text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 23, 1985
|Filing date
|Jun 2, 1981
|Priority date
|Nov 29, 1972
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Andre Poupon, Jean-Claude Favard
|Original Assignee
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (7), Classifications (12), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
F.sub.(i) =-1 if φN Rt(i) <φNma1
F.sub.(i) =+1 if φNma1 <φN Rt(i) <φNma2
F.sub.(i) =0 if φN Rt(i) >φNma2 ; and
F'.sub.(j) =+1 if ρma1 <ρma Rt(j) <ρma2
F'.sub.(j) =-1 if ρma Rt(j) <ρma1
F".sub.(j) =+1 if ρma1 <ρmaN(i) <ρma2
F".sub.(j) =-1 if ρmaN(j) <ρma1
φNc =φN +dφNm, and ρbc =ρb =dρbm.
F".sub.(j) =+1 if ρma1 <ρ'maN(j) <ρma2
F".sub.(j) =-1 if ρ'maN(j) <ρma1
This is a continuation of abandoned application Ser. No. 310,484, filed Nov. 29, 1972.
This invention relates to the automatic processing of measurements made in a borehole.
It has to do with the field of oil prospecting and in particular with the determination of oil-bearing strata and the evaluation of hydrocarbons which can be moved and extracted on the basis of information recorded in exploratory boreholes.
Methods allowing this evaluation by the automatic processing of information recorded by well logging have already been described in pending U.S. Patent Applications: Ser. No. 7,716 filed on Feb. 2, 1970 by C. Clavier et al. and Ser. No. 112,005 filed on Feb. 2, 1972 by Gaymard et al.
The present invention concerns an information processing stage preliminary to those which are described in the two preceding applications, which stage is intended to prepare the information in order to facilitate subsequent processing and to increase the accuracy and the reliability of the results.
The definitions of the terms used are explained in detail in the two earlier applications.
To facilitate comprehension, a simplified explanation of the terms and notations used is given below.
Well logging consists of recording in a continuous manner, as a function of depth, certain values furnished by measuring instruments moved along a borehole.
The recorded information is the following:
(1) the depth Z;
(2) the diameter of the hole measured;
(3) the apparent porosity φN of the formations measured by a neutron emitter and expressed in porosity units p.u.;
(4) the bulk density of a formation ρb.
If ρma is used to designate the density of the matrix, i.e., of the formation assumed to be non-porous, and ρf the density of the fluids filling the pores, the measurement of ρb makes it possible to obtain an evaluation φD of the porosity by the formula: ##EQU1##
(5) The time Δt taken by an acoustic wave to cover a given distance;
This measurement furnished a third estimation φS of the porosity by the formula: ##EQU2## in which Δtma and Δtf are the times for covering the same distance in the rock constituting the matrix and in the fluid contained in the pores.
(6) the spontaneous potential SP expressed in millivolts;
(7) the natural gamma radioactivity GR expressed in A.P.I. units;
(8) the true resistivity Rt expressed in ohms�M2 /m. This resistivity can be obtained either by measuring an induced current, RIL, or by measuring a potential difference between two electrodes RLL. It furnishes an estimation of a parameter φRt representing the amount of water per unit volume of the formations, by the formula: ##EQU3## in which n is an exponent taking on values generally between 1.8 and 2.2, and a is a constant coefficient generally between 0.6 and 1. In non-argilaceous water-bearing formations φRt is equal to the porosity.
(9) the resistivity of the zone invaded by the mud filtrate Rxo in ohms�m2 /m. This is measured through the potential difference two electrodes: RMLL.
Sw designates the formation water content of the pores, also called the water saturation, i.e., the ratio of water volume to pore volume. Likewise, Shy designates the liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon content of the pores.
Sw +Shy =1 (3)
that is, all the pores are filled with fluid: water, oil or gas.
In the zone near the borehole, which is invaded by the mud filtrate, Sxo designates the mud filtrate saturation and Shyr the residual hydrocarbon saturation.
Sxo +Shyr =1 (4)
Shyr represents the proportion of irretrievable hydrocarbons while the difference Shy -Shyr represents the hydrocarbons which can be moved and extracted.
One of the results sought is the evaluation of the product φx (Shy -Shyr) or φx (Sxo -Sw) which represents, for each stratum, the proportion of the formation volume occupied by retrievable hydrocarbons.
The presence of hydrocarbons in a formation greatly modifies certain measured parameters, in particular the resistivity, because the resistivity of hydrocarbons is much higher than the resistivity Rw of the formation water.
However, the nature of the minerals constituting the matrix of the rock gives rise to very substantial variations in the measurements, in particular the presence of clay (Cl) in all its forms: colloidal clay or clay loam.
The variations due to the hydrocarbons and to lithological factors can occur in the same or opposite direction so that, to be able to determine with good accuracy which strata contain hydrocarbons and to be able to evaluate the retrievable volume of hydrocarbons, it is first necessary, using the information obtained and combining this information, to determine the lithology of the strata, the clay proportion and the clay and formation water parameters. Then, the parameters thus calculated must be used to calibrate the porosity measuring tools so that the values of porosity φ given by the different instruments are the same.
In the two earlier patent applications, a description was given of methods for the automatic processing of well logging measurements which required many complex operations using a computer.
The flowcharts of these operations include iterations which are repeated because certain initial items of information are known only approximately.
It is an object of this invention to provide, by means of a preliminary processing, the values of the clay parameters and a calibration of porosity measurements for use as initial data for the programs described in the earlier patent applications.
A primary object of the invention is to provide an automatic method for the processing of measurements recorded by well logging in a borehole, which measurements make it possible to calculate, for each level, parameters which generally have extreme values in the clay.
This method includes the following steps:
selecting, from among the said parameters, at least two clay indicators;
determining, for pre-selected formation intervals by means of the said indicators, the most argilaceous level of each interval;
selecting from all the most argilaceous levels of each interval the best one, called the pivot level; and
computing, on the basis of measurements of the pivot level, the clay parameters valid for the entire pivot interval in which is located the said pivot level.
The selection of the pivot level is obtained by the following operations:
calculating all the apparent matrix densities ρmaa of each of the most argilaceous levels of each interval;
determining the largest apparent densities from this set of densities, designated ρma max ;
selecting as the pivot level the one which corresponds to ρma max.
The calculation of the clay parameters of the pivot interval includes the following steps:
If the value of ρma max is higher than a first predetermined limit, for example 3, the clay parameters of the interval are chosen equal to those of the pivot level.
If the value of ρma max is lower than the said first limit and higher than a second predetermined limit, for example 2.9, the clay proportion in the pivot level is calculated from the apparent matrix density ρma of the rocks constituting the said interval which is known and the apparent matrix density of the clay assumed to be equal to the said first predetermined limit, ρmaCl by the linear interpolation formula ##EQU4##
calculating the clay parameters of the interval using the parameters of the pivot level and the known formula relating the clay content VCl with the parameters and with the known values of these same parameters in the matrix of the rocks of the pivot interval.
To calculate the clay parameters of the intervals other that the pivot interval, the following operations are carried out:
If the value of the apparent matrix density of the most argilaceous level of the said intervals designated ρmai is higher than the said first predetermind limit and if the difference between ρma max and ρmai is small, for example smaller than 0.05, we choose as values of the clay parameters of the said interval the values of the parameters of the said most argilaceous level of the interval.
If the preceding condition is not met, the clay proportion Vcli contained in the said most argilaceous level is calculated from the apparent matrix density ρma of the rocks of the said interval which is known and the apparent matrix density of the clay ρma Cl which is taken equal to the matrix density of the clay of the pivot interval ρma max if it is higher than the said first limit or equal to the said first limit in the opposite case.
If the clay content is higher than a given limit, for example 0.6, the clay parameters of the interval are calculated as previously for the pivot interval.
The clay parameters of an interval not containing a sufficiently argilaceous level are calculated by interpolating the clay parameters of the intervals situated on either side of the said interval.
In addition to the determination of the clay parameters, the invention makes it possible to calculate an approximate value of the clay content VCl of each level. To obtain this result, the following procedure is used:
the most argilaceous level is determined in each interval by means of selected clay indicators;
all the measurements of GR for all the most argilaceous levels are noted and the highest values GRmax of these measurements are determined;
all the measurements GR for all the least argilaceous levels are also noted and the lowest of the values GRmin of these measurements is determined;
from the values GRmax and GRmin are determined the difference lines of the values of GR in the argilaceous formations, or GRCl and in the clean formations, or GRo and an approximate value of the clay content of each stratum Vac is calculated by the formula: ##EQU5##
According to a feature of the invention, whenever the minimum or maximum of the set of values xi of a parameter x is to be determined, a statistical minimum or maximum is calculated since if the lowest or the highest value of the set is taken it can constitute an aberrant measurement which seriously distorts the subsequent processing.
The values xi1 and xi2 of the variable are chose as the statistical maximum or minimum such that the majority of the values xi of the variable are either higher than xi1 or lower than xi2 without being too far from xi1 or xi2.
The following procedure is used:
A function F of the absolute value of the difference xi -xj is chosen which is a decreasing function of this absolute value, for example: ##EQU6## where α is a positive coefficient and n is an exponent equal to or greater than 1.
For each level i the function P.sub.(i) is computed P.sub.(i) the sum of the values F when xi is fixed and xj takes on successively all the values of the set by assigning to the function F the same sign as that of the difference xi -xj if the statistical maximum is sought and a sign opposite that of the difference xi -xj if the statistical minimum is sought.
For the statistical minimum and maximum are chosen the values xi1 and xi2 which make P.sub.(i) maximum. When the variable parameter is a clay indicator, the statistical minimum and maximum of the clay proportion are sought. As the values xi are the values calculated for the indicator, if the indicator is minimum in the clay, it is sufficient to reverse the signs of F indicated above.
