text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 9, 1988
|Filing date
|Feb 24, 1987
|Priority date
|Nov 28, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ben A. Arnold
|Original Assignee
|Arnold Ben A
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (45), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a division, of application Ser. No. 555,608, filed Nov. 28, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,561.
The present invention relates to a test device for radiography and angiography systems and, more particularly, to a test phantom and method of fabrication and use of the same which incorporates stable iodine and other specific test details into a human tissue equivalent material in terms of attenuation and scatter.
As is known, angiography is the diagnostic study of the human cardiovascular system by the injection of iodine contrast materials into either the veins or arteries of a patient and the acquisition of X-ray images of the same cardiovascular system. Digital radiography and digital subtraction angiography are recent developments providing digital electronic X-ray imaging utilizing an X-ray imaging intensifier and a video system in combination with a computer. In addition to other advantages, such technology permits digital subtraction of images whereas one image of the body is taken prior to iodine contrast media injection and a second image is taken following the injection; with the two images then being compared, i.e. by digital subtraction, in the computer to provide an enhanced image of the blood vessels filled with contrast media while removing the overlying influence of bone and other soft tissue. In addition, the sensitivity of digital subtraction angiography systems is in general higher than with conventional film angiography thereby allowing the imaging of lower iodine concentrations in the patient.
The detection of small iodine concentrations in the cardiovascular system thereby facilitates imaging of the blood vessels, in some cases by injection of contrast media into the venous system, a procedure which reduces the risk to the patient while providing cost and time savings to the radiologist. Thus, digital angiography systems have become commercially successful in recent years and are finding widespread use in medical clinical applications throughout the world.
To insure the sensitivity of such digital subtraction angiography systems, however, a test assessment of the performance and imaging capability of such systems is imperative. Although there have been various prior art methods derived for testing and determining system performance, a preferred measurement method comprises the measurement of the level of iodine detectability under the digital subtraction mode of operation of such systems. Properly implemented, this measurement correspond to the systems ability to detect blood vessels of various diameters filled with various concentrations of iodine contrast media. One prior art system for providing an iodine detectability test is that developed by Riederer et al. (Riederer S.J., Di Bianca FA, Georges JPJ et al. Perfound Characteristics of a Digital Fluorographic System, Application of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine IX, SPIE Vol. 273, pp. 88-95. 1981) who constructed a subtraction test phantom using a liquid plastic manufactured by Clear Cast American Handi-Craft Company which solidifies in the presence of a catalyst. The solidified plastic may then be machined to form various channels or holes of desired diameter. Iodo-benzene, an iodine containing substance, is then desolved within a fluid liquid plastic and poured back into the machined channels within the plastic form thereby resulting in a test phantom.
The major problem associated with such prior art test phantoms has been their inability to maintain iodine in a stable format within the phantom over prolonged periods, resulting in the iodine propagating out of the test phantom. Thus, due to this instability of the iodine within the phantom, the use of such prior art phantoms to access performance of digital angiography systems over the normal course of system operation has been deficient.
In addition to the iodine instability deficiencies, the prior art phantom devices have also typically failed to provide a medium which simulates the properties of human blood vessels containg iodine. A third material used for a container of the iodine has not typically been tissue equivalent. As will be recognized, the use of such tissue equivalent media is imperative to insure proper system function during actual angiographic performance applications.
Further, the prior art test phantoms have typically been deficient in providing other non-iodine bearing test details in geometrically fixed positions within the phantom to permit accurate and reproduceable measurement of other parameters of digital X-ray imaging system performance such as video time jitter, system motion, and other error sources in subtraction imaging.
Thus, there exist a substantial need in the art for an improved test phantom representative of human tissue containing small concentrations of iodine in a long-term stable format which additionally includes other test details in geometrically fixed positions to provide a convenient method to accurately determine performance of digital subtraction angiographic systems.
The present invention specifically addresses and alleviates the above-referenced deficiencies associated in the prior art by providing a test phantom and method of fabrication and use of the same which phantom is formed of a material which simulates the properties of human tissue, contains various iodine details in a stable configuration for prolong periods of time, and includes other test details which permit the accurate and reproduceable measurement of performance parameters of radiography and angiography systems.
More particularly, the present invention provides a test phantom device which contains plural, discrete, stable iodine details which respond similar to blood vessel tissue filled with contrast media (iodine containing) in terms of X-ray interactions. The particular iodine details are each provided with differing concentrations of iodine which may be fabricated in geometric configurations adapted to approximate the configuration of human blood vessels. The phantom devices of the present invention additionally contains a variety of other test details, which provide performance parameters of the digital radiography system in a convenient, accurate, and reproduceable fashion.
The method of fabricating the test phantom of the present invention comprises forming the phantom disks of a modified urethane material, forming various iodine details for encapsulation within the phantom disk from a stable chemical complex material containing elemental iodine bound to a low "Z" molecule which is additionally incorporated into a similar modified urethane material. The particular chemical complex utilized in the present invention is polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) which has a vapor pressure approximating zero in solution and is highly stable in the absence of amino acids from proteins of bacteria fungi, etc. By fabrication of the overall phantom disks as well as the particular iodine details within the phantom from the same urethane base material, the present invention essentially eliminates the use of a third material to encapsulate the iodine details thus avoiding the potential errors due to X-ray absorption in such a third material.
More particularly, the method of fabrication of the test phantom of the present invention comprises the use of aliphatic urethane which closely mimics or reproduces the X-ray absorption properties of human tissues. In the formation of the iodine bearing details for the phantom, the PVP-I (polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine) is subsequently mixed with the urethane which due to the hydroscopic properties of the PVP-I, must be baked, dried, and degassed prior to incorporation into the urethane. Similarly, the urethane is also degassed under vacuum to remove all air bubbles and thereby avoid a change in the physical density of the urethane due to the presence of air. The mixture of urethane and PVP-I is then poured into molds of various shapes and configurations to provide the particular iodine test details for the phantom.
Subsequently, these particular iodine test samples may be inserted into the phantom disk or carrier along with other test details and encapsulated therein to provide an airtight enclosed phantom.
The improved test phantom of the present invention formed by the particular method of the present invention has been found to yield a phantom which permits performance evaluations by standardized techniques to verify equipment performance during installation, permits routine quality control checks to verify system performance, allows experimental and technical studies for clinical technique optimization, and facilitates standardized testing to allow comparisons between systems and clinical procedures.
