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Like other areas of the broadcast industry, video backhaul— even HD — cannot escape the long tentacles of the computer industry.
A little more than a week ago, HauteSpot Networks announced a new compact wireless IP bridge that can transmit up to 65Mb/s from 1.25mi away at a price more in line with the computer industry than the broadcast market.
HD Technology Update spoke with Bob Ehlers, CEO of Hautespot Networks, about the company's HauteRoute HR-IXPSXPi compact wireless bridge, and how it could be used to transmit HD from the field over an IP network.
HD Technology Update: Is the HauteRoute HR-IXPSXPi compact wireless bridge suitable for wireless camera ENG-type applications where HD is being transmitted back to a central remote point for turnaround back to a station?
Bob Ehlers: Yes. There are two approaches. One is IP directly out of the camera. Companies like JVC and Thomson Grass Valley both have cameras now that are putting out motion JPEG (M-JPEG) encoded video directly from the camera to an Ethernet port. So, we can take that IP output directly into one of our bridges.
The other case is where a camera is outputting HD-SDI, SDI, HDMI or other digital formats where that can be plugged into an external encoder, and that can be plugged into one of our bridges.
For instance, we worked with Electrosonic and we've tested with XVD Corp. encoders using our bridges underneath them, and we have been able to achieve up to 1080p at 60fps with about 30ms of total latency. That would be the Electronsonic encoders we've tested with.
HD Technology Update: Your press release says the wireless bridge uses a range of frequencies in licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Could you be more specific?
Bob Ehlers: In the unlicensed range, we support the 902MHz-928MHz, 2.4GHz and 5GHz. We also support the 4.9GHz public safety band, and then we have licensed applications primarily for government and export use in the L-band, which is 1755MHz-1850MHz, 4.4GHz and 4.8GHz, which are military bands, and we also have 3.3 GHz, 3.4 GHz and 3.6GHz bands for the European use.
HD Technology Update: What frequencies do you expect broadcasters to use here in the United States and what sorts of performance can they expect on those bands?
Bob Ehlers: Most of the broadcasters adopting our products would be using the unlicensed 5GHz band. At that band, they can expect performance up to 65Mb/s for streaming media with extremely low delay variation and jitter. Our wireless protocol is optimized for streaming media such as UDP multicast, MPEG-4, MPEG-2 or M-JPEG. The range they could expect is dependent on the type of antennas they use, but sticking with relatively small omnidirectional antennae, say a 4dB-5dB gain antenna, they can expect a range up to about 1000ft, and that would be a line of sight. Non-line of sight would be somewhere around 500ft at that maximum bit rate.
If they went to a slightly larger antenna — still portable, they can get out to about 2km fairly easily.
HD Technology Update: What strategies can be used to extend that range without using antennas that are too large to be practical?
Bob Ehlers: You can place repeater locations virtually anywhere, because we are using TCP/IP, we have lossless repeating. In other words, we can regenerate that RF signal and move that digital signal without degrading the video image. We're going to trade off a little bit of latency, but we can extend our link length simply by putting a repeater node in the middle.
HD Technology Update: You envision broadcasters using the wireless bridge in unlicensed bands. How are broadcasters responding to that, especially for critical situations in which they can't afford to risk being interfered with by other users of the band they are on?Bob Ehlers: Certainly, when someone is looking at absolute, high-revenue situations, such as in sports broadcast, they would probably take a licensed BAS solution specifically because they want the frequency allocation and they want to make sure the spectrum is clear for their use.
With our technology, we've found that even in high (RF) noise environments, such as trade shows, we are able to get all of the performance very reliably. For example, at InfoComm a couple of months ago in Los Angeles, we ran a link between the Electrosonic and Planar booths driving an HD display wall. It was about a 600ft length, and it ran for the three days of the show with an average rate of frame drops of about one frame per hour. So, it was very reliable.
HD Technology Update: Do you have any broadcast-specific examples?Bob Ehlers: We are starting to get picked up by low-power TV stations, community broadcasters and event production companies. Anywhere that someone doesn't have the budget to pay for a 2GHz BAS license and the high-end ENG equipment, we are a very economical alternative to those types of systems.
We've been picked up by CNBC in Pakistan. They are using it for a studio point-to-point outdoor link. We've been used by the CBS affiliate in San Francisco for remote traffic cameras where they have cameras on buildings that are basically fixed positions and backhauling video to their studio.
HD Technology Update: Your system uses TCP/IP protocol. What benefits does TCP/IP bring to broadcast remote applications?Bob Ehlers: We are fully bidirectional, full duplex TCP/IP. As far as using our equipment and taking full advantage of TCP/IP, broadcasters are moving from being direct-to-consumer broadcasters to where they are becoming content producers. That content is going out on not only terrestrial broadcast, cable and satellite, but it is now going out through the Internet in various forms. Broadcasters are streaming media on a Web site or distributing it out through CDMA and GSM networks — cell phones. That content is IP, and it is being delivered that way.
So, having native encoding at the source makes it much more flexible. You are able to move that data around from the very beginning. If you are tied to proprietary or high bit rate pipes like HD-SDI for moving the data from the camera back to a mixer, and then getting it onto the network, that kind of limits you.
We can put a camera virtually anywhere and use the Internet to backhaul that signal, provided we have a big enough pipe. So, broadcasters can have locations pretty much anywhere on the Internet for backhaul from their camera to the studio.
The other thing that is important is because we have bidirectionality, we can do real-time control of things like our integrated encoder. If we have an encoder and decoder that are intelligent, they can talk to each other and do dynamic rate adjustment and rate adaptation so that if we're dealing with an unlicensed band and there is some interference or noise, we can bring down our bit rate in order to compensate for that noise, and our encoder can adjust.
COFDM solutions can't do that. They don't have the dynamic adjustments and rate adaptation that IP has.
Finally, IP allows us to put other devices out with the camera. We can put a pan-tilt zoom controller; we can put some type of sensors, motion detectors and wind and weather systems out there. We can even use voice over IP so we can send a voice channel back and forth to camera operators on remotes. So, we are really creating a large utility pipe that can be used in lots of different ways.
HD Technology Update: How does your approach compare in terms of cost to traditional broadcast industry solutions?Bob Ehlers: Our products leverage existing networking technology. We use high-performance TCP/IP network processors. We use some off-the-shelf radio components. We are using software code pulled from the open source community. We are combining all of those elements together to deliver a solution for broadcasters that is an order of magnitude less expensive than a custom-built, ground-up, proprietary design.
Tell us what you think! HDTU invites response from our readers. Please submit your comments to firstname.lastname@example.com We'll follow up with your comments in an upcoming issue.
