text:
The present report on Australia is part of the series on "Investing in Youth", which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. This series covers both OECD countries and countries in the process of accession to the OECD, as well as some emerging economies. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of youth policies in the area of education, training, social and employment policies. Its main focus is on disengaged or at-risk of disengaged youth.
The OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) is the largest international survey of teachers and school leaders. Using the TALIS database, this report looks at different approaches to school leadership and the impact of school leadership on professional learning communities and on the learning climate in individual schools.
It looks at principals' instructional and distributed leadership across different education systems and levels. Instructional leadership comprises leadership practices that involve the planning, evaluation, co-ordination and improvement of teaching and learning. Distributed leadership in schools explores the degree of involvement of staff, parents or guardians, and students in school decisions.
How are principals' and schools' characteristics related to instructional and distributed leadership? What types of leadership are favoured across countries? What impact do they have on the establishment of professional learning communities and positive learning environments? The report notes that teacher collaboration is more common in schools with strong instructional leadership. However, about one in three principals does not actively encourage collaboration among the teaching staff in his or her school. There is room for improvement; and both policy and practice can help achieve it. The report offers a series of policy recommendations to help strengthen school leadership.
Thailand's education system stands at a crossroads. Significant investment has widened access to education and the country performs relatively well in international assessments compared with its peers. But the benefits have not been universally distributed and Thailand has not received the return on its spending on education that it might have expected. This report encourages Thailand to focus on four priority areas to prepare students from all backgrounds for a fast-changing world. The first is to set clear, common standards for all students through a revised and improved curriculum. The second priority is to build capacity to reliably assess students across the full range of competencies needed for success in life and in learning. Third, Thailand needs to develop a holistic strategy to prepare teachers and school leaders to deliver education reform, including implementing the revised curriculum, and to tackle teaching shortages in the most deprived areas. The final challenge is to create a comprehensive information and communications technology strategy to equip all Thailand's schools, teachers and students for the 21st century.
Des compétences solides et adéquates sont indispensables pour asseoir la productivité des travailleurs et assurer des résultats satisfaisants sur le plan de l'emploi. Développer les compétences des travailleurs aurait également pour effet d'accroître leur degré de satisfaction personnelle et leurs salaires, contribuant ainsi à rendre la croissance plus inclusive.
In many OECD countries, the labour market has yet to recover the lost ground suffered in the aftermath of the financial crisis. In some of them, unemployment has been persistently high, resulting in a very high incidence of long-term unemployment.
Looking ahead to today's discussions, we want to hear about your experiences in developing national skills strategies. What have you done to create and sustain a national dialogue on skills? How has your country leveraged investment in skills to achieve sustainable growth and social inclusion? We also need to ask ourselves why, with all that we know about the importance of developing skills, do we struggle so much to make more progress?
When you invest in skills, you invest directly in people. When you improve skills, you lift people. The OECD will continue to mobilise and strengthen its capacity, networks, and comparative data on skills so that, together, we can design, deliver and implement better skills policies for better lives.
English, PDF, 198kb
26 Ministers and State Secretaries representing 15 countries and the European Commission gathered in Bergen, Norway, for the first Skills Summit on 29-30 June 2016. The Summit, hosted by Norway, was opened by Prime Minister Erna Solberg and the OECD's Secretary General, Angel Gurría.
The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), was designed to provide insights into the availability of some of these key skills in society and how they are used at work and at home.
It's the time of year when young people in the northern hemisphere are finishing their formal studies for the year – or for the foreseeable future.


text:
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Homecoming parties require more than just a big turnout and loud music.
So we discovered at Eden Park last night, as the return of Ross Taylor was a letdown amid plenty of noise from a 23,758-strong crowd, but all the substance of flat beer from New Zealand's cricketers.
England cantered to a 40-run victory in the first Twenty20 international, an ominous opening gambit on their seven-week tour. The hosts were awful in the field where five catches were dropped, boundary balls were frequent and England racked up their highest T20 score, 214-7.
"It was a big concern today; no one means to drop catches but five in a T20 game is never going to help your cause," skipper Brendon McCullum said.
"It's an area that we normally pride ourselves on; tonight we were off the pace and that flowed on with our bowling and also our batting."
It was New Zealand's equal highest total conceded in their 63 T20 internationals.
The Black Caps posted 174-9 in reply, Martin Guptill's 44 off 32 balls their best while visiting skipper Stuart Broad was outstanding, taking 4-24.
Desperate to make an opening statement on home soil after their ODI series win in South Africa, this was monumental stage fright and won't be easy to recover from.
Victory in Hamilton on Tuesday is now mandatory to keep the three-match series alive but it's already a long shot. The visitors are well in control, having nailed their sixth consecutive T20 victory over New Zealand.
"In the grand scheme of the series it's not damaging. It hurts to be behind the eight ball early on but we've got another game in a couple of days time and we know in T20 it can turn around very quickly. We saw that in South Africa," McCullum said.
Taylor's night was full of frustration as he got a hero's welcome but couldn't swing the contest in his first international since November 29.
The former captain, usurped by McCullum on coach Mike Hesson's command, dropped two catches then slogged out for 13, picking the longest boundary against lanky quick Steve Finn (3-39).
England's topscorer Eoin Morgan showed New Zealand's fielders how it was done, circling and running back from point to snare a crucial chance and sent McCullum back for 10.
McCullum and Taylor's paths crossed on the boundary and the crowd reflected the captaincy fiasco of the past two months. Grumblings at McCullum's departure dissolved into huge cheers; the masses standing to welcome the people's champion back to the fold. But there was to be no fairytale return.
Winning skipper Broad said it was a good toss to lose on a difficult, postage stamp ground with the child-size straight boundaries.
"Morgan's catch was fantastic to get rid of such a key man and the way we executed, we made it difficult for the New Zealand batsmen to time the ball and to settle into any rhythm. It was pretty much the complete performance from us."
On a stunning evening with not a cloud in the sky, it rained sixes before sunset. England's 15 rope-clearers were the third-most of any T20 international innings, just two off the record held by South Africa.
Big Mitchell McClenaghan, in his home debut, was energetic and accurate, moving the England batsmen around the crease and ending with 1-29.
But that's where the intensity ended. The others offered too many freebies on a hittable length and with straight boundaries of barely 65m, it was elementary for England's hitters to punch down the ground.
Trent Boult, on T20 debut, bowled four wides with his first ball then was hit 15 rows back by Alex Hales. Andy Ellis went for 18 off his first over as Luke Wright feasted on the smorgasbord, whacking four sixes in his 42 off 20 balls.
Captain McCullum had given a two-spin attack a vote of confidence the day before, but Ronnie Hira and Nathan McCullum went for combined 91 off eight overs.
Key man Morgan didn't need too many free invitations either, topscoring with 46 off 26 balls.
Then there was the catching which verged on the comical. McClenaghan hardly laid a finger on a simple offering from Morgan, while Hira and James Franklin were the other offenders in the deep.
New Zealand: Martin Guptill, Hamish Rutherford, Brendon McCullum (captain), Ross Taylor, Colin Munro, James Franklin, Andrew Ellis, Nathan McCullum, Trent Boult, Roneel Hira, Mitchell McClenaghan.
England: Michael Lumb, Alex Hales, Luke Wright, Jonny Bairstow, Eoin Morgan, Jos Buttler, Samit Patel, Stuart Broad (captain), James Tredwell, Steve Finn, Jade Dernbach.
Umpires: Chris Gaffaney (NZ), Derek Walker (NZ). Third umpire: Gary Baxter (NZ).
