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GREEN BAY, Wisconsin -- The Green Bay Packers wound up minicamp Thursday with more than a dozen players missing in action, albeit excused.
Coach Mike McCarthy excused the veterans who have more than five years of service for the final day. They included quarterbacks Aaron Rodgers and Matt Flynn, fullback John Kuhn, receiver Jordy Nelson, offensive linemen T.J. Lang and Josh Sitton, nose tackle B.J. Raji, linebackers A.J. Hawk and Brad Jones, cornerback Tramon Williams, kicker Mason Crosby and new defensive end/linebacker Julius Peppers.
Allowing those players a head start on getting away for the five-week break until the July 25 reporting date for training camp meant about a fifth of the team had only one minicamp practice this week.
McCarthy canceled the second day of practice Wednesday to take the team to a nearby bowling center for cosmic bowling as an annual team-bonding activity.
"When you look at the challenges that a nine-week (offseason) program puts on your team, really the stress point is your younger players," McCarthy said. "So, I think clearly on how we practiced the team, how we repped the team, the opportunities created for the veterans and the extra opportunities that you create for your younger players is all part of those decisions.
"Group dynamics is part of growing culture - I believe that - and so that is why we do the group-dynamic activity. What we do, how we do it, frankly is irrelevant. It's just the interaction in a different place.
"Today's practice was exactly what we look for. A lot of younger players got a lot of reps today that they did not have the opportunity in the other practices. ... This practice today was the same practice we had last Friday. It was really a focus on the younger players, getting those guys the reps and making sure we're getting them ready for training camp."
Not counting second-year running back Johnathan Franklin, whose career is now over due to a neck injury, the players who weren't on the field the last four weeks for OTAs and then the minicamp were incumbent starting outside linebackers Clay Matthews and Nick Perry, projected No. 1 tight end Andrew Quarless and young defensive end Jerel Worthy.
McCarthy didn't give a definitive answer when asked whether the inactive players would be ready for the start of training camp.
"Gosh, I'd hope so," McCarthy said. "We'll see how the physical (testing) goes when they get back (in late July). I'm hopeful, but we'll see. I don't have an answer for you."
Matthews, who was given the spring to complete his recovery from a twice-broken thumb sustained last season, previously expressed optimism he would be good to return when the preseason starts.
--Green Bay's rookie class of nine draft picks and a slew of undrafted guys are headed to Aurora, Ohio, this weekend for the NFL's Rookie Symposium.
The four-day orientation for the rookies from NFC teams at The Bertram Inn & Conference Center starts Sunday. The symposium will highlight the league's history, total wellness, professional experience and workplace conduct.
The rookies from the AFC teams will have their symposium June 25-28 at the same site.
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Chris Young (2-7, 6.54 ERA) gets the call for the visitors, he most recently allowed seven runs on seven hits with four walks while striking out just two over 2.1 innings in a pathetic performance vs. the Astros on Saturday. Note that Young has been particularly horrible in this spot all year, 0-5 with a deplorable 9.70 ERA on the road thus far. The home side counters with Mike Leake (5-5, 4.25) who was shelled for five runs off nine hits over 3.1 innings in a loss to Seattle on Saturday, striking out one and walking two. Leake's 1.24 WHIP to go along with just 59 K's in 91 frames of work leaves everything to be desired. With these two inconsistent starters going head-to-head in this interleague contest, the OVER does indeed become worthy of a second look in this particular matchup.
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Scott G Winterton, Deseret News
SALT LAKE CITY — Few are more familiar with the rush of victory than Patrick Smyth, an All-American out of Notre Dame and first place finisher in last year's Deseret News 10K.
With a finish resembling that of his 2011 performance, Smyth rounded the final corner alone, nearly a minute ahead of the competition to claim another title with a time of 28:41.2.
"It's always nice to get a win," he said. "Especially back in my hometown, Salt Lake."
Smyth, who grew up in the valley and starred at Judge Memorial High School, recorded a faster time in last year's race (28:10.6) but was pleased with Tuesday's performance, as it was his first big race after a hip injury in March.
The 25-year old was training for the U.S. track trials in June when he suffered a stress fracture in his hip socket. The injury put him out for all of April and forced him to rely on cross training.
"I had to get back really slowly," he said. "I ran a bit quicker last year but this is a really good starting spot for me."
Smyth, who runs professionally for Nike, is looking forward to the Chicago Marathon in October and saw the Deseret News 10K as great preparation because it draws the best runners in the state.
Brett Hales, the second place finisher with a time of 29:33.8, stuck with Smyth for as long as he could before settling into his own pace.
"I came in with the mindset, Patrick is going to do his thing," said Hales, a Weber State alum and All-American in the Steeplechase. "He pulled a gap and knowing what he can do, I didn't want to go out to early with him and die. I gave him the respect he deserves as a runner and I'm glad I did. It took everything I had to come in."
Hales, 25, kept an impressive 4:46 mile pace and was pleased with his finish. He hopes to continue running as he has dedicated the last six years of his life to the sport.
"I'll just be running unattached, looking to see if anyone's out there that wants to give me a chance," he said of his future plans. "I'll be doing school but I'm also dedicated to running."
Teren Jameson, 35, finished third (30:08.8) officially despite confusion on the course in which five or six runners were sent the wrong way.
The mishap shortened the course about a quarter of a mile for the pack of runners who were a couple minutes behind the leading pack for much of the race.
Brad Nye, a Davis High track star and national indoor champion with a mile time of 4:08, was among those sent the wrong way and was frustrated with the mistake.
"Everyone wants to run as fast as possible, especially on a course like that. And we wanted official times," he said. "Overall, it's just unfortunate."
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text:
Technical Paper
Abstract It is important to take action regarding environmental issues on a global scale, and automakers are adding downsized turbocharged engines to their line-ups as a means of reducing CO2 emissions, particularly in Europe. Honda has recently announced a next-generation powertrain series that realizes a good balance between environmental performance and driving pleasure. As part of this series, the company has developed a downsized and turbocharged 2.0L gasoline direct injection engine. This is a high-powered sports car engine positioned in the European "hot hatch" category. The development balanced engine power with good environmental performance.
Technical Paper
Abstract A 1.5 L downsizing turbocharged engine was developed to achieve both driving and environmental performance. The engine is intended to replace 1.8 - 2.4 L class NA engines. In downsizing turbocharged engines, mixture homogeneity is important for suppressing knocking and emission reduction. Particularly under high load, creating rapid combustion and a homogeneous mixture are key technologies. The authors used a long-stroke direct injection engine, which has outstanding rapid combustion and thermal efficiency, as a base engine meeting these requirements. They combined this with a high-tumble port and shallow-dish piston intended to support tumble flow. The combination enhanced flow within the cylinder. The combustion system was built to include a sodium-filled exhaust valve to reduce knocking and a multi-hole injector (six holes) for mixture homogeneity and to reduce the fuel wall wetting.
Journal Article
Abstract Wind tunnel testing of reduced-scale models is a valuable tool for aerodynamic development during the early stages of a new vehicle program, when basic design themes are being evaluated. Both full-and reduced-scale testing have been conducted for many years at the General Motors Aerodynamics Laboratory (GMAL), but with increased emphasis on aerodynamic drag reduction, it was necessary to identify additional facilities to provide increased test capacity. With vehicle development distributed among engineering teams around the world, it was also necessary to identify facilities local to those teams, to support their work. This paper describes a cooperative effort to determine the correlation among five wind tunnels: GMAL, the Glenn L.
