement the efforts of developing countries in greening their economies by facilitating transfer of these technologies to them on concessional terms.
Policy Tracks
The Report of the Secretary General, dated 22 December 2010, classifies green economy policies under seven ?tracks?. India?s views under each track are given below:
Track 1: Green stimulus packages
Governments round the world including India have been promoting public and private investment in sectors like renewable energy, forest conservation and water management. A variety of policies and tools, as nationally appropriate, may be employed in this regard. A combination of regulatory instruments like feed-in tariff and standards and economic incentives like fiscal incentives, concessional loans and subsidies (for positive externalities) are being used in different countries.
Track 2: Eco-efficiency
It is understood that eco-efficiency implies reduction in material intensity, energy intensity and ecological impacts of goods and services throughout the entire life cycle, as means for companies to implement Agenda 21. Achievement of eco-efficiency is feasible for large firms with economies of scale and easy access to eco-efficient technologies and capital markets. Adoption of corporate social responsibility can accelerate the process of achieving eco- efficiency.
Achievement of eco-efficiency in micro, small and medium enterprises is a challenge to policy makers. Nationally appropriate strategies are needed to overcome barriers resulting from absence of economies of scale, asymmetric information flows, incomplete markets for credit and handling risk. Circulation of eco-efficiency data from advanced manufacturing process would help developing countries in adopting efficient and credible technologies for achieving eco-efficiency in manufacturing.
Since eco-efficient technologies and practices demonstrate that they stimulate productivity, innovation, increases competitiveness and improves environmental performances, access to relevant technologies by developing countries at affordable costs would address global environmental concerns.
New and additional global financial support in international financing, easier access to eco-efficient technologies on concessional terms and promotion of collaborative research in developing countries in public domain on development of appropriate location-specific technologies is required.
This may be supplemented by domestic efforts in adoption, deployment and diffusion of the technologies transferred. Development of appropriate green technologies suited to country?s resource endowments, not only achieve eco-efficiency but also generates employment opportunities. Nationally appropriate fiscal policies and other incentives for their adoption may also be thought of.
Track 3: Greening of Markets and public procurement
Market driven approaches for greening of the economy have gross limitations for developing countries. In some sectors where the goods are public or merit goods, market outcomes may not be socially desirable. While greening of the market can be taken up by States as per their national priorities and policies, the developed countries should take the lead on eco-labeling. Greening of public procurement may be directed at equity imperatives like procurement of food grains from small and marginal farmers for the Public Distribution System (PDS) and allocation for MSME sector for government purchases. Moreover, such exercises should not result in any form of green protectionism under the guise of addressing legitimate environmental goals.
Track 4: Investment in green infrastructure
Investment in green infrastructures which result in win-win situations is exemplified by areas like urban mass transportation, railways, public water supply and sanitation, and common facilities for pollution control and Waste management maybe promoted by countries. Such greening measures should be facilitated in developing countries, particularly by developed countries through technology, and new and additional sources of financing. A win-win economic and environmental arrangement ensures that economic and environmental synergies prevail over trade-offs and project and programmes are co-beneficial, bringing in revenues from both environmental and economic investments.
Track 5: Restoration and enhancement of natural capital
India considers the enhancement of natural capital as a measure which can result in integration of all the pillars of sustainable development and hence, should be promoted. Various measures to enhance the stock of natural capital could include improvement of forest quality, watershed development, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Greater public and private investment in this sector is essential. Investments in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, land and water management for employment and poverty reduction can be co-beneficial, equitable and assuring of human well-being.
Land has dynamic interlinkages with agricultural productivity, other ecosystem services, hence, poses environmental and social repercussions. Sustainable land management through addressing the desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) concerns is essential for sustainable development.
Early operationalisation of the Nagoya Protocol is necessary to ensure implementation of the ABS Principles to ensure a stream of revenue for the local communities of the developing countries. This could ensure local partnership in conservation of biodiversity.
Contribution of mountain ecosystem need better recognition in terms of ecosystem services it provides, and would require greater attention towards livelihood issues of mountain communities while maintaining/enhancing the ecosystem services.
Track 6: Getting prices right
In theory, economic efficiency requires setting all prices equal to their social (including environmental) costs of production. However, in practice government interventions in markets have become important policy tools for achievement of goals for public welfare through such as provision of merit goods for e.g. food, public health, drinking water and primary education and universal access to modern energy services and supply of intermediate inputs for agriculture to increase food productivity and food security.
Indian experience in ?setting prices right? suggest that when goals such as equity, food security, and balanced regional development are present some prices have to deviate from their social costs owing to the subsidies. The treatment of these subsidies should be left to the sovereign rights of the States as per national policies and circumstances. The issue relating to efficient transfer of subsidies to the beneficiaries and a gradual phase out, if possible, of the subsidies for non-merit goods have to be left to the decision of the national governments as per national circumstances.
The issue of payment for eco-system services (PES) has to be examined further particularly with reference to developing the necessary information base for policy and adequate safeguarding and creating appropriate institutional mechanisms for protecting the interests of the poor. It is not possible to apply a common discount rate for environmental goods and services and their scarcity for differing stages and levels of development. No universal system of eco-system services valuation can be adopted.
Track 7: Eco-tax reform
Eco-tax reform is based on the polluter pays principle i.e., the polluter pays the cost of environmental damage he imposes on the society. The eco tax reform initiated in India includes and fiscal incentives like tax exemptions, concessional taxes, and lower taxes for certain environment -friendly goods. There is no ?one size fits all? solution on eco-tax reforms and countries may develop nationally appropriate policies.
Four more policy tracks mentioned below are important from the perspective of developing countries that should be considered.
Track 8: Rationalization of consumption patterns in developed countries to reduce their ecological footprints
As agreed upon at the Rio Conference in 1992, the conspicuous consumption and unsustainable lifestyles in the developed countries should be rationalized so as to reduce their per capita consumption footprints. This would release the much needed ecological space for developing countries for equitable global growth.
Track 9: Human resource development including education and public health
Improving human capital is fundamental to sustainable development. Therefore, public health, primary education and, human resource development in developing countries are vital.
Track 10: Research and Development of affordable green technologies at affordable prices
Most of the green technologies in developed countries are in the private domain and come under IPR regime which makes the cost prohibitive. Developing countries need access to cost effective technologies appropriate to their resource endowments and location specific factors, to enable them to accelerate the transition to sustainable development. Any approach to GESDPE should facilitate research and development in green technologies preferably in public domain so that the access would be at affordable prices. Centers of Excellence in developing countries as nodal points for technology research and development may be identified and provided financial and technological support.
