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Read an Excerpt
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs2002
By William G. Gale
Brookings Institution PressCopyright © 2002 William G. Gale
All right reserved.
Chapter OneEditor's Summary
The Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs offers cutting-edge research, presented in accessible ways, to help inform the academic research and policy debates on issues unique to urban areas. Broader economic and policy topics that have special applicability to urban settings are also treated. The papers and comments contained in this volume were presented at a conference at the Brookings Institution on October 24 and 25, 2002.
The papers are divided into two groups. This year's symposium focuses on urban education. Brian A. Jacob and Steven D. Levitt report the results of an experiment designed to detect cheating on standardized tests in Chicago Public Schools. Thomas Nechyba examines the impact of school reform in an urban setting by developing a simulation model in which parents choose where to live, decide whether their children attend public or private schools, and vote on tax levels. Thomas J. Kane, Douglas O. Staiger, and Gavin Samms evaluate the effect of school quality, as measured by local school test scores and composite school ratings, on housing values in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Brian A. Jacob explores the determinants of improved academic performance in Chicago Public Schools. The volume includes two other research papers on current issues in urban economics. Douglas S. Massey and Mary J. Fischer document expanding economic inequality across and within geographic regions. Bengte Evenson and William C. Wheaton explore local variation in land use regulations among towns in Massachusetts.
Symposium on Urban Education
Education is one of the most important services provided by urban and local governments. But many large urban school districts in the United States serve their students poorly, as indicated by low test scores, high dropout rates, high rates of teacher turnover, and other problems. These deficiencies have led affluent families with children to leave cities for the suburbs or to move their children to private schools. To the extent that such families move, urban tax bases and economic activity are reduced. To the extent that good students move to private schools, the average academic quality of the remaining public school students falls, which can reduce the quality of the education received in the public schools through the influence on peer group effects and expenditure on schools. For all of these reasons, education reform has emerged as a key issue in urban areas.
Catching Cheating Teachers: An Unusual Experiment
One approach to improving urban schools involves greater emphasis on high-stakes testing. Under this plan schools will be held accountable, through a variety of sanctions, for their students' failure to attain certain scores on standardized tests. Supporters claim that testing provides accountability and raises test scores. Critics note that test score gains have been shown to be test specific, and thus progress may be ephemeral. Another concern is that the emphasis on high-stakes testing may increase the temptation for students, teachers, and administrators to cheat on standardized tests.
Jacob and Levitt examine cheating by teachers using a methodology they developed in previous work. Roughly 100,000 Chicago Public School students take the Iowa Test of Basic Skills each spring, with retesting occurring in 117 classrooms three to four weeks later. Jacob and Levitt use a multinomial logit framework with past, current, and retest scores, demographics, and socioeconomic characteristics as explanatory variables to identify suspicious answer strings (a series of answers to consecutive questions). The authors look at cheating in three types of classrooms: those with unusually large test score gains and highly suspicious patterns of answer strings; classrooms with suspicious answer strings but without unusually large test score gains; and classrooms with anonymous allegations of cheating. They compare the retest performance of these classrooms to two control groups that are not suspected of cheating: classrooms with large test score gains but not suspicious answer strings and classrooms that were chosen at random.
The main result is that classrooms that were suspected of cheating-based on the authors' methodology for identifying suspicious answer strings-saw dramatic declines in test results in the retest relative to the original test, while the control classrooms saw little change in test results. Test score declines were more than one grade-equivalent on average in twenty-nine classrooms out of the seventy suspicious classrooms that were retested. After the retest, school administrators in two schools were suspected of complicity in cheating, given that a significant number of classes in their schools were identified as having cheated. Consequently, the teachers and administrators suspected of cheating were subject to further investigation.
