text:
|People and cars look as small as ants when on top of the world.
One of the most scenic drives in all of Colorado is definitely Trail Ridge Road, driving between Estes Park and Grand Lake.
I usually find myself singing along to the Dixie Chicks' song 'Top of the World' (chorus) as I traverse this high mountain road full of beauty and mountain views. Every which way you look as you approach the top, are myriads of mountain peaks, sky, and craggy open space.
This is probably my favorite drive in all of Colorado.
Facts about Trail Ridge Road:
- Generally takes about 1.5 to 2 hours (depending on how often you stop for photo-ops) to drive from one end to the other.
- 11 miles of road are above treeline in the alpine tundra.
- 200 species of alpine plants. Very fragile ecosystem. Please stay on trails as these plants especially take much longer to grow back if trampled.
- Trail Ridge Road crosses the Continental Divide at Milner Pass (elevation 10,120 feet).
- The highest point on the road is 12,183 feet (east of the Alpine Visitor Center).
- Look for wildlife such as marmots, pika, and ptarmigan who live in the arid, wintry alpine tundra environment.
- You can often see other wildlife such as deer, elk, bighorn sheep, and moose along the way.
- It is only open all the way through from late Spring to early Fall.
- To check road status call: 970-586-1222.
Other Highlights Along the Way:
- The Alpine Visitor Center is a nice destination once you get to the top. There is a café and snack counter if you want some refreshments, as well as, the main gift shop/souvenir center inside the park. There is a short trail just beside the parking lot if you want to stretch your legs. However, due to the altitude and wind you may prefer to chill and sip hot cocoa inside.
- Old Fall River Road is a one-way (up only) road on the east side that will take you to the Alpine Visitor Center. It generally opens around July 4th. It is a narrow, gravel road with a 15 mph speed limit. Be advised. Check road conditions to be sure road is open.
- Hike along the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail or
- Take a tour of Holzwarth Historic Site, near Grand Lake. Hike about 1.5 miles to the old cabin.
- On the east side, just after the treeline stops, walk in the footsteps of the Ute Amerindians along the Ute Trail.
Be Aware:
Due to the high elevation be sure to stay hydrated and be aware of altitude sickness symptoms.
Even if the temperature is 80 degrees in Grand Lake or Estes it is always cool (if not cold) and generally windy up above treeline. Be prepared.
Trail Ridge Road and Old Fall River Road are narrow, high mountain roads. Use Caution.
Be prepared for fast moving weather systems and the presence of lightning.
Enjoy the views.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 6, 2012
|Filing date
|Oct 24, 2008
|Priority date
|Oct 24, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Seth A. Hindman, Matthew J. Bussey
|Original Assignee
|Autodesk, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (1), Classifications (6), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to solid modeling software applications, and in particular, to a method, apparatus, and article of manufacture for utilizing custom user-defined equations to calculate a developed length for a bend in the unfolding of sheet metal in a solid modeling application.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many objects and projects are built using sheet metal that is bent by a commercial shop (or other entity) based on customer specifications. However, the customer specifications must be provided to the commercial shop in an understandable manner. Many customers create their objects and designs in a three-dimensional (3D) solid modeling application. The 3D solid modeling application may be used to unfold the object to provide an illustration and details regarding how to bend a sheet metal into the object. However, the prior art methods for unfolding sheet metal do not provide the user with the ability to customize and/or refine the results of the unfolding process. Such problems may be better understood with an explanation of prior art solid modeling systems and the unfolding process.
Over the recent past, designers have changed their fundamental approach to graphics design, moving from two-dimensional (2D) drawing systems to three-dimensional (3D) solid modeling systems. New software makes solid modeling technology available and affordable to virtually anyone. Solid modeling is a technique that allows designers to create dimensionally accurate 3D solid models in a 3D space represented within a computer, rather than traditional 2D drawings. 3D solid models include significantly more engineering data than 2D drawings, including the volume, bounding surfaces, and edges of a design.
With the graphics capabilities of today's computers, these 3D solid models may be viewed and manipulated on a monitor. In addition to providing better visualization, 3D solid models may be used to automatically produce 2D drawing views, and can be shared with manufacturing applications and the like.
Some 3D solid modeling systems generate parametric feature-based models. A parametric feature-based model is comprised of intelligent features, such as holes, fillets, chamfers, etc. The geometry of the parametric feature-based model is defined by underlying mathematical relationships (i.e., parameters) rather than by simple unrelated dimensions, which makes them easier to modify. These systems preserve design intent and manage it after every change to the model.
Users creating a 3D model for sheet metal often request additional methods for defining the results of a sheet metal unfolding process. These requests can be very niche or industry specific and do not globally or generically appeal to the entire 3D solid modeling application user base. Users also have the need to refine/customize the unfolding results based upon specific types of manufacturing equipment as well as over a range manufacturing variability like tooling size, sheet thickness, material type and applied deformation/bend angle. Prior art methodologies incorporate a select set of typical unfolding methods and/or use predefined measurements and equations for unfolding sheet metal in the 3D application. In this regard, specific equations and parameters may be used to define how a metal sheet should bend and how to calculate the length of sheet metal when a bend is unfolded. To better understand unfolding and the unfolding process, a description of bend parameters and prior art unfolding techniques is useful.
Mathematical Definitions for Bend Parameters
In view of the above definitions, a few basic mathematical relationships can be expressed and are useful:
Each equation represents a relationship between the different parameters defined above. Equation (1) provides that the neutral line position is equal to the neutral radius minus the inside radius. In equation (2), the value for β is the simple supplement of angle α or 180−α. SBout is equal to the tangent of α/2 multiplied by the sum of the thickness of the sheet metal part and inside radius of the bend. Sbin is equal to the tangent of α/2 multiplied by a particular radius 1.
Bend Allowance
L=L 1 +L 2 +L n (6)
Ln is known as the Bend Allowance. Since it is the arc length of the Neutral Line, it can be calculated using a simple equation:
L n=α�π/180��R n=α�π/180��(R t +t) (7)
where α is in Radians. The Neutral Line is located at a distance t from the inside of the bend radius. This distance is determined experimentally, and is usually expressed as a percentage of the total thickness (T):
t=K�T (8)
where typically:
0≦K≦1 (8a)
It can be noted that K can be less than 0 or greater than 1 in theory and even in practice, but in general it is expected to be between 0 and 1. This percentage K is known as the K-Factor, and is determined in a variety of ways (which is discussed below). Given the above, the bend allowance can always be calculated by the following:
L n=α�π/180��(R t K�T) (9)
Bend Deduction
The beauty of the Bend Allowance method is that it can be calculated using a provided K factor and the known properties of the bend. Getting the K factor to begin with is another problem.
Several rule of thumb and standardized K factors exist, but in general K factors are determined experimentally. K factors express the amount of stretch when bending sheet metal. The actual amount of stretch is dependent on several factors:
This process to calculate K Factors requires taking blank sheets of known lengths, folding them up, and measuring the lengths of the two sides of the bend. Measuring is the real trick. Bending a known length of sheet metal is easy, but to calculate the Bend Allowance (and therefore the K Factor), the lengths of L1 and L2 must be measured. This is not easy since the exact location of the bend line is really not known. In this regard, measuring the flange lengths up to a bend is not practical in practice. Instead, it is much easier to measure to the virtual intersection (or Virtual Sharp) of the flanges. In this regard,
L=L a +L b −L BD (10)
where LBD is known as the Bend Deduction, and La and Lb are not linear values:
Relationship Between Bend Deduction, Bend Allowance, and K Factor
Given that L must be the same no matter how it is calculated, equation 10 and 6 are equal. This means that a relationship between the two can be determined:
L 1 +L 2 +L n =L a +L b −L BD (12a)
L 1 +L 2 +L n =L 1 +L SetBack +L 2 +L SetBack −L BD (12b)
L n=2�L SetBack −L BD (12c)
This also means that the K factor can be calculated from the Bend Deduction:
Many people use the terms Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction interchangeably. It is even common to see charts on a shop floor titled "Bend Allowance", and the chart is actually a chart of Bend Deductions. However the terms do not mean the same thing (as outlined above).