These as well as other features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reference to the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an X-ray imaging system having the improved test phantom of the present invention positioned thereon;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a homogeneous test disk containing no test details which forms a portion of the overall test phantom of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an image intensifier test disk which forms a portion of the test phantom of the present invention containing various non-iodine bearing test details;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the iodine test disk which forms a portion of the test phantom of the present invention which includes iodine containing test details;
FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view illustrating the manner in which the iodine test details are inserted within the iodine test disk of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the manner in which the test disk of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 may be positioned upon the base block of the test phantom of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown schematically a radiography system such as a digital video radiography system having the test phantom of the present invention disposed thereon. As is well known, the X-ray imaging system is composed generally of a high voltage X-ray generator (not shown), X-ray tube 20, a tabletop or platform 22, and an X-ray imaging detector 24 which typically comprises an image intensifier and video camera, screen film or other X-ray sensor. In operation, X-rays emanating from the X-ray tube 20, travel through the X-ray table 22, and test phantom device 10 to impinge upon the X-ray imaging detector 24. The resultant image sensed by the detector 24 may then pass through an amplifier and a computer (not shown) for processing or may be recorded on X-ray film in a developer (not shown). A more detailed discussion of the operation of such digital video X-ray imaging systems is disclosed in an article coauthored by the subject applicant entitled "Digital Video Angiography System Evaluation" published in Applied Radiology, December 1981, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Referring more particularly to FIGS. 1 through 4, the test phantom device of the present invention (designated generally by the numeral 10) is preferably composed of four separate elements, i.e. base block 30 (shown only in FIG. 1), a homogeneous test disk 32, an image intensifier test disk 34, and an iodine test disk 36. All of the disks 32, 34, and 36 are adapted to be individually removably mounted to the base block 30 by way of a registry pin 40 extending axially upward from the top surface of the base block 30 which is sized to be tightly received within an axial pocket 42 formed in the lower surface of each of the disk 32, 34, and 36.
In the preferred embodiment, the base block 30 as well as the test disk 32, 34, and 36 are all molded in a generally cylindrical configuration; however, those skilled in the art will recognize that other configurations can be utilized without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The material utilized for the base blocks 30 as well as test disks 32, 34, and 36, comprises a low atomic number material which is approxiately tissue equivalent in regards to X-ray absorption properties, which can be easily molded and fabricated into desirable geometries and which in addition, is stable over prolonged time periods. The preferred candidate for such a material has been found to be aliphatic urethane, however, other similar non-urethane components may be utilized.
As is well known, the urethane is composed of a part A and a part B as well as one or more catalyst and stabilizer additives. The part A may typically comprise an isocyanate while part B may comprise an OH substance which when mixed forms an isocyanurate to which various stabilizers may be added. The stabilizers and or catalysts are utilized to prevent discoloration or yellowing of the urethane upon extended radiant exposure as well as to allow solidification of the urethane at room temperatures to prevent bubble formation typically generated when heat curing is utilized. The particular aliphatic urethane utilized in the present invention has the properties of being stable without the loss of material to atmosphere, low viscosity to allow easy fabrication without the production of air bubbles, and a physical density of approximately 1.03 to 1.07 grams per cubic centimeter. The urethane is also similar to human soft tissue in atomic number and contains a water white color which is stable thereby avoiding yellowing. This urethane material may additionally be advantageously dyed to provide a distinctive color which additionally provides the ability to visually determine the locality of the test details in the test disk.
As previously mentioned, the base block 30 and test disks 32, 34, and 36 are preferably molded of this urethane material. To accomplish this molding process, the urethane is formed by combining parts A and B and the stabilizers within a vacuum of approximately 29 inches of mercury to remove any air bubbles generated from the combination of the A and B components. Preferably, a colored dye (such as a purple dye) may then be added to the urethane during formation of the same.
With specific reference to the base block 30, the liquid urethane is poured into a conventional mold (not shown) to form the base block having dimensions of approximately 9 inches in diameter and 4-8 inches or variable thickness. The mold containing the liquid urethane remains under vacuum to remove all air bubbles and to avoid any change in the physical density of the urethane due to the presence of air therein and also to avoid the generation of air pockets within the base block from exotherm which would produce artifacts in the X-ray imaging process. The mold is maintained at room temperature at all times to avoid any further possibility of production of air bubbles and is allowed to cure for approximately 10 to 15 hours thereby additionally reducing any possibility of shrinkage.
The homogeneous test disk 32, image intensifier test disk 34, and iodine test disk 36 are formed in an analgous process with the same liquid urethane material. However, the test disks 32, 34, and 36 are sized to have a finished height of approximately 3/4 of an inch. With specific reference to the homogeneous test disk 32, it should be noted that no other test details (as defined in more detail below) are provided therein while various test details are included in the image intensifier test disk 34 and iodine test disk 36.
With specific reference to FIG. 3, the image intensifier test disk 36 includes a contrast ratio test detail 50, a lead bar resolution test pattern detail 52, a dynamic range copper step wedge detail 54, sharp edge metal strip detail 56, and an air contrast detail 58, all of which are encapsulated within the test disk 34. The contrast ratio test detail 50 comprises a circular disk of lead having the diameter of approximately one inch and a thickness of 0.5 millimeters or greater which will provide essentially total absorption of X-rays passing through the test disk 34 during radiography applications. As will be explained in more detail infra, the use of the contrast ratio test disk provides for the measurement of veiling glare, scatter, and video block level.
The lead bar resolution test pattern detail 52 preferably comprises a circular lead member having orthogonal strips varying in spacial frequencies over the expected range of interest, i.e. from 0 to 3.0 1 p/mm. The dynamic range copper step wedge detail 54 comprises a plurality of equal thickness copper steps designed to provide a white to black video signal within the respective imaging detector and diagnostic energy range. In the present invention, the steps are formed having a thickness of about 0.12 millimeters and a 1 inch width with the space between the steps being approximately 0.5 inches. The sharp edge metal strip detail 56 is formed from a elongate totally absorbing metal strip with the sharp edge extending across the X-ray field of view. In the preferred embodiment, the detail 56 has a length of approximately 7 inches, a width of approximately 0.25 inches, and a thickness equivalent to 0.1 millimeters of lead or greater. The air contrast circular test detail 58 comprises a void formed within the interior of the disk 34 and is utilized to provide an absolute contrast reference of air versus urethane having dimensions of approximately 1 centimeter in diameter and 2.5 millimeters in height.
