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Yeah I'm hating the two week hiatus... I'm filling my manga need with borrowing Reborn manga from my friend who I call Rin. Because I can... Yeah. Anyway I guess it's not as extreme as the OP 4 week hiatus, but still... Well I guess Kubo's done a lot. He needs a break. LOL
Oh yeah, and Rasencero, thanks for using the userbar I made! I'm glad you like it enough to put it in your sig. LOL


text:
I recently learned, while converting some Java code to C#, that Java's increment operator '+=' implicitly casts to the type of LHS:
int i = 5;
long lng = 0xffffffffffffL; //larger than Int.MAX_VALUE
i += lng; //allowed by Java (i==4), rejected by C#
is equivalent to: (details here)
int i = 0;
long lng = 0xffffffffffffL;
i = (int)(i + lng);
thus silently causing the opportunity for loss of magnitude.
C# is more conscientious about this at compile-time:
Cannot convert source type long to target type int.
Are there other similar situations allowed by Java?


text:
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Results 21 — 26
Civic Works- AVID Tutor/Mentors (Paid Internship w/education award opportunity)
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April 04 2016
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Food & Water Watch — Baltimore, MD
June 03 2016
Food and Water Watch is an international non-profit advocacy group that has fought for clean water, safe food, and a healthy environment since 2005. We've worked to stop secret international trade dea…
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The Contemporary Internship
The Contemporary — Baltimore, MD
June 04 2016
The internship provides an opportunity for individuals to learn about the operation of a nomadic, non-collecting museum focused on site-specic and subject-oriented projects in Baltimore. Interns will …
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Financial Advisor Training Program and Internships
North Star Resource group — Baltimore, MD
June 10 2016
Financial Advisor Training Program and Internships These paid positions are for college juniors, seniors, and recent graduates to 1) Create a relationship with North Star Resource Group, the Mentors, …
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Finance Intern
Danfoss — Baltimore, MD
June 21 2016
With more than 50 years of developing technologies for the refrigeration industry, the Danfoss Climate & Energy Division has secured a leading position in industrial, commercial and supermarket refrig…
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Accounting Asst
C. Banks & Associate — Baltimore, MD
June 21 2016
Looking for an individual that can provide general office and Accounting support with a positive, "Can do" attitude. Individual must have good organizational skills and ability to work in a manufactur…
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Vice President, Global Sales Strategy and GTM
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Vice President, Gbl Sales Strategy and GTM
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LondonUnited Kingdom
October 15, 2012
Test Engineer at BBC Future Media
We're a bunch of software developers that love to code, play, learn, improve and eat pizza!
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text: We're sorry, Cable Knit Cardigan Jacket is no longer available Why not try one of these instead? Lottie Long Cardigan by Love Holly £75$152.34€99.81$110.55 free UK delivery Blue Pearl Belle Shrug Fine Knit by Nancy Mac £49$99.53€65.20$72.23 free UK delivery Adult Cashmere Poncho by re-be £70$142.19€93.15$103.18 free UK delivery Belle Shrug Fine Knit > Purple Smoke by Nancy Mac £49$99.53€65.20$72.23 free UK delivery Cable Knit Cardigan Jacket by Kiki's £59$119.84€78.51$86.97 This item is no longer available £6.95$14.11€9.24$10.24 delivery to United States Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available colourcolour (required)Navy BlueMustardPortcolour (required)Navy BlueMustardPortcolour (required)Navy BlueMustardPortcolour (required)Navy BlueMustardPort sizesize (required)UK8UK10UK12UK14size (required)UK8UK10UK12UK14size (required)UK8UK10UK12UK14size (required)UK8UK10UK12UK14 we're sorry we're sorry, This item is no longer available buy a gift voucher related categories fashion > women's fashion > jumpers & cardigans > cardigans by Kiki's Location: Derby, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Silver Plated Message Bangle by Kiki's £15$30.46€19.96$22.11 Kappa Wooden Eco Watch by Kiki's £99$201.09€131.74$145.93 Leather Multi Cord Bracelet Taupe And Rose... by Kiki's £19$38.59€25.28$28 Father's Day Mug by Kiki's £8$16.25€10.64$11.79 Sterling Silver Heart Earrings by Kiki's £25$50.78€33.27$36.85 Leather Multi Cord Bracelet Grey And Silver by Kiki's £19$38.59€25.28$28 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS DELIVERY RETURNS gift wrapping available ask seller a question save for later Lovely classic cable knit cardigan jacket New for this season this lovely braided knit-effect jersey cardigan has a figure fitting waist and colour match buttons. It is available in 3 different colours Mustard, Port and Navy. An absolute must for the winter wardrobe, a true classic with a reallymodern edge. Beautifully tailored, and designed to compliment any outfit. Available in red, navy or mustard made from: Fabric Composition: 95% Polyester, 5% Elastane. Lining: 65% Polyester, 35% Rayon.Machine washable. dimensions: Stretch fabric Length: 54cm/21.2" UK Size - 8/10/12/14 product code: 268981 This product is dispatched to you by Kiki's. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item by price Free Delivery Friday 1 July FREEFREEFREEFREE Tracked Next Day Delivery Tuesday 28 June £4.95$10.05€6.58$7.29 Saturday Delivery Saturday 2 July £12.95$26.30€17.23$19.08 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch FREEFREEFREEFREE Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch FREEFREEFREEFREE Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch FREEFREEFREEFREE INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.15€6.65$7.37 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.15€6.65$7.37 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £6.95$14.11€9.24$10.24 Asia & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$14.72€9.64$10.68 Rest of the world 5-14 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$14.72€9.64$10.68 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Kiki's's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


text:
Gravel pit good for PlymouthOctober 02,2012I would like to address the comments of the Salt Ash Owners Association in Plymouth.
In reference to the gravel pit near Hawk development, this gravel pit has been in existence since 1970 or 71, long before Hawk Mountain was created. As for truck traffic and noise concerns, trucks are going to travel Route 100, with or without access to the gravel pit. Trucks will have to travel much further, which makes more expense and environmental impact.
The association states they pay 30 percent of the taxes to the town of Plymouth, but the rest of the town pays 70 percent, and this would affect all taxpayers. For the flood of 1973, which did as much damage to town roads as Irene, I was road commissioner at that time and for over 20 years. A lot of gravel came out of this pit to rebuild roads which helped to keep the cost down to the town for the repairs. Also noteworthy is that most of the gravel for Hawk Mountain roads came from this pit.
In reference to wildlife and wetland, as well as water pollution and soil erosion, this can be addressed as it has been in other areas. The building of houses on the hillside in Hawk Development had more impact on wildlife and erosion than the gravel pit has had or would have.
As to the financial benefit being only for one person, that is incorrect. Every taxpayer in the town of Plymouth would benefit from the gravel pit being open, as it would be less cost to the town to get their gravel.
I was a selectman for the town of Plymouth for over 30 years.
PlymouthMORE IN LettersAll the news that fits in print soon will be on Herald and Times Argus readers doorsteps... Full StoryThe refugee resettlement debate expressed in three questions: Can we? Should we? and Do we... Full StoryTuesday night Mr. Full Story
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Aug 11, 2009
|Filing date
|Nov 7, 2003
|Priority date
|Sep 30, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Susanna Maria Cattelan, Andrea Romano, Marco De Donno, Aurelio Pianciola
|Original Assignee
|Pgt Photonics S.P.A., Telecom Italia S.P.A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (1), Classifications (18), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a national phase application based on PCT/EP2003/012469, filed Nov. 7, 2003, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference, and claims priority of PCT/EP03/10856, filed Sep. 30, 2003, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The invention concerns an external-cavity tuneable laser especially adapted for wavelength-division multiplexed optical communication networks. In particular, the invention relates to a method of selecting and controlling the position of a tuneable element in an external-cavity tuneable laser.