Methodology to Determine the Effective Volume of Gasoline Particulate Filter Technology on Criteria Emissions
Technical Paper
New Particulate Matter (PM) and Particulate Number (PN) regulations throughout the world have created a need for aftertreatment solutions that include particulate control as an option to comply with the legislation. However, limitations in other criteria emissions cannot be sacrificed to accomplish the reduction of PM/PN. For this work, three-way washcoat catalyzed wall-flow Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) and similarly catalyzed flow-through catalysts of common defined volume were tested. Their catalytic performance was determined by measuring NOx, CO and HC conversion efficiencies and CO2 levels over the U.S. Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) and US06 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (US06) cycles. Analysis of the impact on CO2 emissions was also evaluated in relation to backpressure from 1-D modeling analysis. All exhaust systems used the same loading and ratio of Platinum Group Metals (PGM), but employed different cell structures in their substrates.
Robust, Cost-Optimal and Compliant Engine and Aftertreatment Operation using Air-path Control and Tailpipe Emission Feedback
Journal Article
Abstract Heavy-duty diesel engines are used in a wide range of applications. For varying operating environments, the engine and aftertreatment system must comply with the real-world emission legislation limits. Simultaneously, minimal fuel consumption and good drivability are crucial for economic competitiveness and usability. Meeting these requirements takes substantial development and calibration effort, and complying with regulations results in a trade-off between emissions and fuel consumption. TNO's Integrated Emission Management (IEM) strategy finds online, the cost-optimal point in this trade-off and is able to deal with variations in operating conditions, while complying with legislation limits. Based on the actual state of the engine and aftertreatment system, an optimal engine operating point is computed using a model-based optimal-control algorithm.
Journal Article
Abstract A recent trend in powertrain development organisations has been to apply processes historically associated with manufacturing. The aim is to capitalise on the resulting productivity gains to contain the increasing test demand necessary to develop current and future product. Significant obstacles to the implementation of manufacturing derived methods include the lack of clarity of the engineering test requirements and existing working practices in the product development environment. The System Optimisation Approach has been presented in previous work as a potential solution [1]. As an extension, this paper introduces a new concept closely related to the established manufacturing principle of Process Capability (Cp). Application of the resulting method quantifies the test facility's capability to provide a test result subject to a specified statistical confidence within a certain number of test repeats.
Technical Paper
Abstract Improving vehicle fuel economy is a central part of efforts toward achieving a sustainable society. An effective way of accomplishing this is to enhance the engine thermal efficiency. Mitigating knock and reducing engine heat loss are important aspects of enhancing the thermal efficiency. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is regarded as a key technology because it is capable of achieving both of these objectives. For this reason, it has been adopted in a wide range of both hybrid vehicles and conventional vehicles in recent years. In EGR equipped engines, fast combustion is regarded as one of the most important technologies, since it realizes higher EGR ratio. To create fast combustion, generation of strong in-cylinder turbulence is necessary. Strong in-cylinder turbulence is achieved through swirl, squish, and tumble flows. Specifically high tumble flow has been adopted on a number of new engines because of the intense effect of promoting in-cylinder turbulence.
WIP Standard
This list of terms, with accompanying photomicrographs where appropriate, is intended as a guide for use in the preparation of material specifications.
The terms and photomicrographs are intended to present definitions only; they do not define either acceptance limits or minimum standards of quality.
Listings are not grouped by specific alloys or conditions and represent the typical microstructures wherever they occur.
Etchants used for the microstructures shown are stated. Where "Krolls" is stated, the composition is 10 ml HF, 30 ml HNO3, and 50 ml water (H2O).
Other common etchants are listed in ASTM E407, Microetching Metals and Alloys.
Journal Article
Abstract GM has developed an all-new gasoline-electric hybrid powertrain for the model year 2016 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid vehicle, which was designed to achieve excellent fuel economy, performance, and drive quality. The powertrain shares the transmission architecture with the 2016 Chevrolet Volt extended range electric vehicle, but includes changes to optimize the system for engine driven charge sustaining operation in the range of conditions represented by the US EPA 5 cycle fuel economy tests. In this paper, we describe the Malibu Hybrid propulsion system features and components, including the battery pack, transaxle, electric motors and power electronics, engine, and thermal system. The modifications between the Volt and Malibu Hybrid propulsion systems are discussed and explained as resulting from the differences between the primarily electric and gasoline powered applications.
Technical Paper
Abstract Hyundai/Kia Motor Company will introduce new Kappa 1.6L GDI engine dedicated for hybrid vehicles, starting production for Korean market in the early 2016. It has achieved the challenging level of 40% maximum thermal efficiency as a gasoline engine. Even though it has the highest fuel efficiency, it can generate sufficient power to provide vehicle's dynamic driving performance. The new Kappa 1.6L GDI engine has been developed focusing on the fuel efficiency. To maximize fuel efficiency, compact combustion chamber is designed with 1.35 stroke-bore ratio. And other key technologies such as Atkinson cycle with high compression ratio, cooled EGR system with high energy ignition coil and high tumble intake ports are applied. The knock has been suppressed significantly to improve fuel efficiency by split cooling system with two thermostats and block insert, the piston cooling jet and the sodium-filled exhaust valve.
Journal Article
Abstract Improving vehicle fuel economy is a central part of efforts toward achieving a sustainable society, and an effective way of accomplishing this aim is to enhance the engine thermal efficiency. Measures to mitigate knocking and reduce engine cooling heat loss are important aspects of enhancing the engine thermal efficiency. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is regarded as a key technology because it is capable of achieving both of these objectives. For this reason, it has been adopted in a wide range of both hybrid vehicles and conventional vehicles in recent years. Cooled EGR has the potential to achieve further lower fuel consumption if the EGR ratio can be increased. Fast combustion is an important and effective way for expanding the EGR ratio. The engine combustion enhancement can be categorized into measures to improve ignition characteristics and methods to promote flame propagation.
Journal Article
Abstract Building on the experience of the Chevrolet Spark EV battery electric vehicle, General Motors (GM) has developed a propulsion system with increased capability for its next generation Chevrolet Bolt EV. It propels a new larger electric vehicle with significantly greater electric driving range. Through extensive analysis the primary propulsion system components, which include the drive unit, traction electric motor, power electronics, energy storage, and on-board charging module, were optimized individually and as an integrated system to deliver improvements in propulsion system energy, power, torque and efficiency. The results deliver outstanding EV range and fun-to-drive acceleration performance.
Technical Paper
Abstract One of the key premises of the ISO 26262 functional safety standard is the development of an appropriate Technical Safety Concept for the item under development. This is specified in detail in Part 4 of the standard - Product development at the system level. The Technical safety requirements and the technical safety concept form the basis for deriving the hardware and software safety requirements that are then used by engineering teams for developing a safe product. Just like any other form of product development, making multiple revisions of the requirements are highly undesirable. This is primarily due to cost increases, chances of having inconsistencies within work products and its impact on the overall project schedule. Good technical safety requirements are in fact the foundation for an effective functional safety implementation.
This Standard applies to all products produced by NASA Headquarters and NASA Centers, including Component Facilities and Technical and Service Support Centers. This Standard may also apply to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and suppliers/service providers to the extent specified in their agreements with NASA. This Standard may be cited in the CM requirements of NASA Headquarters, NASA Centers, Programs, Projects, and Supplier agreements.
This pneumatic spring terminology has been developed to assist engineers and designers in the preparation of specifications and descriptive material relating to pneumatic springs and their components. It does not include gas supply or control systems.
CMU goes full futuristic A student team from Carnegie Mellon University offers its take on a proposed new mode of transportation involving tubes and pods. Three CDS teams win MOMENTUM design awards Teams from British Columbia Institute of Technology, University of Idaho and Pakistan Navy Engineering College win competition for best description of an innovation for their 2016 SAE Collegiate Design Series vehicle entry. These pro tips can earn your CDS team point Members of SAE International's Collegiate Design Series staff offer 10 tips to help teams fully realize their potential at competition.