Public School Finance and Urban School Policy
Much analysis of the determinants of school quality focuses narrowly on the effects of financial resources on school performance. In contrast, Thomas Nechyba explores how financing alters school quality in a framework that explicitly incorporates the fact that financing changes may alter the characteristics of neighborhoods, private school attendance rates, and political voting outcomes. He develops these insights in a simulation model calibrated to data from the New Jersey suburbs of New York City. By examining the various policies in a single, consistent model, he is able to isolate the interlocking roles of different factors in determining the impact of changes in school finance. Nechyba examines the effects of centralizing school finance, changing state aid formulas, and issuing state-funded vouchers. A major result of the analysis is that the general equilibrium effects of policy changes on school quality-for example, those that arise from households moving or students changing from public to private schools-often dominate the direct effects of resource levels on school performance. Among the results: centralization raises housing prices, reduces private school attendance, reduces spending per pupil in public schools, and narrows school quality differences across districts as spending is equalized. Funding formulas that provide state aid programs not targeted at poor school districts result in school improvement in wealthy districts and also cause larger inequalities across districts. However, targeted state aid administered only to poor school districts achieves greater increases in school quality for all schools. State-funded vouchers would reduce quality at poor-performing public schools as students choose to attend better public and private schools. Families in wealthier neighborhoods move to areas with more affordable housing and, using their vouchers, send their children to private school. As a result of these two changes, overall average school quality in poor districts increases slightly because the quality of the new private schools is higher than public schools, and there is a negative effect on public schools in the wealthier districts as well as declining public support for public schools.
School Accountability Ratings and Housing Values
Previous research has found a strong connection between student test scores at neighborhood schools and housing values at a point in time, but there is less evidence on how those variables evolve. This issue, however, will become more important over time as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 requires states to test all students in grades three through eight and publicly report the results.
Thomas J. Kane, Douglas O. Staiger, and Gavin Samms evaluate the effects on housing values of test scores and composite school ratings. Using data on the sales prices of homes in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, they find that a school's long-term average test scores affect housing values in the immediate neighborhood, but that year-to-year fluctuations in scores do not. This suggests that homeowners care about school quality but are aware of how "noisy" test scores can be.
The authors also find that test scores may be related to unmeasured housing and neighborhood characteristics. This idea suggests that people tend to buy houses where they do because of their peers. Housing values tend to be higher closer to a neighborhood school, particularly in poor neighborhoods, and respond more strongly to test scores of white students than of black students. The study also shows that, when composite school ratings were introduced, local house prices did not decline in response to state ratings of "low performing" for local schools. This may imply that residents already knew that these schools were low performing.
Accountability: Lessons from Chicago
After instituting high-stakes testing in 1996, the Chicago Public Schools realized a significant increase in test scores. Little is understood, however, about how high-stakes testing affects performance. Supporters of the program claim that testing makes teachers and students work harder and helps schools become more efficient. Critics claim the rules lead to "teaching to the test" and to reallocations of resources away from nontested subjects like physical education, art, music, and social studies.
Brian Jacob examines the effects of the accountability policies instituted by the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) using school budget information for 456 elementary schools in 1995 and 2000. He distinguishes between changes in educational inputs-including student effort, parental involvement, financial resources-and changes in school technology -such as instructional practices and school organization.
He finds that most of the improvement in CPS scores comes from non-financial inputs like student effort and parental involvement rather than technological improvements. Schools made few changes to financial allocations or school organization. For example, low-achieving schools shifted only a small amount of resources away from nontested areas, like art and music, and the changes in spending are not related to changes in student achievement. Most of the increase in spending was to hire more teachers or raise teachers' salaries rather than to create new positions. Educational efforts by students have had a greater effect on student achievement than changes in instructional practices or school organization. The findings will prove relevant as the federal government begins to implement the No Child Left Behind education policy that was enacted in 2001.
Other Research
Besides the papers on education reform, the volume contains two papers and discussants' comments related to other current issues in urban economics. These papers illustrate the broad reach of urban issues and their overlap with the concerns of many other fields in economic research and public policy.
The Geography of Inequality, 1950-2000
Although trends in income inequality have received substantial attention during the past two decades, trends in the geographic distribution of income have been left relatively unexamined. As the affluent and poor live increasingly isolated from one another, the social and economic worlds and interests of the two groups will naturally diverge, with important implications for public finance and the provision of public services.
Using data available from 1950 to 2000, Douglas S. Massey and Mary J. Fischer measure trends in class segregation and income concentration at the regional, state, and metropolitan levels, and on the neighborhood level for sixty metropolitan areas. The authors find that income and class segregation declined during the past half-century as the rich and poor have become more evenly distributed throughout the country. They also show that the degree of spatial separation between affluent and poor families declined on the regional, state, and metropolitan levels. These findings reflect the creation of new affluence in the South and new poverty in the Northeast, Midwest, and West. The concentration of affluence and poverty, however, has increased in neighborhoods, leading to significant class segregation within metropolitan areas.
