text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 13, 1976
|Filing date
|Nov 12, 1974
|Priority date
|Nov 12, 1974
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard Claxton Palmer, Jon Kaufmann Clemens
|Original Assignee
|Rca Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (18), Classifications (21)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to a novel color-picture/multichannel-sound record, and to novel recording and playback apparatus and methods therefor, and particularly to a novel disc record structure permitting high density storage of related luminance, chrominance and multi-channel sound information, to novel recording apparatus and methods for translating such related information to disc storage form, and to novel playback apparatus and methods for recovering and separating such stored information.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,194, issued Oct. 15, 1974 to Jon K. Clemens, video disc recording and playback systems of a variable capacitance form are disclosed. In an arrangement therein disclosed, an information track incorporates geometric variations in the bottom of a spiral groove in a disc, the surface of which comprises conductive material covered with a thin coating of dielectric material. Variations in the capacitance presented between a conductive electrode on a tracking stylus and the conductive material of the disc occur as the disc is rotated by a supporting turntable; the capacitance variations are sensed to recover the recorded information.
In one particularly successful format employed for the groove bottom information track in practice of the Clemens invention, depressed areas extending across the groove bottom alternate with non-depressed areas, with the frequency of alternation varying with the amplitude of video signals subject to recording. The form of the recorded signal is thus a carrier frequency modulated in accordance with video signals. In a preferred technique for recording the information on a video disc master, an electron beam subject to intensity modulation in accordance with FM carrier signals, impinges upon electron beam sensitive material in the master disc groove bottom, so that subsequent development leaves the desired relief pattern in the groove bottom.
Where it is desired to provide capability for color image reproduction from the information recorded on the video disc, one straightforward approach is to frequency modulate the picture carrier with a composite color television signal of the familiar NTSC format (employed for color television broadcasting in such countries as the United States and Japan). In the NTSC format, coloring information is added to a brightness-representative video signal through the use of a color subcarrier (at a frequency of 3.579545 MHz., hereinafter referred to as 3.58 MHz. for the sake of simplicity) which is effectively phase modulated in accordance with hue and amplitude modulated in relation to saturation. The color subcarrier signal represents the sum of 3.58 MHz. subcarrier wave of a first phase amplitude modulated in accordance with a first color-difference signal and a 3.58 MHz. subcarrier wave of a second phase, in quadrature with the first phase, amplitude modulated in accordance with a second color difference signal.
When the unmodified NTSC format is employed for the signals used to frequency modulate the carrier in the above-described video disc system, several difficulties are encountered. Certain practical limitations in the recording process as to the highest instantaneous frequency readily recordable lead to limitations on how high in the frequency spectrum one may locate the frequency deviation range to be associated with modulation of the picture carrier. The relatively high frequency location of the color subcarrier and its sidebands in the NTSC format thus results in a relatively low frequency deviation to modulation frequency ratio which tends to lower the signal-to-noise ratio attainable for the color signals. An additional serious problem is the development of undesired beats when using the unmodified NTSC format with its high frequency location for color information.
To appreciate the nature of the aforesaid beat problem one must recognize that a difficulty encountered with the described recording of an FM carrier signal in the disc groove bottom is the tendency for a baseband signal to accompany the recorded FM carrier signal. Illustrative of a cause for such accompaniment is a tendency for the average depth of a slot to vary slightly in proportion to the closeness of spacing of slots, i.e., in proportion to the instantaneous frequency recorded, whereby there is a component of capacitance variation sensed during playback that varies in accordance with the baseband video signal employed to frequency modulate the picture carrier.
With baseband signal frequencies thus liable to appear in signals recovered from the disc during playback, beats can occur between the baseband signals and the FM signals. When an unmodified NTSC format placing the color subcarrier and its sidebands at the high end of the base-band, color signal presence can result in production of annoying beats at frequencies falling within the video passband of the player's FM demodulator output, unless the range of instantaneous frequencies occupied by the FM signal is pushed considerably above the high end of the baseband. In view of the previously noted practical limitations on the highest instantaneous frequency conveniently recordable, location of the picture carrier deviation range appreciably higher than the band of frequencies occupied by the baseband signal in an unmodified NTSC format is not readily available as a solution to the noted beat problems.
A satisfactory and readily realizable solution to the noted beat problems (as well as the noted signal-to-noise ratio problem) may be provided, however, through use in the color signal recording and recovery systems of the "buried subcarrier" approach disclosed in the copending application, Ser. No. 350,777, of Dalton H. Pritchard, filed Apr. 13, 1973, and entitled "COLOR INFORMATION TRANSLATING SYSTEMS" now U.S. Pat. No. 3,872,498. Pursuant to such principles, a modulated color subcarrier (which may, for example, be of the general form employed in the NTSC system) is not placed at the high end of the luminance signal video band as in the NTSC system, but rather is buried within the video band, i.e., with the color subcarrier frequency chosen to be significantly lower than the NTSC subcarrier frequency value of 3.58 MHz., an illustrative choice being in the vicinity of 1.53 MHz., with the color subcarrier sidebands extending � 500 KHz. thereabout and with the luminance signal band extending well above the highest color subcarrier sideband frequency (to 3 MHz., for example).
The precise frequency of the subcarrier is chosen to be offset from a multiple of the line frequency (fH) associated with the video signal by a fraction of the line frequency (preferably by (fH /n), where n is a small integer greater than one). A particularly advantageous offset choice is a half line frequency (fH /2) offset, although other offset choices may be appropriate under special circumstances (as, for example, where a PAL form is chosen for the subcarrier, and a quarter line frequency -fH /4 - offset is suitable). An illustrative subcarrier frequency choice incorporating an fH /2 offset is (195/2 fH (or approximately 1,534,091 Hz., when the line frequency corresponds to the United States standard for color television broadcasting of 15,734.26 Hz.).
To avoid annoying crosstalk effects the luminance signal is comb filtered over the band of frequencies which is to be shared with the subcarrier and its sidebands; i.e., effectively a series of troughs are developed in the frequency spectrum of the luminance signal in which the subcarrier components may be buried. Additionally, it is desirable that the modulated color subcarrier signal ("chrominance signal") is also comb filtered (in a complementary manner to that employed for the luminance signal) to effectively confine the chrominance signal to components that will fall in the troughs of the frequency spectrum of the comb filtered luminance signal. With the illustrative choice of half line frequency offset, the appropriate comb filter characteristic to be employed in preparing troughs in the luminance signal spectrum is one with recurring peaks at multiples of line frequency and recurring nulls at odd multiples of half the line frequency; the appropriate comb filter characteristic for the chrominance signal is the complement (with recurring peaks at odd multiples of half the line frequency and recurring nulls at multiples of line frequency).
By the illustrative location of the subcarrier at approximately 1.53 MHz., one may provide a reasonable bandwidth for the color sidebands (e.g., � 500 KHz. about the subcarrier frequency, fs ') and yet retain a moderately wideband (e.g., 0-1 MHz.) at the low end of the signal spectrum which will be free of chrominance signal components.
When luminance signals and chrominance signals, prepared in the above described manner, are combined, a composite signal is formed which may be recorded in the previously mentioned video disc recording system and subsequently recovered with substantial avoidance of the previously mentioned beat problems and with reasonable assurance of an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. With provision of appropriate comb filter apparatus in the video disc player, the chrominance and luminance signal components occupying the shared band (e.g., approximately 1-2 MHz.) may be accurately separated from each other for application to suitable utilization circuitry.
In subsequent use of the chrominance signal components to supply the coloring information for an image reproduction, spurious coloring effects due to midband luminance components are substantially avoided, the avoidance being due to the described judicious application of comb filtering techniques. Also, in subsequent use of the luminance signal components to supply the brightness information for an image reproduction, spurious dot patterns due to the brightness effects of the midband chrominance signal components are substantially avoided, the avoidance being due to the described judicious application of comb filtering techniques.
