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Lone Star Planet by H. Beam Piper
Lone Star Planet (1957) is a fun science fiction murder mystery novella by H. Beam Piper. The murder occurs on a planet colonized in the future by the citizens of Texas who wanted to escape the intrusive United States government on Earth. They set up a system where there's not much centralized government and it doesn't have much authority, for they all agree on this tenet:
Keep a government poor and weak and it's your servant; let it get rich and powerful and it's your master. We don't want any masters here on New Texas.
Thus, New Texas looks a lot like the Wild West. Men wear Levis and cowboy hats and carry pistols on each hip. Everything is super-sized and even the cattle whose beef they export (which they... Read More
Kat HooperKAT HOOPER, who started this site in June 2007, earned a Ph.D. in neuroscience and psychology at Indiana University (Bloomington) and now teaches at the University of North Florida. When she reads fiction, she wants to encounter new ideas and lots of imagination. She wants to view the world in a different way. She wants to have her mind blown. She loves beautiful language and has no patience for dull prose, vapid romance, or cheesy dialogue. She prefers complex characterization, intriguing plots, and plenty of action. Favorite authors are Jack Vance, Robin Hobb, Kage Baker, William Gibson, Gene Wolfe, Richard Matheson, and C.S. Lewis.
Lone Star Planet: The Wild West in space
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Burn: This Nebula winner was inspired by Walden
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Burn by James Patrick Kelly
James Patrick Kelly's Burn (2005) was a finalist for the Hugo Award and won the Nebula Award for Best Novella in 2007. As Kelly explains in the afterword, the story was inspired by his dislike of Henry Thoreau's Walden which depicts a pastoral utopian society where simplicity is valued and technology is shunned.
In Kelly's version of Walden, an entire small planet has been purchased and terraformed into a forested utopia in keeping with Thoreau's vision. Those who move there from Earth adopt a simplistic agricultural lifestyle, rejecting technology and all influence from the humans who make up all the other planets in space (the "Upside"). The only problem is that Walden was n... Read More
Kat chats with Dexter Palmer and gives away a copy of Version Control
My favorite book so far this year is, without a doubt, Dexter Palmer's Version Control which I reviewed in March. It's about the wife and colleagues of a physicist named Philip Steiner who is working on a device that he hopes will disrupt the space-time continuum, allowing time travel (though he doesn't want to become a laughingstock in the physics community by actually using the term "time travel"). In the novel Palmer employs several well-worn science fiction tropes to freshly and humorously explore an array of human experiences. Version Control is exactly what I am always looking for in a science fiction story — heavy on the science and heavy on the humanity.
After I finished V...Read More
Down in the Bottomlands: Hugo-winning novella
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Down in the Bottomlands by Harry Turtledove
Harry Turtledove is known best for his alternate histories. In Down in the Bottomlands, a novella which won the Hugo Award, Turtledove goes with the premise that the Atlantic Ocean did not re-fill the dried-up Mediterranean Sea during the Miocene period. The sea basin becomes a desert, and this alteration in the Earth's geography affects many aspects of humanity's genetic and geopolitical evolution.
Radnal vez Krobir, a citizen of the Hereditary Tyranny of Tartesh, is a tour guide in Trench Park, part of the dessert that he knows used to be a sea supplied by the ocean that lies beyond the Barrier Mountains. Now dried up, it has a distinct ecosystem. When we meet Radnal, he is in charge of a diverse group of tourists who w... Read More
The Sudden Appearance of Hope: An SF thriller about self-identity
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The Sudden Appearance of Hope by Claire North
Hope Arden has an unusual problem: people forget her. It's not that they don't see and hear her, but that once she's out of sight, she's out of mind. They completely forget her and their interactions with her. This makes it impossible to have friends, colleagues, a career, and even just a job. She survives by stealing what she needs. Hope isn't happy, but she's doing the best she can.
Things change after Hope steals a diamond necklace at a fancy party hosted by a software company that produces a popular life-coaching app called "Perfection." This app monitors all aspects of its users' lives, making suggestions about what to wear, what and how much to eat, where to go, who to talk to, etc. It awards points for making the right choices and deducts them when a use... Read More
Thoughtful Thursday: SPFBO Post #1
This year we're participating in Mark Lawrence's Self-Published Fantasy Blog-Off (SPFBO) in which 300 self-published fantasy authors contributed their books to be reviewed by 10 fantasy review blogs which will work together to choose the best of the 300 books. (You can read all about it at Mark Lawrence's blog.)
We've been assigned to read 30 books. We eliminated three immediately because they didn't fit the spirit of the contest very well. We have 27 left.
Over the next three months, we'll be posting five Thoughtful Thursday columns that each feature five or six of the books on our list. This is the first post. In the next couple of weeks we'll be reading (or at least starting — can't promise we'll finish) each of the books you see below. We'll choose our favorite which will then go up against the books in our next SPFBO column (probabl... Read More
The Summer Tree: Not our favorite work by GGK
Readers' average rating:
Reposting to include Katie's new review:
The Summer Tree by Guy Gavriel Kay
I absolutely loved everything about Guy Gavriel Kay's stand-alone novels Tigana and A Song for Arbonne, so it was with great excitement that I downloaded the newly released audio version of The Summer Tree, the first novel in his famous The Fionavar Tapestry.
In The Summer Tree we meet Loren Silvercloak, a wizard who has traveled from the world of Fionavar to Toronto to fetch five university students (three guys and two girls) who are needed to help fight an ancient evil... Read More
Stardance: A dated double-award winner
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Stardance by Spider Robinson & Jeanne Robinson
Spider & Jeanne Robinson's Stardance was first published in Analog in 1977 and won both the Hugo and the Nebula Awards for Best Novella. It was up against Vonda N. McIntyre's Aztecs, John Varley's In the Hall of the Martian Kings, Gregory Benford's A Snark in the Night and Keith Laumer's The Wonderful Secret. In 1978, Analog published a sequel called Read More
SFM: Pratt, Liu, Lee, Klages, Maberry
Short Fiction Monday: These are a few of the online short works we read this week. Our themes this week are libraries and books, mixed with some poison and zombies. As long as we keep the zombies and the poison out of the libraries, it's all good.
The Fairy Library by Tim Pratt (2013, free on Apex, Kindle magazine issue, also included in Read More
SFM: Sanford, Palwick, Walton, Hill, Sullivan, Kemp
Short Fiction Monday: Here are a few shorter SFF works that we read this week that we wanted you to know about. Some great finds this week!
Blood Grains Speak Through Memories by Jason Sanford (March 2016, free at Beneath Ceaseless Skies, free ebook available on the author's website)
Frere-Jones Roeder is the anchor of her land, charged with its protection and maintenance. The blood grains flow through her body, sharing memories of past anchors and giving her senses knowledge of all of the life and activity on her two-league plot of land, whether plant, animal or human. The blood grains are also part of all life on her land, and even fly through t... Read More
Brain Wave: A fascinating idea
Readers' average rating:
Reposting to include Sandy's new review.
Brain Wave by Poul Anderson
Poul Anderson's Brain Wave has a great premise — for millennia, unknown to scientists, the Earth has been under the influence of some sort of field that dampens the speed of neurons in the cortex. But now the Earth has suddenly passed out of the field and immediately neurons start working faster, making everyone's IQs (man and animal) escalate dramatically. This sounds like a good thing to me, but perhaps it's not in Poul Anderson's mind. In his story, human civilization changes drastically, and mostly not in positive ways.
The story follows several characters: a physicist named Peter Corinth; Sheila, his timid and dull-witted housewife; a mentally-handicapped farmhand named Archie Brock; and an official named Felix Mandelbaum. Each of these characters experiences a large jump in IQ w... Read More
When the Tripods Came: A prequel to a popular classic children's SF trilogy
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When the Tripods Came by John Christopher
When the Tripods Came is the fourth book in John Christopher's TRIPODS science fiction series for children, but it's actually a prequel, so you could read it first if you like. When the Tripods Came was published in 1988, 20 years after the original trilogy (The White Mountains, The City of Gold and Lead, The Pool of Fire), and after the airing in the UK of a BBC series based on the TRIPOD books.
Young readers of the TRIPODS trilogy may have been wondering how humans had been so stupid as to let the aliens subdue them by "capping" them with metal headgear that contro... Read More
Thoughtful Thursday: Summer reading giveaway!
Today's the last day of school for my kids, which means that summer is here! Even though it's a little chaotic around here with the kids home for the next couple of months, I am out of the classroom and teaching only one online course, so my schedule is lighter than usual and I'm planning to get a lot of reading done.