Honda's April 2016 R&D Technical Review features cutting-edge developments and new ways of solving engineering problems from Honda's worldwide R&D teams. This edition brings 23 technical papers and provides featured topics that include: • Development of New Fuel Cell Vehicle CLARITY FUEL CELL • Development of RC213V-S • Introduction of Heat Exchanger Production Technique for Stirling Engine Using Additive Manufacturing
Electronic Warfare Next Generation FPGAs for Electronic Warfare Systems Materials: Composites Managing the Impact of Nanomaterials in Aerospace Manufacturing Aerospace Materials/Manufacturing Turbine Flow Meters Alternative Power Sources Designing a Power Generation System for a More-Electric Aircraft
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use. The J1939 Digital Annex, introduced in August 2013, offers key J1939 technical data in an Electronic Spreadsheet that can be easily searched, sorted, and adapted to other formats. J1939DA contains all of the SPNs (parameters), PGNs (messages), and other J1939 data previously published in the SAE J1939 top level document. J1939DA also contains all of the SLOTs, Manufacturer ID Codes, NAME Functions, and Preferred Addresses previously published in the SAE J1939 top level and the J1939-71 document. J1939DA contains the complete technical details for all of the SPNs and PGNs previously published in the SAE J1939-71 document. It also includes the supporting descriptions and figures previously published in the SAE J1939-71 document.
This Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) File is the precise source code used for SAE International Standard J2735. As part of an international treaty, all US ITS standards are expressed in "ASN.1 syntax". ASN.1 Syntax is used to define the messages or "ASN specifications". Using the ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool produces the ASN library which will then be used to produce encodings (The J2735 message set uses UPER encoding). The library is a set of many separate files that collectively implement the encoding and decoding of the standard. The library is then used by any application (along with the additional logic of that application) to manage the messages. The chosen ASN tool is used to produce a new copy of the library when changes are made and it is then linked to the final application being developed. The ASN library manages many of the details associated with ASN syntax, allowing for subtle manipulation to make the best advantage of the encoding style.
This SAE Standard specifies a message set, and its data frames and data elements, specifically for use by applications intended to utilize the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (DSRC/WAVE, referenced in this document simply as "DSRC") communications systems. Although the scope of this Standard is focused on DSRC, this message set, and its data frames and data elements, have been designed, to the extent possible, to be of potential use for applications that may be deployed in conjunction with other wireless communications technologies as well. This Standard therefore specifies the definitive message structure and provides sufficient background information to allow readers to properly interpret the message definitions from the point of view of an application developer implementing the messages according to the DSRC Standards.
This Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) File is the precise source code used for SAE International Standard J2735. As part of an international treaty, all US ITS standards are expressed in "ASN.1 syntax". ASN.1 Syntax is used to define the messages or "ASN specifications". Using the ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool produces the ASN library which will then be used to produce encodings (The J2735 message set uses UPER encoding). The library is a set of many separate files that collectively implement the encoding and decoding of the standard. The library is then used by any application (along with the additional logic of that application) to manage the messages. The chosen ASN tool is used to produce a new copy of the library when changes are made and it is then linked to the final application being developed. The ASN library manages many of the details associated with ASN syntax, allowing for subtle manipulation to make the best advantage of the encoding style.
This standard specifies requirements for DPRV to establish common product/service requirements for use at all levels of the supply chain. This standard shall apply when an organization elects to delegate product release verification by contractual flow down to their supplier (reference 9100 and 9110 standards); to perform product acceptance on their behalf. The delegating organization shall use this standard as the baseline for establishing a DPRV process, although they may include additional contract requirements to meet their specific needs.
Self-driving car project CEO John Krafcik discussed Google's work underway toward fully autonomous vehicles, at a recent NY forum. First likely market: the elderly and impaired.
In this Q&A, Toyota Technical Center President Seiya Nakao discusses future mobility development, technical innovation, Toyota's recent reorganization, and the ever-changing automotive engineering profession.
Cloud service providers are playing an increasingly growing role in the drive to provide more features, functions and services. Companies are working on strategies that provide "cloud" access without compromising safety.
Jeep Design is taking seven new concept vehicles, including two interesting pickups, to the Utah off-road festival where the hardest-core Jeep enthusiasts gather annually.
This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!
WIP Standard
This document is used for placing Configuration Management Requirements on Defense Contracts after being tailored by the Acquirer. When effectively and consistently applied, Configuration Management (CM) provides a positive impact on product quality, cost, and schedule. The planning and execution of Configuration Management (CM) is an essential part of the product development and life cycle management process. It provides control of all configuration documentation, physical parts and software representing or comprising the product. Configuration Management's overarching goal is to establish and maintain consistency of a product's functional and physical attributes with its requirements, design and operational information throughout its life cycle. When effectively and consistently applied, Configuration Management (CM) provides a positive impact on product quality, cost, and schedule.
WIP Standard
When effectively and consistently applied, Configuration Management (CM) provides a positive impact on product quality, cost, and schedule. This standard is intended to assist in establishing, performing, or evaluating CM systems. CM is an integrated system of processes that ensure consistency of a product's performance, functional and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information. The essence of CM, as portrayed in this consensus standard, is the common application of CM functions and their underlying fundamental principles, which have universal applicability across the broad spectrum of commercial and government enterprises. The standard provides an understanding of what to do, why a customer/suppler should do it, and when it is necessary to tailor the application of CM functions. This standard fulfills the important function of providing a rational basis upon which to apply good judgment in both planning for and executing CM across the enterprise.
Commercial Vehicle
Technical Paper / Journal Article


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text:
Japan is the kingdom of cuteness, but you already knew that. Tirol's DecoChoco has improved a very unique service started in 2008. After giving consumers the possibility to fully customize the packaging of little chocolates with their own digital photos, they made the service even cuter. The pics on the chocolates can also have the cute stamps and borders of Purikura, or popular photo-boot club machines. Japanese schoolgirls will love it!
The service has been made possible with the collaboration of the print club machines manufacturer Furyu to offer the service directly from the arcade.
It's easy; all you have to do is take photos and decorate as your wish, the input your mobile phone number and a text message will be sent with the access link where you can place an order of your desired sweets.
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Japanese DecoChoco Features Your Purikura
Dec 30, 2008By: margarita barett -
References: cscoutjapan
References: cscoutjapan


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Costa Rica has turned the tables on the team's World Cup expectations.
Or at least on everyone else's expectations.
Costa Rica followed up its surprise win over Uruguay with another World Cup stunner on Friday, beating four-time champion Italy 1-0 to secure a spot in the next round and eliminate England in the process.
After entering the tournament as an expected underdog in a group featuring three former world champions, Costa Rica is now on top.
"Maybe there are a lot of people who didn't have faith in us because we were in the 'Group of Death,' said Costa Rica captain Bryan Ruiz, who scored the key goal. "But the other guys are the ones who are dead and we're going to the next round."
Ruiz gave his side the lead in the 44th minute, heading in off the underside of the crossbar following a cross from Junior Diaz. Goal-line technology was used to show that the ball bounced down and in after hitting the bar.
There was a frenetic end to the first half, as moments before Ruiz's goal Costa Rica had a penalty appeal waved away when striker Joel Campbell was bundled over by Giorgio Chiellini.
Costa Rica leads Group D with six points, while Italy and Uruguay have three each before Tuesday's showdown. England has zero points after losing to Italy and Uruguay.
Italy (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), Uruguay (1930, 1950) and England (1966) have won a combined seven World Cups.