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text:
China in the Information Age: Telecommunications and the Dilemmas of Reformby Milton Mueller, Zixiang Tan
Pub. Date: 12/30/1996
Publisher: ABC-CLIO, Incorporated
China's economic and social progress toward modernization is one of the defining features of the last quarter of the 20th century. The emergence of China coincides with another development of equally important international implications--the revolution in information and telecommunication technology. But how compatible are the new China and the information age? The Chinese Communist Party intends to embrace market-oriented economic development while maintaining centralized control over politics, culture, and public discourse. The contradictions and tensions of this goal are especially acute in telecommunication and information technology markets, where the rest of the world is moving rapidly toward liberalization and globalization. Will China's economic reforms allow it to join the information revolution, or will its unique political structure keep it insulated from the main currents of global economic development? This volume is the first detailed examination of how China's reform process is playing out in the realm of information and telecommunications.
Product Details
- 9780275958299
- Publisher:
- ABC-CLIO, Incorporated
- Publication date:
- 12/30/1996
- Series:
- Washington Papers Series
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 182
- Product dimensions:
- 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.42(d)
- Lexile:
- 1410L (what's this?)
Table of Contents
Chinese Reform and the Information Economy
Channeling Growth into the National Hierarchy: The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
Socialist Competition: Lian Tong and the Golden Projects
Privatization, with Chinese Characteristics
Controlling the Computer: China Confronts the Internet
Trade and Foreign Investment
Conclusion: Principles and Scenarios
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text:
Talmud With: Power of Shameby Torah Aura Productions Staff
Talmud With Training Wheels is not so much a curriculum as a text resource. It is built out of a series of technologies that makes Talmud easier to study and much easier to teach. The text is translated as a script, helping the ancient dialogue to emerge. Every historical layer is present in a different font, so immediately you know if something comes from the Bible, from the time of the Mishnah, if it comes the time of the Gemara, or if it is a medieval commentary. Every speaker in the text is identified with a biography. But most importantly, the translation and notes make the flow of dialogue easy to follow and easy to enter. This is all then wrapped in case studies, texts for hevruta study and explanatory essays.
This Sugia sits in the middle of a series of passages about monetary fraud. The Talmud pauses to talk about how words (and actions) have the power to shame.
Here are the foundational texts for discussions of Shmirat ha-Lashon, the ethics of speech.
Product Details
- 9781891662874
- Publisher:
- Torah Aura Productions
- Publication date:
- 01/15/2007
- Pages:
- 64
- Product dimensions:
- 7.80(w) x 9.90(h) x 0.30(d)
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text:
Bangladesh troops to curb pre-election violence
Move comes as political tension simmers
Troops have been seen in force throughout the country since Friday December 20
December 20, 2013
Bangladesh authorities said Friday thousands of troops will be deployed next week to contain violence ahead of controversial general elections slated for January 5.
Heavily armed troops have already fanned out in major trouble spots across the country but "official deployment" will start December 26, the Election Commission said.
"The army troops will be deployed between December 26 and January 9 across the country," Chief Election Commissioner Kazi Rakibuddin Ahmad told reporters.
He did not say how many troops will be deployed but local media put the number at around 50,000.
The move comes amid mounting tension in the country with the opposition and a key ruling party ally boycotting the parliamentary polls. The government insists the vote will go ahead as planned.
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and its allies have been staging protests since late October to force Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to step down so that a neutral caretaker government can oversee the election.
Three rounds of United Nations-brokered last-minute talks between the government and opposition have failed to resolve the dispute, plunging the nation into its worst crisis in decades.
Violence over the planned elections has left more than 100 people dead since November. A series of strikes and nationwide transport blockades have crippled the economy, affecting millions of poor farmers and the urban middle class.
The Election Commission said the troops were being deployed in addition to security forces that include paramilitary border guards, who this week launched a crackdown on protesters after weeks of violence. AFP
Abu Sayyaf frees Filipino kidnap victim in Sulu
Marites Flor, a Filipino woman, was kidnapped with two Canadians and a Norwegian in September
Vatican responds to speculation on Bishop Ma's recant
Vatican spokesman treads lightly in response to events occurring inside China
Muslims targeted in Myanmar again
Villagers in Bago Division destroyed parts of a mosque, a madrassa and some houses following an argument
Caritas Bangladesh gets new executive director
Francis Atul Sarker vows to boost Caritas services for more people
Church, activists fear reimposition of death penalty
Reintroduction will see many innocent and poor people executed in the Philippines, they say


text:
I really like the chaos! I'll be requesting a lot so...
Pokemon: Shuckle
Chaos base: Asleep
Name: Sleepy
Pokemon: Typhlosion
Chaos base: Waving
Name: Boomer
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Pokemon: Buizel
Chaos base: Happy
Name: Bailey
Thanks! It's a big request but they are so CUTE! I couldn't stop.


text:
45 Highland Ave Street View
Elliot Title Co 45 Highland Ave, Ogunquit Maine 03907 (ME)
Elliot Title Co in Ogunquit
Title Companies
45 Highland Ave
Ogunquit Maine 03907 ME
4.5/5 Based on 1 Review(s)
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About Elliot Title Co
Elliot Title Co is generally engaged in Title Companies. Elliot Title Co operates in Ogunquit Maine 03907. This company is involved in Title Companies as well as other possible related aspects and functions of Title Companies. In Ogunquit Elliot Title Co maintains its local business operations and may perhaps carry out other local business operations outside of Maine in additional functions related to Title Companies.
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text:
Giolito Impresses in Rain-Shortened Debut as Nats Beat MetsLucas Giolito was rolling before a fourth-inning rain delay ended his debut.
Giolito's Fastball Draws Comparison to Syndergaard from Pitching CoachLucas Giolito's fastball draws a comparison to Noah Syndergaard's from pitching coach Mike Maddux.
Lucas Giolito on 'Start by Start' Basis with NationalsNationals manager and general manager weigh in on surprise decision to call up top prospect Lucas Giolito.
Trea Turner to Play Center Field Tonight in Triple-ATrea Turner will play center field in Triple-A Syracuse, which could have implications on future Nationals moves.
Lucas Giolito to Make MLB Debut Against MetsNationals top prospect Lucas Giolito will make his Major League debut Tuesday against the Mets.
Prospects Heating Up in Nationals' Farm SystemWhile the Nats continue a very hot start to the 2016 season, the farm system is also showing signs of having bona fide talent on the way.
Prospect Brian Goodwin could join Nationals 'As soon as this year,' Rizzo saysNats farm highlighted by Brian Goodwin breakout year, GM says. Updates on Trea Turner, Lucas Giolito.
Nationals Reassign Top Prospect Lucas Giolito to Minor League CampNationals reassign top pitching prospect Lucas Giolito to minor league camp.
30 Players: Baseball's Top Pitching Prospect Lucas Giolito Nearing Run In WashingtonThe Nationals are hoping for big things out of their top prospect to try and replace Jordan Zimmerman.
Nationals' Farm System Boasts Five Top-100 ProspectsLucas Giolito and Trea Turner are among Nationals prospects ready to contribute at the Major League level in 2016.
Nats' Prospects Giolito, Turner Shine in Futures GameLucas Giolito and Trea Turner made key contributions in MLB's Futures Game, showing D.C. baseball has a bright future.
Holden & Danny: Nats' Draft Pick Gives An Encouraging Update On His Rehab Lucas Giolito, Washington Nationals first-round pick, joined Holden and Danny Tuesday to discuss signing his contract last Friday.


text:
hospitality jobs near Morton Grove, IL
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The Garlands of Barrington - Barrington, IL
Supports other dining and kitchen Team Members by cleaning, maintaining and restocking stations and completing related responsibilities so that the transition...
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Passion for people, Hospitality, Culinary & Beverage excellence, and having fun. Proven ability to recruit, interview and develop talent among our Team Members....