I took a good long look at what will be landing on our bookstore shelves soon when Woman's World Magazine asked me to contribute to their Summer Reading issue (it was in your grocery store check-out line this past week!).
There are several important sequels coming out, but for the magazine article, I focused on books that didn't have any prerequisites.
They only printed two of my suggestions, probably the two they thought would be most appealing to their readers:
Children of Earth & Sky by Read More
Troika: Russian cosmonauts explore a BDO
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Troika by Alastair Reynolds
Troika is a stand-alone hard science fiction novella that was first published in the 2010 anthology Godlike Machines edited by Jonathan Strahan. In 2011 it was published on its own by Subterranean Press. The story is Alastair Reynolds' take on the Big Dumb Object trope.
In Reynolds' future, Russia is the world's only major superpower and has sent three cosmonauts to examine an alien object, which they call the Matryoshka, which has arrived in Earth's solar system through a wormhole. The story takes place years after the cosmonauts return and one has escaped the mental institution he's been imprisoned in to visit the female astronomer who was part of their crew and now liv... Read More
The Pool of Fire: Wraps up the TRIPODS trilogy
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The Pool of Fire by John Christopher
The Pool of Fire is the third book in John Christopher's TRIPODS dystopian series for children. If you haven't yet read The White Mountains and The City of Gold and Lead, you need to go back and read those first. (And expect mild spoilers for those previous books in this review.)
At the end of The City of Gold and Lead, Will had escaped from the Masters and was heading back to the rebels in the White Mountains with the important knowledge he gained while he was a slave. In The Pool of Fire, the rebels are using Will's intelligence to plan a way to defeat the Masters. The scientists and engineers, who are st... Read More
SFM: Howey, Yeh, Bolander, Ford, Sullivan, Smith
Short Fiction Monday: There is so much free or inexpensive short fiction available on the internet these days. Here are a few stories we've recently read that we wanted you to know about.
"Peace in Amber" by Hugh Howey (2014, $1.99 Kindle, $3.95 Audible)
"Peace in Amber" is Hugh Howey's tribute to Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five, a surrealistic novel in which Vonnegut explores his personal memories of the bombing of Dresden. Like Slaughterhouse-Five, "Peace in Amber" is also a personal reflection: Hugh Howey's experiences on September 11, 2001, when he witnessed the collapse of the Wor... Read More
The City of Gold and Lead: Will infiltrates the Tripod city
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The City of Gold and Lead by John Christopher
This is the second book in John Christopher's TRIPODS series, one of (if not THE) first dystopian series for children. If you haven't read The White Mountains yet, you should start there first, though there is a short recap in this instalment.
At the end of The White Mountains, the boys Will, Henry, and Beanpole had fled their towns because they didn't want to be "capped" by the alien Tripods who had conquered Earth and turned humanity into docile sheep. After much adventure, the boys finally arrived at the rebel base in the White Mountains where they've been learning and training for a year. The rebels are not content to just hide out. They hope to overthrow the Tripods and restore humanity to its rightful place as Earth's ruler.
... Read More
The White Mountains: One of the first dystopian novels for kids
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The White Mountains by John Christopher
The White Mountains, the first book in John Christopher's TRIPODS series for children, has been sitting on my TBR list (and in my Audible library) forever. I was finally inspired to pick it up when Gary K. Wolfe, in his series of lectures entitled How Great Science Fiction Works, mentioned the book as probably the first YA dystopian novel (though Middle Grade is more accurate, I'd say).
The White Mountains was published in 1967 and takes place in an alternate version of our world where aliens called Tripods have conquered Earth and enslaved humans. (These tripods were inspired by the Martians in H.G. Wells' Read More
Witches of Lychford: Appealing setting
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Witches of Lychford by Paul Cornell
Witches of Lychford is a novella that was published by Tor.com last year. You can find a fairly long excerpt at the Tor.com website, but you'd need to purchase the Kindle version ($2.99) or paperback to read the entire story. I acquired the audio version at Audible during a special sale. It's 3.25 hours long and beautifully read by Marisa Calin who has just the right voices and accents for a story set in a quaint English village.
Paul Cornell's story is about three women who live in this village. Judith Mawson is a crotchety old woman who seems to consider herself the town's guardian from evil supernatural forces. Lizzie Blackmore, the town's vicar, is trying to overcome a tragi... Read More
The Junkie Quatrain: Four connected zombie stories
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The Junkie Quatrain by Peter Clines
I don't read much zombie fiction, but I enjoyed Peter Clines' 14, and his The Junkie Quatrain has been sitting in my Audible library for two years, so I decided to give it a try. It contains four inter-connected zombie stories that are actually the same story told from four different perspectives. Each story starts with the sentence "Six months ago, the world ended" and proceeds to tell of events that have happened since a virus outbreak in China six months previously. Those who've been infected quickly lose their humanity and become mindless killer "Junkies" who prey on other humans. They don't live long. The world's population ... Read More
SFM: Dickinson, Sanderson, Hill, Kelly, Valentine, Simak
Short Fiction Monday: There is so much free or inexpensive short fiction available on the internet these days. Here are a few stories we've recently read.
"Please Undo this Hurt" by Seth Dickinson (2015, free at Tor.com, Kindle version)
This is a really beautiful story about compassion, pain, and what it means to burn out. "Please Undo This Hurt" seems very realistic and not so much fantasy for a little while. I spent some time at the beginning waiting for the other shoe to drop. This "waiting" feeling didn't last long, though, as the story... Read More
The Sunless Countries: Introduces a new heroine
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The Sunless Countries by Karl Schroeder
The Sunless Countries is the fourth book in Karl Schroeder's VIRGA series. This book introduces a new town (inside Virga) and a new protagonist. There are explanations of what's gone on before, so you don't have to read the first three VIRGA books (Sun of Suns, Queen of Candesce, Pirate Sun) first, but you'll probably feel more at home if you do.
Our new heroine is Dr. Leal Maspeth, a tutor in the history department at the university on the wheel/town of Sere. Sere is compiled of several spinning wheels and it has no sun. Its citizens' only sources of light are the artificial lamps they use. That's why Leal g... Read More
Pirate Sun: Wants to be a movie
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Pirate Sun by Karl Schroeder
Warning: Review contains minor spoilers for the first two books, though nothing not mentioned in the publisher's blurb.
Pirate Sun is the third book in Karl Schroeder's VIRGA series. You probably don't need to read the previous two books (Sun of Suns and Queen of Candesce) to enjoy Pirate Sun, but the story will make a little more sense if you do. In Sun of Suns we learned of Virga, the huge balloon like structure near the star Vega that contains its own little universe with man-made suns and planets that are often constructed of metal, gears, and cables in a wild steampunk style. Virga's inhabitants don't realiz... Read More
The Moon Pool: Exciting and accessible to modern readers
Readers' average rating:
Reposting to include Sandy's new review:
The Moon Pool by Abraham Merritt
Abraham Merritt's The Moon Pool was originally published as two stories in All-Story Weekly ("The Moon Pool" and "Conquest of the Moon Pool") and combined into a novel in 1919. Its copyright has expired, so you can find it at Project Gutenberg or as a free Kindle e-book at Amazon.
The Moon Pool is supposedly a layperson's account (transcribed by Abraham Merritt) of Dr. Walter T. Goodwin's exploration of the ancient ruins of Nan Madol in the South Pacific. ... Read More
SFM: Goss, Hogarth, Algernon, Maberry
Short Fiction Monday: There is so much free or inexpensive short fiction available on the internet these days. Here are a few stories we read (or listened to!) this week that we wanted you to know about.
"Red as Blood and White as Bone" by Theodora Goss (May 2016, free at Tor.com, $0.99 Kindle version)
Klara, the daughter of a woodcutter, now a kitchen maid at a wealthy baron's castle, deeply loves fairy tales, which are the only outlet for her imagination. Perhaps she is a princess in disguise, or at least can help one someday. So one day when a mysterious, love... Read More


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That they have really good food at a really great price backed by really fantastic service! Because I ate here before I worked here! And now I eat here 10 times a day to QC the food and I'm loving it! Although I may need a button buddy for my waistline soon!!