Track 11: Universal access to modern energy services, food, water supply and sanitation for poverty eradication
Poverty eradication measures should consider the multi-dimensionality of poverty and its complexities. This can be tackled successfully only when a multi-pronged approach towards poverty eradication is adopted. Universal access to modern energy services, food security, access to water supply and sanitation in developing countries are essential for improving the quality of life of the poor and hence, need focused approach in these sectors.
c) What are the views on implementation and on how to close the implementation gap, which relevant actors are envisaged as being involved (Governments, specific Major Groups, UN system, IFIs, etc.); India would like to see tangible outcomes at Rio +20 in terms of greening the economy through measures such as harmonization of aid among donors and partners, augmentation of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) as per Monterrey Consensus and creation of a Sustainable Development Fund. This may be supplemented by private funding, without any incidence on developing countries. There should be greater capacity building of regulatory and non-regulatory public institutions, local governments and corporate sector.
Rio+20 should translate the UN General Assembly?s recognition of access to modern energy services at affordable prices into concrete mechanisms including financing in a given time frame, facilitate promotion, development and deployment of renewable energy for cleaner production and consumption. One of the major reasons for the implementation gap are lack of adequate global financial and technological support for capacity building of institutions, adoption of appropriate technologies and implementation of systems. Another reason for implementation gap is diminishing weights given to special and differential treatment provisions to developing countries in many multilateral agreements and growing gaps in the flows of external aid from the North to South.
d) What specific cooperation mechanisms, partnership arrangements or other implementation tools are envisaged and what is the relevant time frame for the proposed decisions to be reached and actions to be implemented? All efforts aimed at advancing or enhancing sustainable development should be implemented through multilaterally agreed mechanisms. The international cooperation mechanism must be democratic and based on the principle of CBDR and the spirit of multilateralism.
A mechanism to facilitate research and development in green technologies in public domain is required so that the access would be at affordable prices. Centers of Excellence in developing countries as nodal points for technology research and development may be identified and provided financial and technological support.
The UN system may support South-South co-operation, as a complement and not a substitute to North-South cooperative partnerships.
Economic partnership agreements between developed and developing countries should promote capacity building in transfer and deployment of green technologies. Experience in respect of voluntary partnerships in the case of forestry or adaptation related actions confirm that such partnerships/agreements will be effective only if rooted in multilateral framework. The partnership cannot be a substitute for a globally agreed responsibility for provision of technology and financial resources within the multilateral framework. Economic partnerships between South-South would provide an opportunity to develop location specific green technologies based on their labor and other factor endowments. Such ventures may be initiated and supported by the UN system.
Specific Elementsa) Objective of the Conference: To secure renewed political commitment for sustainable development, assessing the progress to date and remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges. Contributions could include possible sectoral priorities (e.g., (e.g., energy, food security and sustainable agriculture, technology transfer, water, oceans, sustainable urbanization, sustainable consumption and production, natural disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation, biodiversity, etc.) and sectoral initiatives that contribute to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development could be launched and endorsed at Rio+20. To secure renewed political commitment for sustainable development, assessing the progress to date and remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges.
Contributions could include possible sectoral priorities (e.g., energy, food security and sustainable agriculture, technology transfer, water, oceans, sustainable urbanization, sustainable consumption and production, natural disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation, biodiversity, etc.) and sectoral initiatives that contribute to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development could be launched and endorsed at Rio+20.
b) Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication: views regarding how green economy can be a means to achieve sustainable development in its three dimensions, and poverty eradication; what is its potential added value; experience to date, including what has worked and how to build upon success, what are the challenges and opportunities and how to address the challenges and seize opportunities, and possible elements of an agreement in outcome document on a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication: views regarding how green economy can be a means to achieve sustainable development in its three dimensions, and poverty eradication; what is the potential added value; experience to date, including what has worked and how to build upon success, what are the challenges and opportunities and how to address the challenges and seize opportunities, and possible elements of an agreement in outcome document on a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.
India has demonstrated its commitment towards sustainable development through a series of legislative, policy and institutional measures nationally besides participation in multilateral environmental agreements, which integrate environmental, social and development concerns.
Sectoral priorities and strategies are a matter of national choice, based on the stage of development, national circumstances, domestic resource availability, and external support both technical and financial.
India?s sectoral priorities include poverty eradication and livelihood security, universal access to modern energy services, prevention and reversal of land degradation, afforestation, watershed development in dry lands, rural connectivity, mass transport, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, clean water and facilitation of technology development and transfer.
Poverty eradication in turn requires tackling multidimensionality of poverty in various sectors such as public health, primary education, human resource development, access to clean drinking water and sanitation besides generation of productive employment. Prevention and reversal of degraded land through eco-restoration and afforestation can not only increase the quantity and quality of the natural capital but also generate employment.
Programmes for rural connectivity, creation of post-harvest management facilities, improvements in agricultural inputs as well as crop productivity, strengthening farm and non-farm linkages can improve efficiencies of agricultural supply chains, reduce their Waste generation, and decrease the price spread between farm harvest and wholesale prices. These strategies can generate win-win outcomes.
Programmes for off-grid and decentralized rural renewable energy systems help in achieving the goal of universal access to modern energy services for the rural people especially in inaccessible areas at lower social costs and provide employment.
c) Institutional framework for sustainable development: Priorities and proposals for strengthening individual pillars of sustainable development, as well as those for strengthening integration of the three pillars, at multiple levels; local, national, regional and international. Priorities and Proposals for strengthening individual pillars of sustainable development, as well as those for strengthening integration of the three pillars, at multiple levels- local, national, regional and international.
1. India considers the following key principles to be important in arriving at an institutional framework for sustainable development
i. Recognize that any international institutional architecture seeking to address global challenges should remain firmly anchored in the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities embodied in the Rio declaration.
ii. Recognize the ?right to development? and the overriding priority of poverty eradication and economic growth in developing countries.
iii. Maintain balance between the three pillars of sustainable development and strengthen the coherence and coordination between and within them.
iv. Adhere to the spirit of multi-lateralism.
v. Enhance implementation and promote institutional capacity building at all levels.
vi. Stimulate scientific & technological innovation in the public domain and use of local knowledge
vii. Promote adequate flow of resources and technologies to developing countries.
2. India reiterates the need to strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development ? economic, social and environmental. It has to be understood that sustainable development is a much larger canvas than merely addressing the environmental issues.
3. India believes there is a case for enhancing UNEP judiciously, including augmentation of its financial resources. However, elevating UNEP to the status of a UNEO or a specialized environmental agency, would give disproportionate weight to the environmental pillar of sustainable development. UNEP is a programme and not an organization. An enhanced UNEP means strengthening its programmatic mandate as an implementing agency. UNEP?s role has to be strengthened in terms of capacity building, science-policy interface, technical support and knowledge management to facilitate country level initiatives. UNEP?s role as an implementing agency may be strengthened with enhanced national level support and cooperation and also UNEP?s greater collaboration with other implementing agencies like the UNDP and the World Bank. India is open on the issue of universal membership of UNEP.