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The company, headquartered in Chicago, offers guests unmatched experiences with unique views of some of the nation's most beautiful skylines in New York,...
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Believes that Hospitality to our Team & Guests is a #1 focus. Ensuring complete and timely execution of corporate & local marketing plans....
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Displays a professional image towards fellow team members, customers, vendors, clients and other potential agents of Suparossa Restaurant Group....
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You enjoy interacting with people, and have 1-3 years experience in the retail, hospitality or entertainment industry, preferably 1 year's experience in a...
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Transitional Care of Arlington Heights - Arlington Heights, IL
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Fogo de Chao - Rosemont, IL
Fogo de Chão is an Equal Opportunity & E Verify Employer. Prepare, portion, serve and present food to guests using the rich, traditional style and methods of...


text:
Glen Payne, Gospel Singer, 72
Published: October 18, 1999
FRANKLIN, Tenn., Oct. 17— Glen Payne, the lead vocalist of the gospel group the Cathedrals, died here on Friday. He was 72.
The cause was liver cancer, said Debbie Bennett, a producer and family friend.
From 1951 to 1957 Mr. Payne sang in the Stamps-Ozark Quartet before leaving to join the Weatherfords.
In 1963 he formed a trio to perform at the evangelist Rex Humbard's Cathedral of Tomorrow in Akron, Ohio. George Younce joined the trio, which became the Cathedral Quartet.
Mr. Payne and Mr. Younce became constants in what grew into a pre-eminent Southern gospel group.


text:
Skimboard world champ crowned in Newport
Austin Keen ran toward the gnarly shore break, rode up the face of the wave and then did a move no one has ever done in a skimboard competition.
He did a full flip above the wave, and somehow his board landed under him. The crowd watching the Oktoberfest Skim Championships went nuts on the south side of the Balboa Pier, jumping to their feet and screaming, the sound of cowbells ringing.
"My board went upside down halfway through, I was afraid I was going to hurt myself," he said afterward.
It was a go-for-broke moment, and why not – considering Keen had minutes earlier been proclaimed the 2013 United Skim Tour World Champion.
After the final heat, where Keen took out Brandon Sears, the Georgia native who now calls Dana Point home was carried up the sand on the shoulder of friends, a moment of victory for the first-time world champ.
"It's the best moment of my life," he said.
The United Skim Tour has taken professional skimboarders to eight stops around the world, to as far as Brazil, with the final event held in Newport Beach. It was a tight race for the title, with Keen neck-and-neck in points with Laguna Beach's Sam Stinnett, a two-time world champ.
Going into the semi-finals, Stinnett said it's been a stressful year.
"After six months of work, it's really tough coming down to the wire for first and second," the 20-year-old said. "It's very stressful."
But after Stinnett didn't advance in the semi-finals and Keen was able to secure a spot in the finals – the new champ was given high-fives and hugs in celebration.
The event had a record turnout this year. When Main Street Surf Shop first put on the event nine years ago, there were 16 pros and 48 amateurs who signed up. This year, 50 pros and 148 amateurs showed up, more than any other year, said event organizer Brian Boyle.
Stinnett has been doing the event since it started, and is blown away by the amateurs coming up the ranks.
"They're blowing minds," he said. "They're going to push the sport to the next level."
Newport skimboarder Omar Meddeb agreed. He said the level is getting "crazier and crazier every year."
"I have a handful of protégées here … they're doing maneuvers the professionals are doing. The progression level is through the roof," Meddeb said.
For Stinnett, the best part of the sport is the camaraderie. It's a tight-knit scene, especially at the event held in Newport Beach.
"I think the sickest part of the event is that you know everybody," he said. "With skimming, you go to the beach and you know everybody. It's a tight little family."
Keen was beaming after his win, with people coming up to get photo ops with him and offering hugs to congratulate him.
"I'm still in shock," he said.
When asked how he was going to celebrate, he said "eat a healthy breakfast." Then, he thought it over.
"I'm going to party, probably."
Contact the writer: email@example.com
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Wessels & Wilk Funeral Home
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Cole James H Home For Funerals Inc.
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Vintage Nila Cook Johnson Navajo Sterling Bisbee Turquoise Row Bracelet Cuff
This item has been shown 0 times.
Vintage Nila Cook Johnson Navajo Sterling Bisbee Turquoise Row Bracelet Cuff:
This is a beautiful dainty sterling silver bracelet made by the very famous Navajo artist, Nila Cook, now Nila Cook Johnson. She is well known for her excellent quality of silver work and uses only the highest grade natural stones in her work.
This is an example of hersilver work wherein she used six natural untreated fantastic round Bisbee turquoise stones in a glorious shade of blue with dark matrix. They are set in plain silver bezels and surrounded by twisted wire. There are ten rain drops in between each of the stones. The shank consists of two silver wires and two strips that form the border.
It weighs 38.3 grams and is 1/2" wide in the center, tapering down to 3/8" at the finished end terminals. It has an inside circumference, not including the gap, of 5 3/8". The slightly flexible gap adds another 1 1/8" for a total of 6 1/2". It is in excellent vintage condition. There are no chips or cracks only natural inclusions since these stones are untreated.
Since this bracelet was made before she got married,it is hallmarked "NC" on one end terminal and also stamped "sterling on the other end terminal. This is a perfect Mother's Day present for your Mother or for the lady in your life. Thank you for looking.
Vintage Nila Cook Johnson Navajo Sterling Bisbee Turquoise Row Bracelet Cuff:
Navajo Silver And Coral Bracelet/cuff Valencia Boyd No Reserve *b96
Native American, Navajo, Ray Tracey Sterling Silver, Sugilite, Malachite Inlay B
Sterling Silver And Turquoise Cuff Bracelet
Authenticnavajo 925 Morenci Turquoise Jade Native American Bracelet 370972048048
Silver Cuff With Claw Foot And Turquoise
Roderick Tenorio Rmt Medicine Bear Heartline Sterling Silver 925 Cuff Bracelet


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Hey guys, decided I'd get back into magic after a hiatus of nearly 5 years. Found the forum and figured it would be a good way of getting back into the community and finding some good tips to help me start building new decks.
Welcome back to magic and welcome to Blackborder! :)
Feel free to post your decks in the deck section and if you have any questions, just ask! :)
They say one never really stops playing Magic. Seems they are right. Welcome back.
Yeah I'm gonna drag some friends back into it and get some casual going before I find a nearby FNM.


text:
re: AR-15 purchase tips - mallardhank on 6/23/16 at 6:32 pm
I've been told to stay away from armalite because of parts being non interchangeable with other mfgrs. These days you can get great guns for under 800. Also buy all the ammo and magazines you can get your hands on. A spare lower parts kit and BCG is a good idea....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (2)
re: Weed eater brand preferance? - mallardhank on 6/23/16 at 6:25 pm
Stihl kombi. Spend once cry once. They last forever and parts always available. I've had echo and couldn't get parts cause discontinued. ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Any must to dos in Napa or Sonoma? - mallardhank on 6/11/16 at 7:45 pm
Ledson winery was the best experience we had. Still order a case every year or two. All of them are beautiful, and make Sonoma a great experience....