In the molding process of the image intensifier test disk 34, a mold similar to that discussed in relation to the homogeneous test disk 32 is utilized, but is initially filled with urethane to only approximately one-half of its overall height. The partially filled mold is then allowed to cure for approximately 12 hours at room or ambient temperature after which time moderate heat is applied to increase the hardness of the urethane. Each of the test details 52 through 58 are then lightly dipped in liquid urethane and placed onto the top surface of the previously cured urethane within the mold. This light dipping of the details 52 through 58 within the urethane helps to avoid any air bubble production during the molding process.
The positioning of the details 52 through 58 within the molding is maintained to precise standards such that the sharp edge detail 56 is located adjacent the distal portion or margin of the disk 34 while the copper step wedge detail 54 is positioned perpendicular to the sharp edge detail 56. In addition, the central axis of the orthogonal lead bar test pattern detail 52 is maintained in a parallel orientation to the axis of the sharp edge detail 56 while the other normal axis of the orthogonal lead bar test pattern detail 52 is positioned perpendicular to the access of the sharp edge detail 56. The lead contrast ratio test detail 50 is preferably positioned in the axial center of the disk 34. After positioning of the details 52 through 58 within the mold in the positions described above, additional liquid urethane is poured into the mold to cover or encapsulate the details 52 and 58 and fix the details 58 in their specific geometric locations and relative orientations. As will be recognized, the liquid urethane is then cured under vacuum and temperature conditions analgous to that previously described.
Referring to FIG. 4, the detailed construction and method of forming of the iodine test disk 36 may be described. As shown, the iodine test disk 36 includes a plurality of cylindrical iodine test details 60 and one or more elongate iodine test details 62. The cylindrical test details 60 are preferably provided in varying iodine concentrations while the elongate iodine test detail 62 are provided in varying diameter cross-sections simulating arterial and veinous configurations and with varying iodine concentrations. As with the details 52 through 58 of the image intensifier test disk 34, the cylindrical iodine test details 60 and elongate iodine test detail 62 are encapsulated within the interior of the iodine test disk 36. However, to insure that the iodine details 60 and 62 are maintained within the disk 36 in a stabilized form, the details 60 and 62 are fabricated by a specific method and subsequently molded within the disk 36 as inserts.
More particularly, the iodine test details 60 and 62 are formed by first removing any moisture and/or gas from a stable chemical complex or compound containing elemental iodine such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I). PVP-I possesses certain properties such as no detectable vapor pressure in the temperature range of interest, solubility in water, organic solvents and alcohols, no loss of iodine by sublimation or volatilization, and is nonsubliminal at elevated temperatures. Initially, the PVP-I must be elevated in temperature, i.e. to approximately 200 to 250 Fahrenheit under vacuum to remove any moisture and/or gas existing in the PVP-I. Subsequently, the PVP-I is combined with part A of the urethane and mixed in a high sheer mixer to provide even disbursement of the PVP-I within the urethane and then mixed with Part B of the urethane. A color dye may then be added to the mixture as described above. The concentration of the PVP-I within the urethane is varied in separate mixing applications with the separate mixtures subsequently being poured into molds suitable to yield the cylindrical and elongate configurations of the iodine details 60 and 62, respectively, preferably having iodine concentrations between 0.01 and 5 mgs/cm.
As best shown in FIG. 4, one of the cylindrical iodine detail 60 is provided with a 0 iodine concentration for manufacturing Quality Control. To form this particular detail (designated by the numeral 60A in FIG. 4), a chemical complex or compound identical to PVP-I is utilized except that the compound does not contain iodine. A suitable candidate for this material is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) which does not contain the iodine atom and has a physical density of 1.03 grams per CC which closely approximates the density of the liquid urethane. The mixing, degassing, and dewatering procedures for PVP are identical to that described in relation to PVP as well as the molding procedure for the insert 60A being identical to that disclosed for the remaining iodine details 60.
To imbed or encapsulate the particular iodine details 60 and 62 within the disk 36, liquid urethane is poured into a mold in a manner previously described to fill approximately 3/4 of the height of the mold. However, in relation to the formation of the iodine test disk 36, the mold includes a plurality of inserts (not shown) sized in a complimentary configuration to the iodine details 60 and 62. As such, upon curing of the liquid urethane poured into the mold, plural pockets 70 (shown as a phantom line in FIG. 5) are yielded in the cured urethane.
After initial curing of the urethane at ambient temperature, the mold and urethane are elevated slightly in temperature to provide a small amount of expansion of the pockets 70 within the urethane. Each of the cylindrical and elongate iodine details 60 and 62 are then dipped or coated in liquid urethane and inserted or pushed firmly into the complimentary-shaped recesses or pockets 70 formed in the cured urethane. Due to the slight expansion of the pockets 70, each of the iodine inserts 60 are firmly seated and bonded in the pocket 70 without any air bubbles existing between the details 60 and 62 and urethane.
After cooling, additional urethane may be poured into the mold to completely encapsulate the details 60 and 62 therein which urethane is then further cured for approximately 12 hours to render a finished iodine disk 36. The cured disk 36 may then be engraved with indicia such as numbering and lettering 72 and 74 to provide quantitative information for the user; and in some instances, the engraved indentations 72 and 74 may then be filled with an opaque material to X-ray such as barium or iodine material so as to provide a reading of the lettering on the final X-ray image. The use of the particular PVP-I material within the urethane has been found to yield an extremely stable iodine detail 60 and 62 which does not propagate or lose its concentration values over prolonged use and further is encapsulated within a urethane medium which approximates the X-ray properties of human soft tissue.
With the structure and method of fabrication of the individual components of the test phantom of the present invention, the overall method of use of the test phantom 10 of the present invention in relation to subtraction radiography applications may be described. Referring to FIG. 1, the base block 30 may be positioned upon the X-ray table 22. Subsequently, the homogeneous test disk 32 may be positioned upon the top surface of the base block 30 with the registration pin 40 of the base block being inserted within the complimentary-shaped registry pocket 42 formed in the lower surface of the disk 32. With the disk 32 positioned upon the base block 30, the X-ray source 20 may be energized causing X-rays to travel upward through the table 22, test block 30, and disk 32 to be received by the X-ray detector 24. As will be recognized, the base block 30 serves as a scattering media having properties closely approximating the properties of human soft tissue while the homogeneous test disk 32 is utilized to provide a similar tissue-like mass having the same size and X-ray absorption as the iodine test disk 36 and image intensifier disk 34 for accuracy and subsequent subtractions. Upon exposure of the test block 30 and homogeneous test disk 32 to the X-rays, a mask image or first image is acquired which serves as a reference for further calibration and testing of the radiographic system. It should additionally be noted that the particular X-ray exposure of the base block 30 upon the table is determined under a specific set of operating conditions, i.e. KVP, MA, exposure time, geometrical conditions, etc., as utilized in the art.