The use of lasers as tuneable light source can greatly improve the reconfigurability of wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems or of the newly evolved dense WDM (DWDM). For example, different channels can be assigned to a node by simply tuning the wavelength. Also, tuneable lasers can be used to form virtual private networks based on wavelength routing, i.e., photonic networks.
Different approaches can be used to provide tunable lasers, distributed Bragg reflector lasers, VCSEL lasers with a mobile top mirror, or external-cavity diode lasers. External-cavity tunable lasers offer several advantages, such as high output power, wide tuning range, good side mode suppression and narrow linewidth. Various laser tuning mechanisms have been developed to provide external-cavity wavelength selection, such as mechanically adjustable or electrically activated intracavity selector elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,526,071 describes an external-cavity tunable laser that can be utilized in telecom applications to generate the centre wavelengths for any channel on the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) grid. The disclosed tunable laser includes a gain medium, a grid generator and a channel selector, both grid generator and channel selector being located in the optical path of the beam. The grid generator selects periodic longitudinal modes of the cavity at intervals corresponding to the channel spacing and rejects neighbouring modes. The channel selector selects a channel within the wavelength grid and rejects other channels.
In order to accommodate increasing optical communication traffic, DWDM systems with channel spacing of 50 GHz and eventually of 25 GHz are under development. DWDM systems with 50 GHz channel spacing typically require frequency accuracy of �2.5 GHz, whereas systems with 25 GHz generally require an accuracy of �1.25 GHz. As DWDM uses narrower channel spacing, accuracy and control in the positioning of the tunable elements associated with the transmitter lasers over the entire tuning and operating temperature range has become an important issue. Non optimal positioning of tunable elements results in spatial losses and reduced output power of the transmitter. A reliable wavelength monitoring scheme to rapidly and correctly set and keep the desired operating wavelength is therefore desirable in assembly and operation of tunable elements associated to tunable lasers.
Active control systems of the laser wavelength and of other output parameters are generally implemented in external-cavity tuneable laser systems. Often, these active control systems rely on locking the laser wavelength to the desired operating wavelength. Common locking techniques can use a feedback signal to maintain the wavelength centred to the desired value, either through current or temperature feedback. Wavelength locking systems can be present as external support circuitry or be integrated in the laser module.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,366,592 describes a tuneable laser including a tuneable Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity and a cavity length modulator, which controls the optical length of the cavity. The FP cavity is first tuned to the desired wavelength of operation, then the cavity length modulator is driven to vary the physical length of the laser cavity by an amount that is typically less than one wavelength of light at the operational wavelength. Fine intercavity mode tuning is achieved by reference to the absolute wavelength as detected by a wavelength locker. Alternatively, the cavity length is adjusted until the output power is maximized, which will occur when the cavity mode is centred at the centre wavelength of the FP filter. The solution described in the patent is said to be mostly applicable to tuneable laser having short laser cavities, preferably less than 3 cm, in a preferred embodiment less than 1 cm.
Inventors have noted that discrete wavelength selection of an intracavity element which is continuously tuneable can limit the accuracy of wavelength tuning and makes the use of a wavelength locking system necessary to maintain the wavelength to the desired operating value. They have further remarked that the use of a wavelength locking system, also if integrated, increases the cost of the laser module and may be prejudicial to the compactness of the laser system.
U.S. patent application No. 2003/0012239 describes a method for controlling a laser cavity by monitoring the voltage across the gain medium and adjusting a loss characteristic according to the monitored voltage. An electro-optic tuning element provides a frequency modulation signal or dither to the external cavity and a mechanism to tune the external cavity optical path length by the voltage applied across the tuning element.
Inventors have noted that monitoring the voltage across the gain medium to probe external cavity losses is not a direct measurement of the behaviour of the optical characteristics of the laser, which may be influenced by other factors independent from the optical signals.
U.S. patent application No. 2003/0007522 discloses an external cavity laser comprising a wavelength selector tuner and an external cavity tuner, wherein the wavelength tuner is uncoupled from the external cavity tuner. Modulation of the optical path length of the external cavity via frequency dither can be introduced to produce intensity variations in the output power of the cavity to evaluate the external cavity losses.
A laser system including a controller for monitoring various functions of a laser assembly is described in U.S. patent application No. 2003/0007526. The laser controller may include a wavelength tuning circuit for adjusting or locking the wavelength of the external cavity. The tuning circuit may include a modulation signal generator for providing a modulation signal to a selected transmission element that causes a corresponding modulation of the optical path of the laser external cavity.
Inventors have noted that adjusting the cavity length to bring the wavelength to a local maximum of the transmission spectrum of the grid etalon involves mechanical movements of at least an element of the laser cavity, e.g., the end mirror, which may affect the reliability of the laser system.
A number of liquid crystal (LC) devices have been developed as electronically tuneable spectral filters for wavelength selection in lasers and other WDM system components.
LC filters are often driven by an alternating current (AC) voltage to prevent degradation of the liquid crystal because of electrochemical effects. In "Frequency locking of a tunable liquid-crystal filter", published in Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 71 (1992), pages 2464-66, a technique for frequency locking of a tuneable LC Fabry-Perot (FP) filter used for DWDM systems is described. The AC voltage at frequency ω, which is applied to the LC-FP filter to control the resonance of the filter, causes a small modulation at 2ω in the transmitted light intensity. To compensate for temperature fluctuations, frequency tracking of the FP filter is performed by a feedback system that minimizes the derivative signal resulting from the 2ω signal.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,205,159 discloses an external-cavity semiconductor laser that tunes to a discrete set of wavelengths by changing the voltage to a LC-FP interferometer. The discrete set of wavelengths one may tune to is defined by a static intracavity etalon. To couple the phase of the external cavity mode to the static etalon transmission, the optical path length is adjusted so that it equals a multiple half-wavelength of the transmission wavelengths selected by the static etalon. This may be accomplished by using a LC phase modulator to adjust the optical path length or mechanically change the cavity length with a piezo-electric transducer.
Inventors have noted that frequency modulation of the applied voltage induces variations of the refractive index of an LC material. Phase changes are proportional to the thickness of LC material that is traversed by the optical beam. In case of a FP filter, the optical beam undergoes multiple reflections as it traverses the FP filter, in other words it passes through the LC material many times, normally tens or hundreds of times. The multiple passage of the optical beam induces relatively high phase changes, which in turn increase the ripple of the modulated signal. Inventors have noticed that, for applications to single-mode tuneable lasers, relatively high phase changes cause a relatively large wavelength oscillation and intensity variation, which may cause instability of the laser output signal and/or broadening of the spectral linewidth.
Wavelength selection and tuning of a laser cavity can be performed by using an active tuneable mirror. An electro-optically controlled element employing LC and which can be used as an active tunable mirror is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,928. The lasing wavelength of the laser is determined by the active tunable mirror to be the resonance wavelength of the mirror. The resonant wavelength may be shifted by varying the voltage or current supplied to the electro-optically controlled element.