Posted on Travel BoardJump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Check Out the Towing Capacity of This Chevy Traverse - mallardhank on 6/11/16 at 7:27 pm
That thing is unibody not on frame, and front wheel drive. Right? Special kind of stupid no matter wtf GM says....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Toyota 4 Runner - mallardhank on 6/8/16 at 7:15 pm
Averaging 19.5 mpg. I'm 6'1 and it's a little tight getting in and out under the steering wheel. I'd rather not have black carpet and dash but you don't have a choice. I pulled a 10' trailer with golf cart and it did ok but wouldn't do it on a long trip or on a regular basis. You have decent s...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Info for a week in Destin? - mallardhank on 6/7/16 at 12:03 am
Day trip offshore for grouper and snapper Big kahoona Golf Be prepared to spend a lot of time driving anywhere. The crowds and wait times are crazy. We are now empty nesters and go after Labor Day to avoid the huge crowds...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: God Emperor Trump supports cutting SS on moral grounds - mallardhank on 5/28/16 at 11:15 pm
When it veered of its intended path and turned into a government vote buying giveaway it went to hell. My sister in law gets to draw half of what her husband gets, has her own small pension from a classroom para pro job, never donated to SS. This is wrong no matter how you cut it. ...
Posted on Political TalkJump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Opinions on Sherwin Williams vs. Bher paints - mallardhank on 5/28/16 at 10:59 pm
For what it's worth: I've built commercial, retail and residential. Have never seen Behr, valspar, glidden specified or used on any of them. Ben Moore and Sherwin on 99% of the jobs I've been involved with. Sherwin Cashmere is a great paint with coverage and ease of use. Also don't skimp on bru...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: AR 15 for beginner - mallardhank on 5/23/16 at 6:51 pm
You can find Smith and Wessons for under six hundred. Built and ready to go....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
re: Air Compressor for Garage - mallardhank on 5/20/16 at 8:55 pm
Home Depot has the 6 gallon porter cable on sale for $99. I see these all the time on the job sites I'm on, mostly running nail guns and finish nail guns. Light weight is a plus. I have an older Emglo that is a great unit but carrying it around is a bitch....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Luger 22 - mallardhank on 5/20/16 at 8:48 pm
So who is the manufacturer?...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
re: Luger 22 - mallardhank on 5/20/16 at 1:01 am
May have been made by Stoeger back in the late 60's or 70's. Haven't seen one in years. Have no idea if it's good or what it's worth. A picture and more info would help....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Looking for BBQ in New Orleans - mallardhank on 4/17/16 at 8:14 am
like many of you I was born New Orleans but live in Atlanta. When I go back to visit the very last food I would look for is barbecue. When friends come to Atlanta they usually want to try some new barbecue joint I have found. If the tourist trade demanded good barbecue in NOLA you would have it....
Posted on Food and DrinkJump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Using bleach while pressure washing - mallardhank on 4/3/16 at 11:19 pm
Apply the bleach using a sprayer that attaches to a garden hose. Those have adjustments that regulate how much of the bleach is sucked up by the water passing thru the spray head. I believe the original use of those is to spray weed killer or fertilizer. ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: anyone hunt with in ear electronic hearing protection? If so, recs? - mallardhank on 3/27/16 at 5:31 pm
Been using a pair of in ear made by EAR got fifteen years shooting sporting clays. Best money ever spent ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: 10 22 Target or Accesorize - mallardhank on 3/27/16 at 6:46 am
I bought a Ruger 1022, model 1237. It's an Acu Sport special order, they call it, I believe, a Sporter. Has a heavier barrel but not as large as a target. I changed out the trigger with the kit from Kidd. It will stay on that 50 yard dime all day. ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: AR pistol upper? - mallardhank on 3/26/16 at 1:58 am
Look at Primary Arms website. They have great prices and a variety of manufacturers. I've built two using items bought from them: 7.5" Odin stainless barrels, UTB ?hand guards, nickel boron fail zero bolt carrier group, Anderson upper and lower receivers, spikes lower parts kits, spikes tungsten ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: South Texas - 26 Rattle Snakes Under One Deer Stand - mallardhank on 3/21/16 at 7:46 pm
News flash: they cannot be rehabilitated. If there were that many in that one spot just think how many others are still out there. Belts and hat bands for the entire family!...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: R.I.P. Pat Conroy - mallardhank on 3/5/16 at 5:33 pm
I also have a copy of The Great Santini, and knew him as we went to the same church in Atlanta. His name was Don. Gave me a copy of the book and signed it. He was Marine 1000%. Always very gentlemanly at church parties and the ladies loved him. A large man that you would not want to cross. A w...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
re: New shotgun for sporting clays - mallardhank on 3/2/16 at 6:45 pm
I've used a beretta 390 gold and a Remington 1100 light 20 for years. No problems with either. Use Remington and AA, but always 7&1/2 shot. ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 21, 1964
|Filing date
|Feb 6, 1961
|Priority date
|Feb 6, 1961
|Publication number
|Abba Charles G, Mcmahon Walter M
|Original Assignee
|American Pipe & Constr Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (50), Classifications (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent "ce 3,130,061 INORGANIC COATING COMPOSITION Walter M. McMahon, La Habra Heights, and Charles G.
Abba, Bell, Calif., assignors to American Pipe and Construction (10., South Gate, Calih, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Feb. 6, 1961, Ser. No. 87,112 16 Claims. (Cl. 106-84) This invention relates to inorganic, water-insoluble, coating compositions adapted by self-curing for the protection of metal surfaces, especially ferrous metal surfaces, and more particularly to self-curing coating compositions composed of lithium hydroxide and colloidal silica in critical proportions as a bin er and metal-protectmg metal pigment such as zinc ggst, powdered lead or flake aluminum to provide anti-corrosion protection for the metal surface.
Coating compositions of the invention comprise lithium hydroxide and colloidal silica binder in proportions of l lithium hydroxide expressed as lithium oxide to silica in,
M 1:40 as a minimum u to a molar ratio of 1:2.5
ese limited amounts of lithium hydroxide and colloidal silica which make up the binder of the invention provide in the presence of metal pigment, highly desirable coating compositions of the invention which when compared with compositions in which the lithium hydroxide ingredient is absent are superior in significant respects and provide improved adhesion to the metal substrate, superior working qualities with solid pigment and other components in the composition, and permit very much thinner uniform coatings to be applied to completely cover metal surfaces to be protected (down to about 3 mils thickness as dry film). Surprisingly, the compositions of the invention exhibit improved film flexibility in such thin coatings while providing improved hardness and improved self-curing characteristics which is apparently based upon chemical interaction of the lithium hydroxide component with the finely divided metal pigment and silica present as essential ingredients in the coating composition.
The achievement of these superior coating characteristics mentioned in the preceding paragraph is based upon adjustment of the proportions of binder components, lithium hydroxide and colloidal silica within the above stated molar proportions.
If the amount of lithium hydroxide component is reduced to such a level as to provide a mol ratio of Li O/SiO- which is less than about 1:40, for example in the range of about 1:100 molar ratio, the physical and chemical properties of enhanced adhesion, improved fiexibility, better working characteristics and enhanced selfcuring characteristics are not obtained. Indeed, the resulting coating compositions containing lithium hydroxide below the minimum value are comparble with those in which lithium hydroxide is absent.
Coating compositions containing colloidal silica binder which is substantially free from the effective minimum amount of lithium hydroxide as used in the invention may be satisfactory in certain respects, but these silica binder compositions do not exhibit the improved physical and chemical properties and advantages of the lithium hydroxide containing coatings of the invention, particularly the self-curing characteristic. It appears that a synergistic improvement of properties is due to the presence of lithium hydroxide which interacts in a new manner with finely divided metal pigment to provide self-curing properties and outstanding resistance of the wholly inorganic coating.
If the amount of lithium hydroxide binder in the metal pigment containing composition of the invention is more Patented A r. 21, 1964 than will provide a mol ratio in respect to colloidal silica of 1:25, for example if a mol ratio value of LI20/Si02 of about 1:2 is used, then the chemical interaction of lithium hydroxide with colloidal silica tends to make the 5 composition unstable under the conditions of alkalinity existing in the liquid aqueous inorganic coating composition, there is a tendency toward the formation of lithium disilicate which is a relatively insoluble compound. Accordingly, precipitation and gelling of the liquid coating composition occurs on standing and thereby makes the composition unsatisfactory for commercial application. At a mole ratio Li O/SiO of 1:1, which is reached when still more lithium hydroxide is added, the alkalinity increases and lithium metasilicate is formed. Lithium metasilicate, like lithium disilicate tends to r ci laud,
that the preseggggflothofthesest Qfilfijiillnsatisfactory in the coatin cO QQQSiliQmeresulting in bar'war'iitng qualities and in practice, preventing uniform coating application.