Another common mix up in terminology is the difference between the Bend Angle (α), and the Opening Angle (β). This can lead to a lot of confusion and errors when designing and calculating flat patterns. In addition, the term Bend Compensation, as used herein, is the negative value of the Bend Deduction:
Common Unfold Rules
Several rules for unfolding exist; either found in standards or other sources. For truly accurate unfolding, manufacturers generate their own rules for unfolding. The description below describes known rules in industry and common practices of the prior art.
Lockheed™ Bend Allowance and K Factor
K Factors where first developed by Lockheed Martin™ in the 1950's. Typically, K Factors are a single numeric value used for either all material/thickness/angle/radius combinations, or for specific sets. This makes for a very linear, simple to use formula with Bend Allowance.
By default, some applications may use a K factor of K=0.44. This K factor is derived from the Bend Allowance formula developed by Lockheed™:
BALockheed=α�(0.017453�R t+0.0078�T) (16a)
α�(0.0017453�R t+0.0078�T)=α�π/180��(R t K�T) (16b)
K=0.0078*180�/π=0.44 (16c)
Machinery's Handbook™ Bend Allowances
Machinery's Handbook™ offers three bend allowance formulae for various materials. The formulae are for bends of 90�.
Derived K
Bend Allowance Formula*
Soft Brass, Soft Copper
Ln = (0.55 � T) + (1.57 � Rt) (17a)
Half-Hard Copper &
Ln = (0.64 � T) + (1.57 � Rt) (17b)
Brass, Soft Steel,
Bronze, Hard Copper,
Ln = (0.71 � T) + (1.57 � Rt) (17c)
Cold-Rolled Steel,
Spring Steel
for angles other than 90�, multiply the Bend Allowance Ln by the Bend Angle α in degrees divided by 90:
Ln(≠90�) = Ln � α/90 (17d)
More Sophisticated K Factor Practices
As can be seen above, K Factors can become more sophisticated as more factors are taken into account. The most basic is using different K factors for different material properties (primarily dictated by hardness and tensile strength). However tooling and the actual bend process can also dictate how much stretch is created when bending; and the size of the radius compared to the thickness can dictate how much deformation occurs.
For example, a set of rule of thumb K Factors can be used for different classes of materials depending on the three primary bending methods used: Air Bending, Bottoming, or Coining. In addition, the K Factor depends on the ratio of the Radius (Ri) to the Thickness (T).
The DIN 6935 standard outlines several practices and standards for creating bent sheet metal parts. This includes the development of a set of Bend Compensation based formulae for calculating the unfold length of bends:
L=L a +L b +V (18)
where V is the Bend Compensation. Note that it is the negative of the Bend Deduction (as described above).
The Bend Compensation V is determined based on the Opening Angle (β), as shown in
Bend Deduction Tables
While K Factors are convenient and tend to be simple to use (especially for CAD [computer-aided design] software), for the most accurate development of flat patterns, Bend Deduction tables, based on actual measured data, are the preferred method used in the prior art.
In a given manufacturing environment typically there are a finite set of materials, gauges (thicknesses), bending processes, and tooling. Because of this finite limit, generation of Bend Deduction Tables for all of the possible combinations of these is practical. Further, fabricators may provide a set of published Bend Deduction tables for designers to use.
Typically these Bend Deduction tables are created using the method described above, where samples of known length are bent and measured, and the Bend Deduction is calculated.
Historically K factors are not generated from these tables. The reason is simple: when manually drafting or drafting in 2D (e.g., as in a CAD application) to create a flat pattern drawing, using a Bend Deduction Table is simple and straightforward. All the designer needs is the dimensions of the flanges to their virtual sharps (common drawing practice), and the appropriate parameters to look up the Bend Deduction. Only simple addition is needed to calculate the final length to draw.
Most Bend Deduction tables are generated only for 90� bends. For bends other than 90�, some other provisions are used. Some companies will generate tables for all the possible angle/radius/thickness combinations. Further, tables can be extremely large. For example, a table can range from 5�˜170� in 1� increments, and cover 18 different thicknesses and 13 different Radii.
Background Overview
In view of the above, it can be seen that the prior art fails to provide an easy mechanism to define and utilize K-factors and other bend calculations. In this regard, prior art products only supported linear unfolding via K factor values or equivalent linear variable via an experimentally derived static table of bend values. Such tables must be manually created on a per machine, per material basis, for each bend in a sheet metal object. In an example, one table for calculating a single bend in a sheet metal object may consume a three-inch binder. Thus, such manual calculations are burdensome and unmanageable for a large number of bends and cannot be interchanged from metal shop to metal shop due to the use of different machines.
Additional custom methods are not available nor are bounding conditions possible outside the inherent axes of the bend table definition (angle X bend radius). Further, there is no capability to create and use non-linear equations to control a bend calculation. With regard to bend tables, the prior art can only discretely approximate equations and require large, granular sets of data to obtain an adequate resolution of approximation. Such large bend tables are inherently error prone to create and/or edit. Further, the prior art fails to support algebraic user defined unfolding equations and bounding conditions.
To overcome the problems of the prior art, one or more embodiments of the invention provide the ability to for a user to define a custom equation for the unfolding of a sheet metal object and link the results of the equation to the actual topology of their design (i.e., of a sheet metal object). Further, bounding conditions can be custom defined and provide the ability to refine the user's control over unfolding results on a completely extensible unfolding platform. Users can therefore build algebraic equations that contain references to topologically evaluated design measurements used to perform an unfolding analysis and calculate a developed length for a bend in the sheet metal object. With such capabilities, users no longer need to manually create large tables on a per-machine, per-material, and per-bend basis. Further, users are provided with the ability to visually interpret equations that the user has custom defined and view the results of such equations (and changes to such equations) dynamically in real time in a solid modeling application.
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout:
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and which is shown, by way of illustration, several embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Rather than incorporating a select set of typical unfolding methods, one or more embodiments of the invention allows users to define a custom equation (non-linear or otherwise) and link the result to the actual topology of 3D design. Embodiments further allow users to apply bounding conditions to refine control over unfolding results on a completely extensible unfolding platform.
One or more embodiments of the invention are implemented by a computer-implemented graphics program 808, wherein the graphics program 808 is represented by a window displayed on the display device 802. As used herein, the graphics program 808 may be computer-aided design (CAD) application, a two-dimensional (2D) modeling application, a three-dimensional (3D) modeling application (e.g., a solid modeling application), or a modeling kernel that processed and manipulates a model (2D or 3D) that is then displayed to a user on display device 802. Generally, the graphics program 808 comprises logic and/or data embodied in or readable from a device, media, carrier, or signal, e.g., one or more fixed and/or removable data storage devices 804 connected directly or indirectly to the computer 800, one or more remote devices coupled to the computer 800 via a data communications device, etc.
In one or more embodiments, instructions implementing the graphics program 808 are tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, e.g., data storage device 804, which could include one or more fixed or removable data storage devices, such as a zip drive, floppy disc drive, hard drive, CD-ROM drive, DVD drive, tape drive, etc. Further, the graphics program 808 is comprised of instructions which, when read and executed by the computer 800, causes the computer 800 to perform the steps necessary to implement and/or use the present invention. Graphics program 808 and/or operating instructions may also be tangibly embodied in a memory and/or data communications devices of computer 800, thereby making a computer program product or article of manufacture according to the invention. As such, the terms "article of manufacture" and "computer program product" as used herein are intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer readable device or media.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the exemplary environment illustrated in
The Graphical User Interface 900 displays information to the operator and provides the functionality for the operator's interaction with the graphics program 808.
The Image Engine 902 processes the DWG files 906 and delivers the resulting graphics to the monitor 902 for display. In one or more embodiments, the Image Engine 902 provides a complete application programming interface (API) that allows other computer programs to interface to the graphics program 808 as needed.
The Database 904 is comprised of two separate types of databases: (1) a 3D database 908 known as the "3D world space" that stores 3D information; and (2) one or more 2D databases 910 known as the "2D view ports" that stores 2D information derived from the 3D information.
Further, as described above, the image engine 902 may consist of a modeling kernel that analyzes and processes a 2D or 3D model that is displayed via graphical user interface 900.