Income segregation measures the degree of social and class segregation between poor and affluent families. Massey and Fischer find that during the past half-century, rich and poor have become more evenly distributed throughout the country. On the regional level, income segregation is the lowest and declined by more than half between 1950 and 2000. Similarly, income segregation decreased by nearly 40 percent for states and one-third in metropolitan areas. However, census-tract-level segregation in sixty metropolitan areas has increased dramatically between 1970 and 2000, indicating significant growth in class segregation within neighborhoods. The authors also examined income segregation by race and found that in the regions, states, and metropolitan areas, both blacks and whites experienced a comparable decrease in income segregation over the period. The tract-level data tell a different story as income segregation within both races has increased since 1970 and moderated only slightly during the 1990s.
Falling income inequality, declining poverty rates, and class segregation from 1950 to 2000 also produced declines in the geographic concentration of poverty at the regional, state, and metropolitan levels. Overall, the concentration of poverty fell sharply and hit a fifty-year low in 2000. Poverty isolation is greater for African Americans, since far more blacks live in the south and thus are distributed more unevenly than whites. The concentration of poverty in neighborhoods of metropolitan areas, in contrast to the decrease in overall concentration, increased by 80 percent between 1970 and 2000. Moreover, the concentration of poverty within neighborhoods for black families exceeded that for white families in each decade from 1970 through 2000.
According to Massey and Fischer, the concentration of affluence in regions, states, and metropolitan areas increased between 1950 and 2000. Since class segregation and income inequality declined, the growth in the concentration of affluence is attributed to the increasing proportion of affluent families. This is also true on the neighborhood level. By 2000, the concentration of affluence in metropolitan neighborhoods was greater than the concentration of poverty. However, the authors find that the concentration of affluence does not differ by race in regions, states, or metropolitan areas. However, the concentration of affluence was greater for whites than blacks within neighborhoods.
Massey and Fischer show that rich and poor families came to inhabit the same regions, states, and metropolitan areas while simultaneously moving into different neighborhoods segregated by class.
Excerpted from Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs by William G. Gale Copyright © 2002 by William G. Gale. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Lakers lead NBA with 9 wire-to-wire victories
The Lakers' victory over Atlanta on Tuesday night was their ninth this season without trailing. That compares quite favorably to the Lakers' previous two regular seasons that led to NBA championships.
Last season, the Lakers had seven wire-to-wire victories in the regular season. The season before, they had just seven.
The Lakers' nine so far this season leads the NBA. Next-best are Boston and Miami with seven and San Antonio and Denver with six.
The Lakers' nine all-game-long victims are: Golden State, Memphis, Washington, Indiana, Philadelphia, Cleveland and Utah.
Reporting from Portland, Ore.
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KAMPALA Two Ugandan journalists have been arrested over a cartoon of President Yoweri Museveni on the cover of their magazine which referred to his 24 years in power and asked "Where next?", their lawyer said on Wednesday.
Samuel Ssejaaka, owner of Summit Business Review, and its editor, Mustapha Mugisha, were arrested on Tuesday and questioned by detectives before being released on police bond, pending possible unspecified charges.
"I am at a loss as to what the charges would be because I'm aware of what criminal charges can usually be applied to the media," lawyer James Nangwala told Reuters.
"The cartoon looked very plain and very innocent."
Police were not immediately available for comment.
The cartoon depicted Museveni holding a large knife and about to cut a cake on which was written: "48th Independence," referring to the anniversary of the East African nation winning independence from Britain.
The accompanying headline read: "Uganda at 48. Museveni at 24. Where next?"
Ugandans vote on February 18 in national elections that will be closely watched for signs of repression and instability by Western donors and foreign investors.
Uganda's constitutional court removed the crime of sedition from the penal code in August, ruling that it limited fundamental freedoms of speech and expression.
That colonial era law had been used to try several prominent critics of Museveni for bringing the presidency into disrepute.
Nangwala said banner advertisements for the magazine around capital Kampala, featuring the same image, had also been cited to him as a reason why the two men had been arrested.
"A police officer unwrapped a banner advertisement and showed it to all of us as justification for them being in custody," Nangwala said. The advertisements have now disappeared from downtown Kampala.
Museveni, a former student activist, has been in power since 1986, during which time Uganda's economy -- the third largest in east Africa -- has expanded and the discovery of oil has boosted foreign investor interest.