While the foregoing application of the "buried subcarrier" principles of the Pritchard application to the disc system of the Clemens patent results in a satisfactory arrangement for the recording, storage and playback of related luminance and chrominance information so that the display of recorded color pictures may be effected, a further problem must be confronted to satisfy the normal desire to accompany the display of recorded color pictures with the reproduction of related recorded sound information.
In one initially considered approach to the recording/reproduction of accompanying sound information, accompanying audio signals were caused to frequency modulate a high frequency sound subcarrier, with the frequency of the subcarrier chosen to be sufficiently higher than the highest video frequency to be recorded that the sound subcarrier deviation range and associated sidebands fell above the band of frequencies occupied by the composite video signal (e.g., fell above 3 MHz.). Addition of the high frequency FM sound subcarrier signal components to the composite video signal provided a composite sound/video signal which was, in turn, used to frequency modulate a main carrier; after suitable clipping and processing, the resulting signal was applied to recording apparatus, such as the SEM recorder described in the aforesaid Clemens patent. In playback, upon recovery of the FM main carrier signal, and demodulation thereof to obtain the composite sound/video signal, filtering was then employed to separate the high frequency sound subcarrier components from the lower frequency video components. The separated sound subcarrier components, after additional amplification and limiting, were applied to a second FM demodulator to recover the baseband sound signal.
While accompanying sound recording/reproduction may be realized by the above-described high frequency sound subcarrier techniques, difficulties accompanying such realization (particularly in view of the previously discussed practical limitations on the location of the main carrier frequency deviation range) are that, (1) the high frequency sound subcarrier produces beats and noisy edges in the picture, and (2) the signal-to-noise ratio of the demodulated sound subcarrier suffers because of the relatively low frequency deviation to modulation frequency ratio associated with its modulation of the main carrier.
It will be noted that the above-described difficulties are of similar character to those noted previously as undesirably accompanying use of a high frequency chrominance subcarrier (e.g., when recording composite color video signals of unmodified NTSC format).
In the copending application of Eugene O. Keizer, Ser. No. 441,069 filed on Feb. 11, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,476, techniques are disclosed for achieving accompanying sound recording and reproduction without the difficulties noted as being associated with the high frequency sound subcarrier approach. In disc recording apparatus as disclosed in the Keizer application, accompanying audio signals are caused to frequency modulate a low frequency sound carrier over a low frequency deviation range. The output of the sound carrier modulator is added to the output of a picture carrier modulator. In the picture carrier modulator, a composite color video signal (including luminance signals occupying a given band of frequencies, and chrominance signals appearing as sideband components of a modulated chrominance subcarrier interleaved with luminance signal components in an intermediate region of the given band) is caused to frequency modulate a high frequency picture carrier over a high frequency deviation range. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the sound modulator output is held at a level which is small relative to the peak-to-peak amplitude level of the picture modulator output, with an illustrative level ratio being 1:7. The resultant of combining the respective modulated carriers is applied to clipping means to develop an output which may be conveniently described as an impulse train having a repetition rate corresponding to the frequency of the frequency modulated picture carrier, and having a "duty cycle" which varies cyclically about a 0.5 value with the frequency of said cyclic variation of duty cycle corresponding to the frequency of the frequency modulated sound carrier.
The duty cycle modulated output of the clipping means is amplified and process for application to suitable recording apparatus. Illustratively, the recording apparatus is of the SEM recorder type described in the aforementioned Clemens patent, with the intensity of the scanning electron beam controlled in response to the signal developed by the clipping means. As successive groove bottom regions of a grooved disc master, coated with a layer of electron beam sensitive material (forming a smoothly curved surface for the groove), pass through the electron beam path, the regions are exposed in a pattern determined by the intensity controlling signal such that, upon subsequent development, a pattern of geometry variations corresponding to the exposure pattern is established in the groove bottom of the disc master.
A stamper disc may be derived from the recording master, as by techniques described in the Clemens patent, and utilized, in conventional record stamping machinery, to produce a plurality of replica discs of thermoplastic material, each replica disc having a surface groove, in the bottom of which appears an information track comprising geometric variations in the pattern established in the groove bottom of the recording master. The grooved surface of each replica disc is then covered, as described, for example, in the Clemens patent, with a layer of conductive material and an outer coating of dielectric material over-lying the conductive layer. Ther respective thicknesses are sufficiently small so that the conductive layer and overlying dielectric coating follow the contours of the groove and the groove bottom geometry variations therein.
Through application of the principles of the Keizer system to the recording process, as illustratively described above, the structure of each coated replica disc resulting therefrom is as follows: The groove bottom geometry variations comprise alternations between a first cross-sectional shape for the groove in which the coated groove bottom and adjacent coated groove walls define a a continuous smooth curve, and a second cross-sectional shape in which the groove bottom is depressed relative to the groove bottom level associated with the first cross-sectional shape. The rate at which the alternations repeat along a given arcuate dimension of a groove convolution varies along the groove in accordance with the amplitude of a composite color video signal including components representative of the luminance and chrominance of the scanned image that has been subject to recording; the chrominance-representative components share with luminance-representative components, in interleaved fashion, a midband portion of the band of frequencies associated with the composite color video signal, in a realization of the aforementioned buried subcarrier approach. The ratio of the longitudinal (along the groove) dimension of a depressed groove bottom region and the longitudinal dimension of an adjacent non-depressed groove bottom region varies along the groove in cyclical fashion about a value of unity. The rate at which the cyclic ratio variation repeats along a given arcuate dimension of a groove convolution varies in accordance with the amplitude of an audio signal representative of the recorded sound accompaniment for the recorded image-representative signals.
In many instances, it may be desired to accompany the color pictures recorded on a video disc with multiple channels of sound information (e.g., a stereo sound accompaniment; a bilingual sound track; etc.). Pursuant to the principles of the present invention, the duty cycle modulation approach outlined above may be adapted to provide the desired multichannel sound accompaniment. Each audio signal to be recorded modulates the frequency of a respectively different sound carrier over a respectively different low frequency deviation range, and the duty cycle of picture carrier waves (frequency modulated in accordance with the composite video signals to be recorded) is varied in accordance with the sum of the respective frequency modulated sound carriers.
As explained in detail in a copending application, Ser. No. 522,812, of Richard C. Palmer, entitled "Video Disc Recording Apparatus And Methods" and concurrently filed herewith now U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,263, various practical problems encountered in recording and playback aspects of video disc system hereinabove described may combine to introduce the possibility of sound carrier interference in the picture display when the duty cycle modulation approach is employed. Additionally, analysis of the noise characteristics of the described video disc system has shown that noise, both of a background type (leading to "hiss" in sound reproduction) and of an impulse type (leading to "ticks" and "pops" in sound reproduction), is encountered to different degrees at different baseband spectral locations. Moreover, recording process problems, of the type that lead to the presence of a baseband composite video component in the signal recovered during disc playback, give rise to the possibility of composite video component interference with sound performance. Other recording process limitations that determine the highest instantaneous picture carrier frequency reasonably amenable to recording may engender problems of picture carrier sideband component interference with sound performance.
In the light of consideration of the aforementioned problems, sound carrier deviation range location and center frequency choice, pursuant to the principles of the present invention, bear particular relationships to other recording signal parameters, the relationships being chosen to obtain a desirable balance among such performance criteria as audio signal-to-noise ratio, visibility of sound interference in brightness and color aspects of picture display, video interference in sound reproduction, et al.
Pursuant to an illustrative application of the principles of the present invention to the provision of a pair of sound channels for achievement of stereo sound accompaniment, the sound carrier center frequency choices are 715.909 KHz. and 904.720 KHz., and deviation range selection is �50 KHz. about each center frequency, for a system wherein the related recorded signal parameters are: line scan frequency (fH) of 15,734.26 Hz; video passband of 0-3 MHz.; chrominance signal of 1 MHz. bandwidth in buried subcarrier format, representing color-difference signal pair (passband: 0-500 KHz. each) modulation of quadrature components of color subcarrier (fc) at frequency of 1,534,091 Hz. (corresponding to (195/2) fH), and occupying a band of approximately 1-2 MHz.; picture carrier deviation range between 4.3 MHz. (sync tip representative) and 6.3 MHz. (peak white representative) with 5.0 MHz. representative of picture black level.