According to the present invention, the porosity and density measuring instruments are calibrated by a scale shift and, if necessary, by introducing a sensitivity coefficient.
If the borehole goes through the sufficient thicknesses of low porosity formations such as anhydrite, salt or compact formations such as limestone or dolomite, these are noted and a correction of the measuring instruments is adopted such that the porosity and density readings in these strata are equal to the known theoretical values.
According to the invention, the density measuring instruments are also calibrated by calculating separately the parameter φRt by the formula: ##EQU7##
Rw is made to vary step by step around an approximate value Rw ' and the corrections dφN and dρb to be applied to the porosity measurement φN and to the density measurement ρb are also made to vary step by step.
We look for the pair of values:
Rw =RwaN and dφN =A which optimizes a function of the difference between φRt and φNc =φN +dφN.
Then, the pair of values of Rw =RwaD and dρb =B is sought which optimizes a function of ρbc =ρb +dρb and φRt. If the two values RwaN and RwaD are not very different, the pairs of values of dφN and dφb which optimize a function of ρbc and φNc are sought and the corrections dφNm and dρbm, to be made in the φN and of ρb readings, are chosen as the pair of values which optimize the function and which is the closest to dφN =A and to dρb =B.
A description is given below of the various stages of a particular procedure along with operation flowcharts. While the invention could be carried out on an analogue device, it is preferrable that it be carried out on an appropriately programmed general purpose digital computer.
Another object of the invention is to provide methods for processing information which defines the series of operations to be carried out whatever the program and the computer used.
The following description refers to the appended drawings in which:
FIG. 1 represents a graphic combination of the measurements of φN and φD ; and
FIGS. 2 to 10 represent the flow charts of the successive information processing operations for implementation on a general purpose digital computer.
Measurements are acquired for carrying out the analysis described herein by standard well logging techniques which are well known in the art. An example of an apparatus for acquiring the data is shown in the above referenced copending Clavier et al. patent application Ser. No. 7,716 filed on Feb. 2, 1970. As described and shown therein a borehole investigating apparatus traverses a borehole drilled in the earth formation. The apparatus includes exploring devices for obtaining measurements of the bulk density, acoustic travel time, neutron derived porosity, φN, natural gamma ray content, diameter of the borehole, spontaneous potential and deep and shallow resistivity, Rt and Rxo.
Measurement signals derived from the exploring device are transmitted to suitable signal processing circuits located at the surface of the earth. These circuits prepare the signals for application to a digital tape recorder which converts the well logging signals to digital form for recording on magnetic tape. The resulting magnetic tape is either carried to a digital computer or the data contained on the tape transmitted via a telemetry link to a digital computer. The computer is programmed in accordance with the techniques of the present invention to process the data.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a diagram in which the abscissas are the measured values of the neutron porosity φN and the ordinates are the values of the porosity φD computed from the density ρb, the measuring instruments being calibrated in limestone.
In this graph are represented the curves corresponding to the three most frequent matrices: dolomite (Dol), limestone (C) and sandstone (Gr).
Each level is represented on the graph by a point whose abscissas are the measured value of φN and whose ordinate is the measured value of ρb. All the levels of an interval furnish a cluster of points.
The points corresponding to the limestone levels are grouped along the line (C) for which φN =φD since the measuring instruments are calibrated in the limestone.
The points corresponding to the sandstone levels are grouped along the curve (Gr) and the points corresponding to the dolomite levels are grouped along the curve (Dol). The curves (C), (Gr) and (Dol) are graduated in porosity units.
For a given borehole, the nature of the traversed formations is known as well as the two end matrices, for example, limestone and dolomite if carbonate formations are involved. The apparent densities ρma1 and ρma2 of these matrices are read on the diagram at the end of the curves in the neighborhood of φN =0 and the porosities φN ma1 and φN ma2 which correspond to the abscissa of the end of the curves.
Any level is generally a mixture of several matrices with clay and occasionally hydrocarbons and the point which represents it can fall outside of the curves representing the simple matrices. The porosity φND of this level is obtained graphically by plotting one of the lines parallel to the constant porosity lines passing through this point. For example, the level A which φN =20 and ρb =2.45 has a porosity φND =18.5.
The calibrations of φN and φD result in shifting the cluster of points representative of all the measurements.
If the only variable factor were the lithological nature of the matrix, all the points of the cluster should be situated between the two curves representing the end matrices.
The methods according to the invention consist of marking, firstly, the low-clay and water-bearing strata and then of calibrating the measurement tools for porosity φN and for density ρb so that the maximum of these points, after the shifts due to calibration, are located between those of the two curves (Dol), (C) and (Gr) which correspond to the end matrices present in the borehole.
The point E represents the mud filtrate which in general corresponds to ρb =1 and φN =100%.
The points representative of the clay levels are grouped along a line EB called the clay line. The density corresponding to the point D where the clay line intersects the axis φN =0 is the apparent matrix density of the clay ρma Cl, close to 3 in the figure.
The point B represents a pure clay level having a density ρ=2.45 and a neutron porosity φN =0.27.
The point F, determined by the intersection of the line EM with the φN =0 axis, represents the apparent matrix density of a point M having φN =0.20 and ρb =2.55.
With the point M representative of a level, i, located in an interval in which the matrix of the rocks is composed of limestone, we obtain the clay proportion VCl(i) in this level through the ratio FI/DI in which I is the point where the line C intersects the axis φN =0.
FIG. 2 represents the flow chart of the overall operation of the invention. These include four stages:
Stage I: input of information.
Stage II: calibrations in low porosity formations.
Stage III: determination of argilaceous strata and clay parameters.
Stage IV: calibration in water-bearing formations.
FIG. 3 represents the general flow chart of Stage I: input of information.
A first item of information is the minimum and maximum depth between which falls the borehole length to be studied, in the case where the study must include only one portion of the borehole (block 1).
Block 2 represents the reading of the measurements made in the borehole. These readings have been previously corrected to take into account the diameter of the borehole and the possible presence of a mudcake along the walls.
These corrections are made from nomograms which indicate the variations in the readings brought about by variations in diameter. The measurements made are those which correspond to regularly spaced depth levels for example, every 30 centimeters or every foot.
Block 3 represents the values of the constant parameters which are recorded for each geological stage. The geological stages are determined by a preliminary analysis of the borehole data.
These parameters are:
Z1 and Z2: limit depths of each geological stage previously marked.
T: temperature at different levels.
Rmf : known mud filtrate resistivity. This resistivity varies with temperature according to the formula: ##EQU8## in which Rmfo is the resistivity at 75� F. and TF the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
Rw : resistivity of formation water if known. This resistivity also varies with temperature according to the formula (8).
If Rw is not known with accuracy, we enter an approximated value, Rwa.
ρma1 and ρma2 which are the maximum and minimum matrix densities present in the borehole.
The lithology of the traversed formations is sufficiently known so that these densities can be determined. In general, the clay minerals present, in addition to clay, are sandstone, whose matrix density is about 2.65, or limestone with a density ρma =2.71 or dolomite with a density ρma =2.87.
For the sands, the matrix density ρma can vary according to their composition: the average density of the sands is entered if it is known.
φN ma max and φN ma min are the matrix porosities read on the neutron probe for the end matrices corresponding to ρma1 and ρma2. These values are also known. For the limestone, φN ma =0 because the neutron probe is calibrated for limestone.
For dolomite, φN ma =0.5 p.u.
For quartz sand, φN ma =-3 p.u.
ρh : density of hydrocarbons. If the type of hydrocarbons present is known, this information can be given. Otherwise, we take ρh =0.7 for the oil, but the actual values can be much lower in the case of gas.
We also indicate, if they are known, the levels at which are located the major geological contact between two geological stages of a different nature.
Loop 3a indicates that the values of the constant parameters are recorded for each geological stage for the entire borehole length. After the parameters have been recorded, the information reading stage is ended and the program proceeds to Stage II.
The purpose of this stage is to find the low porosity levels of anhydrite, salt or compact rocks if these exist and to use the readings in these levels to calibrate the porosity measuring instruments.
This stage is divided into two phases:
Phase II1 : phase for determining the low porosity levels.
Phase II2 : correction of measurements from readings corresponding to the low porosity formations.
FIG. 4 represents the flow chart of the phase II.
Block 4 represents three indices NxS, NxAN and NxPD which designate the number of levels of salt, anhydrite and of compact formations respectively which have been noted. At the beginning of Stage II, these three indices are set to zero. The stored information is read, block 4a. Then for each item of information, we first determine whether the depth level is in the geological stage, i.e., whether the depth Z is between Zmax and Zmin (block 5). If the depth level is outside the geological stage, it is first asked if all the data has been used, and if it has not, the information from the next geological stage is read and the depth level is processed using the information from the proper geological interval.
If the depth level is within the geological stage, doubtful information is eliminated by cutting out all readings which correspond to levels in which the diameter exceeds a certain limit or to levels in which the parameter Δρb, which is recorded at the same time as the density ρb shows a measurement which is likely to have an error (block 6).
Next, φRt is computed using Eq. 7 (block 6a). We determine whether φRt is lower than 5 porosity units. If such is not the case, we go on to the next level. If such is the case, we determine whether φRt ≦1 (block 8). In the affirmative, the corresponding level can be salt or anhydrite.