4. India recognizes the need for CSD reforms. Sustainable development emphasis in CSD needs to be strengthened. We have to carefully weigh the pros and cons of upgrading the present-day ECOSOC and CSD vis-�-vis the creation of a new organ like the proposed Sustainable Development Council (SDC). The current architecture of ECOSOC may be revisited to facilitate additional financing and technology transfer for sustainable development. In this context, the proposal of establishment of a new Sustainable Development Council (SDC) needs to be examined further. The principle of ?Form follows Function? has to be applied and a greater analysis of the framework of the proposed SDC in terms of its structure, rules and relationship with the existing institutions etc. is required.
5. Improving coherence and coordination of various MEAs and strengthening the Institutional Framework for SD (IFSD) is now broadly agreed. Greater cohesiveness can be achieved through selective clustering of compatible conventions while preserving the autonomy of the Conventions and their respective Conference of Parties, setting up of liaison groups and joint programming wherever feasible. The recent initiative in this regard for the three chemical conventions can be used as a template. Developing countries must be allowed to participate more actively in the governing bodies of the financial mechanisms of MEAs and in the process of formulating policies and strategies for sustainable development.
6. A mechanism to promote research and development and deployment of green technologies appropriate to the labour and other factor endowments and needs of the developing countries is needed. These technologies should be in public domain and be accessible to developing countries at affordable prices including through creation of a ?Sustainable Development Fund? for provision of new, additional and scaled up sources of finances to the developing countries. Implementation of Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and Capacity Building should also be prioritized.
7. Commitment of developed countries for providing Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) as per Monterrey Consensus has to be fulfilled. This may be supplemented by private funding but without any incidence on developing countries.
8. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) should be strengthened. The quantum of financial contributions to GEF Trust Fund should substantially increase from the present level. This will place GEF, the designated funding mechanism of UNFCCC, UNCCD, CBD and Stockholm Convention in a better position to comply with the guidance given by the Conference of Parties of these Conventions. The operational procedures and processes of GEF has been streamlined over the years however, these could be further simplified. The world?s largest multilateral funding mechanism on environment also needs to innovatively improvise its communication strategy and its engagement with potential donors.
9. There is clearly a need for greater representation of developing countries, accountability and transparency in the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWI) in order to increase their effectiveness and responsiveness to UN-led processes and outcomes. The democratic deficit in BWI should be addressed by increasing the say of developing countries. This apart, the role of regional developmental banks and sub-regional initiatives needs to be strengthened for the provisions of medium and long term response to the development needs of developing countries.
10. India supports the view that a multilateral trading system should be supportive of sustainable development. For a fair and equitable global trade regime to achieve development goals we need reduction of producer subsidies equivalent and export subsidies for agricultural products in OECD countries; removal of tariff escalation and non-tariff barriers affecting labor intensive exports from developing countries; and effective enforcement of the special and differential treatment provisions of the WTO.
11. There is a need to strengthen the network of scientific institutions at global, regional and national levels to address global challenges.
12. It is important to create mechanisms, as nationally appropriate, for participatory decision-making, to strengthen capacities of the local governments and have an emphasis on education for sustainable development.
d) Any proposals for refinement of the two themes. Recall that Resolution 64/236 describes the focus of the Conference: "The focus of the Conference will include the following themes to be discussed and refined during the preparatory process: a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication and the institutional framework for sustainable development". ?The focus of the Conference will include the following themes to be discussed and refined during the preparatory process: a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication and the institutional framework for sustainable development?
Full Submission
Chairs? Summary Delhi Ministerial Dialogue on ?Green Economy and Inclusive Growth? 3-4 October 2011, New Delhi, India
1. The Delhi Ministerial Dialogue on ?Green Economy and Inclusive Growth? was organised by the Government of India with the UNCSD Secretariat, which was held at Hotel The Ashok on 3-4 October 2011. 144 delegates participated in the Delhi Ministerial Dialogue (DMD), which included Ministers and high level representatives from 41 countries, besides delegates from nine international organizations and eminent experts in the field. 2. Smt. JayanthiNatarajan, Minister of State for Environment and Forests (I/C), Government of India, delivered the inaugural address. Mr. Sha Zukang, Under Secretary General of the United Nations and Secretary General of the UNCSD, Dr. Ashok Khosla, President, IUCN, Mr. Maurice Strong, former Under Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr. T. Chatterjee, Secretary to Government of India, Mr. Ernesto Carlos Alvarez, Ambassador of Argentina in India on behalf of G-77 and China Dr. Janez Potocnik, European Commissioner for Environment also spoke in the inaugural session. 3. Plenary and Breakout sessions were held covering various aspects of food security, poverty eradication, and energy security in the context of Green Economy, besides a plenary on Country statements. The DMD provided a platform for free and frank deliberations on key developmental goal such as poverty eradication, food security, and access to energy and towards a greater understanding of the architecture of Green Economy. 4. The Plenary on Country Statements (Plenary 1) was co-chaired by Smt. Jayanthi Natarajan Minister of State for Environment and Forests (I/C), Government of India, and Mr. Sha Zukang, Under Secretary General of the United Nations and Secretary General of the UNCSD. Representatives of 30 countries, besides European Commission presented their views, concerns, challenges, and achievements in the context of Green Economy, poverty eradication and sustainable development. They were: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brazil, Cambodia, China, Columbia, Cuba, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, UK, US. 5. There were four more Plenary sessions which dealt with the poverty eradication, food security and energy security issues and concerns facing the planet and also various regions/ countries. They were the following: a. Plenary 2 - ?Integrating Green Economy with poverty Eradication?, b. Plenary 3- ?Integrating Green Economy with Food Security, Considering Means of Financing and Implementation?, c. Plenary 4 -?Integrating Green Economy with Energy Security Mix, Considering Means of Financing and Implementation? and d. Plenary 5 - ?Formulating an Approach to Green Economy and Inclusive Growth? The breakout sessions were held in smaller groups for more intensive discussions and interactions. 6. Dr. Martin Khor, Executive Director of South Centre, Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, Chairman MSSRF, Dr. R. K. Pachauri, Director General TERI, Prof. Thomas C. Heller, Dr. Leena Srivastava, Executive Director TERI addressed various Plenary sessions. Mr. Vijai Sharma, Member National Green Tribunal, India, Dr. Kirit Parikh, former member of Planning Commission India, Mr. Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary CBD and others participated and gave their valuable suggestions. 7. The Delhi Ministerial Dialogue addressed various issues pertaining to sustainable management of sectors like agriculture, industry, energy and transport, urgent adoption of sustainable life styles and consumption patterns for reduction in ecological footprint, equity concerns, poverty eradication and developmental imperatives. The Dialogue laid a particular focus on how green economy strategies and policies can be integrated with poverty eradication, food security and energy security objectives. It held that Rio+20 need to consider how best to integrate green economy strategies and policies into these priority concerns. The following key points and views emerged in the two-day Delhi Ministerial Dialogue on various issues related to an approach to Green Economy and inclusive growth, poverty eradication, food security, and energy security. 