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TVBEurope and Akamai partner for multi-lingual webinar
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New small crosspoint switcher from Lawo
Short Film Creates Human Snapshot of Refugee Crisis
Research and Development: Blackmagic URSA Mini 4.6K Proves Worth the Wait
10 Days, 2 Cameras, Infinite Possibilities: Creative Production Solutions for 'Be Somebody'


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Fantastic service-It was great to turn up to products delivered to the room at the hotel (Fridge products held at concierge until our arrival as explained when placing the order.) Will happily recommend
I was completely satisfied with your service!
Perfect service! Everything that was supposed to be cold was. Exceeded my expectations!

subset: commoncrawl


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South San Francisco Go Kart Racing
1. Gokart Racer
Went for my 1st time and had a blast! these go karts go up to 35mph! u get the whole feel of real racing with racing suit, and helmet. I'm definitel…
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From Business: Umigo offers the unique experience of high performance go kart racing without the commitment of the time & money required in real racing. You simply arrive at Umigo…
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Serving the South San Francisco Area.
From Business: SORRY - NO RENTALS - Free Residential shipping in the USA. Q9 PowerSports USA is America's number One National Power Sports Distribution Dealership. We Offer factor…
16. Go Kart Mozart
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Showing1-16 of 16results


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Since forming Deerhunter as a raw ambient-punk outfit 12 years ago, Bradford Cox has turned an obsession with rock & roll excess and escapism – and all the fluid-spattered, cross-dressing onstage moments that such provokes – into a reckless, fascinating catalog. The band's sixth LP honors Cox's preoccupation and his chameleonic qualities: from opening with a craggy groan that transitions into a glamrock-garage assault ("Neon Junkyard") to grumbling through low-fi folk ("Nitebike") to slipping into a soft, psych-pop reverie ("The Missing") that flows directly from 2010's lovely Halcyon Digest. There is clearly no quietude in Cox's frantic mind, but his obsession yields beauty.
- Monomania
- Deerhunter
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Senior Regulatory Affairs Manager - Medical Device
Senior Regulatory Affairs Manager - Medical Device Commutable from: Manchester - Chester - Liverpool - Runcorn - Warrington - Stoke on Trent A l...
Software Engineer/ Manchester / Graduate / C# / winforms
Software Engineer/ Manchester / Graduate / C# An exciting opportunity exists for Graduate Software Engineer with C#/ WinForms/ Full-lifecycle kno...
Raw Materials Researcher - Brazil
We want you to be the pillar of innovation! Raw Materials are an incredibly precious asset and play an essential role in the innovation strategy.
Science Communication Manager - China
We are a dynamic, multidisciplinary and creative team and we want you to join us to face the challenges of its environment!
Head of Regulatory Affairs - Switzerland
Head of Regulatory Affairs - Switzerland A global leader in the Life Science industry is looking to bring to appoint a Head of Regulatory Affairs ...
Micro Technician
Freelance Editors- Medicine, Dentistry, Pharma, Engineering, Materials Sci, Physical Sciences, Psych
CACTUS is looking for freelance editors with specializations in medicine, the life sciences, or the physical sciences. (Flexible hours; telecommute)
Lean Improvement Engineer - Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Are you an experienced Engineer with solid knowledge of Lean/Six Sigma? Do you like leading a wide variety of...
Biosafety Analyst
We are currently looking to recruit a biosafety analyst to join our Liverpool site. The successful applicant will liaise with outside testing labor...
Exciting opportunities at Lerner Research Institute- Cleveland ,OH
The world-renowned Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute is consistently named one of the nation's top hospitals by U.S. News & World Report. ...
Multi Skilled Engineer (Electrical Bias)
A fantastic opportunity has become available for a Multi Skilled Engineer (Electrical) to join a leading life science company based in Devon. As th...
Flow Cytometry Specialist - 12 FTC
We are currently looking for a Flow Cytometry Specialist to join a leading Life Sciences company based in the Cambridgeshire area, on a 12 month...
Validation Engineer
Validation Engineer Department: Regulatory Affairs. Develop Regulatory strategy to support changes to Joint Reconstruction Medical Devices
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Instrumental Cosmetics Engineer - Tokyo, Japan
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NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP)
The NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP) supports NASA's goal to expand scientific understanding of Earth and the universe
NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP)
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Application Engineer - Technology - Print - Perm - Cambs -£Comp
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Micro Technician
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If you aspire to turn your brand into a household name, let's start by getting your name into current and potential customers' households. Whether you're presenting at a conference or participating at an event, make sure to send people home with promotional items and giveaways. Kitchen products and décor personalized with your logo are sure to receive repeated use and inspire brand recognition amongst renters and homeowners alike. Trigger recognition and bolster awareness with useful, customized gifts from ePromos.
This handy custom bag clip / memo clip will keep your logo visible at home or at the office.
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A personalized magnet or a custom imprinted picture frame? Make things easy on yourself and give both with this product!
This promotional pen weighs less than a sheet of paper and thinner than a stack of four business cards.
Promotional Window Thermometer has a temperature gauge with two suction cups to attach to exterior window.


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Food Grade Transglutaminase 110 Iu/G Meat Glue TG
100 Kilograms (Min. Order)
Food Grade Meat Glue Transglutaminase 1000 Iu/G
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Halal frozen Lamb minced
GB £4.3-4.5 / Kilogram
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Written on: 15/09/2013 by DaveH99 (1 review written)
Always a good choice of hotels displayed for the selected location. Email confirmation of booking arrives in my Inbox within seconds. The whole site is very easy to use.Visit laterooms.com
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Flights to NYC " Read More
" Very good company " Read More
" Excellent holiday " Read More
" Staff very helpful, but itinerary change was disappointing " Read More
" Everything was smoothly organised " Read More


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Twitter Link Facebook link
Christian and secular human rights campaigners have joined forces to put pressure on the London-based Commonwealth Games Federation over Nigeria's bid for the 2014 games, citing its widely condemned mistreatment of gay people.
become anEkklesia Partner
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The High Court has today ruled that Campaign Against Arms Trade, represented by human rights lawyers Leigh Day, can bring a judicial review...
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Under Bust Bodyshaper£8.99 instead of £25 (from Les Joli) for a black or beige under bust bodyshaper - beat the bulge and save 64%
Save 64%
Promotion ends on
13 / 06 / 2014
- Get an under bust bodyshaper.
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The Fine Print
- May buy multiples.
- Voucher valid until 20th Jun 2014.
- Postage costs an additional £3 per item.
- Please allow up to 10 working days for delivery after redeeming.
- Subject to availability.
Full Details
We don't think they're quite ready for that belly jelly, so why not get bootylicious instead with today's deal…
We're offering you an under bust bodyshaper for just £8.99, saving you 64% off Les Joli's price of £25 (correct as of 8.5.14).
This super-soft and discreet bodyshaper aims to provide support and comfort for your stomach, hips, bottom and thighs, creating a smooth and sexy silhouette. Valid in sizes S-M and L-XL and black or beige, this wardrobe essential is designed to be worn comfortably under any clothing, making it perfect for both a night out on the town or for everyday wear – perfect!