But rights activists say the former darling of the West is now trying to silence critics and clampdown on opposition in an attempt to become president for life.
The country's last elections in 2006 were marred by violence.
Most analysts expect Museveni to be returned to office. The government says that is because of his development achievements while the opposition says it does not expect a fair poll and will pull out if it suspects vote rigging.
(Editing by Philippa Fletcher)
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Shoppers chase bargains
Shoppers hunt around for the best bargainsJENNY LING
Relevant offers
Food prices are constantly climbing, leaving shoppers little option but to keep opening their wallets.
The latest Statistics New Zealand figures show food prices increased 1.5 per cent in the year to December 2013.
The biggest hikes were in the grocery food group which were up 2 per cent and included dairy products like milk and yoghurt which both rose around 10 per cent.
But with the large range of supermarket shopping experiences available in Auckland, it's still possible to get good deals.
From boutique stores to exotic Asian markets and conventional supermarket chains, Aucklanders now have plenty of places to choose their grocery items from.
But prices vary as much as the decor so it pays to shop around.
The East & Bays Courier visited five supermarkets last week and compared conventional supermarkets Pak 'n Save and Countdown with boutique supermarkets Nosh and Farro Fresh and Asian food mart D.H Supermarket.
While fruit prices are comparable across all stores - apart from D.H Supermarket which had cheap bananas and avocados - grocery prices vary significantly.
Mt Eden resident Natu Chhiba says he always shops around for the best prices.
He and his wife usually frequent Countdown or New World but that's not set in stone. The couple watches out for advertised bargains.
"Wherever we can get the better prices we go there," he says.
"You've got to these days. Last week bread was two for $5 at New World but this week it's two for $5 at Countdown.
"We save money that way."
Of the hiked grocery products, dairy products increased the most, including milk by 9.4 per cent, cheese by 7.7 per cent and yoghurt by 10 per cent.
Countdown is selling 2 litres of milk for $4.29 - a far cry from the days milk was delivered free to schools for New Zealand children, between 1937 and 1967.
Nosh attempted to even the playing field in 2012, creating a stir when it slashed milk prices to $2.49 for 2 litres by creating its own Nosh Essentials brand.
But milk prices at the boutique grocery store have crept up again.
Alannah Haysmith was shopping at the Mt Eden branch of Nosh when the East & Bays Courier visited last week.
The young Mt Eden mum likes to shop at the boutique supermarket for unique items or to pick up something special for a barbecue.
"It's good here. Some things are really cheap, for things like eggs and milk, but you wouldn't want to do your whole shop here all the time," she says.
Mrs Haysmith heads to Countdown for staples like washing powder and nappies.
Of the country's major supermarkets Pak 'n Save consistently ranks the cheapest.
Owned by Foodstuffs, the chain has topped Consumer New Zealand surveys for the lowest supermarket prices for the last 11 years.
But Consumer researcher Jessica Wilson says the gap is definitely closing.
A Countdown store in Kilbirnie, Wellington, ensured Pak 'n Save was cheapest in only six out of seven centres last year.
"What we're looking at are the big players, Pak 'n Save, New World and Countdown, where most people get their shopping done on a weekly basis," she says.
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- East And Bays Courier
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Poll: Colo. gun control laws, death penalty stance may hurt Hickenlooper re-election
Ed Andrieski, Associated Press
DENVER — Just 45 percent of Colorado voters want Democratic Gov. John Hickenlooper re-elected, and half disapprove of his stance on new gun laws and the death penalty after his refusal to set an execution date for a convicted mass murderer, according to a poll released Friday.
The Quinnipiac (KWIHN'-uh-pee-ak) University poll released Friday puts Hickenlooper's approval rating at 48 percent, and he's statistically tied with potential Republican gubernatorial candidate Tom Tancredo, who's known mostly for his tough position on immigration. Hickenlooper leads the former congressman 46 percent to 45 percent in the 2014 race, within the poll's margin of error.
The poll also provides a preview of the 2016 presidential race here, presenting Colorado once again as a battleground state with Democratic former Secretary of State Hilary Clinton deadlocked with Republican New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie if both were to run.
Friday's numbers underscore the fact that Hickenlooper is going through one of the most tumultuous times in his political career, after years of popularity dating back to his time as Denver mayor.
Two of his biggest challenges came in the past six months. He signed new gun laws in March, including more background checks and limits on ammunition magazine sizes. Then in May he granted an indefinite stay of execution to Nathan Dunlap, who killed four people at a Chuck E. Cheese in 1993.