East Rutherford Buffet Restaurants
1. Golden Coral Buffet & GrillMenu
The food is so good you have to go there
2. Clifton Buffet
My mom works in this resturant
3. HomeTown Buffet
118 Jackson AveRutherford, NJ 07070
4. Sunny Buffet & Restaurant
166 Main AveClifton, NJ 07014
5. Lodi Buffet
1 S Main St Ste 6Lodi, NJ 07644
6. Essex Grand BuffetMenu
the Essex Grand Buffet is the best buffet in the areas of new jersey and new york because it has the bessst varieties of foods with the most excelle…
7. Flaming Grill
This buffet has offers large menu on its buffet bars. Variety from salad selections sushi bars and hibachi grill. Hot bars has the traditional Chine…
8. La Fiesta BuffetMenu
I have gone here before and i loved it and im going again love it i have no complaints
9. Dynasty Buffet Inc
Best buffet style restaurant around. I have been to many others and rate this the best. It is the most expensive of any I have been to but the offer…
10. La Grande
What a vicious ""review"" this person (below), if one could call him that, gave to this excellent restaurant and to these people who are trying to e…
11. Hibachi Grill & Supreme Buffet
189 State Rt 46Saddle Brook, NJ 07663
From Business: Elegant, modern, fresh, executed with care and confidence. Hibachi Grill & Supreme Buffet brings together 250+ fresh-made Asian dishes in eleven buffet bars. Fantas…
12. Oriental RestaurantMenu
520 Bergen BlvdPalisades Park, NJ 07650
13. Picnic Gardens BBQ Buffet House
550 Sylvan AveEnglewood Cliffs, NJ 07632
14. Bnk Buffet & Company
16 Washington AveBelleville, NJ 07109
15. King's Buffet
3117 JF Kennedy Blvd WNorth Bergen, NJ 07047
16. Family Buffet KingMenu
619 Bloomfield AveBloomfield, NJ 07003
17. SalataMenu
1396 Madison AveNew York, NY 10029
18. Buffet Group
153 W 36th St Fl 4New York, NY 10018
19. Brazilian Buffet
34 Wilson AveNewark, NJ 07105
20. S Z Cafe & Buffet
182 Wilson AveNewark, NJ 07105
21. Brazilian Buffet
they're food is delicious esp the picanha
22. International BuffetMenu
Our favorite Chinese/ American buffet, it is reasonably priced ($9-15? depending on the time /day) with a free, small sushi bar. Four 10-ft. bars: 1…
23. Essex Grand Buffet
I went there with my friend one time. Then I started to love this place.\r I had so much good food and the best sushi ever.\r The price was so rea…
24. D & K Buffet
560 Main StEast Orange, NJ 07018
25. Fun Buffet Restaurant & Bar
299 Academy StJersey City, NJ 07306
26. New Grand BuffetMenu
I go to This Buffet every week. This Buffet has great food with great price. They have Baked Salmon, Cocktail shrimp, Fish, Chinese food, Sushi, s…
27. Hibachi Grill Supreme Buffet
862 Hamburg TpkeWayne, NJ 07470
From Business: Make your next lunch or dinner a true dining experience at our restaurant. Hibachi Grill Supreme Buffet provides individuals, couples, and families with a place whe…
28. Song Jiang Buffet
203 Main StNew Milford, NJ 07646
29. East 149 Meiland Inc
325 E 149th StBronx, NY 10451
30. Merry Lamb Buffet
2028 Jerome AveBronx, NY 10453

subset: commoncrawl


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CLOSED on Monday, July 4, 2016Open HouseSaturday, August 20 11:00 am - 2:00 pmMarj Tyess / Wonderfil Thread EducatorTrunk Show, Workshops (information to come)THE SEWING REVOLUTIONKym Goldup-Graham and Ann DuncanFriday/Saturday September 16 & 17, 2016FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRAM!
The Quilters Studio is a friendly, neighborhood fabric store located in Fairfax, Virginia, in Fair City Mall near the intersection of Main Street (Route 236) and Pickett Road.
TQS is all about:


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Governor Bill Haslam on Thursday announced that Tennessee had the largest academic growth on the 2013 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) of any state, making Tennessee the fastest improving state in the nation.
The NAEP results also show that Tennessee had the largest growth of any state in a single testing cycle since NAEP started nationwide assessments a decade ago.
"These historic gains are a result of years of hard work by a lot of people across Tennessee: our teachers, students, principals, superintendents, parents, lawmakers, school board members, business leaders, and many others," Governor Haslam said. "As a state we've come together to make education a top priority."
The governor was joined for the announcement by former Governor Phil Bredesen, State Education Commissioner Kevin Huffman, Wilson County Director of Schools Timothy Setterlund, Cicely Woodard, an eighth-grade math teacher at Rose Park Magnet Middle School in Nashville, state legislators, business and community leaders, and students, faculty and staff of West Wilson Middle School in Mt. Juliet where the event was held.
Commonly known as "the nation's report card," NAEP assesses students in fourth- and eighth-grade reading and math. All 50 states have taken NAEP since 2003, and the results are regarded across the country as the best way to compare educational outcomes across states. Tennessee students' combined growth on all four tests in 2013 exceeded the growth of all other states. For data on Tennessee's NAEP results, visit: http://nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_2013.
The state improved in overall national ranking in each of the four tests. For fourth-grade students, Tennessee went from 46th in the nation in math to 37th and from 41st to 31st in reading. Tennessee also had very strong growth for African-American students, and the state saw gains in overall results while significantly increasing the participation of special education students on the test.
"This administration's goal has been to be the fastest improving state in the nation by 2015," Commissioner Huffman said. "We've asked a lot of our teachers and students, and they have delivered; they deserve the thanks for this progress. Dramatically improving results for kids is hard work, but this is what hard work can do."
House Democratic Leader Craig Fitzhugh said, "This announcement is great news for Tennessee teachers and students. These gains are a testament to our public school professionals, who are doing a great job, despite continued attacks from this administration. With our public schools on the right path, Governor Bill Haslam and Commissioner Huffman need to make sure we stay on the path charted by Governor Bredesen. We can't get side tracked with sending your tax dollars to private schools and taking away local control from our school boards. That is a recipe for undoing these positive gains."
Senator Lamar Alexander (R-Tn.) praised the assessment, saying, "Credit for this remarkable achievement goes to Tennessee's hard-working teachers, parents, and governor. There couldn't be any more important news for Tennessee, in terms of the future of our state."
Senator Alexander, the senior Republican on the Senate health committee, added, "The national results deliver the disappointing news that only about a third of fourth graders are proficient in reading and math, and middle school students aren't doing much better. The best way to help our 50 million children in 100,000 public schools learn what they need to know and be able to do is to fix that responsibility squarely where it belongs—on parents, teachers, communities and states."
Senator Alexander, who previously served as Secretary of Education and as president of the University of Tennessee, this year introduced a proposal to fix No Child Left Behind that emphasizes state and local decision-making.
"It puts Washington out of the business of deciding whether local schools are succeeding or failing," he said. "It rejects the federal mandates that create a national school board, prohibiting the Education Secretary from prescribing standards or accountability systems for states."
Senator Alexander introduced the "Every Child Ready for College or Career Act" with senators Richard Burr (R-N.C.), Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.), Mike Enzi (R-Wy.), Pat Roberts (R-Ks.), Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), and Mark Kirk (R-Il.).
Tennessee has also seen three years of continuous growth on its state assessments, also known as the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP). Since 2010, 91,000 more students are on grade level in math, and 52,000 more students are on grade level in science.