How to Redeem
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4* stay @ Hotel La Tour & Dinner @ the Marco Pierre White's chophouse £129 instead of £196.30 for an overnight stay at the 4* Hotel La Tour with a two-course gourmet meal with wine for two people, or £189 for two-nights - save up to 34%
Helicopter Tour - Over 25 Lcoations!£59 for a 12-mile helicopter flight at over 25 UK locations from Buyagift – take to the skies
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4 week old boston bulldogs (boston terrier x english, Max - male, spotted brown -6lbs ruby - female, brown -5lbs frankie - female, b&w -4.5lbs 4 weeks old [dob: march 26 2011}. English boston-bulldog dog breed information and pictures, English boston-bulldog boston terrier / english bulldog hybrid dogs information and pictures. deacon the boston terrier / english bulldog mix at 6 years old. Tiny puppy paws french bulldog puppy | boston terrier, Thanks for visiting tiny puppy paws. we are your local breeder of quality french bulldogs, boston terrier, and english bulldog puppies located in clearwater, florida.
English bulldogs - bulldog breeds, English bulldog information, photos, and breeder listings. we have everything related to english bulldogs.. Aldars bulldogs and boston terriers - english bulldog, English bulldog breeders ontario. english bulldog puppies for sale. boston terrier breeders ontario. English boston bulldog information, pictures, reviews and, English boston bulldog information, photos, q & a and reviews. also learn about training and care. ask english boston bulldog questions and view photos. we provide a.


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Daffy Duck and Porky Pig 2
Information about Daffy Duck and Porky Pig 2:
Close/Open game information...
Game Name: Daffy Duck and Porky Pig 2
Description Text »
Type of Game: Flash
Related Categories: PC Games, Action Games, Cartoon Games
Other Games Related »
To Play on: PC Computer Windows and MAC Apple Free and Full: Yes Available for Download: Yes
Can be Played Online: Yes And Offline (without Internet): Yes
Needed to Play: Adobe Flash Player (Latest Version). Mozilla Firefox browser when the game runs slowly or have other problems. If necessary, the respective links to download are available in the help of the game playing zone.
WARNING: The loading of some games with 3D graphics may take longer, so it's normal a total lock on the game page, from 1 to 15 seconds.
Click on the image of the game to open the game zone below. If the Daffy Duck and Porky Pig 2 is available for download, the link/image to download will appear below the gaming zone.
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Daffy Duck Jump


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Ingus, your new favorite redneck.
The creation of Jay Donaldson, Kegel gets into all sorts of trouble!
Stick Slayer
Sick of stick figure cartoons? Get ready for stick genocide!
This is just an Awesome alternate MV of you. yeah it's really Awesome! 180 degrees different and it's really Awesome. Duper Awesome, all of these enthusiasts should be apreciated. all these hard-work is worthful 100%. Duper Awesome!!!
but someone else bored. hey, you gave us challenge: find secret objects hidden in the movie. Awesomeness increased!, it spent me about 3 hour to find those until finally, A SECRET CLIP! yes it's an alternate ending actually next to a rubish clip lol. you won't regret it, an alternate ending is nice too! yeah comes with normal awesomeness expectation and went back home with over-Awesome feature experienced. Keep on your Awesome build yo!
Awesome credits remix! I got a lot of the references put into the credits song :D
Wow i really like your flash, not because of the drawings, maybe the song, and especially not the genre. But the message behind it, and even the easter eggs are enjoyable to find. or any other lol easter eggs.
Flash now rarely don't have messages to make us wonder about ourselves, or to change our lifes.
Sir you have my respect and 5 stars, you earned it
Love is nothing but a neuro-chemical reaction, a biological trigger, brought on by performing socially expected behaviors, to ensure the passing on of genetic code and propagation of the species.
All south park status


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How many wins does jeff gordon have in nascar nationwide series?
kgb answers » Sports » Motorsports » How many wins does jeff gordon have in nascar nationwide series?
Tags: jeff gordon, nascar
Wednesday, February 01 2012
Source: http://www.gordonline.com/
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- Who is leading in the nascar race right now


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Once in a while we drag out a bunch of computers to play Artemis, a game similar to pretending you are the bridge of a Star Trek type spaceship. For fine details about the game, you should look at http://www.artemis.eochu.com
I figure, since the 3D printing people are taking a hiatus, we take over the space to play a game! Just this one Wednesday only, though.
Come down, have some fun, yell "more power to the engines, stat!", and blow spaceships up!
We are playing the older 1.7 version, if you come to AMT I will already have a license that everyone can play under. It officially supports Windows, Android, and iOS -- though some of the stations are hard to play on tablets. People have gotten it to work via PlayOnMac and Crossover Office (variants of WINE)
0 · October 21, 2013
Here are detailed instructions & playing tips for the various positions available: http://artemiswiki.pbworks.com/w/page/44188987/Station%20overviews
Suggest picking one and reading through it in advance so you will know what to do when you sit down. Like a real spaceship the controls are not super intuitive if you haven't been through starfleet academy yet.
0 · October 19, 2013
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Kim Kardashian Has A New Haircut You'll Want To Steal
Photo: Wenn.
It's Monday morning, which means we're all trying to figure out what we want to do with our hair this week. Well, if you're thinking about making a big change, we'd recommend checking out the new haircut Kim Kardashian was sporting this weekend.
Let's discuss the latest "Kardashian kut," as it were. It looks like several inches are gone from the length and some choppy layers have been added. It also appears some texturizer was also added to make the ends all nice and piece-y. Let's call it a long, layered bob with tons of texture and a total upgrade from her regular bombshell mane. This cut is ready for spring and it's oh-so good.
Whether she'll dye it again is up for discussion, but we hope she keeps this style for a bit. It's fresh and edgy, and it gives her the best angles for her face. As many photos as this girl takes, it helps to have hair that can't take a bad picture. Just sayin'.
- Beauty |
- Celebs & Influencers |
- Short Hairstyles |
- Kim Kardashian West |
- Stylish Haircut Guide | Kim Kardashian - New Haircut, Celebrity Hairstyle
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Sitting down with Eva Mendes is a lesson in exemplary manners. She offers you a cup of coffee before she helps herself — "I'm so tired, I feel like I've been pregnant for three years!" she tells me mid-sip — and pours you water when she notices the tickle in your throat. She's also the kind of celebrity who finishes ...
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Outgoing Turkish President says Davutoğlu to become new PM
August 20, 2014 - 12:06 AMT
PanARMENIAN.Net - Outgoing Turkish President Abdullah Gül has estimated that incumbent Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu will become the new leader of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party) and hence the Prime Minister following the party congress later this month, Today's Zaman reports.
Gül told reporters during his farewell reception for civil society representatives that he believes Davutoğlu will become the ruling party's new leader and wished him success. He added that he helped the foreign minister clime state and political ranks.