Costa Rica's only other appearance in the knockout phase came in its World Cup debut in 1990, when it beat Sweden and Scotland under experienced coach Bora Milutinovic before ultimately getting eliminated by Czechoslovakia.
"Those who haven't supported us may believe in us right now," Ruiz said.
Italy, meanwhile, can still advance with a win or even a draw with Uruguay, since it leads on goal difference which is the first qualifying criteria.
"We gave our all. They did well to block every pass," Italy coach Cesare Prandelli said. "There's no worry now. We just need to regain our energy."
It was exactly 24 years ago to the day that Costa Rica beat Sweden 2-1 to advance at the tournament in Italy.
"There are no more Cinderellas in football, especially in a competition like the World Cup," Italy captain Gianluigi Buffon said.
It marked the fourth consecutive World Cup in which Italy failed to win its second match, although only in 2010 did the Azzurri not advance.
"We'll play a great match against Uruguay," second-half Italy substitute Antonio Cassano said. "I'm convinced we will. ... If we regain our energy we can (advance) comfortably."
While it was nowhere near as hot as Italy feared at the Arena Pernambuco - 29 C (84 F) and 70 percent humidity according to FIFA - the Azzurri still struggled to keep up with the speedy Ticos for long stretches.
Costa Rica coach Jorge Luis Pinto lined up five defenders but his squad was able advance forward with one swift, sweeping movement - just like in the 3-1 win over Uruguay.
"We did what we needed to do, we took away the game from the Italians," Pinto said.
The Azzurri hardly threatened until Mario Balotelli had chances in the 31st and 33rd minutes.
First, Balotelli was set up with a long, vertical pass from Andrea Pirlo and tried to lift the bouncing ball over the charging goalkeeper's head but missed the target. Then the Azzurri forward had an effort from beyond the area stopped by goalkeeper Keylor Navas.
"If we had scored goals on those two chances for Balotelli, the match would have changed," Prandelli said.
Costa Rica kept its poise after the threats from Balotelli and in the 36th minute Buffon had to make a diving save to stop a shot from midfielder Christian Bolanos.
In the 43rd, Chiellini made an uncharacteristic error - gifting the ball to Campbell near midfield - and then raced back and committed what appeared to be a clear foul. However, Chilean referee Enrique Osses motioned to play on.
Prandelli attempted to stir things up by adding Cassano, Lorenzo Insigne and Alessio Cerci in the second half, providing the Azzurri with four forwards instead of just Balotelli, but the 2006 winners rarely came close to equalizing.
"It's a deserved defeat," Prandelli said. "They were much more aggressive than us. They kept coming constantly and we weren't able to stop them."
The Italy coach spared a brief thought for England's players, who will now be flying home next week after Italy's defeat.
"I'm sorry for them," Prandelli added. "But we've got to worry about our own problems."
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 23, 1994
|Filing date
|Apr 5, 1993
|Priority date
|Apr 5, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jack D. Kingsley, Chukka Srinivas
|Original Assignee
|General Electric Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (47), Classifications (19), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
f(m,n)=Σp,q k(m-p,n-q)g(p,q)
f(m,n)=Σp,q k(m-p,n-q)g(p,q)
This invention relates generally to imaging of radiation such as x-rays and the like, and more particularly relates to digital imaging systems adapted to image objects having spatial frequency components above the imaging system's Nyquist frequency.
Solid state radiation imagers are used for imaging non-optical radiation such as x-rays and high energy nuclear radiation such as gamma rays. Incident radiation is typically detected in solid state imagers through a process in which the incident radiation is absorbed in a scintillator, resulting in the generation of optical photons. Photosensors, such as photodiodes or the like, disposed in an array adjacent to the scintillator detect the optical photons. The location in the array of the photosensor detecting the light and the intensity of the signal generated by the photosensor are processed for display and analysis of the incident radiation. Alternatively, the incident radiation may be absorbed directly in photosensitive elements which convert the energy of the incident radiation into mobile charge particles.
One typical use of solid state radiation imaging systems is medical imaging, in which radiation passing through or emanating from a patient's body is used to visualize objects or materials within the body. Medical imaging devices preferably exhibit high spatial frequency response, short image acquisition time, and high detective quantum efficiency (DQE, a measure of how efficiently an image recorder uses the radiation to which it is exposed). Efforts to improve spatial resolution (that is spatial frequency response, described by an imaging system's modulation transfer function and corresponding to the preservation of the object contrast of an imaged object in the output image) typically include manufacturing photosensor pixels of smaller sizes. The pixel pitch effectively determines the smallest resolvable dimension because a point source of light incident on a pixel is integrated over the area of the pixel. Imager arrays of smaller size pixels, however, require more technically demanding and costly manufacturing methods.
In the film scanning art, a number of imaging methods for solid state imagers have been developed. For example, increased spatial resolution has been obtained through the use of a so-called tiled area scanner, in which the scanned area is divided into slightly overlapping areas, with the imager having only sufficient pixels to cover one area at a time. The images developed by one imager sequentially passing over the areas or by multiple imagers imaging different regions can be combined to generate a complete image of the object. Problems with this approach include a device that is relatively temporally slow (low temporal resolution) and subject to image degradation from seaming, that is the mismatch of signals generated in the overlap region of two adjoining regions imaged by the moving imager. Another method used with solid state imagers is called fine-scan sampling, in which an imager with non-contiguous pixels is placed in a particular position for a time period to allow the photosites to integrate a portion of the film to be imaged, then the imager is shifted to a second position and a new integration cycle is commenced in which another set of pixels is imaged. Disadvantages of the fine scan method include the additional digital image processing required and the sensitivity of the display to artifacts introduced in the processing electronics. See generally "Image Scanning and Digitization" by J. Milch, Ch. 10, pp. 314-318, in Imaging Processes and Materials (Neblette's Eight Edition), ed. J. Sturge, V. Walworth, and A. Shepp (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a high resolution radiation imaging system having a non-aliased spatial frequency response at frequencies greater than the imaging system's Nyquist frequency.
A further object of this invention is to provide a radiation imaging system providing high spatial resolution with deblurred images without requiring the need to increase irradiation of the object to be imaged.
A still further object of this invention is to provide a radiation imaging system that generates a high resolution image through oversampling.
In accordance with the present invention a radiation imaging system comprises a photosensor pixel army that is adapted to be disposed in a plurality of sequential imaging positions pursuant to a predetermined imaging cycle, and an image processor electrically coupled to receive image data signals generated by respective ones of the photosensor pixels in the array and adapted to store the image data signals generated during an imaging cycle as an unfiltered data set, the image processor further comprising a deblurring filter adapted to selectively filter the unfiltered data set to generate a fine resolution data set. A display and analysis module is typically coupled to the image processor to receive the high resolution data set signals and to drive an output fine resolution array having a higher number of pixel elements than the photosensor pixel array.
The sequential imaging positions are selected such that during one imaging cycle the aliasing errors are cancelled in the generation of the fine resolution data set. Typically the plurality of sequential imaging positions comprises four imaging positions, the positions being respectively disposed such that the distance between adjacent imaging positions along a selected axis of movement for the photosensor pixel array are such that, in each respective imaging position, each photosensor pixel in the imager is centered on only one the respective areas representing each pixel element in the output fine resolution array in each imaging position. Further, in an imaging cycle, the four imaging positions are disposed such that each area representing a pixel element in the output high resolution array is centered on a respective photosensor pixel in only one of the four imaging positions. Typically, the distance between adjacent imaging positions along the selected axis of movement is substantially one-half the pitch of the photosensor pixels.