June 28, 2016
"A collective team effort between faculty, staff, and students resulted in the creation of a solar recharging station that stands ready to provide a renewable energy source for Chattanooga State ... (click for more)
The Community Foundation of Greater Chattanooga has partnered with Causeway to fund two parent-focused education projects, the Orchard Knob Middle School Back to School Bash, and Essential ... (click for more)
Jim Daughdrill will take over on July 1 as dean of Admission at McCallie School. Mr. Daughdrill, a 2005 graduate of McCallie who currently serves as director of Boarding Admission, takes ... (click for more)
"A collective team effort between faculty, staff, and students resulted in the creation of a solar recharging station that stands ready to provide a renewable energy source for Chattanooga State students. It serves as a 'green' alternative to charge or power their phones, laptops, tablets, and other personal devices," said Tim McGhee, dean, Engineering and Information Technologies. ... (click for more)
The Community Foundation of Greater Chattanooga has partnered with Causeway to fund two parent-focused education projects, the Orchard Knob Middle School Back to School Bash, and Essential Spark, an after-school arts and culture program for pre-K children and their parents. Both projects were finalists in the Causeway Challenge, which asked community members to submit ... (click for more)
Erlanger Health System CEO Kevin Spiegel has written Walker County Commissioner Bebe Heiskell to say that Erlanger would consider taking payments on the $8,705,000 Hutcheson debt. Stuart James, special counsel for Walker County, called the overture "heavy-handed." Walker County earlier offered a $1.3 million "global settlement" that was rejected by Erlanger. Catoosa County ... (click for more)
East Ridge Police said a customer at an East Ridge gas station early Thursday morning shot a robber, who was then found by police lying outside the station and was arrested. The robber has died. His name is being withheld pending the notification of next of kin. At 1:47 a.m., East Ridge Police responded to 4011 Ringgold Road, the Marathon Service Station, on ... (click for more)
So, am I the first to notice a trend? How many wrecks does exit 11 need before anyone asks "whats up with that?" I have lost count of the wrecks that continue to happen, even after last year's awful loss of life (which I believe 51 percent of the blame should fall on the THP officer on duty). The problem with this section of interstate are sight lines ... (click for more)
In a puzzling time when the big daily newspapers have veered strongly away from "all the news that is fit to print," allow me to share a story that you very likely will not see on CNN, ABC News, or in the big media conglomerates that influence the way you think, the way you react and – as a result – easily warp our common senses. This story is very true. Late last Sunday afternoon, ... (click for more)


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...I'm a friendly, caring tutor with a low-key, laid-back style. I'm patient, responsible and won't let you down. I graduated from Brandeis University with a double major in Spanish and history.
Evanston, ILView Tutor
...For other students that learn better through images or tangible examples, I use relevant games or models in order to increase the student's understanding of the required text.I received a BS degree from Loyola University. I have experience teaching 5, 6 and 7 year olds how to read and write, and...
Chicago, ILView Tutor
...In the wide field of test prep, my areas of specialty include GRE, GMAT, ACT, SAT, SAT Subject Tests (literature and U.S. history), the CARS section of the MCAT, AP tests (literature, language, all histories, human geography, and government), and TOEFL. I have helped between two to three thousan...
Chicago, ILView Tutor
...I have tutored all ages in the phonics program. The students ages have varied from 5 years old to high school age. When teaching ESL, I work with the student to find out what is their goal(s). I then present material that will help the student reach that goal(s). I mix oral work with reading and writing to help the student learn English.
Elburn, ILView Tutor
...I have earned credit for more than twenty courses in probability and statistics, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. In addition, I worked for more than thirty years as an actuary, where I frequently used probability concepts in pricing various life insurance policies. For these reasons, I believe that I can help you understand how to solve your probability problems.
Wheaton, ILView Tutor


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FINAL SIX ROUNDS | The last six #NRL matches for your team have been confirmed.
Check out the artic...
18 hours ago - 1 Likes
One of the most talked about issues surrounding the NRL this year is whether Souths will emerge from the Rugby League wilderness under the ownership of Russell Crowe and Peter Holmes A Court.
There is also the issue of cheerleaders at Redfern and it


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Buffalo Health And Wellness
1. Golden Era Mart
412 N Main StBuffalo, WY 82834
From Business: GoldenEraMart is your one stop, online source for: reusable incontinence underwear (panties & briefs), blood pressure monitors, diabetes meters and a wide range of …
2. Independent Herbalife Distributor
Thank you Mary for being so kind a knowledgeable on the products. I look forward to working with you in the near future.
3. Rite Aid
Greatest customer service ever. So nice and they had meds, too. Amazing how it was approved instantly, where the other pharmacy said it was too earl…
4. Herbalife Independent Distributor
Serving the Buffalo Area.
From Business: At Herbalife-The Herbal Way you will find the quality nutrition, weight management, energy, fitness and personal care products you have come to expect from Herbalif…
5. Beenefits
best of the best , the best propolis ever , propolis a day keeps doctor away - best customer service , thank you so much for being here for us .
6. Dynamaxx International
37 Metz RoadSheridan, WY 82801
7. Essential Oils
825 Olympus DriveSheridan, WY 82801
8. Help Yourself Wellness
1030 N Main StSheridan, WY 82801
9. Herbalife
1206 Wagonhammer LnGillette, WY 82716
10. Medicap Pharmacy
I have always been pleased with the service at Medicap. The entire staff is always friendly, polite, cordial, and professional.
11. Bender's BodyworksServices
2701 South Douglas HighwayGillette, WY 82718
From Business: Providing Swedish Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, Neuromuscular Therapy, Trauma Touch Therapy, Oncology Massage, On-Site Massage and more! By Appointment Only, Call T…
1865 Coffeen AveSheridan, WY 82801
13. RevitalizeServices
1206 W 4th St Ste 1Gillette, WY 82716
14. Amway Products Distributor
622 E Loucks StSheridan, WY 82801
15. Heritage Healthcare
201 W Lakeway Rd Ste 300Gillette, WY 82718
16. Complete Nutrition
1215 S Douglas HwyGillette, WY 82716
17. Lame Deer Trading Post
501 Cheyenne AveLame Deer, MT 59043
Showing1-17 of 17results


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BY WHEELBARROW, canoe and unicycle, a charity relay will make its way over fell and lake next week.
Outdoor clothing company Cotswold Outdoors has embarked on a 3,000-mile, store-to-store relay to raise money for the Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation.
The relay baton and GPS tracker is to arrive at the Ambleside store on Monday (August 11th), having already travelled 1,624 miles from the start point, Covent Garden.
- Police wish to speak to driver involved in collision with cyclist
- Ulverston professional actor sets up gin distillery
- Cumbrian men attempt to climb world's second highest mountain
- South Lakeland zoo visitors can enjoy lunch with the monkeys
The intrepid Ambleside team will cover their four-mile leg to the Grasmere store by pushing a staff member in a wheelbarrow along rough, hilly tracks over Loughrigg Terrace.
On Wednesday (August 13th) the Grasmere team will bike over Dunmail Raise to Harrop Tarn, then trail-run across to Derwentwater and canoe across the lake, covering the last few miles to the Keswick store by unicycle.
To follow progress and find out where you can donate, visit www.cotswoldoutdoor.com/wingsforlife


text:
|By Marketwired .
Article Rating:
|November 21, 2012 10:51 AM EST
BIRMINGHAM, AL -- (Marketwire) -- 11/21/12 -- Walter Energy Inc. ("Walter Energy") (NYSE: WLT) (TSX: WLT) today announced the closing of its previously announced private offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 9.875% senior notes due 2020 (the "Notes"). The Notes will be guaranteed by each of Walter Energy's current and future wholly-owned domestic restricted subsidiaries that from time to time guarantees any of Walter Energy's indebtedness or any indebtedness of any of Walter Energy's restricted subsidiaries. The Notes and related guarantees were offered only to qualified institutional buyers in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and to non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act. The Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act, and, unless so registered, may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the Securities Act and other applicable securities laws. Walter Energy plans to use the net proceeds of the offering to repay indebtedness outstanding under its credit facilities, to pay fees and expenses related to the offering and for general corporate purposes.
About Walter Energy
Walter Energy is the world's leading, publicly traded "pure-play" metallurgical coal producer for global industry with strategic access to high-growth steel markets in Asia, South America and Europe. The Company also produces thermal coal, anthracite, metallurgical coke and coal bed methane gas. Walter Energy employs approximately 4,400 employees and contractors with operations in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom.
Safe Harbor Statement
Except for historical information contained herein, the statements in this release are forward-looking and made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and may involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are based on information available to management at the time, and they involve judgments and estimates. Forward-looking statements include expressions such as "believe," "anticipate," "expect," "estimate," "intend," "may," "plan," "predict," "will," and similar terms and expressions. These forward-looking statements are made based on expectations and beliefs concerning future events affecting us and are subject to various risks, uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those matters expressed in or implied by these forward-looking statements. The following factors are among those that may cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements: the market demand for coal, coke and natural gas as well as changes in pricing and costs; the availability of raw material, labor, equipment and transportation; changes in weather and geologic conditions; changes in extraction costs, pricing and assumptions and projections concerning reserves in our mining operations; changes in customer orders; pricing actions by our competitors, customers, suppliers and contractors; changes in governmental policies and laws, including with respect to safety enhancements and environmental initiatives; availability and costs of credit, surety bonds and letters of credit; and changes in general economic conditions. Forward-looking statements made by us in this release, or elsewhere, speak only as of the date on which the statements were made. See also the "Risk Factors" in our 2011 Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent filings with the SEC. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict these events or how they may affect us or our anticipated results. We have no duty to, and do not intend to, update or revise the forward-looking statements in this release, except as may be required by law. In light of these risks and uncertainties, readers should keep in mind that any forward-looking statement made in this press release may not occur. All data presented herein is as of the date of this release unless otherwise noted.