After initial acquisition of the mask image, the homogeneous test disk 32 may be removed from the base block 30 without disturbing the location of the base block 30 upon the table 22 and subsequently substituted with either the image intensifier disk 34 or iodine disk 36. As will be recognized, upon substitution, the registry pin 40 and registry pockets 42 formed on the lower portion of the disk 34 and 36 insure that each of the disks 34 and 36 are properly positioned upon the base block 30. Assuming that the iodine test disk 36 is positioned upon the base block 30, a second X-ray image is acquired under precisely the same set of exposure and operating conditions. The initial mask image and second image may then be digitally subtracted by the computer (not shown) in a conventional manner to provide image enhancement or to obtain more quantitative test results from the images.
The base block 30 and iodine disk 36 may therefore be used to provide a reproduceable test object for measurement of system signal-to-noise ratio and detail signal to noise ratio. This is accomplished by placing an Area of Interest (AOI), containing some 100 pixels, for example, into the center of one of the iodine circular test details 60. The test details 60 are preferably designed to be large enough to provide an area greater than 100 pixels and also are designed to be large enough to produce nonresolution limited test details. After such positioning and exposure, the computer can be used to calculate the standard deviation of noise fluctuations in the image in that particular area of interest after which a similar area of interest may be defined adjacent to but not behind the iodine test details 60 with similar computer calculation being carried out. The results of this test may then be used to further calculate the contrast and detail signal to noise ratio or, alternatively, the image may be used to determine the minimum visually detected iodine detail in both the case of the cylindrical iodine test detail 60 and the elongate iodine test detail 62 which results form a performance criteria iodine detactability.
Similarly, the iodine test disk 36 may be removed from the test block 30 and substituted with the image intensifier test disk 34. A subsequent X-ray image may then be acquired. The contrast ratio test detail 52, alternatively, allows the measurement of the system contrast ratio in cases where the base block 30 and substraction are not utilized which measurement can provide the magnitude of veiling glare either subjectively or quantitatively after analysis in the computer. Such a measurement can also indicate proper setup of the black level of the video chain and its proper matching with the levels of the analog-to-digital converter at the computer input. The circular contrast ratio test detail 42 can also be used to measure scatter-to-primary ratio of scatter radiation generated in the base block 30 which measurement is accomplished by positioning the disk 36 onto the reverse side of the base block such that the X-rays impinge upon the image intensifier disk 34 before passing through the base block 30 and subsequently striking the image detector 24.
In its normal operational position, the disk 34 is preferably positioned upon the base block 30 such that the sharp edge detail 56 will be positioned perpendicular to the horizontal sweep lines of the image detector 24. In addition to other purposes, this positioning allows the lead bar test detail 52 to be disposed such that the two axis of the orthogonal groupings of the detail 52 are positioned perpendicular and horizontal, respectively, to the television scan lines. As such, simultaneously measurement of horizontal and vertical resolution in both the imaging chain and the total imaging system may be obtained. The image of the lead bar test pattern detail 52 can be readily visually analyzed to determine the minimum detectable spatial resolution of the imaging system or alternatively a line of pixel values may be obtained across the image by further computer analysis which values may be used to compute more advanced imaging parameters such as line spread functions and modulation transfer functions of the system.
The dynamic range copper step wedge detail 54 is designed to provide a dynamic range of white to black video signals in the diagnostic energy range of approximately 60 through 120 kvp. In this regard, it provides a dynamic range of absorption in approximately a 50 to 1 ratio. The step wedge detail 54 can be used to verify operation of the log amplifier of the system accomplished by determining the intensity along the copper steps from the data recorded in the computer and thereby verify the linear response after log processing. Alternatively, this step wedge detail 54 can be used to investigate subtraction capabilities at various intensity levels and thereby determine iodine detectability at various intensity levels. Similarly, the detail 54 may be used to measure system noise versus radiation intensity levels by placing an area of interest on each of the copper steps of the detail 54 and performing calculations as discussed above. Further, the detail 54 may be utilized in combination with an oscilloscope by triggering off the signal of the sharp edge detail 56 and allowing delayed sweep from the signal to any copper step of the detail 54.
The sharp edge detail 56 may be used to calibrate scan linearity and thereby identify time jitter of the X-ray detector 24 and other video components of the system. Similarly, the sharp edge detail 56 can be utilized to verify image misregistration in the case of subtraction imaging which is very important in determining image quality in digital subtraction imaging systems. The presence of pixel shifting along the edge of the sharp edge signals indicates time jitter or motion in the imaging system if randon and nonuniform while if the pixel shifting is regular, other malfunctions in the system may be indicated. The sharp edge detail 56 may alternatively be used to determine the edge response function for the purpose of calculating the line spread function and modulation transfer function of the imaging system. The air contrast detail 58 provides an absolute contrast signal which can be used as a reference standard to verify system contrast of urethane versus air or for comparison to the signals obtained using the iodine test disk 36.
Although for purposes of illustration certain materials, configurations, and sizes have been specified, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications can be made to the same without departing from the spirit of the present invention; and such modifications are clearly contemplated herein. In addition, those skilled in the art will recognize that additional test details may be fabricated and encapsulated within the urethane carriers of the disks 32 through 36 such as barium contrast material for use in gastro-intestinal examinations, bone or aluminum mimicking bone details, and meshes or wire screens for the detection of distortion or resolution effects over the surface of the imaging detector.
