text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|May 20, 1969
|Filing date
|Oct 21, 1965
|Priority date
|Oct 21, 1965
|Publication number
|Mcdonnell Robert William, Schaafsma Bernard Richard
|Original Assignee
|Colgate Palmolive Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (3), Classifications (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent 3,445,242 GELATIN DESSERT MIX TABLET AND PROCESS Robert William McDonnell, West Englewood, and Bernard Richard Schaafsma, Chatham, N.J., assignors to Colgate-Palmolive Company, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Oct. 21, 1965, Ser. No. 500,158 Int. Cl. A23 1/00, 3/00 U.S. Cl. 99-130 8 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A readily soluble, breakage resistant gelatin dessert mix tablet having an inner core of compressed gelatin dessert mix granules with a moisture content of 1.8 to 3.5% by weight and a hardened outer coating of compressed gelatin dessert mix, produced by (a) adding water to powdered gelatin dessert mix to adjust the moisture content thereof to 1.8 to 3.5%, thereby rendering said powder sticky and causing agglomeration into granules; (b) compressing the moistened mixture at a pressure of 200 to 1200 p.s.i.g.; (c) moistening the surface of the compressed tablet with water and (d) drying the moistened, compressed tablet to remove water to form a surface-hardened tablet.
This invention relates to gelatin desserts and more particularly to such desserts in tablet or wafer form. Specifically, this invention relates to a new and useful method for formation of compacted gelatin desserts which are easily soluble but do not tend to crumble or disintegrate during normal packaging and handling processes.
The use of gelatin desserts has for many years provided the housewife a quick and satisfactory method for eliminating the drudgery of complex dessert preparation. However, the gelatin industry has for a large number of years attempted to simplify the basic technique of utilization of these compositions by providing individual serving packets or compressed tablets containing only sufiicient quantities for such servings. The former technique has not met with success.
It has been proposed to form gelatin dessert tablets from gelatin dessert mixes containing substantial quantities of water, for example percent by weight and more. However, when such mixes are compressed into tablet form, it is necessary thereafter to remove a substantial quantity of water in order to provide tablets suitably dry for use.
Not to be confused with such gelatin dessert tablets and the novel gelatin dessert tablets of this invention, are methods for tableting of gelatin powder per se. In such methods, pressures of the order of 20,000 to 30,000 pounds per square inch are used.
The present invention involves a method to produce a gelatin dessert tablet which will not flake or chip during normal handling and which will dissolve at substantially the same rate as the standard powdery mixes when placed in hot water. The method is one in which excessive tableting pressures and special manufacturing equipment are not required. In addition, the method is advantageous in that sepcial binders or other additional ingredients not found in the standard powdered gelatin dessert mixes, are not required. And the invention advantageously makes possible gelatin dessert tablets of such size as to easily form with hot water only a single serving, or multiple servings, as desired.
Accordingly, the invention involves a method comprising:
(a) adding water to a powdered gelatin dessert mix to bring the moisture content thereof to from about 1.8 to about 3.5 percent by weight, and preferably from about 2.5 to about 3 percent by weight;
(b) pressing the moistened gelatin dessert mix of (a) into tablet form with a pressure of from about 200 to about 1,200 pounds gauge (p.s.i.g.), and preferably from about 500 to about 1000 p.s.i.g.;
(c) moistening the surface of the tablet formed in (b),
whereupon the surface thereof is hardened; and
(d) drying the surface-hardened tablet formed in (0),
thereby removing water therefrom.
A novel tablet contemplated herein is a gelatin dessert tablet comprising an inner core containing a compressed gelatin dessert having a moisture content of from about 1.8 to about 3.5 percent by weight and a hardened outer coating.
As indicated above, a powdered gelatin dessert mix is used herein. Such products are well known in the art as comprising gelatin having a moisture content below about 20 percent by weight, sugar, fruit acid, flavoring, color and miscellaneous ingredients. Such powdered gelatin desserts have a moisture content of up to about 1.5.
Efforts to tablet powdered gelatin desserts of the foregoing character have been unrewarding, the powder being deficient in binding properties. Further, if sufiicient pressure to form a strong tablet is used, the tablet is not readily dissolved. However, in accordance with the present invention, it has been found that the powdered materials can be modified for pressing into satisfactory tablets. Modification is accomplished by increasing the moisture content of the powdered materials to a critical range, whereupon the modified powders are converted into suitable form for pressing.
Powdered gelatin dessert is subjected to a water atmosphere to bring the moisture content to between about 1.8 and about 3.5 percent by weight. It has been found that amounts below 1.8 percent will result in a tablet which will flake or chip even after following treatment in the present method, while amounts over about 3.5 percent will cause the formation of a relatively sticky composition which will be too wet to be fed into tablet dies. The optimum range of water content for the above purposes has been found to be from about 2.5 to about 3 percent, while amounts of about 2.7 percent in this range have been found to be most satisfactory for industry-provided powdered premixes. It has been observed that the mixture of water and gelatin dessert becomes somewhat sticky, particles agglomerate, the density of the mix decreases and the average particle size increases.
The moisture can be added by merely spraying the particles, as by spraying a powder held in a tumbling drum or on a moving belt, by subjecting a powder to steam, or by exposing a powder to high relative humidity at a slightly elevated temperature. Even distribution of moisture can be readily accomplished by utilizing a 90/90 oven (90 F./ 90% relative humidity). As contemplated herein, moisture can be added by one or a combination of such techniques.
Moistening of gelatin dessert powder increases the particle size of the gelatin charge and changes the character thereof such that it can be pressed advantageously in the new method. Particle sizes of the gelatin charge and of the moistened gelatin material are illustrated below:
SCREEN ANALYSIS OF JELLO (trademarked product AS TAKEN FROM PACKAGE (Density 0.785 gm./cc.)
Percent retained U.S. Screen No.: on screen 10 0 20 O 40 7.9 60 64.2 21.2
Percent retained U.S. Screen No.:Continued on screen 0 2.9 Pan 3.8
SAME MATERIAL AFTER ADDING WATER AND DRYING ABOUT 16 HOURS (Density 0.471 gm./ cc.)
Percent retained The following operation, pressing, can be carried out in a standard hand or continuous press with a relatively low pressure of from about 200 to about 1,200 p.s.i.g. By carrying out this pressing under such low pressures there is a very low incidence of tablet imperfection while still forming a compact mass of sufficient strength to meet the above objects. Further, by utilization of low pressures the expense of high pressure equipment is obviated. The pressing step is advantageously conducted within several hours, as within four hours, after moistening of the powder.
In view of normal handling and packaging techniques, it is desirable to moisten the surface of the compressed tablet. It has been found that water acts upon the gelatin and/or sugar present in the tablet to form a hardened outer surface, in a sense a case hardening of the tablet surface. The hardened surface renders the product chipand flake-proof even after severe handling, without aflecting its solubility in hot water. Not only is the surface case hardened, but the interior of the tablet is strengthened. The amount of water contacted with the tablet surface is sufficient to form the coating without substantially impregnating the core of the pressed tablet.
Moistening of the tablet surface can be accomplished by: spraying water on a tablet; subjecting a tablet to wet steam for a suitable time interval; etc. Of such treatments, water spray is particularly advantageous and is preferred. It is contemplated, however, to use one or a combination of such treaments to moisten the surface of a tablet.
Air drying of a surface-moistened tablet results in the setting of the surface and thereby provides an ultimate product meeting all of the desideratum. The drying can be accomplished by hot or cool air although it is desirable that the drying be conducted in hot .air to minimize drying time. Optimum drying has been found to be effected by a dehumidified warm air stream of about 120 to 150 C. for about 20 minutes.
The present invention is illustrated further by the following examples. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the specific materials or conditions set forth in the examples. All quantities are expressed in parts by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Example I 200 grams of a commercial gelatin dessert (orange flavor) was used. This had the particle size indicated above, i.e., with approximately 85 percent retained on U.S. Screen Nos. 60 and 80. The dessert used in this and the following examples had the following composition:
Percent by weight Volatile material (composed mainly of H 0 and some flavoring) Balance This mixture was placed in an oven wherein the rela tive humidity was maintained at 90% with the oven temperature at F. until the moisture content of the mix ture reached 3.0 percent by weight (2 hours.) The composition was then removed and tableted in a standard 1 /2 inch hand press under 1,000 p.s.i.g. The four resultant tablets each weighed 42 grams and immediately after pressing were subjected to a fine water mist spray for several seconds until an even coating was observed. The tablets were then air dried in a Warm, dry oven.
In one experiment involving the sequence described above, it was found that the tablets following drying had a moisture content in the range of about 1.8 to 3.5 percent by weight.
The final tablets were found not to be subject to chipping or cracking. They were crushed with compression pressures of about 40 p.s.i.g. A series of wrappings and unwrappings in cellophane produced negligible surface chipping. Upon completion of the handling tests the tablets were placed in hot water where they were completely dissolved within one minute and, after cooling in a mold, provided one serving of gelatin dessert of identical flavor to that produced from the powdered mix.