It will be noted that the center frequency choices of 715.909 KHz. and 904.720 KHz. have the following characteristics: (a) both fall outside the 1-2 MHz. band occupied by the chrominance signal; (b) the third harmonic of each also falls outside the chrominance band; (c) each is separated from the lowest picture carrier deviation range frequency by a frequency falling above the video passband; (d) the respective center frequencies correspond to odd multiples of half the line frequency ((91/2) fH and (115/2) fH, respectively); (e) both fall outside the first order sideband of the frequency modulated picture carrier; (f) the pair locations are as close to the upper limit of the chrominance-free band of 0-1 MHz. as reasonable guard band practice will allow. The advantages of the noted characteristics are recited below.
Avoidance of overlap between the sound deviation ranges and the chrominance band ensures that sound carrier appearance as an interfering signal in the output of the player's picture carrier FM demodulator will not lead to disturbance of the picture display coloring. That is, the appropriate bandpass filtering in the player's chrominance signal processing circuits will reject the fundamental frequency component of such an interfering signal. Rejection of third harmonic components of the interfering carriers will also be effected by the chrominance channel bandpass filter, when the spectral locations are chosen as indicated above. While second harmonic components of such an interfering signal will fall within the chrominance band, their interfering effect will be lessened by the operation of the chrominance channel's comb filter (which will, inter alia, fully reject each sound carrier center frequency).
Separation of both deviation ranges from the nearest (i.e., lowest) picture carrier deviation range frequency by frequencies falling above the video passband ensures that beats between the sound and picture carriers may be precluded from interfering with picture display. That is, appropriate low pass filtering of the video output of the player's picture carrier FM demodulator will reject beats between the sound and picture carriers.
Choice of sound carrier center frequencies at respectively different odd multiples of half the line frequency eases the problem of sound carrier interference in the brightness aspects of the picture display in several ways. The visibility threshold for the interference is effectively raised by choice of the indicated relationship to line frequency by virtue of resultant interlacing of the dots of the displayed interference pattern. The interlacing effect is maximum during silent periods when the sound carrier rests at its center frequency; the effect is less, but still significant, when the sound carrier is varied about its center frequency by audio modulation.
A further contribution to easing of the sound carrier interference problem may be realized, when the above-noted relationship to line frequency is employed for the sound carriers, by judicious widening of the band of effective operation for the player's luminance comb filter. That is, a comb filter having rejection notches recurring at odd multiples of half the line frequency is normally provided in the player's luminance signal processing circuitry for luminance/chrominance separation purposes (i.e., to remove buried subcarrier sideband components from the luminance signal). For such separation purposes, the luminance signal combing need only extend over the band (1-2 MHz.) that is shared with the chrominance signal. However, by continuing the luminance signal combing below the chrominance band boundary (1 MHz.) to a sufficient degree to encompass the respective sound carrier deviation ranges, the luminance comb filter may serve to: (a) bar passage of an interfering sound carrier to the picture display device during silent periods when the sound carrier is at center frequency; and (b) lessen response to the interference during periods of audio modulation, as the carrier frequencies swing through rejection notches.
Location of the respective sound carrier deviation ranges in spectral regions spaced below the lower boundary (e.g., 1.3 MHz.) of the first order lower sideband of the modulated picture carrier lessens the likelihood that interference from picture carrier sideband components will cause a noticeable disturbance of sound reproduction. That is, appropriate bandpass filtering of the respective inputs to the player's sound carrier FM demodulators will block passage of all first order sideband components of the modulated picture carrier. In only rare instances of unusual content will second or higher order sideband components of the modulated picture carrier be likely to appear in the vicinity of the sound carriers with sufficient amplitude to be noticeable sources of interference.
Use of the upper end of the chrominance-free, 0-1 MHz. baseband region for sound carrier deviation range location is preferable to the lower end for enhanced signal-to-noise performance in sound reproduction, because of the noise characteristics of the disc system. Noise spectrum analysis has shown that record noise (which can be a consequence of a variety of causes, arising in connection with almost any step of the various recording and replicating processes) decreases significantly with frequency over the noted baseband region.
A further advantage of the aforesaid upper end (close to the chrominance band) location for the sound carrier deviation ranges, is realized where advantage is taken in the player's luminance signal processing circuitry of comb filter reduction of sound interference, as previously described. That is, downward extension of the luminance channel's chrominance-rejecting comb filter action to encompass the sound deviation ranges imposes less serious restrictions on vertical detail rendition when the sound carrier deviation ranges have the noted upper end locations close to the chrominance band boundary.
When the sound carrier deviation ranges occupy the aforesaid upper end locations, a reduction in potential interference in a sound reproduction from baseband video components will accompany a reasonable degree of extension (downward in frequency) of the comb filter action of the recorder's luminance comb filter. Such a reduction factor will counterbalance to a significant degree the opposite effect of video pre-emphasis. A net improvement in freedom from baseband video component interference, over alternative lower end locations for the sound carrier deviation ranges, may then be realized for typical scenes, in view of the energy distribution, decreasing with frequency over the range of interest, for video signals representative of statistically average scenes.
Through application of the principles of the present invention, exemplified above, the recording of color picture information with multichannel sound accompaniment, the storage of such information in disc form and the recovery and separation of such information upon disc playback, may be carried out with satisfactory performance standards in both picture and sound aspects of reproductions of the recorded material.
Objects and advantages of the present invention will be recognized by those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description and an inspection of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates, in block diagram representation, apparatus for recording in disc form color picture information with a multichannel sound accompaniment in accordance with an embodiment of recording aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 1a illustrates, in a broken-away perspective view, a portion of a coated replica disc derived from a master disc recorded by the apparatus of FIG. 1 pursuant to the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates graphically specific locations in the frequency spectrum of various recording signal parameters for the recording apparatus of FIG. 1, pursuant to an illustrative application of principles of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates, in block diagram representation, playback apparatus for recovering from a disc record color picture information and accompanying multichannel sound information, in accordance with an embodiment of playback aspects of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 illustrates graphically a frequency response characteristic that may be advantageously employed in the playback apparatus of FIG. 3 pursuant to a specific embodiment of the playback aspects of the present invention.
In FIG. 1 a trio of related signal sources 10, 30, and 40 are shown, with source 10 providing composite color video signals representative of color pictures to be recorded, and with sources 30 and 40 providing respective audio signals representative of a multichannel sound accompaniment for the color pictures. Illustratively, sources 30 and 40 provide respective "left" and "right" channel audio signals suitable for use in effecting a stereo sound reproduction, with each audio signal limited to a bandwidth of 20 Hz. - 15 KHz, and subject to preemphasis with a 75 microsecond time constant.
The audio signal developed by source 30 is applied to a first sound carrier frequency modulator 32 to develop frequency modulated sound carrier waves at modulator output terminal S'. Illustratively, modulator 32 comprises a frequency modulated oscillator having a resting frequency corresponding to a selected odd multiple (n1) of half the line frequency (fH) of the video signals provided by source 10. A specific example of a desirable choice for n1 is the integer 91, resulting in a center frequency (fs ') for the FM sound carrier waves at terminal S' of approximately 715.909 KHz., when the line frequency corresponds to the United States standard for color television broadcasting of 15,734.26 Hz. A satisfactory deviation range for the instantaneous frequency of the modulated sound carrier waves provided by modulator 32 comprises fs ' � 50 KHz.
The audio signal developed by source 40 is applied to a second sound carrier frequency modulator 42 to develop additional frequency modulated sound carrier waves at modulator output terminal S. Illustratively, modulator 42 comprises a frequency modulated oscillator having a resting frequency corresponding to a different selected odd multiple (n2) of (fH /2 ). A specific example of a desirable choice for n2 is the integer 115, resulting in a center frequency (fs) for the FM sound carrier waves at terminal S of approximately 904.720 KHz. , when the line frequency is at the aforesaid value of 15,734.26 Hz. A satisfactory deviation range for the instantaneous frequency of the modulated sound carrier waves provided by modulator 42 comprises fs � 50 KHz.