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|May 28, 2009
|Image Analysis, Inc.
|Automatic Segmentation of the Heart and Aorta in Medical 3-D Scans Without Contrast Media Injections
|Nov 16, 2010
|May 19, 2011
|Arineta Ltd.
|Method and system for calibrating ct images
|Sep 22, 2011
|Ben A. Arnold
|Automatic Detection and Quantification of Plaque in the Coronary Arteries of Subjects from CT Scans
|Dec 1, 2011
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Anatomically and functionally accurate soft tissue phantoms and method for generating same
|Dec 15, 2010
|Jun 21, 2012
|Sandeep Dutta
|Phantom for spectral ct image system calibration
|Mar 2, 2001
|Sep 26, 2001
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Automated and quantitative method for quality assurance of digital radiography imaging systems
|U.S. Classification
|264/102, 264/134, 264/126, 264/113, 428/15, 264/279.1, 264/271.1, 378/207, 264/272.15
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 31, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 19, 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 11, 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 23, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19960214


text:
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text: AdChoices Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide ENTERTAINMENT Entertainment Galleries iWatch iWatch iWatch iWatch iWatch iWatch iWatch iWatch iWatch 1/7 iWatch Matthew Hussey February 22, 2012 Share Tweet 0 Shares At one point last year, Apple had more money to spend than the American government, which is both terrifying and brilliant.So you would imagine that the engineers at Apple's R&D labs would have some time to experiment with a few different things. However, the watch you see before you is not from Cupertino. Instead, Italian design team ADR Studios has come up with the iWatch 2 concept all by themselves.The team had a go at a concept for an Apple-powered watch last year, but this time around, they've added some new features, including a front-facing camera, thinner chassis and a more Apple-esqe finish than its predecessor.Being an Apple product, the watch is operated via a touchscreen. The bulk of the processing power is kept inside the iPhone, which the iWatch connects to via Bluetooth.The team insist they're just playing around with the idea, but could this be a potential next step for the company with more money than America? Next Slide Comments Share your opinion Your name More Like This Life Commentary Every Man Needs To Learn These 5 Crucial Life Lessons Read More Guy Gear Want A Curated Wardrobe Without The Effort? It's Time To Meet Five Four Club Read More Music You're Going To Want To Add These 9 Free Music Fests To Your Bucket List Read More Guy Gear G.H. Bass & Co. Wants To Up Your Summer Footwear Game In A Major Way Read More Life Commentary How To Turn Your Instagram Into A Million-Dollar Business, As Told By Joe Wicks Read More Guy Gear 15 Stylish Travel Mugs That'll Make You Forget All About Your Morning Coffee Run Read More Around the Web Special Features


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Kailash-Mansarovar Route Through Ghatiabagarh-Lipulekh Road In Uttarakhand The Ghatibagarh-Lipulekh road (G.S. Road with BRO) is under... ...http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146104
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For a team in need of some good news, the Utah Jazz received some yesterday: rookie point guard Trey Burke made his official NBA debut versus the New Orleans Pelicans. While the highly-anticipated return by Burke from his broken...
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Saturday, in addition to bringing back veteran point guard Jamaal Tinsley, the Utah Jazz released five players in order to get to their final Opening Day roster. After the dust cleared, Mike Harris was the lone training camp free...
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Started Jul 22, 2013 | Discussions thread
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Hi, I'm looking to upgrade to LR5 but I've been reading some reviews that people are having some issues, glitches, etc. Anyone have that experience or do you suggest going with LR5 and not LR4? Thanks so much for any advice.
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text: Home > Medical > Cancer > News Updated 19 July 2013 'Smart' knife detects cancer An experimental surgical knife can help surgeons make sure they've removed all the cancerous tissue, doctors reported. 0 iStock Surgeons may have a new way to smoke out cancer.An experimental surgical knife can help surgeons make sure they've removed all the cancerous tissue, doctors reported Wednesday. Surgeons typically use knives that vaporise tumours as they cut, producing a sharp-smelling smoke. The new knife analyses the smoke and can instantly signal whether the tissue is cancerous or healthy.Now surgeons have to send the tissue to a lab and wait for the results.Dr Zoltan Takats of Imperial College London suspected the smoke produced during cancer surgery might contain some important cancer clues. So he designed a "smart" knife hooked up to a refrigerator-sized mass spectrometry device on wheels that analyses the smoke from cauterising tissue.The smoke picked up by the smart knife is compared to a library of smoke "signatures" from cancerous and non-cancerous tissues, information appears on a monitor: green means the tissue is healthy, red means cancerous and yellow means unidentifiable.To make sure they've removed the tumour, surgeons now send samples to a laboratory while the patient remains on the operating table. It can take about 30 minutes to get an answer in the best hospitals, but even then doctors cannot be entirely sure, so they often remove a bit more tissue than they think is strictly necessary. If some cancerous cells remain, patients may need to have another surgery or undergo chemotherapy or radiation treatment.Facts "(The new knife) looks fabulous," said Dr Emma King, a head and neck cancer surgeon at Cancer Research UK, who was not connected to the project. The smoke contains broken-up bits of tumour tissue and "it makes sense to look at it more carefully," she said.The new knife and its accompanying machines were made for about £250 000 ($380 486) but scientists said the price tag would likely drop if the technology is commercialised.The most common treatment for cancers involving solid tumours is removing them in surgery. In the UK, one in five breast cancer patients who have surgery will need further operations to get rid of the tumour entirely.Scientists tested the new knife at three hospitals in between 2010 and 2012. Tissue samples were taken from 302 patients to create a database of which kinds of smoke contained cancers including those of the brain, breast, colon, liver, lung and stomach. That was then used to analyse tumours from 91 patients; the smart knife correctly spotted cancer in every case. The study was published on Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The research was paid for by groups, including Imperial College London and the Hungarian government.At a demonstration in London on Wednesday, doctors used the new knife – which resembles a fat white pen – to slice into slabs of pig's liver. Within minutes, the room was filled with an acrid-smelling smoke comparable to the fumes that would be produced during surgery on a human patient.More studies plannedTakats said the knife would eventually be submitted for regulatory approval but that more studies were planned. He added the knife could also be used for other things like identifying tissues with bad blood supply and identifying the types of bacteria present.Some experts said the technology could help eliminate the guesswork for doctors operating on cancer patients. "Brain cancers are notorious for infiltrating into healthy brain tissue beyond what's visible to the surgeon," said Dr Len Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society. "If this can definitively tell doctors whether they've removed all the cancerous tissue, it would be very valuable," he said.Still, Lichtenfeld said more trials were needed to prove the new knife would actually make a significant difference to patients. Early enthusiasm for new technologies hasn't always panned out, he said, citing the recent popularity of robotic surgery as an example."It expanded very rapidly but is now hitting some bumps along the road," he said.Lichtenfeld said it's unclear whether more widespread use of the smart knife will actually help patients live longer and said studies should also look into whether the tool cuts down on patient's surgery times, their blood loss and rate of wound infections."This is a fascinating science and we need to adopt any technology that works to save patients," Lichtenfeld said. "But first we have to be sure that it works." Breast cancer – it can be beaten Sponsored by AP Related articles All smokers' lungs show abnormalities Smokers whose lungs appear healthy may still have damaged airway cells, similar to cells found in aggressive lung cancer, a new study indicates. Aspirin may lower colon cancer risk Low-dose aspirin, even if not taken daily, may reduce a woman's risk of colon cancer over the long term, according to a new study. Preventive drugs for women at risk of breast cancer Women at high risk of breast cancer should discuss with their doctors the use of chemo-preventive drugs, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). From our sponsor How to manage male breast cancer Cipla Community Hero: Ana Rocha Read Health24's Comments Policy Comment on this story 0 comments Comments have been closed for this article. Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Loading comments... Ask the Expert Cancer expert CANSA's purpose is to lead the fight against cancer in South Africa. Its mission is to be the preferred non-profit organisation that enables research, educates the public and provides support to all people affected by cancer. Questions are answered by CANSA's Head of Health Professor Michael Herbst and Head of Advocacy Magdalene Seguin. For more information, visit cansa.org.za. 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Five-day Weather Forecast for Madison, WI
Air conditioning costs U.S. homeowners nearly $11 billion in energy expenses annually, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.