Gül noted that he favors parliamentary system -- remarks that stood in contradiction to Turkish Prime Minister and President-elect Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's declared intention to shift to the presidential system. He ruled out any chaos within the ruling party, bashing "newcomers" for "disrespectful behavior" against him.
The outgoing President said he will certainly return to politics, reiterating that the AK Party is the political movement he founded.
Top stories
The lawsuit centers largely on events in Cizre, one of several urban areas in the Kurdish southeast that was heavily damaged.
The United Kingdom itself now faces a threat to its survival, as Scotland voted 62 percent in favor of staying in the EU.
The 41-page report by the UN cited slave markets in Syria where Yazidi women and girls are sold exclusively to IS fighters.
Turkey, he said, had "gone backwards" in terms of its democratic institutions and it was a "million miles away" from the EU.
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Tom Hanks' "Inferno" to be digitally re-mastered for Imax release The film, starring Tom Hanks as Dr. Robert Langdon and directed by Ron Howard, will be released into Imax theatres worldwide.
Karabakh conflict carries potential for escalation, OSCE chief says "As the OSCE chairing country in 2016, Germany has the responsibility to ward off such danger as much as possible," he said.
A24 dates Shia LaBeouf's "American Honey," Naomie Harris' "Moonlight" "American Honey" will hit theaters in Los Angeles and New York on Sept. 30, after which it will expand to more screens.
Awesomeness Films acquires YA novel "Our Chemical Hearts" Krystal Sutherland's debut novel follows Henry Page, a hopeless romantic who's never been in love.


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Now THAT'S a spicy meatball!
The Milwaukee County Historical Society held its first ever Milwaukee Meatball Challenge on Saturday, pitting 15 restaurants and caterers in a contest to, well, find Milwaukee's best meatball.
"The event was a huge success," says MCHS' Michael Reuter. "We had 140 people."
The winners were, Calderone Club, which is located directly across the street from MCHS on 3rd and Kilbourn, in first place; Tall Guy & A Grill Catering in second; and The Pfister Hotel in third place.
Tall Guy & A Grill Catering also took the people's choice award, which was chosen by the event's attendees. A panel of three judges selected the first-third place winners.
As the big winner, Calderone Club gets a $2,000 stipend to use as airfare to Rome, Italy, booked through Bayside Travel, Inc.Tall Guy & A Grill Catering's second place finish earned "A Night In Sanford's Kitchen," a $500 value. Third place winner The Pfister got a $250 Milwaukee Public Market gift card.
As the People's Choice winner, Tall Guy also earned a Milwaukee County Historical Society gift basket, which included several of the MCHS publications, including John Gurda's "The Making of Milwaukee" and a free MCHS Family membership.
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My Belle Boutique
At My Belle Boutique, we have Bridal Accessories to go with every style of wedding. Located in Botsford, we are the bridal wear service to contact for fashionable attire.
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Odds And Oddities 0 commentsMar 14, 2012 7:09 PM
Approaching critical situation:
- img37.imagefra.me/i53e/aarc/12xv_b3b_ubk5c.png
These are the possible 2 scenarios on the daily:
> img37.imagefra.me/i53e/aarc/12xv_2e1_ubk5c.png
> img38.imagefra.me/i53e/aarc/12xv_94f_ubk5c.png
This is what I hope for to happen on the weekly:
- img38.imagefra.me/i53e/aarc/12xv_14e_ubk5c.png
At the moment these are the wildcards:
- img37.imagefra.me/i53d/aarc/12xv_b15_ubk5c.png
- img38.imagefra.me/i53d/aarc/12xv_5a1_ubk5c.png
The last two charts are from my latest Comments.
Majority of my experience with over-extended rallies (and selloffs) is that the price will suddenly reverse and goes back to at least the ii-nd level. Thus, if AAPL goes down hard, it could pull down the whole US stock markets (and the world).
On the flip side is that the XLF still got lots of fuel. The v-th wave is capable of going into an extended run with $17.12 the major triple top resistance on the weekly chart. Perhaps XLF can provide some cushion just in case AAPL parabolic run suddenly reverses.
I am going to sell another 1/4 of SSO Swing Trade in the 1415 area together with another 1/3 FAS as a precautionary trading strategy.
Will just try to daytrade the next move if Spx decides to test the daily 50ma support.
Have already closed my NQ Intrepid Trade (bought last Nov 25) at the 2667 level (200% fibo extension resistance on daily) and the other 20% of AAPL at the $553.73. Will hold the last 30% of AAPL position as possible long-term hold just in case AAPL actually goes into a super-delicious Bubble Run for at least the next 3 years.
Will also keep at least 1/4 positions of SSO and 1/3 FAS (bought in Aug/Oct bottoms) as part of long-term trades. The profits on the 3/4 for SSO and the 2/3 for FAS more than pay up for the rest. So I don't have to worry whether we go into Armageddon or Prolonged Secular Bear Market Correction with those positions - together with the 30% AAPL longs. If we go into another multi-decade Secular Bull Market Rally, highest probability is that we will never see the 1,075 bottom of Oct 4th, 2011 again in our lifetime for the SnP500.
** A get-around way to make the chart(s) to show is to copy the weblink URL. Start from the right side .png then press (and hold) left mouse button toward the left side img38 then copy the weblink. Then paste the weblink in another browser tab or window.Back To aarc's Instablog HomePage »
Instablogs are blogs which are instantly set up and networked within the Seeking Alpha community. Instablog posts are not selected, edited or screened by Seeking Alpha editors, in contrast to contributors' articles.Full index of posts »
Merry Santa Claus Rally http://seekingalpha.com/p/24unv Dec 24, 2014
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Latest Comments
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Oct 5, 1999
|Filing date
|Dec 11, 1995
|Priority date
|Dec 12, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stephane Sarrade, Maurice Carles, Christian Perre, Paul Vignet
|Original Assignee
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (17), Classifications (32), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a process for the separation of heavy and light compounds from a solid or liquid phase containing them.
Such a process has numerous applications in widely varying fields such as the food industry, e.g. for the fractionation of triglycerides obtained from butter or fish oil, the separation of added high value biomolecules such as vitamins, dyes and pigments, and the polymers industry for the fractionation of polymers of interest to peak industries as silicones, etc.
For all these applications, the starting products are solid or liquid phases having a complex composition requiring the use of numerous fractionation stages in order to bring about the isolation of molecules interest.
More specifically, the invention relates to the joint use of supercritical fluid extraction methods and nanofiltration methods in order to permit the extraction of molecules of interest from complex products, which has hitherto never been possible.
Thus, supercritical fluid extraction methods have hitherto been used up to now for extracting compounds of interest from solid or liquid products such as plants, e.g. for obtaining perfume extracts from various plants or for recovering the active principles, as is described in numerous documents such as the work of E. Stahl "Extraction dense gases for extraction and refining", 1987. Following the extraction operation, the extract is used as it is or it is separated by distillation processes.