Both decisions played badly with potential voters, according to the poll. Forty-eight percent of voters polled disapprove of how he's handled the death penalty, while 26 percent approve. On gun policy, 52 percent disapprove of him, while 35 percent approve.
"Gov. Hickenlooper has gone against popular opinion on the death penalty and gun control, but he is doing better on that bread-and-butter issue — the economy. Let's see how that plays out in the next 14 months," said Tim Malloy, assistant director of the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute.
But even in what's supposed to be a bright spot, Hickenlooper's numbers aren't high. Fifty percent of poll participants approve of Hickenlooper's handling of the economy.
The poll of 1,184 registered voters was taken from Aug. 15-21 and has a margin of error of plus or minus 2.9 percentage points. The poll was conducted through live interviews by cellphones and land lines.
Against other potential Republican gubernatorial candidates, Hickenlooper leads Colorado Secretary of State Scott Gessler 47 percent to 42 percent, and state Sen. Greg Brophy 47 percent to 40 percent. Brophy has announced his candidacy but Gessler has not.
On the 2016 presidential race, possible candidates Clinton and Christie are tied at 42 percent. Against Republican U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas, Clinton leads 46 percent to 41 percent.
Both Christie and Cruz are ahead of Vice President Joe Biden. Biden is behind Christie 49 percent to 33 percent and Cruz 45 percent to 39 percent.
Colorado voters were not asked about Hickenlooper as a possible presidential contender.
Find Ivan Moreno on Twitter: http://twitter.com/IvanJourno
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If you focus on these ideas and tips, you'll have much better passwords that will go a long way toward ensuring your business is protected. Don't overlook the importance of a strong password; the first line of defense should alway be prepared for all potential outside threats.
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August 31, 2014
Schools are becoming places were kids are connected to the internet the minute they step in the classroom. With so many people and devices accessing the internet it's important for schools to have the proper security protocols in place to protect their students.
Uneducated Employees and Their 7 Deadly Sins
May 09, 2014
From the "too ridiculous to be true" files, especially given the increasing number of data breaches at companies large and small, is the news that the most common corporate password is "Password1" because it just barely meets the minimum complexity requirements for length, capitalization, and numerical figures.


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Aug 9, 2012; London, United Kingdom; USA midfielder Carli Lloyd (left) is congratulated by teammates after scoring a goal during the women's soccer gold medal match in the 2012 London Olympic Games at Wembley Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Mark J. Rebilas-USA TODAY Sports
NBA 2hr ago
Jimmy Butler says his favorite Taylor Swift song 'touches the heart'
Guess which song it is.
NBA 4hr ago
LeBron, D-Wade and CP3 are having a lot of fun singing and dancing together on vacation
These guys look relaxed.
MLB 4hr ago
Pro baseball team makes history with signing of 2 female players
"We hope this sends a message to the rest of the baseball world…"
MLB 4hr ago
Adrian Beltre played a predictably intense game of catch with his son
Adrian Beltre plays catch exactly how Adrian Beltre should.
MLB 5hr ago
Minor league baseball team will wear spectacular emoji jerseys
Straight 🔥.
NBA 7hr ago
Jimmy Butler wasn't surprised about the Derrick Rose trade: 'It had to be one of us'
Jimmy Butler knew someone was getting traded.
NHL 8hr ago
P.K. Subban says he feels 'a whole lot closer' to winning a Stanley Cup after trade
Congrats, Nashville. You got a winner.


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Raju The Elephant Cries Tears of Joy While Being Rescued After 50 Years Of Abuse And Chains In India
- published: 08 Jul 2014
- views: 1675293
An elephant that was kept in chains for 50 years and abused by a drug addict who used the animal beg in India has been freed. Raju had been beaten and starved since being poached from the wild as a baby and resorted to eating paper and plastic to fill his stomach. The chains and spikes wrapped around his legs had left him with chronic wounds and arthritis and he was in almost constant pain. But now he is walking free for the first time after a daring rescue by conservationists with a court order by the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department to take the elephant from his abusive owner. The charity took Raju in the middle of the night on Thursday, supported by police and state officials. The elephant\'s mahout and previous owner tried to stop him being taken by adding more chains and having people block the roads for the rescue lorry. Experts worked for hours to gain the elephant\'s trust with fruit and encouragement until they could get him into the van that would take him to a sanctuary. When Raju was being rescued, volunteers said they saw tears rolling down his face. Pooja Binepal, from Wildlife SOS UK, said: \"The team were astounded to see tears roll down his face during the rescue. It was so incredibly emotional for all of us. \"We knew in our hearts he realised he was being freed. \"Elephants are not only majestic, but they are highly intelligent animals, who have been proven to have feelings of grief, so we can only imagine what torture half a century has been like for him.\" Kartick Satyanarayan, the charity\'s co-founder, said the mahout tried to make the elephant charge by s...