We determine whether it is salt by successively checking whether the measured density ρb is between 2 and 2.1 (block 9), whether the measured raidoactivity GR≦20 (block 10) and whether the acoustic travel time 65≦Δt≦69 (block 11). If these conditions are all met, it can be concluded that a salt level is involved. In this case, we increase the index NxS by one unit and store the density and the porosity measured for this level, which correspond to the parameters of the salt: ρb salt and φN salt (block 12). If the density ρb is not between 2 and 2.1, NO answer from decision element 9, we determine whether an anhydrite stratum is involved, i.e., whether simultaneously ρb ≦2.9 (block 13), GR≦20 (block 14) and 48≦Δt≦52 (block 15). If the answer to these three questions is affirmative, it is concluded that an anhydrite level is involved.
The index NxAN is increased by one unit and the corresponding measurements ρbAN, φNAN, ΔtAN and φRtAN which represent a measurement in the anhydrite (block 16) are stored.
If the block 8 has determined that φRt, while being lower than 5, was higher than 1, we determine whether the level is a compact formation such as limestone or dolomite. Such formations exhibit a high resistivity, higher than 1000 times Rw and a total density ρb ≦2.60.
Blocks 17 and 18 determine whether these two conditions are verified simultaneously.
If the numbers of levels available is relatively limited, we conserve all the levels for which the porosity measured by the neutron probe φN ≦5 p.u.
If, on the other hand, many measurements are available, corresponding to compact formations, we make a more severe selection and retain only the levels for which the porosity φN is less than or equal to (φN min +3), φN min being the lowest of the porosity values measured, which can be negative (block 19).
An index NxPD is increased by one unit if all the conditions are met (block 10). The measured values of φN, ρb and Δt are also recorded.
Phase II1 is pursued until all the data are used and then the program proceeds to Phase II2.
FIG. 5 represents the flow chart of this phase which is designed to calibrate the porosity and density reading instruments from the information obtained in the low porosity levels which have been marked and recorded during the phase II1.
Block 21 determines whether the number of anhydrite levels is sufficient to lead to statistically valid results, for example greater than 20.
If such is the case, a first correction of the measurement instruments is carried out.
We determine the statistical maximum ρb max of all the values of ρb measured in the anhydrite levels and we make a scale shift d ρb of the measurements of ρb so that ρb max =2.98 which is the correct reading of the anhydrite.
Likewise, we calculate the statistical minimum φN min of all the porosity measurements made with the neutron probe for all the anhydrite levels and we adopt a calibration dφN of φN such that φN min =-0.005.
We also calibrate the instrument measuring the acoustic travel time Δt so that the statistical minimum Δtmin of all the values measured in the anhydrite strata becomes equal to 50 after a scale shift d Δt.
If the borehole has gone through a thick zone of anhydrite, for example at least of 3 meters thick, i.e., having at least 10 successive measurements noted as corresponding to anhydrite, we note the value of the conductivity, CIL, measured by the induction probe or the average of the conductivity values and, if the difference between the diameter of the borehole and the diameter of the drill bit is smaller than 2 inches, we make an origin shaft d CIL such that CIL+d CIL=0.
All these operations are represented in the flow chart by block 22.
In general technique for finding the statistical maximum of a parameter is to find or compute the maximum of the function: ##EQU9## where α is a postive coefficient and n is a positive exponent, for example 2. The subroutine for performing this operation is shown in FIG. 5a.
Referring to FIG. 5a, the subroutine is entered, block 250 and the parameters MAX, Σj and Pi are initially set to 0, block 251. MAX represents the maximum computed value of the function Pi and Σj is the running sum of the function Pi.
The first depth level is considered by setting i and j equal to 1, block 252 and 254. Then, the difference in the value of the parameters at depth levels i and j which are indicated by xi and xj respectively, is computed, block 256 after which decision element 258 asks if this difference is equal or greater than 0. If it is, sign (i,j) is set equal to +1, block 260 and if not, sign (i,j) is set equal to -1, block 262. The function ##EQU10## can now be computed for the levels corresponding to i and j and added to Σj ' which is the sum of the functions computed for the previous j levels. This is indicated in block 264. Next, decision element 266 asks if j=N, i.e., if all the levels j have been considered, and if not, j is incremented block 268 while i remains constant for the next computation. After all N levels have been considered by incrementing j and maintaining i constant, Pi is set equal to the sum of the function computed in block 264, as represented by block 268. Next decision element 270 asks if Pi is greater than MAX and if it is, MAX is set equal to Pi, block 272. Decision element 274 next asks if i equals N, that is if i has been varied over all N depth levels of interest. If not, i is incremented, block 272 and the program returns to consider the next i depth level with all j depth levels. This continues until all the depth levels have been considered after which the maximum value Pi equal to MAX for the entire computation is taken as the statistical maximum value of the parameter of interest, block 278 and the program returns, block 280.
To compute the statistical minimum of a parameter, the same procedure is followed except that the value sign (i,j) is taken as opposite that of the difference (xi -xj). Thus in flow chart of FIG. 5a, after decision element 258, sign(i,j) would be set equal to +1 if (x1-x j) is less than zero and sign(i,j) would be set equal minus one if (xi -xj) is equal to or greater than zero.
Block 23 indicates that the value 1 is given to an index ITAN indicating that a calibration was made in the anhydrite.
If the response of the block 21 is negative, the total thickness of anhydrite is insufficient for a valid calibration, and the block 24 determines whether the number of compact levels detected NxPD is sufficient, for example higher than 20.
If affirmative, block 25 indicates the calculations carried out.
We calculate the average value of all the porosity measurements φN obtained by the neutron probe in the compact formations. We also calculate, for each compact formation, a porosity value φRt from the resistivity measurement Rt and an approximate value of Rw by the formula (7) with, for example, n=2.15 and a=0.62 and we determine the average of all these values φR t. For each compact stratum, we calculate the matrix density ρma Rt from the total density measurement ρb and from the calculated value of φRt by the formula: ##EQU11## which formula is derived from the formula (1) by replacing φD by φRt.
We then determine the statistical maximum ρma Rt max and and statistical minimum ρma Rt min of all these values of ρma Rt and we calculate the range of variations D ρma Rt =ρma Rt max -ρma Rt min.
Block 26 indicates that an index ITPD =1 is recorded indicating that a calibration is made in the compact levels.
Block 27 indicates that a calibration d φN is made on the neutron probe.
The scale shift d φN is taken equal to the difference between the average value of φRt and the average value of φN in the compact formations so that the average of the measurements of φN after correction becomes equal to the average of the values of φRt.
Before calibrating the density measurement instrument, block 28 determines whether the variation range D ρma Rt is between 0.15 and 0.17. These limits correspond to the difference between the matrix densities of the dolomite and of the limestone which is 0.16.
If the response of block 28 is affirmative, we deduce that compact formations contain levels of limestone and levels of dolomite in the pure state.
Block 28a indicates that we then carry out the calibration of the measuring instrument for the density ρb by shifting the scale by a quantity dρb such that ρma Rt max is equal to 2.87, i.e., to the density of the dolomite. Simultaneously, ρma Rt min becomes equal to 2.71 since D ρma Rt is essentially equal to 0.16.
If the response of block 28 is negative, block 29 determines whether D ρma Rt is small, for example smaller than 0.05.
If the response is affirmative, the compact formations are composed of a single mineral: limestone or dolomite.
To determine the nature of this mineral, it is necessary to measure the acoustic travel time Δt from which we determine the acoustic travel time in the matrix Δtma by the formula: ##EQU12##
in which formula Δtf is the known acoustic travel time in the fluid which fills the pores and φNc indicates the corrected value of the porosity measurement by the neutron probe.
Block 30 indicates the calculation of the average value of all the values of Δtma in the compact formations.
Block 31 determines whether the average Δtma is smaller than 44. If it is, the compaction formations are dolomite.
Block 32 indicates that the density measuring instrument must be calibrated using a correction d ρb such that ρma Rt max =2.87.
If the response of block 31 is negative, block 33 determines whether the average value of Δtma is between 47 and 49. If it is, the compact formations are limestone strata. Block 34 indicates that the density measuring instrument must be calibrated using a correction d ρb such that ρma Rt min =2.71.
Coming back to block 29, a negative response means that the compact formations are composed of mixtures of limestone and dolomite.
The function of block 35 is to determine whether the limestone or the dolomite are predominant in this mixture. To accomplish this, the respective weights of the statistical maximum and minimum of ρma Rt are compared.
If the limestone is predominant, the histogram of the values of ρma Rt exhibit an accumulation in the neighborhood of the statistical minimum whereas this accumulation is located in the vicinity of the statistical maximum if the dolomite is predominant.
To differentiate these two cases, we assign to the statistical minimum and maximum a weight function: ##EQU13## in which xil is the statistical minimum or maximum of all the values of ρma Rt and R is the ordinate of the histogram, i.e., the frequency of the values. The function P thus corresponds to the integration of the histogram over an interval 0.03 wide on either side of the statistical minimum and maximum.
If block 35 determines that the weight of ρma Rt max is lower than that of ρma Rt min the matrix of the compact formations is composed mainly of limestone and the measurement of ρb is calibrated in the limestone (block 34).
If, on the other hand, the weight of ρma Rt max is higher than that of ρma Rt min, then the matrix of the compact formations is composed mainly of dolomite and the measurement of ρb is calibrated in the dolomite (block 32).
Before recording the correction dρb of the density measurement determined by block 32 or block 34, the block 36 determines whether this correction is smaller than 0.05. If it is, the correction is recorded (block 37).
By contrast, if dρb≦0.05, it is concluded that the value is too high and that an error is to be feared.
In this case, the calibration in the compact formations is rejected (block 38) and the operations are pursued working with the salt levels.
If the response of block 24 is negative, or after having carried out the calibrations in the anhydrite levels and/or in the compact formations, block 39 determines whether the number of salt levels is sufficient. If the reply is affirmative, a correction d ρb is made in the density measuring instrument so that the statistical minimum ρb obtained in the salt is equal to the correct reading for the salt, or 2.03. The index ITS is given the value 1 to indicate that a correction has been made in the salt (block 40).