A method of generating a high resolution image comprises the steps of: sequentially positioning an array of photosensor pixels in one of K respective imaging positions along a selected imaging path in accordance with a predetermined imaging cycle; storing image data generated by the photosensor pixels in each of the respective imaging positions during an imaging cycle as an unfiltered data set; and applying the unfiltered data set to a deblurring filter to form a high resolution data set. The respective imaging positions in an imaging cycle are disposed such that the unfiltered data set and the fine resolution data set generated therefrom are non-aliased.
The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a radiation imaging system comprising the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective, partially cut-away, diagram of an image detector assembly of a radiation imaging system in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 3(A)-3(D) are illustrations showing the relative position of a portion of a photosensor pixel array with respect to a grid box representing a portion of the fine resolution army of an imaged object in each of four sequential imaging positions in an imaging cycle in accordance with this invention.
In FIG. 1, a radiation imaging system 100 for detecting incident radiation is shown comprising an image detector assembly 105, an image processor 170, and a display and analysis module 190. Image detector assembly comprises a photosensor pixel array 120, which, in one embodiment, is optically coupled to a scintillator 110. Scintillator 110 is disposed to receive incident radiation rays 15, such as x-rays or the like. Optical photons generated in scintillator 110 in response to incident radiation 15 pass to photosensor pixel array 120 in which the light is detected and corresponding image data signals are generated by photosensors in the array. Image processor 170 comprises a data storage device 175 and a deblurring filter 180, and is electrically coupled to photosensor array 120 to receive and store in data storage device 175 the respective image data signals generated during oversampling the imaged object, that is the generation of image data signals from exposures to radiation in respective sequential imaging positions in the course of an imaging cycle. The unfiltered image data set stored during an imaging cycle of radiation imaging system 100 is applied to deblurring filter 180 to generate a non-aliased fine resolution data set having the desired increased spatial resolution and thence coupled to display and analysis module 190.
Photosensor array 120 comprises a plurality of photosensor pixels 122, such as photodiodes or the like (FIG. 2). The photosensors are arranged in rows and columns, typically in an N�M matrix arrangement, with each photosensor being connected to an address line and a scan line (not shown) to allow charge developed in each respective photosensor in response to incident light to be read. By way of example and not limitation, the pixel size of the photosensors in the N�M arrangement is typically about 100 μm per side, with about 80% to about 90% of the area of the pixel being active, that is responsive to absorption of incident optical photons. Particularly in medical imagers, it is desirable to provide a photosensor in which the active pixel area is a large portion of the photosensor as the greater area maximizes the fraction of x-rays which are imaged so that patient radiation dose is lessened while still generating images of acceptable quality.
Typically scintillator 110 is disposed adjacent to photosensor pixel army 120 such that optical photons generated in scintillator 110 predominantly pass into photosensor pixel army 120 in close proximity to the point where the incident radiation was absorbed. Scintillator 110 typically comprises a scintillator material having a relatively large absorption cross section for the type of incident radiation 15 used with the imaging system 100. For example, in x-ray imagers, scintillator materials such as cesium iodide, sodium iodide, or the like are commonly used. Further, a protective cover 115 is typically disposed over scintillator 110. In an alternative arrangement (not illustrated in FIG. 2), image detector assembly 105 comprises a photosensitive and radiation absorptive material, such as lead oxide (PbO), thallium bromide (TIBr), or the like, which both absorbs the incident radiation and generates mobile charge particles which can be used to detect and measure the incident radiation.
Photosensor pixel array 120 is disposed on a substrate 126 which comprises glass or the like. A plurality of contact fingers 124 are disposed on substrate 126 and are electrically coupled to respective scan and data lines (not shown) which comprise the address lines through which charge generated in each photosensor in response to incident radiation is read out. A plurality of electrical couplers 128 connect respective contact fingers 124 with a readout circuit board 130, which in turn is coupled to image processor 170 (not shown) via an output cable 135. Image detector 105 typically further comprises a radiation shield 129 disposed between substrate 126 and readout circuit board so that any incident radiation 15 not absorbed in scintillator 110 is absorbed prior to reaching the readout circuit board. Radiation shield 129 comprising a material having a relatively low transmission (e.g., 10-4) for the type of radiation used in the imaging system. For example, in an x-ray imager, radiation shield 129 typically comprises lead several millimeters thick.
In accordance with this invention, photosensor array 120 is disposed on a displacement platform 140 such that movement of platform 140 along a selected axis translates into corresponding motion of photosensor array 120. For purposes of illustration and not limitation, in FIG. 2 displacement platform 140 is shown being moveably disposed on an imager foundation 145, and the combined assemblage of photosensor array 120, substrate 126, radiation shield 129, and readout circuit board 130 is mounted to displacement platform 140 via support pegs 141 such that movement of displacement platform causes an equivalent displacement in direction and distance of photosensor array 120. Alternatively, image detector assembly 105 is adapted such that radiation shield 129 and readout circuit board 130 are not moved by displacement of platform 140, and electrical couplers 128 are flexible so as to allow motion of photosensor array 120 between respective imaging positions.
Further, in accordance with this invention image detector assembly 105 comprises a drive mechanism 150 coupled to displacement platform 140 to selectively move the displacement platform to respective imaging positions with respect to imager foundation 145. For example, drive mechanism 150 typically comprises a first drive cam 152 and a second drive cam 154, each of which is disposed on imager foundation 145 to contact a respective side surface 142, 144 of displacement platform 140. First and second drive cams 152, 154 each have an eccentric shape selected to cause a predetermined displacement of platform 140 along a respective selected axis as the cam rotates. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 2, rotation of drive cam 152 causes motion of displacement platform along the y axis and rotation of drive cam 154 causes motion along the x-axis.
Image detector assembly 105 further comprises a biasing means 155 for maintaining drive cam 152 in contact with displacement platform side surface 142 and drive cam 154 in contact with displacement platform 144. Biasing means 155 comprises, for example, a spring 157 extended between displacement platform side surface 142 and an anchor 159 (to keep drive cam 152 in contact with side surface 142) and a spring 156 extending between displacement platform side surface 144 and an anchor 158.
Drive mechanism 150 thus is adapted to cause displacement of photosensor army 120 a predetermined distance along either the x or y axis with respect to imager foundation 145. In the embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 2, combinations of the respective maximum and minimum displacements of drive cams 152 and 154 provide four distinct imaging positions in which photosensor array 120 may be displaced.
Image detector assembly is electrically coupled to image processor 170, which comprises a data storage device 175 and a deblurring filter 180. Data storage device 175 comprises a computer adapted to store and process digital information as described in greater detail below. Similarly, deblurring filter 180 comprises a digital data processing device adapted to apply Wiener filtering to image data signals generated in the image detector assembly 105 during an imaging cycle and that are stored in data storage device 175.
In accordance with the present invention, radiation imaging system 100 is adapted to generate high resolution output images through the use of multiple exposures at a known displacement between images that effectively extend the frequency response of the imaging system beyond the Nyquist frequency of the device. The Nyquist frequency for spatial resolution is determined by the pixel pitch (for 100 μm pixels, it is 5 line pairs (lp)/mm). For the purpose of the illustrating this invention, it will be assumed that the physical size of the photosensor pixel is 100 μm on a side, which size pixel is readily manufactured in imager arrays. For some medical imaging uses such as mammography, a spatial resolution of about 50 μm may be desired.
In accordance with the present invention radiation imaging system 100 is adapted to generate an output to drive display and analysis module 190 based upon oversampling, that is multiple images of the object acquired from positioning photosensor array 120 in a predetermined number of spatially separate imaging positions in accordance with a predetermined imaging cycle. After data from one imaging cycle has been acquired, the unfiltered data set is applied to deblurring filter 180 to generate a high resolution image for display and analysis. The next imaging cycle, in which the photosensor array is again positioned in the predetermined imaging positions, provides the next set of unfiltered data which is applied to the deblurring filter to generate the next high resolution image.