Membrane separation methods have been used in various fields such as gaseous diffusion isotope separation, sea water desalination, protein separation, etc., but they have never been combined with a supercritical fluid extraction unit.
However, research has been carried out on the filtration of supercritical fluids such as CO2, e.g. for separating supercritical CO2 from ethanol on an asymmetrical kapton polyimide membrane (Semenova et al, 1992), and for separating CO2 from polyethylene glycol 400 on SiO2 or polyimide membranes (Nakamura et al, "Membrane separation of supercritical fluid mixture", pp 820-822 in Developments in Food Engineering, published by T. Yamo, R. Matsuno and K. Nakamura Blacku Academic & Professional (Chapman & Hall), London, New York, Tokyo, 1994).
Thus, no research has been carried out on the use of nanofiltration for selectively separating solutes contained in a supercritical fluid.
In nanofiltration methods, use is made of a nanofiltration membrane, which retains the substances having a molecular weight higher than the membrane cutoff threshold, which is in the molecular weight range from 50 to 1000 Daltons, but which allows the passage of substances having a molecular weight below said threshold, in order to separate substances as a function of their molecular weight. This property has never been used with supercritical fluids, because in all the studies carried out the products to be separated are retained by the membrane, even if they have a low molecular weight, such as is the case with ethanol.
The present invention provides to a process for the separation of light and heavy compounds by the extraction of all the compounds in a supercritical fluid, followed by a separation on a nanofiltration membrane. According to the invention, the process for separating at least one light compound having a molecular weight from 50 to 1000 Daltons, from at least one heavy compound having a higher molecular weight than that of the light compound, starting from a solid or liquid phase containing them, is characterized in that it comprises the following steps in sequence:
a) contacting said solid or liquid phase with a supercritical fluid at a pressure P1 higher than the critical pressure Pc of the fluid and at a temperature T1 higher than the critical temperature Tc of the fluid, in order to extract therein the light and heavy compounds,
b) subjecting the supercritical fluid which has extracted the compounds to a filtration on a nanofiltration membrane, by applying from the other side of the membrane a pressure P2 lower than P1, but higher than Pc, in order to subdivide the supercritical fluid into a light compound-depleted retentate flow and a permeate flow constituted by a light compound-enriched supercritical fluids and
c) recovering the light compound or compounds from the permeate flow.
In this process, thus there is firstly an extraction of the light and heavy compounds in a supercritical fluid, thus taking advantage of the improved solvent power of supercritical fluids, followed by the separation of similar compounds extracted in said fluid as a function of their molecular weight by nanofiltration through a membrane having appropriate characteristics for said separation.
The joint use of these two methods permits an increased selectivity and the separation of compounds having a similar structure and molecular weight.
Compared with simple separation by a nanofiltration membrane, the use of a supercritical fluid as the vector fluid of compounds to be separated permits an improvement of the transmembrane transfer and better separation performance characteristics. Moreover, the fact of combining a nanofiltration-based separation with a supercritical fluid-based extraction leads to a by no means negligible energy gain.
Thus, in supercritical fluid-based extraction processes, it is necessary at the end of the operation to perform an expansion of all the fluid used for the extraction purposes in order to separate it in the gaseous state from the extracted products which remain in the liquid state. This involves significant energy costs, because it is then necessary to recompress all the supercritical fluid used for recycling the same in the extraction installation. In the invention, by associating with the extraction process a nanofiltration separation, it is possible to recover the product of interest present in the permeate, by only subjecting to the expansion a fraction of the supercritical fluid used for the separation.
For the performance of the process according to the invention, it is possible to use various supercritical fluids such as CO2, N2 O, NO2, C1 to C6 light alkanes, CFC's or CFC substitutes, rare gases, ammonia, C1 to C4 light alcohols, SF6, either in the pure or mixed state.
In certain cases, it is necessary to add to the supercritical fluid a cosolvent, which improves the solvent quantities. As the solvent, it is possible to use water and light C1 to C6 alcohols with contents between 0 and 10%.
Preferably, use is made of supercritical CO2, which has the advantage of a critical temperature Tc and a critical pressure Pc which are not very high (31� C. and 7.3 MPa).
In the case where the supercritical fluid is constituted by supercritical CO2, the pressure P1 advantageously has a value between 7.3 and 35 MPa and the temperature T1 advantageously has a value between 31 and 120� C.
Preferably, P1 exceeds 10 MPa in order to obtain a higher extraction yield due to the improved solvent power of the fluid at high pressures.
In the nanofiltration separation stage, a pressure P2 lower than P1, but higher than Pc is applied, which is chosen as a function of the compounds to be separated, so as to have a high selectivity of the light compounds compared with the heavy compounds. Generally, the pressure P2 is such that (P1 -P2) is in the range 1 to 5 MPa.
In order to recover the light compounds from the permeate flow, it is possible to carry out an expansion of said permeate flow at a pressure P3 lower than Pc in order to eliminate the supercritical fluid in the gaseous state and separate it from the light compound or compounds remaining in the liquid state.
The nanofiltration membranes used in the process according to the invention can be of different types, provided that they have a cutoff threshold in the molecular weight range 50 to 1000 Daltons.
These membranes can be organic, mineral or organomineral and must have a "global" resistance (mechanical, thermal, structural, chemical) appropriate for the particular medium of the supercritical fluid used.
Organomineral membranes are composite asymmetrical nanofilters having an inorganic material, macroporous support, e.g. of alumina, coated with an active, organic material layer such as a polymer, with the optional interposing between said support and said active layer of an inorganic material, mesoporous layer, e.g. of TiO2. Organomineral membranes of this type are described in WO-A-92/06775.
Such membranes comprise a porous, inorganic substance support covered on one face by a first, mesoporous, inorganic material layer having a mean pore radius below 10 nm and a second active layer placed on the first mesoporous layer and having a thickness of 0.1 to 1 μm, made from organomineral polymer or organic polymer chosen from within the group including sulphonated polysulphones, polybenzimidazonones, polyvinylidene fluorides grafted by diaminoethyl methacrylate and perfluorinated ionomers.
Preference is given to organomineral membranes having an Al2 O3 α macro-porous support, covered with a mesoporous, titanium dioxide layer and a perfluorinated ionomer layer such as of Nafion� because they have a supercritical CO2 permeability high enough to obtain a relatively large permeate flow.
The invention also relates to an installation for performing the process described hereinbefore and comprising:
an extractor able to receive a solid or liquid phase containing the compounds to be extracted,
a nanofiltration device having at least one nanofiltration membrane,
means for making a supercritical fluid successively circulate in the extractor and in the nanofiltration device,
means for recovering at the outlet of the nanofiltration device a permeate flow containing part of the extracted compounds and a retentate flow containing the other part of the extracted compounds,
means for separating from the retentate flow the totally or partly extracted products and recycling into the extractor the supercritical fluid in the pure state or charged with a residual part of the dissolved compounds and
means for separating the extracted products from the permeate flow.