As described above, a problem with the prior art is in the process of unfolding sheet metal. A model may be created for a sheet metal object and provides for various bends in the sheet metal. To fabricate the sheet metal object, a flat piece of sheet metal must be bent to form the sheet metal object. The problem arises regarding creating a pattern that represents the unfolded sheet metal object with accurate measurements (i.e., developed length) for each of the bends in the sheet metal object. In the prior art, the calculations were either static or performed on a manual basis in an extremely time consuming and inflexible manner.
One or more embodiments of the invention provide the ability to utilize custom equations for the unfolding of sheet metal and to determine how sheet metal bends. The custom equation solution allows users to define unfolding expressions based upon equation types that provide a reference to how the expressions will be geometrically based. The equation type may be selected by the user and can be from among a list of available types including bend allowance, bend compensation, bend deduction, and k-factor. In this regard, the equation type may be selected from the four types and appropriate equations are displayed with variables that may be customized as described below.
The general equation 1002 in the upper right corner explains to the user that for 'Bend Compensation' (one of the four types selected in the equation type field), the equation being used is L=L1+L2+v. The user is then allowed to build custom expressions that correlate to the compensation variable 'v'. These expressions can further be bounded by the conditions 1004 on the far right column in the table. In this particular example the bounding conditions are angular, where 'β'' is the angular variable.
In the main equation column 1006, some variables (β, π, ρ, μ) may be highlighted (e.g., colored blue), providing the user feedback that such variables are reserved variables and for everything other than Pi are actually topologically referenced variables (as displayed in image 1008). Thus, the variables and elements in the equations are displayed in the small bitmap/image 1008 to allow the user to visualize and more easily depict the effect of changing the variables or the equation. Further, depending on the equation type selected, the equation 1002 and bitmap 1008 may change to appropriately reflect the equation type identified/selected. The displayed equation 1002, bitmap 1008, and custom equations 1006 may also dynamically update based on the type of angular reference specified (e.g., bending angle or open angle). Thus, as the user changes the angular reference or equation type, the bitmap 1008 and equation 1002 is dynamically updated in real time to reflect the user's updated selection.
Users can define custom equations 1006 natively within the application 108 using an editor that provides direct access for embedding topological variables into the expression.
Users will have the ability to granularly control when specific customer unfolding equations should be utilized via bounding conditions.
Both the editors of
In view of the above, various custom equations can be specified for the same variable based on different bounding conditions. For example, suppose the user has chosen to utilize a bend allowance equation type based on L=L1+L2+a. The user can create several rows of custom equation 1006 with different bounding conditions. For example, the user can have one row where a=1 with the bounding condition of 0≦β≦74 with another with a=n*(β/180 deg)*(p+0.44*μ) with the bounding condition of 75 deg≦β≦180 deg. Thus, different values for a result depending on the value of β. Such values are all custom defined by the user. Rows may be appended into column 1006 to add different custom equations for different variables as desired.
In the prior art, users were only permitted to pass in arguments to a predefined equation that was neither viewable nor directly exposed to the user. However, in embodiments of the present invention, the user can actually define the equation that is being evaluated e.g., using the editor of
To overcome the problems of the prior art, the embodiments of the present invention enable a user to author algebraic expressions directly into a dialog of the application 108 and insert symbolic references to variables that are topologically evaluated by a solid unfolder engine. Further, copy/paste commands may be utilized to define the equations using customers internal documentation so that they can directly correlate their internal standards to what's being referenced in an unfolding application.
Users can create their customer algebraic expression based off of four general methods which give them a basis for understanding how a component is being measured, the datum structure is created linearly as well as angularly. Further, once the expressions and bounding conditions are specified, the user can view the unfolded sheet metal pattern dynamically in real time (and automatically without additional user input to manually set the pattern) with the custom expressions being used to create the unfolded pattern that is displayed/rendered.
At step 1400, a drawing model consisting of a sheet metal object in a solid modeling is obtained. Such a drawing model may be created or merely retrieved from storage.
At step 1402, user input is accepted by the solid modeling application. The user input defines a custom equation for a first variable that is directly used to calculate a developed length for a bend in the sheet metal object. As used herein, the developed length is the length of the unfolded bend. As described above, the first variable is often used as part of an equation that is based on a particular equation type that may also be selected by the user. The custom equation may also be a non-linear equation. Further, step 1402 may also include specifying one or more bounding conditions for the custom equation. Such specifying can included accepting additional user input that creates a custom bounding condition for a second variable used in the equation. Thus, while the equation itself may define a first variable, a bounding condition may be established for other variables (i.e., second variables) used in the equation.
At step 1404, the custom equation is converted into a standard equation that produces the developed length and is accepted by a modeling kernel of the solid modeling application. In this regard, the modeling kernel may not be capable of directly reading or interpreting the custom equation. However, the modeling kernel has the capability to accept input in a standard format (i.e., a standard equation). The custom equation created by the user provides a specific developed length as a result. Embodiments of the invention evaluate the custom expression to determine the developed length and then back calculate and determine values for the various components of the standard expression that would result in the same developed length. Thus, while the custom expression is not directly used by the modeling kernel, the same result of the custom expression is provided by the modeling kernel.
Such a conversion may consist of dynamically determining a new K-factor to be used in the standard equation that will result in the developed length as determined by the custom equation. In this regard, the different types of equations may all be algebraically related to each other and an automatic (i.e., without additional user input) and dynamic determination and update of a K-factor used in the standard equation can be used to produce the desired result (i.e., the result produced by the custom equation).
It may also be noted that the underlying standard expression is not exposed to the user and the user has no knowledge that a conversion is taking place. Accordingly, from the user's point of view, the custom equation that they enter is being dynamically used by the solid modeling application to produce a developed length. Further, both the standard equation and the custom equation are actively and dynamically associated with the drawing model. Such an association allows for the automatic (i.e., without additional user input) and dynamic update in real time of any displayed model/drawing/bitmap in the solid modeling application based on changes in the custom equation.
At step 1406, the modeling kernel dynamically displays an unfolded version of the sheet metal object based on the standard equation and the calculated developed length, where the standard equation is not exposed to the user. Thus, the dynamic (i.e., real time) unfolded pattern representing the sheet metal object is displayed on a display device and is based on the custom equation created by the user. The custom equation is driving the displayed unfolded pattern (and any resulting developed lengths displayed or maintained) because the results from the custom equation are matched by the standard equation that is processed by the modeling kernel.
In addition to the above, step 1406 may include the step of displaying a bitmap of a bend that indicates a topologically referenced variable of the sheet metal object that is used in the custom equation. In other words, different equation types may be represented via different bitmaps that utilize one or more different variables that can be custom defined by the user and have different bounding conditions as well. Each of the different variables used in the different equation types may be shown graphically in the bitmap (i.e., they are topologically referenced).
This concludes the description of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The following describes some alternative embodiments for accomplishing the present invention. For example, any type of computer, such as a mainframe, minicomputer, or personal computer, or computer configuration, such as a timesharing mainframe, local area network, or standalone personal computer, could be used with the present invention. In summary, embodiments of the invention supports both the creation of user defined custom unfolding equations and the creation of user defined expression bounding conditions. In addition, users can build algebraic equations that contain references to topologically evaluated design measurements during unfolding analysis. Further, the custom defined equation allows a custom method to be assigned to the entire design and react to topological measurements and dynamically calculate user defined unfolding results on a per bend plate basis (and is not a static method that can only be applied to an entire model or certain select bend plates). The ability to manipulate the actual unfolding equation and incorporate priority or machine specific manufacturing nuances as well as the granular control of an evaluated bounding condition, provides an incredibly powerful solution that completely differs from the prior art.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.
|Cited Patent
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 17, 2014
|Feb 16, 2016
|Wolfram Research, Inc.
|Positioning pads for moving a position of interest on a display
|U.S. Classification
|703/1, 700/98
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 24, 2008
Owner name: AUTODESK, INC.,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HINDMAN, SETH A.;BUSSEY, MATTHEW J.;REEL/FRAME:021736/0523
Effective date: 20081023
Owner name: AUTODESK, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HINDMAN, SETH A.;BUSSEY, MATTHEW J.;REEL/FRAME:021736/0523
Effective date: 20081023
|Aug 19, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Tennessee Auctioneers Association, at its Winter Convention in Nashville last week, elected Marc Gravitt from East Ridge as president.