By way of illustration and not limitation, the present invention is described with respect to an imaging system having 100 μm per side photosensor pixels and having a desired 50 μm limiting spatial resolution. Pursuant to this invention, four distinct imaging positions are used, each displaced from an adjoining imaging position (as used herein, an "adjoining" imaging position refers to an imaging position that is closest to another imaging position as measured along an axis on which the photosensor array is displaced) by 50 μm. Different numbers and locations of imaging positions can be used in accordance with this invention provided they are selected to provide the unfiltered image data, described below, from which non-aliased high resolution data sets may be generated by deblurring filter 180.
FIGS. 3(A)-(D) illustrate the four-imaging position imaging cycle. In FIG. 3(A) four representative photosensor pixels 310 (individually identified as pixels 310a-310d) are illustrated outlined by solid lines. These representative photosensor pixels comprise a portion of photosensor pixel array 120, and typically additional photosensor pixels (not shown) are disposed adjacent to each of the sides of the illustrated pixels. Each photosensor pixel 310 corresponds to a pixel having sides of 100 μm (the active, or light absorbing, the area of each such pixel is typically between about 80% and 90% of the overall pixel size; for ease of illustration only the physical boundaries of a given pixel are shown). In FIGS. 3(A)-(D) an underlying imaged object grid 320 is illustrated in dashed lines, each grid box having dimensions of 50 μm by 50 μm, and represents the spatial extent of each pixel in the fine resolution army. This grid is an arbitrary division of areas of the scintillator and is only used to represent the desired 50 μm resolvable size of an object to be imaged. For purposes of describing the invention, one grid box, denoted 3201 -3204 are discussed below. One grid box, 3201, is cross-hatched and represents a particular object of the desired resolvable size of which an image will be generated.
In FIG. 3(A), representing the first imaging position of photosensor array 120 in a given imaging cycle, grid box 3201 is completely contained within the area covered by photosensor pixel 310a. Photosensor pixel 310a thus integrates essentially all of the optical photons emerging from the area of grid box 3201 and also receives optical photons from portions of grid boxes adjoining the sides of grid box 3201. The charge (or other electrical signal used to measure the output of the photosensor) developed from the exposure of photosensor pixel 310a to the optical photons emerging from scintillator 110 comprises the image data signal generated by the pixel; each photosensor pixel 310 in the array would similarly generate a respective image data signal corresponding to the number of optical photons detected during the exposure period in the first imaging position. The image data signals generated by each photosensor pixel are coupled to image processor 170, in which each signal is respectively stored in data storage device 175.
FIG. 3(B) represents the same portions of object grid 320 and pixel array 310 following the micro-displacement of photosensor pixel array to the second imaging position. As illustrated in this figure, the second imaging is 50 μm to the left along the x-axis. In the second imaging position, one-half the area of grid box 3201 is covered by a portion of photosensor pixel 310a and one-half the area is covered by pixel 310b. Typically, it is accurate to assume that about one-half of all of the optical photons emerging from the area of grid box 3201 are detected in photosensor pixel 310a and one-half are detected in photosensor pixel 310b. In this second imaging position, each photosensor pixel generates an image data signal which is read by the readout circuit and coupled to image processor 170 to be interleaved and stored with the image data signals generated in the first imaging position. In addition, in the second imaging position photosensor army 320 has been displaced such that grid box 3202 is centered within the boundaries of photosensor pixel 310a.
As used herein, "interleaved" refers to storing the image data signals from respective photosensor pixels in a manner that corresponds with the portions of imaged object grid 320 that is covered by a respective photosensor pixel. For example, each photosensor pixel is disposed over and images a different portion of imaged object grid in each different imaging position. Necessarily, portions of imaged object grid are imaged by multiple photosensor pixels as the photosensor pixel array is moved to sequential imaging positions. In accordance with this invention, the image data signals from respective photosensor pixels is interleaved so that the unfiltered data set comprises image data signals arranged in manner that corresponds to the relative position of the area imaged on the imaged object grid. In this way, the unfiltered data set provides the data from which a high resolution array that corresponds to the imaged object army can be driven; the high resolution array has a greater number of pixels that are capable of being driven by unique data signals than the photosensor pixel array.
FIG. 3(C) represents the relative positions of photosensor pixels 310 and imaged object grid 320 in the third imaging position. In the third imaging position the photosensor pixel array has been displaced by 50 μm downward along the y-axis from the second imaging position. In this position, grid box 3201 is covered by portions of photosensor pixels 310a-310d, with the respective quarter-portions of grid box 3201 covered by the different pixels being shown in different cross hatching. Further, in this third imaging position, photosensor pixel 310a now completely covers grid box 3203, which is centered within the boundaries of that photosensor pixel. After exposure to radiation in this position, the charge developed in the respective pixels is again read and the image data signals from each respective photosensor pixel is interleaved with data collected from the exposures in the first and second imaging position and stored in image processor 170.
The relative positions of the underlying imaged object grid and the pixel array in the fourth imaging position is illustrated in FIG. 3(D). The fourth imaging position reflects displacement of the photosensor array from the third imaging position by 50 μm to the right along the x-axis. In this position, grid box 3201 is covered by portions of photosensor pixels 310d and 310a. Photosensor pixel 310a in the fourth imaging position has been displace so as to be centered over a fourth grid box, 3204. Thus, in each imaging position, one photosensor pixel completely covers only one grid box, and each grid box is completely covered by one photosensor pixel in at least one of the imaging positions. As with the previous imaging positions, after the object to be imaged has been exposed to radiation and a sampling time has elapsed to collect optical photons from the scintillator, the respective pixels are read and the respective image data signals from each pixel are stored in the image processor.
After image data signals from the fourth imaging position are collected the data collection for one imaging cycle is complete and the photosensor array is repositioned to the first imaging position to prepare it for a subsequent imaging cycle. The displacement of the photosensor army described above provides the desired oversampling of image data signals to be applied to deblurring filter 180 so as to generate a non-aliased fine resolution data set which provides the desired spatial resolution. Alternative displacement patterns can be used in which the photosensor array is displaced in a different set of imaging positions so long as the same oversampling of each grid box of which it is desired to have a high resolution image, e.g., grid box 3201, is accomplished by at least an equivalent number of photosensor pixels.
In particular, in at least one of the imaging positions in which image data signals are collected, the imaged grid box must be entirely within the boundaries of one photosensor pixel. Thus, assuming close to an ideal point spread function for the photosensor pixel army, the signal from one photosensor pixel in each exposure (i.e., at each respective imaging position) represents the sum of optical photons emanating from the grid box, or portions of different grid boxes, which the photosensor pixel overlaps. Thus, in FIG. 3(A) for example, the image data signal from photosensor pixel 310a corresponds to optical photons emanating from all of grid box 3201, and from each additional grid box which adjoins grid box 3201. Comparison of the respective areas of imaged object grid 320 covered by photosensor pixel 310a provides that 1/4 of the optical photons generating the image data signal from pixel 310a pass from the central pixel (in this case, grid box 3201); 1/8 from each of the grid boxes above, below, and to either side of the central pixel, and 1/16 from the grid boxes at each corner; these fractions normalize to sum to unity.