Example II In the same manner as in Example I, 200 grams of a commercial powdered strawberry gelatin was used. It, too, had the same approximate particle size and moisture content as the charge material of Example I. It was then moistened by water spraying to a moisture content of 2.8 percent. Tableting, moisture coating and air drying were accomplished as in Example I, and the resultant product showed low chipping and flaking and withstood pressures over 40 p.s.i.g. The tablets dissolved readily in hot water.
Example III A gelatin sample as in Example II was processed in an identical manner as in Example I except that the step of moistening before tableting was omitted. The resultant tablets before spraying crushed easily and were chipped during normal handling. After coating they were less subject to chipping but were easily crushed under less than 30 p.s.i.g.
Another sample as in Example II was moistened to a 1.4 percent water content, in the oven mentioned in Example I, and was tabletted as in Example I. The tablet was weak, such that it readily broke apart when handled normally.
The gelatin dessert to which this invention relates has a Bloom strength of preferably about 30 to 50 and more preferably from about 40 to 50. The Bloom strength is measured using the Bloom gelometer which measures the force, in grams, necessary to push a blunt instrument a distance of 4 mm. into a gel.
A large number of powdered gelatin desserts were investigated. No claim is made to any specific powdered gelatin composition. Such compositions are well known to the art and are described in numerous United States patents. These compositions include numerous flavors such as orange, strawberry, lime, raspberry, etc. as well as other ingredients and the optimum amount of moisture content should be determined for each composition. As pointed out above, about 2.7% has been found to be about optimum for all of the compositions prepared. Since some gelatin desserts contain less sugar than others it is within the scope of this invention to add additional sugar during either the first moistening step of the coating operation.
It is to be understood that optimum results will be achieved with different moisture contents in moistening a gelatin dessert mix within the range of from about 1.8 to about 3.5 percent by weight, depending upon the amount of water, of sugar or other ingredients present in the mix used.
It will be appreciated that various known equivalents may be substituted for the above listed illustrative components of the gelatin dessert. For example, in lieu of adipic acid, other acidulating agents such as citric, lactic, tartaric, phosphoric and fumaric acid may be employed to regulate the pH, taste and tartness of the product. In lieu of sodium citrate, other buifers such as sodium tartarate, and mixtures of mono and disodium phosphate may be employed. The sweetening agent may be any of the saccharines, or sugars such as sucrose, glucose, levulose, lactose, frustose, maltose, and mixtures thereof. The gelatin may be any of the known gelatins. Other suitable antioxidants in addition to butylated hydroxy anisole include butylated hydroxy toluene, propyl gallate and the like.
While only certain forms of the invention have been described herein, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that many minor modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of preparing an easily soluble, strong, chip-proof gelatin dessert tablet, comprising:
(a) adding sufficient water to a powdered gelatin dessert mix containing up to about 1.5% by weight of water to increase the moisture content thereof to from about 1.8 to about 3.5 percent by weight, thereby rendering the surface of said powder sticky and causing agglomeration into granules;
(b) pressing the moistened gelatin dessert mix formed in (a) at a pressure from about 200 to about 1,200 pounds per square inch into tablet form;
(c) moistening the surface of the tablet formed in (b) with water; and
(d) drying the surface-moistened tablet in (c) to remove water from said surface to form a hardened outer surface.
2. The method defined by claim 1 wherein the moisture content is increased to from about 2.5 to about 3 percent by Weight in (a).
3. The method defined by claim 1 wherein the moisture content is increased in (a) by use of an atmosphere having a relative humidity of at least about percent and a temperature of about 90 F.
4. The method defined by claim 1 wherein the moisture content is increased in (a) by use of a water spray.
5. The method defined by claim 1 wherein the particle size of a major portion of the moistened gelatin dessert mix recited in (a) is such as to be retained on U.S. Screen numbers 40 and 60.
6. The method defined by claim 1 wherein the pressure in (b) is from about 500 to about 1,000 pounds per square inch.
7. The method defined by claim 1 wherein the surface of the tablet is moistened in (c) by exposure to wet steam.
8. The method defined by claim 1 wherein the surface of the tablet is moistened in (c) by spraying with water.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,613,362 1/1927 Sheppard et a1 260-117 1,770,573 7/1930 Haavardsholm 99-130X 1,896,049 1/1933 Zeigler 99-130 OTHER REFERENCES Little: Tablet Making 1963, The Northern Publishing Co., Ltd., Liverpool, England, p. 18 (copy in Group 170).
Remingtons Practice of Pharmacy: 11th ed., 1956, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., p. 376 (copy in Group 120).
A. LOUIS MONACELL, Primary Examiner.
.T. M. HUNTER, Assistant Examiner.
U.S. Cl. X.R. 99l39
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 28, 1926
|Jan 4, 1927
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Cake of compressed gelatin powder and process of making the same
|Jun 30, 1928
|Jul 15, 1930
|Olav Haavardsholm
|Gelatin product and the process for manufacturing same
|May 28, 1930
|Jan 31, 1933
|Swift & Co
|New gelatin product and method of prepaking the same
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 1, 1987
|Mar 21, 1989
|Sanford Bolton
|Floating sustained release therapeutic compositions
|May 13, 2004
|Nov 25, 2004
|Bauman Michael N.
|Process for compression molding a dried aerated confection
|Mar 15, 2013
|Aug 15, 2013
|Amerilab Technologies, Inc.
|Effervescent composition for forming a gelled composition, tablet for forming a gelled composition, and method of making a gelled composition
|U.S. Classification
|426/454, 426/576
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Drill, an early favorite for the 2012 Kentucky Derby, drew post
position five in a field of six for Saturday's Norfolk Stakes. Bob
Baffert says the Del Mar Futurity winner is doing well for his first
race around two turns.
"He's been working good," said the Hall of Fame trainer, who has
a record five Norfolk wins on his resume. Drill is two for two after
finishing eighth following a slow start in his debut on July 30 at Del
"He didn't have blinkers on and that might have been the
reason," Baffert said. "We had to school him a lot about five days
before that race and he didn't break that day. He was back there and he
never got into it. He was just flat."
The field for the Norfolk, which is the fifth race: Super Candy,
Hector Berrios; Loukas, Patrick Valenzuela; Ruler of Dubai, Mike Smith;
Creative Cause, Joel Rosario; Drill, Martin Garcia; and Basmati, Joe
Talamo. Each carries 122 pounds.
Sheer Talent, sixth in the Del Mar Futurity after winning his
maiden race, was nominated to the Norfolk but is sidelined with "a
lingering cough and a slight temperature," trainer Dan Hendricks said.
"We had to back off on him."
Best Pal winner Creative Cause worked four furlongs at Hollywood Park Wednesday in 48.80 for trainer Mike Harrington.
In a division that has yet to identify a clear cut...
Juddmonte Farms' Arrogate had the look of somethin...
The grade 1 Gold Cup at Santa Anita runs tomorrow ...
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Ex-Satanist Details Illuminati Spiritual Plan
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In accordance with industry accepted best practices we ask that users limit their copy / paste of copyrighted material to the relevant portions of the article you wish to discuss and no more than 50% of the source material, provide a link back to the original article and provide your original comments / criticism in your post with the article.
[quote:Anonymous Coward 2312772:MV8yMDk2NTY1XzM5NTY1MDMwXzdEMURDQUE3] [quote:Anonymous Coward 44808185:MV8yMDk2NTY1XzM5NTY0OTAzXzc4NTQ5NDM0] That article is 100 and 1 percent correct. I have been researching the topic for 30 years. My library is full of books on the occult. What that article says is gospel. - See more at: http://www.henrymakow.com/ex-satanist-details-illuminati-spiritual-plan.html#sthash.01byDitw.dpuf I'll add that after thousands of hours looking at many different topics (I like to be thorough), this is exactly what I would say... [/quote] The whole fight between good and evil boils down to A Savior, Jesus Christ, that is the truth, the light and the way, and an evil side with the spirit of the antichrist that is on this earth to destroy mankind. The growth from dark seeds of sodom and egypt will recede from the mystery babylon in its destruction. The first effort is to destroy Christianity and contract to the battle royale with hopes of destroying Judaism at armageddon. Christ wins. Maybe I should post some things and scare the hell out of this group. That would be a good thing. There is a reason egypt will be totally destroyed. From biblegateway.com KJV Ezekiel 29:12 And I will make the land of Egypt desolate in the midst of the countries that are desolate, and her cities among the cities that are laid waste shall be desolate forty years: and I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and will disperse them through the countries. Notice God uses desolate twice in the passage for emphasis. [/quote]
Original Message
The goal of Satanists is to eventually have demonic spirits materialize in the guise of benevolent beings. According to a former Illuminati, they will use rituals, dimension portals and blood sacrifice.
A recurring theme in TV and movies is the concept of portals that send travelers from one dimension or universe to another.
For example, "Stargate" presented this concept as well as aliens and spiritual ascension.
Even the Smurfs wait for a specific celestial alignment in order to open a portal to our world.
A book, Rastros do Oculto, from Brazilian author, Daniel Mastral, may explain the recurrence of this theme in the media.
Mastral used to be a high ranking Satanist, bred specifically to lead the group in Brazil, but instead he turned to Christ and became an evangelical.
In the book, he states that occultism, magick and Satanism seek the opening of portals and communication with evil fallen angels, or demons.