The present invention relates to a method of controlling an external-cavity tunable laser that comprises a wavelength-selective tuneable mirror, in which wavelength selectivity is achieved by an electrical signal. The electrical signal provided for the functioning of the tuneable mirror is an alternating voltage. The tuneable mirror of the present invention comprises an electro-optically tuneable material, preferably a liquid crystal (LC) material, a diffraction grating and a planar waveguide optically interacting with the grating. The diffraction grating and the waveguide form a resonant structure that reflects only a selected resonance wavelength from among all the other wavelengths impinging thereon.
Depending on the amplitude of the voltage applied to the tunable mirror, VTM, the tuneable mirror reflects radiation only at a given wavelength λTMThe spectral response of the tuneable mirror is generally a curve, with a shape similar for example to that of a Lorentzian curve, centred at λTM and characterized, inter alia, by the bandwidth at FWHM. The tuneable mirror is driven with an alternating voltage of amplitude VTM and frequency fA to prevent deterioration of the liquid crystal due to dc stress.
The lasing output wavelength of the laser is selected to correspond to the resonance wavelength λTM of the tuneable mirror.
Inventors have found that accurate selection of the emission wavelength (frequency) of the tuneable laser by the tuneable mirror can be derived from the analysis of the signal modulation induced by the AC voltage applied to the tuneable mirror. Inventors have observed that wavelength misalignment is related to the modulation depth of the modulated signal, the wavelength alignment condition corresponding to the minimum of the modulation depth.
Frequency modulation of the applied voltage induces variations of the refractive index of the LC material which in turn induces a phase shift of the optical beam that has interacted with the LC material. To a first approximation, phase shifts are proportional to the thickness of LC material that is traversed by the optical beam. In single-mode tuneable lasers, relatively high phase shifts induce relatively large frequency modulations of the laser output signal. This effect is particularly detrimental if a spectrally selective loss element, such as a grid etalon, is present in the laser cavity, because it increases the amplitude modulation of the laser output signal.
In order to understand the effect of a tuneable mirror comprising a tuneable material and operating with an alternating voltage, a tuneable laser configured to emit a single longitudinal mode having a spectral linewidth at FWHM of 50 kHz is considered. The alternating voltage applied the tuneable mirror induces an oscillation of the central wavelength, λTM, of the spectral response of the tuneable mirror. This oscillation induces an amplitude modulation of the emission spectral line of the laser. The phase shifts due to the interaction with the LC material cause frequency modulations of the laser spectral line, i.e., the longitudinal mode oscillates back and forth so that the resulting effect is a broadened spectral line, e.g., of the order of 100 MHz or more. Although not discussed here, contributions to the phase shift of the spectral line may arise also from the other optical elements included in the laser cavity.
Inventors have understood that in case of a tuneable mirror comprising a grating, a waveguide and a LC material phase shifts caused by the alternating voltage remain relatively low. This is particularly true if light incidence is such that the light beam impinges first on the grating and then on the LC material. In this case, the incident beam interacts only with a first thin layer of the LC film before being reflected by the grating, very likely only 10-20% of the total thickness of the LC material is traversed by the beam. Also in case of light beam incidence such that the light passes through the LC before impinging on the grating, the light beam traverses the LC at most twice before exiting the mirror, i.e., does not undergo multiple reflections, as for instance in the case of Fabry-Perot LC filter.
It follows that the phase changes and intensity variations of the reflected signal, which are induced by the applied AC voltage, are relatively low, because of the relatively small thickness of the LC material interacting with the incident beam.
The thickness of the LC material is preferably not larger than about 2 μm, more preferably of about 1 μm.
In a preferred embodiment, the tuneable mirror has a variation of the refractive index of 0.2 for a wavelength tuning range (mirror tunability) of 45 nm, for instance varies from 1.6 to 1.8 for voltage amplitudes ranging from 0 V to 5 V applied on the LC material. The bandwidth at FWHM of the spectral response of the tuneable mirror is of 100 GHz. In a laser having cavity mode spacing of 3.5 GHz, the spectral linewidth of the laser was measured to be about 100 MHz, which corresponds to a phase shift of about 0.18 rad.
For comparison, inventors have considered a FP filter having the same bandwidth at FWHM of 100 GHz and the same tuning range of 45 nm. The FP filter comprises two reflecting mirrors facing one another and separated gap filled with a LC material having a refractive index variation of 0.05 in the tuning range. In order to have similar spectral characteristics as those of the tuneable mirror of the above described preferred embodiment, reflectivity of the mirrors is of 98.2% and the LC thickness is of 5 μm. The light beam undergoes at least a hundred reflections as it traverses the FP filter. Simulations have shown that the resulting phase shift of the transmitted light beam is of 0.8 rad, which corresponds, in a laser having cavity mode spacing of 3.5 GHz, to a broadening of the laser spectral linewidth of about 400 MHz, a value four times higher than that induced by the tuneable mirror with a LC and having similar spectral characteristics.
Inventors have noted that modulation depth exhibits a fair dependence on the magnitude of VTM, and thus modulation depth slightly changes for different channels. At larger values of amplitude of the applied voltage the refractive index variations in the LC material become more pronounced.
In one of its aspects, the inventions relates to method, for example implemented by a control algorithm, which controls that the modulation depth of the laser output signal is not larger than about �2% in all the laser tuning range, e.g., from 1530 to 1565 nm. Preferably, the modulation depth is controlled to be not larger than about 1%.
Different set-ups of the optical feedback and the modulated signal analysis will be presented. In a preferred embodiment, aligning of the resonance wavelength of the tuneable mirror to the lasing wavelength can be carried out concurrently with monitoring of laser output stability, e.g., output power stability.
In a further preferred embodiment, the modulated component of the optical power at the laser output is analyzed in order to align the resonance wavelength of the tuneable mirror to a selected cavity mode, e.g., by means of a photodiode placed at the laser output. Preferably, alignment of the resonance wavelength is carried out by slightly changing the amplitude of the voltage applied to the tuneable mirror.
Analysis of the modulated component of the laser output power can be performed together (or sequentially) with the analysis of the output power (the total output signal that comprises also the modulated component) in order to centre the cavity mode with a spectrally selective loss element, such as a grid etalon. In a preferred embodiment the loss element is grid etalon that defines a plurality of pass bands substantially aligned to corresponding channels of a wavelength grid. Centering of the cavity mode to a pass band of the spectrally selective loss element, i.e., mode stabilization of the laser output signal, can be attained by maximizing the laser output power. Measurements of the modulated component and of the "total" output power can be advantageously carried out by means of the same photodiode placed at the laser output.
The use of a tuneable mirror as channel selector can advantageously allow a relatively short laser cavity, because fewer elements are necessary within the laser cavity. A short laser cavity can be preferred for size constraints when the laser system is assembled in a standard package, e.g., a butterfly package. Furthermore, as it will become clear from the following discussion, a short cavity exhibits a better mode suppression of the modes transmitted through the etalon than a longer cavity. The suppression by the etalon of the cavity modes neighbouring the lasing mode will be hereafter referred to as the spectral etalon side suppression (ESS). Preferably, the tunable laser of the invention has a cavity length of not more than about 15 mm, more preferably not larger than about 12 mm. It is however to be understood that the present invention can be generalized to longer laser cavities.