Mr. Bear Stephenson, past president, Tennessee Auctioneers Hall of Fame and member of the Tennessee Real Estate Commission said, "I've known Marc for 20 plus years and he serves not only our association, but profession and the public with the utmost integrity, morales and ethics, and will do a great job". Mr. Gravitt has been a member since 1990 and has previously served as vice president and many years as a member of the Board of Directors.
"I am humbled that the membership has placed its trust in me, helping to promote the auction method of marketing. Associations such as the "TAA" help promote honest, ethical and professional business practices," Mr. Gravitt said.
Mr. Gravitt is the managing member of Gravitt Auctions & Appraisals LLC. The Gravitt family has conducted real estate and business liquidation auctions throughout the southeast for more than thirty years.
Mr. Gravitt also said, "The Tennessee Auctioneers Association hasn't held a convention is Chattanooga since 1999, and I'm extremely excited about bringing it back in June 2014 during the Riverbend Festival which will help showcase the area".
Founded in 1958, the TAA was organized to protect, promote and represent the interest of the auctioneering profession in Tennessee. The concept of team work and group unity are the essential tools used to build a productive and influential association. To the end, TAA is working to build a stronger more unified association in promoting the auction method.
The TAA promotes high professional standards and encourages members to practice the highest principles of integrity in their auctioneering profession.
According to the Tennessee Auctioneers Commission, there are 1,709 licensed auctioneers in the State of Tennessee.
June 22, 2016
June 20, 2016
The Blight Elimination Program from the Tennessee Housing Development Agency is officially active. THDA can now begin accepting loan applications and funding demolition and ... (click for more)
Chattanooga-based Compass Auctions & Real Estate, LLC has been selected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to list and sell a real estate portfolio in the Metro and Southern ... (click for more)
June is nationally recognized as Homeownership Month and Habitat for Humanity of Greater Chattanooga Area celebrated this month by hosting three homeownership dedication ceremonies on Saturday. ... (click for more)
The Blight Elimination Program from the Tennessee Housing Development Agency is officially active. THDA can now begin accepting loan applications and funding demolition and greening activities to stabilize local housing markets. "We're thrilled to be able to put these Treasury dollars to use in neighborhoods where one or two abandoned houses are ... (click for more)
Chattanooga-based Compass Auctions & Real Estate, LLC has been selected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to list and sell a real estate portfolio in the Metro and Southern Atlanta area totaling nearly $20 Million. The highlight of the group of properties is 40 parcels adjacent to Turner Field Stadium. The 40 parcels equal 4.67 acres and are located ... (click for more)
Pat Summitt , legendary Lady Vol basketball coach, mentor and mother-figure to her players; a revered ambassador for her university and state; a trailblazer for women; and a role model for people all over the world passed away early Tuesday in Knoxville at the age of 64. The UT athletic department wrote: "Born Patricia Sue Head on June 14, 1952 in Clarksville, Tn., she arrived ... (click for more)
A teen was shot multiple times on 4th Avenue on Monday night. The victim was 19-year-old JaMarcus Davis. A second teen, 18-year-old Jaylain Ballard, was shot twice early Tuesday morning on Pinewood Avenue. In the first incident, Chattanooga Police responded at 7:20 p.m. to the area of the 2600 block of 4th Avenue on the report of shots fired. Police did not locate ... (click for more)
I'm pleased and indeed compelled to let you know a bit more about the exciting and most honorable "Charles H. Coolidge Medal of Honor Heritage Center" planned for Coolidge Park. Here's what the Heritage Center will be: It will be a fitting capstone for Chattanooga's Coolidge Park on Northshore in downtown Chattanooga. While this exceptional Chattanooga ... (click for more)
In 1996 a woman named Linda Ellis wrote one of life's most beautiful poems. Called "The Dash," its first two verses read like this: "I read of a man who stood to speak at the funeral of a friend. He referred to the dates on the tombstone from the beginning…to the end. "He noted that first came the date of birth and spoke the following date with tears, but he said what ... (click for more)


text:
Philips announces Net TV
Philips has announced Net TV, a new addition to a number of its high-end television ranges that will see you getting internet access through your TV screen.
Net TV will be available on Philips 8000 and 9000 series TVs, as well as the recently announced Cinema 21:9.
It will allow users to browse the net using just their remote, with a number of websites and services tailored and enhanced specifically to view through your TV.
These include websites such as YouTube, TomTom, eBay, MeteoGroup, Funspot, MyAlbum and Netlog, all of which feature things such as larger text so you can read content from further away, and a simplified layout.
You will be able to view content on the open web as well, but depending on the website, things such as the text may be difficult to read from far away.
Philips has said it plans to add more websites to the Net TV over time, including more localised services for non-English speakers in places such as France, Germany and The Netherlands.
Net TV will require a wired connection to the net for the 8000 series, but with Wi-Fi integrated into the 9000 series and the Cinema 21:9, TVs from these ranges will be able to pick up any wireless home internet connection.
Net TV is due to go live in April.
What is HDR, what TVs support HDR, and what HDR content can I watch?
What is 4K HDR and how will it change your TV?
Announcing the 13th Pocket-lint Gadget Awards
Sony XD9405 4K TV review: The 75-inch UHD wonder
- What is HDR, what TVs support HDR, and what HDR content can I watch?
- Sony XD9405 4K TV review: The 75-inch UHD wonder
- Samsung 4K HDR TV choices for 2016: KS9000, KS8000, KS7500 and KS7000 compared
- Philips AmbiLux PUS8901 review: Projector-laden 4K TV is mad, but brilliant
- Samsung KS7000 SUHD TV review: Serious performance for the price
- Now TV Smart Box official, plus no-contract TV, broadband and phone from £9.99
- Samsung Galaxy Note 7: Release date, rumours and everything you need to know
- Best smartphones 2016: The best phones available to buy today
- Now TV Smart Box: Release date, price, specs and everything you need to know
- Microsoft Windows 10 Anniversary Update: New features, release date and everything you need to know


text:
field for the Phillies.How about the Fightin Phils...on the road, beginning a three- game series in Erie tonight. Reading, took 3 of 5 from New Britain over the weekend in Baseballtown.Eastern League all-star Hoby Milner looks to keep that momentum going for the Fightins.He'll face the Seawolves Jeff Ferrell.First pitch, 7:05. We will have highlights at 10:30 tonight. The Region 2 legion tournament continues this afternoon at Muhlenberg's Gochnauer Field. The host A's were eliminated over the weekend. But Berks League champs Norchester...still alive entering today's action...>>> Norchester, taking on The Birches in an elimination game...winner moves on to the final rounds tomorrow... -Top of the 2nd...2 men on...Birches dakota george lines a ball to left...takes a huge bounce over the fielder...big lip out there apparently...2 runs score...Birches out to a 3-0 lead... -Bottom of the 2nd, Norchester answers...bases loaded for blake mccourt... hits a grounder to 3rd...gets the job done, noah beebe scores...Bulldogs rallying... - Next batter...COLLIN mccourt..