The accumulated esoteric knowledge of the ages was passed down by demons in the form of rituals, in order to open these portals and alienate people from God, assuring their damnation. Misery likes company.
The author tells us that in Ancient Egypt, Satan promised an alliance to a few. These people, who became the Mystery School members, are known as the Brotherhood of the "Children of the Fire".
According to Mastral, there are two kinds of portals: portals to the body and portals to Earth.
Portals to the body allow demons to interact and control humans.
The most basic ritual is channeling, where a medium lets a spirit talk through his mouth, dispensing counseling and commands.
Blood sacrifices, symbols, music, drugs and special meditation permit a higher level of demonic attachment and consequently, more spiritual powers to the follower.
These powers are the classic occult tricks of divination, telepathy (in fact messages delivered by demons), creation of fire, telekinesis, etc. These are not enhancements on the individual, but merely deeds done by spirits to look like the person has "evolved".
Much of the doctrine of chakras and the awakening of the kundalini spirit (total demonization) is in truth opening of bodily portals to demons.
More advanced followers can leave their bodies and perform astral projection, where they move around in their spirits, while their bodies are resting.
In this condition, they can also visit and interact with demonic spirits.
The whole hierarchy in Satanism depends on power and the level of the demon who is "residing" with the person, his protector.
Usually people with long family ties with the occult have the most powerful demons by their sides. Strong demons can indeed inflict disease and create accidents, and fights among satanists are common.
Fortunately, they can't harm true Christians, who are protected by the Holy Spirit and angels from God.
Portals to Earth are more complicated. According to Mastral, reality is comprised of nine dimensions which overlap in space but are separated in practice.
He gives us the metaphor of an elevator. Spirits from more elevated dimensions can go down to lower floors, but no one can go up.
We live in the fourth dimension. Below us there are several powerful demons who have been imprisoned by God as judgement. Lucifer is the only evil spirit to visit the ninth and highest plane.
Some portals are temporary and some, the most important ones, are permanent. Temporary portals depend on exact timing and special alignment of the dimensions, and this knowledge is beyond our science or perception.
That's why occultists obsess with numerology, gematria and astrology; for these are the tools that allow the calculations to be performed in order to profit from the portals to contact high level spirits.
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A 16-year-old prostitute was picked up in Manurewa and raped at knifepoint over the weekend, police have said.
The case comes following a weekend sting in an area notorious for underage prostitution where police say even teens not working as sex-workers are being approached by men cruising for sex.
Counties Manukau central acting crime manager Inspector Richard Wilkie said police were investigating allegations the teenager was forced to have sex at knifepoint after being picked up in Northcrest on Sunday and driven to Sykes Rd.
Detective Inspector Mark Gutry said she did not suffer serious physical injuries.
Police had a description of the offender's vehicle and were following strong leads.
Gutry said such incidents were not common but did happen.
Police are trying to deter underage prostitutes from working around Northcrest and Southmall for their own safety. Prostitutes must be 18 to legally work in New Zealand.
"Look what happens on the Sunday, one of them gets taken away at knife point.
"The group we're targeting is the young, underage people that are coming out and thinking this could be the life for them. We're going to say, no, this isn't the life for you and try and put them into care and back out doing something other than this."
Police, Child Youth and Family, the Prostitute's Collective and the local business association were involved in the weekend's operation - the second in the past month.
As a result, Wilkie said another suspected underage prostitute, also 16, was taken off the street and placed in Child Youth and Family care.
Two sex workers were arrested for breach of bail and trespass, while five unaccompanied youths aged 13 to 15 were taken from an internet café late at night and placed in CYF care.
Wilkie said teens who were not prostitutes were being approached by those seeking them, and although there was no evidence any had been picked up yet it was "only one step away".
"We don't want them getting picked up in the wrong area at the wrong time by the wrong people," he said.
"It's a whole community approach and really it's not to try and get the kids scared of us its just to try and point out to them the risk that they put themselves at being out at that time of night. Some of them are prostituting but a lot of them are out just hanging around."
The Prostitutes Collective was involved to try and convince sex workers there were safer ways to ply their trade, Wilkie said.
"To prevent this we get them off the street, we get them educated and we get them away from that area. It's small steps but we're going to get there."
Wilkie said they were having some success and there were fewer younger people selling themselves compared with last year, particularly during the Rugby World Cup.
The presence of authorities would also drive away their customers.
- Auckland Now
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If you know people with name Misbah or have name Misbah, please write down your opinion about "What is the meaning of my name Misbah".
is a Malaysian footballer who is a defender for KL PLUS FC. He is a member of the Malaysia national football team. He is still a favourite among Negeri Sembilan FA supporters. He won the Malaysia FA Cup with Negeri Sembilan FA in 2003, and is widely considered as one of the better Malaysian defenders in recent years.
Baby boy name meaning Lamp
Light in Arabic. Misbah also named in French, Hindu, Sindhi for boy . We have received lots of suggestion from our website users on baby names. We are thankful for all the contribution on meaning of boy name Misbah. What does the name Misbah mean in other origin if you know then please suggest. Further suggestion or detail on what is the meaning of name Misbah. History of name and famous personality with Misbah will help to update our database and other website users.
List of Arabic baby names, Arabic baby boy names (male), girl names (female) & Arabic names meanings has been compiled from various resources. Please use this list of Arabic baby names only for reference/idea to name your kid/child. Database of baby names has been compiled from various references and suggestions provided by our web site visitors and resources partners.
Meaning of Misbah in Arabic origin/culture for Boy name with history and fame details.


text:
The International Cargo Handling Coordination Association reminded shippers and forwarders that the container weighing rule will go into effect Friday, with no three-month grace period as some have mistakenly understood.
The shipment management software provider officially launched its verified gross mass submission tool, which allows shippers and freight forwarders to use a centralized point to provide the verified container weight data to their carriers.
A.P. Moller-Maersk Group's oil unit lost a bid for the renewal of its 25-year involvement in the Al Shaheen offshore field when the current agreement expires in July 2017.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Taiwanese ocean carrier Yang Ming Transport Corp. named former Evergreen Line executive Bronson Hsieh as its new chairman.
However, the International Maritime Organization's Maritime Safety Committee said there should be no delay in the implementation of the verified gross mass rule.
The U.S. Coast Guard bulletin regarding compliance with the International Maritime Organization's verified gross mass requirement "seems to allow for more flexibility," says Federal Maritime Commission Chairman Mario Cordero.


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Avalanche rescue caught on tape Add to ...
Featuring video from CTVNews.ca
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A Washington man who was buried alive by an avalanche is telling his story and showing the amazing rescue that was caught on tape.
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Patent pools offer open source a new incentive--and a new source of power
It's been talked about for years, and now there are well-endowed and well-researched organizations claiming to offer open source software some protection from patent lawsuits. The very announcement of these efforts--even before they have a chance to prove successful--are an historical watershed for open source and free software. For the first time you get back something tangible for open-sourcing. And this leads to another key change in the terrain: it now becomes critical how "open source" is defined, and who has the power to define it.
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Review: Linux Mint 18 (Sarah)
If you were looking to jump the Ubuntu ship completely, then we recommend taking a look at our recent Review of Fedora 24. It's equally as good as Mint 18 and equally worthy of your consideration. Between Linux Mint 18 and Fedora 24, we reckon it's exciting times in the Linux world. With the exception and onset of the boring world of vanilla Ubuntu releases, Linux feels reinvigorated and fresh once again. Jump on board, because it can only get better from here.
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Virginia Falls To Virginia Tech, 16-6
David Watford led the Cavaliers with 122 yards in the air, while Kevin Parks had 105 yards on the ground on Saturday.
UVA Football at Pittsburgh
Cavaliers Open ACC Play on the Road
Football vs. Notre Dame (by Matt Riley & Kelsey Grant)
Cavaliers upset bid falls short to No. 9 Fighting Irish after Notre Dame takes the lead in closing seconds.
Virginia vs. Miami - UTSI
Virginia vs. Miami - UTSI
Virginia vs. No. 9 Clemson - UTSI
Virginia vs. No. 9 Clemson - UTSI
Football vs. Georgia Tech (by Matt Riley)
Football vs. Georgia Tech (by Matt Riley)
2015 - Appeared in all 12 of UVA's games with five starts ... caught two balls for 46 yards and one touchdown against No. 9 Notre Dame ... recorded one-catch games against William & Mary and Boise State ... caught two balls for 18 yards at Pitt ... lone catch against Syracuse went for 12 yards on a third down play, giving UVA a first down at the Orange's 30-yard line on the drive UVA tied the game with time expiring ... caught two passes for 26 yards at Miami ... caught one pass for eight yards on a crucial third down at Louisville ... caught three passes for 27 yards in an eight-point win over Duke. 2014 - Appeared in all 12 games with three starts ... started the Georgia Tech, Florida State and Miami games ... finished the season with 13 catches for 138 yards ... caught three passes for 21 yards at No. 21 BYU ... caught one pass for 19 yards against Kent State ... made two catches for 23 yards against North Carolina ... made three catches for 36 yards at Georgia Tech ... grabbed two receptions for 36 yards at Virginia Tech. 2013 - Started seven of the eight games he played in ... made 20 catches for 282 receiving yards and one touchdown ... the 282 receiving yards are the most by a UVa true freshman wide receiver since Billy McMullen had 483 receiving yards in 1999 ... the 20 receptions tie teammate Darius Jennings (2011) for the most by a UVa true freshman wide receiver since McMullen's 28 catches in 1999 ... was slated to redshirt season before making collegiate debut against Ball State ... fifth on the team with 282 receiving yards despite missing the first four games of the season ... had three catches for 46 yards in his first game against Ball State ... had one reception for 25 yards against Duke ... had a career-high 77 receiving yards against Clemson ... made a career-high five receptions against Clemson and North Carolina ... scored first career touchdown on pass from Greyson Lambert at North Carolina ... made at least one reception in all eight games in which he appeared.