8. Green Economy and Inclusive Growth a. Any outcome at Rio+20 should be based on the Rio Principles and there should be no rewriting or renegotiations of the above Principles. The reaffirmation of Rio Principles and reinvigoration of Agenda 21 was espoused. It was mentioned that the foundation of the GE approach was based on the Principle of Equity. The concept of equity encompasses intra-generational equity, inter-generational equity as well as equity across countries. A transition to GE should not lead to greater disparities. The Principle of ?common but differentiated responsibilities? (CBDR) was considered by many as crucial in this context. Similarly multilateralism was held to be important. b. It was held that the Rio+20 needed renewed political commitment of countries which should culminate in concrete actions, beyond political rhetoric. The crisis and challenges facing us included, inter alia, risk of new global recession, increasing food prices, food and energy deficiencies and natural disasters. It was expressed that the time had come to bring definite ideas, options and practical action plans agreed by all countries for the negotiation tables for Rio+20. It was said that Rio+20 must be about three thingsintegration, implementation and coherence. c. The concept of Green economy was interpreted in various ways by different countries. There was apprehension that the debate on the Green Economy may distract attention from sustainable development. There was a growing consensus that GE should be seen as one of the means to attain sustainable development and it is not an alternative to sustainable development. d. Preserving natural resources and making efficient and sustainable use of them was considered essential to making the transition to a greener economy. Sustainable management of these resources and sustainable use of the ecosystem would make crucial contribution to poverty eradication. Early operationalisation of Nagoya protocol was considered important in promoting conservation of biological resources. e. Rio+20 could facilitate collective action and development of a common understanding and consensus about the Green Economy approach and a possible Green Economy Roadmap accompanied by a tool box of flexible policies, instruments and best practices. A win-win economic and environmental arrangement ensures that economic and environmental synergies prevail over trade-offs and project and programmes are cobeneficial, bringing in revenues from both environmental and economic investments. In this context it was pointed out that it was not only important to know what is a Green Economy, it was also important to know what is not a Green Economy. This would help in delineating a Roadmap for Green Economy and identifying relevant policy tools. f. The approach to GE could include a menu of policy options, so that countries can choose nationally appropriate policies as per their needs and national circumstances. Green economy approach should be mainstreamed into national plans. National leadership was required for an effective transition to GE. Green economy should make economic sense to be sustainable and practical and people oriented solutions were necessary. g. It was held that one size does not fit all and that there should be recognition that national priorities and conditions would define the nature of the policies and strategies adopted by each country to green their economies. Rio+20 should allow flexibility to States to adopt nationally appropriate policies to pursue national priorities and objectives. h. There were references to a proposal for a set of SDGs. (Sustainable Development Goals) in the line of MDGs in the post-2015. This was advocated as a tool to guide and provide priority to SD agenda at international and national level. However the need for further consideration in this regard and the apprehension that it can subvert the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) were raised. It was felt that setting of restrictive quantitative targets needs to be eschewed. i. It was said that poverty eradication remained the daunting and foremost objective, so long as human development and human dignity is not universally enjoyed, not only for the developing countries but for the entire planet. A need was felt for strengthening the social pillar, for gains of development to reach all sections of the society, to help the poor and vulnerable so that all sections of the society could grow and progress. Development was seen as an empowering process. j. There was a need to strike a balance between the three pillars of sustainable development, i.e. economic, social and environmental pillars, which required integration and coordination. Neglecting any one pillar would defeat the purpose of attaining sustainability and efforts should be made so that all the pillars reinforce each other. k. For Green Economy to become truly sustainable, there was a case to reject green protectionism. A Green Economy approach also accompanied associated risk and costs which needed to be studied and addressed. The costs of green economy and its and costs on States at various stages of development and nationally on various sections of people should be studied and mitigated, so that benefits from a GE approach could be maximized. l. Water was considered another vital sector with critical implications for sustainable development, including agriculture, food security and economic development. Water security was essential for efficient food production and sustainable agriculture. Rio+20 could be an opportunity to highlight the need for good water governance and efficient water use as key elements of sustainable Ocean development, sustainable use of marine resources could have significant implications for economic development, food security and social well being of many States particularly the small island States and in the context the concept of ?blue economy? was mentioned. m. The unsustainable production and consumption pattern had resulted in rising demands on natural resources, ecological scarcities and many environmental crises. Therefore there was an urgent need for change in the unsustainable consumption and lifestyles. A strong commitment to follow the green economy strategies should come from the national governments. Political will, commitment and partnership with civil society and other stakeholders was considered important for transition to a green economy. n. Developing countries would need a supportive international financing system and technological support and enhanced access to market opportunities for a transition to Green Economy. In strengthening international partnership, developed country financing was seen as crucial for developing countries to undertake and implement policies for sustainable development. These would supplement domestic resources. The developing countries should not be burdened with the costs and risks of transition to a GE. In the context of dematerialisation of growth and competition for resources, it was considered important that developed countries should not relieve themselves of their responsibilities. o. While public financing should take the lead in this direction, private sector could also play a proactive role in mobilising additional finance required for a transition to GE. A greater and innovative role for private sector was envisaged. The need for creation of a sustainable development fund to enable transition to a Green Economy was also mentioned. p. Access to clean technologies at affordable prices and removal of barriers to technology transfer were considered crucial for transition to GE. It was emphasised that technology innovation and investment in Science and Technology should be factored in to leapfrog towards sustainable development. Centres of excellence as nodal points for technology research and development in developing countries might be identified and provided appropriate resources so that appropriate and affordable technology solutions could be available in public domain. q. It was held that traditional knowledge should be documented and applied; however, decisions regarding appropriate technology options should be taken up in the context of national priorities and choices. r. Special efforts should be made to ensure participation at the Rio+20 Conference of civil society including NGOs, business and trade unions, especially NGOs from developing countries. It was highlighted that NGOs from developing countries were usually underrepresented in international fora because of their financial constraints. Therefore financial assistance to civil society of developing countries to participate in Rio+20 and augmenting the trust fund for the purpose of assisting NGOs to participate in the conference should be supported. s. It was mentioned that the existing international institutional framework lack coordination, coherence and work in silos. Weak institutional framework was considered one of the reasons why the world has not made adequate progress in strengthening and integrating the three pillars of sustainable development. There was a need for building and improving global partnership and institutional capabilities at international, regional, national and local level for sustainable development. The role of private sector and other stakeholders was recognised. There was a view that the existing arrangements of global governance needed to be strengthened including ECOSOC and UNEP reforms. It was felt that there was a need to narrow down these options without trying to create another superstructure. 