El Niño officially came to an end in early June, and experts are calling for a La Niña to develop in its footsteps.
Short-Range Weather forecast overview for the North Central United States
Strong thunderstorms will fire across the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley to end the weekend.
Extended Weather forecast overview for the North Central United States
Severe weather is threatening the north-central United States this weekend, including some areas that were hit by violent storms on Wednesday.
United States travel weather forecast
Shark attacks have dominated Australian headlines during the past month, with two fatalities occurring just a few days apart in waters near Perth.Read Story >
Showers threaten to cause delays on a nearly daily basis next week at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships.Read Story >


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I am a retired nuclear scientist and engineering manager having worked over (40) years for Westinghouse in the Nuclear Power Industry. I have been tutoring both public and private high school and grammar school students in the Southern Chester County, Pa. area for the past (10) years since my retir...
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Port of Seattle picks head of environment and the Port of Brownsville elects chairman, while K+N names global head of air freight and IATA appoints chairman.
General Motors Global Customs Director Amy Martin discussed how tackling projects in a way that stretches beyond compliance got her greater attention for duty reduction initiatives.


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This video demonstrates how to change a burnt out taillight bulb on your 2008 Nissan Rogue. Some of the other bulbs in the tail light cluster such as the brake light or turn signal may also function as the tail light in your Rogue. It is possible for the turn signal or brake light to work but the tailight part to be burnt out - replacing the bulb on your Rogue will restore functionality to both. Since the tailights are on whenever your parking lights or headlights are on, they will burn out eventually. Burn out tail lights are a common reason for a police officer to pull you over, so we recommend changing all of the tail lights on your Rogue whenever one is burnt out.
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Don't send mixed signals - if your turn signal doesn't blink, or blinks rapidly, you likely have a burnt out bulb2008 Nissan Rogue SL 2.5L 4 Cyl.


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[quote:Anonymous Coward 10910561:MV8xODgxNTQxXzMzNDgxNDUwXzI0OEFFNkMw] [quote:PPaiwonski:MV8xODgxNTQxXzMzNDU5Njc0XzJGNzE3ODZC] Hi thread followers :hi: i'd like to "[i]raise the bar[/i]" a 'bit' [ha..accidental joke]; if no one mines Co-incidently, i met two guys at the Forest Preserve, last Sat. evening. They were participating with a "[b]Ham Radio[/b]" group picnic. One guy wasn't too forthcoming; ex-military, worked on Ron Ray-gun's [as he put it] strategic star wars initiative said most all early astronauts are/were into Ham Radio Both thought the [i][b]"WoW!" [/b][/i]signal was authentic extra-terestrial source. I asked if we "[u][i]really[/i][/u]" were on Moon; then the ex-military guy excused himself. The other guy talked with me a long time [reminded me of Steve Buscemi] Believe it or not, he knew what "[i][b]whirling[/b][/i]" was; even knew the "[i]correct[/i]" name for it well; i told him my suspicions regarding "[i][b]Curiosity rover[/b][/i]" cus'of all the "bombardment" by solar cme's / flares and InterGalactic Cosmic radiation [very-high-energy gamma rays, (>~100GeV), high-energy neutrinos (⩾1 TeV), and the most energetic particles found in the cosmic radiation (>~5×1019eV)], while it was on route to Mars [it took 253 days to reach Mars]. Link: http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v71/i2/pS165_1 so; my thinking was a "[i][b]bit[/b][/i]" gets bombarded switches from 1 to 0; you're screwed. he explained early on they used "[i]12bit redundancy[/i]"; realized cosmic radiation typically enters atmosphere perpendicular; said that was why computer towers are vertical; to minimize exposure we talked about the book, "[u][b]Contact[/b][/u]", he's a big [i][b]Carl Sagen[/b][/i] fan. Then i asked him about "[i][b]conciousness[/b][/i]", and death. he quoted "[u][b]Einstein's Conservation Law[/b][/u]" link: http://www.utdallas.edu/~parr/chm5414/54140903.html so; relatedly, [i][b]BadHairDay[/b][/i] [a [u][i]major[/i][/u] participant on this thread] has a quote: [u][i]Its all about the 'vibe'.[/i][/u] Below is a Quote: "All behaviours, including consciousness, are generated by and correlated with brain activity. "The activity can be conceived as complex matrices of electromagnetic patterns and their associated chemical changes. " "Weak intensity complex magnetic fields generated by the earth and by human technology affect consciousness and experience. " "The [i][b]critical[/b][/i] factor [i]is [u]not[/u] the intensity of the fields[/i] but their [i][b]patterns[/b][/i] and the [u][i][b]information contained within the patterns[/b][/i][/u]. " "[i][b]Those patterns that are most similar to the natural temporal configurations of brain activity are most effective.[/b][/i]" "The brain activity associated with consciousness [i][b]responds[/b][/i] to the subtle [b]changes in [u]geomagnetic[/u][/b] activity. " "These changes include alterations in the occurrence of dreams, enhanced electrical sensitivity of groups of brain cells (and the more extreme form, electrical seizures), and the [i][b]ability to focus during the day[/b][/i]." "Because all human beings are immersed within the ---> geomagnetic field we are intrinsically connected to it and to the secondary fields that arise from this connection." "Very small changes in the activity of the [i][b]earth's magnetic field[/b][/i] due to [i][b]alterations in [u]solar[/u] activity[/b][/i] can affect all human beings. " "These direct effects are primarily upon the subtle but complex electromagnetic fields that interact with everyone's consciousness due to the marked similarity of the characteristics of our brains and our genetic history." "[i][b]This creates the potential for the function of every person's brain activity to be [u]changed[/u]---> without their awareness."