Wide receiver at A.L. Brown High School for head coach Mike Newsome ... in 2012, made 41 catches for 535 yards and five touchdowns ... ranked as MaxPreps.com's No. 25 wide receiver ... member of the 2012 Carolina All-Gridiron team ... represented the North team in the Shrine Bowl of the Carolinas ... as a junior in 2011, caught 39 passes for 795 yards and nine touchdowns ... a three-star performer by 247sports, ESPN.com, Scout.com and Rivals.com.
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Summer Buildup Begins in EarnestMen's Basketball6/28/16The Virginia men's basketball team, which will travel to Spain in August, held its first practice of the summer Tuesday at JPJ.O'Leary Takes Unusual Path to OlympicsWomen's Rowing6/27/16Meghan O'Leary, who played softball and volleyball at UVA, will represent the United States in rowing at the Olympics this summer.Tiffany Plans to Push Pace at UVAMen's Lacrosse6/21/16New men's lacrosse coach Lars Tiffany comes to Virginia from Brown, which went 16-3 and led the nation in scoring this season.
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Golden Rules at Instructs
Cubs 2010 2nd round draft pick Reggie Golden slugged a two-run HR over the LF scoreboard and onto 8th Street to give the Cubs a 5-3 lead in the bottom of the 6th, but the Brew Crew rallied for four in the 8th as the Cubs and Brewers played to a 7-7 tie in the Cubs 2010 AZ Instructional League opener at Fitch Park Field #3 in Mesa this afternoon.
There are 47 Cubs minor leaguers participating in Instructs at Fitch Park (22 pitchers, five catchers, 12 infielders, and eight outfielders), including eight players who are making their U. S. debut after spending the 2010 season playing in the Dominican Summer League, four draft picks and one non-drafted free-agent who signed too late to get into game action in August, and one Korean bonus baby. Also among the 47 is Cubs 3B prospect Josh Vitters, who is at Instructs rehabbing his broken hand and preparing for play in the Arizona Fall League next month.
Two of the newcomers made their pro debut in today's game, as LHP Casey Harman (2010 29th round draft pick out of Clemson) threw 1.1 IP of hitless shutout ball, walking one while striking out two, and catcher Max Kwan (2010 NDFA - U. of Washington) went 1-3 with a single and an RBI.
Harman was Clemson's #1 starter ("Friday night starter") in 2010 and beat #1 ranked Arizona State at the College World Series in June. Although he was selected in the 29th round, Harman received a $150,000 bonus (equivalent to "5th round" money) when he signed with the Cubs at the August 16th deadline.
Kwan suffered through an injury-plagued college career at Tulane and then later at Washington, but he has good size for a catcher (6'3 220), and helps provide depth at the catching position going into the 2011 season.
The Cubs will be playing a 21-game AZ instructional League schedule, with the last game on October 16th (they play every day Monday-Saturday up through 10/16, with no games on Sundays).
Here is today's abridged box score (Cubs players only)
1. Evan Crawford, DH-RF: 1-4 (L-5, 2B, 4-3, 1B, HBP)
2a. Pin-Chieh Chen, 2B: 0-3 (6-3, 4-3, E5, CS)
2b. Gioskar Amaya, 2B: 0-2 (4-6-3 GIDP, K)
3. Micah Gibbs, C-DH: 0-3 (K, F-7, BB, BB, K, R)
4a. Justin Bour, 1B: 1-3 (F-9, F-7, 2B, RBI)
4b. Ryan Cuneo, 1B: 1-1 (2B, BB)
4c. Kyung-Min Na, PR
5. Xavier Batista, DH-LF: 1-4 (1B, K, K, F-7, BB)
6a. Jae-Hoon Ha, CF: 2-3 (F-8, 1B, 2B, R, SB)
6b. Oliver Zapata, CF: 1-2 (1B, K, R)
7a. Dustin Geiger, 3B: 0-1 (F-9, HBP, R, SB)
7b. Willson Contreras, 3B: 1-2 (6-3, 2B, RBI, R)
8. Reggie Golden, LF-DH: 2-3 (BB, FC, HR, 1B, 2 RBI, 2 R, SB, CS)
9. Max Kwan, DH-C: 1-3 (1B, 6-3, K, 5-3 SH, RBI)
10. Wes Darvill, SS: 0-4 (4-3 GIDP, L-6, 5-3, 1-3, RBI)
11. Chris Huseby, RF: PLAYED RF FIRST FIVE INNINGS – DID NOT BAT
1. Aaron Kurcz: 2.0 IP, 0 H, 0 R, 1 BB, 4 K, 27 pitches (13 strikes), 0/1 GO/FO
2. Charles Thomas: 1.0 IP, 1 H, 0 R, 0 BB, 1 K, 11 pitches (6 strikes), 0/1 GO/FO
3. Alvaro Sosa: 1.2 IP, 1 H, 1 R (1 ER), 1 BB, 1 K, 1 WP, 41 pitches (26 strikes), 2/2 GO/FO
4. Tarlandus Mitchell: 1.0 IP, 2 H, 2 R (1 ER), 1 BB, 1 K, 35 pitches (21 strikes), 1/1 GO/FO
5. Casey Harman: 1.1 IP, 0 H, 0 R, 1 BB, 2 K, 21 pitches (12 strikes), 0/2 GO/FO
6. Brent Ebinger: 1.2 IP, 4 H, 4 R (4 ER), 1 BB, 2 K, 1 HBP, 42 pitches (29 strikes), 1/2 GO/FO
7. Amaury Paulino: 0.1 IP, 1 H, 0 R, 0 BB, 0 K, 8 pitches (4 strikes), 1/0 GO/FO
1. 3B Willson Contreras: E-5 (two-base throwing error allowed batter to reach 2nd base – eventually scored unearned run)
2. CF Oliver Zapata: E-8 (bobbled line-drive single to CF, allowing batter to reach 2nd base)
3. CF Oliver Zapata: E-8 (overran ground single to CF, allowing batter to reach 2nd base)
Micah Gibbs: 2-3 CS
Max Kwan: 0-3 CS
ATTENDANCE: 23 (mostly scouts)
WEATHER: Hot and sunny, with temperatures in the 90's
Here is the 2010 CUBS INSTRUCTIONAL LEAGUE ROSTER:
Dave Bialas
Jeff Fassero
Franklin Font
Dave Keller
Greg Maddux
Carmelo Martinez
Marty Pevey
Tom Pratt
Mark Riggins
Min-Kyu Sung
Juan Cabreja
* bats or throws left
# bats both
* Hunter Ackerman
* Brent Ebinger
Dustin Fitzgerald
* Cam Greathouse
* Casey Harman
Ryan Hartman
Jin-Yeong Kim
Aaron Kurcz
Luis Liria
Matt Loosen
Robinson Lopez
* Jeff Lorick
Tarlandus Mitchell
Amaury Paulino
Starling Peralta
Austin Reed
Kevin Rhoderick
Jhon Rodriguez
* Brian Smith
Alvaro Sosa (ex-C)
Charles Thomas (ex-3B)
Ben Wells
* Sergio Burruel
# Micah Gibbs
Max Kwan
Chad Noble
# Engel Santana
Gioskar Amaya
* Justin Bour
* Pin-Chieh Chen
Willson Contreras
* Ryan Cuneo
* Wes Darvill
Dustin Geiger
* Marco Hernandez
* Hak-Ju Lee
D. J. Lemahieu
Josh Vitters
* Logan Watkins
* Delbis Arcila
Xavier Batista
Evan Crawford
Reggie Golden
Jae-Hoon Ha
Chris Huseby (ex-P)
* Kyung-Min Na
# Oliver Zapata
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Phil - I heard at one time that Simpson would be playing in the Fall instructional league, but he is not on the roster. Do you know if he is recovered from his mono?
Also, how does Thomas look as a pitcher? What kind of stuff does he have?
Finally, do you have any opinion on Crawford?
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Phil, some of these players had full, productive seasons at Peoria: Bour, Lee, Watkins. What is the thinking behind bringing them to Instructs? And what is LeMahieu doing there? He finished the season in the Southern League (AA) championship series.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
AZ Phil- Two names I see missing that I certainly would have thought would show are Arismendy Alcantara and Junior Lake. As two players that you had described as raw, I certainly figured they would be there. Both players seemed like they were hitting their strides at the end of the year and I assumed they would also continue it on into the fall. Do you have any idea why these two would not be here, especially considering what instructs has done for some many latin american kids careers? Also, where is Pierre Lepage? I feel like he should be a candidate to move to Daytona or even Tennessee this year. He seems like one of those players that really needs to be challenged as he is a college guy and could probably stand to be a little more challenged. Any thoughts? Also, where is Dong Yub Kim? I got excited about him then he fell off the face of the earth.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
I remember Fleita saying in an interview that they bring young players to instructional camp with the intention of their skipping one level of the minors. Also, they bring in some older players to work on specific things, ie pitchers working on a new pitch, catcher working on blocking balls, outfielder working on hitting breaking balls, etc.