The composite color video signal source 10 illustratively comprises a trio of correlated signal sources: sync signal source 11, luminance signal source 12, and chrominance signal source 13. The signals provided by source 11 comprise deflection synchronizing signals of conventional format, while the signals provided by source 12 comprise video signals representative of the luminance of the color pictures to be recorded, limited in bandwidth to the band between 0 and fvh, with 3.0 Mhz. an illustrative choice for the highest luminance signal frequency (fvh).
The chrominance signal provided by source 13 is illustratively of the buried subcarrier type discussed in the aforesaid Pritchard patent, with the buried color subcarrier frequency (fc) of a value corresponding to (n3 (fH /2 )), where n3 is an odd integer. An advantageous choice for the integer n3 is 195, resulting in the color subcarrier frequency (fc) being approximately 1,534,091 Hz. (when fH corresponds, as aforesaid, to 15,734.26 Hz.). The modulated color subcarrier occupies a band of frequencies between 1.0 and 2.0 MHz., and represents the resultant of summing products of amplitude modulation of different, quadrature-related, phases of the subcarrier (fc) with respectively different color-difference signals (each occupying a band of 0-500 KHz.).
Pursuant to the approach outlined in the afore-said Pritchard patent, the luminance signal provided by source 12 is comb filtered over the band of frequencies which is to be shared with the subcarrier and its sidebands to develop a series of troughs in the frequency spectrum of the luminance signal in which the subcarrier may be buried. Additionally, the chrominance signal provided by source 13 is also comb filtered (in a complementary manner to that employed for the luminance signal) to substantially confine the chrominance signal to components that will fall in the troughs of the frequency spectrum of the comb filtered luminance signal. The desired comb filter characteristic for the luminance signal, with recurring nulls at odd multiples of half the line frequency, is provided in the FIG. 1 apparatus by the luminance comb filter 14, while the desired comb filter characteristic for the chrominance signal, with recurring nulls at even multiples of half the line frequency, is provided by the chrominance comb filter 17.
The output of luminance comb filter 14 is combined with the output of sync signal source 11 in an adder 15, and the sum is applied to a pre-emphasis circuit 16. An illustrative pre-emphasis characteristic that may be imparted to the adder output by the pre-emphasis circuit is a response level rise with frequency of 6db per octave commencing at 300 KHz. The output of the pre-emphasis circuit 16 is combined with the output of the chrominance comb filter 17 in an adder 18 to form the composite color video signals which appear at the adder output terminal C.
The signals at terminal C are applied to a picture carrier frequency modulator 20 to develop frequency modulated picture carrier waves. Illustratively, the modulator 20 is a frequency modulated oscillator having an instantaneous output frequency which is varied over a deviation range of 4.3 MHz. to 6.3 MHz. by the maximum amplitude swing of the composite color video signals at terminal D, with the poling of the video signals such that the low frequency extreme (fps) is sync tip representative while the high frequency extreme (fpw) is peak white representative. An intermediate instantaneous frequency (fpb), which is illustratively 5.0 MHz., is representative of picture black level.
Duty cycle modulation of the modulated picture carrier wave output of modulator 20 in accordance with the sum of the modulated sound carrier waves appearing at terminals S' and S is carried out by a duty cycle modulator 50, which includes an adder 52 for summing the outputs of the three modulators 20, 32 and 42, and a limiter 54 for doubly clipping the sum output of adder 52.
The magnitudes of sound modulator outputs applied to adder 52 are chosen so that the peak-to-peak amplitude of their sum remains small relative to the peak-to-peak amplitude of the output of the picture carrier modulator 20, and the clipping levels in limiter 54 are separated by a spacing appreciably smaller than the peak-to-peak swing of either sound modulator output. Illustratively the peak-to-peak amplitude of each sound modulator output is set at the same level, 17db below the peak-to-peak amplitude of the output of the picture carrier frequency modulator 20. The maximum amplitude swing of the sum of the sound carrier modulator output is thereby limited to approximately two-sevenths (about 0.282) of the peak-to-peak swing of the picture carrier modulator output. A consequent duty cycle variation range for the output of limiter 54 (in the instance of a sinusoidal waveshape for the picture carrier modulator output) is approximately 0.5 � 0.091.
The output of the duty cycle modulator 50, appearing at the limiter output terminal R, serves as the recording signal input to an electron beam recorder 60 of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) type generally described in the above-mentioned Clemens patent. In the electron beam recorder, a scanning electron microscope 62 directs a beam of electrons upon a resist-coated, curved groove bottom of a pre-grooved recording master disc 70. The disc 70 is supported by a turntable 64 which is subject to (a) rotational motion imparted by a turntable rotational drive mechanism 66, and (b) translational motion imparted by a turntable translational drive mechanism 68. The rotational and translational drives are interrelated in such a manner that the electron beam path is intercepted by successive regions along the length of the disc's spiral groove. Reference may be made to the copending application of Robert W. Jebens, et al. Ser. No. 349,775, filed on Apr. 10, 1973 and entitled "Precision Turntable Rotation In A Vacuum Atmosphere," now U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,275, for a more detailed explanation of suitable apparatus for effecting the requisite controlled motion of the turntable 64.
Illustratively, the SEM electron beam is unblanked for the duration of each positive swing of the clipped signal at terminal R, and blanked for the duration of each negative swing of the clipped signal. The sweep rate for the SEM beam is considerably higher than the highest frequency of the picture carrier deviation range, while the beam sweep amplitude and unblanked beam intensity are substantially constant. As the disc rotates at a constant speed, a pattern of successive exposed and unexposed regions is produced along the length of the groove, with the lengths thereof (along the groove) determined by the respective swing durations of the recording signal input. Assuming, for example, that the master disc groove coating is a positive resist, a subsequent development step will leave a pattern of alternating depressed and (relatively) non-depressed regions in the groove bottom corresponding to the pattern of exposed and unexposed regions, respectively.
When a stamper disc is derived (as by techniques described in the Clemens patent) from a recording master subject to recording in the manner above described, it may be utilized to impress, by conventional stamping techniques, a plurality of replica discs, whereby the groove bottom pattern of the master is duplicated in each. Coating of a replica disc thus impressed with a first layer of conductive material, and a second overlying layer of dielectric material (as in the manner suggested in the Clemens patent) prepares the replica disc for playback use. An illustration of a portion of a replica disc thus prepared is shown in perspective view in FIG. 1a.
The replica disc portion illustrated in FIG. 1a includes only a segment of a single groove convolution. The showing of the impressed disc base 71, which is preferably of a thermoplastic material, such as vinyl, is cut away below its grooved surface for ease of illustration (since the base thickness is, illustratively, several orders of magnitude greater than the surface coating thicknesses). The grooved base surface (containing the previously described pattern of alternating depressed and non-depressed regions in the groove bottom) is covered by a layer 72 of conductive material, such as copper, which is sufficiently thin so as to smoothly follow the contours of the base groove and the groove bottom depressions therein. Overlying the conductive layer 72 is a layer 73 of dielectric material, such as polystyrene also sufficiently thin so as to smoothly follow the contours of the groove and the groove bottom depressions in the material beneath it. Although not separately shown, the surface of the dielectric layer 73 may desirably be coated with a film of a lubricant of electrically insulating character, illustratively of a methyl alkyl siloxane compound form as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,833,408, issued to Dennis L. Matthies on Sept. 3, 1974.
The length of the groove segment shown in FIG. 1a is sufficient to reveal a pair of successive depressed groove bottom regions, the intervening non-depressed groove bottom region, and portions of the non-depressed groove bottom regions preceding and succeeding the depressed region pair. For illustrative purposes, the replica disc groove segment illustrated in FIG. 1a corresponds to a recording master groove segment which has been subject to exposure (in the FIG. 1 apparatus) during application of a recording signal waveform in which the sound sum has altered the picture carrier duty cycle from a 0.5 value (in a direction increasing beam-on time in the SEM 62). As a consequence, the ratio of the length (1d) of an illustrated depressed region to the length (1n) of an adjacent non-depressed region is, as shown, greater than unity.