Decreasing the laser cavity length leads to an increase in the spacing of the longitudinal cavity modes, i.e., the free spectral range of the laser cavity, hereafter referred to as (FSR)cavity, owing to the relation
wherein c0 is the speed of light in vacuo, ni (i=1, . . . ,m) is the refractive index of the medium filling the ith-optical element that the light encounters in the cavity or of the cavity itself (i.e., the free space) and Li is the physical length of light path of the ith element. The optical path of the light in the laser cavity is referred to as the effective cavity length, Leff, which is defined as
The effective cavity length is of course related to the physical length of the external cavity, L0. The laser external cavity can be thought of as an optical resonator composed of two confronting and reflective, generally parallel, surfaces separated by a length, which is defined as the physical length of the cavity, L0. In general, Leff≧L0.
It is possible to re-write Eq. (1) as
For external-cavity lasers having L0 smaller than 15 mm, (FSR)cavity is typically larger than about 8-10 GHz.
In one of its aspects, the invention relates to a tuneable laser module configured to emit output radiation on a single longitudinal mode at a laser emission wavelength, the laser module comprising
an external cavity defining a plurality of cavity modes;
a gain medium to emit a light beam into the external cavity;
a tuneable mirror comprising a diffraction grating and a planar waveguide optically interacting with said diffraction grating, the diffraction grating and the planar waveguide forming a resonant structure, the tuneable mirror further comprising a light transmissive material having an index of refraction that varies in response to an electric field applied to the light transmissive material, making the tuneable mirror electrically tuneable in response to an alternating voltage of amplitude VTM and frequency fA so as to select a resonance wavelength λTM and so as to modulate in amplitude the light beam reflected or transmitted by the tuneable mirror, and
a controlling device apt to align the resonance wavelength λTM of the tuneable mirror to at least one of the cavity modes by analyzing the modulated component of the light beam reflected or transmitted by the tuneable mirror.
The tuneable mirror is an electro-optic element, in which tunability is accomplished by using a material with voltage dependent refractive index, preferably a liquid crystal (LC) material. A preferred embodiment of the tunable mirror is shown in
An optical beam 10, e.g., the beam emitted by a gain medium (not shown), impinges on the tuneable mirror on the side of substrate 3, which is preferably made of silicon. The tuneable mirror then reflects a modulated beam 21, the modulation of the beam being caused by the applied AC voltage. It is to be understood that, although light beam incidence on the side of the substrate is preferred, light incidence can occur also on the opposite side of the mirror.
Depending on the voltage or current across the voltage applied to the conductors, the tuneable mirror reflects radiation only at a given wavelength (λTM). Radiation at all other wavelengths passes through the tuneable mirror. The tuneable mirror is placed at one of the laser cavity ends, i.e., forms one of the two reflective surfaces that define the length of the external cavity. Thus, the tuneable mirror functions both as wavelength-selective element and as cavity end mirror.
A tuneable laser system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is schematically depicted in
The laser can be designed in such a way that the operating wavelengths are aligned with the ITU channel grid. In this case, the laser wavelength is centred to the ITU grid via the FP etalon 12, which is structured and configured to define a plurality of transmission peaks. Transmission peak spacing, i.e., the free spectral range (FSR)FP, which corresponds to the channel spacing, can be of e.g., 200 GHz, 100 GHz, 50 GHz or 25 GHz. The sharpness of the transmission peaks (or pass bands) is represented by the bandwidth at FWHM of the FP etalon, hereafter referred to as (FWHM)FP, or by the finesse, which is the ratio of the etalon's FSR to the FWHM bandwidth.
Preferably, the FP etalon is placed in the cavity with a slight inclination angle to the perpendicular to the optical beam 15 in order to keep the reflected light of the FP etalon from returning to the laser diode. The inclination angle of the FP etalon is preferably comprised between 0.4� and 0.8�, more preferably of about 0.5�.
After the FP etalon 12, the beam strikes a tuneable mirror 13, which together with the first end mirror defines the cavity physical length, L0. The tuneable mirror 13 reflects the light signal back to the gain medium, resulting in a resonant behaviour in the cavity between the tuneable mirror and the front facet 17 of the gain medium. In other words, the optical path from the back facet of the gain medium to the tuneable mirror forms a resonator that has a (FSR)cavity that depends inversely on the effective cavity length, Leff, of the external cavity [Eq. (3)]. The laser beam is coupled out of the external cavity by the partially reflective front facet 17 of the gain medium. Optionally, a collimating lens 14 can be placed along the optical path of the laser output beam.
The laser assembly is designed to produce substantially single longitudinal and, preferably, transversal mode radiation. Longitudinal modes refer to the simultaneous lasing at several discrete frequencies within the laser cavity. Transversal modes correspond to the spatial variation in the beam intensity cross section in the transverse direction of the lasing radiation. Generally, an appropriate choice of the gain medium, e.g., a commercially available semiconductor laser diode including a waveguide, guarantees single spatial, or transversal, mode operation.
The laser is configured to emit an output radiation at a selected one of a plurality of equally spaced output frequencies that match the equally spaced channel frequencies in a WDM or DWDM system. The laser is operative to emit a single longitudinal mode output at wavelength λCM (CM=cavity mode), which depends on the spectral response of the optical elements within the cavity and on the phase of the cavity.
For the laser effect to occur in the laser cavity, two conditions should be met: the condition for resonance and the condition for gain, which can be expressed, respectively, by the following equations
2jΦ LD+.2jΦ FS+2jΦ FP +jΦ R2=2jNπ (4)
G LD 2(π)G FP 2(λ)�R 1 �R 2(λ)=1 (5)
where N is an integer number, GLD is the spectral gain of the laser diode, φLD is the phase delay introduced by the laser diode , φFP is the phase delay introduced by the FP etalon, φFS is the phase delay introduced by the free space, GFP is the transmission spectrum of the FP etalon, R1 is the reflectivity of the front facet of the laser diode, R2(λ) is the reflectivity of the tuneable mirror, and φR2 is the phase delay introduced by the tuneable mirror. The etalon phase delay φFP is related to the reflectivity of the etalon mirrors. It is known that the sharpness of the transmission, represented by the finesse, increases with the reflectivity of the mirrors of the etalon. Thus, φFP is related, through an appropriate function, to (FWHM)FP. By combining (4) and (5) the following equation is obtained:
G LD 2(λ)e2jΦ
Inventors have noted that the FP etalon introduces the predominant contribution to phase non-linearity in the laser cavity in comparison to the contributions introduced by the other elements present in the cavity and by the cavity itself. The tuneable element selects one of the etalon peaks. The phase non-linearity of the selected etalon peak can thus be considered as the non-linearity of the FP etalon combined with that of the tuneable element.
For a given "intrinsic" cavity mode spacing, (FSR)cavity, the cavity mode spacing within the etalon transmission peaks, including the effect of the etalon phase non linearity, varies from a minimum mode spacing, smin, to a maximum mode spacing, smax. With reference to
With reference to
Inventors have observed that advantageous filtering characteristics of the grid etalon are related to the desired frequency (wavelength) accuracy one wants to obtain in the tuneable laser system. They have found that, for a given frequency accuracy, �Δv, (FWHM)FP should be selected such that the following relation is satisfied:
s min≦2Δv (7)
When the condition expressed by Eq. (7) is satisfied, phase quasi-synchronism of the laser cavity is attained.
Fulfilling the phase quasi-synchronism condition allows flexibility in the laser design, which can be for example tailored to the different customer requirements. According to the present invention, frequency accuracies in the laser output frequency down to about 0.5 GHz are achievable.
Inventors have noted a fairly weak dependence of the smin on the resolution bandwidth of the tuneable element, i.e., the tuneable mirror. Variations within 0.1-0.2 GHz in the (FWHM)FP have been found for FWHM of the tuneable element ranging from about 50 to 200 GHz.