They may have LeMehieu there to work on pulling the ball with power.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Cubs among 9 teams that watched #6 pick Barrett Loux throw today
declared a free agent after failing a physical and DBacks given compensatory draft picks
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
nice header...
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Wrong sport...
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
I know this is 3/44, but if any of you haven't checked this out yet, these articles are laugh-out-loud funny (especially the eckstein one)
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
This lineup sucks
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
I saw this game yesterday.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
needs a mute Bud Selig button on this mlb.tv player
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
he obviously loves the game and knows his history, but at the same time he's always got that "i come from the business side" vanilla-answers to some questions and this weird desire to make sure he makes a lasting mark on the game from behind a desk.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Brenly criticizing umpires for future blown calls. Hahhaaha. "we've got this technology, they need to use it. umpires can't be everywhere and see everything."
Agreed, but I don't want 25 instant replay delays every game.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
i cant believe i was at work late yesterday so i could take this afternoon off to "enjoy" this...
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
murton in japan...hits #153-184
hey, it's better than the cubs game.
hit #200
good to see japanese baseball is still weird as all hell, btw.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Here's a Murton grand slam, check out the black dirt infield. When they show the CF camera view it looks like the pitcher is CGI. It looks weird.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
hahah! it does.
the contrast is so sharp between the 2 colors and planes.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
I love how the announcer goes nuts after the grand slam. The Cubs should hire that guy.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
Here is a cf view of that stadium, it's Murton's (Hanshin Tigers) home stadium. Notice the bullpens are in the 3b/1b line stands.
Re: Golden Rules at Instructs
byrd day-to-day after fouling one off his face. it wasn't too bad because his helmet and sunglasses deflected the brunt of it, but he had some obvious swelling going on near his temple/eye area.
Recent comments
Eloy Jimenez and Jeimer Candelario named to Futures Game...
See past Cubs' participants here. Let me know if you see a mistake or any other info that may prove useful and I can add it.
Now pitching for the Cincinnati Reds:
Sorry if I made it sound like a Schwarber for Sale straight up deal was reasonable, obviously Cubs would need to give up more than that. You don't trade Sale unless you're rebuilding and if you're rebuilding you want more than one piece. Easily 3-4 pieces with Schwarber being the main one...but that type of an ace arm or All-star talent with a few years of control is the type of return the Cubs should look for if they move Schwarber. I don't think they'll move him until he's healthy though. TheJedi are pretty good at maximizing trade value.
I think you're very much overvaluing Schwarber if you think he can fetch Sale by himself. An unproven rookie with demonstrable offensive flaws he hasn't had the chance to show he can overcome and with no defensive upside will never fetch an ace of the quality of Sale in today's market where pitchers are fetching insane prices, especially with Sale's team friendly contract. You'd for sure need to throw in a pitching prospect in return at least.
best relievers in baseball tend to not be the best relievers for very long though...
also, when you start just trading away guys for marginal benefits, that window will shrink. The window is easily through 2021, just have to look how long Rizzo is signed for and how long they have rights to Bryant, Russell and so on down the line.
Can't say I'm too worried about the SP, they've done nothing but land guys on the cheap and on the expensive since they've arrived. TheJedi will figure that out.
Not sure I agree with this logic. The Cubs are one of the best teams in baseball, they have spent heavily on the team over the past couple of seasons, have more hitting prospects than they have places for them to play (and more on the way), a clear weakness in the bullpen, and have a 1.5 year window with Arrieta (to say nothing of the likely declines of Lester and Lackey).
Unless you think (maybe even if you do think) Schwarber is the next coming of Babe Ruth, I would certainly consider trading him if it brought back a couple of the best relief pitchers in baseball.
Miggy was going to sit anyway with Lester starting.
In related news, do any of the Cubs pitchers want to throw to Contreras?
Only Russell and Miggy failed to reach base yesterday. Both sit today.
Trading Schwarber actually makes a lot of sense because his actual position is currently being taken by Anthony Rizzo, unless they vote in the DH this offseason.
Trading him for a reliever is never going to happen though. I don't think you can trade Schwarber unless you get a CF'er for a few years (presume Fowler finds his multi-year deal next offseson) or a couple of high end young starters...or an established starter...a good one like Chris Sale.
I don't see what the Yanks have that the Cubs need.
peter gammons on MLB network pushing the yanks/schwarber angle...says insiders from the yanks say brian cashman highly covets him.
unless that conversation starts with a.miller (2/18m left on contract) i dunno how you even start that conversation given the "not trash, but no stars" state of the yanks minor league system.
they got corner OF'r aaron judge, C gary sanchez, RHP james kaprielian's questionable elbow, RHP domingo acevedo...all interesting, none expected to impact the game like schwarber's power potential.
Zo, Heyward, KB, Riz, Contreras (LF), Baez (SS), Szczur (CF), Ross, Lester
damn. low sample size blah blah whatever, but that slash got sneaky good. 10 hits, 4 walks, 2hr, 1 double through 39 PA...nice
Buddy Ryan takes his place alongside George Allen as the great Bear head coaches who never were.
Well, at least he can still hit: Jake slashing .294/.368/.868. Forget hitting 8th -- he should hit 6th.
Curious to see today's lineup vs. a LHP: Ross needs to catch Lester, Joe likes Javy at 3B when Lester pitches. Heyward with back-to-back good games at the plate, and is actually hitting a little better against LHP (.247/.341) than RHP (.232/.321), although neither is much to write home about. But, tomorrow is an early day game, so some regulars will probably sit either today or tomorrow.
Maybe Willson in LF, KB in RF and Almora in CF? If so, Albert Jr., assume every ball is yours.


text:
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Ricoh GXR S10 24-72mm F2.5-4.4 VC
Announced Nov 10, 2009 •
10 megapixels | 3″ screen | Compact sensor
dpreview conclusion
The GXR S10 24-72mm VC comes with the control interface and build quality of a semi-pro DSLR but only produces compact camera image quality. Given its price point, the S10 probably makes most sense as an additional module for existing GXR/A12 users who do not want to familiarize themselves with yet another user interface.
Good for
Anyone wanting DSLR-like controls and build quality in a compact package.
Not so good for
Pixel-Peepers or low light photographers
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David Barton: Thomas Jefferson Would Endorse Ted Cruz
Submitted by Brian Tashman on Monday, 1/25/2016 11:55 am
Last year, a Christian publisher pulled "The Jefferson Lies," a book authored by right-wing pseudo-historian David Barton, off the shelves after it came under heavy criticism from actual historians who pointed out the book's significant factual inaccuracies.
Fortunately for Barton, the conspiracy theory site WorldNetDaily decided to republish his book on Thomas Jefferson shortly after Barton found a new job running a super PAC supporting Ted Cruz's presidential candidacy.
Naturally, Barton gave an interview yesterday to WorldNetDaily about who Jefferson would support for president in 2016, and — surprise, surprise — Barton said that Jefferson would likely back Cruz.
Historian and Thomas Jefferson scholar David Barton says the choice is clear when it comes to the 2016 presidential candidate Thomas Jefferson would endorse.
"Jefferson would eliminate 80 percent of the candidates," said Barton. But after that, he said, "one of the last guys standing would be [Ted] Cruz."
Barton, who serves as head as of the pro-Cruz Keep the Promise political action committee, told WND Cruz is the candidate who comes closest to Jefferson and what he believes were the third president's principles on "debt, religious liberty, and the war on Islam."
"Two hundred years ago, the Founding Fathers dealt with abortion," said Barton. "They dealt with marriage laws, they dealt with homosexuality in the military, they dealt with whether the federal government should bail out private businesses 'too big to fail.' Everything we're going through now, they already dealt with and so we can learn from history if we're willing to do so."
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People:David Barton , Ted Cruz
Topics:Election 2016
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Senate Committee Approves Modified Space Weather Bill
The Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee today favorably reported a modified version of the Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act, S. 2817. A revised version of the bill was presented to the committee along with two amendments.
The original bill was introduced last week and quickly scheduled for markup at today's Executive Session. The bipartisan legislation was crafted by Senators Gary Peters (D-MI), Cory Gardner (R-CO) and Cory Booker (D-NJ), all of whom are members of the committee and its Space, Science, and Competitiveness Subcommittee. Peters is the top Democrat on the subcommittee.
The modified version of the bill and amendments by Rep. Edward Markey (D-MA) and Brian Schatz (D-HI) were adopted without discussion.
Most of the changes in the revised bill are of a clarifying or perfecting nature. Perhaps the most significant is explicitly adding the FAA to the list of agencies in the National Space Weather Program (previously it said only FAA's parent, the Department of Transportation). The revised bill also adds a section directing the FAA Administrator to assess the safety implications and vulnerability of the national airspace system to space weather events, assess methods to mitigate them, assess options for incorporating space weather into pilot training, and develop methods to increase the interaction between the aviation community and the space weather community.