The illustrated replica disc segment is cut away transverse to the groove at the left of the perspective view of FIG. 1a to reveal the groove cross-section in a non-depressed groove bottom region. As shown, the cross-sectional shape in such a region is one in which the groove bottom and adjacent groove walls define a continuous smooth curve. Desirably, the shape of the curve approximates an arc of a circle, although other shapes, such as that of a sinusoidal segment, are tolerable.
The groove bottom geometry variations which form the information track of the replica disc of FIG. 1a comprise alternations along the groove between a first cross-sectional shape in which the coated groove bottom and adjacent coated groove walls define a continuous smooth curve, and a second cross-sectional shape in which the groove bottom is depressed relative to the groove bottom level associated with the first shape. The rate at which the alternations recur along a given arcuate dimension of a groove convolution varies in accordance with the amplitude of a composite color video signal, inclusive of luminance and encoded chrominance components. Moreover, the ratio of the lengths of adjacent depressed and non-depressed groove bottom regions varies along the groove in cyclical fashion about a value of unity in accordance with the sum of a pair of different sound carriers, frequency modulated by respective audio signals.
FIG. 2 illustrates graphically the locations in the frequency spectrum for various recording signal parameters pursuant to the specific application of the principles of the present invention delineated in the description of FIG. 1. The video passband for the composite color video signals provided by source 10 is indicated by the idealized lowpass filter characteristic described by curve v with the highest video signal frequency (fvh) falling at 3.0 MHz. The passband for the chrominance signals developed by source 13 is indicated by the idealized bandpass filter chaacteristic described by curve c, while the passband for the respective color-difference signals employed in chrominance signal development is indicated by the idealized lowpass filter characteristic described by curve d. As shown, the highest color difference signal frequency (fdh) falls at 500 KHz. With the indicated choice for color subcarrier frequency (fc) lying at approximately 1.53 MHz., the chrominance band boundaries (fc - fdh and fc + fdh) fall near 1.0 MHz. and 2.0 MHz., respectively. The respective center frequencies (fs ', fs) for the sound carrier outputs of modulators 32 and 42 are located within the upper half of the chrominance-free base-band region (0-1 MHz.) lying below the lower boundary (fc - fdh) of the chrominance band, the respective center frequencies being, as previously indicated, approximately 716 KHz. and 905 KHz.
In addition to showing the deviation range for the modulated picture carrier wave output of modulator 20 extending from the sync-tip representative carrier frequency (fps) of 4.3 MHz. to the peak-white representative carrier frequency (fpw) of 6.3 MHz), FIG. 2 also shows the narrower deviation range therefor which is normally effective during picture signal intervals of the composite video signal output of source 10. This narrower deviation range extends between the black-representative frequency (fpb) of 5.0 MHz. and fpw (6.3 MHz.).
The band of frequencies occupied by the modulated picture carrier wave output of modulator 20, inclusive of all first order sideband components, is indicated in FIG. 2 by the idealized bandpass filter characteristic described by curve s. The lower boundary (fps -fvh) of this band falls at 1.3 MHz., while the upper boundary (fpw +fvh) falls at 9.3 MHz. It should be noted that both of the sound carrier center frequencies lie below (fps -fvh), while the second harmonic of the black-representative picture carrier frequency (i.e., 2 fpb =10 MHz.) lies above (fpw +Fvh).
FIG. 3 illustrates playback apparatus, for use with a replica disc 100 of the type discussed in connection with FIG. 1a, in application of playback principles of the present invention. In the video disc player of FIG. 3, the disc 100 rests upon a turntable 110, which is caused to rotate at a predetermined, substantially constant, rotational rate by a suitable rotational drive mechanism 112. Reference may be made to the copending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 504,486, filed on Sept. 10, 1974 for Robert J. Hammond, et al., and entitled "A Turntable Speed Locked System," now U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,283, for a disclosure of an advantageous arrangement that may be employed for the drive mechanism 112 in order to obtain the desired controlled rotation of turntable 110.
A pickup stylus 121, received in the spiral groove of the disc 100 during the disc playback, incorporates a conductive electrode which cooperates with the disc's conductive coating (72 in FIG. 1a) to form a capacitance that varies as the groove bottom geometry variations pass beneath the stylus 121. Pickup circuits 120, electrically coupled to the electrode of stylus 121, convert the stylus-disc capacitance variations to electrical signal variations.
Illustratively, the pickup circuits 120 are of the general form disclosed in the copending U.S. Pat. application of Stephen E. Hilliker, Ser. No. 295,854, filed on Oct. 10, 1972, and entitled "Video Disc Transmission Line And Stylus RF Return Systems, " now U.S. Pat. No. 3,872,265. In such form, the stylus-disc capacitance serves as a variable element of a transmission line resonant circuit, with the transmission line formed by a conductive pickup arm (supporting the stylus) and a conductive housing partially surrounding the pickup arm. A UHF oscillator develops ultra-high frequency oscillations of substantially constant frequency and amplitude which are inductively coupled to the transmission line resonant circuit. The variable stylus-disc capacitance varies the tuning of the resonant circuit over a range of frequencies slightly shifted from the oscillator output frequency, altering the circuit response to the injected oscillations. The amplitude of the oscillations developed across the resonant circuit thus varies in accordance with the stylus-disc capacitance variations. The amplitude modulated UHF oscillations are inductively coupled to an AM detector, and the detector output is suitably amplified to form the output of pickup circuits 120. With suitable circuit parameter choices, such output will appear in the duty cycle modulated form discussed for the recording signal in connection with FIG. 1.
The output of pickup circuits 120 is supplied to a trio of bandpass filters 131, 141 and 151. Bandpass filter 131 is provided with a passband centered about the upper sound carrier center frequency fs of 904.720 KHz., and sufficiently wider than the upper sound carrier's deviation range (e.g., extending � 80 KHz. about fs) as to ensure passage of all first order and second order sideband components of the modulated upper sound carrier. Bandpass filter 141 is provided with a passband centered about the lower sound carrier center frequency fs ' of 715.909 KHz., and sufficiently wider than the lower sound carrier's deviation range (e.g., extending � 80 KHz. about fs ') as to ensure passage of all first order and second order sideband components of the modulated lower sound carrier.
Bandpass filter 151 is provided with a bandpass characteristic described (in idealized form) by curve s in FIG. 2. The passband of filter 151 thus extends between fps - fvh (1.3 MHz.) and fpw + fvh (9.3 MHz.).
The respective outputs of the three bandpass filters 131, 141, 151 are applied via respective limiters (133, 143, 153) to respective FM demodulators (135, 145, 155). The output of the sound carrier FM demodulator 135 is filtered by a lowpass filter 137 (which, illustratively may incorporate appropriate audio deemphasis circuitry) to develop a first audio signal (e.g., a "left" channel stereo component) at output terminal A. The output of the sound carrier FM demodulator 145 is filtered by a similar lowpass filter 147 to develop a second audio signal (e.g., a "right" channel stereo component) at output terminal A'.
The output of the picture carrier FM demodulator 155 is applied to a lowpass filter having a passband of 0-fvh (0-3.0 MHz.) to develop a composite color video signal at output terminal CV. Where it is desired to employ a conventional color television receiver for display of the recorded color pictures, it may be appropriate to convert the recovered composite color video signals from the buried subcarrier format, in which they appear at terminal CV, to a different format suitable for processing by the composite video signal processing circuitry of the receiver. A variety of arrangements suitable for such conversion are described, for example, in the aforementioned Pritchard patent.