Within the specified upper and lower limits of mol ratio Li O/SiO from 1:40 up to 112.5 in accordance with the invention, preferred coating compositions can be formulated within these limits for specific metal pigments to provide outstanding properties of film ad 'ness, film flexibility, self-curing properties characteristics. In formulating the binder of te inven-, tion with finely divided zinc, the molar ratio of LIzO/SIOZ lies within the more limited range of molar ratio 1:20 up to 1:3.
0 Lithium silicate in colloidal form although unsuitable per se as a binder due tg it s,low.solnbilityein.-.neutra-l-- gneous solution as above mentioned, nevertheless hy drolyzes slowly to form lithium hydroxide and silica. By
suitable adjustment of alkalinity in the form of NaOH for example, lithium silicate is obtained from the source of lithium hydroxide and alkalized-stabilized colloidal silica in a form usable as the binder of the coating composition of the invention.
The invention, therefore, includes methods of prep 40 ation of lithium oxide and colloidal silica binders in the proportions mentioned above for use with metal pigments by adding small amounts of lithium hydroxide to a colloidal silica sol in the presence of alkali, preferably so 1 m hydroxi r potassium hydroxide, which serves as stabilizer for the lithium oxide and silica components and provides a colloidal mixture of binder ingredients functioning in combination with the finely divided metal protective pigment for improved In one method of the invention there are mixglaqueous l it l 1 ium h yd rgxide solution and colloidal silica sol irTwater at about 20-50% solids in the presence of alkali metal hydroxide stabilizer such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to form the alkaline aqueous, inorganic binder, the amounts of each of the binder ingredients adjusted within the stated critical molar ratios gLi g/sio, 1:40 to to 1:25 and the finely divi meta pigment is well mixed wi the aqueous alkaline inorganic coating vehicle.
Another method of the invention comprises starting from aqueous collo' soluti in which WM the mol ratio of Li O/SiO lies at about at least 1:25
and adjusting the mol ratio of Li O/SiO if needed by stbilized (sodium h droxid viding the binder in more stable colloidal form, this binder being mixed with metal pigment as stated in the previous paragraph.
The protective metal pigments used in the invention such as zinc dust powdered lead or aluminum flake are preferably less than 15 microns in particle size. Im-
0 proved fiexi 1 ity o e resulting coating may be realized by employing a mixture of a major proportion (60-90% by weight) of finely divided metal pigment of a fine LRIUVHNLH particle size, for example zinc of uniform particle size f. well as thicker films, e.g., up to 2-4 mils in thickness on the metal base. For very thin coatings, e.g., about 0.5-1.0 mil in film thickness, there may be used a 50/50 miweightflofluery fine particles of meial, su ch as I zinc, in the range of 1-3 microns aii'd relatively'coarser particles of zinc in the range of 8-12 microns.
If there is used substantial amounts of particles of metal above 20 micron size, more than 20-25% by weight, then there is a tendency for the film to crack on rymg. i If the particle size range of the protective metal such is zinc lies within a very narrow range, e.g., 95 %I2-3 icrons, the films which are produced are not completely satisfactory in every respect for flexibility, adhesion and ortions of particles of metal pigment be in the larger size ranges, e.g., 6-12 microns and the remaining Fhe proportion of finely divided metal pigment of preferred screen size which is employed with the lithium hydroxide-colloidal silica binder of the invention may vary from about 1:1 weight ratio up to about 25:1 weight ratio on a dry wegiht basis of metal pigment to hinder, depending upon the specific gravity of the pigment, and also upon the hydrophilic or hydrophobic surface characteristics of the metal binder. Using zinc dgst, which is a medium specific gravity pigment and which is preferred for many applications to provide corrosion protection for the underlying metal structure, especially ferrous metals, there are used from about 8 to about 20 parts of finely divided zinc metal to binder on a dry At less than about 8 parts of zinc per part of binder, there is a tendency to spotting, e.g., the formation of light areas in the film, indicating an insufiicient metal pigment for properly covering and protecting the underlying metal.
On the other hand, lead dust which is a heavier pigment than zinc dust may be used in a higher weight ratio of binder, the ratio being up to 25 to 1 by weight. Aluminum flake, aluminum dust, magnesium dust or magnesium flake, which are all examples of much lighter metals than zinc or lead may be used in proportions to hinder (dry weight basis) as low as 1:2. In fact, aluminum or magnesium in flake form have such excellent covering power in comparison to zinc bases upon their leafing characteristics that the preferred upper limit of dry weight ratio metal pigment to binder is about 1:3. In most cases usingaluminum or magnesium dust proportions lying between 1:1 and 1:2 on a Weight basis are preferred for most coating uses.
Finely divided insoluble inorganic compounds as further additives may be desirably incorporated with the metal pigment to serve as pigments, as extenders and as auxiliary anti-corrosion agents. The inorganic extender comp u e r 51, lead di e, ea c oma e, zinc gxide, zinc chromateal'fii liix dignd aluminum oxide.
a titanium dioxide The piments in lithopone', Zll'lC su e e, caron ac, utraclude iron oxid 1 used in the coating composition generally possess a speparticles be in the smaller size ranges, e.g., l-4 microns. J
marine blue, Hansa yellow, sienna, burnt umber, china 7 clay, blanc fixe, chromium oxide, and chrome yellow among the commonly available pigments.
Flexibilizing extenders. such\as mica, bentonite and xfoliated vermiculite may also be 5713? The foregoing metal compound extenders and pigments matter of minutes.
cific gravity which is lower than that of zinc metal pigments and these extenders are usually used on a dry weight ratio relative to binder of about 2:1 to 5:], the heavier pigments being employed at the higher end of the range.
An advantage of the lithium hydroxide-colloidal silica binder of the invention lies in the greater compatibility of this binder for diverse inorganic pigments such as listed above which pigments inherently vary in their acidity or alkalinity from acid to alkaline pH. With other binders, these pigments frequently cannot be used zecause they are reactive. Yet with the binder of the inention all but the most acid pigments can be used withjout substantially interfering with the desired cathodic protection which is provided by the metal protecting pigment. Rather wide rangesmflinert filler may be added. 1 However, it is preferred to use up to a out 15% of inert filler by weight of metal pigment. This amount does not uring power. Hence, it is desirable that substantial prodegrade the essential corrosion inhibiting characteristics of the coating and contributes to desired economy of ingredients for formulation.
The formulation of the coating composition containing the essential lithium hydroxide-colloidal silica film forming binder and metal pigment may be varied widely to achieve any desired color. Even if lesser amounts of metal pigment are used, auxiliary metal compound as extender and anti-corrosion additive can be added to reduce the cost. The addition of cheaper pigments and extenders permits economies with certain colors at the same time, making no sacrifice in the self-curing characteristics based upon the binder containing metal pigment and the excellent physical and chemical properties of the film.
In the above stated proportions of metal protective pigment or mixture of metal pigment with aforesaid metal compound for each part of the colloidal binder there is achieved film toughness, good film flexibility, high film hardness and complete film continuity even in a very light single or priming coating which rapidly self-cures to a water-insoluble condition in the film.
Hardness of the lithium hydroxide-silica and metal pigment film may be enhanced in certain cases by suitable selection of suitable hard pigment and hard extender as fillers. Non-uniformity in film hardness, which is observed with alkali metal silicate binder, is not encountered with the coating composition of the invention.