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Paul Blalock
Internet of @ThingsExpo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with the 19th International Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world and ThingsExpo Silicon Valley Call for Papers is now open.
Jun. 24, 2016 04:15 PM EDT Reads: 1,040
Machine Learning helps make complex systems more efficient. By applying advanced Machine Learning techniques such as Cognitive Fingerprinting, wind project operators can utilize these tools to learn from collected data, detect regular patterns, and optimize their own operations. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Stuart Gillen, Director of Business Development at SparkCognition, discussed how research has demonstrated the value of Machine Learning in delivering next generation analytics to imp...
Jun. 24, 2016 02:15 PM EDT Reads: 312
SYS-CON Events announced today that ReadyTalk, a leading provider of online conferencing and webinar services, has been named Vendor Presentation Sponsor at the 19th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. ReadyTalk delivers audio and web conferencing services that inspire collaboration and enable the Future of Work for today's increasingly digital and mobile workforce. By combining intuitive, innovative tec...
Jun. 24, 2016 01:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,280
Amazon has gradually rolled out parts of its IoT offerings, but these are just the tip of the iceberg. In addition to optimizing their backend AWS offerings, Amazon is laying the ground work to be a major force in IoT - especially in the connected home and office. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Chris Kocher, founder and managing director of Grey Heron, explained how Amazon is extending its reach to become a major force in IoT by building on its dominant cloud IoT platform, its Dash Button strat...
Jun. 24, 2016 12:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,525
Connected devices and the industrial internet are growing exponentially every year with Cisco expecting 50 billion devices to be in operation by 2020. In this period of growth, location-based insights are becoming invaluable to many businesses as they adopt new connected technologies. Knowing when and where these devices connect from is critical for a number of scenarios in supply chain management, disaster management, emergency response, M2M, location marketing and more. In his session at @Th...
Jun. 24, 2016 12:00 PM EDT Reads: 685
The cloud market growth today is largely in public clouds. While there is a lot of spend in IT departments in virtualization, these aren't yet translating into a true "cloud" experience within the enterprise. What is stopping the growth of the "private cloud" market? In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Nara Rajagopalan, CEO of Accelerite, explored the challenges in deploying, managing, and getting adoption for a private cloud within an enterprise. What are the key differences between wh...
Jun. 24, 2016 11:15 AM EDT Reads: 559
It is one thing to build single industrial IoT applications, but what will it take to build the Smart Cities and truly society changing applications of the future? The technology won't be the problem, it will be the number of parties that need to work together and be aligned in their motivation to succeed. In his Day 2 Keynote at @ThingsExpo, Henrik Kenani Dahlgren, Portfolio Marketing Manager at Ericsson, discussed how to plan to cooperate, partner, and form lasting all-star teams to change t...
Jun. 24, 2016 11:00 AM EDT Reads: 913
In his keynote at 18th Cloud Expo, Andrew Keys, Co-Founder of ConsenSys Enterprise, provided an overview of the evolution of the Internet and the Database and the future of their combination – the Blockchain. Andrew Keys is Co-Founder of ConsenSys Enterprise. He comes to ConsenSys Enterprise with capital markets, technology and entrepreneurial experience. Previously, he worked for UBS investment bank in equities analysis. Later, he was responsible for the creation and distribution of life sett...
Jun. 24, 2016 10:30 AM EDT Reads: 831
19th Cloud Expo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world. Cloud computing is now being embraced by a majority of enterprises of all sizes. Yesterday's debate about public vs. private has transformed into the reality of hybrid cloud: a recent survey shows that 74% of enterprises have a hybrid cloud strategy. Meanwhile, 94% of enterpri...
Jun. 24, 2016 09:45 AM EDT Reads: 1,136
SYS-CON Events announced today that Bsquare has been named "Silver Sponsor" of SYS-CON's @ThingsExpo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. For more than two decades, Bsquare has helped its customers extract business value from a broad array of physical assets by making them intelligent, connecting them, and using the data they generate to optimize business processes.
Jun. 24, 2016 09:30 AM EDT Reads: 1,089
There are several IoTs: the Industrial Internet, Consumer Wearables, Wearables and Healthcare, Supply Chains, and the movement toward Smart Grids, Cities, Regions, and Nations. There are competing communications standards every step of the way, a bewildering array of sensors and devices, and an entire world of competing data analytics platforms. To some this appears to be chaos. In this power panel at @ThingsExpo, moderated by Conference Chair Roger Strukhoff, Bradley Holt, Developer Advocate a...
Jun. 24, 2016 09:30 AM EDT Reads: 558
There is little doubt that Big Data solutions will have an increasing role in the Enterprise IT mainstream over time. Big Data at Cloud Expo - to be held November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA - has announced its Call for Papers is open. Cloud computing is being adopted in one form or another by 94% of enterprises today. Tens of billions of new devices are being connected to The Internet of Things. And Big Data is driving this bus. An exponential increase is...
Jun. 24, 2016 08:45 AM EDT Reads: 1,183
Internet of @ThingsExpo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with 19th Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most profound change in personal and enterprise IT since the creation of the Worldwide Web more than 20 years ago. All major researchers estimate there will be tens of billions devices - comp...
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A strange thing is happening along the way to the Internet of Things, namely far too many devices to work with and manage. It has become clear that we'll need much higher efficiency user experiences that can allow us to more easily and scalably work with the thousands of devices that will soon be in each of our lives. Enter the conversational interface revolution, combining bots we can literally talk with, gesture to, and even direct with our thoughts, with embedded artificial intelligence, wh...
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Cloud computing is being adopted in one form or another by 94% of enterprises today. Tens of billions of new devices are being connected to The Internet of Things. And Big Data is driving this bus. An exponential increase is expected in the amount of information being processed, managed, analyzed, and acted upon by enterprise IT. This amazing is not part of some distant future - it is happening today. One report shows a 650% increase in enterprise data by 2020. Other estimates are even higher....
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Cognitive Computing is becoming the foundation for a new generation of solutions that have the potential to transform business. Unlike traditional approaches to building solutions, a cognitive computing approach allows the data to help determine the way applications are designed. This contrasts with conventional software development that begins with defining logic based on the current way a business operates. In her session at 18th Cloud Expo, Judith S. Hurwitz, President and CEO of Hurwitz & ...
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In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Lee Atchison, Principal Cloud Architect and Advocate at New Relic, discussed cloud as a 'better data center' and how it adds new capacity (faster) and improves application availability (redundancy). The cloud is a 'Dynamic Tool for Dynamic Apps' and resource allocation is an integral part of your application architecture, so use only the resources you need and allocate /de-allocate resources on the fly.
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The 19th International Cloud Expo has announced that its Call for Papers is open. Cloud Expo, to be held November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, brings together Cloud Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things, DevOps, Digital Transformation, Microservices and WebRTC to one location. With cloud computing driving a higher percentage of enterprise IT budgets every year, it becomes increasingly important to plant your flag in this fast-expanding business opportuni...
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industrial company for a multi-year contract initially valued at over $4.0 million. In addition to DataV software, Bsquare will also provide comprehensive systems integration, support and maintenance services. DataV leverages advanced data analytics, predictive reasoning, data-driven diagnostics, and automated orchestration of remediation actions in order to improve asset uptime while reducing service and warranty costs.
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Vidyo, Inc., has joined the Alliance for Open Media. The Alliance for Open Media is a non-profit organization working to define and develop media technologies that address the need for an open standard for video compression and delivery over the web. As a member of the Alliance, Vidyo will collaborate with industry leaders in pursuit of an open and royalty-free AOMedia Video codec, AV1. Vidyo's contributions to the organization will bring to bear its long history of expertise in codec technolo...
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• The hours for the exhibit "Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race" listed Sunday on A11 should be 7 a.m. - 9 p.m., Sundays through Thursdays and 7 a.m. - 7 p.m., Fridays and Saturdays.
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...I am confident that my years of experience in all of these areas will prove to be invaluable to you, as I know what is required for you to succeed in classroom curriculum and standardized tests. My certification and experience with foreign students may also prove to be useful to you, if your fir...