For the aforesaid conversion purpose, the player apparatus of FIG. 3 includes video processing circuits 161 to which the signals at terminal CV are applied. Illustratively, the video signal processing circuit includes (1) a first comb filter (with a multiplicity of rejection notches at odd multiples of half the line frequency fH) to obtain a luminance signal substantially free of chrominance components, and (2) a second comb filter (with a multiplicity of rejection notches at even multiples of half the line frequency) to free the band occupied by the chrominance component of luminance components.
The luminance signal output of the first comb filter is desirably subjected to an appropriate video deemphasis characteristic prior to delivery to a luminance signal output terminal L of the processing circuits 161. Associated with the second comb filter is apparatus for shifting the band occupied by the chrominance component to a new location outside the video passband of 0-fvh, as described, for example, in said Pritchard application. An illustrative value for the subcarrier frequency location (fc ') in the new band is the NTSC value of 3.579545 MHz. The frequency shifted output of the second comb filter appears at a chrominance output terminal CC of processsing circuits 161, and is supplied therefrom to a bandpass filter 163 for restriction to the desired new band of fc ' � fdh (e.g., approximately 3.58 MHz. �500 KHz.). The output of bandpass filter 163 is combined with the luminance signals appearing at terminal L in an adder 165 to form a converted composite video signal output at the adder output terminal CV'.
Illustratively, the first comb filter of the processing circuits 161 is provided with a characteristic as partially shown by curve x in FIG. 4. As indicated therein, the comb filtering action extends sufficiently below the color subcarrier frequency fc so as to provide rejection notches falling at the frequencies of the respective sound carrier center frequencies of fs and fs '. The comb filtering effect is insignificant below an effective cutoff frequency fa, lying below both sound carrier deviation ranges, with 400 KHz. being an illustrative value for fa.
Reference may be made to the aforesaid Pritchard patent, as previously indicated, as well as to the copending application of John G. Amery, Ser. No. 506,446, filed Sept. 16, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,179, for detailed descriptions of a variety of forms of apparatus suitable for performing the above described functions of the conversion system 161, 163, 165.
In the above-described player apparatus of FIG. 3, the respective bandpass filters 131 and 141 preclude passage to the respective sound carrier FM demodulators (135, 145) of not only the instantaneous picture carrier frequencies but also all first order picture sideband components. The bandpass filters 131, 141 also reject color subcarrier sideband components appearing in any baseband video component subject to appearance in the output of pickup circuits 120. Possible picture signal interference with the desired multichannel sound reproduction is thus restricted to narrow bands of baseband luminance signal components in the 636-985 KHz. region. For most scenes, there is little likelihood of significant interference from such components; moreover, the likelihood may be further lessened by providing the recorder's luminance comb filter (i.e., filter 14, FIG. 1) with a downward extension of comb filtering action in the manner suggested by the characteristic x of FIG. 4.
The bandpass filters 131 and 141 also serve to restrict noise input to the sound carrier FM demodulators to regions of the spectrum where disc noise, of both "background" and "defect" type, is relatively small (compared to spectral regions below 300 KHz., for example).
In the player apparatus of FIG. 3, the bandpass filter 151 precludes passage to the picture carrier FM demodulator 155 of the baseband sound carrier components. Bandpass filter 151 also bars passage of second harmonics of the picture carrier frequencies, and major sideband components thereof appearing during picture intervals. To the extent that duty cycle modulation use produces undesired amplitude modulation of picture carrier waves passed by filter 151, substantial stripping of the spurious amplitude modulation is effected by limiter 153.
In the instances where undesired phase modulation of picture carrier waves by sound carrier components occurs in the output of the pickup circuits 120, and sound carrier components appear as interfering signals in the output of FM demodulator 155, the provision of a characteristic of the type described by curve x (FIG. 4) for the luminance comb filter of the video signal processing circuits 161 will reduce the possible interfering effects of such signals in the luminance component output at terminal CL. Bandpass filter 163 will bar fundamental and third harmonic components of such interfering sound carrier signals from appearance in the chrominance band of the converted composite video output at terminal CV', while the chrominance comb filter of video signal processing circuits 161 will reduce the possible interference with display coloring engendered by second harmonics of such interfering sound carrier signals.
Lowpass filter 157 prevents passage to the composite video signal output terminal CV (and the conversion apparatus coupled thereto) of beats that may be developed between the sound and picture carriers of the recovered signals During picture intervals, lowpass filter 157 also serves to bar passage of beats that may be developed between the picture carrier and the chrominance signals of a baseband component in the recovered signals.
In the use of the recovered composite color video signals to provide a color image display, as may be effected, for example, by providing suitable means for supplying the signals at terminal CV' to an appropriate input of a conventional color television receiver, an interlacing effect will moderate the visibility of a display pattern resulting from residual sound carrier component appearance in the receiver's luminance channel, due to the chosen relationships between sound carrier center frequencies and picture line frequency.
Where the respective outputs at terminals A and A' are the illustrative stereo signal components, they may be supplied, for example, via separate amplifying channels to appropriately located loudspeakers to provide the desired stereo sound reproduction effects.
In some recording instances, it may be desired to provide a monophonic sound accompaniment for the recorded color pictures, with identical audio signals supplied by sources 30, 40 (FIG. 1) to the respective modulators 32, 42. To accommodate such monophonic recordings (and, additionally, to facilitate monophonic reproduction of stereo recordings when desired), the player apparatus of FIG. 3 desirably includes suitable means, such as a simple resistance adder, to combine the outputs from terminals A and A'. Illustratively, the output of such adder, may serve as the audio input (with signals from terminal CV' as the video input) to transmitter apparatus of the general form described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,775,554, issued to Bernard Hjortzberg on Nov. 27, 1973, when it is desired to supply the video player output to the antenna terminals of a conventional color television receiver for display and monophonic sound reproduction purposes.
The approach of the present invention to multichannel sound accompaniment for picture recordings may be extended beyond the two-channel examples specifically considered above to accommodation of a greater number of channels. For example, a quadraphonic sound accompaniment may be employed, with two additional audio signals caused to frequency modulate two additional sound carriers, and the additional modulator outputs supplied as further inputs to adder 52 (FIG. 1). Illustrative choices for the additional sound carrier center frequencies are 558.566 KHz. (71fH/2) and 416.958 KHz. (53fH /2 ), and an illustrative deviation range width for the additional sound carriers is �25 KHz. The narrower deviation range width is appropriate for these additional sound channels because their locations fall in less favorable regions of the disc noise spectrum than do the previously discussed fs, fs ' locations. Care should also be exercised in choice of the additional sound carrier center frequencies to avoid a subharmonic relationship with the buried subcarrier frequency fc.
It should be noted that the specific frequency choice illustrations above presented, as well as those presented in the discussion of FIG. 2, represent frequencies desirably attained upon disc playback at the intended playback rotation rate for the disc. Where "real time" recording is employed in the recording process, the same specific frequencies are appropriate for use in development of the recording signal. However, where required, for example, by limitations on recording beam intensity or resist sensitivity, a slower-than-real-time recording mode may be employed, with the recording disc rotation rate a fraction (e.g., (1/20)) of the intended playback disc rotation rate. In such instances, the illustrative recording signal parameters are subject to division by the involved time expansion factor (e.g., 20).