Data storage unit 175 is adapted such that image data signals from each respective photosensor pixel in each of the imaging positions during each imaging cycle is stored as a respective unfiltered interleaved data set. In accordance with this invention, each unfiltered interleaved data set is applied to deblurring filter 180, which is adapted to selectively filter the interleaved data set to generate a fine resolution data set that provides the desired spatial resolution. For example, in the embodiment of the invention described above, the fine resolution data set provides a limiting resolution of about 50 μm. Thus, display and analysis module must be capable of presenting data in a 2N�2M format (doubling the spatial resolution of photosensor pixel array 120). Data storage unit 175 typically comprises a computer RAM or hard drive or the like, and deblurring filter 180 typically comprises a reasonably fast computer adapted to perform Wiener filter functions.
One method of deblurring the unfiltered interleaved data can be described as follows. The limits of the summation are not specified at this point as not critical to the invention described herein. If f(m,n) describes the high resolution (e.g., 50 μm) data image and g(m,n) represents the values from the four interleaved data sets acquired with the lower resolution (e.g., 100 μm)imager, then these two arrays are related by the equation:
g(m,n)=Σm',n' h(m-m',n-n')f(m'n') (Eqn 1-1)
in which h(m,n)is the point spread function (also known as the impulse response) of the imaging system. Taking the (continuous) Fourier transform of equation 1-1, sampling theory provides that the transforms are related by the following equation:
G(Wx,Wy)=H(Wx,Wy)F(Wx,Wy) (1-2)
in which the capital letters denote Fourier transforms. The magnitude of H(Wx,Wy), the Fourier transform of the point spread function, is the modulation transfer function of the imaging system. The mathematical manipulations discussed herein use well established mathematical functions, such as described in the book Theory of Discrete and Continuous Fourier Analysis by J. J. Weaver, (1989), and An Introduction to Discrete Systems by K. Steiglitz (1974), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In principle, one can obtain the high resolution image f(m,n) by solving equation 1-2 for F(Wx,Wy) and taking the inverse transform. It is desired, however, to have a non-zero, non-aliased spatial response above the Nyquist frequency limit set by the imaging system (that is, the photosensor pixel array) pitch. Because the imaging system response goes to zero when the period of the modulation is equal to the width of the photosensitive area of a pixel, H(Wx, Wy) goes to zero at a frequency slightly more than twice the Nyquist frequency. There is image noise at high spatial frequencies and the division of G(Wx, Wy) by H(Wx, Wy) would therefore amplify this noise to very large values. Consequently, F(Wx, Wy) is approximated by the equation: ##EQU1## wherein: F(Wx, Wy) is the Fourier transform of the desired high resolution image;
G(Wx, Wy) is the Fourier transform of the unfiltered image;
H*(Wx, Wy) is the conjugate of the Fourier transform of the point spread function of the imaging system;
|H(Wx, Wy)| is the modulation transfer function of the imaging system;
a is a positive constant; and
K(Wx, Wy) represents the Wiener filter spectrum.
The positive constant, a, is selected to reduce amplification of G at higher spatial frequencies so as to limit the high frequency noise.
Deblurring filter 180 can alternatively be adapted to apply an equivalent computational solution to generate the fine resolution image, namely the convolution obtained by taking the inverse transform of equation 1-3. This convolution is expressed as follows:
f(m,n)=Σp,q k(m-p, n-q)g(p,q) (2-1)
in which k(m-p, n-q) represents the inverse Fourier transform of K(Wx, Wy), the Wiener filter spectrum; and
g(p,q) represents the unfiltered image.
Applying the convolution to the unfiltered interleaved data set can typically be accomplished with fewer mathematical manipulations of the data since p and q might be limited to the range of �3, for example.
Radiation imaging system 100 is adapted such that the output of the device is non-aliased. In particular, the imaging positions are selected such that both aliasing from the multiple exposures during a given imaging cycle is canceled, and thus the unfiltered data set and the filtered high resolution data set are non-aliased. Aliasing occurs when an imager is used to image a periodic input image having a period less than twice the pixel pitch. The multiple sampling procedure in accordance with this invention effectively provides the same spatial resolution as an imager with a smaller pitch so that spatial periods which would be aliased in only one data acquisition are not aliased when the output data are the result of more than one measurement.
The selection of imaging positions such that aliases are cancelled is more readily described in the context of a one-dimensional array rather than a two-dimensional array (as disclosed above in accordance with the present invention), and the principles are the same. Thus, for reasons of ease of explaining the present invention but not to limit the present invention, assume that the pixels in the hypothetical one dimensional imager are sensitive over only half of their width, that is the sensitive area is half the pitch. A first data acquisition occurs with the imager in one position and these values are recorded in memory. The imager is then moved by one half the pitch and a second data set is acquired. The two data sets are then interleaved (e.g., the first set becomes the "odd" numbered elements and the second set becomes the "even" numbered elements). The resulting composite data set is identical to that which would have been acquired with an imager having half the pitch and twice as many pixels. As a consequence, the effective Nyquist frequency is doubled and those spatial frequencies between the actual Nyquist frequency of the physical imager and twice the Nyquist frequency are no longer aliased.
In an imager that has pixels which are responsive over the entire area of the pixel (as is desirable for medical imagers), each of the two data sets described above covers the entire imaged area as each sampling (or exposure)covers the entire imaged object. The two samples thus overlap and the resulting composite image is "blurred," a condition which can be reduced by the filtering process described above. Even though each data set is blurred, two data sets acquired one half the pitch (of the physical photosensor array) apart still produce a composite data set having twice as many unique values as there are elements in the physical imager, an effective pitch which is one half the physical pitch, and an effective Nyquist frequency which is twice that of the physical imager. Consequently spatial frequencies between the physical imager's Nyquist frequency (e.g. 5 cycles per mm for a 100 micron pitch) and twice the Nyquist frequency (e.g. 10 cycles per ram), are no longer aliased in the composite data set. The same analysis can similarly be applied to a two dimensional imager. In accordance with this invention, a two dimensional imager is used to acquire 4 unique data sets from respective imaging positions such that the aliasing errors from the multiple sampling is cancelled.
The process of generating a high resolution image in accordance with this invention has been described above for the purpose of explanation and not limitation in the context of an imaging cycle in which four imaging positions are used to oversample the object to be imaged. The oversampling can be through use of K imaging positions and appropriately interleaving the unfiltered data in an unfiltered data set.
While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
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|Eastman Kodak Company
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|Grant proposal submitted to Division of Research Grants, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md. on Jun. 1, 1992, and a supplemental submission made to NIH on or about Aug. 1, 1992.
|Imaging Processes and Materials, Neblette s 8th edition, edited by John Sturge et al., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 311-318.