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I didn't know how to kissKartik Aaryan has learnt a lot from Subhash Ghai apart from how to lip lock. Filmfare meets Kaanchi's loverboy
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Seventh Day Slumber New Album "We Are The Broken" to Release in 2014 - See Album Art
Right now rock group Seventh Day Slumber is working on their next project slated to drop next year. The album is titled "We Are The Broken". Check out the cover art below.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 3, 1991
|Filing date
|Aug 31, 1989
|Priority date
|Aug 31, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ronald K. Leisure, Oya F. Larsen, Ronald K. Reger
|Original Assignee
|Delco Electronics Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (20), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to multilevel conductive interconnects for integrated circuits and techniques for forming these multilevel conductive interconnects. In particular, this invention relates to multilevel conductive interconnects which comprise a dual dielectric intermediate layer between the different levels of conductive interconnect.
Technology is continually seeking to miniaturize the individual components within an integrated circuit while concurrently increasing the complexity of the circuitry. Because of these seemingly contrary demands, the art has had to develop innovative methods for positioning and electrically interconnecting the various components which are located on an integrated circuit. One well known solution developed by the art includes forming multilevel interconnections wherein two or more conductors which are on different levels of the integrated circuit are electrically interconnected by means of a via, or through-hole, which has been filled or plated with electrically conductive material. The conductors are separated everywhere else by an intermediate dielectric layer.
Currently, these multilevel conductive interconnects are formed using only a single layer of plasma enhanced deposited silicon nitride as the intermediate dielectric material. This current method is adequate, however there are shortcomings associated with it.
Firstly, the dielectric layer is deposited onto a first conductive strip, which is typically not planar but rather has discrete sides and a top surface. Therefore, the dielectric layer takes on the shape of this underlying first conductive strip, curving around and over the corners of the underlying conductive strip. Thus when the second overlaying conductor is deposited onto the dielectric, the second conductor must also conform to any curves, corners or steps in the dielectric layer. Typically, the second conductor adheres poorly around these corners or steps. This results in high electrical resistance in the conductor at these points, a feature highly undesirable for an electrical conductor.
Another shortcoming associated with this conventional method arises because there is only a single intermediate dielectric layer between the first and second metal conductors. If the dielectric layer has any defects, the defects may result in electrical shorting between the first and second metal conductors. Again, this is highly undesirable in an integrated circuit.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide an electrical interconnection means which alleviates these current shortcomings by providing (1) a planarized surface for deposition of the second metal conductor so as to eliminate the problem of poor step coverage and associated high electrical resistance, and (2) a dual dielectric intermediate layer between the surrounding first and second metal conductors so as to result in noncoincident alignment of defects and alleviate the problem of electrical shorting between the conductors.
It is an object of the present invention to provide means for electrical interconnection on an integrated circuit.
It is a further object of this invention that such means be provided by a dual dielectric intermediate layer between the surrounding conductive layers.
Lastly, it is a still further object that such dual dielectric intermediate layer provide a substantially planar surface for deposition of the overlying, or top, conductive layer.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention, these and other objects and advantages are accomplished as follows.
This invention comprehends a multilevel electrically conductive interconnect for an integrated circuit wherein an inventive feature of the interconnect is the intermediate dual dielectric layer between the surrounding metal conductors.
The interconnect comprises a first metal conductor formed on an appropriate substrate, a dual dielectric intermediate layer, and a second metal conductor formed upon the dual dielectric layer which contacts an exposed region of the first metal conductor through a via hole. The intermediate dual dielectric layer comprises a first dielectric layer, preferably plasma deposited silicon oxide or nitride, and an overlaying second dielectric layer, preferably a polyimide.
The dual dielectric layer provides a substantially planar surface for the deposition of the top, or overlaying, second metal conductor. This alleviates the typical shortcomings associated with poor step coverage of the second metal conductor. Further, the dual dielectric layer provides two intermediate layers having noncoincident defects, therefore significantly decreasing the overall defect density of the intermediate dielectric layer resulting in a substantially decreased probability of electrical shorting between the surrounding metal conductors.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will be better appreciated from a detailed description thereof, which follows.
The above and other advantages of this invention will become more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like references refer to like parts and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a multilevel electrically conductive interconnect having an intermediate dual dielectric layer in accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention; and
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the preferred intermediate dual dielectric layer as shown in FIG. 1.
This invention comprehends a multilevel electrically conductive interconnect for an integrated circuit wherein an inventive feature of the interconnect is the intermediate dual dielectric layer between the surrounding metal conductors.
As shown in FIG. 1, this inventive interconnect is used in an integrated circuit which has been formed on an appropriate substrate 10, preferably single crystal silicon. A first metal conductor 12 is contacted by means of a via or through-hole at its surface 24 by a second metal conductor 20, which has been formed on a separate level of the integrated circuit. The first and second conductors, 12 and 20 respectively, are separated everywhere except at their contacted surface 24 by an intermediate dual dielectric layer 18. As enlarged in FIG. 2, the dual dielectric layer 18 consists of a first dielectric layer 14, preferably formed from silicon oxide or silicon nitride, and a second dielectric layer 16, preferably formed from a polyimide. The combination of the polyimide layer 16 in the dual dielectric layer 18 decreases the overall pinhole defect density of the intermediate layer, thereby significantly reducing the probability for electrical shorting between the surrounding metal conductors 12 and 20, and improving the reliability of the integrated circuit. In addition, the dual dielectric layer 18 provides a substantially planar surface 26 upon which the second conductive layer 20 is deposited, thereby alleviating the previous problem of high electrical resistance due to the poor step coverage over the conventional single dielectric layer. A third dielectric layer 22, preferably silicon oxide or silicon nitride, is then preferably blanket deposited over the entire multilevel interconnect to primarily seal the polyimide layer 16 from possible water absorption or other damage.
A first metal conductor 12 is formed on the substrate 10. The first metal conductor 12 may be formed from any conventional conductive materials, although preferred is a metal compound containing approximately 98% aluminum, 1% silicon and 1% copper, and by any conventional deposition or printing techniques. It is preferred for practicality purposes that the first metal conductor 12 have a thickness of approximately 1.5 to 1.8 microns, although this may vary depending on the intended application of the integrated circuit and size of the other components.
After formation of the first metal conductor 12, a first layer of dielectric material 14 is deposited and patterned on the first metal conductor 12. The first dielectric layer 14 is preferably formed by conventional plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition of silicon oxide or silicon nitride depending on the particular application. Silicon oxide appears to be the most preferred in some applications because of its electrical characteristics, however the silicon nitride is preferred in other applications which do not require the electrical characteristics because it is characterized by better physical properties. The preferred thickness of this first dielectric layer 14 is approximately 1.1 microns, with a preferred range between about 0.8 to about 1.2 microns. Again, this is for practicality purposes only, since the thickness may vary considerably without detrimental effects. The first dielectric layer 14 is conventionally patterned so as to expose a top surface 24 of the first conductor 12. This surface 24 is where the subsequently formed second conductor layer 20 will contact the first conductive layer 12 to form a multilevel interconnect.
As shown in FIG. 1, the first dielectric layer 14 conforms to the shape of the first conductor 12, therefore the first dielectric layer 14 is inherently curved or stepped where it conforms to the edges of the first conductor 12. Using previous conventional techniques, this would have presented a serious shortcoming since the subsequently formed second metal conductor layer 20 would be deposited onto that curved dielectric surface. Typically, the metal coverage of the second conductor 20 at these steps would be extremely poor and result in increased electrical resistance of the conductor.
However, with our method, a second dielectric layer 16 is formed on the first dielectric layer 14 to form a dual dielectric structure 18, as shown enlarged in FIG. 2. The second dielectric layer 16 is preferably formed from a polyimide material, such as commercially available 2703-D from DuPont Company. This preferred polyimide is photosensitive therefore it responds similarly to photoresist when exposed to light, therefore patterning of the polyimide does not require any additional photoresist deposition steps. The preferred polyimide layer 16 forms a substantially planar surface 26 in that region where the subsequently formed second conductive layer 20 will be deposited. This results in improved deposition and coverage of the second conductive layer 20, and alleviates the shortcomings associated with the previous methods. In addition, the polyimide layer 16 decreases the overall pinhole or other defect density of the dielectric layer, thereby significantly increasing the reliability of the electrical system.
The second dielectric layer 16, or polyimide layer, is formed using the following preferred steps. Preferably, the surface to which the polyimide will be deposited, here the top surface of the first dielectric layer 14, is cleaned first by means of exposure to an oxygen plasma for approximately 15 minutes. The polyimide is then spun onto the wafer using conventional means. The wafers are then soft-baked, to drive off any solvents by means of a 60 second, 90� C. hot plate, which is followed by 45 minute, 55� C. convection bake. The wafers are then photolithographically patterned so as to be disposed upon the stepped regions of the first dielectric layer 14 to provide a substantially planarized surface 26 in that region. This is accomplished by exposing the wafers to polymerize the polyimide using a nominal 9-11 mw/cm2 intensity lamp. The wafers are then developed to remove the unpolymerized regions of the polyimide by rinsing in a solution consisting of 1:1 4-Butyrolactone:Xylene for approximately 25 seconds. The duration between the initial cleaning to development steps should not exceed about four hours for optimum results. During the development steps, the exposed polyimide thickness loss is approximately 28 percent.