Two Pro-NASA House Members Lose Primaries
Rep. Donna Edwards (D-MD) and Rep. Chaka Fattah (D-PA) lost Democratic primary contests yesterday. Both have been strong NASA supporters holding top Democratic positions on key subcommittees.
Edwards lost to Rep. Chris Van Hollen in a bid to replace Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), who is retiring at the end of the year. In Maryland, politicians can run in only one race, so Edwards and Van Hollen both were precluded from running for their current House seats once they decided to enter the Senate contest. Edwards once worked for Lockheed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. She is the top Democrat on the Space Subcommittee of the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee where she is an enthusiastic NASA supporter, especially of its plans to send humans to Mars. She makes no secret of her desire to be one of those to make the trip.
Van Hollen's views on the space program -- civil, military or commercial -- are not well known. Like Edwards, he represents a district close to Washington, DC, but has been in the House much longer (since 2002) and rose through the Democratic ranks into the House leadership. He will face Republican Kathy Szeliga in November. In his victory speech, Van Hollen praised Milkulski and her focus on not only big national issues, but "you never forget the people back home." That attitude has benefitted NASA, NOAA and associated businesses throughout Mikulski's political career, so if Van Hollen emulates it, that could be good news for those interest groups if he wins. Maryland is a strongly Democratic state so Van Hollen is thought to have the edge, but whether voters choose him or Szeliga, the Senate system is built largely on seniority and any freshman has modest influence compared to a veteran legislator like Mikulski. She is the top Democrat on the Senate Appropriations Committee and its Commerce-Justice-Science (CJS) subcommittee that funds NASA and NOAA (and chaired them when Democrats controlled the Senate).
Fattah was the top Democrat on the House Appropriations CJS subcommittee, but had to step down from that position last year when he was indicted on federal corruption charges. He maintains his innocence and is still a member of the House, but gave up his CJS leadership position (now held by Rep. Mike Honda, D-CA). Although Fattah's Philadelphia district has little connection to the space program, he was a strong supporter of NASA on the CJS subcommittee. His loss to Dwight Evans was attributed largely to his indictment, along with four others, in connection to his failed 2007 campaign for Mayor of Philadelphia.
NASA has many supporters on Capitol Hill and the loss of three (Mikulski, Edwards and Fattah) hardly spells doom, but it does add a layer of uncertainty to how the agency will fare in future deliberations over government spending priorities.
Russia Delays First Vostochny Launch - UPDATE
An automatic system shut down Russia's first launch from the new Vostochny launch site in Siberia last night 90 seconds before the scheduled liftoff of a Soyuz 2.1a rocket. Russia's space corporation Roscosmos hopes to try again today -- 10:01 pm Eastern Daylight Time (which is April 28, 5:01 am Moscow Time).
Russia's official news agency, TASS, quoted an unnamed space industry official as saying that the automatic system "identified a glitch in one of the instruments of the control system responsible for starting and stopping the engines, for the separation of rocket stages, and for the direction of flight."
The launch had been scheduled for April 26, 2016 at 10:01 pm Eastern Daylight Time (April 27, 5:01 am Moscow Time).
Roscosmos officials stressed that the problem is with the rocket, not the spaceport's infrastructure.
Russian President Vladimir Putin was at Vostochny for the launch and will remain there today with the expectation that it is a 24-hour delay only. He will use the time to discuss plans for the second and third phases of development of the new spaceport and construction of the town of Tsiolkovsky.
Note: This article was updated throughout at 6:30 am EDT April 27.
Russia's New Vostochny Launch Site Ready for Action
Russia plans its first launch from the new Vostochny (Eastern) launch site on Tuesday evening Eastern Daylight Time (Wednesday morning, Moscow Time) according to Russia's Tass news agency. A Soyuz 2.1a rocket will place three small satellites into orbit if all goes according to plan.
Russia's interest in building a new launch site in Siberia to replace or at least reduce its use of the Baikonur Cosmodrome dates back to the collapse of the Soviet Union when Kazakhstan gained its independence. Russia now leases Baikonur from the Kazakh government for $115 million per year with resulting financial and national security ramifications. Russia has another launch site, Plesetsk, near the Arctic Circle, for launches to high inclination orbits, but Baikonur is used for everything else, including the human spaceflight program. In terms of utilization, Plesetsk is comparable to Vandenberg Air Force Base and Baikonur to Cape Canaveral and NASA's Kennedy Space Center.
Initially, Russia planned to build a new launch site at Svobodny (51.4°N, 128.1°E), a former intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) base. A few space launches did take place from there between 1997 and 2006 using Start-1 rockets (converted SS-25 mobile missiles), but it was closed in early 2007. Instead, a decision was made later that year to build a new state-of-the-art launch site at Vostochny (51.8°N, 128.3°E), not far away, that would accommodate launches of Russia's new Angara launch vehicles in addition to existing rockets like Soyuz. Construction started four years later, but was plagued with delays and charges of corruption. The two Angara tests that have taken place so far were launched from Plesetsk. Anatoly Zak's RussianSpaceWeb.com provides a comprehensive history of Vostochny and Svobodny.
Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, who oversees Russia's aerospace sector, has taken a strong interest in ensuring that Vostochny is completed and regularly tweets (@DRogozin in English; @Rogozin in Russian) about his visits there. Yesterday he tweeted a photo of the Soyuz rocket on the pad preparing for this week's launch.
Russia's Tass news agency reported on April 19 that although the Soyuz rocket would be ready for launch as early as April 20, Rogozin had said the state commission set April 27 at 5:01 Moscow Time as the launch time. (Other press reports also cite a potential earlier launch date, but Rogozin presumably is in the best position to know.) Tass went on to say that Vostochny is "destined to become the first national facility for civilian space launches, ensuring Russia's full-scale access to outer space and reducing the dependence of the Russian space industry on the Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan."
Tass identifies the three satellites aboard the Soyuz rocket as Aist-2D, Mikhailo Lomonosov, and SamSat-218. SpaceFlightNow.com describes them as follows: Aist-2D is a 1,170 pound satellite with a hyperspectral imaging camera, innovative P-band radar, and other instruments to study the environment around the spacecraft; SamSat-218 is a student-built (Samara State Aerospace University) satellite about the size of a shoebox with a mission that is both educational and a technology demonstration; and Mikhailo Lomonosov is a 1,000 pound satellite named after an 18th century Russian scientist and writer and namesake of Lomonosov Moscow State University that will study high energy cosmic rays, gamma ray bursts, and Earth's magnetosphere.
What's Happening in Space Policy April 25-29, 2016
Here is our list of space policy related events for the week of April 25-29, 2016 and any insight we can offer about them. The House and Senate are in session this week.
During the Week
After many years of delays, Russia says that it is finally ready to conduct the first launch from its new Siberian launch site, Vostochny. The launch is April 27 at 5:01 am Moscow Time, which is April 26 (Tuesday) 10:01 pm Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). (We should note that some press reports cite a potentially earlier launch date, but Russia's official news agency, TASS, reported on April 19 that the launch is set for April 27 at 5:01 Moscow Time, so that is what we use here.) Russia's Roscosmos space agency/state corporation sometimes webcasts launches. If we hear of any other live webcasts, we'll add them to our calendar entry. Anatoly Zak at RussianSpaceWeb.com has comprehensive information about Russia's decision to build a new launch site within Russia's borders to handle many of the launches that now take place at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan became an independent country and Russia must lease the facility from the Kazakh government with financial and national security ramifications. (Russia also has a launch site near the Arctic Circle at Plesetsk for high inclination launches.)
Here in Washington, Congress will be very busy Wednesday morning marking up the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act (House Armed Services Committee) and the Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act (Senate Commerce Committee), as well as holding a hearing on DOD's FY2017 budget request (Senate Appropriations Defense Subcommittee).
The Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB) and the Space Studies Board (SSB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine will hold their spring meetings this week. ASEB meets Monday and Tuesday; SSB Tuesday through Thursday. The meeting on Tuesday is a joint meeting of both boards. Unfortunately, we're told there will be no webcast of either Board's meetings, which is a shame because the agendas are chock full of really interesting topics and speakers. Among them is a panel discussion on Tuesday afternoon on the "Future of Low Earth Orbit - Moving Toward a Commercial Market."
Speaking of commercial space, the FAA's Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) meets this week. Its various working groups meet on Wednesday and the full committee on Thursday. The agenda was not posted as of this morning, but COMSTAC meetings are always very interesting.
The President of the French space agency, Jean-Yves Le Gall, will speak to the Washington Space Business Roundtable (WSBR) on Friday at the University Club.
Those and other events we know about as of Sunday morning are shown below. Check back throughout the week for additions to our Events of Interest list for events that are announced later.
Monday-Tuesday, April 25-26
Tuesday-Thursday, April 26-28
Wednesday, April 27
Wednesday-Thursday, April 27-28
Thursday-Friday, April 28-29
Friday, April 29
NOAA Gets Space Weather Boost from Senate Appropriators
Two days after three Senators introduced a bill to spur space weather research and forecasting, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved a boost for NOAA's space weather satellite program and endorsed its plans to build two new satellites over the next several years. The action came as part of the committee's markup of the FY2017 Commerce-Justice-Science (CJS) appropriations bill (S. 2837).