An outstanding and unique characteristic of the lithium hydroxide-colloidal silica binder of the invention is its quick self-curing characteristic to a state of waterinsolubility in the presence of finely divided metal pigment. This characteristic makes unnecessary the addition of curing agents or after treatment of the coating with additional curing agents; in the absence of curing agents and for ordinary outdoor use, the present binder-metal composition can be applied to give a single finish coating, pigmented as desired, with excellent common resisting characteristics for underlying metal. This single coating exhibits good abrasion resistance, exce l lefit'resistanceto al SE9.I .d-i1i1m 0f climate and weather, excellentresistance 6 salt water when: sprayto be eminentlysuitable for exposure to the elements at marine installations or for protection in chemical plants wherein only mild chemicals come into contact with the coating. Completely cured thin films (0.3-3 mils) as well as thick films (6-20 mils) are readily obtained.
In the form of metal pigmented inorganic paint, the film-forming binder becomes insoluble and resistant to water in a matter of minutes after application i078 metal I I n I a a mw-n-o base; this initial self-curing reaction taking place in a M u u The self-curing action continues for at least several hours after the initial stage and proceeds up to several months in some cases. The chemistry of the curing reaction is not well understood, but it is believed that the insolubilization of the film takes place in two rather distinct stages:
(1) A stage of evaporation to eliminate the aqueous vehicle which proceeds rapidly.
lithiumoxide-silica ratios of 1:3 to 1:5 unusual hardness flexibility and toughness are achieved and excellent corrosion protection is observed, especially for ferrous metal. At these ratios, the film self-cures even in thin coatings (2) A stage of chemical reaction of lithium hydroxide and ,results an extfemely desirable chfimicauy and colloidal silica binder with the metal Protecting physically resistant coating. These characteristics are had ment which Proceeds SW1y throughout the range of 1:3 to 1:5 as shown in Table I. It is noted that lithium salts of weak acids, such as L TH UM YROX E-COLLOIDAL SILICA BIND- silicic acid are much more insoluble than are the cor- 10 ER ORM O EFFECT OF Li O/SiO responding silicates of sodium and potassium or other MOLAR RATIO Table 1 Solutions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Colloidal Silica Solids 0 0 30 30 30 33 30 30 Water 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 Lithium Hydroxide-.- 2 4 6 8 9 10 12 14 Molar Ratio Liz0:Si0:- 1:20.8 1:10.4 1:7 1:5.2 1:4.6 1:4.2 1:3.5 1:3
Increasing ratio of Lii0) linity in the aqueous paint being due to the alkali metal hydroxide used as stabilizer.
In the second stage of chemical reaction by insolubilization, the inorganic binder and pigment ingredients in the film react slowly and continue to react slowly over a In the above table, sample 1 is the control. Samples 2-9 were all superior to the control for making water resistant self-curing films.
Samples 2 and 3 do not harden as rapidly on air drying as samples 49. However, sample 2 represented a distinct improvement in quality of film over the control sample, sample 1.
For each lithium hydroxide-silica ratio there is a maximum quantity of metal pigment such as red lead or zinc dust which can be bound. With lower concentrations of the lithium alkali this amount of zinc is not always sufiicient to prevent pinpoint corrosion and these variations are demonstrated in Tables II and III below.
Outstanding rates of hardening were noted for ratios of 124.6 and higher.
period of as long as several months to form a complex inter-linked, insoluble film. The lithium silicate ingredient and the metal pigment such as zinc combine with carbonates and silicates, which are present in the chemically insolubilized film.
In the case of lead being present as the metal pigment, lead reacts with the lithium hydroxide and colloidal silica ingredients and appears to be present in the complex in the form of an added insoluble lead oxide or complex salt with silica. That the chemical reaction occurs is indicated not only by the fact that the film becomes much harder, tougher and more adherent with time, but also by the fact that the film gradually changes in color after drying, the color changes continuing over long time periods.
PROPORTIONS OF LITHIUM HYDROXIDE TO COL- LOIDAL SILICA IN THE COATING COMPOSITION Table I below illustrates critical factors in lithium hydroxide-colloidal silica proportions.
Highly favorable film binding and working properties are obtained with binder having a molecular ratio of lithium oxide to silica of at least about 1:40 and up to 122.5. In the presence of zinc the upper limit is preferably 1:3.5. In the presence of aluminum the upper limit preferably 1:5.0. The coating shown in-Table I below based on samples 3-9 were outstanding on steel. At
By critical examination of the films, it was determined that the initial hardness of the films goes up with increasing alkali content while the porosity drops. Although these films are all substantially insoluble after 24-48 hours and will withstand immersion in neutral aqueous solutions, water tends to dilfuse along the surfaces at rates governed by the continuity of the coating.
EFFECT OF METAL PIGMENT IN MINIMUM AMOUNT IN ALKALI STABILIZED LITHIUM HYDROXIDE-COLLOIDAL SILICA FORMULA- TION For each lithium hydroxide-silica ratio there is a maxi mum quantity of metal pigment which can be bound .such as for example, red lead or zinc dust. With lower concentrations of lithium hydroxide, the amount of zinc may not always be sufiicient to prevent pinpoint corrosion and spotting. Thus, the amount of lithium hydroxide as well as the amount of metal pigment are interrelated.
Best results in eliminating the spots and pinpoint corrosion occur when the ratio of lithium hydroxide monohydrate to silica is 1:3 or higher (Li O:SiO =1:4.2). At these levels of lithium silicate binder the minimum amount of zinc dust which is needed to eliminate pinpoints of corrosion is 450 parts in parts of aqueous binder. The maximum amount of zinc which can be satisfactorily bound is about 800 parts, and this is demonstrated in Table III below:
form of dispersed particles having a particle size of 1 to 100 millimicrons and having the alkali as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide substantially all outside of the silica particles.
The colloidal silica used in the foregoing and following examples of the tables is composed of 29 to 31% SiO about 2.5 to about 0.3% Na O or K 0 and a maximum of 0.15% sulfates as Na SO and is obtainable commercially in the form of a water slurry containing about solids. The alkali stabilizer may be present in amounts up to about 4% as Na O or K 0. The silica particles in colloidal silica are extremely small, ranging from about 0.01 to 0.03 micron in maximum dimension.
The colloidal silica used herein is described in detail in US. Patent Nos. 2,244,325, issued June. 3, 1941; 2,574,902, issued November 13, 1951, and 2,597,872, issued May 27, 1952, and may be prepared by passing alkali metal silicate through an ion exchange resin to remove the alkali as described in U.S. Patent No.
for the SiO sol to prevent condensation of the SiO particles.
A number of types of alkali stabilized colloidal silica which may be used are listed as follows:
Trade Name Solids pH Ludox H 30. 0 9. 8 Ludox LS 30. 0 8. 4 Syton C-30 30. 0 9. 8 Syton 0-15 15.0 9.8 Nalcoag 1015... 15. 0 8. 6 Naleoag 1030 30.0 10. 2 Nalcoag 1035-.. 35.0 8. 6 Nalcoag 1050 50.0 9. 0
To colloidal commercial silica sol listed above, a solution of lithium hydroxide is added and these components react to form a soft gel which breaks down to a slightly cloudy solution after agitation and heating. The change in character of the colloidal silica component is seen by casting thin films on glass plates and comparing them with films from colloidal silica sols and low alkaline silicate solutions respectively. As the lithium hydroxide content increases from a control of no addition, the precipitated particles in dried films go from discontinuous curled platelets (no alkali) to a continuous cohesive film (high alkali). The intermediate concentrations produce films with properties lying between the two extremes.