By means of Eq. (6) it is possible to derive the value, or range of values, of the FP etalon phase delay, and thus of (FWHM)FP, for a desired value of smin. The desired value of smin is related to the required or desired frequency accuracy of the tuneable laser.
The FP etalon introduces a phase delay in the laser cavity, which induces a compression of the cavity modes, i.e., a reduction in the cavity mode spacing, in correspondence to the etalon transmission peaks. Referring to
Tables I and II report various values of smin, smax and etalon side suppression (ESS) for different values of (FWHM)FP for (FSR)FP=100 GHz. Values were derived from numerical simulations of Eq. (6). Table I refers to a relatively long laser cavity, i.e., L0=25 mm, and Table II refers to a relatively short laser cavity, i.e., L0=12.5 mm. For both Table I and Table II, the FWHM bandwidth of the tuneable mirror, (FWHM)TM, is of 100 GHz. Differences of 0.1-0.2 GHz in the values of (FWHM)FP were found for (FWHM)TM ranging from 50 to 200 GHz, indicating a weak dependence of (FWHM)FP on (FWHM)TM within the considered range.
L0 = 25 mm
(FSR)cavity = 5.3 GHz
(FSR)FP = 100 GHz
(FWHM)FP (GHz)
smin (GHz)
smax (GHz)
ESS (dB)
L0 = 12.5 mm
(FSR)cavity = 9.6 GHz
(FSR)FP = 100 GHz
(FWHM)FP (GHz)
smin (GHz)
smax (GHz)
ESS (dB)
As it is clear from Tables I and II, cavity mode compression increases with decreasing the value of (FWHM)FP and it is enhanced in case of shorter cavity lengths. For example, for (FWHM)FP=4.07 GHz, minimum cavity mode spacing is reduced by about 57% in case of L0=25 mm, whereas mode spacing reduction is of about 70% in case of L0=12.5 mm. Furthermore, results reported in Tables I and II indicate that ESS is more pronounced in a shorter laser cavity, all other laser parameters being the same.
Therefore, relatively short cavity lengths have the advantage of having a relatively large ESS, i.e., a spectrally selective loss element, such as a FP etalon has a better spectral selectivity in shorter laser cavities. Preferably, cavity lengths should not be larger than about 15 mm to allow a laser design in which the grid element has a good spectral selectivity.
Tables III and IV report values of (FWHM)FP, finesse and smin for a cavity length L0=12.5 mm and (FSR)FP of 50 and 25 GHz, respectively.
L0 = 12.5 mm
(FSR)FP = 50 GHz
(FSR)cavity = 9.6 GHz
(FWHM)FP (GHz)
smin (GHz)
L0 = 12.5 mm
(FSR)FP = 25 GHz
(FSR)cavity = 9.6 GHz
(FWHM)FP (GHz)
smin (GHz)
Results indicate that a lower (FSR)FP requires a slightly more selective, i.e., with narrower transmission bandwidths, etalon if a relatively high frequency accuracy is to be achieved.
Table V reports values of (FWHM)FP and smin for different values of (FSR)FP for a laser cavity of cavity length L0=10 mm.
L0 = 10 mm
(FSR)cavity = 12 GHZ
25 GHz
50 GHz
100 GHz
(FWHM)FP (GHz)
smin (GHz)
smin (GHz)
smin (GHz)
As an example of possible relationship between (FWHM)FP and smin, inventors have inferred from the examples reported in Tables I to V an approximately linear dependence between (FWHM)FP and smin, which can be expressed by the following relation:
(FWHM)FP=α+β�smin. (8)
For example, referring to data reported in Table V for L0=10 mm and (FSR)FP=100 GHz, α≅−1.7 GHz and β≅2.0. If the required Δv is �1.25 GHz and smin≈2Δv [from Eq.(7)], (FWHM)FP≈3.3 GHz.
Referring back to the example reported in Table II, for L0=12.5 mm, (FSR)FP=100 GHz and Δv is �1.25 GHz, (FWHM)FP≈3.6 GHz. Considering all the examples shown in Tables I to V, for a cavity length between 10 and 12.5 mm and a (FSR)FP ranging from 25 to 100 GHz, a frequency accuracy of �1.25 GHz corresponds to a value of (FWHM)FP ranging from about 2.6 GHz to about 3.6 GHz.
The intercept on the (FWHM)FP axis and the slope depend on cavity length and on channel spacing, α=α[(FSR)FP, Leff] and β=β[(FSR)FP, Leff]. For L0 comprised between 7.5 and 15 mm and channel spacing comprised between 25 and 100 GHz, α ranges roughly from −0.8 to −2.7 GHz and β ranges roughly from 1.2 to 2.6. Slope and intercept increase, in absolute value, with increasing channel spacing and with increasing Leff (L0).
Inventors have found that, for an optical path length not larger than about 15 mm, phase quasi-synchronism is attained for values of (FWHM)FP not larger than about 8 GHz. Preferably, (FWHM)FP is not larger than 6 GHz.
The choice of the optimal (FWHM)FP should also take into account that optical losses in the laser cavity increase with the spectral selectivity of the etalon. In addition, with the decrease of the (FWHM)FP, the optical power density in the etalon increases, leading to possible instabilities in the spectral response of the etalon caused by thermo-optical effects. These considerations set in practice a lower limit in the choice of the optimal value of (FWHM)FP.
The (FWHM)FP is then preferably larger than about 2 GHz, more preferably larger than about 3 GHz.
When the condition of passive phase quasi-synchronism of the lasing frequency is fulfilled, i.e., when the (FWHM)FP of the etalon is properly selected, it is possible to implement a closed-loop control that makes the laser to operate at the desired wavelength that corresponds to the etalon peak (the one selected by the tuneable mirror), thus to a local maximum in the laser output power.
The closed-loop control for aligning the lasing mode with the selected etalon peak can be carried out by for example adjusting the injection current of the gain medium, e.g., the laser diode. A change in the injection current of the laser diode induces a change in the refraction index of the gain medium and thus a variation in the phase of laser output. Small adjustments of the injection current of the laser diode can then be used to maximize the output power.
If the laser were to drift for some reason, e.g., caused by ageing or thermal effects, it would be sufficient to adjust only the injection current to correct the frequency, thus avoiding the occurrence of mode hopping by quickly and precisely centring the frequency.
The tuneable laser is turned on by switching on the laser diode with a certain injection current comprised in the range that guarantees single-mode operation. At any initial value of injection current within the single-mode operating range, the tuneable laser configuration allows a quick and accurate centring of the channel frequency, even considering possible current drifts due to ageing or thermal effects.
A simple algorithm that maximizes the laser output power can be implemented for fine tuning of the cavity mode under the peak of the etalon mode.
The tuneable mirror in the laser cavity serves as the coarse tuning element that discriminates between the peaks of the FP etalon. Accuracy and control in the positioning of the tuneable element with respect to the selected channel frequency is of great importance, especially when great laser frequency accuracies are required.
In the preferred embodiments, the tuneable element is a tuneable mirror. Referring back to
In a preferred embodiment, impingement of the beam is substantially perpendicular to the waveguide surfaces of the tuneable mirror. An impinging beam with constant power at a wavelength λ is reflected by the mirror when the incident wavelength λ coincides or is close to λTM. The beam reflected by the tuneable mirror is modulated in amplitude with frequency fA and its associated higher-order harmonics 2fA, 3fA, . . . , nfA, because of the applied AC voltage.