NOAA is responsible for building and operating satellites that monitor Earth's weather and space weather. Space weather is caused by particles ejected from the Sun that hit Earth's atmosphere and can damage satellites and terrestrial infrastructure such as the electric grid. NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) have satellites positioned at the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point to give advance warning of solar eruptions, but two of the three are quite old. NASA's Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) was launched in 1997 and ESA's Solar and Heliophysics Observatory (SOHO) in 1995. A newer satellite, the NOAA-NASA-Air Force Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), was launched last year, but only SOHO has a coronagraph that provides the first indication of an eruption. The particles then fly past ACE and DSCOVR, which collect data about intensity and polarization that allow NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) in Boulder, CO to issue forecasts and alerts.
Concern about the potential impacts of space weather has been growing since they were highlighted in a 2008 National Research Council report. In October 2015, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a National Space Weather Strategy and National Space Weather Action Plan.
Congress seems to be getting the message. Last year NOAA requested $2.5 million to begin planning for a follow-on to DSCOVR and Congress cut that in half, appropriating just $1.2 million. By contrast, this year the request is also $2.5 million, but Senate appropriators tripled it to $7.5 million.
Perhaps more significantly, the committee endorsed NOAA's plan to increase funding sharply in the coming years to pay for two space weather satellites, two launch vehicles, and two sets of sensors (solar wind instruments and compact coronagraphs). The goal is to have one satellite ready to replace DSCOVR at the end of its projected mission life in FY2022. In its FY2017 budget request, NOAA presented a projected funding profile to accomplish that plan: FY2018, $53.7 million; FY2019, $186.1 million; FY2020, $154.5 million; and FY2021, $81.5 million. In its report on the CJS bill, the committee directs NOAA "to maintain the multi-year funding profile and schedule" and use the additional money provided for FY2017 "to accelerate the development of advanced technologies and an architecture study for a series of space weather follow-on flight missions" to implement OSTP's strategy and action plan.
The appropriations action came two days after Senators Gary Peters (D-MI), Cory Gardner (R-CO), and Cory Booker (D-NJ) introduced an authorization bill, S. 2817, to clarify space weather responsibilities and promote research. That bill, which focuses on policy and does not authorize any funding, is scheduled for mark up by the Senate Commerce Committee on Wednesday (April 27).
Overall, NOAA's satellite programs fared well in the Senate appropriations bill. See SpacePolicyOnline.com's NOAA budget fact sheet for more details. NOAA's major weather satellite programs -- JPSS, GOES-R, and Polar Follow On (PFO) -- were fully funded.
Not everything was approved, though. Like last year, the committee rejected NOAA's $10 million request to build the Earth Observation Nanosatellite-Microwave (EON-MW). NOAA describes it as a risk reduction mission to ensure that it can obtain critical microwave sounding observations in case of a launch or instrument failure on JPSS-1.
The committee also rejected an $8.1 million request to build a new set of COSMIC radio occultation (RO) satellites, although it approved $8.1 million for the associated ground system. The committee encouraged NOAA to use its commercial weather data pilot program to obtain the needed RO data, although it cut NOAA's $5 million request for the pilot program to $3 million (the same as FY2016). It also denied a $4.4 million request for the Jason-3 ocean altimetry satellite. The committee said it supports Jason-3, but now that the satellite is in orbit, funding requests for data analysis and processing should be in a different part of NOAA's budget (the Operations, Research and Facilities account).
The top Democrat on the Senate committee, Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), said last week that she expects the CJS bill to reach the Senate floor in 2-3 weeks. The Senate has not passed any of the 12 regular appropriations bills in several years, but currently is debating the Energy-Water appropriations bill, so perhaps this year will be different. The House Appropriations Committee, however, has not yet marked up its CJS bill and CJS subcommittee chairman Rep. John Culberson (R-TX) indicated last week that he is not optimistic that Congress will complete action on appropriations bills by October 1 when FY2017 begins. He expects agencies will be funded by a Continuing Resolution (CR) for the first part of FY2017.
FAA's Space Office Fares Well in Senate FY2017 Appropriations Bill
The FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST) would receive its full request of $19.8 million for FY2017 under the Transportation-HUD (T-HUD) appropriations bill reported from the Senate Appropriations Committee yesterday. Commercial space launch would get another $4.5 million in other sections of the bill ($2 million for integration into the National Air Space and $2.5 million for safety). The committee also weighed in on the issue of obtaining insurance for property damage from launch accidents on non-federal property.
FAA/AST is funded as part of the FAA Operations budget. The FY2017 request is $19.826 million, an increase of $2.026 million above FY2016's $17.800 million. FAA/AST and its advocates had to fight to get that $17.8 million last year after the House Appropriations Committee held the office to its FY2015 funding level of $16.6 million instead of approving the $18.1 million requested. Rep. Jim Bridenstine (R-OK) managed to get $250,000 added during House floor consideration of the bill, but the Senate increased it to $17.4 million and conferees on the final appropriations bill added a bit to reach the $17.8 million total.
This year, the Senate committee is first to act and it approved the full FY2017 request in its report (S. Rept. 114-243) on the T-HUD bill (S. 2844).
FAA/AST regulates and facilitates the commercial space launch industry. Companies wanting to launch payloads to suborbital or orbital destinations, or bring them back to Earth, need an FAA license. FAA/AST also licenses spaceports and is involved in accident investigations for commercial launch failures like those of Orbital Sciences and Virgin Galactic in October 2014 and SpaceX in June 2015. The office's workload continues to grow as more companies enter the launch services business, hence the need for a bigger budget to pay for more staff positions. The FY2017 request would fund 19 additional full time equivalents (FTEs), bringing the office's staff up to 111 FTEs.
Bridenstine's recently introduced American Space Renaissance Act envisions an expanded role for FAA/AST in areas like space situational awareness. It would authorize $43.2 million for FY2017, growing to $99 million by FY2021. For now, however, Congress is dealing with the President's request of $19.826 million.
The FAA also has a small amount for commercial space transportation in the Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D) account to fund safety-related research at FAA/AST's Center of Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation (COE CST) and elsewhere. As part of the $97.9 million request for RE&D safety, $2.953 million is for commercial space transportation safety. The Senate committee approved $2.473 million (it is labeled commercial space transportation "security"). Congress appropriated $2 million for this activity in FY2016.
Another $2 million is requested as part of $20 million for Air Traffic Management (ATM) in the Facilities and Equipment (F&E) account for commercial space integration into the National Air Space (NAS). The funding is to allow commercial space launches and reentries to occur without significant disruption to space and air operators. The Senate committee approved the full $20 million for ATM, which presumably includes the $2 million for commercial space integration.
One of FAA/AST's responsibilities is establishing requirements for commercial space launch companies to obtain insurance in case of launch accidents. The Orbital Sciences (now Orbital ATK) Antares failure in October 2014 at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) at Wallops Island, VA highlighted a grey area when the launch site is owned by a non-federal entity. In that case, MARS is owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia, but is located at a federal launch range -- NASA's Wallops Flight Facility.
The committee included report language calling on the FAA to update those insurance regulations. "The Committee understands that current FAA regulations requiring launch providers to clearly obtain insurance to cover property damage in the event of an accident fail to address the status of State and local property." In the case of federal property assigned to a State government, especially at a federal launch range, "the State government should qualify as a 'contractor' or Government Launch Participant with the right to make claims under 14 CFR 440.9(d)." The language is not directive, saying only that the committee "believes" FAA should make that change.
Senate Appropriators Approve $19.3 Billion for NASA for FY2017
The Senate Appropriations Committee today approved $19.306 billion for NASA in FY2017, a $21 million increase over its FY2016 level of $19.285 billion, in its Commerce-Justice-Science (CJS) bill. The Space Launch System (SLS) and its Enhanced Upper Stage (EUS), the Orion spacecraft, commercial crew, and most of the space and earth science portfolio (except for planetary science) fared well. Aeronautics. space technology, and most of space operations held their own.
Describing the Senate committee's action is a challenge this year. Typically, comparisons are made between what the Administration requests and what Congress approves. For FY2017, however, the Administration used a unique approach where part of the money requested ($18.262 billion) is from appropriated funds in the discretionary portion of the federal budget -- the part of the federal budget that has always funded NASA; another portion ($663 million) is from mandatory spending, which funds entitlement programs like Medicare and Social Security; and the remainder ($100 million) is from a tax the Administration proposed to levy on oil companies for a clean transportation initiative.
NASA displays its budget request as the combination of the three -- $19.025 billion -- and breaks down the request for individual accounts like science, aeronautics, and space technology accordingly. The $100 million from the oil company tax was designated entirely for aeronautics, for example, so NASA's budget chart shows the aeronautics request as $790.4 million, a sharp increase from the $640 million appropriated for the current year.
Congress summarily rejected the Administration's notion of taxing the oil companies, however, and appropriations committees have no authority over mandatory spending. From the Senate Appropriations Committee's standpoint, therefore, the request was $18.262 billion. Throughout its report, the committee compares what it approved to that figure, not to the $19.025 billion that NASA displays. It therefore is very important to exercise care when reading the committee's report because it may say that it provided more or less than "the request," but that may not be obvious looking at NASA's budget presentation.