In the case where the borehole traverses both anhydrite and salt, we thus obtain a double calibration of the measurements of ρb at the two ends of the scale. If these two calibrations are identical, it is then sufficient to make a scale shift. On the other hand, if they do not correspond, it is necessary to introduce at the same time a multiplying coefficient C or a sensitivity coefficient for the measurements of ρb so that they correspond and, in this case, the calibration of the density measuring instrument is finished.
Block 41 determines if there has already been a calibration in the anhydrite, in which case we go on to Stage III.
Block 42 also determines whether a calibration has been made in the compact formations, in which case we do on to the next stage.
On the other hand, if no calibration has been made in the anhydrite, nor in the compact formations, we determine the statistical minimum φN min of all the values of φN measured by the neutron probe in the salt levels and we make a correction d φN such that φN min =0.035 (block 43).
Stage II is then finished.
Summarizing, during this stage, we have calibrated the measuring instruments for porosity, density and possibly for acoustic travel time by shifting the zero of the scale.
If both anhydrite and salt exist in a sufficient thickness, the density calibration is completed and the only remaining calibration unknown is a multiplying factor of the porosity measurements by the neutron probe.
Clays do not have specific properties which can be measured by logging making it difficult to detect the very argilaceous levels and to obtain the clay parameters.
To identify the clay levels, it is necessary to use the simultaneous variations of several clay indicators.
Thanks to the calculation of an optimizing function in which all these indicators are taken into account, it is possible to determine which levels are the most argilaceous and which are very probably composed of pure clay, and to deduce a value of the clay parameters utilizable in the rest of the operations.
The measurements made in the borehole contain certain parameters and make it possible to calculate other parameters which vary as a function of the presence of clay and which are generally maximum or minimum in pure clay. Clay indicators are selected from among these variable parameters.
The variable parameters taken into consideration are the following:
(a) the natural measured gamma radioactivity GR which, in general, is maximum in the clay;
(b) the measured spontaneous potential which is maximum or minimum in the clay depending on the polarity;
(c) the calculated product GR�φN in which φN is the porosity measured by the neutron probe.
To avoid the causes of error which could be due to radioactive formations, all measurements of GR higher than 150 are eliminated.
The product GR�φN is maximum in the clay.
(d) the apparent matrix density ρmaa calculated according to the formula: ##EQU14## in which ρb and φN are the density and the neutron porosity measured and ρmf is the density of the filtrate present in the pores, which is known. The density ρmaa is maximum in the clay. To avoid errors due to other formulations having a high matrix density, the low porosity levels are eliminated by making a cut on the small values of φN. The anhydrite strate have been noted during the Phase II and are already eliminated.
(e) The ratio φD /φN which is minimum in the clay. Since the calculation of φD requires that we know the matrix density ρma which generally is not known, the following equivalent parameter is calculated: ##EQU15## which is also minimum in the clay.
(f) the calculated ratio: ##EQU16## in which expression Δt is the measurement of the acoustic travel time in the formation, Δtf the acoustic travel time in the fluid which fills the pores and ρmf the density of the mud filtrates.
This ratio is minimum in the clay.
(g) the calculated ratio: ##EQU17## which is minimum in the clay.
(h) the measured diameter of the borehole d, maximum in the clay.
The Stage III includes several phases.
Phase III1 -for selecting the best clay indicators.
Phase III2 -for determining the most argilaceous level and the least argilaneous level of each interval.
Phase III3 -for determining the clay parameters.
The purpose of Phase III1 is to select, from among the eight variable parameters sensitive to the presence of clay, the best clay indicators of which there are at least two. In the chosen example, the number of clay indicators is taken equal to at least five to improve accuracy.
This selection is obtained by calculating the mutual correlation coefficients of the parameters and by retaining those which have the best correlation between them.
If we consider two variable parameters x and y, whose values corresponding to a level i are xi and yi, the correlation coefficient Cxy between these two parameters is calculated by the known formula: ##EQU18## in which x and y are the average values.
It is known that the correlation is perfect if Cxy is close to 1, poor if |C|<0.5, good if C>0.5 and that there is an anti-correlation if C<-0.5.
In the example shown, we calculate for each geological stage the mutual correlation coefficient between each pair of variable parameters sensitive to clay. It would also be possible to calculate the correlation coefficients by intervals within each stage. We construct a square matrix of which each line and each column corresponds to one of the variable parameters and we place in the box corresponding to each intersection the mutual correlation coefficient between the two parameters corresponding to the line and to the column.
We take the sum of the absolute values of each line. The pivot indicator is the one having the maximum sum. We consider the two parameters corresponding to the two highest sums of absolute values. We keep as the best clay indicators the parameters which have a correlation coefficient with the two best parameters higher than 0.6 in absolute value. If the number of indicators thus selected in not equal to at least five, we retain the best five indicators having the best correlation coefficients with the two selected parameters.
We determine at the same time the polarity of S.P. from the sign of the coefficient of correlation between S.P. and the pivot indicator.
The pivot indicator is assigned a positive sign if it is maximum in the clay and a negative sign in the opposite case. The polarity of the spontaneous potential in the clays has the same sign as the product of the sign of the pivot indicator multiplied by the mutal correlation coefficient between S.P. and the said pivot indicator.
To say S.P. has a positve polarity means that its value in the clays is higher than in the clean formations and that it has a maximum value in the clays, and vice versa if the polarity is negative.
Each geological unit is divided into intervals of a given height, for example intervals of 250 feet or 75 meters.
The purpose of phase III2 is to determine, in each interval, the most argilaceous level and the least argilaceous level.
It is considered that these levels are those which optimize a choice function in the calculation of which are included the values of the selected clay indicators.
It is first necessary to make these indicators comparable by normalizing their variations. The normalized variation is obtained by dividing the variations by a normalization coefficient.
We first calculate, in each interval, the statistical maximum and minimum of each of the clay indicators k and the range of variation Dk equal to the difference between this maximum and this minimum.
The statistical maximum and minimum of a clay indicator k are the values xk1 and xk2 which give the maximum value to a function: ##EQU19## in which α is a positive coefficient and n a positive exponent. In general, we choose n=2.
The sign is the same as that of the difference xi -xj for the calculation of the statistical maximum and the opposite of that of the difference xi -xj for the calculation of the statistical minimum.
The variation range Dk of a clay indicator k in an interval is equal to xk2-xk1. The variations of the different indicators are normalized by dividing each of them by a normalization coefficient Nk whose absolute value is chosen such that the normalized variation range of each indicator is the same and equal to n units of variation. ##EQU20##
However, for each clay indicator, we set a minimum variation range λk, corresponding to n units. If the variation range of the said indicator is smaller than λk, we choose as the absolute value of the normalization coefficient ##EQU21## .
The normalization coefficient is assigned a positive sign if the corresponding clay indicator has a maximum value in the clay and a negative sign if the clay indicator has a minimum value in the clay.
For the indicator consisting of the diameter of the hole measured in inches, the value of the normalization coefficient is set equal to 0.5. If we use a normalized variation range equal to 30 units, the minimum values of λk for the other indicators are as follows: SP=60 mv; GR=75 API; φN.GR=30; ρmaa =0.45; N'=0.60; M=0.18; M'=0.42.
After this operation for normalizing the variations of the different clay indicators, we come to the operations for determining the most argilaceous level and the least argilaceous level of each interval.
For each level i of the interval, we calculate the function ##EQU22## where F'(i,j) is chosen as: ##EQU23## and α is a positive coefficient and n a positive exponent, for example 1 or 2. F'P'.sub.(i) is the sum of the values of F'(i,j) when i is fixed and j takes on successively all the values of the interval, and sign (i,j) is assigned a value -1, 0 or 1 depending on the sign of the normalized variation defined below.
We choose as the most ariglaceous level and as the least argilaceous level of each interval those which give the function P'(i) its maximum value.
The most argilaceous level is the one which gives the maximum value of the function P'(i) in which the following values are given to the sign expression (i,j): ##EQU24##
The least argilaceous level is the one which gives the maximum value of the function P'(i) in which the following values are given to the sign expression (i,j): ##EQU25##
The determination of the most argilaceous level and the least argilaceous level is similar to the determination of the statistical maximum and the statistical minimum of all the values of a single indicator.
What is involved is determining the statistical maximum and minimum of the clay proportions furnished by several different indicators after having normalized the information furnished by these different indicators to make them comparable to each other.
Having determined the most argilaceous level of each interval, we calculate the apparent matrix density ρmaa of each of these levels according to the formula (12) and we consider the largest apparent densities thus found, called ρma max and we designate the level and the interval to which it belongs as the pivot level and interval. It would also be possible to calculate other parameters for all the most argilaceous levels, for example the parameter M according to the formula (14).
Three cases are to be considered:
If ρma max >3 or if corresponding M<0.65, we consider that the pivot level is composed of pure clay and the parameters (ρbCl, φNCl, Rt Cl, SPCl, GRCl and ΔtCl) corresponding to the pivot level as retained as values of the clay parameters for the entire pivot interval.
If ρma max <2.9 and M>0.68, we consider that throughout the studied geological stage, there is no sufficiently argilaceous formation to allow the valid calculations of the clay parameters and, in the case, the clay parameters must be taken from a file.
If 2.9<ρma max <3 or if 0.65<M<0.68, we assume that the apparent density of the pure clay in the pivot interval ρma Cl =3. From this value, and from the value of ρma max and the value of the apparent matrix density ρma in the pivot interval, which is known, we calculate by linear interpolation the clay percentage VCl or the pivot level according to the approximate formula: ##EQU26##
Knowing the clay percentage of the pivot level, we derive the values of the clay parameters of this level, valid for the entire interval, by the diferent formulas which express the clay percentage as a function of the variations of a parameter. For example, we calculate GRCl by the formula: ##EQU27## which GRma is the gamma radioactivity in the matrix of the pivot interval, which is known.