Norchester rolls into final days of Region 2 Tournament
- Police: Ex-NFL player shot during naked break-in
- Manziel reports Dallas hit-and-run car accident
- Tim Tebow visits friend shot in Orlando attack
- Former NFL receiver Bess arrested after police standoff
- NFL notebook: Chiefs' Berry named Halas Award winner
- Von Miller declares he won't play under franchise tag
- NFL notebook: Jones ends brief holdout with Dolphins
- Cowboys RB McFadden out after elbow surgery
- Broncos DC Phillips gets ring with wrong name
- Sam Bradford looking to build off minicamp
- Pederson not worried about Fletcher Cox
- Wentz, Smallwood attend NFLPA Rookie Premiere
- Eagles nab 6 more players on final day of draft
Penn State Football
- Georgia holds off Penn State to take TaxSlayer Bowl
- Penn State welcomes physical test presented by Georgia
- Barkley, Penn State fresh entering bowl game
- Nittany Lions gearing up for tough test against Georgia
- NHL draft trade roundup: Flames get their goalie
- Penguins C Malkin won't need surgery on elbow
- Panthers sign D Yandle to seven-year deal
- NHL Awards: Kane wins Hart as MVP
- Coyotes sign D Goligoski to five-year deal
- Four-time All-Star Lecavalier announces retirement
- Rangers deal D Yandle to Panthers
- Flames name Gulutzan as head coach
- Hurricanes acquire Teravainen, Bickell from Blackhawks
- Crosby, Holtby highlight NHL's postseason All-Star team
- NHL Awards: Kane wins Hart as MVP
- NHL Awards: Panarin captures Calder Trophy
- Blues sign veteran Upshall to one-year extension
- Wizards SG Beal turns down spot on Team USA
- NBA trade roundup: Ibaka, Oladipo swapped
- LeBron James turns down spot on U.S. Olympic team
- 2016 NBA draft results
- 76ers select Ben Simmons first in NBA Draft
- Anthony, Butler among NBA commitments to US Olympic team
- Pacers acquire Thaddeus Young from Nets
- Knicks acquire Rose from Bulls
- Cleveland fans break NBA's online store sales record
- Mets' Syndergaard, Cespedes to avoid DL
- Phillies agree to terms with top overall pick Moniak
- Ortiz regrets making early retirement announcement
- Bradley helps Diamondbacks beat Phillies
- Greinke wins 7th straight start, Diamondbacks beat Phillies
- Torre named Team USA general manager
- Rangers' Lewis flirts with perfection, settles for win
- Mets 3B Wright undergoing neck surgery
- Suzuki one-ups Rose with 4,257th hit


text:
Reviewed By Daryl W (BISMARCK, ND) Reviewed for a 2010 GMC Sierra —3/9/2013 1:33 PM
the windshield mount is junk. I could not get it to stick even if I made it wet. They should come up with something better.
Reviewed By Donald S (TECUMSEH, OK) Reviewed for a 2005 GMC Sierra —2/13/2016 7:22 AM
Tuner has very good tunes an abLe to upload custom tunes via download or micro chip. Can't beat this tuner the Trinity customer service SUCKS!! I emailed them asking how to make the tuner to power down once the ignition is turned off after 4 days I got a response from them, all they said is to unplug it from the ECM port. When i mentioned wanted to use the gagues feature while driving the CS Rep came back with "sent it back where u bought it an get a refund then". That isn't cool at all.
|2010 GMC Sierra Denali Performance Monitors
2010 GMC Sierra Hybrid Performance Monitors
2010 GMC Sierra SL Performance Monitors
|2010 GMC Sierra SLE Performance Monitors
2010 GMC Sierra SLT Performance Monitors
2010 GMC Sierra WT Performance Monitors
|2010 GMC Sierra XFE Performance Monitors


text:
Pathfinder Roleplaying Game: Pathfinder Unchained (OGL)
Ultimate Occult (PFRPG) PDF
Into the Breach: The Rogue (PFRPG) PDF
In The Company of Treants (PFRPG) PDF
Mini-Dungeon #029: Heart of the Sacred Dawn (PFRPG) PDF
Bullet Points: 10 Subschool Augmentation Feats (PFRPG) PDF
Rogue Genius Games(based on 2 ratings)
Sometimes rules supplements read like the world-setting bible of frustrated novelists. While solid world- building is a useful skill, you don't always need four paragraphs of flavor text to tell you swords are cool, magic is power, shadows are scary, and orcs are savage. Sometimes a GM doesn't have time to slog through a page of history for every magic weapon. Sometimes all that's needed are a few cool ideas, with just enough information to use them in a game. Sometimes, all you need are bullet points.
Bullet Points are a line of very short, cheap PDFs each of which gives the bare bones of a set of related options. It may be five spells, six feats, eight magic weapon special abilities, or any other short set of related rules we can cram into about a page. Short and simple, these PDFs are for GMs and players who know how to integrate new ideas into their campaigns without any hand-holding, and just need fresh ideas and the rules to support them. No in-character fiction setting the game world. No charts and tables. No sidebars of explanations and optional rules. Just one sentence of explanation for the High Concept of the PDF, then bullet points.
The High Concept: Ten feats that allow spellcasters who focus on subschools of magic to have a slight advantage with all spells of that subschool, much as summoning specialists gain with Augment Summoning. This is the latest in a series of products to celebrate the "Summer of Bullets" event!
The feats included are:
Product Availability
Will be added to your My Downloads Page immediately upon purchase of PDF.
Are there errors or omissions in this product information? Got corrections? Let us know at email@example.com.
See Also:
Product Reviews (2)
How does one make starship combat fun for the whole crew?,
[PFS] Need advice for a Kitsune Sorcerer build,
Arcanist Vs wizard,
[d20pfsrd.com] Starjammer: Pathfinder in Space!,
Gestalt Advice,
The Slaad Thread,
Interview with James L. Sutter about Starfinder on Gnome Stew,
Please Change This,
Creating alchemical items by batch,
Pathfinder's Mischievous Goblins Return to Wreak Havoc on Free RPG Day in New We B4 Goblins Module,
Trapdoor Technologies Releases Officially Licensed Digital Toolset for the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game,
Paizo Announces the Starfinder Roleplaying Game,
Ancient Lands, Eldritch Secrets, and Vast Riches Await in Pathfinder Adventure Card Game: Mummy's Mask,


text:
Home →
→ Safety & First Aid
| Safety & First Aid
Prepare Properly:
Travel Safely:
Relax…and Be Safe:
"Traveling with children can be a wonderful, fulfilling experience that enriches the lives of the youngsters and adults alike," said American Humane Association's President and CEO Dr. Robin Ganzert. "The key is to prepare and pace yourself. In this way you may all stay safe and healthy as you experience the joys of travel."
Why Your Kids Should Learn to Swim
Car Seat Misuse Rampant
Is your home safe?
What to Do Before Driving with Baby
Party Planning
After-School Activities
Camp Guide
Sports for Kids
Child Care Options
Education Resources
Family Health Guide
Special Needs Guide
Jun 23, 2016
Jun 21, 2016
Jun 24, 2016
Jun 07, 2016
Jun 01, 2016
Jun 03, 2016
Jun 22, 2016
Deepa Prasad, MPH, shares what third-hand smoke is, the health risks of being exposed to third-hand smoke, and how you can reduce your family's risk of health issues due to third-hand smoke.
Chess is an excellent course of study to promote essential life skills. Centers like NY Chess Kids offer after-school and other programs to teach children the game of chess.
Copyright 2016 | All Rights
Reserved | Davler Media
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text:
Christmas Moon
TDL media
- October 30, 2014
( 1,006)
Christmas and New Year coming soon! Full moon is shining brightly, the light which makes the snow glow. Snowflakes are falling ... In the center of this picture is a cozy house decorated with garlands. In this house sits cat on a windowsill and looking out the window. In the yard Christmas tree covered with snow and shimmers under the light garlands. And cheerful snowman with fireworks in hand ready for Christmas.
In this version you can configure:
My live wallpaper support HD screens.
In this version you can configure:
- type and quantity of snowflakes;
- rate of fall of snowflakes;
- activate the smoke from the chimney;
- adjust the density of the smoke;
- activate the animation garlands;
- adjust the animation garlands;
- sparkling snowflakes;
- enable wind;
- bengal light;
- cat
If you have any difficulty please write firstname.lastname@example.com
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Coooool The best wallpaper i've ever seen. Cool, quite, Many options and high quality graphics. I strongly recommend this app.
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Perfect I Wouldn't Change a Thing This is such a sweet and well thought wallpaper! **Could you consider doing another, in time for Christmas season that has a simple manger (with some movement of manger scene) Baby Jesus be the focal point, with Mary & Joseph, donkey, sheep & angels. Keep it simple (like precious moments) No one has done one like this and there are many who would love it and support you by buying it. It could have an option for a star beam from sky shining down on the manger. It would be so lovely.
Highly recommend this unique lwp! Fun lwp with falling snow, blinking tree lights, touch sparkler, moving cat and more! Crisp and clean graphics and very smooth animation on both my Lollipop HTC One M8 and Kitkat LG tablet. Options allow scene to be set either for Xmas or winter so this lwp can be used for months - which justifies the minimal cost! Thank you so very much to the developer!