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 6, 1964
|Sep 20, 1966
|Tutortape Lab Inc
|Audio-visual communication systems and methods
|Oct 21, 1965
|Dec 16, 1969
|Charger Electronic Systems Inc
|Frequency interlacing of multi-video programs
|Jun 17, 1970
|Apr 25, 1972
|Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co
|Fm-fm audio multiplex television broadcasting system with reduction of undesired phase modulation component
|Aug 31, 1972
|Nov 27, 1973
|Rca Corp
|Modulator system
|Mar 22, 1971
|Oct 15, 1974
|Rca Corp
|Information records and recording/playback systems therefor
|Apr 13, 1973
|Mar 18, 1975
|Rca Corp
|Color information translating systems
|Mar 26, 1973
|Jul 1, 1975
|Philips Corp
|Method of recording a video signal
|May 3, 1974
|Sep 16, 1975
|Philips Corp
|Apparatus for reading a disc-shaped record carrier
|Feb 11, 1974
|Oct 7, 1975
|Rca Corp
|Color picture/sound record
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 20, 1977
|Jun 20, 1978
|Rca Corporation
|Color video signal processing circuits
|Mar 7, 1978
|Jun 17, 1980
|Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd.
|Color video recorder/reproducer
|Sep 24, 1980
|May 31, 1983
|Rca Corporation
|Video disc player with multiple signal recovery transducers
|Mar 17, 1981
|Jun 14, 1983
|Rca Corporation
|Video disc player with selectively enabled audio signal expander circuitry
|Mar 30, 1981
|Jul 12, 1983
|Rca Corporation
|Audio processor for single, channel, matrixed two-channel and un-matrixed two-channel signals
|Nov 25, 1981
|Aug 16, 1983
|Rca Corporation
|Stereophonic bilingual signal processor
|Sep 30, 1981
|May 22, 1984
|Rca Corporation
|Pickup circuit for video disc including dual-gate FET with injected RF
|Jul 12, 1982
|Feb 12, 1985
|Discovision Associates
|Compressed bandwidth frequency modulation signal format apparatus and method
|Apr 9, 1986
|Mar 31, 1987
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Recording method for video and audio signals in magnetic picture recording system
|Aug 30, 1983
|Jul 28, 1987
|Pioneer Electronic Corporation
|Video disc type recording and reproducing system with interference reduction filter
|Apr 3, 2006
|Nov 16, 2010
|Stmicroelectronics S.A.
|Method and device for restoring sound and pictures
|Apr 3, 2006
|Nov 2, 2006
|Stmicroelectronics S.A.
|Method and device for restoring sound and pictures
|Aug 1, 1977
|Feb 16, 1978
|Rca Corp
|Schaltungsanordnung zum gewinnen eines modulationssignals
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|Mar 2, 1978
|Rca Corp
|May 11, 1979
|Nov 22, 1979
|Philips Nv
|Verfahren zum aufmodulieren eines zusammengesetzten farbfernsehsignals auf ein traegersignal und vorrichtung zum durchfuehren dieses verfahrens
|Jul 5, 1983
|Jan 25, 1984
|Discovision Associates
|Compressed bandwidth frequency modulation signal format apparatus and method
|Feb 7, 1984
|Sep 19, 1984
|Philips Electronics N.V.
|Method of encoding a recording signal, record carrier provided with a recording signal encoded in accordance with the method, apparatus for carrying out the method, and apparatus for reproducing a signal encoded in accordance with the method
|Oct 20, 1988
|Apr 26, 1989
|Sony Corporation
|Apparatus for reproducing information signals
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Jul 27, 2013; Atlanta, GA, USA; John Isner (USA) reacts after the point against Lleyton Hewitt (AUS) during the semifinals of the BB&T Atlanta Open at Atlantic Station. Mandatory Credit: Joshua S. Kelly-USA TODAY Sports
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Parker had a double-double in the Sparks win.
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Dodgers' Julio Urias eventually picks off baserunner after repeated attempts
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June 27, 2016
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February 16, 2011 (9:10 am) GMT
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Interim Corn Palace Director Jeri Mickelson said about 1,680 people attended the show, which had a capacity of about 2,300.
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April 14, 2014 - 6:40am
April 12, 2014
DWU Spring Ring concert to feature multiple handbell ensembles
Dakota Wesleyan University's music department will ring in spring with a free concert at the end of the month. The Spring Ring will be at 7 p.m. April 27 at the First United Methodist Church in Mitchell. The program will feature DWU's Wesleyan Bells, the First United...
Life / entertainment
April 12, 2014 - 9:04pm
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Obama: Brexit is a good idea after allIn a complete turnaround, President Obama tweeted that he likes a good Brexit after a round of golf and a cigarette. His caddie had no comment.
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Playstation 3 Games
Start The Party Questions for Playstation 3Home / Playstation 3 /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Start The Party question for Playstation 3 and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Supermassive Games
- Publisher: Scea
- Genre: Party
- Release: Sep 7, 2010
- ESRB: Everyone
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text: NPR Staff London Museum Hopes To Reboot Eric, Britain's First Robot By NPR Staff • May 16, 2016 Before there was Star Wars' C-3PO and the robot who famously warned of "Danger, Will Robinson!" on TV's Lost in Space, there was Eric — one of the world's first real robots. He was built in 1928, less than a decade after the word "robot" was first used. Breaking Down The Science Of Picky Eating By NPR Staff • May 16, 2016 Pork shoulder, cauliflower and cheese curds are all trending in 2016, according to Google's tracking of food-related searches. That list might either nauseate you or make your mouth water. Stung By 83 Different Insects, Biologist Rates His Pain On A Scale Of 1 To — OW! By NPR Staff • May 15, 2016 If you think your job is painful, try spending a workday with Justin Schmidt. Schmidt is an entomologist who focuses on a group of insects called Hymenoptera — we know them as stinging ants, wasps and bees. Schmidt has traveled all over the world looking for bugs ... and getting stung by them. The result of his work is an alarmingly comprehensive pain index, ranking 83 insect stings on a spectrum of 1 to 4. How A Poison Pill Worded As 'Sex' Gave Birth To Transgender Rights By NPR Staff • May 15, 2016 The legal case over transgender rights hinges on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion and sex. But the word "sex" wasn't always going to be part of the bill. And "sex" — which, at the time was meant to mean gender — was not on that list when the bill came to the House. Why Restaurants Are Ditching The Switch To No Tipping By NPR Staff • May 15, 2016 In recent years, there's been a no-tipping movement within the restaurant industry. The idea has been to rectify a basic pay unfairness to even out the pay between tipped and untipped employees. Dishwashers and cooks at the back of the house don't earn as much money as waiters because they don't get tips. So, do away with tipping, raise menu prices a little bit, and pay everyone a higher wage. Donald Trump Is About To Start Getting Intelligence Briefings By NPR Staff • May 15, 2016 Harry Truman had been vice president for only 82 days when Franklin Roosevelt died, so there was quite a lot he needed to learn when he became president in 1945. "He didn't even know the atomic bomb existed," historian David Priess said. "He didn't know about the Manhattan Project." Priess, a former CIA officer and author of The President's Book of Secrets, a history of the president's daily brief, said that experience made Truman resolve that no future president should come into office unprepared. Before Leaping Onto Kanye's Records, A-Trak Forged A Career From Scratch By NPR Staff • May 14, 2016 When Being Human Got His Goat, This Designer Became One By NPR Staff • May 14, 2016 Not long after publishing his first book, London designer Thomas Thwaites found himself with no real job and in relationship trouble. His book, The Toaster Project — about his attempt to build a toaster from scratch — was a huge success, but he found the whole business of being a celebrity thinker a hard act to follow. To be human is to worry about getting by, doing better, finding love and accepting the march of mortality. Thwaites decided to try to escape the burden of being human — and he would do it by becoming a goat. Jodie Foster On Roles For Strong Women, On Screen And Off By NPR Staff • May 13, 2016 Jodie Foster has entertained audiences on screen for decades, but more recently, she's been behind the camera, directing. And in her newest film, Money Monster, it's a behind-the-scenes character who gets to call the shots. George Clooney plays financial guru Lee Gates, who dishes out stock market tips and money advice on his hit TV show. It's business as usual until an intruder arrives on set and takes Gates hostage during a live broadcast. From that point on, it's his longtime producer Patty Fenn — played by Julia Roberts — who's really in charge. Public Health Professor: Because Of Zika, Rio Olympics 'Must Not Proceed' By NPR Staff • May 11, 2016 Amir Attaran, a professor in the School of Public Health and the School of Law at the University of Ottawa, isn't afraid to take a bold stand. He has written a commentary for the Harvard Public Health Review, published this week, with the headline, "Why Public Health Concerns for Global Spread of Zika Virus Means that Rio de Janeiro's 2016 Olympic Games Must Not Proceed." After Tragedy, 2 Families Find Their Own Justice In Louise Erdrich's 'LaRose' By NPR Staff • May 11, 2016 Louise Erdrich's new novel LaRose opens with a tragedy: An Ojibwe man is out hunting for deer and accidentally shoots and kills his best friend's 5-year-old son, Dusty. The hunter has a 5-year-old son of his own, and so, in keeping with a practice from the Ojibwe tribe's past, 5-year-old LaRose goes to live with Dusty's family. 