Other parameters for the entire interval may be determined as follow: SPCl is set equal to the spontaneous potential measured at the pivot level. Rt Cl is determined by: ##EQU28## where Rt is resistivity reading at the pivot level. The value of ρb Cl is computed from the value of ρb and φn at the pivot level and the neutron porosity measurement for the matrix rocks in the interval j, φN ma. ##EQU29## where: ##EQU30## and
A=ρb -φN -ρma +φN ρma (29)
B=(1-φN)(ρma -1)φN ma (30)
C=1-φN (31)
D=1-φN ma (32)
The neutron porosity of clay, φN Cl, is found according to the formula: ##EQU31## The acoustic transit time for clay, ΔtCl is computed as: ##EQU32## where Δt is acoustic transit time for the pivot level and Δtma is the acoustic transit time for the matrix rocks in the interval.
For each of the intervals other than the pivot ρinterval, we consider the value of the apparent density ρma Cli calculated for the most argilaceous level of the interval.
Two cases are to be considered:
If ρma Cli >3 and ρma Cli >ρma max -0.05 whichever is larger, ρma max being either the value found for the pivot level if this value is higher than 3, or 3 in the opposite case, we consider that the corresponding level is composed of pure clay and the parameters for the corresponding interval are taken as being equal to the value at this level.
If the preceding condition is not met, we calculate the clay percentage VCli of the most argilaceous level of the interval by linear interpolation, assuming that the apparent density of the clay of this level is the one which was found for the pivot level ρma Clmax and by using the known apparent matrix density of the corresponding interval ρma : ##EQU33##
If the value of VCli thus calculated is higher than 0.60, it is considered that the corresponding level is sufficiently argilaceous to allow the calculation of the values of the valid clay parameters.
These parameters, valid for the entire interval, are computed as before for the pivot level, from the known formulas expressing the clay percentage as a function of the different parameters.
By contrast for the spontaneous potential we use as the value of the spontaneous potential in the clay SPCl, valid for the entire interval, the value measured for the most argilaceous level of the interval because, beyond a clay content 0.60, the spontaneous potential remains substantially constant.
If the clay proportion of the most argilaceous level of an interval is smaller than 0.60, we consider that there is no sufficiently argilaceous level in the interval to allow a valid computation of the clay parameters and, in this case, the clay parameters of the interval are computed by the linear interpolation of the values of the clay parameters of the intervals located on either side. If what is involved is an interval located at one end of the geological stage, we choose as the values of the clay parameters of this interval those of the adjacent interval.
The purpose of the Phase III3 is also to provide a first approximate evaluation of the clay proportion VCl contained in each level.
It is known that an approximate upper limit of the clay proportion VCli of the natural gamma radioactivity of this level by linear interpolation from gamma radioactivity values in the pure clays, GRCl and in the formations without clay, GRo, according to the formula (5),
The invention makes it possible to determine with good accuracy the values of GRo and GRCl along the borehole.
We consider all the values of GR measured for all the least argilaceous levels of each interval. We determine the smallest of these values, that is GRmin.
Likewise, we consider all the values of GR measured for all the most argilaceous levels of each interval and we calculate the largest of these values, namely GRmax.
We use these values GRmin and GRmax to determine over the entire borehole the reference lines of the values of GRCl and of GRo. We first look for all the intervals for which the measured value of GR remains statistically stable over a thickness of at least 10 feet or 3 meters. We consider this condition to be fulfilled if the standard deviation, σ, remains smaller than a limit, for example ##EQU34##
If this stable value is near the value GRmin, we consider the said thickness as a formation without clay and the corresponding value of GR as a measurement of GRo.
If this stable value is near GRmax, we consider the stable value GR as a measurements of GRCl.
For example, we consider that the values of GR which are higher than GRmin by an amount smaller than one-fifth of the deviation between GRmax and GRmin correspond to clean formations, that is GR.sub.(i) =GRo if:
GR.sub.(i) -GRmin >0.2(GRmax -GRmin).
Likewise, we consider that the values of GR which deviate from GRmax, in either direction, by an amount smaller than one-fifth of the difference between GRmax and GRmin correspond to pure clay, that is:
GR.sub.(i) =GRCl if:
0.8(GRmax -GRmin)<GR.sub.(i) GRmin <1.2(GRmax -GRmin).
If, in an interval, there is no stable value of GR sufficiently close to GRmin and GRmax, then GRmin and GRmax are used as values of GRo and GRCl.
We determine the continuous reference lines of the values of GRo and of GRCl in the following manner:
The lowest of the values of GRCl is extended on either side up to the next stable value of GRCl. Then, the same is done for the value of GRCl immediately above and so on util we have obtained a continuous step line over the entire length of the borehole, which serves as the reference line for the values of GRCl in the argilaceous formations.
In the same manner, we determine a continuous reference line or baseline of the values of GRo corresponding to the clean formations.
We first extend each section corresponding to GRo over the entire extent of a permeable bed whose limits are defined by constant readings of SP equal to the readings in the clay.
In the same manner, the continuous line of GRo is obtained by combining the voids begining with the smallest value of GRo.
For each level (i) it is thus possible to calculate VCl(i) using the values of GRo and GRCl given by the two reference lines thus determined.
An approximate upper limit of the clay proportion contained in a level (i) can also be derived from the measurement of the spontaneous potential in the said level SP.sub.(i) by linear interpolation from, on the one hand, the values of the spontaneous potential in the clay SPCl which constitute the base line and, on the other, in the clean formations, and this is called the static spontaneous potential or SSP.
The formula used is the following: ##EQU35##
Whenever the measurement SP remains statistically constant, the standard deviation σ being lower than 0.5 mv over at least 8 feet or 2.50 meters or lower than 1.2 mv over at least 16 feet or 5 meters, we consider that the measurement corresponds to the base line or to the static spontaneous potential. For each of these sections, we calculate the apparent matrix density ρmaa by the formula (12) and we compare the value found with the density of the clay ρma Cl previously calculated. If the difference ρma Cl -ρmaa is near zero, for example, lower than 0.05 and if, at the same time, the clay proportion VCl GR calculated from the measurements of GR is greater than 50%, we consider the corresponding value of SP to be the measurement of SP in the clay SPCl.
To be on the safe side, it is possible to add other conditions, for example the condition that the value of the indicator M should be lower than 0.70.
If, on the contrary, ρma Cl -ρmaa <0.30 and if VCl GR<20%, the corresponding value of SP is considered to be a measurement of SSP.
The base line of the spontaneous potential in the argilaceous formations is the broken line which connects all the middles of the segments identified as corresponding to SPCl.
The reference line for values of SSP is determined by extending the SSP value for each section over the entire extent of a permeable bed whose limits are defined by two clay beds on opposite sides of the permeable bed. The clay beds are described as having constant SP readings equal to the readings in clay. This is the same procedure as used in extending the base line for GRo. The voids between the SSP base line are filled in as described above.
The deflections of the static spontaneous potential, i.e., the deviations between the value of the static spontaneous potential and the base value of the spontaneous potential, are read from the base line thus plotted. For the evaluation of the clay percentage, consideration is given only to the intervals in which the deflections of SSP are negative and smaller than -30 mv.
In conculsion, Stage III makes it possible to calculate for each interval an approximate value of the clay parameters, in particular of the clay density ρma Cl, clay porosity φN Cl, clay resistivity Rt Cl, spontaneous potential in the clay SPCl, and acoustic transit time in the clay ΔtCl. These values are used as input values in a more detailed program which has already been described in earlier patent applications.
Stage III also makes it possible to determine relatively accurate values of the parameters GRo and SSP corresponding to the levels without clay and, from these values, to calculate the clay proportion VCl in each level.
On the basis of this calculation, it is possible to determine the low clay levels which are used in Stage IV to calibrate the instruments for the measurement of porosity φN and density ρb.
FIGS. 6 and 7 represent the flow chart of the operations which constitute Stage III.
Block 44 represents the calculations making it possible to calculate the correlation coefficient of each variable parameter xi with each of the other parameters yj over the extent of a geological stage.
For each of the parameters k, we calculate, for all the levels i of a geological stage:
(1) the sum Σi x.sub.(i) of the values of the said parameter.
(2) the sum Σi x.sub.(i)2 of the squares of the values of the said parameter.
(3) the sum Σi x.sub.(i) �y.sub.(i) of the products of the values taken on by the said parameter multiplied by the values y.sub.(i) taken on by each of the other parameters.
(4) the average x of all the values of each parameter and the square x2 of this average.
A loop 44a is made for each indicator k. These sums and averages make it possible to calculate correlation coefficient between two parameters according to the formula (16).
The term Σi (xi -x)2 which appears in the formula (16) and which is the sum of the standard deviations is equal to: ##EQU36##
Block 45 represents the calculation of the correlation coefficient of each parameter k in relation to each of the other parameters.
Block 46 represents the calculation of the sum of the absolute values of the correlation coefficients of each parameter in relation to each of the others.
Block 47 represents the selection of the pivot indicator, i.e., that of the parameters whose sum calculated by the block 46 has a maximum value, and also the selection of the second best indicator and of the clay indicators which will be adopted for the rest of the processing.
Block 48 represents the determination of the sign of the polarity SP.
Phase III1 is completed.
Block 49 represents the calculation of the statistical maximum of all the values of each clay indicator xk and the block 50 the calculation of the statistical minimum of all the values of each indicator.