The photolithography of the polyimide is followed by a polyimide cure preferably at a first temperature of about 300� C. for twenty minutes, followed by about 20 minutes at approximately 440� C., wherein the thickness of the polyimide layer 16 shrinks approximately another 45 percent.
After curing, a descumming step is preferred to remove the polyimide residue which has backdeposited in the vias. This consists of a short oxygen stripping step, which should not remove more than about 1500 Angstroms from the top surface of the polyimide layer 16. The final preferred thickness for the dry polyimide layer 16 is approximately 1.6 to 1.8 microns, preferably 1.7 microns for practicality purposes. Preferably prior to deposition of the second conductor layer 20, the wafers will be convection baked at approximately 200� C. for about 30 minutes to dry out the polyimide so as to prepare its surface for good metal adhesion during deposition of the second conductive layer 20.
The second conductive layer 20 is then formed by preferably sputtering an appropriate metal, such as the metal containing approximately 98% aluminum, 1% silicon, and 1% copper used to form the first metal conductor, everywhere on the surface. A preferred sputtering cycle consists of a first RF etch to clean the surface, followed by a 350� C. preheat cycle, which is subsequently followed by the actual deposition at about 300� C. The sputtering equipment which has been used is a Varian 3190 type machine. An appropriate photoresist is then used to pattern the second conductive layer 20. The photoresist is then stripped by a wet chemical which is specifically selected for preserving the polyimide layer 16 integrity and preventing any damage to the various other materials. The preferred wet chemical etch is commercially available KTI DC-3 Stripper from KTI Chemical, which is characterized by comprising 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 2-"2-butoxyethoxy" ethanol and monoethanolamine. The preferred final thickness of this second conductive layer 20 preferably ranges between about 2.2 to about 2.9 microns.
After this wet photoresist stripping step, another descumming step is highly preferred to ensure the dielectric quality of the top surface of the polyimide layer 16. The descumming step is similar to the previous descumming step.
Lastly, it is preferred that a passivation layer 22, preferably silicon nitride, be blanket deposited over the components, particularly to passivate the various materials and seal the exposed polyimide layer 16 so as to prevent any possible water absorption by the polyimide layer 16 or other detrimental effects. The preferred thickness of this passivation layer 22 is approximately 1.3 to about 1.7 microns considering the thicknesses of the other layers.
With this invention, an integrated circuit, multilevel conductive interconnect is provided and characterized by an intermediate dual dielectric layer 18. The dual dielectric layer 18 provides a substantially planarized surface 26 for the deposition of the top conductor 20 thereby ensuring good coverage and electrical integrity, while also significantly decreasing the overall defect density of the intermediate dual dielectric layer 18 so as to substantially decrease the probability of electrical shorting between the surrounding metal conductors 12 and 20.
This invention readily facilitates the modification of the design or materials of the various components or the number of conductive layers. Therefore, while our invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it is apparent that other forms could be adopted by one skilled in the art, such as by substituting other dielectric or conductive materials, or by varying the processing parameters. Accordingly the scope of our invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 29, 1979
|Apr 22, 1980
|Rca Corporation
|Method of making a planar semiconductor on insulating substrate device utilizing the deposition of a dual dielectric layer between device islands
|May 7, 1984
|Jun 18, 1985
|Motorola, Inc.
|Process for fabricating semiconductor device
|Dec 16, 1985
|Feb 2, 1988
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|Bonding pad interconnection structure
|Mar 2, 1987
|Apr 25, 1989
|American Telephone And Telegraph Company At&T Bell Laboratories
|Radiation hardened semiconductor devices
|Mar 14, 1989
|Mar 6, 1990
|Bull S.A.
|Method for forming a multilayered metal network for bonding components of a high-density integrated circuit using a spin on glass layer
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|"Delco Electronics Production Process Specification for the Deposition of a Single Dielectric Layer".
|Delco Electronics Production Process Specification for the Deposition of a Single Dielectric Layer .
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 30, 1992
|Dec 6, 1994
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Chip interconnection having a breathable etch stop layer
|Oct 7, 1992
|Apr 9, 1996
|Nec Corporation
|Process of fabricating a dielectric film for a semiconductor device
|Mar 30, 1995
|Apr 15, 1997
|Paradigm Technology, Inc.
|Methods for fabricating integrated circuits including openings to transistor regions
|May 25, 1995
|Aug 12, 1997
|Paradigm Technology, Inc.
|Self-aligning contact and interconnect structure
|Jul 15, 2002
|Dec 5, 2002
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of fabricating a semiconductor device
|Oct 17, 2006
|Apr 3, 2008
|Chipmos Technolgies Inc.
|Chip structure
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 19, 1989
Owner name: DELCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, INDIANA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LEISURE, RONALD K.;LARSEN, OYA F.;REGER, RONALD K.;REEL/FRAME:005168/0749;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890925 TO 19891002
|Jun 2, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 25, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 29, 2003
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Year of fee payment: 12
|Jun 18, 2003
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Owner name: DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DELCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:016700/0623
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The Main Street, I.R.L. Movieplex attraction at first light
Enjoy a busy afternoon in the Main Street, I.R.L. Movieplex, where you can enjoy "Barren Willie" and other heads from the classic era of Disney animation. Tremendous animation fans may particularly enjoy seeing Darby O'Gill, Sallah, and all their favorite Disney brands on the Main Street, I.R.L. Movieplex's current screens.
You shouldn't try Zombie Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
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Hiei,favourite quotes wrote:
Let's avoid fighting. You're not worth it.
Kill us if you're going to, just spare us the sound of your voice.
You're the same way as the first day we met. A pain who speaks the truth.
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No Bake Recipes: 21 Fuss-Free Easy Desserts eCookbook
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Strawberry Shortcake Sundae
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- 1 tube Pillsbury Biscuits
- 1/2 gallon vanilla ice cream or frozen yogurt
- 2 lbs. fresh strawberries, hulled and sliced about 1 cm thick
- sugar
Bake biscuits according to package directions. As biscuits are baking, make strawberry sauce - take about 1/3 of all of your sliced strawberries and mash them with a fork or other utensil until saucy but still with some texture. Add sugar to taste.Stir remaining sliced strawberries into the sauce. As soon as the biscuits emerge from the oven, split them in half. Put the bottom half of the biscuit on a plate. Top with scoop of vanilla ice cream. Immediately top with strawberries in sauce, and place the top half of the biscuit on top of everything. Serve right away. It is important that the ice cream be cold, and the biscuits warm and crunchy.
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Town Square
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STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALPublic employee benefits - beyond reasonable
"As America's recession spooled out, Chicago responded to the ensuing budget crunch the way many cities have: by cutting...Original post made by Joe on Nov. 27, 2012
Last comment by Kathleen Ruegsegger, on Dec 5, 2012 at 1:40 pm | 46 comments | 10360 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALMichigan passing a Right to Work law
Michigan will today become the 24th state to pass a Right to Work law, which prohibits unions from collecting dues from non-union...Original post made by Joe on Dec. 11, 2012
Last comment by Marty, on Dec 12, 2012 at 7:25 pm | 7 comments | 3841 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALSan Jose Firefighters' Union Misconduct
I understand the purpose of a union is to protect its employees, but please, this goes beyond the bounds of reason. It's...Original post made by Joe on Apr. 8, 2013
Last comment by Willie Pfistergash, on Apr 9, 2013 at 7:59 am | 2 comments | 2659 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALUnions warning people about Six Flags safety
Original post made by Joe on May. 31, 2013
Last comment by safety?, on Jun 1, 2013 at 11:14 am | 4 comments | 1270 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALNew poll shows 2-to-1 support for BART management, not BART unions
Original post made by Joe on Aug. 1, 2013
Last comment by mm, on Aug 2, 2013 at 3:52 pm | 10 comments | 1650 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALAnother Bay Area news poll shows little support for BART unions
First it was the KPIX news poll showing that, by a 2-1 margin, Bay Area residents think the unions are being unreasonable. Now...Original post made by Joe on Aug. 13, 2013
Last comment by Cholo, on Aug 13, 2013 at 2:38 pm | 1 comment | 1409 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALWhy are BART's unions different than others?