9. Integrating Poverty Eradication with Green Economy a. Poverty eradication should be the benchmark for formulating GE policies. Sustainable and inclusive growth was considered important for poverty eradication, which in turn has to create opportunities for all, irrespective their levels of development. It was felt that the Poverty eradication agenda had to consider its strong inter linkages with food security, energy security. Food security was in turn related to land and water management. b. Poverty eradication with a Green Economy approach would be affected by the global economic downturn, environmental degradation and the social crisis germinating from the economic and environmental crises. In addition to the above, the world was to cope with the challenges emanating from increasing food prices, food and energy deficiencies, and natural disasters. Development had to reach the poor, the vulnerable and the people at the margin, i.e. growth had to be inclusive. In this context, the concept of inclusive growth was even more relevant so that socio-economically weaker sections and women and children, could be protected from change and adversity. The challenge was to bring the poor and the vulnerable groups into the ambit of Green Economy and give them access to resources. c. There were different views on the role of market, while one view envisaged a limited role for the government and free play of market forces, another view raised the concern that free market could lead to dominance by a few big players. A constructive and proactive role for public sector and government was seen in the developing countries in the context of green economy. d. A GE approach should be well designed to generate employment and sustainable livelihood for poverty eradication. Social protection programmes, worker retraining should ensure that the poor and vulnerable are protected. GE had to result in job creation, address unemployment and in this context the continuing role of SMEs was highlighted to create jobs. 10. Integrating Food security with Green Economy a. The various challenges for food security were rising demand for food, increasing degradation of resources and competing users for land, climatic risks, unstable global supply and prices for agricultural products. Food security was also to be examined from various aspects such as availability, access, absorption and appropriateness of food. b. Price volatility of food which has severe implications for food security can be addressed at the international level by following measures: slowing down or eliminating speculation, building stocks at global, regional and national level, restoring confidence in international trading system, investment in agro-ecological agriculture, and reducing food Waste and pre and post-harvest losses by developed countries. c. It was felt that to address food security, improving productivity of agricultural inputs, sustainable agricultural practices, prevention and reversal of land degradation, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity was essential. Land degradation was considered a major challenge because agricultural production, thus food security, depends on the health of the soil. Half of world?s livestock and 40 percent of world?s food production were from dry lands. As a large proportion of population lives on dry lands, it was important that issues of land degradation, desertification should have prominence in green economy discussions. The cost of fixing a degraded land was far more than that of preventing land degradation. Prevention and reversal of land degradation was considered to be a cost effective strategy to enhance food security, with co-benefits in climate change management, biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. d. The special sensitivities of subsistence agriculture, indigenous people and the peasant economy were emphasised. Traditional farming had the characteristics of minimum tillage, environment friendly pest management, risk management by better agrobiodiversity, and involved mainly the small farmers and poor and contributed more to employment. On the other hand large scale farming was heavily subsidized, used more nutrients, and damaged the environment and biodiversity. Investment in water management, improving organic farming and traditional farming would be crucial in meeting the joint challenges of food crisis and related environmental problems. Organic agriculture, low pesticide management practices, soil fertility management through use of natural resources, improved biodiversity can have substantial livelihood and environmental impacts. However, the concerns of small and marginal farmers had to be respected. It was to be understood that greening of agriculture had limitations in the realm of dechemicalization. Accordingly, there had to be a judicious mix as per the capabilities of countries to adopt nationally appropriate strategies. e. There was a need to connect farmers to markets to capture larger share of value along the supply chains, to give them access to micro-finance and to create non-farm employment to supplement farm incomes and mitigate risks. f. Incentives to scientific intensification of agriculture with resource conservation, reduction of pre and post harvest losses, use of a regionally differentiated approach, stronger agrigovernance including land reforms, water management, research and extension and adoption of a rights-based approach and improving dry-land farming would help in attaining food security. g. The time was ripe for a move to a second green revolution or what one of the speaker christened as ?evergreen revolution?. This entailed sustainable intensification of agriculture with conservation or what FAO had described as ?save and grow?. The new green revolution should be technology intensive not resource intensive. h. A global soil partnership in the line of a global water partnership was mentioned. i. Attention was drawn to the need for water conservation and mitigation of climate change impacts. The ecological foundation of the planet could be strengthened through water and land management which was considered vital for food security. Removal of agricultural subsidies was an option to be considered. j. Policies to promote climate resilient agriculture should be developed and promoted considering the new risks brought in by climate change. 11. Integrating Energy security with Green Economy a. It was mentioned that three billion people in the planet do not have access to energy and 1.4 billion people do not have access to electricity. Universal access to sustainable energy was seen as essential. Providing universal energy access by 2030 was one of the biggest challenges that needed to be resolved in Rio+20 summit because energy was the basis of achieving other MDGs. b. Universal access to modern energy services at a sustainable basis was recognised as an imperative for economic growth and human development. The sustainability, reliability, and affordability of energy supply were also recognised as a need and a challenge to be met for improving the lives of a large proportion of population on the planet. Aspects relating to enhancing energy efficiency, changing of the energy mix and policies to promote use of renewable energy were required to be looked into. c. Governments could have a greater role in providing widespread energy access, building infrastructure and policy interventions could be done more efficiently by it. Thus, Government?s role was important in the initial stages. A top down approach had to be amalgamated with a bottom up approach in this sector. d. It was felt that price support and micro finance were required to make cheap credit available to poor, involvement of local institutions, rapid expansion of rural electrification with grid infrastructure, technology transfer to SMEs could be some of the measures to improve access to energy. In the context of technology transfer to SMEs sector, the burden of initial costs of new technology, the importance of knowledge networking and skill development was discussed. e. Renewable energy was seen as a clean alternative to other energy services. Switching to renewables could lead to high socio-economic costs and appropriate policy intervention was required. Renewable energy sector required large investments, particularly in the initial stages and sophisticated technology and this could prove to be a restraint to its proliferation. The burden of the initial costs of new technology would be prohibitive on developing countries. Enabling environment for investment in renewable energy was necessary. f. It was said that Africa and Asia together account for roughly 75% of the world?s population but their per capita energy consumption level was much lower and their historical contribution to emissions was also low. The developed world should reduce its consumption to reduce price and create space for developing countries to pursue growth and improve the lives of their people. Some drastic measures would have to be taken to change the business as usual situation which has high dependence on fossil fuel. In this context access to greater international financing was considered critical besides policy intervention. It was mentioned that reduction in subsidies to fossil fuel could lead to more efficient and cleaner energy mix. However, it was also noted that many countries have limited capabilities to change their current energy mix and in the absence of cost effective renewable technologies, the dependence of developing countries on fossil fuels for economic growth was expected to continue for some time. Clean coal technology options needed to be adopted. g. Sustainable energy for all should incorporate quality and quantity of energy supply issues. Additional energy demand for universal energy access would not put major pressures on energy demand and or climate security, provided developed world changes its current unsustainable consumption and lifestyles. It was also pointed out that universal access to energy would require multi fold enhancement in investment in energy. Developed countries needed to supplement the domestic mobilisation of finance and new and additional sources of funding for developing countries were needed. h. Development and access to clean affordable energy solutions, establishment of technology innovation centres to respond to the specific needs of developing countries, investments in clean energy infrastructure were some of the measures needed to ensure universal access to energy. i. Reliable data collection was a key to formulate meaningful policies. Information on the current magnitude of use, requirement and how much the country could afford, would help in planning. Rio +20could be an opportunity to help countries modernize their data collection. j. Availability of clean and affordable energy for cooking could have significant environmental and social implications in terms of improving health of the household from indoor pollution, saving labour used in collection of biomass fuels. Energy access and microfinance for cooking can improve lives of millions. *********


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Flaunt your flair for fashion in the Kona Flourish Tri Top which is great for every event in a triathlon.