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Reality taxes the Democrats
By any standard, the fury directed at President Obama by his own party this week has been jaw-dropping. Forget that the object of their rage was "The One" who just two years ago sent thrills down the legs of everyone to the left of Michael Bloomberg. Forget that he was the leader who was going to usher in a new golden age of liberal gigantism. Consider only that Barack Obama is the sitting president and leader of the Democratic Party.
One congressional Democrat is reported to have snarled a dismissive vulgarity about Obama during a meeting to discuss the tax plan deal worked out with Republicans. Others in the room joined in a chant: "Just say no. Just say no."
Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., the Senate's lone explicit socialist, described the deal as "an absolute disaster and an insult to the vast majority of the American people." Sanders promised to do "everything possible" to defeat the plan and staged a minifilibuster – speaking for more than eight hours on the Senate floor – to dramatize his anger.
Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., pronounced herself "just staggered by the enormity of this package." And Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., described the compromise as bordering "on moral recklessness."
Commentators and activists were equally incensed. Adam Green, co-founder of the Progressive Change Campaign Committee: "There is zero tolerance among progressives for Democrats caving on an issue where 98 percent of the American people would be on their side."
The sense of outrage among Democrats seems to arise from the genuine conviction that extending the current tax structure is both morally and politically wrong.
On the politics, it's hard to see how they reach this conclusion. Speaker Pelosi could have scheduled a vote on extending the Bush tax cuts before the election. That she declined is evidence that a significant number of Democrats feared that a vote to raise taxes on anyone – even just "the rich" – might not serve them well back home. Have the angry Democrats who are convinced that this compromise was political poison looked at polls? According to an ABC News/Washington Post poll, 69 percent of Americans support the compromise package.
Democrats' rage at the rich blinds them to the true views of the American people. William Voegeli, writing in Commentary, took note of a 2010 ballot measure in liberal Washington state. The measure would have imposed an income tax only on individuals earning more than $200,000 and couples earning more than $400,000 (about 1.2 percent of Washingtonians). Sixty-five percent of voters said no.
Voegeli suggests that people of moderate incomes may reject the principle that "rich people should be forced to surrender some of their wealth just because they are deemed to have too much" because it will eventually be used to "justify policies that force nonrich people to surrender some of their wealth, just because."
But there was another message that Democrats appear to have missed. It was delivered on Nov. 2, and could be called the biggest rejection of a majority party's policies in living memory. Voters were not unaware that Democrats wished to increase taxes on "the rich" – and yet they emphatically tossed them aside anyway. Are we dealing with a psychological problem here? Are Democrats projecting the anger they feel toward the ungrateful voters onto their own leader, who is only facing political reality?
As for the moral argument – that the undeserving rich should be separated from their obscene profits – well, it isn't moral at all. It isn't motivated by concern for the poor or even for the middle class, because increasing taxes on the rich only makes it less likely that lower-income people will be hired.
Nor can it be justified by reference to the inequity of the current system. Our tax code is so heavily progressive that the top 5 percent of income earners pay 60 percent of income taxes. The top 1 percent pay more than 40 percent of income taxes. In fact, the top 1 percent pay more than the bottom 95 percent combined. Our tax code is the most progressive among nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. And it's worth repeating that the rich pay so much not just because they earn so much, but also because they pay a far larger percentage of what they earn.
Though it drives Democrats crazy, most Americans seem to have a visceral sense that people are entitled to success and that fairness amounts to ensuring equal opportunity, not equal results. And finally, a practical consideration: If removing the uncertainty about tax increases boosts the economy's recovery, the primary beneficiaries will not be the rich, but the currently unemployed – Sanders, Feinstein, Landrieu and the rest notwithstanding.
Where would you rank today's "Doonesbury" rerun?