The AC voltage induces an oscillation of the central wavelength λTM of the spectral response of the tuneable mirror.
Modulation depths can range from about 0.1% to about 10%, for a range of frequencies fA between 20 and 200 kHz. Modulation depth is also a function of the voltage amplitude VTM, the modulation being deeper with increasing voltage amplitude. Voltage amplitude may range from 3 V to 30 V RMS.
Large modulation depths correspond to the condition of misalignment of the tuneable mirror to the incident cavity mode, whereas minimum modulation depth corresponds to the (optimal) alignment condition.
One way of deriving Δλ, i.e., the degree of the centring of the incident wavelength with the resonant wavelength of the tuneable mirror, is by measuring the modulated component of the power of the reflected beam. It is preferable to measure the beam power externally to the cavity to reduce the optical elements in the laser cavity, which can be source of insertion losses or introduce a phase perturbation. Referring to
Alternatively, the modulated component of the power transmitted through the tuneable mirror can be measured. Referring to
In both configurations illustrated in
The transmitted or laser output power received by the photodetector 18 is a function of wavelength. Considering the configuration of
The amplitude of the modulation of the beam reflected [
The control algorithm for the alignment of the tuneable mirror ensures that the modulation depth of the laser output signal is not larger than about �2% in the whole laser tuning range, e.g., in the C-band from 1530 to 1565 nm. In this way, broadening of the spectral linewidth of the laser output signal is not larger than about 100 MHz for emission wavelengths ranging from 1530 to 1565 nm.
The frequency of the modulation is selected low enough to avoid interference with the modulated carrier signal provided by the external cavity laser during transmission. Preferably, the modulation frequency is comprised in the range 20 kHz to 200 kHz.
With this system real-time signal monitoring can be carried out. Initial operation points for all channels on the ITU grid are stored in a look-up table. In the look-up table every channel is associated to a voltage amplitude VTM applied to the tuneable mirror, and thus to a selectable channel wavelength λTM.
Preferably, mode stabilization in the laser cavity is achieved by aligning the cavity mode at λCM with the centre of the etalon's transmission peak at λFP. As described above, centring of the etalon peak with the cavity mode can be obtained by adjusting the injection current, ILD, of the laser diode and monitoring the laser output power. The laser output power can be measured by means of a photodetector placed in front of the gain medium, at the laser output, as illustrated in the configuration of
In a preferred embodiment, monitoring of both the laser total power and one of its modulated components, for aligning both the cavity mode to the etalon peak and the tuneable mirror to the cavity mode, is carried out by means of a photodiode in the configuration shown in
It is to be noted that the two control algorithms can work independently of one another, for instance, the control algorithm to align the tunable mirror to the cavity mode works also if the condition of minimum loss, i.e., phase synchronism of the cavity mode, is not fulfilled.
Preferably, the tuneable laser module is stabilized in temperature in order to minimize drifting in the optical cavity length and/or to stabilize the phase of the laser cavity. With reference to
Temperature control can also allow fine adjustments for frequency stabilization. In this case, a look-up table can be created before laser operation, in which each channel of the ITU grid is associated both to the injection current of the laser diode and to a temperature T1 of the TEC, i.e., of the gain medium. Slight changes in T1 correspond to small changes to the phase of the laser cavity that can thus be adjusted for a fine tuning of wavelength of the cavity mode with the selected wavelength peak of the Fabry-Perot etalon, i.e., λCM˜λFP. A behaviour similar to that shown in
Preferably, the FP etalon is placed on a TEC having a temperature stability of about 0.2 � C. Temperature stability of the FP etalon is important in order to lock the etalon peaks to the ITU fringes. Typically, for the commercially available FP etalons, peak frequency temperature sensitivity for alignment to the ITU grid is around 1.3 GHz/� C. The temperature can be set during the initial characterization of the laser system. The tuneable mirror can be placed on the TEC with the FP etalon. Temperature stabilization of the tuneable mirror is especially desirable in case of tuneable mirrors including an LC, as the properties of the LC may change due to thermal fluctuations.
Alternatively, the gain chip, the FP etalon and optionally the tuneable mirror can be placed on the same TEC. Although in this case no phase tuning of the laser cavity by adjusting the temperature is possible, the use of a single TEC can be advantageous in terms of package cost and of a simplified temperature control.
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|Citing Patent
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|Publication date
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|Oct 1, 2013
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|Wavelength-tunable external cavity laser module
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 24, 2007
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The Key to Being an Effective CIO? Don't Act Like One.
Things are humming along at Governing's Managing Technology conference. I just got out of a standing-room only session on IT consolidation. No surprise that ...
Things are humming along at Governing's Managing Technology conference. I just got out of a standing-room only session on IT consolidation. No surprise that the room was so packed -- consolidation seems to be on everyone's lips here.
The session was really informative on the challenges states face as they attempt to unify and consolidate their technology functions -- from purchasing and support to security and maintenance. But Michigan CIO Ken Theis said one thing that I thought really encapsulated the shifting role of state CIOs. Theis was asked how a CIO can initiate projects such as consolidation when there's no buy-in or support from the executive leadership.
His advice? Don't act like a CIO.
"When you talk to the executive leadership, make sure it's not a technology conversation or a consolidation conversation. It's about government policy initatives, and how technology can help facilitate those achievements. Put it in that framework and sell it as how technology can help government achieve its goals."
Theis says when Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm calls him these days, it's usually not even with a question about technology per se. It's about, for example, how the state unemployment office is swamped with new demand and can't keep up with the influx of new cases. Theis says his role is to discuss possible solutions -- and how technology can play a role.
"You've got to get to that mindset where they're not looking at you as a CIO, but as someone who can help fix problems."
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After you comment, click Post. You can enter an anonymous Display Name or connect to a social profile.
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Today's Devotional
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Each month we reflect on some of the new words Oxford's lexicography team has been tracking—words that are being used in English but are not yet sufficiently established for inclusion in our dictionaries. Would-be words of the eurozone crisis The Eurozone economic crisis which has dominated headlines this summer has yielded a bumper crop of […]
It is. It's also one of the most searched for words on our site at the moment. www.oxforddictionaries.com/def… twitter.com/TheChicGeekcouk/st…
Are we witnessing a general decline of continuous tenses? oxford.ly/Pv9ZFD pic.twitter.com/7lVOonAWcd
Word of the Day: exhort - strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something... ow.ly/lPMC501HZBq
Drive safe? What happens when adverbs lose their 'ly'? oxford.ly/os545a pic.twitter.com/UiQ5Damuwg
Word of the Day: Jotun - a member of the race of giants…... ow.ly/YKDc501FzNy


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Christina Aguilera Confirms Her Split From Husband of Five Years
Christina Aguilera and music executive husband Jordan Bratman are pulling the plug off their nearly five years of marriage. The singer, who just released her new album "Bionic" in June, confirmed the separation through a statement to People on Tuesday, October 12.
"Although Jordan and I are separated, our commitment to our son Max remains as strong as ever," Aguilera said. The "Ain't No Other Man" singer and Bratman, who wed on November 19, 2005, are parents to 2-year-old son Max Liron Bratman.
Before Aguilera herself addressed the split, a source has broken the news to the site. "Yes they are separated. Right now they're just trying to figure things out. There are no divorce proceedings at this point," the source explained.
Moreover, another source shared about what went wrong in Aguilera and Bratman's marriage. "They were very much in love. But over the last six months, it became clear they were more like friends than husband and wife," the insider told Us Magazine.