|Imaging Processes and Materials, Neblette's 8th edition, edited by John Sturge et al., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 311-318.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 5, 1993
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KINGSLEY, JACK D.;SRINIVAS, CHUKKA;REEL/FRAME:006509/0849
Effective date: 19930331
|Sep 22, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 19, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 6, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Emraan Hashmi and Nargis Fakhri's Azhar hints that Salman Khan...Salman Khan's Rumoured Girlfriend Iulia Vantur Spotted Holding Hands With Salma Khan At Airport, See Pics! Nargis Fakhri's OOTD Is What You Can Carry On A Perfect Sunny Day! Salman Khan's Rio Olympic Controversy: Check Out Who Said What!! Salman ... Bollywoodlife.com, 1 month ago
Before watching Emraan Hashmi romance Nargis Fakhri on Friday, here's what you should know about the real Azhar and Sangeeta Bijlani love story! - Bollywoodlife.com, 1 month ago
From Sangeeta Bijlani to Nargis Fakhri, Emraan Hashmi was expecting controversies around 'Azhar' - DNA, 1 month ago
104 images for sangeeta bijlani
Azhar: Mohammed Azharuddin downplays ex-wife Sangeeta Bijlani's concerns
Former India captain Mohammad Azharuddin's life will be depicted in a Bollywood movie 'Azhar', which is set to released this Friday. Mohammed Azharuddin with the cast of movie 'Azhar'. (PTI Image) Former India captain Mohammed Azharuddin, ...India Today, 1 month ago Look who helped Sangeeta Bijlani get over her BITTER separation from Mohammad Azharuddin! Bollywoodlife.com, 1 month ago Former cricket captain Mohammad Azharuddin needed convincing before shooting movie Sportskeeda.com, 1 month ago An anxious Sangeeta Bijlani calls up Azharuddin after 5 years Times of India, 1 month ago
Nargis likes the new oye oye song
Sangeeta Bijlani, whom you are portraying in Azhar, had a certain charisma. What have you brought to this character? Myself! My journey from being a model to an actress is similar to her, and I have the same height and slim body...all of the ...New Indian Express, 1 month ago Reel Vs Real: Emraan-Nargis Copy Azhar-Sangeeta's Real Life Photoshoot for 'Azhar' Daily Bhaskar, 1 month ago Reel vs Real: Emraan-Nargis Reprise Mohd. Azharuddin-Sangeeta Onscreen! Pink Villa, 1 month ago 'Azhar:' Sangeeta Bijlani's hit song 'Oye Oye' was recreated without permission? International Business Times India, 2 months ago
Ravi Shastri, Manoj Prabhakar, Sangeeta Bijlani: List of people upset with 'Azhar' grows
Mohammad Azharuddin may be happy with 'Azhar', but there are others, like Ravi Shastri, Manoj Prabhakar, Sangeeta Bijlani who're reportedly none too pleased The post Ravi Shastri, Manoj Prabhakar, Sangeeta Bijlani: List of people upset with ...First Post.com, 1 month ago Ravi Shastri is upset with 'Azhar' makers? MSN News US, 1 month ago Manoj Prabhakar And Sangeeta Bijlani To Sue Azhar Makers For Not Revealing Their Characters In The Movie Indiatimes, 1 month ago Sangeeta Bijlani and Manoj Prabhakar to sue the makers of 'Azhar? Times of India, 1 month ago
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Why 'concerned' Sangeeta Bijlani called up Azharrudin late in the night
Sangeeta Bijlani reached out to her former husband, concerned about her presentation in his biopicDNA, 1 month ago `Azhar` literally getting on the nerves of Sangeeta Bijlani? Santabanta, 1 month ago Bijlani not happy with Azhar Dhaka Tribune, 1 month ago Why is Sangeeta Bijlani so worried? Santabanta, 1 month ago
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Salman Khan has always been cordial with his exes and Sangeeta Bijlani is no exception. Rumour has it that the superstar has been meeting up with his former lady love to train her and help her stay in shape. While a BollywoodLife report claims ...International Business Times India, 1 month ago Did you know that Salman Khan is Sangeeta Bijlani's PERSONAL fitness instructor! Bollywoodlife.com, 1 month ago What? Salman Khan is Sangeeta Bijlani's personal trainer? Times of India, 1 month ago Will Salman Khan cast Sangeeta Bijlani in Kshanam remake? DNA, 2 months ago
Azhar: Is Sangeeta Bijlani upset with former husband Mohammad Azharuddin?
Buzz has it that Sangeeta Bijlani is upset with former husband Mohammad Azharuddin over her portrayal in the upcoming film Azhar. Mohammad Azharuddin and Sangeeta Bijlani The pages from former cricketer Mohammad Azharuddin's life will be ...India Today, 1 month ago Azhar: Sangeeta upset with former husband over the biopic? MSN News US, 1 month ago A biopic on Azhar? Asian Age, 1 month ago Azharuddin Says Biopic Not About Redemption, His Life is 'Shown Fairly' NDTV, 1 month ago
Azhar impact: Mohammad Azharuddin gets a call from ex-wife Sangeeta Bijlani after 5 years of separation
The article below represents a preview only and is not meant for reuse or republishing. New Delhi, May 10 -- Former Indian cricketer Mohammad Azharuddin is making to the headlines these days. All thanks to Tony D'Souza's upcoming movie 'Azhar'. ...HT Syndication, 1 month ago
Mohammad Azharuddin Sangeeta Bijlani, Virat Kohli Anushka Sharma: 5 couples that prove Bollywood and Cricket have a STEAMY relationship!
Emraan Hashmi And Prachi Desai Promote 'Azhar' The Sportsmen Way! Emraan Hashmi Unveils His Book The Kiss Of Life In Delhi Spotted: Anushka Sharma With Virat Kohli On A Late Night Dinner Date! Virat Kohli Has A Message For Anushka Sharma Haters! ...Bollywoodlife.com, 2 months ago I would pick Naureen over Sangeeta, says Emraan Hashmi Deccan Chronicle, 1 month ago 5 reasons that testify Emraan Hashmi's Azhar is not a biopic but just an attempt to whitewash a match fixer! Bollywoodlife.com, 1 month ago Here's what Emraan Hashmi's 'Azhar' earned so far MSN News US, 1 month ago
Is Sangeeta Bijlani wary of her image as a `homebreaker' in Azhar?
The fans of Indian cinema have been eagerly waiting for the release of the upcoming film Azhar to witness Bollywood serial kisser Emraan Hashmi essaying the role of the legendary Indian batsman Mohammad Azharuddin. But it looks like the upcoming ...Meri News, 1 month ago
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These shoes were designed by Alexander McQueen, and look as though they were inspired by the recently popular, traditional Japanese Geisha look.
I have to say I have never seen anything more hideous than this double-planked aberration.
"I'm surprised he actually got a model to wear (and probably walk in) the ugly shoe that was balanced on two hideous planks," Styleguru notes. "I mean we all know how the best and most coveted shoes are SUPPOSED to hurt, should they really be dangerous enough that if one manages to trip and fall thanks to killer heels like these, the chances of the wearer ending up in a hospital with a serious concussion are a certainty and not a possibility!"
I'd rather walk barefoot on a bed of hot, smoldering coals before wearing this shoes.
We've featured them before:
Dual Heel Shoes
More Stats +/-
Classroom 3D Printers
Hyper-Local Retail Apps
Customizable High-Top Sneakers
Expressive Logo Apparel
Pour-Over Coffee Stands
Alexander McQueen's Geisha-Style Footwear
May 17, 2008By: lourdes sanchez bayas -
References: styleguru.org
References: styleguru.org


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BizReport : Trends & Ideas : September 03, 2013
Phablets hit consumer sweet spot in Asia-Pacific region
Bigger than a smartphone, smaller than a tablet, 'phablets' appear to have hit the consumer sweet spot in the Asia-Pacific region when it comes to the perfect size for a mobile device.
Over 25 million phablets were shipped in the Asia Pacific region (excluding Japan) (APEJ) in Q2 of 2013 - more than double the number of tablets (12.6 million) and even double that of smartphones (12.7 million).
The figures come from IDC Research who conclude the demand for a mobile device with calling capability coupled with better browsing and multimedia is what is driving the adoption of phablets in emerging markets.
"Phablets first started as a trend driven by mature markets like South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore - and these markets continue to rise," says Melissa Chau, Senior Research Manager with IDC Asia/Pacific's Client Devices team.
"What's changed now is the added pick up of phablets in emerging markets like China and India, not just the plethora of big-name vendors competing head-to-head with Samsung, but instead the low-cost local players who have swooped in to offer big screens for less money - averaging a retail price of $220 versus Samsung's $557."
According to research by Gurgaon-based CyberMedia Research, referred to by Forbes, phablets now account for almost one-third (30%) of all smartphones shipped in India.
Tags: Asia, mobile device, mobile trends, phablet, smartphone, tablet
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