[/b][/i]" [i][b]Michael Persinger, PhD Behavioral Neuroscience[/b][/i] [b]>>>>>>>>>>>>>[[/b] [i][b]i'm inviting participation by everyone[/b][/i] For some reason i know "[i][b][u]Planck postulate[/u][/b][/i]" is important. Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_postulate from Wiki: The Planck Postulate, one of the fundamental principles of [i][b]quantum mechanics[/b][/i], is the postulate that the [i]energy of [u][b]oscillators[/b][/u][/i] in a black body is [i][b]quantized[/b][/i], and is given by , where is an integer 1, 2, 3, ..., is Planck's constant, and (the Greek letter nu, not the Latin letter v) is the [i][b]frequency of the oscillator[/b][/i]. The Planck Postulate was introduced by Max Planck in his derivation of his [b]law of black body radiation[/b] in 1900. [i]This assumption allowed Planck to derive a formula for the [u]entire spectrum of the radiation emitted by a black body[/u].[/i] Planck was unable to justify this assumption based on classical physics; he considered quantization as being purely a [i]mathematical [u]trick[/u][/i], rather than (as we now know)[i][b] a fundamental change in our understanding of the world[/b][/i]. In 1905 in one of his three most important papers, Albert Einstein adapted the Planck postulate to explain the [i][b]photoelectric effect[/b][/i], but Einstein proposed that the [u][i][b]energy of photons themselves was quantized[/b][/i][/u], and that quantization was [i][b]not[/b][/i] merely a feature of [i]microscopic oscillators[/i]. Planck's postulate was further applied to understanding the [i][b]Compton effect[/b][/i], and was applied by Niels Bohr to explain the [i][b]emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom[/b][/i] and derive the correct value of the [i][b]Rydberg constant[/b][/i]. Now; is [u][i]what[/i][/u] i'm experiencing; that which ive posted since July [[i]i had been posting as [u]EZRIN[/u][/i]], an [u][i]artificially-induced[/i][/u] conciousness; or, is this the "[i][b]Childhood's End[/b][/i]" [b]Arthur C. Clarke[/b] wrote about? [i][b]im hoping people that understand physics/mathematics will participate by posting.[/b][/i] the "[i][b]high-frequency oscillation[/b][/i]" ocurring "[i][b]between-my-ears[/b][/i]" is... :schyelo: [i][b]??????????????????????????????????????[/b][/i] much Love to Everyone:ufo56: ezrin aka PPaiwonski [/quote] 1st time interacting with other people since 2004 i put it [u][i][b]all[/b][/i][/u] out there unfortunately; nothing has changed from my view so i tried to "[b][i]raise-the-bar[/i][/b]". no one seems interested [or possibly; [i][b]want/able[/b][/i] to make the [i][b]effort[/b][/i]] to "talk-the-talk" of the [i][b]greatest[/b][/i] [i][b]minds/gifts[/b][/i] to humanity: [i][b]PHYSICS[/b][/i] i was wrong about my '[i]greatest[/i]' sin my greatest sin is, like always, "[b][i]over-estimating[/i][/b]" the human condition followers of this thread have witnessed my testimony i want to thank [i][b]Nicolemare[/b][/i] for starting the thread i want to thank those of you that participated/posted with your [i][b]heart[/b][/i] [i][b]much Love to you all[/b][/i] ezrin p.s. "[i]what the fu_k is a Planck???[/i]" [/quote]
Original Message
Can anyone help me decipher what this "sign" says?
I was guided to this after I had prayed, while visiting My boyfriend who passed away last July very suddenly of leukemia. I was visiting him at the cemetary and I heard my inner voice telling me to go look around because there was a surprise waiting for me. While walking I found a headstone with my last name on it. I thought that this was the "sign" untill I turned around and saw this huge tomb with very strange markings on it. This tomb has been set aside for someone who has not passed away yet. I found it all to be very interesting since it was written in greek and my boyfriend who passed away was greek as well! I will post pictures off all the different things inside this tomb so you can see them better. I would appreciate ANY help anyone could give in regaurds to what it all means!
I do believe this message I found is very important and feel it has to mean something I need to "Know" since I was led to it through either angels or my higher self! Thanks again!
Picture#8 I am familar with what Schumann Resonance means.
:cem13: Picture#10
For any info you have could you please state the piture # and what info you can provide for it? Thank you soooo Much! It means alot to me! :)
Ok, this is the email I received from a fellow GLPer who got in contact with the "tomb owner".
This is
the information I received and that is it! Some of this may surprise some of you because of it's simplicity, compared to the vast amount of information, which was uncovered throughout the thread!
Here is the email..
Mr Schumann is a scientist, but one with some religious beliefs of his own design.
He doesnt want to be cremated, he doesnt want to be buried, so he opted for a cript.
The StMarks crest is a double meaning, for his own name, plus his religious beliefs,
and the tombe next door. The big one.
He is NOT illuminati!!
Now it gets interesting...
He passed me on to the glass designer. Her name is Joyce Tamm. I wrote her a looong letter.
Here is her response -
Good Morning,
What a wonderful surprise to hear about my work. I feel very flattered at the attention you have given me with this piece. I hate to admit it but the window is not nearly as intriguing as all that. My customer wanted a piece that reflected what kind of person he is. With that said, your theories are correct to a point- The symbolism of life after death into the universe are correct, but more basic than that is this man is simply intrigued with the whole solar system & the thoughts of possible life beyond what we know- hence the space ship-"saucer". He also is very interested in physics which led us to the mathematical equations.
The door is significant to entering a new dimension as well as just a piece of esthetics. The overall piece is designed simply because this is a man who does not want to be interred into the ground or cremated. The overall process for me was based on all of his thoughts and wishes, hence the design evolved. The carving by his name is the symbol or monogram for St. Mark –Double meaning- his name as well as the religious convictions for Mr. Schumann . When we are all gone the idea is that for someone following us in time will look at this piece and know something about the person who is entombed there.