What's New
- added house lights;
- fixed bugs;
- added variable wind force;
- fixed bugs for some devices;
- cat in the window;
- snowman's scarf responds to the wind;
- added bengal light;
- fixed graphics artifacts on small screens;
- fix bugs on some devices;
- improved performance;
- added wind;
- improved appearance of snowflakes;
Christmas live wallpaper with dynamic Christmas lights, animated fireplace, cat,


text:
A View From Central Serbia
Only Available in Archive Formats.
Noah speaks with Slobodan Skdolak, a chemistry professor at the University of Kragujevac in Kragujevac, Serbia. Doctor Sukdolak talks about the reaction in his town to the NATO airstrikes.
Please keep your community civil. All comments must follow the NPR.org Community rules and terms of use, and will be moderated prior to posting. NPR reserves the right to use the comments we receive, in whole or in part, and to use the commenter's name and location, in any medium. See also the Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Community FAQ.


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text:
Prices also fall nationally despite near-record demand.
Search / 112 results found Showing: 1-20 of 112
Tucson still has the state's lowest average price.
Gas prices continue to climb amid high summer demand, AAA Arizona says.
Tucson prices were virtually flat.
Prices could move even higher heading into the busy summer driving season, AAA says.
Gas pump prices are starting to plateau around the state and nation, AAA Arizona says.
Arizona's average price rose 2 cents, but prices slipped in Tucson and nationally.
Seasonal increases in demand and reduced refinery production are behind the increase, AAA says.
Tucson average drops five cents in a week, AAA says.
Also, in other business news in brief, Raytheon among innovation honorees.
Red light cameras aren't perfect, but they do help safety.
Tucson kept the state's lowest average gas price.
Tucson keeps state's lowest prices, AAA says.
Ritz Dove Mountain gets AAA's top rating
State average price falls more than a nickel in a week, AAA says.
Plus, in other business news in brief, new Sidewinder ready for full production.
But prices rose nationally this week, according to AAA.
Low crude-oil prices and ample supplies send gas prices down.
They edge down for sixth week in a row.
Power-line backers to alter route to avoid missile range


text:
Please login to add/view friends online.
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text:
- Worldwide Rank #189,087
- Follower/Following Ratio 4.92
- Daily New Followers 74
Gamer Amovaz Twitter Stats
@amovaz - Tracking Gamer Amovaz Twitter profile since November 30, 2012
Gamer profesional, enamorado de mis gatitos
Gamer Amovaz Tweets
@amovaz has posted -97 tweets in the last 30 days, which translates to an average of -3.2 tweets per day.
Gamer Amovaz Twitter Followers
@amovaz has 31,647 followers on Twitter.
This account is #189,087 in the worldwide rank of the most popular Twitter users.
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@amovaz is following 6,433 Twitter accounts.
Last month this account stopped following 9,516 users.
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We track these Twitter stats since November 30, 2012 . You can see how many followers Gamer Amovaz lost or gained and what the prediction is for tomorrow or the next 15 days, together with all kinds of other stats like rank compared to all Twitter users, tweets etc.
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[quote:Anonymous Coward 44001084:MV8yMjcwNDcxXzM5MjEzMjg5X0ZFQzdDNENC] d) Even without having any of the elements above (see item 'A'), you played your role already during the passage of the hurricane through your city, and somehow have helped THEM fighting the OTHER SIDE in this WAR in your workplace, family, friends, neighborhood, etc.; e) The fact that you're NOT gonna be assigned a mission in a neutral-inhabited area doesn't mean that you're NOT gonna learn all the information and have all the trainings required to be assigned, just like if you had gone there; f) Part of this learning will certainly come with your pigeon-holes : a great variety of training skills ranging from the so-called stalking techniques to the military ballet movements to details about the various races of alligator to many other things; < Archetypes to mentalize if needed : "ART OF STALKING VERSUS PIGEON-HOLES", "MILITARY SKILLS VERSUS PIGEON-HOLES", "KNOWLEDGE VERSUS PIGEON-HOLES", etc. > g) Another part of this learning will come from your activated crystal, like for instance how to read, analyse and evaluate neutrals' auras and thoughts; h) And yet another part may potentially come from your practical trainings in the so-called 'Holodecks' in the BACKSTAGE reality, that simulate with perfection the environment of the STAGE WORLD, including alligators and the OTHER SIDE if needed; < Archetype to mentalize if needed : "MILITARY PRACTICE VERSUS HOLODECK" >; i) Realize that there are hundreds of millions of foreigners that simply aren't engaged in any mission in this STAGE WORLD. They live their lives normally in their places of origin, and aren't worried about being assigned this or that mission. These people have the ability to enter a mission at any time, or at least to enter a preparatory training and then enter the mission. That's just like how you may feel when you have your learning completed (pigeon-holes + crystal + Holodecks); j) And unlike the others, you will be able to leave the STAGE WORLD and go wherever you go in the BACKSTAGE reality keeping your pigeon-holes with you (in your brain!), whereas the majority of THEM don't have pigeon-holes and only have access to the inexhaustible and always available source of information represented by THEIR Earth-based main satellite; < Archetype to mentalize if needed : "SAME IMPORTANCE" >; k) There is also an interesting information that is worth mentioning here : the illusion of vampirism is something that doesn't necessarily ends with the activation of the crystal, because it is based on other factors. As of the year 2000, there are still hundreds of millions of vampires among THEM, all over the STAGE WORLD (with a peak of concentration in the Middle East countries, due to peculiarities already explained); l) You can estimate that the vampirism of these people in general will last for at least ten years after the occurrence of the 'Global D-Day'. The conclusion is that there is still a type of long-term mission where survivors can engage in if they are interested (and it doesn't matter the fact that the survivor is probably a vampire too) : the mission of being a so-called dentist, that is, a person who treats the vampirism of other people. The only requirements are an activated crystal, the art of stalking embedded in the pigeon-holes and the self-production of kundalinic energy for other people. Considering the long-term, maybe it's not too much. Archetypes to mentalize if needed : "SHELLS VALUING", "CHEATING COMPARISONS", "GIVING VERSUS RECEIVING", "FALSE MIRROR" and "PAN ORIGINAL SHAPE". Finally, always keep in mind : time doesn't exist. [/quote]
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Diamond Head
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 5, 2005
|Filing date
|Jun 8, 2004
|Priority date
|Mar 8, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Farhad Farassat
|Original Assignee
|F&K Delvotec Bondtechnik Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (1), Classifications (36), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/161,320 filed May 31, 2002 (which issued Jun. 8, 2004 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,629) and claims the benefit of European application 02 005 435.9 filed Mar. 8, 2002, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to wire bonding, and specifically to a method and apparatus for the production and quality control testing of an ultrasonically bonded wire connection.
2. Description of the Related Art
Bonding is an extremely widely used method of connecting wires in electronic devices of all kinds, in order to form contacts with electronic components and in particular integrated circuits (chips). The quality of these connections determines to a considerable extent the performance and reliability of the relevant electronic devices. Therefore the manufacturers of these devices pay great attention to monitoring the quality of the connections, and the manufacturers of wire-bonding machines are faced with a demand for ever more reliable testing and process-control systems.
One of the furthest developed and most widespread bonding methods is ultrasonic ("wedge") bonding, which basically represents a micro-version of friction welding. Here—as described, for example, in the applicant's patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,397—an aluminium wire in contact with a substrate surface, to which it is to be connected in such a way that the two materials remain in contact, is put into rapid oscillation by an ultrasound transducer and simultaneously pressed against the surface. Under the influence of the compression (bonding) force and the oscillation (bonding) power, an oxide coating on the surface is broken up and, as severe deformation and local heating occur, the wire and surface materials intermingle to produce bonding at the interface between wire and surface.
A more detailed description of this method is unnecessary here, as it has long been well known to those skilled in the art.
For testing bonded connections produced in this way, many methods have been established, of which reference is made here only to that disclosed in the applicant's patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,984,730. This document describes a test method based on monitoring a deformation of the wire during the bonding process and comparison with a standard or reference curve. When the measured deformation curve is too far from the reference curve, this is regarded as indicating inadequate quality of the bonded connection, and when such unacceptable deviations are detected, the procedure should be interrupted and the relevant process parameters readjusted.