Cute, but not for me.
At 5"8" tall and 123 lbs, this top fit fine in a size small except in the chest. It was a bit too big for my 34A measurements. I was disappointed. If it had been a standard compression shelf bra without the slight contour I would have kept it. I also prefer open pockets to a zipper pocket so access to fuel is easier. Unfortunately I sent it back.
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Shebeest® was founded over ten years ago by Claudia Ried, a woman who knows her biking. She was riding her mountain bike through China, Russia and Pakistan for a trip that was 800 miles long when she realized that there should be a clothing company that just has women's bike clothes, including bike tops, cycling jerseys and bike shorts. So Claudia Reid created Shebeest, and she was the first to reach that goal.
Once Shebeest got its footing making Shebeest bike tops, Shebeest cycling jerseys and Shebeest bike shorts, they expanded to triathlon gear for women like Shebeest tri bras, Shebeest tri tops and Shebeest tri shorts. From their home base in Boulder, Colorado, Shebeest keeps making women's bike clothes that are stylish and able to hold up during the most intense performances.
Shebeest also rides the line between environmentally friendly and durable. Some of the Shebeest bike tops and Shebeest bike shorts are made with Stretch Bamboo™ which contains bamboo fibers that act as a natural antibacterial, a wonderful source of ventilation and are biodegradable. Also, select Shebeest cycling jerseys and Shebeest cycling shorts are made with Ecowic™ fabric which is composed of recycled yarn and it has UV protection. Technowool™ wicks moisture, provides insulation and is 70% made from recycled materials. They strive to keep improving their Shebeest bike tops and Shebeest tri tops while focusing on bettering the planet and the women who conquer it.
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Preparation and Prevention
In order to better prevent and prepare for an intentional attack on meat, poultry, and processed egg products, FSIS conducts vulnerability assessments of these food systems. Based upon its assessments, FSIS develops countermeasures to protect the food supply. The agency also conducts research activities and develops guidance materials and food defense training programs. These initiatives are conducted in collaboration and coordination with other federal, state, and local partners, including universities and industry.
Food Defense Plan Survey Results
- CARVER+Shock Primer (PDF Only)
- CARVER+Shock Software Tool
- SPPA Status Reports - First Year (2006) (PDF Only) and Second Year (2007) (PDF Only)
FSIS has completed over twenty vulnerability assessments on meat, poultry, and egg processing systems (using the CARVER+Shock methodology). Assessments identify the most vulnerable food products, the critical points in the system where adulteration could occur and the threat agents of greatest concern. (These are classified documents.) Results from the vulnerability assessments guide the agency's allocation of laboratory and personnel resources, the development of guidance materials for industry and the identification of countermeasures. FSIS' vulnerability assessments are collaborative in nature and have involved industry representatives, Federal, State, local, and international government officials, tribal nations and law enforcement agencies. As directed by HSPD 9, the vulnerability assessments are to be updated every two years.
Some assessments have been conducted as part of the Strategic Partnership Program Agroterrorism (SPPA), which was completed in 2008. The SPPA was an FBI-led partnership with FSIS, FDA and DHS, that brought other Federal, State, and local officials and industry representatives together to conduct vulnerability assessments on a variety of food commodity systems.
SPPA First Year Status Report (Sep 2005-Jun 2006; PDF Only) and SPPA Second Year Report (Jul 2006-Sep 2007; PDF Only)
These reports provide details about what has been accomplished and learned from the vulnerability assessments conducted during the first and second years of the initiative.
Education & Training
FSIS' countermeasures include training and education activities for industry, agency personnel, and other stakeholders to raise awareness of food defense issues. This includes how to conduct self-awareness assessments and issuing resources for industry such as guidance for developing food defense plans. FSIS field employees receive training on how to identify and report significant incidents and suspicious activities.
FSIS Employees
FSIS collaborated with FDA to provide food defense awareness training, targeted to Federal, State, and local regulators, law enforcement officials, and food program administrators. The training is available online.
FSIS issued internal Directive series 5420 to provide detailed courses of action that agency personnel in each program area will take during yellow, orange and red homeland security threat levels, as designated by DHS. For example, Directive 5420.1, describes the additional food defense procedures that FSIS in-plant inspectors will take at meat, poultry and processed egg processing plants based on the DHS threat level. Food defense vulnerabilities are reported by inspectors and are reviewed to determine how successfully industry is voluntarily protecting the food supply. Of special concern, is where there is insufficient technology available to industry to provide adequate protection. Other areas in the series include In-Commerce, Laboratory Sampling, and Import Re-Inspection.
Additionally, FSIS has incorporated a homeland food defense module in its nine-week course for Public Health Veterinarians which focuses on the PHV's role and inspection activities related to food defense, detecting foreign animal diseases and symptoms of chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR) contamination.
FSIS has a very active preparedness exercise program aimed at enhancing response capabilities within the Agency and strengthening ties with its external partners. FSIS' Emergency Coordination Staff (ECS) develops, conducts and participates in the numerous preparedness exercises held every year.
For more information about past exercises, or upcoming ones, please contact the ECS Staff at (202) 690-6486.