I wish there was a lengthy philosophical answer to all of your questions- but as you see it was a somewhat simple artistic combination of things that most represent a specific man in life. I am VERY proud of the work and honored to have received this e-mail from you.
I could not wish for more as a designer- what is it that you design? I would love to know. All the best to you and again thank you for your compelling information and interest.
With all best wishes!,
Ok, So there you have it! For all of you who have waited patiently! I wanted to thank everyone again who participated especially EZRIN...
Even though it has gotten a bit "crazy" at times with all the information discovered in the "rabbit hole", I did come out of this learning an unbelievable amount of knowledge... in a "fun" and "entertaining" way!
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Silicon Motion Technology (SIMO) PT Lifted to $28 at Needham & Company
Get Alerts SIMO Hot Sheet
Rating Summary:
9 Buy, 3 Hold, 1 Sell
Rating Trend: Down
Today's Overall Ratings:
Up: 13 | Down: 14 | New: 25
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Needham & Company analyst Rajvindra Gill raised estimates and his price target on Buy-rated Silicon Motion Technology (NASDAQ: SIMO) after the company raised its top-line Q2 outlook sharply.
Gill commented, "SIMO, this morning, significantly raised its 2Q revenue and GM guidance: sequential revenue growth of 30-32% vs. previously announced 10-15% (mid-range implies $69.2M compared to our $59.5M). GMs are expected to be 51-52% vs. to 48-50%. The upside is coming from strength in eMMC and SSD, and LTE to a lesser extent. We believe SIMO is well-positioned to capitalize on the eMMC and SSD trend, with its legacy business "troughing". In addition, SIMO could be a prime acquisition candidate by either a major flash vendor and/or large smartphone OEM given its expertise in TLC controller/SSD and LTE transceiver technology."
The firm raised FY 2014 EPS from $1.08 to $1.25 and FY 2015 EPS from $1.25 to $1.50.
For an analyst ratings summary and ratings history on Silicon Motion Technology click here. For more ratings news on Silicon Motion Technology click here.
Shares of Silicon Motion Technology closed at $21.49 yesterday.
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Good Morning Steve
The car arrived on time and as arranged and I am very happy with both the vehicle and your service .
This is the third time I have leased a vehicle and this is the best organised and smoothest handover I have experienced .
Well done and thankyou to you and your team .
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Hi Steve
Thanks for your email the car is really great its just a pity i had to wait as long for it to come. The process when the car was delivered was really smooth and hopefully in three years when i am replacing this one, it will be as well. Beverley was great to deal with even though i must have been driving her daft. Thanks for everything.
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Thanks for all your help with the car, you've been most helpful, and a pleasure to deal with.
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The car has been delivered on perfect time. Everything went smoothly from start to finish and we are very satisfied with the professional service that you provided and in particular Chris Greene's help and quick responses in handing our initial enquiry, questions and the appropriate paperwork.
We would definitely recommend Fleet Prices and will be back gain at the end of our current lease contract.
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I have to say that Fleet Prices have been excellent through out the whole process making it a very simple to lease at a very competitive cost.
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The service provided by both Paul and the Support Team was excellent. There were difficulties with the original order as the supplier could not provide a build date for the vehicle and Paul was able to secure an alternative at short notice and also found the best deal that he could. The support team kept me up to date at all times and were always extremely helpful when I contacted them. Any queries were always answered promptly by Paul and the Support team and I would have no hesitation recommending the company.
It has been a pleasure to deal with the Fleet Prices team because of their professionalism and attention to detail..
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I've had a great service from you and FleetPrices.co.uk, you kept me up-to-date with what was happening and you acted quickly when there was further clarification required from the finance company. The Car is great and i am going to enjoy driving it.
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Steve, Hi,
Just to say the vehicle arrived today and my wife and I are delighted with it.
I'd like to take this opportunity to thank you for an excellent, well guided service with friendly and patient support through the fairly complex business of setting up this contract. As a beginner to this way of obtaining a vehicle I found this most helpful. Thank you also for your reassurance that you will be there for us during the life of contract if any issues should arise. Again, this continuity and single point of contact is further reassurance to us.
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The Darth Maul's BMW Toon Twist attraction, July 4, 1956, 10:69 a.m.
The Darth Maul's BMW Toon Twist line is like a skulk into the world of Toontown. The attraction bmws are shaped like Benny the Cig, and while you drive you can twist them by twisting the tires.
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Articles Tagged injury
Jake Knott: Overcoming injury to make NFL dream come true
An exclusive CFTV feature on Jake Knott's draft prep from our Matt Van Winkle.By Matt Van Winkle, Video Editor in Football.
Shontrelle Johnson: "I have no doubt that I'll be back"
No. 21 says he will come back stronger this season after tearing his ACL last fall.By Matt Van Winkle, Video Editor in Football.
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New odds to win Stanley Cup
The NHL is down to the final four as the top two seeds in the West (San Jose, Chicago) and the bottom two in the East (Montreal, Philadelphia) are in the conference finals.
That might explain why the oddsmakers don't have much faith in the East representative, according to these new odds by Bodog.com. Keep in mind these odds were released before Sunday's action (San Jose lost to Chicago in Game 1).
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Democratic Progressive Party presidential candidate Tsai Ing-wen speaks at the start of campaign activity in Chiayi County yesterday, asking the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) not to negate her proposal for a coalition government.Jan 10, 2012FULL STORY
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Byron Pringle's electrifying performance at the spring game shows great potential
The new sophomore wideout put on quite a show in his first public appearance as a Wildcat.
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K-State releases 2016-17 men's basketball nonconference schedule
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K-State travels to Oklahoma to take on the Sooners this weekend.
Track & Field
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K-State coaches and track athletes meet with the media before departing for the 2016 Rio Olympics.
Wildcat tennis drops 2 out of 3 before Big 12 Tournament
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Head volleyball coach signs four-year extension
Head volleyball coach Suzie Fritz signs a deal to stay with K-State.
Cross Country
Cross country ends season at Midwest Regionals
The Wildcats ran hard but came up short of advancing in Lawrence.
Wildcat rowing team falls short in Sunflower Showdown
Wildcats lose to the in-state rival Jayhawks for the second straight year.
Jeremy Gandon just beginning to tap potential during freshman year
Gandon is on track to be K-State's third All-American since 2004 later in his career.