This maximum and this minimum are the values which correspond to the level i1 and i2 for which the function ##EQU37## has a maximum value.
We choose n=2 for example. The value of α varies dependent upon the formation. In practice, three different values of α are chosen, for example 2.10-4, 2.10-3 and 2.10-2, allowing the calculation of three statistical minimums or maximums and we then take the average of the three values thus calculated.
The value of the sign is equal to or opposite that of the difference xi -xj depending on whether the maximum or the minimum is sought.
Block 51 represents the calculation of the absolute value of the variation range |Dk| of each indicator which is the difference between the values determined by the blocks 49 and 50.
Block 52 represents the comparison of |Dk| with the minimum variation range |λk| corresponding to 30 variation units.
If |Dk|≦|λk|, the aboslute value of the normalization coefficient |Nk| is calculated by the block 53 according to the formula ##EQU38##
If, on the other hand, |Nk| is greater than |λk|, the block 54 calculates an absolute value of the normalization coefficient ##EQU39##
The flow chart includes a loop 55 for each clay indicator.
Phase III2 is then pursued for the determination of the most argilaceous levels and the least argilaceous levels.
Each geological stage is divided into intervals of a given thickness, for example into intervals of 250 feet and we determine the most argilaceous level and the least argilaceous level for each interval.
For each interval, we read the information level by level (block 56).
Cuts are made to eliminate all the levels corresponding to anhydrite, salt, coal or compact formations which were determined during state II. We also eliminate the levels corresponding to values of GR higher than a limit, for example 150 API units and the levels for which porosity measured by the neutron probe is low.
For example, we take only the levels for which φN >10 porosity units.
Likewise, we take only the levels for which the ratio Rxo /Rt is between certain limits, for example between 0.5 and 2.
Block 57 represents these eliminations.
Block 58 represents the storage of the adopted information. Owing to the abundance of this information, only one information item out of two is stored in order to reduce the calculations.
Block 59 determines, after each level, whether the thickness of the interval considered is reached. If not, block 60 determines whether the limits of the considered geological stage have been reached. If this is not the case, we form a loop 61 to go on to the next level.
If blocks 59 or 60 determine that the limits of the interval or of the geological stage are reached, the reading of information relative to an interval is terminated and the program is pursued by calculating the statistical optima of the considered interval. The flow chart of this calculation is shown in FIG. 7.
For each level i of the interval, we determine the value of the function P'.sub.(i) and we determine for which level i the function P'.sub.(i) has a maximum value. The calculation is substantially the same for determining the most argilaceous level and the least argilaceous level.
In both cases, we look for the maximum of a function: ##EQU40## where F'.sub.(i,j) is given by Equation 18.
We then go from the calculation of the most argilaceous level to the calculation of the least argilaceous level by modifying only the value of the sign Nk.
FIG. 7 represents the calculation of the most argilaceous level.
Block 62 represents the values at the beginning of the interval. The function P'=0.
S.M. represents an index which corresponds to the number of times the expression Dk/Nk is negative. Dk/Nk is the normalized variation of an indicator.
We consider two levels i and j of the interval and a clay indicator k.
We first calculate the difference xk.sub.(i) -xk.sub.(j), that is the difference between the values of the indicator k for the levels i and j (block 63).
We then calculate the normalized variation ##EQU41##
Block 65 determines whether the normalized variation is positive or negative.
If it is negative, block 66 calculates the absolute value ##EQU42## (The operation of block 70 will be explained below).
If it is positive ##EQU43##
Block 68 calculates the new partial sum: ##EQU44## that is, block 68 adds to the preceding value ##EQU45## furnished by block 66 or block 67.
A loop 69 is made to take into account the values corresponding to the levels i and j furnished by all the indicators k. When the loop is completed, block 68 furnishes ##EQU46## corresponding to the two levels i and j.
It is thus possible to compute the function: ##EQU47## by choosing for α a positive value, for example 1 and for n, a positive value, for example 1. It is seen that Equation 18' is Equation 18 in rewritten form.
We next have to compute: ##EQU48## If block 65 has determined that ##EQU49## block 70 calculates a new value of SM=SM'+1, SM' being the preceding value.
Once the loop 69 has been completed for all the indicators k, we obtain a total value of SM.sub.(i,j) for the two level i and j.
Block 71 determines whether this value is equal to 0, to 1 or is higher than 1.
If SM.sub.(i,j) =0, that is for every k, ##EQU50## sign (i,j)=+1 (block 72).
If SM.sub.(i,j) =1, that is, if there is one indicator k and only one for this Dk/Nk<0, sign (i,j)=0 (block 73).
If SM.sub.(i,j) >0, sign (i,j)=-1 (block 74).
In the case where the least argilaceous level is sought, we replace Nk by -Nk and we record, in the same manner, Dk/-Nk<0, and the sign of (i,j) is determined in the same manner.
Knowing the value of sign (i,j) and of the function: ##EQU51## we compute the product F'.sub.(i,j) sin(i,j)
We compute each time a new partial sum: Σ=Σ'+F'.sub.(i,j). sign(i,j) (block 75), Σ' being the preceding value.
We then make a loop 76 for each of the levels j of the interval.
When all the intervals j have been taken into account, the sum represents ##EQU52##
Block 77 compares this sum P'.sub.(i) with the maximum values of the same sum found previously.
If this value is smaller, it need not be recorded, and the program forms a loop 78 to scan all the levels i of the interval.
If the value ##EQU53## is higher than the previously found maximum, it is recorded.
At the end of an interval, the level which corresponds to the maximum of P'.sub.(i) is the most argilaceous level or the least argilaceous level of the interval and it is retained (block 79).
The program then executes a loop 80 for the next interval, and then a loop 81 for the next geological stage, returning to block 44, FIG. 6.
The program is then pursued for the study of the stability of the gamma radioactivity, of the spontaneous potential and of the clay parameters. The flow chart of these operations which constitute phase III3 is shown in FIG. 8.
Referring now to FIG. 8, phase III3 is entered via block 150. The apparent matrix density ρmaa and the parameter M is computed using equations 12 and 14 respectively, for the most argilaceous level in each interval, block 152. Next, the largest of the apparent densities is selected and called ρma max, block 154. The level at which ρma max is found is designated the pivot level and the interval containing that level is designated the pivot interval.
The parameters for the pivot interval are now computed. To this end, decision element 156 asks if ρma max is greater than 3 or whether M is less than 0.65. If it is the level is considered to be composed of pure clay and the values of the parameters for the pivot level (ρb, φN, Rt, SP, GR, Δt) are retained as the clay parameters for the entire pivot interval, block 158. If the answer is NO, decision element 160 asks if ρma max is less than 2.9 and whether M is greater than 0.68. If the answer is YES, predetermined values of the parameters are utilized as clay parameters for the interval, block 162.
If the answer from decision element 160 is NO, the clay parameters for the interval must be computed. To this end, ρma Cl is set equal to 3, block 164. From block 164, the program proceeds to block 166 where the clay percentage is computed for the pivot level using equation 20. Next, the clay parameters valid for the entire pivot interval are determined. First SPCl is set equal to the value of SP of the pivot level. Then GRCl, Rt Cl, φN Cl and ΔtCl are computed using equations 21 and 26-34. This operation is represented by block 168.
Either from blocks 158, 162 or 168, the program proceeds to block 172 where the operation of computing the clay parameters for the other intervals is begun. For the most argilaceous level in each interval, the apparent matrix density, ρma cli is computed using equation 12, block 172. Decision element 174 next asks if ρma cli is greater than 3 and if ρma cli is greater than ρma max -0.05 and if it is, the parameters for the interval are set equal to the parameters for the most argilaceous level in the interval, block 176.
If the answer from decision element 174 is NO, the value of Vcl for the most argilaceous level, Vcli is computed using equation 22, block 177 after which decision element 178 asks if Vcli is greater than 0.60 and if it is, the values for the clay parameters are computed using Equations 21 and 26-34, block 180 and the value of SPCl is set equal to the value of the SP at the most argilaceous level in the interval, block 182. If the answer from decision element 178 is NO, decision element 184 asks if the interval under consideration is at one end of a geological stage. If it is, the clay parameters for the interval are set equal to those of the adjacent interval, block 176 and if it is not, the clay parameters are computed by linear interpolation between the intervals on either side of the interval under study, block 188.
After each interval is processed, decision element 190, asks if this is the last interval and if it is not, the program returns to block 172 to compute the parameters for the next interval. After all the intervals have been processed, YES answer from decision element 190, the program next determines a value of Vcl for each depth level using the gamma ray measurements. To this end, the minimum GR, GRmin measured for all the least argilaceous levels and the maximum GR, GRmax, for all the most argilaceous levels is determined, blocks 192 and 194 respectively. Next, sections of the interval are selected for which the GR does not vary by more than ##EQU54## block 196. These values are called GR1.
Next decision element 198 asks if the difference between GRi and GRmin is less than 0.2 (GRmax -GRmin) and if it is, the value of GR in sands, GRo is set equal to GRi, block 200. If the answer from decision element 198 is NO, decision element 202 determines if GR is near GRmax and if it is, GRCl, GR in clay is set equal to GRi. If the answer from decision element 202 is NO, GRo GRCl are equal respectively to GRmin and GRmax, block 204. If this is not the last interval, NO answer from decision element 206, the program returns to block 196 for processing of the next interval.
After all the intervals have been processed, baselines for GRo and GRCl are established. The baseline for GRCl is established by first assigning the value of GRCl computed for the lowest depth level for all depth levels from the lowest depth level in the formation up to the depth level at which the next stable value of GRCl is computed. Then the next stable value of GRCl is assigned to all depth levels up to the depth level at which the next stable value of GRCl is computed and so on until a value of GRCl is assigned to all depth levels of interest. This is represented by block 208.