- Resource/Guidance Materials
- Food Defense 101 Training (FDA)
- National Infrastructure Protection Plan (DHS.gov)
- Food and Agriculture Sector Snapshot (PDF Only)
FSIS has developed food defense guidance for food processors, transporters, and distributors of meat, poultry, and egg products which provide recommendations on actions they can take to ensure that the products they produce and distribute remain safe and secure. These are available in multiple languages on the FSIS Internet site.
FSIS, in collaboration with FDA, also developed a vulnerability assessment training program for industry and conducts training sessions around the country for various industry groups.
In addition, FSIS, in conjunction with industry, issued Developing a Food Defense Plan for Meat and Poultry Slaughter and Processing Plants (PDF Only), to assist plants with adopting food defense plans. The guide provides an easy 3-step process that will result in a completed food defense plan specific to that facility.
Also in conjunction with the warehouse and distribution center industry, FSIS developed A Guide to Developing Food Defense Plans for Warehouse and Distribution Centers (PDF Only).
FSIS developed a general Food Defense Plan to assist Small and Very Small establishments with the voluntary adoption of a plan. The plan serves to document procedures that an establishment likely already has in place. In addition, the plan will provide guidance on how to maintain a functional plan through periodic reviews and annual testing of the plan.
The agency currently monitors FSIS-regulated meat, poultry and egg processing facilities to determine the extent to which establishments are voluntarily adopting food defense plans. This is done through annual food defense plan surveys performed by FSIS in-plant inspection personnel. This will assist FSIS in determining what further measures may need to be taken in the area of food defense. The information will be provided to industry to inform them of what specific areas require more work and also where there has been success.
International Activities
One way FSIS is enhancing the sharing of information and coordination of food defense activities with its international partners through participation in several initiatives:
- FSIS has signed information sharing agreements with key international trading partner countries to facilitate the mutual exchange of food defense information and conduct joint activities.
- FSIS participates in the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP), a trilateral effort to increase security and enhance prosperity among the United States, Canada and Mexico through greater cooperation and information-sharing. FSIS has given presentations on the vulnerability assessment methodology at workshops for Canadian and Mexican government food regulators. FSIS also collaborates with FDA and the U.S. State Department on food defense activities with the G8 countries.
FSIS, along with USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) and the U.S. State Department, has conducted workshops on food defense for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies' Counter-terrorism Task Force. These workshops, for government and industry officials, addressed food defense awareness, how to conduct vulnerability assessments,, building a food defense infrastructure,communication strategies, and developing food defense plans. FSIS drafted a series of food defense principles which were endorsed by the APEC Leadership in September 2007. Additional workshops on this topic are on-going.
FSIS, in collaboration with the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's (CBP) National Targeting Center, developed "rule sets," or weighted criteria, to assist in targeting shipments of FSIS-regulated products of highest concern. These rules are put into a computerized model used as a decision support tool to help target cargo containers that may require heightened inspection. These rule sets include factors derived from the agency's legal and illegal imported products vulnerability assessments such as foods of highest concern and country of origin, as well as the country's and establishment's eligibility to export to the United States.
FSIS also provides its food defense guidance materials to foreign food processors and transporters during the agency's annual audits of countries exporting meat, poultry, and processed egg products to the United States.
Research Needs and Strategies
- DHS Chemical Security Analysis Center (CSAC)
- National Center for Food Protection and Defense
- Technical Support Working Group (TSWG)
- National Critical Infrastructure Protection Research and Development (NCIP R&D) - National Plan for Research and Development in Support of Critical Infrastructure Protection (Apr 8, 2005; PDF Only)
FSIS has identified high priority areas for research and development pertaining to food defense, such as testing methods for certain threat agents. The agency is working with DHS' Chemical Security Analysis Center (CSAC) and USDA's Agricultural Research Service on several studies pertaining to the use of certain threat agents in food. The results of these research activities influence the agency's capability to test for different threat agents, the amount of testing, and which agents to test for; and informs vulnerability assessments.
FSIS also works closely with the National Center for Food Protection and Defense (a DHS-funded Center of Excellence) on research and education initiatives to reduce the potential for intentional contamination of the food supply and to mitigate potentially catastrophic damage to public health and the economy.


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A 14K two-tone rose & white gold 6mm ring in a "Hawaiian Floral & Scroll" design with a diamond-cut decorative edge. Sizes beyond the indicated range may be special ordered at a higher price. Any size other than size 7 will take 2 weeks to manufacture.
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Middletown farmer Bill Alfree recently helped St. Andrew's School win a $2,500 donation from the philanthropic arm of the Monsanto Company.
Alfree was randomly selected by the Monsanto Fund's America's Farmers Grow Communities program to direct the donation to his favorite local nonprofit organization.
Alfree, who has been growing corn, soy, wheat and hay on about 350 acres of the school's 1,200-acre property since 1992, said he chose St. Andrew's to receive the donation because of their efforts to promote environmental sustainability.
Tad Roach, the headmaster at the 300-student boarding school, said the donation would be used to support reforestation efforts around Silver Lake and sustainable agricultural practices.
This year, the Monsanto Fund's Grow Communities program will distribute more than $5 million to nonprofit groups in 1,271 counties in 39 states.
Location, ST | website.com


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Stable-rate and green products available!
Call now for our best rates!
Tara Energy: Abilene, TX
In January 2002, the state of Texas moved to a deregulated energy market, meaning that homes and businesses are no longer obligated to purchase their electric service from a designated utility in their area. In the process, energy deregulation allowed for the emergence of retail electricity providers (REPs). In a competitive energy market, local utilities continue to distribute electricity, but customers can choose from the many retail electricity providers offering a variety of electricity supply plans, such as those from Tara Energy, in Abilene. Retail electricity providers including Tara Energy offer different pricing plans and energy options for customers.
Choosing the plan that's right for you is all about knowing what plan features will best suit your electricity needs. You need to consider plans with different rate structures and look into the possibility of any fees that may not be immediately apparent. Whatever you do, try not to stress about choosing a plan from a retailer such as Tara Energy. Abilene residents and businesses are the beneficiaries of electricity deregulation. All you have to do to make the system work for you is to understand your options.
Tara Energy May Be Possible for Abilene Residents
Tara Energy is one of the leading electricity providers in Texas and has been supplying residential and commercial customers with electric service since 2002. Since 2011, Tara Energy has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Just Energy, a publicly traded company that serves almost 2 million customers across the United States and Canada. With Tara Energy in Abilene, customers can take advantage of competitive electricity rates and opportunities and even help the environment. Retail electricity providers only supply electricity in deregulated areas of the state, so be sure to find out if your Abilene home is serviceable by Tara Energy by calling. To learn more about Tara Energy in your area, click on your Texas city from the list below.
|Grand Prairie
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In a deregulated energy market, businesses can also purchase their electricity from retail electricity providers. Tara Energy in Abilene offers businesses several options designed to meet their specific company's needs. Just like residential customers, business customers have the option to choose from different rate structures and contract terms. It's important to understand what your business needs from an electricity plan in order to make the most of your energy budget. Depending on how much usage your company averages, you may even be able to negotiate the rate you will pay per kilowatt hour.