If the lithium hydroxide content is too low, the colloidal nature of the silica will be exaggerated. This is probably due to the lithium hydroxide diifusing from the silica, leaving the latter in a more rigid state where shrinkage forces exceed cohesive forces. Small amounts of alkali in the form of NaOH or KOH may be added to stabilize the lithium hydroxide colloidal silica in amounts expressed as Na O or K 0 up to about 4% by weight of the water present.
ZINC PIGMENTED FORMULATIONS FOR ANTI-CORROSION COATINGS The following Table IV indicates proportions of preferrcd in situ formulations of colloidal silica, lithium hydroxide and zinc dust which make satisfactory self-curing films in accordance with the invention.
Table IV Weight Weight Lithium Li O/SiOz, M01 Weight Silica ater Hydrltlaxiidetlviono- Ratio Wefght Zinc Dust y a e .88+8.71 NaOH-.- 14.03 (1 =.121 450-800 (typical LiOH-Hg0 mixed silicate formula).
+.879 NaOH).
2,244,325. If all of the alkali is removed from the silicate, the resulting sols are not stable, but they can be stabilized by adding a small amount of alkali such as N320 or K 0.
The silica-alkali ratio varies in commercially available colloidal silica from about :1 to about 130:1, the dispersion containing discrete silica particles, having a molecular weight, as determined by light scattering of more than one-half million. It has a relative viscosity, at 10% SiO from 1.15 to 1.55 and generally contains from 20 to 35% by weight of SiO:.
The alkali present in colloidal silica is not uniformly distributed throughout the Si0 particles as it is in conventional silicate such as water glass but is substantially The formulae below the line in Table IV hardened much more rapidly than those above the line.
The formulations summarized in foregoing Table IV utilize zinc dust having the following particle size disribu ion: w
The particle size distribution of the zinc dust is such all outside the SiO particles and acts as a stabilizer as to substantially eliminate large particles above 20 9 microns in size since large particles present in substantial proportion more than 10%, causes cracking of the film on drying.
In the formulation shown in the above table, when the mol ratio of lithium oxide to silica goes beyond 1:35, the mixture of binder and zinc will not harden rapidly enough on air drying to meet the strict requirements for self-curing rapid hardening anti-corrosion coatmgs.
Graphite may be incorporated into the paint at a concentration of 1% by weight of the zinc dust which is present without degrading, in any material respect, the film properties which are achieved. Its inclusion appears to enhance the conductivity of the zinc-filled coating.
DECORATIVE PIGMENTS IN LITHIUM HYDROXIDE-COLLOIDAL SILICA COATINGS The invention includes pigmented lithium hydroxidecolloidal silica paints free from protective metal pigment and pigmented with bright inorganic pigments as illustrated in Table V below.
Highly useful lithium hydroxide-colloidal silica paints pigmented with common decorative pigments can be made in accordance with the typical formulations set out in Table V below. Because the usual pigments are of uniform and ultrafine particle size, relatively coarse Red lead can be used to replace up to about 16% of filler may be added to avoid cracking of the film.
Table V Weight Wt Color Pigment Weight Weight g f ag Liio sioi. Wt. 0-1000 sioi Water Mole Ratio Pig. lyr a hydrate Green (Chromic Oxide green pigment). 190 8.97 1 4. 67 175 85 Red (Oxide Red Mapico 297) 30 190 8.97 1 4. 67 175 White (Titanox A-WD) 30 234 8.97 1 4. 67 42 Zinc Oxide (Horsehead XX-503 grade) 46 Zinc Oxide (Kadox 15 grade) 11 the zinc with substantially no significant loss of cathodic metal. One advantage of adding red lead is its inhibition of hydrogen gas formation and another advantage is the factor of lower filler cost.
Inert fillers such as mica and barytes can also be substituted in part for the zinc, but must be used in limited proportions since excessive amounts tend to detract from the anodic properties of the zinc protective agent. In amounts up to 15% of the zinc the filler can be used to decrease tendency toward cracking when the zinc dust does not containenough large particlesin the 3-12 micron range and the inert fillers also provide lower raw material cost.
The fillgs which by testing show the best advantages are very fine 1%, known as grade C-1000 mica and coarse barytes.
In the foregoing Table IV, the compositions have been illustrated with zinc dust, with mixtures of zinc and red lead, mixtures of zinc and graphite, mixtures of zinc and mica, and mixtures of zinc and barytes.
Following is a description of aluminum lithium silicate composition which were tested in Florida marine atmosphere and found to be very satisfactory. Examination of the filmafter one weeks exposure showed that it was insoluble and reasonably hard. A faint white efilorescence was noted by close inspection of the surface, but it could not be seen at a distance beyond several feet. This coating composition provided outstanding protection for the exteriors of storage tanks, particularly in coastal locations where the tanks were exposed to salt air from the nearby ocean.
ALUMINUM PIGMENT FORMULATION FOR OUTDOOR EXPOSURE The aluminum powder used here is Meta'ls Disintegrating Companys MD 5100 which is defined in Fed. Spec.
In the foregoing Tables I-V and other examples, the metal protecting pigment is exemplified with zinc dust and with aluminum flake. There may also be used powdered lead having a particle size varying from about 1 micron to about 15 microns, preferably an average size of about 8-10 microns, the proportion of powdered lead to binder varying from about 20 to about 40 parts per part of colloidal lithium silicate.
When lead is used, as in the case with zinc pigment such finely divided pigment and extender compounds as lead oxide, lead dioxide, lead chromate, zinc oxide, iron oxide and aluminum oxide may be added in amounts up to 15% of the lead to replace part of the lead. Here the benefit of additional protection or inhibition against hydrogen gas formation is supplied in the paint containing the compounds of lead, e.g., lead oxide, red lead, LapP e at. 2 Q 9 -2e i9 s-. i Jang eithefinely divided extender, the blgnfidii g f tlggetal pigment 1 e indefirlajbii rmgyg 0 illustrate, either zinc or aluminum dust havm a article sizgxange W081i be blended with inert extender such as mica, 1 amum dioxide, zinc oxide, chromic oxide, alumina, barytes,iron oxide, etc. in a coarser particle range of from about 6-40 microns. Since the extender has a substantial fraction of coarser particles above 12. microns in diameter, it helps distribute the finer metal particles. The coarser extender may be used to advantage with finer particle size protective metal pigment to enhance the covering characteristics and flexibility of the metal pigment.
Since the binder, metal pigment, auxiliary anti-corrosion metal oxide, fiexibilizers such as mica or barytes and extender of the present coating arm wholly inorganic, the film is unaffected by organic solvents or by liquid water after the film is cured. Thus, the film is also wholly unaffected by ultraviolet light, by changes in humidity, by neutral inorganic salts, by water vapor and by organic solvents. It is accordingly, very useful in providing resistance against organic chemicals such as petroleum hydrocarbons, toluol, ether, xylol, ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.
If softening of the film occurs in a freshly applied coating due to contact or immersion in water, this softening characteristic quickly disappears after the coating has been completely cured by standing.
By using water resistant filler, the softening can be diminished. However, it is desirable that the coatings 11 first be set in a substantially completely water-resistant state.
If conditions of humidity or moisture are such that the normal self-curing action of the present coating composition is not rapid enough to suit the requirements which are to be met, or if water sensitive filler is employed which delays self-curing beyond that which can be tolerated, acid salts or dilute mineral or organic acids may be used in aqueous solution as curing agents which appear to accelerate the self-curing mechanism of the binder of the invention. Illustrative examples of such acids are dilute (e.g., 20%) solutions of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid or {acid salts of strong mineral acids such as sodium bisulfate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate. However, it is ob- ;served that for most cases, the use of this type of acid main advantage of the binder in the coating of the invention.