According to the source, Aguilera even proposed an "August trip to Italy" to "rekindle their relationship, but it didn't help." Aguilera and Bratman are said have been living apart "for a few months" and "they will see how that goes."
And just like Aguilera has said, Liron is her and Bratman's "main concern". The insider added, "Christina is doing her best to be a great mom. She has a lot to juggle, but she's learning how to make it work and balance it all." The singer recently brought her son to the studio while she wrapped up the soundtrack of her musical project "Burlesque" which will hit U.S. theaters on November 24.
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Neb. sheriff seeks to replace aging squads
By Chabella Guzman
The Scottsbluff Star-Herald
Patrolling the wide-open spaces of Scotts Bluff County can really rack up the miles and put wear and tear on a car.
Scotts Bluff County Sheriff Mark Overman and his deputies know, since they put more than 20,000 miles on a patrol car a year. The oldest patrol car the department has is a 2006 Crown Victoria, which has more than 125,000 miles on it. It is one of two patrol cars — the other a 2008 Dodge Charger.
Copyright © 2013 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Full story: Neb. sheriff seeks to replace aging squads
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Posted: 12/13/2011
Store isn't as well stocked as I would hope. With my only art supply options in TC being Joann's or Michael's I was hopeful they would have a large selection of art supplies at Michael's. They have craft supplies and paint supplies, and lots of decor items but they do not have a large selection of fine art supplies. They have no print making supplies at this store, no printmaking inks, and no craft tools like awls, leather needles, and ceramic tools. This store is severly lacking. It could be making a lot more customers if it had a wider range of materials and art mediums.


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2011-04-14 09:27:00
Excitement is building for the second annual Earth Day extravaganza at Pine Ridge Elementary School. Anissa Wiseman, organizer of the event says all the kids in the Earth Day Club are very excited about sharing information about sustainable living with the community. "We have been working since December, in this Earth Day Club, and the kids picked the focus. And they really wanted to work on recycling. Because at our school right now we aren't recycling much in our cafeteria and that's where the kids see it every day. So we're going to kick off a new recycling in collaboration with Cascade Garbage and Recycling." Wiseman says they are having music, community organizations with kid friendly booths to share recycling and other information. There will be events surrounding Earth Day all next week, but the big extravaganza is Wednesday night at the school from 6:00 to 7:30.
King Solomon Lane closed between Ferguson Road and King David. (7/25)
Jones Road closed between Butler Market Road and Bennington Lane. (8/18)
R.A.B. Construction:
Murphy Road and Parrell Road closed with detours. (9/30)
Powell Butte Highway at Neff and Alfalfa Market Roads (8/31)
Home | EEO | Employment Opportunities | Advertising Information | Links | Contact


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Closeouts. Smooth, wind-shielding CLIMAWARM fleece is the showstopper of Adidas' Hiking 1-Side fleece jacket, a layer-friendly full-zip essential with a cozy, brushed fleece interior and articulated comfort seams.
Do you own this product? Write a review and help others with their buying decisions!Write a review
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News Details
Ferrari to unveil 2014 car on January 25th
Ferrari will reveal their 2014 car on Saturday 25th January, just three days prior to the start of testing in Spain. The car, which will be driven by Fernando Alonso and Kimi Raikkonen, will be revealed online. Formula 1 fans have the opportunity to decide what Ferrari's 2014 challenger is called. There are five options available: F14 T, F14 Maranello, F14 Scuderia, F166 Turbo or F616, with voting set to get underway on Ferrari's website and official social media pages. The name of the car will be revealed on Friday 24th January.
Full Story »
Full Story »
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $3.00 (38% off)
smells good
Posted by Reviewer2125070 on Sep 05, 2014
Very good smell and well absorbed into the skin.
salve balm
Posted by 4783267053768141415 on Sep 08, 2014
I've just tried this product the first time. Used it for about three weeks. It is lovely, first the packaging, than the balm itself. It smells lovely (if you like herbal scent), and it does the job. I've used it on bruises, they went away fairly quickly (in two days you could really tell the difference), and i use it on my cuticles. I have a bad (and weird) habit of picking on cuticles, sometimes until they bleed (yes, gross, i know), and this balm really heals them. also it reduced them too. i've used the burt's beed cuticle salve, but i think i'll stick with this one. the reason is - you're not suppose to put in on your lips ( because of the camphor oil), so when i use this balm i don't bite on my nails of cuticles ;) so my weird habit might be cured :D we'll see how long it lasts. i hope it will ;)
Posted by 4791086115256245354 on Aug 16, 2014
highly recommend this product. It is great and works well to skin irritation and smells nice.
Lives up to its claim.
Posted by 4776795722922697152 on Sep 24, 2014
I've used this on bumps and bruises that my kids have gotten from knocks and falls and it is really what it claims to do, made the bruises disappear by the next day. I love this product and will continue buying it once I've gone through it.
Really does work
Posted by Reviewer1152715 on Jan 19, 2015
Applied this liberally to a large heavy bump after falling off my bike. Within half an hour I noticed the redness of the bump/bruised area going down. I recommend applying this as soon as possible to the injury to take maximum effect. I'd be happy to recommend this to everyone I know.
The salve works wonders
Posted by 5376984238516717295 on Jul 29, 2015
I have been using this product for a while and will keep repurchasing it. In fact, I got one for each family member and even a friend that had a surgery and needed something to help heal the scars. I personally use it for scrathes from my kitties and bruises I get. It definetly speeds up the healing process and soothes the pain. Also works great on dry cuticules and blisters. Highly recommended!
Posted by Nimazaki on Dec 17, 2015
Plucking facial hair makes my skin swollen and itchy, I've tried different ointments and salves but none of them did the job, and it would take more than one day for the skin to begin healing, but this is really great, I wash my face and apply it right after plucking, and it takes less than 20 minutes for my skin to heal and look normal, and it smells great too!! Will re-order! === Review Update! === OMG! It's good for burns too!! I accidentally spilled boiled water on my fingers and I applied Bumpy Road right away, the freaky feeling of burning gradually began to fade away in less than 3 minutes and the heat became coolness instead! Please continue to make more of this product because I will absolutely be ordering it from now on!
A little greasy but okay
Posted by barbaralinalei on Dec 25, 2015
A little greasy but okay coz its effective
Excellent product for skin irritations & muscle aches
Posted by Reviewer1854595 on Jan 13, 2016
This Bumpy road was used for one of my friends skin irritations and after the 1st application, it worked wonders, no itchiness and the redness and swelling subsided after the 3rd day application. Keep it up Sierra Bees.
Healing irritated skin perfectly
Posted by DadaBarokova on Jan 29, 2016
Working great on bruises, irritated or really dry skin, it helps to heal it quicker. Ingredients are simply perfect and this container is so cute! Package seems small but it is enough to use just a small amount of the product and skin is happy.


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Hotels near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens
Search hotels near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens in Bengaluru
Just booked in Bengaluru
- Iris Hotel–Booked 29 minutes ago from United Kingdom
- Hyatt Bangalore MG Road–Booked 1 hour ago from United Kingdom
- Novotel Bengaluru Techpark–Booked 2 hours ago from United Kingdom
- Lemon Tree Premier, Ulsoor Lake, Bengaluru–Booked 3 hours ago from United Kingdom
- The Leela Palace Bangalore–Booked 3 hours ago from United Kingdom
Trending now in Bengaluru
Hotels within 0.5 miles of Lalbagh Botanical Gardens
- Most bookedPai Vaibhav
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"In the center of the city and easy access to all part of Bangalore . Big rooms. Over all pleasant."