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Visitor Information
About the Museum
Hours, Admission, Location
Visiting Sacramento
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Other California State Parks Attractions in Old Sacramento
Central Pacific Railroad Passenger Station
The Railroad Stations of Sacramento
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Big Four Building
Huntington, Hopkins and Company Hardware Store
Dingley Steam Coffee and Spice Mill
Eagle Theatre
1849 Scene
Tehama Block Building
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B.F. Hastings Building
B.F Hastings Building: First Floor
B.F Hastings Building: Second Floor
Special Hotel Package Offers
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Learn California
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Sacramento History
Sacramento History Online (Photographic Archive)
Museum Supporters
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Without Words
Fast Tracks: The World of High-Speed Rail
A Shift in Power: STEM Learning Experience
A City Divided: The Pullman Strike of 1894
Two Glorious Expositions, One Golden State
Center for Railroad Photography & Art 2015
2016 Events Calendar
Full Size Railroad Equipment
Central Pacific Railroad No. 1 Gov. Stanford
Southern Pacific No. 1 CP Huntington
Virginia and Truckee No. 12 Genoa
North Pacific Coast No. 12 Sonoma
Virginia and Truckee No. 13 Empire
Southern Pacific Cab Forward No. 4294
Rolling Stock
AT&SF Dining Car No. 1474 Cochiti
Virginia and Truckee Railroad Combination Car No. 16
Nevada Central Railway Coach No. 3 Silver State
Fruit Growers Express Company Refrigerator Car No. 35832
Canadian National Railways Sleeping Car No. 1683 St. Hyacinthe
Union Pacific Railroad Caboose No. 25256
Complete Locomotive Listing
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In the last segment of our interview with Nicole we asked her if she thought "digital was dead"? On the contrary, Nicole says digital is everywhere.
View just the content that you are most interested in
What's the Future of Innovation? Nicole Yershon Interview pt 4
What Marketers Should Expect from the 2013 Holiday Shopping Season
Over the years e-commerce has become the more popular choice for consumer to use for holiday shopping. Will 2013 be the year that internet shopping surpasses brick and mortar stores?
Holiday Shopping Goes Digital [Infographic]
Digital is increasingly becoming an integral part of retailers' marketing strategies for the holiday shopping season, as e-commerce continues to take over the reins from brick and mortar shopping. So how does the 2013 online retail landscape look compared to 2012?
Getting it Done - Nicole Yershon Interview pt 3
Change is not something most businesses easily go for. Nicole explains how she works with new clients, getting them to commit 20% spend on the "experimental", how measurements for success are agreed prior to the project starting, and achieving those goals.
Why More Emails at Christmas Almost Always Means More Money
It's ingrained in most marketers that over-sending on emails is a big no-no, but are we looking at the value of emails incorrectly? Parry Malm says it's ok to send more (not crappy) emails during Christmas.
Know Enough to be Dangerous About Everything
In the second part of our interview with Nicole Yershon, Ogilvy's Director of Innovation, she explains how "knowing enough to be dangerous" has helped her make an impact in her role.
Communicate and Measure - Nicole Yershon Interview Part One
In the first installment of the Nicole Yershon interview series, Nicole speaks to iStrategy MC Adam Burns about building the foundations of success as Ogilvy's Director of Innovation.
Three Ways To Know You're Ready to Jump on the Prospecting Bandwagon
Creating demand from new potential customers is critical for sustained growth. See whether it's time for you to start running a prospecting campaign and how best to get started.
Five Things Brands Are Doing Wrong On Social
If used correctly and appropriately, social media can help brands achieve great success – but behind every social account are humans, and humans make mistakes…
How Multivariate Testing Can Put Profit Back in Your Website
The proof is in the pudding. It's no longer simply a question of site traffic, but about the buyers parting with their hard-earned cash; it's about translating those website hits in to real, measurable success.


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The Division for the Visually Impaired (DVI) will hold two public hearings on the state plan for vocational rehabilitation and independent living and older individuals who are blind programs April 8 and 22.
The public hearing will be held from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. April 8 at the DelDOT building, Farmington/Felton Room, 800 Bay Road, Dover, and from 1 to 3:30 p.m. April 22 at the Holloway Cafe': DHSS Herman M. Holloway Campus, 1901 N. DuPont Highway, New Castle.
DVI will be sharing state plans for the above programs. The Division wants to hear from individuals with visual impairments and representatives from the community for feedback. Representatives and decision-makers from the Division for the Visually Impaired and the Vocational Rehabilitation Advisory Council will be on hand to discuss the public's concerns and provide information on available services. To register, call (302) 255-9822.
Location, ST | website.com


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Deinocheirus Dinosaur Gift Box Set
Dino - Deluxe Window Box Sets:
Comes in an attractive carrying gift case
Educational insert card included
Includes a mini paleontologist "Sir Arthur" (6'ft average man) as the size gauge for the dinosaurs.
Fossil sets:Reusable durable light weight plastic case Convenient and easy pop-out stand built into the case.
Peg able for picture frame option.
Educational insert card included.
Additional replica features:
All replicas are Phthalate & Lead Free to meet US Toy Standards.
Name identification on the underside of each replica.
Replicas are PVC Plastic for ages 3+, however manufacture has rounded edges of all replicas to increase safety on their product.
Authentically scaled within its collection.
CollectA® is committed to the development of innovative and high quality replica collectibles.
For larger quantities not available on our site click here
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Treat yourself or that special someone with our fabulous seasonal pampering package at Ockenden Manor Spa.
A Brief History of Ockenden Manor
The first recorded owners of Ockenden were the Michel family in the mid-1500's and John Michel lived there and survived when the house burnt down on 8 September 1608. In 1658, John Burrell who had grown rich on the Sussex iron industry, bought the manor, extending it and adding what is now the oak panelled Burrell Room.
The property remained in the Burrell family until the early 20th century and was for a time in the 1760's owned by the fourth Duke of Marlborough, whose mother Elizabeth Burrell had married the third Duke.
In the early 1900's Ockenden was home to a Jewish Boys School and at the start of the Second World War it housed Canadian troops. After the war Mr and Mrs Eggars opened it as a restaurant and guest house, starting another chapter in the long history of what is now Ockenden Manor Hotel.