The SEIU, the largest union in Santa Clara County, approved a new contract giving workers a 5% raise over two years. The...Original post made by Joe on Aug. 31, 2013
Last comment by Kathleen Ruegsegger, on Sep 1, 2013 at 11:29 am | 9 comments | 1446 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALBART training managers to operate trains
On the news this evening, BART is proactively training managers to operate trains so that limited service can be offered...Original post made by Joe on Sep. 19, 2013
Last comment by Cholo, on Oct 9, 2013 at 6:28 pm | 45 comments | 2517 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALBART negotiation numbers to think about
Ten days before the strike deadline, BART management and the BART unions are $112 million apart. There are 2,375 union members...Original post made by Joe on Sep. 30, 2013
Last comment by Cholo, on Sep 30, 2013 at 10:57 am | 9 comments | 1120 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALCA Senate Bill 423, if passed, will prevent the BART strike
There is a provision in the contract with the Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) that prevents workers from striking in the...Original post made by Joe on Oct. 2, 2013
Last comment by Daveg, on Oct 17, 2013 at 8:56 am | 36 comments | 5560 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONAL77% of Bay Area residents don't support a BART strike
This is up from the mid-60s when the cooling off period began. You can view the poll at any of the Bay Area newspaper, TV,...Original post made by Joe on Oct. 5, 2013
Last comment by email@example.com, on Oct 6, 2013 at 8:07 pm | 18 comments | 1403 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALSome interesting observations on Obamacare
There are some winners and some losers from a cost point of view as health care insurance rates are becoming solidified....Original post made by Joe on Oct. 6, 2013
Last comment by Cholo, on Oct 6, 2013 at 8:39 pm | 6 comments | 4578 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALBART operators work 4.5 hours and get paid for 8
From Zakhary Mallett, BART director. BART directors are an elected position. The overwhelming sentiment is that the unions...Original post made by Joe on Oct. 13, 2013
Last comment by Cholo, on Oct 17, 2013 at 12:10 pm | 19 comments | 3425 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALTransit unions have donated $3M to CA State Assembly Democrats
The Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU, of which the BART train operators are members) and the Service Employees Service Union...Original post made by Joe on Oct. 16, 2013
Last comment by Cholo, on Oct 21, 2013 at 1:40 pm | 21 comments | 4710 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALThe Union and Politicians- Try Google Street View on Detroit
All of us know that there is a strong relationship between unions and elected politicians. Politicians support legislation...Original post made by Joe on Nov. 1, 2013
Last comment by left is right, on Nov 9, 2013 at 4:39 pm | 16 comments | 3008 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALBART contract details
Time for a little arithmetic here. The union's original demand was a 20.1% raise over three years. The end result was...Original post made by Joe on Nov. 6, 2013
Last comment by Kathleen Ruegsegger, on Nov 11, 2013 at 6:06 pm | 38 comments | 14471 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALBoeing union forcing move to Long Beach?
Boeing offered its largest union a guarantee of 20,000 union jobs at its Washington facilities at prevailing wages for the...Original post made by Joe on Nov. 14, 2013
Last comment by Formerly Dan from BC, on Dec 2, 2013 at 8:28 pm | 28 comments | 2408 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALBART Family Leave clause and Union dishonesty
Yes it's an embarrassment to BART management that the Family Leave clause was mistakenly left in the agreement document. However...Original post made by Joe on Nov. 24, 2013
Last comment by Cholo, on Nov 29, 2013 at 10:27 am | 19 comments | 15892 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALDetroit bankruptcy approved; IL passes pension reform
Odd that both these occurred on the same day. The federal bankruptcy judge ruled that Detroit's bankruptcy can proceed....Original post made by Joe on Dec. 3, 2013
Last comment by Bill Lambeer, on Dec 4, 2013 at 11:33 pm | 6 comments | 1534 Views
STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALWal-Mart in Washington DC
Earlier this week, after much debate, Wal-Mart opened two stores within Washington DC. Some members of the DC city council...Original post made by Joe on Dec. 6, 2013
Last comment by Right, on Dec 16, 2013 at 8:47 pm | 11 comments | 3376 Views
Playing Catch-up
By Tom Cushing | 29 comments | 3,029 views
By Roz Rogoff | 4 comments | 1,075 views
Pleasanton Costco appears headed to crowded November ballot
By Tim Hunt | 11 comments | 938 views


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Short Cuts
Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
Africa martyred with Epictetus
Few details are known of St. Christina but she lived during the third century and was the daughter of a rich and powerful magistrate believed to have been named Urbain. He was deep in the ... continue reading
At 33 Ambrose had it all - a successful career as a lawyer, an important position as governor of Milan, the approval and friendship of the emperor, and a large estate. Then the bishop ... continue reading
Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, known as John in English, was born May 8, 1786 in Dardilly, France and was baptized the same day. He was the fourth of six children born to Matthieu and Marie ... continue reading
William of Vercelli, Saint 1085-1142. founder, born in Vercelli Italy he was brought up as an orphan became a hermit on Monte Vergine, Italy after a pilgrimage to Compostella and attracted so many ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
Saint Monica, also known as Monica of Hippo, is St. Augustine of Hippo's mother. She was born in 331 A.D. in Tagaste, which is present-day Algeria. When she was very young, she was married off to the Roman pagan Patricius, who shared his mother's violent temper. ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
Little is known of her life, and the information was received by private revelation from her. Martyred at about age 14 in the early days of the Church. In 1802 the remains of a young woman were found in the catacomb of Saint Priscilla on the Via Salaria. It was ... continue reading
Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, known as John in English, was born May 8, 1786 in Dardilly, France and was baptized the same day. He was the fourth of six children born to Matthieu and Marie Vianney. John was raised in a Catholic home and the family often helped the poor ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
On September 4, 2016, Pope Francis will canonize Mother Teresa as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Her canonization is an important event for Catholics and all people around the world. Here's 3 reasons why. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - When Mother Teresa is ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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RB NEW LOOK ♦ JULY 11th, 2012
Dear Members
I am quite sure that all of you was as surprises as I was when earlier I logged on rb. Suddently I fell lost. This did not last long because quickly I get a tour, and I realized that the new look is an updated version of the OLD RB everybody was crazy about.
Actually I love the new look, also I thing it has couple of things might be improved in time.
- to be found by clicking on the right corner activity.
♦ Under ACTIVITY – one can select through different options, such as: *comments, features,
CLICKING ON DEFAULT ACTIVITY FEED – takes you back on the old activity feed
*COMMENTS & FEATURES * – shows only comments & features on your works
Practically, on the right side you can access all activities regarding your own works, views, fav…


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Jenna Lyons & Courtney Crangi (Finally) Open Up About Their Relationship
When we heard that J. Crew majordomo Jenna Lyons had split from Vincent Mazeau, her husband of nine years, and took up with Courtney Crangi, it wasn't scandalous, per se. But it was certainly a surprise. Since then, the pair has remained quiet about their relationship — perhaps because of the media circus around it, or perhaps because of her testy divorce from Mazeau — with only Lyons making a full public mention of her new partner during her Glamour Women of the Year Award acceptance speech back in November. Still, the public has remained curious about the relationship between these two fashionable, charismatic, powerful women.
Well, we may not have all the answers, but Crangi and Lyons are opening up a bit thanks to a profile in the pages of V Magazine. Likening the duo to "two teenagers in love," V offers up the first posed photo of them as a loving couple (wearing J. Crew and Philip Crangi, of course). Of their relationship, Lyons says, "For me the best thing is knowing that someone really has your back...Like no matter what happens, she has my best interests at heart." Aw. Crangi, for her part, confirms the wonder of her new love: "I think the most amazing thing about Jenna, although there are many amazing things about her, is really her grace under pressure." Lovely.
Sure, this is all a bit dry and — what's the word — filtered, but maybe that's all these obviously private people want to share with us. Certainly, they'd have good reasons for that. None of this means, however, that we aren't still very interested in being a fly on the wall in their new home. We mean, Lyons' last one was pretty amazin'. (V Magazine)
Photo: Courtesy of V
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FOR SALE: late 80s digital guitar, see at 205 West Robinson Apt. 1, Knoxville
Filed under: ClassifiedsKeywords: For Sale, Guitar
Volkswagen agreed to a $15 billion settlement in an emissions fraud scandal. Is that enough, or should executives who knew about it go to jail?
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