Other features and advantages of the invention can be better gathered from the study of the following non-limitative, illustrative description with reference to the attached drawing, which is a diagrammatic representation of an installation for performing the process according to the invention.
The drawing is a schematic diagram of the combination of equipment and material flow of a preferred embodiment of the invention. With reference to said FIGURE, it can be seen that the installation for performing the process according to the invention comprises as its main components the extractor (1) and the nanofiltration module (3).
It is possible to introduce into the extractor (1) the solid or liquid phase constituting the starting product of the process according to the invention, using a pipe (5) equipped with a valve (7), whereby the residual products can be eliminated at the end of the operation by the pipe (9) equipped with a valve (11).
The supercritical fluid can be introduced into the extractor (1) from a storage tank (13) by means of the pipe (15) equipped with a pump (17) and two valves (19) and (21), in a circuit (23) having a first heat exchanger (25), a buffer volume (27), a second pump (29), a second heat exchanger (31) and valves (33, 35 and 37). On said supercritical fluid supply circuit is also provided an injector (39) upstream of the second exchanger (31).
On leaving the extractor (1), the supercritical fluid which has extracted the heavy and light compounds passes out by means of a pipe (41) equipped with a valve (43) and is then directed into the nanofiltration module (3) kept at the desired temperature by an oven (45). In said nanofiltration module, the supply of fluid containing light and heavy compounds is subdivided into a permeate flow which has traversed the nanofiltration membranes and which is discharged by the pipe (47) equipped with the expansion valve (49) to a separator (51), and a retentate flow discharged by the pipe (53) equipped with the expansion valve (55) to a separator (57).
In the first separator (51) separation takes place of the supercritical permeate flow into a fluid in the gaseous state discharged by the pipe (59) equipped with an expansion valve (61), and a liquid product corresponding to the light compound or compounds and which is discharged by the pipe (63) equipped with a valve (64).
In the separator (57) the supercritical retentate flow is separated into a fluid in the gaseous or supercritical state, which is recycled into the gaseous or supercritical fluid supply circuit (23) equipped with the valve (65) and heavy compound or compounds discharged by the pipe (67) equipped with a valve (69).
This installation also comprises a pipe (71) equipped with a valve (73) for bringing to the desired pressure the permeate circuit, as well as a pipe (75) equipped with a valve (77) for regenerating the nanofiltration module without passing into the extractor (1).
In this installation, there is a circuit operating at a high pressure between the pump (29) and the nanofiltration module (3), lower pressure circuits corresponding to the permeate flow (47) and medium or low pressure circuits corresponding to the retentate circuit (53) and to the circuit (23) in its recycling part and its supply part to the pump (29).
The nanofiltration module (3) used in this installation can have several nanofiltration membranes.
Generally, use is made of tubular membranes assembled in grouped manner between two support plates, the active layer of said membranes being the inner layer and the supercritical fluid is made to circulate at the pressure P1 within the tubular membranes.
This installation functions as follows. The solid or liquid phase to be treated is introduced by pipe (5) into the extractor (1). After closing the valve (7), with the valves (37, 43, 49 and 55) closed, the valves (33, 35, 73 and 77) are opened and the fluid from the tank (13), e.g. CO2, is made to circulate in the liquid state in pipe (23) up to the pump (29), where it is compressed to the desired pressure P2 on the permeate side, so as to permit a rapid balancing of the pressures on either side of the nanofiltration module membranes. When the pressure P2 is reached, the valve (73) is closed and the pressure is raised in the pipe (75) until the value P1 is reached, in order to create the pressure difference necessary for the satisfactory operation of the nanofiltration module.
When the pressure rise is completed, the valve (77) is closed and the valves (37, 43, 49, 55, 61 and 65) opened in order to bring about a circulation of the supercritical fluid into the extractor (1) and then into the nanofiltration module (3). This gives a fractionation of the charged fluid passing out of the extractor (1) into a permeate flow, whose light compounds are separated in the separator (51), the carbon dioxide gas being discharged in the gaseous state, and a retentate flow separated in the separator (57) into heavy compounds and CO2 recycled into the circuit (23).
At the end of the operation, the extractor is isolated by closing the valves (37) and (43) and the valve (77) is opened in order to bring about a pure CO2 circulation on the membrane in order to regenerate it.
A carbon dioxide gas top-up is introduced into the supply circuit (23) of the extractor (1) by the pipe (15) by appropriately regulating the opening of the valves (19 and 21) and the pump (17), as a function of the carbon dioxide gas discharged into the atmosphere by the pipe (59).
In this installation, the oven (45) permits the maintaining of the nanofiltration module at the temperature T1 (31 to 120� C.) and the pump (29) leads to a CO2 flow at a rate of 5 to 30 kg/h. The exchanger (31) brings the temperature of the fluid to T1, the exchanger (25) only ensuring a preheating to a temperature below T1, e.g. 10� C.
It is obviously possible to take samples on the pipes (63) and (69) with a view to analyzing the products obtained. If necessary, it is also possible to recycle the products collected in pipes (63) and (69) to the extractor (1) by a not shown, thermostatically controlled pipe system, by introducing them via the injector (39). It is also possible to introduce via the injector (39) other products, e.g. a cosolvent should this prove necessary.
In order to check the performance characteristics of said installation, there is a determination of the permeabilities of the nanofiltration membrane and the products collected in the separators (51) and (57) are analyzed. The pure CO2 permeability can be determined on the basis of flow rate measurements performed with the aid of a gas counter and a chronometer on the permeate circuit.
In operation, it is possible to carry out the same permeability measurement, every 15 min, throughout the operation.
The analysis of the products collected in 63 and 67 can e.g. take place by chromatography in order to determine the weight of the collected product.
It is thus possible to deduce therefrom the retention rate Rc (%) of the membrane for a compound and which is expressed by the following formula:
Rc (%)= 1-(Cpc /Crc !�100
in which Cpc represents the weight ratio of compound c in the permeate to the CO2 weight having traversed the membrane and expressed in g of compound/kg of CO2 and Crc represents the weight ratio of the compound c in the retentate, i.e. the ratio of the weight of the compound c in the retentate to the weight of CO2 which has entered the nanofiltration module.
On the basis of these analyses, it is also possible to determine the selectivity factor α, which evaluates the separation efficiency of a compound c1 compared with a compound c2. It is determined on the basis of the following formula:
αc1 /c2 =(Cpc1 /Cpc2)/(Crc1 /Crc2).
When this factor exceeds unity, it means that the permeate has been enriched with compound c1 and that consequently there is a preferential passage of said compound through the membrane.