The baseline for GRo is established by assigning values of GRo to all depth levels in a section of the borehole corresponding to a permeable bed in which the value of GR is computed. The permeable bed can be defined as being bounded on either side by clay beds in which there are constant readings of SP. The value of GRo for the depth levels in the remainder of the formation are then set using the same procedure as that described above for setting the baseline of GRCl. This operation is represented by block 210.
Knowing the value of GRo and GRCl for each depth level, the value VCl can be computed for each depth lwvel using equation 5, block 212.
The proportion of clay at each depth level can also be determined from the spontaneous potential measurements from knowledge of SPCl and SSP at each depth level. To determine the SSP and the SPCl of each depth level, a borehole interval having a statistically constant SP is selected, as represented by block 214. Next, for the interval, the values of the apparent matrix density ρmaa, designated ρmaa SP is computed using equation 12, block 216. Then decision element 218 asks if the difference between ρmaa SP and ρma Cl previously computed for the interval is small, i.e. less than 0.05 and if the proportion of clay computed using the GR measurement, VCl(GR) is greater than 50%. If it is, SPCl is set equal to the measured value SP, block 220. If the answer is NO, decision element 222 asks if the difference between ρma Cl and ρmaa SP is greater than 0.30 and if VCl(GR) is less than 20%. If the answer is YES, SSP is set equal to SP, block 224. The analysis of one section of constant SP is complete and decision element 226 asks if this is the last section. If it is not, the program returns to block 214. After all sections have been considered, YES answer from decision element 226, the baselines of SPCl and SSP are set.
For the SPCl baseline, the values of SPCl at depth levels located between the depth levels at which SPCl has been set according to block 220 are computed by considering the values of SPCl set by block 220 for the depth levels immediately above and below the depth level of interest and using linear interpolation to find the value of SPCl at the depth level of interest, block 228. The values for SSP are set as described for setting the values of GRo, as represented by block 230. Then the proportion of clay from the SP measurements, VCl(SP) is computed using equation 19 for those depth levels where SSP is less than -30 millivolts, block 232. After which the program goes to stage 4, block 234.
The purpose of this stage is to calibrate the instruments used for measuring porosity φN and density ρb, using the measurements obtained in the water-bearing and low-clay formations, this calibration completing the one made in the compact formations and possibly in the levels of anhydrite and salt.
To perform this calibration, we compare the porosity reading φN with the porosity φRt calculated from the true resistivity measurements by the formula (7): ##EQU55##
To perform the calculation of φRt, it is necessary to know Rw : the resistivity of water contained in the pores of the formations.
Two cases can arise.
In the first case, we know a value Rwa sufficiently close to Rw and we shall then make Rw vary around Rwa. If Rw is not known, even approximately, we calculate a first approximate value, Rw1, from the static spontaneous potential SSP by the formula: ##EQU56## in which Rmf is the resistivity of the mud filtrate.
We calculate a second approximate value, Rw2, from the maximum value of the ratio Rxo /Rt by the formula: ##EQU57## where the maximum (Rxo)/(Rt)
is determined by computing the statistical maximum of the value (Rxo)/(Rt) for each depth level.
We choose as an approximate value Rw ', the smallest of the two values Rw1 and Rw2 and we make Rw vary around Rw ' taking into account variation in Rw due to the increase in temperature with depth.
We calibrate by using only the data relative to the low-clay, water-bearing levels, which lead to the most reliable measurements.
We eliminate all the levels corresponding to compact formations, to large hole diameters and to fast variations in measurements with depth.
We keep only the sections for which the deviation of the measurement of spontaneous potential in relation to the base line of SSP is small, smaller than 10 or 15 mv and for which, at the same time, the clay content calculated from the measurement of SP (VCl SP) as well as the clay content calculated from the measurement of GR(VCl GR) are smaller than 20%.
For all these levels, we calculate an approximate value of the resistivity of the formation water, Rwa ND, by the formula taken from formula 7: ##EQU58## in which φND is the porosity measured on the graph of φD as a function of φN by interpolation between the two curves corresponding to the end matrices (see FIG. 1) and can be computed as: ##EQU59##
We calculate the statistical minimum Rwa NDmin of all the values of Rwa ND thus calculated.
We retain for the subsequent calibration only the levels for which the resitivity Rwa ND is in the neighborhood of this minimum, for example, all the points for which Rwa ND< 2 Rwa NDmin, which are clean levels, without hydrocarbons, if Rwa NDmin is lower than or not much higher than Rwa.
This set of levels can be classified in terms of increasing clay percentage and if the number is high, for example, higher than 100, we use only the first 100.
We use these points to calibrate the neutron probe which measures the porosity φN and the measuring tool for density ρb by successively optimizing several functions.
During a first stage, we consider a function F which depends on the difference between the following two values of porosity:
(1) The value φNc indicated by the neutron probe after correction d φN, that is φNc =φN +d φN.
The value of φNc thus depends on d φN.
(2) The value φ Rt calculated by the formula (7): ##EQU60## from the measurement of Rt and the value of Rw. This value φ Rt thus depends on Rw.
We compare the difference φN Rt =φNc -o Rt with the known values of the porosity of the two end matrices φN mal and φN ma2 with φN mal <φN ma2.
We make Rw vary step by step around the approximate value Rwa or Rw ' previously calculated. For example, we take a series of values equal to k Rw ', the coefficient k varying between 0.5 and 2, in steps of 15% approximately.
Likewise, we give d φN a series of values located on either side of zero. For example, we make d φN vary in steps equal to 1 porosity unit between -8 porosity units and +8 porosity units.
To each pair of values k Rw ' and d φN, there corresponds, for a given level i a value of the difference φN Rt(i).
We calculate a function F.sub.(i) of φN Rt(i) having the following values:
F.sub.(i) =-1 if φN Rt(i) <φN mal.
F.sub.(i) =+1 if φN mal <φN Rt(i) <φN ma2.
F.sub.(i) =0 if φN ma2 <φN Rt(i).
For each pair of values d φN and k Rw ', we take the sum ##EQU61## for all the water-bearing and low-clay levels chosen.
We calculate the sum ##EQU62## for all the possible pairs of values of d φN and k Rw '.
Once the calculations are completed, we note the pair of values which corresponds to the maximum of ##EQU63## We designate this pair of values by the symbols A for d φN and RwaN for k Rw '.
Two cases can occur.
In a first case, we do not obtain a clear maximum, i.e., the maximum value of ##EQU64## is obtained for end values d φN or k Rw ', or the obtained maximum is low in relation to the maximum value at the limits, for example lower than 1.5 times times this value at the limits. In these two cases, it is considered that there is no precise maximum.
In a second case, on the other hand, we obtain a very clear maximum of ##EQU65## for a pair of values dφN =A and RwaN from the limits.
In this second case, we select the levels (j) for which F.sub.(j) =+1 when dφN =A and k Rw '=RwaN.
We calculate, for each level (j) a value ρma Rt(j) of the matrix density by the formula (9): ##EQU66## ρbc =ρb +dρb, that is ρbc is the value of ρb corrected by a quantity dρb.
ρf is the known density of the mud filtrate contained in the pores of the formations.
φRt is the value of the porosity calculated by the formula (7).
ρma Rt is thus a function of Rw and of dρb. Like before, we make Rw and dρb vary step by step. For example, we choose for dρb a series of values between -0.06 and +0.06 between which it varies in steps equal to 0.01.
We calculate a function F'.sub.(j) of ρma Rt(j) having the following values: ##EQU67## ρma1 and ρma2 are the densities of the end matrices traversed by the borehole.
For each pair of values Rw and of d ρb, we compute the sum ##EQU68## for all the levels j selected.
We note the maximum of ##EQU69## and the corresponding values of Rw =RwaD and of d ρb =B.
If RwaD is close to RwaN, for example, RwaD -RwaN <�(0.15(RwaN), a calibration by a simple scale shift of φN is valid.
In this case, we compute a new value of the matrix density by the formula (12): ##EQU70##
The value of ρmaN(j) depends on the values of dρb and dφN which are made to vary step by step around zero as previously.
We consider the levels j selected previously and we calculate a function F".sub.(j) of ρmaN(j) having the following values: ##EQU71##
For each pair of values of dφN and of dρb, we calculate the sum ##EQU72##
What is generally obtained is a series of maxim of Σ corresponding to values of dφN and of dρb related to each other by a linear relationship.
We choose as the values for zero shift correction for the porosity and density measurements the maximum which corresponds to the pair of values dφNm and dρbm closest to dφN =A and dρm =B.
The corrected measurements used for the following operations are thus:
φNc =φN +dφNm.
ρbc =ρb +dρbm.
Of course, if the value Rw of the formation water resistivity is known accurately, the values of d ρb and of dφN corresponding to Rw are choosen.
If the difference between the values of RwaD and of RwaN is not small, a simple zero shift correction is not sufficient and it is necessary to introduce a sensitivity multiplying factor C into the correction of the measurement of porosity φN.
This factor C is made to vary step by step, for example in steps equal to 0.1, between the values 0.7 Co and 1.4 Co with ##EQU73##
A first value of the matrix density ρ'maN(j) is calculated by the formula: ##EQU74##
The value ρ'maN(j) depends on the values of dρb and C.
All the levels j are still considered and we calculate the function F".sub.(j) equal to +1 if ρ'maN(j) is between the end matrix densities ρma1 and ρma2 and equal to -1 in the opposite case.
For each pair of values of C and of dρb we calculate ##EQU75##
We note the maximum of Σ and the value of C, called Cm, which corresponds to this maximum.