A method of testing connections produced by ultrasonic bonding that is similar, in a certain sense, is described in the patent DE 44 47 073 C1. Here the firmness of the connection is the decisive parameter for the bond quality. It is proposed that the relevant parameter to be monitored is the velocity or time course of deformation of the wire to be bonded and the time course of the amplitude of the bonding tool (wedge amplitude) during the bonding process; the results of this monitoring are to be compared with reference data. This method enables the firmness of each individual connection to be tested with no substantial extra expenditure of time.
In the applicant's patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,105 a system is proposed for controlling an ultrasonic wire-banding process in-real time, or quasi-real time, by monitoring the time dependence of deformation of the bonded wire. Specifically, it is proposed that the power input to the ultrasound transducer should be kept at a high level until a marked increase in deformation appears in the time-dependence curve, at which point the power is reduced to a predetermined lower level. Furthermore—in a preferred procedure—it is proposed to turn the ultrasound transducer off completely when the wire deformation has substantially reached a predetermined final value.
In the applicant's patent GB 2 271 305 B a procedure for controlling a soldering or bonding process of the reflow type is proposed, in which the power applied to drive prespecified sections of the process is adjusted to different levels. In this document the application of this principle for a wire bonder of the kind cited above is also mentioned.
The previously proposed methods and apparatus have proved not to provide optimal results in all of the constellations of materials and processes encountered in practice. It has been impossible to control or regulate the bonding process in the initial phase (the first five to ten ms), because during this period the wire to be bonded was not deformed sufficiently to permit evaluation.
Hence it is the objective of the invention to provide an improved method of this generic kind as well as an apparatus suitable for implementing the method, which enable a further improvement in ensuring the quality of bonded wire connections.
The invention includes the fundamental idea of monitoring, by means of a suitable parameter, a reaction of the bonding process upon the tool—the ultrasound transducer—and thereby detecting a substantial change of state of the work piece, namely the wire-substrate unit during formation of the bonded connection. It further includes the idea of utilizing as this parameter the impedance measured at the transducer. Finally, the invention includes the idea of comparing the recorded time dependence of the representative parameter (impedance) with a suitable reference, which is obtained during the manufacture of qualitatively perfect bonded connections.
The-invention enables an improved control or regulation of the bonding process, in particular in its initial phase, because a quantity which has an informative time-dependence during this phase is used as an input variable for the control and regulation process.
In a first, relatively independent implementation of the idea behind the invention, the proposed method is a manufacturing procedure insofar as it comprises, in addition to the above-mentioned aspects, the concept of controlling the power input to the ultrasound transducer (the bond power) or the force that the bonding tool exerts on the wire (bond weight), or both of these variables.
In a second implementation of the idea behind the invention, the proposed method represents a test procedure for quality control of the bonded connection that is produced, insofar as it allows the decision as to quality of the bonded connection to be derived from the recorded time dependence of the impedance in comparison to the reference curve.
The inventor has established, on the basis of extensive experimental investigations, that a particular characteristic shape of the impedance-time curve, distinguished by a relatively steep rise to a clear maximum and a subsequent decline, initially steeper and then becoming less steep, can be taken as an unambiguous indicator of a qualitatively high-value connection. It will be evident that for different bonding-process parameters, in particular for wires differing in composition and dimensions as well as substrate surfaces of various kinds, the specific time dependence of the impedance and in particular the position of the maximum and the rise and fall gradients are different. However, for each constellation of process parameters suitable reference curves can be constructed with a limited number of experiments, which can be used for comparison with a time-dependence curve obtained for the ongoing process.
Evaluation of the curve shape for controlling or regulating the bonding process is preferably carried out by comparison of the overall time dependence recorded while the bonded connection is being produced, or else only a characteristic section of the overall curve, with a reference curve or a set of reference curves. A significant assessment of the quality of the bonded connection is provided, as far as can be seen at present, by evaluation including three predetermined impedance-time reference surfaces (in the following termed "reference windows"), through which the recorded curve representing the time dependence of impedance must pass in order to justify the conclusion that the bonded connection is of high quality.
Alternative possibilities that can be considered in principle include a numerical evaluation of characteristic curve sections—for example, to determine the peak impedance value and a slope of the falling flank in a region of the curve next to the maximum—and numerical comparison with corresponding values obtained from reference measurements. It will be evident that with such a method of evaluation, as well, certain tolerance values with respect to the reference curves should be specified in order for the bonded connection currently being produced to qualify as "good".
In an especially preferred embodiment of the proposed production and/or testing method, the proposed evaluation of the impedance-time curve is combined with an evaluation of the time dependence of the deformation of the wire being bonded (which as such is fundamentally known from the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,105). In particular, the previously known idea of a steplike reduction of the bond power at the time when there is a distinct increase in wire deformation is combined with the idea in accordance with the invention that the bond power and/or bond weight is/are to be controlled in dependence on the characteristic curve for time dependence of the transducer impedance. In analogy, from the combined evaluation of the two time dependences—each in comparison to a reference curve obtained from bonded connections known to be of good quality—an especially reliable decision can be made regarding the quality of the bonded connection.
As also happens when the quality test or process control is based exclusively on the impedance-time dependence, here the quality test or process control on the basis of a combined evaluation of the impedance-time curve and deformation-time curve is in practice preferably automatic, for which purpose at least components of a regulation sequence or system are provided. This regulation component has a special character in the case of the combined method, because the impedance detected at the transducer and the bond power fed into the transducer are originally physically related to one another, and this relationship is in a certain sense "modulated" during the process of producing the bonded connection. This relationship provides a physical basis for the said regulation component.
Aspects of the apparatus for implementing the method correspond to the above-mentioned procedural steps and aspects in a way readily discernible by a person skilled in the art, so that it is not necessary to discuss in detail all the components of the apparatus. However, it should be pointed out that an arrangement provided for quality testing comprises, according to the above description, a decision-making device connected to the evaluation device, to compare the impedance-time curve with suitable references and report a good/bad decision. In an arrangement provided for bonding-process control, on the other hand, the evaluation unit is connected to a bond-power control unit and/or bond-weight control unit, which it controls according to a prescribed control algorithm (which has been derived from experimental findings).
Further advantages and useful features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to the figures, wherein:
It is evident that the impedance-time curve in
The impedance curve according to
Hence it is reasonable for the bond power to be controlled in three stages, the first of which involves a stepwise reduction depending on monitoring of the time dependence of the impedance at time point T1. The next is a second stepwise reduction depending on the evaluation of the time dependence of deformation at time point T2, and at time point T3 the bonding process can be terminated.
Associated with the horn 4 of the ultrasound transducer 6 is a deformation sensor 12 that is known per se. Integrated into a power supply 14 of the transducer 6 are a device 16 to measure the strength of the electrical current and a device 18 to measure the voltage; these are connected at their output sides to an impedance-determining device 20, which calculates the momentary impedance values. Another component associated with the transducer 6 is a bonding-head driver 22, which generates a predetermined pressing force (bond weight) that the bonding tool 2 exerts on the wire 8. To the output of the impedance-determining device 20 is connected an impedance-recording device 24, to record the time dependence of the impedance, and this in turn is connected by way of an additional input to a timer 26. The deformation sensor 12 is connected to the input of a deformation-recording device 28 to record the time dependence of the wire deformation, and this device likewise receives a time signal from the timer 26.
The impedance-recording device 24 is connected at its output to an impedance-evaluating device 30, which by way of another input is connected to a reference database 32. The output of the deformation-recording device 28 is connected to a deformation-evaluating device 34. Both of the evaluating devices 30 and 34 are together connected on one hand to a bond-weight control unit 36 and on the other hand to a bond-power control unit 38. The bond-weight control unit 36 acts on the bonding-head driver 22 so as rapidly to control the bond weight, and the bond-power control unit 38 acts on the power supply 14 of the transducer 6 so as rapidly to adjust the bond power (ultrasound-oscillation energy).