The following examples illustrate the results obtained when performing the process according to the invention. In all these examples, CO2 is used as the supercritical fluid and there is a nanofiltration module with tubular organomineral membranes with a length of 15.5 cm, an internal diameter of 0.7 cm and an external diameter of 0.8 cm. They have an Al2 O3 α support, a mesoporous, titanium dioxide layer and an outer, active final layer of Nafion�. The three membranes used TN 261, TN 288, TN 292 have the following characteristics:
1 mm thick, α-alumina support,
1 μm thick TiO2 underlayer,
0.1 μm thick Nafion active layer.
In the examples to be described hereinafter, a study is made of the performance characteristics of the process according to the invention on polyethylene glycols. These polyethylene glycols PEG's have the general formula H--(OCH2 --CH2)n --OH and their molecular weights are a function of the degree of polymerization n. These examples use PEG's having respective molecular weights (Mw) 200 (PEG 200), 400 (PEG 400) and 600 Daltons (PEG 600) or ethylene glycol.
The characteristics of these products are given in the following table 1.
In order to carry out this separation, into the extractor (1) are introduced 200 or 300 g of products to be separated in a stationary, top-up phase constituted by diatomaceous silica representing 1/3 of the PEG mixture, i.e. 300 g of PEG mixture and 150 g of dicalcite or 200 g of mixture and 100 g of dicalcite. In the case of the mixture containing PEG 600, the latter is preferably melted in the water bath at 50� C.
The nanofiltration membrane is constituted by membrane TN 261 and extraction takes place by circulating the supercritical CO2 at a pressure P1 and temperature T1 given in the following table 2, maintaining a pressure difference (P1 -P2) between the retentate side P1 and the permeate side P2 of 3 MPa.
Initially determination takes place of the composition of the extract contained in CO2 entering the membrane, as a function of P1 and T1.
The results obtained are also given in table 2. They make it possible to optimize the temperature T1 and pressure P1 conditions so that the composition of the extract extracted is perfectly known and relatively well balanced in PEG 200 and 600.
These examples follow the same operating procedure as in example 1 with membrane TN 288 and extraction takes place at a temperature T1 of 60� C. and a pressure P1 of 31 MPa. A pressure P2, varying between 27 and 30 MPa is applied from the other side of the nanofiltration membrane. The results obtained are given in table 3.
The results of table 3 show that the αEG /PEG 400 selectivity is dependent on the pressure difference P1 -P2. Thus, for a pressure difference of 1 MPa, the ethylene glycol traverses the membrane more easily than PEG, the permeate then being richer in ethylene glycol than the retentate. Conversely, as from a pressure difference of 2 MPa, the selectivity is close to unity, so that the membrane has not served as a selective barrier, because it has the same permeability for both solutes. This is due to the fact that the two compounds have a low molecular weight compared with the membrane retention possibilities (threshold 500 to 1000 Daltons).
These examples use as the nanofiltration membrane membrane TN 261 operating at a pressure P1 of 31 MPa and a temperature T1 of 60� C. with a pressure difference P1 -P2 varying between 1 and 4 MPa.
As hereinbefore, determination takes place of the compound quantities recovered in the permeate and retentate, as well as the compound weight ratios in the permeate Cp, in the retentate Cr, the retention level R and the PEG 200/PEG 600 α selectivity. The results obtained are given in table 4, showing that the optimum selectivity (highest α) is between 2 and 3 MPa of Δp.
These examples follow the operating procedure of examples 8 to 11, but the nanofiltration membrane is TN 288, with the application of a pressure difference P1 -P2 between 1 and 4 MPa. The results obtained are given in table 5.
The results of tables 4 and 5 show that the enrichment factor increases with the pressure difference applied up to a limit value of 4 MPa, the optimum being obtained for a pressure difference of 2 MPa for membrane TN 288 and 3 MPa for membrane TN 261. For a 4 MPa pressure difference, it would appear that the motive force applied is excessive and leads to a forced passage of the two compounds into the permeate flow. It is therefore important to limit the pressure difference P1 -P2 to a low value in order to obtain an optimum separation.
In this example butter is treated in order to fractionate the triglycerides thereof.
It is known that there is a considerable industrial demand for the production of lipid and cholesterol-depleted products.
Butter is an oil emulsion in water, whose mean composition is as follows:
proteins: 0.7 to 1%
lipids: 81 to 83%
carbohydrates: 0.3 to 1%
mineral salts: 0.1 to 0.3%
water 15 to 17%.
The lipids of the butter are essentially constituted by triglycerides (97.5 wt.%), the cholesterol representing 0.31 wt.%. Triglycerides are formed from fatty acids containing between 4 and 54 carbon atoms, 75% of which are saturated and form long-chain fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid (20 to 30%) and stearic acid (10%), and short-chain fatty acids with 4 to 10 carbon atoms (10%), 1/3 being butyric acid. Butter also contains cholesterol at a concentration of 250 mg/100 g. According to the invention, extraction takes place of the butter triglycerides by supercritical CGO at a pressure Pof 31 MPa, a temperature T1 of 40� C. and a pressure P2 of 28 MPa. For extraction purposes, introduction takes place into the extractor (1) of 200 g of butter and 60 g of diatomaceous silica and extraction is carried out, followed by the separation on the nanofiltration membrane for 1 h, with a CO2 supply rate of 20 kg/h using membrane TN 292 as the nanofiltration membrane.
At the end of the operation analysis takes place of the extracts recovered in the separators (51 and 57) by gas chromatography. For this purpose, the extracts are melted using a water bath and are then centrifuged for 10 min at 2500 r.p.m., followed by the elimination of the white deposit and the collection of the anhydrous extract. 300 mg of anhydrous extract are then dissolved in 1 ml of isooctane, followed by the injection of 1 ml of solution into the vector gas (hydrogen) of a gas chromatograph having a type C18 capillary column and the separated products are detected by means of a flame ionization detector.
The results obtained on the retentate and permeate and given in table 6. Table 6 also gives the β ratio corresponding to the ratio of the considered triglyceride in the permeate to the same triglyceride in the retentate. When β is below 1, the triglyceride is retained by the membrane.
The results of table 6 show that the β ratio is higher than 1 for triglycerides below C40, this group of compounds also including cholesterol.
Fish oil is mainly constituted by triglycerides containing fatty acids with a different chain length and degree of saturation, but with 75 to 90% saturated fatty acids. This animal oil is very rich in very long fatty acids (more than 18 carbon atoms), some being saturated and others very unsaturated. The latter (ω 3 fatty acids) would have favourable effects on the human health. This is particularly the case with eicosapentaeonoic acid (C20:5) or EPA and docosahexanoic acid (C22:6) or DHA, which lead to a limitation of thrombocyte aggregation and lower the lipoprotein level so as to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
It is therefore of interest to obtain from fish oil a fraction rich in long-chain triglycerides containing EPA and DHA.
In order to extract triglycerides from fish oil, the same conditions as in example 16 are used with the same nanofiltration membrane. The results obtained are given in table 7.
The beta ratio is higher than unity up to C54, i.e. higher than C54 triglycerides have difficulty in passing through the membrane.