You know, on a scale of all-time most moving Trudeau strips? (It's on page B9 in the print edition.) I'd place it at No. 3.
Catching, releasing 10-foot sturgeon especially sweet this time
FISHING -- Hells Canyon Sportfishing guide Ryan Rosenbaum was all smiles before releasing a huge white sturgeon in the Snake River last weekend. Even a veteran guide doesn't often get ...
Parting Shot — 6.30.16
A brave girl jumps from the rocks on the west side of Tubbs Hill as her two friends watch. (Don Sausser/Facebook photo)
Sweeping initiative to strengthen Idaho's Sunshine Law appears to be falling short in bid to make Nov. ballot
It looks like a sweeping campaign finance reform initiative may fall short of the number of verified signatures needed to make the November ballot – even though backers collected roughly ...


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Spotted Bay Bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus: The Spotted Sand Bass, or Spotted Sand Bass is characterized by an overall yellowish-tan color, covered with numerous orange, black and brown spots that coalesce to form mottled bars on its sides. The belly is white, and the third dorsal spine is elongated, about three times longer than the second dorsal spine.
The Spotted Sand Bass might be confused with three common members of the sea bass family including the Barred Sand Bass, Paralabrax nebulifer (no spots and oblique bars on its sides), the Goldspotted Sand Bass, Paralabrax auroguttas (larger orange spots on head, body and fins), the Kelp or Calico Bass, Paralabrax clathratus (large white blotches on its sides). The Spotted Bay Bass reaches a length of 18 inches and about 5 pounds in weight.
However smaller fish of about a pound are normal, making them of limited interest to most anglers or commercial fishermen. The Spotted Bay Bass is very common in shallow water less than 100 feet deep. It feeds on anything that will fit into its mouth.
In Mexican fishing waters , the Spotted Sand Bass is abundant along the Pacific side of the Baja California Sur peninsula, throughout the Sea of Cortez south to Punta Chivato, and along the coast of mainland north of Guaymas, but it is absent from the oceanic islands.
It is eurythermal, being able to tolerate water temperatures in excess of 90 degrees Fahrenheit and as low as 45 degrees. The Spotted Bay Bass is commonly caught in the northern portion of the Sea of Cortez and is considered to be an excellent food fish.
Note: This fish is also called the "calico" in the Rocky Point (Puerto Penasco) area of the northern Sea of Cortez. Courtesy Jim Davis, Yuma, Ariz.
The Spotted Bay Bass, or Spotted Sand Bass, is a member of the Serrandae or Sea Bass and Grouper Family.
Mexico Fishing Home Page < Fish Photo List < Spotted Bay Bass
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Surgical Technology Clinical Instructor
Catawba Valley Community College - Hickory, NC
Part-Time Surgcial Technology Clinical Instructor to teach daytime clinical courses. Copies of all unofficial degree transcripts, including coursework completed...
HVAC Specialist Instructor
Center for Employment Training - San Jose, CA
Instructor or faculty who was adjudicated in *any*. Utilizes software programs to analyze, process, record, retrieve and verify statistical data, and to...
Learning Systems Support - SuccessFactors Experience Required
CDK Global - Cincinnati, OH
Create course sessions in the learning systems for Instructor Led Training or Virtual Instructor Led Training and maintain schedules....
Medical Assistant or Medical Billing Instructor - Part Time - Morgantown
Ross Education, LLC - Morgantown, WV
INSTRUCTOR - MEDICAL ASSISTANT/MEDICAL BILLING (PART-TIME). BLS instructor certification may be required. Your benefits as an Instructor will include:....
MQL Program Manager
Designeers Midwest, Inc. - Cincinnati, OH
Maintain active awareness of manufacturing technologies and techniques through professional development programs, especially state of the practice information...
Anatomy and Physiology Instructor - Adjunct
ITT Educational Services Inc. - Jacksonville, FL
Motivates student to actively participate in all aspect of the educational process. At ITT Tech we are committed to helping men and women develop the skills and...
Navy Nuclear Power School Instructor
U.S. Navy - United States
Connect with Power School Instructors. If accepted into the NUPOC program as an aspiring Naval Nuclear Power School Instructor, you can:....
Aquatics Director
Spencer YMCA - Spencer, IA
Y Swim Lesson or Water Safety Instructor. At least 21 years of age, with Lifeguarding and Swimming Lesson Instructor certifications....