The following discussion compares the Senate committee's actions as shown in its report (S. Rept. 114-239 to accompany S. 2837) to current spending instead of to the request because of the ambiguity.
SLS does very well. It is being built in Alabama, the home state of Sen. Richard Shelby, who chairs the CJS subcommittee. The committee approved $2.150 billion, an increase of $150 million over FY2016. Of that amount, $300 million is designated for EUS. Alternately called the Exploration Upper Stage or Enhanced Upper Stage, it is needed for SLS flights that will launch crews aboard the Orion spacecraft. The first SLS mission, Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), will be a test of an unoccupied Orion and the EUS is not needed for that. The second mission, EM-2, will carry a crew, but NASA has been planning to use an interim upper stage (Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage) for that mission and then build the EUS for EM-3 and beyond. EUS advocates argue that spending money to human-rate the interim stage for one mission is wasteful. They want to get EUS ready for EM-2 and so far Congress has agreed. The Senate committee also added a small amount of money ($30 million) for Orion compared to current spending, a total of $1.3 billion.
The commercial crew program, for years the source of strong debate between the Administration and Congress, seems to have turned a page. The committee approved $1,184.8 million, slightly less than current spending, but in this case it is a planned reduction since the program has passed its peak funding phase.
The science budget overall is $194 million less than current spending. Funding for the James Webb Space Telescope is lower than FY2016 ($569.4 million versus $620.0 million), but, like commercial crew, it is a planned reduction. Earth science is slightly higher than current funding ($1,984 million compared to $1,921 million in FY2016) and includes $130 million for Landsat 9, with launch in 2020. Planetary science suffers the biggest reduction in this account -- a $275 million cut from $1,631 million currently to $1,356 million. The committee expresses support for the mission to Jupiter's moon Europa that is a favorite of House CJS subcommittee chairman Rep. John Culberson, but does not specify how much funding is provided. It is widely expected that the House Appropriations Committee will include significant Europa funding and the two committees will reach agreement in conference.
Space technology is level-funded at $686.5 million (compared to FY2016) and the committee specifies that $130 million of that is for the RESTORE-L satellite servicing technology development program that was shifted into space technology from space operations last year. Aeronautics would receive $601 million, $39 million less than FY2016.
A SpacePolicyOnline.com fact sheet provides additional information and tables explaining more of the committee's actions.
Bipartisan Senate Bill Clarifies Space Weather Responsibilities, Promotes Research - UPDATE 2
Three Senators introduced legislation yesterday to clarify federal agency responsibilities for space weather research and forecasting. Senators Gary Peters (D-MI), Cory Gardner (R-CO) and Cory Booker (D-NJ) introduced S. 2817, which allocates specific roles to NOAA, DOD, NASA, NSF and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). NOAA, for example, is directed to "immediately begin planning" to ensure there is no gap in solar observations. The bill focuses on policy and does not authorize any funding. [UPDATE: The Senate Commerce committee announced this afternoon that it will mark up the bill on Wednesday, April 27.] [UPDATE 2: The bill was ordered favorably reported from committee.]
Space weather -- the result of particles emitted by the Sun interacting with Earth's atmosphere and potentially damaging satellites and ground-based infrastructure like the electric grid -- is of growing concern. A 2008 report from the National Research Council raised awareness of the societal and economic impacts of space weather. NASA has studied solar and space physics, the underlying science behind space weather, for decades as has the European Space Agency (ESA). Satellites positioned at the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point now give warnings of solar eruptions. NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) in Boulder, CO issues forecasts and alerts when damaging events are expected.
NASA's veteran Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and ESA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) were joined by the NOAA-NASA-Air Force Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) last year. ACE was launched in 1997 and SOHO in 1995. NASA provided three of SOHO's 12 instruments and operates the spacecraft. SOHO has a type of telescope called a coronagraph that provides the first indication of an eruption on the Sun. The particles then fly past ACE and DSCOVR, which collect data about intensity and polarization that in turn allow SWPC to make its forecasts.
Last year in its FY2016 budget request, the White House proposed that NASA be responsible for all non-military satellite earth observations, with NOAA responsible only for weather satellites, including space weather. NOAA requested $2.5 million to begin planning for the next space weather satellite. Congress agreed with the assignment of responsibilities, but approved only half the funding. The FY2017 request is also $2.5 million.
In October 2015, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a National Space Weather Strategy and National Space Weather Action Plan. They set six strategic goals to reduce the nation's vulnerability to space weather.
Some of the OSTP goals, such as establishing benchmarks for space weather events, are contained in the new legislation. the Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act. The bill would clarify the roles and responsibilities of federal agencies for understanding, predicting and forecasting space weather:
The bill has other provisions to foster greater interagency cooperation, multidisciplinary research, and partnerships with international, commercial and academic organizations. It also directs NASA to "seek to implement" missions identified in the most recent NRC Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics.
Dan Baker, Director of the Laboratory for Atmospheric Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado-Boulder, chaired that Decadal Survey and praised the legislation in a press release issued by the Senators: "I believe this legislation will be instrumental in helping the nation achieve the kind of operational space weather system that we've long needed." The CEO and Executive Director of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), Christine McEntee, also supports the bill, saying AGU applauds "the bill's intent to further scientifically informed action towards disaster preparation, mitigation, response, and recovery."
The bill was referred to the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee, which announced on April 21 that it will mark up the bill on April 27 at 10:00 am ET (along with several other bills and pending nominations). All three sponsors of the legislation are members of the committee and of its Space, Science, and Competitiveness Subcommittee. Peters is the ranking member (top Democrat) on that subcommittee.
Update: This article was updated at 2:20 pm ET on April 21 to reflect the Senate Commerce Committee's announcement that it will mark up the bill next week.
Senate Subcommittee Approves $19.3 Billion for NASA, Outlook in House Also Positive
The Commerce-Justice-Science (CJS) subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee approved $19.3 billion for NASA today. That is only a first step in the appropriations process, but a sign that Congress wants to maintain NASA at its current funding level. The chairman of the House CJS subcommittee also offered encouraging words today.
NASA's FY2017 budget request is $18.262 billion in appropriated funds and $763 million that would be moved from the mandatory portion of the federal budget (that funds programs like Social Security and Medicare) into the discretionary category and allocated to NASA, for a total of $19.025 billion. Such an approach has never been used before and appropriations committees have no control over mandatory spending. Congress has sharply criticized the Administration for using such a "gimmick," but expressed support for NASA at its current (FY2016) funding level of $19.285 billion.
Senate Appropriations CJS subcommittee chair Richard Shelby (R-AL) reasserted his objection to the gimmick, but announced that NASA would receive $19.3 billion for FY2017 under his subcommittee's recommendation. Subcommittee vice-chair Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) later said that the recommended level for FY2017 is $21 million above FY2016, which still rounds to $19.3 billion.
The committee released a broad summary of the subcommittee's recommendations, but not details. Those typically are provided after full committee markup, which is scheduled for Thursday morning. According to the summary --
Mikulski said yesterday that she expects the bill to go to the Senate floor for consideration in the next 2-3 weeks, though whether it will pass or not remains to be seen. The Senate has not passed any of the 12 individual appropriations bills in several years. Typically, when the new fiscal year begins on October 1, the government ends up being funded by one or more Continuing Resolutions (CRs) that keep agencies at their previous year's funding level, followed by an "omnibus" or "consolidated" appropriations that combines all 12 appropriations bills and funds agencies for the entire fiscal year (a "full year" appropriations).
Shelby's House counterpart, Rep. John Culberson (R-TX), clearly expects that to play out this year as well. He was scheduled to speak to a Space Transportation Association (STA) luncheon today, but stopped by only long enough to apologize profusely that the House Appropriations Committee was marking up other legislation at the same time and his presence was required there. In his brief visit, he said he expects the government to be funded by a CR initially, but is optimistic that a full year appropriations will pass in due course and NASA will do well. He said he expected the Senate markup to be higher in some areas and lower in others than what his House committee will recommend, but it will be worked out in conference: "Senator Shelby is as committed to NASA as I am. ... NASA's number will be one that we are all going to be excited and proud of" and includes funding for the robotic mission to Europa that he champions.
STA was prepared for the possibility that Culberson might not be able to stay long and had arranged in advance for the head of NASA's science programs, John Grunsfeld, to give a presentation instead. Grunsfeld is retiring from NASA at the end of the month and STA used today's event as an opportunity to present him with its Leadership Award while Culberson was present.
Grunsfeld focused on the search for life in the universe, noting that the search for life is different from the search for intelligent life -- whether in the universe or, jokingly, inside the Beltway (a highway that surrounds Washington, DC). After describing NASA efforts to find other Earth-like planets using the Kepler Space Telescope and larger potential telescopes, he was asked about his views on the recently announced Breakthrough Initiative by Yuri Millner and Stephen Hawking to send tiny spacecraft to Alpha Centauri. In short, he thinks "it's cool."
He also said that he considers SLS "transformative" for space science because it can launch much larger spacecraft -- in mass and volume - including space telescopes and planetary exploration spacecraft and dramatically shorten the time to reach destinations compared to today's rockets.
Events of Interest
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