We again calculate the matrix density: ##EQU76## with φNc =Cm (φN +dφN). We make dρb and dφN vary step by step. We calculate for each pair of values the F".sub.(j) whose value is equal to +1 if ρmaN(j) is between ρma1 and ρma2 and to -1 in the opposite case. We take the sum of ##EQU77## and we note the maximum or maxima of this sum. Generally, we obtain a series of maxima which are aligned. We choose the maximum which corresponds to a pair of values dφNm and dρbm closest to dφN =A and dρb =B and we choose these values as shift values to be applied to the measurements of φN and of ρb.
The corrected measurements thus become:
φNc =Cm.(φN +dφNm)
ρbc =ρb +dρbm.
In the case where the study of the sum ##EQU78## is not allowed a very clear maximum to be found, we select the levels j' which lead to F.sub.(j') =+1 when the estimated value Rw ' is given to Rw.
We then look for the pair of values of dρb and dφN which optimize the function ##EQU79## with F".sub.(j') equal to �1 depending on whether the value of ρmaN(j') calculated by the formula (12) is located between ρma1 and ρma2 or not.
A family of maxima is generally obtained.
If a sufficiently reliable value of Rw is known, we choose RwaN =Rw, then the value dφNm which, associated with Rw, leads to the maximum of ##EQU80## and then the value dρbm which, assoicated with dφNm, leads to the maximum of ##EQU81##
A correction dρb greater than 0.05 is improbable. If higher values are found, we choose a correction dρbm =0.05 and the corresponding correction dφNm.
In the case where, during stage II, a calibration has been made in the low-porosity formations, the corrections dφN and dρb are smaller and we limit the search for optima by varying Δρb and ΔφN step by step between �0.02 only.
Once these calibratons have been made, we know an approximate value of Rwa which is the value RwaN =RwaD corresponding to the values of φN cor and ρb cor.
We recalculate the values of ρmaa of all the most argilaceous levels, using the corrected values of φN and of ρb. We determine the maximum value ρma max of this set of values.
The corresponding level is considered to be composed of pure clay if ρma max >3.1 or if the corresponding value of M<0.60.
If the value of ρma max is higher than 2.90, we calculate the clay content VC1 interpolation and then the clay parameters φNC1, ΔtC1, etc., in each given interval of 250 feet, as described earlier.
FIGS. 9 and 10 represent the flow chart of the operations of stage IV.
Block 82 represents the selection of the low-clay levels for which the clay proportions VC1 GR and VC1 SP computed in phase III3 are lower than 0.2.
Block 83 determines whether a value of Rw appears among the initial data.
If the affirmative, this value Rwa is recorded (block 84). If no approximate value is known, one is computed.
We read the value of Rmf appearing in the initial data (block 85).
Block 86 represents the computation of the first approximate value Rw1 from SSP.
Block 87 determines whether we have a measurement of Rox. If we do, we compute a second approximate value Rw2 from the maximum of the ratio Rxo /Rt according to the formula (24) (block 88).
If we have no measurement of Rxo, we choose Rw2 =Rw1 (block 92).
Finally, we take as an approximate value Rw ' the smallest of the values Rw1 and Rw2 (block 93).
Block 94 represents the beginning of the computation of the optimization function F(φN Rt(i)).
Block 95 represents the series of values of dφN located on either side of zero.
Block 96 represents the series of values of Rw located on either side of Rw ' or Rwa, kRw '.
Block 97 represents the calculation of the function φN Rt(i) =φN(i) +dφN -φRt(i) for a level (i) and a pair of values of dφN and of kRw '.
Block 98 compares φN Rt(i) with φN ma1 which is known. If φN Rt <φN ma1, F.sub.(i) =-1 and the partial sum Σ=Σ'-1, Σ'being the preceding value of the partial sum (block 99).
If φN Rt >φN ma1 the block 100 determines whether φN Rt >φN ma2. If such is the case, F.sub.(i) =0 and Σ=Σ' (block 101). If not, F.sub.(i) =+1 and Σ=Σ'+1 (block 102).
The program is pursued by a loop 103. When this loop is completed, we obtain the sum ##EQU82## (block 104) corresponding to a pair of values of kRw 'and dφN.
The program is then pursued by a loop 105 making it possible to process successively all the values of Rw without modifying dφN. A new loop 106 then makes it possible to process successively all the values of dφN.
Finally, we record (block 107) the maximum value ##EQU83## max and the values dφN =A and RwaN which correspond to this value.
The rest of the program is shown in FIG. 10.
Block 108 determines whether the maximum value of ##EQU84## corresponds to an end value of the set of values of Rw or the set of values of dφN.
If not, block 109 determines whether the maximun value ##EQU85## max is higher than one and a half times the largest of the values of ##EQU86## corresponding to the end values of Rw or of dφN.
If the reply of block 108 is affirmative or if the reply of block 109 is negative, there is no sufficiently clear maximum (block 110). In this case, we selected the levels j which correspond to F.sub.(j) =+1 (block 111).
For this set of points, we study the optimization of the function ##EQU87## (block 112). This is carried out as in blocks 94-107 (FIG. 9) with F"=ρma N.sub.(j) (Eq. 12).
In the case where a clear maximum of the function F.sub.(i) has been found corresponding to the values dφN =A and RwaN which are not limit values, we selected the levels j for which F.sub.(j) =+1 when dφN =A and kRw 'RwaN (block 113).
Block 114 represents the optimization calculations for the function ##EQU88## This procedure is carried out in a manner similar to that for obtaining the maximum of the function F=QRt (Eq. 7 as represented by blocks 94 and 107. The function F' is computed using Eq. 9 as a function of Rw and dρb. Values of Rw and dρb are varied and the function F'.sub.(j) is assigned a value of +1 or -1 dependent upon the relationship between ρma Rt(j) and ρma, and ρma2. For each of the pairs of values, ##EQU89## is the sum for all the levels, j, selected.
Block 115 represents the results of these calculations which lead to a maximum of ##EQU90## for a pair of values dρb =B and RwaD.
Block 116 represents the comparison of RwaN and RwaD. If these values are not very different, for example less than �15%, it is possible to make a simple calibration of φN by a scale shift. The multiplying coefficient C=1 (block 117).
If, on the other hand, RwaN and RwaD are very different, it is necessary to introduce into the calibration of φN a sensitivity coefficient C which is chosen to vary between 0.7 Co and 1.4 Co with Co =√RwaN /RwaD. ##EQU91##
Block 119 represents the optimization of the function ##EQU92## whose calculations are identical to those described for the optimization of the function ##EQU93## This calculation furnishes the value of the multiplication coefficient Cm.
Block 120 likewise represents the optimization calculations for the function ##EQU94## in which φNc is given values equal to Cm (φN +d φN) and d φN and d ρb are varied.
Finally, we determine the calibration coefficients Cm, d φm and d ρbm and the corrected measurements of φNc and of ρbc which are used for the subsequent operations are:
φNc =Cm �(φN +d φN)
ρbc =ρb +d ρbm
in which φN and ρb represent the values read on the logs (block 121).
In conclusion, the present invention relates to methods for processing information obtained by well logging consisting of processing operations preliminary to the operations described in earlier patent filings.
These methods make it possible to obtain values of the clay parameters and of the clay content, and to make a first calibration of measuring instruments for porosity φN and for density ρb.
Of course, the calculation methods described can be replaced by other equivalent methods without leaving the scope of the invention.
While there has been described what is at present considered to be a preferred embodiment of this invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention, and it is, therefore, intended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 31, 1972
|Oct 23, 1973
|Texaco Inc
|Well logging system with linearity control
|Jan 16, 1976
|Sep 13, 1977
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Doubly-compensated dual-detector density logging apparatus
|Feb 14, 1977
|Jun 20, 1978
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Clay content determination by natural gamma ray spectrometry
|Jun 22, 1979
|Jun 30, 1981
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method of processing well logging data
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 12, 1985
|Oct 21, 1986
|Halliburton Company
|Well logging analysis methods for use in complex lithology reservoirs
|Apr 28, 1989
|Jun 30, 1992
|Institut Francais Du Petrole
|Method for estimating the organic matter content of sedimentary rocks from data recorded in wells by well-logging probes
|May 27, 1992
|Jan 3, 1995
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for producing a new output record medium illustrating a quantitative description in the volume dimension of mud filtrate invasion into permeable zones of a formation in a wellbore
|Aug 26, 2004
|Jan 30, 2007
|Saudi Aramco
|Accuracy of shaly sand formation evaluation
|Jul 27, 2005
|May 25, 2010
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and computer program product for predicting sales from online public discussions
|Aug 26, 2004
|Mar 2, 2006
|Al-Ruwaili Saleh B
|Accuracy of shaly sand formation evaluation
|Jul 27, 2005
|Feb 1, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System, service, and method for predicting sales from online public discussions
|U.S. Classification
|702/7, 702/8, 702/12
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 30, 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 25, 1993
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 12, 1993
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19930725


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Skyfall (US - DVD R1 | BD RA)
Fox has sent the official release date and specs on the latest James Bond movie...
Starring: Daniel Craig
Released: 12th February 2013
Further Details:
Fox and MGM has sent along an official release date and special features specs for
Skyfall. It turns out that the rumours of a March release were wrong and the Blu-ray and DVD releases will be in stores as early as February 22nd. There's no official word on picture and audio specs, but the planned extras are as follows.
Blu-ray Release
- Shooting Bond
- Opening Sequence
- The Title Sequence
- 007
- Women
- Villains
- Action
- Locations
- Music
- End Sequence
- The Future
- Skyfall Premiere
- Commentaries
- Director Sam Mendes
- Producers Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli; Production Designer Dannis Gassner
- Theatrical Trailer
DVD Release
- Shooting Bond
- The Title Sequence
- Women
- Locations
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