A Traveller, Mar 2014, GB
Hotels within 1 mile of Lalbagh Botanical Gardens
8 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"staff is very understanding ......if in same price range ill defiantly come back...... "
G, May 2016, GB
7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"For the accommodation and service OYO JC Road offers great value for the price. If one expect up scaled decore, he will be disappointed. This is a BUDGET hotel!!! Services at front desk and at breakfast are prompt and attentive. (Did have to be reminded of my friend's reqest for scrambled e..."
B, May 2016, GB
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Comfortable stay with helpful staff. ease of arranging transfer and drop in for shopping sightseeing"
A Traveller, Dec 2015, GB
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel offers good value for money and provide excellent service. The rooms were good sizes and excellent. The breakfast menu, though small was a nice spread."
A Traveller, Mar 2016, IN
3 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
3 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
3 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
3 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Good stay at center of city. Nice rooms. Excellent complimentary breakfast buffet with many tasteful items."
A Traveller, Oct 2015, IN
- Grand Pavilion
No Guest Reviews yet
Map of hotels near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens
- M.G. Road
- Bangalore Palace
- Brigade Road
- Bangalore International Exhibition Centre
- Nimhans Convention Center
- Indian Institute of Science
- M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
- World Trade Centre
- Race Course Road
- Tipu's Summer Palace
- ISKCON Temple
- Ulsoor Lake
- Eco Space Business Park
- National Law School of India University
- Vikasa Soudha
- Prestige Tech Park
- Commercial Street
- KTPO Convention Center
- Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum
- Baghmane Tech Park
Hotels in Bengaluru near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens
Are you looking for a cheap Lalbagh Botanical Gardens hotel, a 5 star Lalbagh Botanical Gardens hotel or a family friendly Lalbagh Botanical Gardens hotel? You just landed in the best site to find the best deals and offers on the most amazing accommodations for your stay.
When you search for hotels near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens with Hotels.com, you need to first check our online map and see the distance you will be from Lalbagh Botanical Gardens, India.
Our maps are based on hotel search and display areas and neighborhoods of each hotel so you can see how close you are from Lalbagh Botanical Gardens and refine your search within Bengaluru or India based on closest public transportation, restaurants and entertainment so you can easily get around the city. All the hotels details page show an option for free or paid onsite parking.
If you wish to see the hotels with the highest featuring discounts and deals near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens, simply filter by price/ average nightly rate. We recommend you filter by star rating and read our genuine guest reviews so you can get the best quality hotel with the best discount.
One of the new features on Hotels.com guest reviews is that also show reviews from Expedia for Lalbagh Botanical Gardens hotels and the TripAdvisor Lalbagh Botanical Gardens hotels reviews so you can make sure that you checking with a reliable source. See the review scores on our Bengaluru hotel information pages.
Make the most out of your family vacation when you book your accommodation with Hotels.com – book your hotel near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens, Bengaluru after reviewing the facilities and amenities listed for each hotel.
After booking your hotel near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens, expect to receive your reservation confirmation in the mail in less than 10 minutes. The confirmation email contains more information on all nearby attractions, local directions and weather forecast, so you can better plan the days during your trip.
After getting the best hotel rates you can still save more by winning 1 free night! That's right, book 10 nights in any hotel near Lalbagh Botanical Gardens, Bengaluru and after you sign up for the Welcome Rewards program, you are eligible hotel you receive 1 night free*
The best hotel deals are here: We have Lalbagh Botanical Gardens hotel deals, Lalbagh Botanical Gardens last minute deals and offers to get you the cheapest Lalbagh Botanical Gardens hotel with our lowest price guarantee.
Bengaluru travel guides
Nightlife & Entertainment in Bengaluru
While there's more than enough to keep you busy in Bengaluru during the day, you'll want to save som...
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Bengaluru is known as India's Silicon Valley, but it's also the arts and culture capital of the Karn...


text:
A few years ago, who am I kidding. Over a decade ago I was building a site and I needed help. I tried to find the answer myself and I did all the searching and to be honest I made the problem worse. I found a Tech person online and they said they could fix what i wanted done. They did the Job and it was fixed.
Then the bill came in and it was a few HUNDRED Pounds. I was shocked and rather annoyed. I paid it, and that was the last time I paid someone to do something for me.
I spent lots of my time over the years watching tutorial videos, building my own sites so that I could learn the skills, helping others so that I could experience other systems and eventually mastering them so that I would never need to pay someone else to do it for me.
I meet daily a lot of people that read the stories and want to build an online business. They don't realize the technical aspects of it, the learning curve and keeping up to date with some of the skills to build something online.
ANYONE can do it, you don't need to be Alan Turing, Steve Jobs or Bill Gates. This isn't a technical code site this is a practical how to get it done site.
- How Do I Use,
- What's the best to do…,
- How do i setup,
- Can I do that..
Lots of questions have been asked and what I do is put the answers on the site in posts. This allows me to build the site with content, help people along the way and support a lot of people who just don't want to talk to me lol.
I have listed below "SOME" categories that are found on this site, however you really need to go to where the posts all are and really start digging through it. I have a great search system on the site, I have broken what I post into categories for you to easily navigate to.
I am also an Affiliate Marketer so there are things on here that are for sale, things on here you can download and things on here you can register with.
The Menu system at the top is a great way to Navigate the site. I also have a support system that you can contact me on and I am on Facebook and Skype. The links are all on the top of this site.


text:
187 search results for north star
Review: 'Boardwalk Empire' - 'The North Star'
Type: Post | Date: Sunday, Oct 13, 2013Nucky sees Margaret on the way to Tampa, while Chalky can't resist Daughter Maitland
'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' has ended its North American run. Here's how much it made.
Type: Post | Date: Tuesday, Jun 7, 2016
Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2
Type: Event | Date: Tuesday, Feb 5, 2013The follow up to the popular "Ken's Rage."
Watch: U2 debuts new material at tour opener
Type: Article | Date: Monday, Aug 9, 2010Check out 'North Star,' 'Glastonbury' and a new intro from the Irish rockers
Exclusive: Evan Glodell, star of 'Bellflower,' picks his five favorite post-apocalypse films
Type: Post | Date: Monday, Nov 14, 2011The writer/director of one of the year's best films picks some surprising titles
'Survivor: Cagayan' cast includes NBA All-Star who went to North Korea with Dennis Rodman
Type: Post | Date: Wednesday, Jan 22, 2014'Survivor: Cagayan' cast includes NBA All-Star who went to North Korea with Dennis Rodman "24: Live Another Day" begins filming on the streets of London "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" and "The Mindy Project" sees their ratings soar
Watch: 'Olympus Has Fallen' star Gerard Butler on the film's timely North Korean villains
Type: Article | Date: Tuesday, Mar 19, 2013'It just makes it all the more relevant'
20 movies coming out this year that aren't on your radar yet
Type: Post | Date: Thursday, May 29, 2014'Birdman,' 'A Most Violent Year,' 'Hot Tub Time Machine 2' and more
Review: Lonely Island hits the bullseye with an easy target in 'Popstar'
Type: Post | Date: Saturday, Jun 4, 2016A slightly uneven effort still manages to land plenty of big laughs
Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles
Type: Event | Date: Wednesday, Dec 10, 2014This documentary is all about Orson Welles.