The way in which the measurement and control arrangement 1 functions will be evident from the above general explanations of the proposed method and hence will not be described further here. It should be pointed out that in the evaluating devices 30 and 34 and the control units 36 and 38, evaluation and control algorithms, respectively, are stored which have been derived from curves for transducer impedance and wire deformation obtained by experiments on a plurality of substrates with various kinds of wires and constellations of procedural parameters, along with the quality studies customarily associated therewith. Such measurements and quality tests are familiar to experts in bonding techniques, who can thus find for themselves specific control algorithms for specific structural elements, substrates and bond wires.
Again, the function of this test arrangement in accordance with the invention will be evident from the above explanations of the proposed method.
The implementation of the invention is not limited to the examples sketched out here but can likewise be achieved in a great many modifications that are within the competence of a person skilled in the art. In particular, the invention also includes control of the bonding process and an apparatus suitable for executing such control, with the provision that either only the bond weight or only the bond power is controlled on the basis of a combined evaluation of the transducer impedance and wire deformation. Also within the scope of the invention are a test method and a test apparatus such that these two parameters are monitored and subjected to combined evaluation in order to make the "good" vs. "bad" decision. Furthermore, the invention includes an implementation in which both the bond weight and the bond power are controlled exclusively on the basis of detection and evaluation of the transducer impedance.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 25, 1980
|Jul 27, 1982
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Ultrasonic bond energy monitor
|Nov 24, 1982
|May 1, 1984
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Acoustic ground impedance meter
|Dec 3, 1984
|Oct 28, 1986
|Peter Urban
|Method of and apparatus for bonding an electrically conductive wire to bonding pads
|Nov 3, 1989
|Jan 15, 1991
|Emhart Inc.
|Quality control for wire bonding
|May 29, 1992
|May 25, 1993
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Ultrasonic adhesion/dehesion monitoring apparatus with power feedback measuring means
|Oct 27, 1992
|May 24, 1994
|F & K Delvotec Bondtechnik Gmbh
|Wire bonding ultrasonic control system responsive to wire deformation
|Aug 19, 1997
|Mar 30, 1999
|Kyushu Electronics Systems, Inc.
|Apparatus for detecting semiconductor bonding defects
|Nov 27, 1996
|Apr 20, 1999
|Orthodyne Electronics Corporation
|Integrated pull tester with an ultrasonic wire bonder
|Apr 13, 2000
|Oct 30, 2001
|Hesse & Knipps Gmbh
|Quality control method
|Dec 10, 1998
|Jan 28, 2003
|B.P.W., Inc.
|Fault sensing wire and alarm apparatus
|Mar 15, 2001
|May 27, 2003
|Asm Technology Singapore Pte. Ltd.
|Detection of wire bonding failures
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 29, 2013
|The Boeing Company
|Bond interface testing
|U.S. Classification
|73/588, 73/589, 73/827
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 13, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 3, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 3, 2009
|Surcharge for late payment
|Dec 31, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
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text:
Recession, unemployment drive Americans north
CTVNews.ca Staff
Published Wednesday, July 11, 2012 9:51PM EDT
Last Updated Wednesday, July 11, 2012 11:26PM EDT
Economic woes in the U.S. are driving Americans across the northern border in near-record numbers as they seek better job opportunities and cheaper education in Canada, according to the latest federal government figures obtained by CTV News.
Ottawa approved 34,185 visas for U.S residents last year alone -- a figure that falls just short of the all-time record of 35,060 approved visas in 2010.
"The number one problem in the U.S. economy is unemployment, so it's natural you're going to see more young Canadians coming back from the States, and young Americans pursuing economic opportunity here," Immigration Minister Jason Kenney said.
Immigration officials say the slight drop in visa approvals last year was attributed to the rigid applicant screening process and strict rules. Visas are only granted to Americans with pre-arranged jobs and students who are welcomed by cash-strapped Canadian universities.
Many expats are also fleeing the effects of the U.S recession and returning home.
Canadian Randy Kientz spent most of his life in the U.S., but after losing his business in Reno, Nevada, he decided to head back north.
"It was a deteriorating economy, the housing market was crashing," Kientz told CTV News, adding that the cost of medical insurance also adds to Americans' financial troubles.
American Jillayne Bohler, on the other hand, recently moved to Winnipeg to attend university because she could not afford to pay tuition in her home state of Minnesota.
"So I'm paying less than a third of that here, so it makes my parents happy," Bohler said.
"We definitely have seen an increase in the number of people, to the point that it is a steady stream of Americans trying to come into Canada," Toronto immigration lawyer Sergio Karas told CTV News.
By comparison, fewer than 20,000 Canadians moved to the U.S. over the past two years -- the lowest number in nearly a decade.
With a report from CTV's Richard Madan
More News from Canada
- Police say fatal stabbing victim was former racist, but aren't connecting it to his death
- Canadian academic jailed in Iran for dabbling in feminism, security: family
- Should pitbulls be banned? Debate rages from Montreal to Winnipeg
- Winning ticket for Lotto 649 $7M jackpot sold in Quebec
- Changes to controversial autism plan in the works, Ontario minister says


text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $1.96 (33% off)
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Apparently, this user prefers to keep an air of mystery about them.
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text:
The very first time I went to the Palestra, I almost got run over by Bill Cosby.
My dad took me to the Atlantic 10 tournament. This was a doubleheader with a Temple–Saint Joseph's game and another quarterfinal. As we went up the walkway toward the gym, an older man was laughing with his friends and clowning around. He crashed into me. It wasn't a big deal — I wasn't knocked over or anything — but my dad turned to the guy ask him to knock it off. When he did, he realized it was Cosby.
I guess I eventually got Cosby back for this, but I remember what happened afterward much better: Temple beat Joe's by 15 points, and I got my first introduction to Big 5 basketball.
That was not my only Atlantic 10 tournament. My dad took me again the very next year. St. Joe's looked like they were going to lose to Rutgers. They trailed by 13 at one point. But the Hawks rallied and won it on a Bernard Blunt three-point play with just seconds left. I had never heard a louder crowd. Read more »


text:
Behind the scenes of day two at 2014 SEC Football Media Days
Click here for the original story.
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Stript Casual Couture > IRREVERENT, CHEEKY, SARCASTIC DESIGNS > Bad Fairies Do Good Things > Bad Fairies Do Good Things Fitted Hoodie
Bad fairies do good things. Pin-up girl fairy with skull and crossbone wings. Perfect for fairy lovers.
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ASRock Z68M-ITX HT (Intel Z68) Motherboard Review
3DMark 11
Version and / or Patch Used: 1.0
Developer Homepage: http://www.futuremark.com
Product Homepage: http://www.3dmark.com/3dmark11/
3DMark 11 is the latest version of the world's most popular benchmark. Designed to measure your PC's gaming performance 3DMark 11 makes extensive use of all the new features in DirectX 11 including tessellation, compute shaders and multi-threading. Trusted by gamers worldwide to give accurate and unbiased results, 3DMark 11 is the best way to consistently and reliably test DirectX 11 under game-like loads.
Metro 2033
Version and / or Patch Used: Latest Steam Update
Timedemo or Level Used: Built in Benchmark
Developer Homepage: http://www.4a-games.com//
Product Homepage: http://metro.thq.com/
Metro 2033 is an action-oriented video game with a combination of survival horror and first-person shooter elements. The game is based on the novel Metro 2033 by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky. It was developed by 4A Games in Ukraine and released in March 2010 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360.[3] In March 2006, 4A Games announced a partnership with Glukhovsky to collaborate on the game.[4] The game was announced at the 2009 Games Convention in Leipzig;[5] a first trailer came along with the announcement.[6] A sequel was announced, currently titled Metro: Last Light.
For such a small board, you can see we get some very good performance out of it. Unlike the A75 based system, we don't hit any kind of CPU limitation ever.
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- Page 1 [Introduction and Package]
- Page 2 [The Motherboard]
- Page 3 [The Motherboard Continued]
- Page 4 [BIOS]
- Page 5 [Test System Setup and Overclocking]
- Page 6 [CPU Benchmarks]
- Page 7 [System Benchmarks]
- Page 8 [USB 2.0 and 3.0 Benchmarks]
- Page 9 [SSD Benchmarks]
- Page 10 [Memory Benchmarks]
- Page 11 [Gaming Benchmarks]
- Page 12 [Temperature and Power]
- Page 13 [Final Thoughts]
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