'There Was More I Wanted To Say': Kate Tempest Turns Hit Album Into A Novel By NPR Staff • May 10, 2016 Rapper Kate Tempest has become kind of a sensation, winning awards as both a performer and a poet. In her hit debut album, Everybody Down, she told the story of Becky and Harry, two Londoners in their 20s who are struggling with work, love and drugs. Now she has expanded that story into a novel called The Bricks That Built The Houses. 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That long patience she's talking about is the patience a woman needs when she's in labor — the patience to ride through hours of pain and worry. Tilda Swinton May Be A Rock Star, But Her New Film Leaves Her Speechless By NPR Staff • May 8, 2016 A Bigger Splash positively swims with jealousy, intrigue and lust. Set on the rugged Italian island of Pantelleria, the new film features rock star Marianne Lane — played by Tilda Swinton — who's staying there with her lover, Paul. All's well until Marianne's ex, Harry, appears on the scene, full of manic energy and with his nubile young daughter in tow. Another kink to the proceedings? Marianne's recuperating from surgery on her vocal cords, rendered virtually mute as she tries to recuperate. 'Little Mosque' Creator Zarqa Nawaz On Mixing Comedy And Religion By NPR Staff • May 7, 2016 Growing up Muslim in Canada had its challenges for Zarqa Nawaz, starting with school lunch. Her mother insisted on sending Nawaz off with home-cooked chicken that smelled of cumin, when all she wanted was a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, like all the other kids. Years later, Nawaz has turned a lifetime of culture clashes into a career as a writer and filmmaker. In her work, she uses humor to humanize a religion she loves, but others fear. Digital Pan Flutes And Marvin Gaye: The Blissed-Out Rise Of Kygo By NPR Staff • May 7, 2016 Kygo is a 24-year old music producer from Norway. His debut album isn't even out yet, but his singles, like "Firestone," have made him a phenomenon in pop music. Last December he set a record on Spotify, exceeding a billion streams faster than any artist before him. A 'Relentless' Sports Photographer Explains How He Got His Shots By NPR Staff • May 6, 2016 If you have a favorite sports photo from the past 60 years, it's very possible Neil Leifer took it: There's Muhammad Ali standing victorious over Sonny Liston ... 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We Found Joy: An Addict Struggles To Get Treatment By NPR Staff • May 5, 2016 This story is part of NPR's podcast Embedded, which digs deep into the stories behind the news. Sitting on a dresser in the back bedroom of a house in Austin, Ind., is the bottom of a soda can. A woman places a sliver of a pill, a powerful prescription opioid called Opana, on the jagged half-can. She begins to heat the pill with a cigarette lighter, melting its hard white coating and turning it the color of whiskey. Her name is Joy. Novelist Richard Russo: 'I Find Myself Now ... Having Lived The American Dream' By NPR Staff • May 5, 2016 Novelist Richard Russo heard a story once: A cop discovers a garage door remote in his wife's belongings, so he goes around town pointing the remote at different garages. The idea, Russo tells NPR's Steve Inskeep, is "if he could find the house where the garage door went up, he would have found his wife's lover." With 'Be As You Are,' Mike Posner Finally Takes His Mom's Advice By NPR Staff • May 4, 2016 Detroit singer Mike Posner's latest hit on the pop charts is — ironically — about the down sides of having a hit on the pop charts. It's called "I Took a Pill in Ibiza." Politics Podcast: And Then There Was ... 1? By NPR Staff • May 4, 2016 The politics team is back with a quick take to discuss the results of the Indiana primary. And although it's usually the primary winner who makes the headlines, this time around it was the loser. After losing Indiana, Sen. Ted Cruz suspended his campaign, clearing the way for Donald Trump to get the Republican nomination. Also on the podcast, why Hillary Clinton is still the likely Democratic nominee even though she didn't win the Indiana primary. On the podcast: Special Election Coverage: The Indiana Primary By NPR Staff • May 4, 2016 Catch up with these interviews from NPR's Indiana primary night special coverage, hosted by Scott Detrow.Randy Gentry, Vigo County GOP chair and Trump supporter On a recent shift in Indiana for Trump 'Biggest Loser' Lessons: Why The Body Makes It Hard To Keep Pounds Off By NPR Staff • May 2, 2016 NBC's reality show The Biggest Loser turns dieting into a grueling training regime fit for gladiators. The victor this past season was Roberto Hernandez. He dropped a whopping 160 pounds to reach a body weight of 188 pounds. Left Behind In The Mobile Revolution, Intel Struggles To Innovate By NPR Staff • May 2, 2016 Intel was once known for its success in branding personal computers with microprocessors, a technology that fueled the digital revolution. But the Silicon Valley veteran announced last month it would lay off 11 percent of its workforce — up to 12,000 positions — and that it's shifting away from personal computing. Republican Immigration Rhetoric Leaves Latino Population Feeling Disenfranchised By NPR Staff • May 1, 2016 Immigration is back on the front burner in the Republican primary. This past week, at a rally in Orange County, Calif., Donald Trump returned to talking about the wall he wants to build along the U.S. border with Mexico. Meanwhile, outside, there were protesters speaking out against his immigration proposals and carrying Mexican flags. Pages« first ‹ previous … 2 3 4 5 … next › last »


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The Pegleg Pete's Truck Toon Twirl attraction, jealously considered to be the finest tranquil attraction at Disneyland
The Pegleg Pete's Truck Toon Twirl queue is like a jaunt through a real-life Toontown. The attraction trucks are shaped like Barnie the Cab, and as you drive you can twirl them by turning the other guests.
Beware Princess Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production


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Sophie Battersby is an established Makeup and Hair Artist from Manchester. She started out in 2008 and is one of the leading Makeup Artist's in Greater Manchester, providing makeup and hair styling for Fashion, Editorial, Commercial, TV, Film, Bridal and Events throughout the UK and Europe.
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George Eldon Ladd
"A fresh, competent linguistic and exegetical study."
View All Available Formats & Editions
This modern classic of biblical scholarship explains what the apostles meant when they used such words as "redeem," "covenant," "propitiate," "reconcile," and "justify." Leon Morris carefully explores these themes against the backgrounds of both Old Testament Judaism and New Testament Christianity a rewarding task that results in a more complete understanding of these key Christian terms.
Leon Morris (1914–2006) retired as Principal ofRidley College in Melbourne, Australia, in 1979. He is theauthor of more than forty books, including The ApostolicPreaching of the Cross, the volumes on Matthew andRomans in The Pillar New Testament Commentary, and thevolumes on John and the Thessalonian epistles in the NewInternational Commentary on the New Testament.
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Logitech Ultrathin Keyboard Folio and Folio Protective Case for iPad mini unveiled
Logitech has announced two thin cases for the iPad mini, one of which features a built-in Bluetooth keyboard. Both are ultra-compact to keep the mini as mobile and lightweight as possible while adding dual-layers of protection.
The Ultrathin Keyboard Folio for iPad Mini is the thinnest and lightest keyboard folio from Logitech at 19.3mm thick and 285g. Despite the slimness it manages to cram in standard sized keys, two-sided water-repellent protection, a dual-view stand, and a three-month battery life (based on two hours use a day) that's USB rechargeable. It's available now in the UK in black or green and costs £70.
The Folio Protective Case for iPad Mini offers the same water-repellent protection with stand mode but at just 14mm thick and 196g. Pick one up in pink, yellow, blue or black for £40.
If a more seamless keyboard case is what you're after, the Logitech FabricSkin Keyboard Folio for iPad may be just the thing you're looking for.
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