Thus, this process makes it possible to separate fish oil into a heavy triglyceride fraction, whose carbon number is 54 to 62, operating in the following way. Starting with 20 kg of fish oil containing 50% (10 kg) heavy fraction, after one hour of treatment 0.5 kg of permeate containing 45% (0.225 kg) heavy fraction and 15 kg of retentate containing 58% (8.7 kg) of the same fraction are obtained. The membrane surface necessary for this operation is 0.3 m2, i.e. 1.5 times the exchange surface of a commercial multichannel membrane.
TABLE 1______________________________________ kinematic viscosity at 98.9� C. MeltingProducts (Stokes) point (� C.)______________________________________Ethylene glycol(Mw = 62.07 Daltons)PEG 200 0.043 -65PEG 400 0.073 -6PEG 600 0.105 22______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________ Entering extract P1 T1Ex Compounds Charge composition (%) (MPa) (� C.)______________________________________1 PEG 200 100 g 100 21 80PEG 600 100 g 02 PEG 200 100 g 80.7 21 60PEG 600 200 g 18.93 PEG 200 100 g 56.3 31 60PEG 600 200 g 43.7______________________________________
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ Permeate Retention α P1 -P2 Extraction extract extract Cp Cr R EG/PEG400Ex (MPa) Compounds yield (wt. %) (g) (g) (g � kg-1) (g � kg-1) (%) (-)__________________________________________________________________________4 1 EG 0.32 3.1 69.08 2.49 3.11 19.9 1.4 PEG 400 0.32 2.2 68 1.75 3.06 42.85 2 EG 0.38 2.8 80 2.91 3.67 20.7 1 PEG 400 0.36 2.7 76.5 2.82 3.51 19.76 3 EG 0.35 4.72 72.4 2.59 3.32 22 1 PEG 400 0.30 4.19 61.06 2.30 2.80 17.97 4 EG 0.43 9.51 61.24 3.16 3.8 16.3 1 PEG 400 0.35 7.25 48.83 2.41 3.03 20.5__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________ α Permeate Retentate PEG200/ P1 -P2 Extraction extract extract Cp Cr R 600Ex (MPa) Compounds yield (wt. %) (g) (g) (g � kg-1) (g � kg-1) (%) (-)__________________________________________________________________________8 1 PEG 200 0.32 1.18 95.09 3.17 3.14 0 1.1 PEG 600 0.27 0.91 80.24 2.44 2.65 89 2 PEG 200 0.35 2 87.22 5 3.38 0 PEG 600 0.33 1.2 83.87 3 3.25 7.7 1.610 3 PEG 200 0.28 2.37 67.12 2.73 2.70 0 PEG 600 0.23 1.33 55.79 1.53 2.22 31.1 1.511 4 PEG 200 0.34 4.82 82.27 4.02 3.23 0 PEG 600 0.25 2.68 61.89 2.23 2.43 8.2 1.35__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________ Permeate Retentate α P1 -P2 Extraction extract extract Cp Cr R PEG200/600Ex (MPa) Compounds yield (wt. %) (g) (g) (g � kg-1) (g � kg-1) (%) (-)__________________________________________________________________________12 1 PEG 200 0.3 1.35 86.39 2.27 2.95 23.1 1.2 PEG 600 0.15 0.55 43.93 0.93 1.5 3813 2 PEG 200 0.3 2.1 54.43 1.78 2.89 38.4 1.4 PEG 600 0.18 0.9 32.77 0.76 1.74 56.314 3 PEG 200 0.32 1.98 58.25 2.2 3.1 42.9 1.4 PEG 600 0.21 0.94 38.9 1.04 2.07 49.815 4 PEG 200 0.34 3.23 89.1 2.69 3.31 18.7 1 PEG 600 0.32 2.92 82.64 2.43 3.07 20.8__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________Permeate Retention Triglycerides: Permeate Retentateextract extract number of composition composition(g) (g) carbon atoms (%) (%) β__________________________________________________________________________10.4 147.7 28 1.12 0.85 1.32 30 1.60 1.38 1.16 32 3.19 2.75 1.16 34 12.12 11.29 1.07 36 15.71 14.62 1.07 38 12.68 12.91 0.98 40 10.25 10.26 1.00 42 5.68 5.76 0.99 44 7.06 7.42 0.95 46 7.20 8.23 0.87 48 9.20 9.62 0.96 50 7.16 7.87 0.91 52 3.25 3.45 0.94 54 3.45 3.49 0.99__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________Permeate Retention Triglycerides: Permeate Retentateextract extract number of composition composition(g) (g) carbon atoms (%) (%) β__________________________________________________________________________4.2 146.7 36 0.90 0.04 22.50 38 1.20 0.39 3.08 40 1.08 0.57 1.89 42 1.49 0.50 2.98 44 2.59 0.80 3.24 46 4.92 1.87 2.63 48 9.65 7.44 1.30 50 17.85 15.56 1.15 52 22.38 21.29 1.05 54 24.02 22.82 1.05 56 8.29 17.86 0.46 58 3.96 8.69 0.46 60 1.13 1.99 0.57 62 0.01 0.05 0.20__________________________________________________________________________
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Owner name: COMMISSARIAT A L ENERGIE ATOMIQUE, FRANCE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SARRADE, STEPHANE;CARLES, MAURICE;PERRE, CHRISTIAN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008603/0982
Effective date: 19970520
|Apr 23, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 6, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 2, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20031005


text:
STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 162,551 this week
Kenneth Smith (I)
Kenneth Smith graduated from Richmond Professional Institute in Richmond, Virginia. He has worked in the special effects department of Industrial Light & Magic for many years and his work can be seen in many movies. He won an Academy Award for his work on _E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)_. See full bio »


text:
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Panchayat elections being held in Andhra Pradesh after two years assumed importance all over the State. Although political interference is not supposed to exist in the local body elections, it became unavoidable as reports received…Read More
Bans on Local Elections July 14, 2013 12:14
Wall papers were found in the villages of Donkal, Gouraram, Nallavelli that announce Maoists' call to ban coming Panchayat elelctions. The announcement also says that whoever contests in the elections will get the wrath of…Read More
Anand Regency Ravi Shankar Prasad is dead July 14, 2013 11:14
The famous film producer and Head of Anand Regency Hotels Akkineni Ravi Shankara Prasad who had been missing since 8th July, was found dead. Ravi Shankar went out from his Yanam residence in the early…Read More
Relentless rains prove fatal for 5 July 13, 2013 12:18
As rains lash relentlessly in Andhra Pradesh, the state endured a lot in these 3 days. In the case of 5 people, it proved fatal. Yesterday, these 5 people met their maker due to the…Read More
Reactions on Core Committee results July 13, 2013 09:28
The meeting of the Core Committee of the Congress Party with State party leaders that made a big hype all over the State ended with the normal dodging tactics of the party on the issue…Read More


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