The fact that the highly anti-corrosive protection is provided in but a single coating acting as the finished coating and having very valuable properties of abrasion resistance, hardness, chemical resistance, weathering resistance in this single continuously covered finish coating, even in thin films, provides an important commercial advantage leading to commercial preference for the coating of the invention as compared to other inorganic coatings which are commercially available.
We claim:
1. An inorganic protective coating composition for metal surfaces which is self-curing at room temperature consisting essentially of water as a dispersing medium and a film-forming binder consisting of lithium hydroxide and alkali stabi ed co oidal silica having-a particle size of about 1 to about 100 millimicrons, the molar ratio of lithium hydroxide expressed as lithium oxide to colloidal silica, on a dry weight basis, being about 1:40 up to about 1:2.5 and from about 1 part up to about 25 parts of a finely divided metal pigment per part of said binder, said pigment being reactive with said binder and selected from the group consisting of zinc dust, 'powdered. lead and aluminum flake, there being present from about 0.3% to about 4% by weight of alkali as Na 0 and K 0 in said stabilized colloidal silica, the proportion by weight of said reactive pigment to said film-forming binder being at least 1:1 for the lightest density reactive pigment and varying up to a maximum of about 25: 1.
2. An inorganic protective coating composition for a metal surface consisting essentially of a film-forming binder consisting of lithium hydroxide and alkali stabilized colloidal silica having a particle size of about 1 to about 100 millimicrons, the molar ratio of lithium hydroxide expressed as lithium oxide to colloidal silica, on a dry weight basis, being about 1:40 up to about 1:2.5 and at least about 1 part of a finely divided metal pigment per part of said binder, said pigment being less than 15 microns in size and being reactive with said binder and selected from the group consisting of zinc dust, powdered lead and aluminum flake, the proportion by weight of said reactive pigment to said film-forming binder being at least about 1:1 for the lightest density reactive pigment and varying up to 25:1 for heavier density reactive pigment.
3. A coating composition as claimed in claim 1 incorporating a decorative pigment consisting of an oxide se- 12 lected from the group consisting of chromic oxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide and lead oxide. M
4. A coating composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein said reactive metal pigment is zinc.
5. A coating composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein said reactive metal pigment is aluminum.
6. A coating composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein said reactive metal pigment is lead.
7. A coating composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein said molar ratio of lithium oxide to silica is from 1:40 to 1:3 and said reactive metal is zinc.
8. A coating composition as claTm'd in claim 2 wherein there is present an extender in an amount up to 15% of said reactive metal pigment.
9. A coating composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein there is also present a finely divided coloring pigment having a coarser particle size than said metal pigment in the range of from 6 microns to 40 microns particle size.
10. A decorative coating composition as claimed in claim 9 wherein the molar ratio of Li O to SiO is about 1 to 4.67 and in which mica is also present.
11. A coating composition as claimed in claim 9 wherein carbon black is the coloring pigment which is present.
12. A coating composition as claimed in claim 9 wherein said coarser coloring pigment includes barytes.
13. A coating composition as claimed in claim 9 wherein graphite is the coloring pigment which is present.
14. A coating composition as claimed in claim 9 wherein coloring pigment is titanium dioxide.
15. A composition afilifified in claim 9 including a gag as an extender.
16. A method of making an aqueous inorganic, selfcuring coating composition adapted to protect metal surfaces against corrosion consisting essentially of adding lithium hydroxide solution to alkali stabilized colloidal silica of a particle size of about 1 to about 100 millimicrons, said colloidal silica being stabilized with from about 0.3 to about 4.0% of alkali metal hydroxide selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, these expressed as Na O and K 0, respectively, by weight of the water present in the mixture, adjusting the molar ratio of lithium hydroxide expressed as Li O to colloidal silica to a value lying between about 1:40 up to 1:2.5, and mixing to form a selfcuring binder and adding a reactive metal pigment to said self-curing binder whereby initial hardening of the binder at room temperature occurs mainly by evaporation on drying and said hardening continues after drying at room temperature by interaction of the binder ingredients and said reactive metal, said reactive pigment being selected from the group consisting of zinc dust, powdered lead and aluminum flake, the proportion by weight of said reactive pigment to said film-forming binder being at least 1:1 for the lightest density reactive pigments and extending up to a maximum of about 25:1.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Nightingall et al May 4, 1948 McDonald Nov. 27, 1951 Drummond Oct. 2, 1956 Seidl Apr. 4, 1961 Munger Aug. 29, 1961 OTHER REFERENCES
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|International Classification
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text:
Pathfinder Player Companion: Magic Tactics Toolbox (PFRPG)
Pathfinder Flip-Mat: Bigger Dungeon
Legendary Hybrids: Kinetic Shinobi (PFRPG) PDF
Path of War Expanded (PFRPG)
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Schlock Mercenary: Tub of Happiness
Taylor Corporation
Welcome to Tagon's Toughs, a mercenary company whose newest recruit is almost as much trouble as the new owners. They want to revolutionize space travel. Schlock just wants to hurt people and break things.
This 240-page volume takes the reader back to the very start of Schlock Mercenary, and then some. It opens with nine pages of all-new strips telling the story of how Schlock came to enlist, and then forges onward chronologically from the very first strip. It also includes concept sketches, commentary, excellent guest art, deck plans for the Kitesfear.
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2 of 3 people found the following review helpful
Looks like a old-fashioned book cover,
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Little Britain and Tracey Emin raise funds for THT
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As Del Boy would say, a nice little earner to add to the £12,000,000-plus a year the THT rakes in from the government and donations from the likes of the pharmaceutical industry (no conflict of interest there then), et al. But of course we must upkeep our lush new central London offices acquired for several millions two years ago, not to mention our fleet of executive cars, the topping up of the war chest needed to continue swallowing up smaller charities in order to strengthen our market dominance, and the many 'perks' that go hand in hand with being the arch commercialisors of, and cheerleaders for, HIV. Naturally, the celebrity luvvies who donate to this charade don't look further than the kudos and fashionability that they perceive "giving to charity" (sic) affords them. Poor dears, how out of touch and short-sightedly virtuous can you be?
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Hughes reveals how Warner's breaking Test stereotype inspired his 'renaissance'
Sydney: Phil Hughes, who has been named in the Australia Test squad for the first Test match against Sri Lanka in Hobart, has revealed how David Warner's smashing stereotype inspired his Test rebirth.
Hughes will join forces with Warner in the first Test against Sri Lanka in Hobart later this week, a year after cricket`s version of trading places left one in the game`s back blocks.
Hughes, now tipped to take Shane Watson`s spot at No.3, wants to be known as a technically sound, 360-degree run-scorer who can succeed across all forms just as Warner has shaken typecasting as a pure Twenty20 slugger.
"He was stereotyped, but is good in all forms and can take away a game in an hour from the opposition, that is how dangerous Davey is," News.com.au quoted Hughes, as saying.
"Dave is always on the go, good to have around and brings a lot to any team he plays in. Dave and I have played a lot of cricket together since juniors for New South Wales. He is an outstanding player, I know him well," he added.
The prospect of Warner, Cowan and Hughes united in Australia`s top order appeared remote last December, and it was a bitter pill for Hughes to swallow, having opened with Warner in the Blues`` 2009 Champions League title win and 2010-11 Shield final.
Hughes said: "It was tough, but that is how it was. I knew all I had to do was score runs in both forms and this summer I have been the most consistent," said Hughes.
While Warner has become a million-dollar earner across all formats for Australia, Hughes`s rousing 74 from 48 deliveries for the Strikers against Perth Scorchers, 323 domestic one-day runs at 80.75 and a Sheffield Shield average of 51.8 for South Australia this season secured a Test recall and reputation for free-scoring.
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