Temporary Math Instructor
Hartnell Community College - Salinas, CA
Temporary Mathematics Instructor. Ability to utilize technology in the delivery of instruction and willingness to explore new technologies for instruction and...
Pharmacy Technology Instructor
San Joaquin Valley College - Salida, CA
PHARMACY TECHNOLOGY INSTRUCTOR. Includes appropriate people in decision-making process. Instructors must have required certificates, licenses and registrations...


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Foursquare © 2016 Lovingly made in NYC & SF
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Optimal design of multi-subject blocked fMRI experiments.
Maus, Bärbel ; ; et al
in NeuroImage (2011), 56(3), 1338-1352
The design of a multi-subject fMRI experiment needs specification of the number of subjects and scanning time per subject. For example, for a blocked design with conditions A or B, fixed block length and ... [more ▼]
The design of a multi-subject fMRI experiment needs specification of the number of subjects and scanning time per subject. For example, for a blocked design with conditions A or B, fixed block length and block order ABN, where N denotes a null block, the optimal number of cycles of ABN and the optimal number of subjects have to be determined. This paper presents a method to determine the optimal number of subjects and optimal number of cycles for a blocked design based on the A-optimality criterion and a linear cost function by which the number of cycles and the number of subjects are restricted. Estimation of individual stimulus effects and estimation of contrasts between stimulus effects are both considered. The mixed-effects model is applied and analytical results for the A-optimal number of subjects and A-optimal number of cycles are obtained under the assumption of uncorrelated errors. For correlated errors with a first-order autoregressive (AR1) error structure, numerical results are presented. Our results show how the optimal number of cycles and subjects depend on the within- to between-subject variance ratio. Our method is a new approach to determine the optimal scanning time and optimal number of subjects for a multi-subject fMRI experiment. In contrast to previous results based on power analyses, the optimal number of cycles and subjects can be described analytically and costs are considered. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 55 (10 ULg)
IRF3-dependent activation of inflammatory dendritic cells by extracellular host DNA mediates the adjuvant activity of alum on TH2 responses
Marichal, Thomas ; ; et al
Poster (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 12 (3 ULg)
Negations at Medinet Habu
Gillen, Todd Jonathan
Conference (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 13 (3 ULg)
Brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation: determinants and impact on outcome.
; Magne, Julien ; et al
Conference (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 10 (0 ULg)
Introduction : "Nourrir les dieux ?"
Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane ;
in Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane; Prescendi, Francesca (Eds.) "Nourrir les dieux ?" Sacrifice et représentation du divin (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 61 (4 ULg)
A discrete competitive facility location model with variable attractiveness
Kucukaydin, Hande ; ;
in Journal of the Operational Research Society (2011), 62(9), 1726-1741
We consider the discrete version of the competitive facility location problem in which new facilities have to be located by a new market entrant firm to compete against already existing facilities that ... [more ▼]
We consider the discrete version of the competitive facility location problem in which new facilities have to be located by a new market entrant firm to compete against already existing facilities that may belong to one or more competitors. The demand is assumed to be aggregated at certain points in the plane and the new facilities can be located at predetermined candidate sites. We employ Huff's gravity-based rule in modelling the behaviour of the customers where the probability that customers at a demand point patronize a certain facility is proportional to the facility attractiveness and inversely proportional to the distance between the facility site and demand point. The objective of the firm is to determine the locations of the new facilities and their attractiveness levels so as to maximize the profit, which is calculated as the revenue from the customers less the fixed cost of opening the facilities and variable cost of setting their attractiveness levels. We formulate a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for this problem and propose three methods for its solution: a Lagrangean heuristic, a branch-and-bound method with Lagrangean relaxation, and another branch-and-bound method with nonlinear programming relaxation. Computational results obtained on a set of randomly generated instances show that the last method outperforms the others in terms of accuracy and efficiency and can provide an optimal solution in a reasonable amount of time. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 53 (3 ULg)
Lack of efficacy of low-dose spironolactone as adjunct treatment to conventional congestive heart failure treatment in dogs
; ; et al
in Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011)
Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Aldosterone receptor blockade has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in human patients with advanced congestive left ... [more ▼]
Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Aldosterone receptor blockade has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in human patients with advanced congestive left ventricular heart failure. This study was designed to assess the efficacy and tolerance of long-term low-dose spironolactone when added to conventional heart failure treatment in dogs with advanced heart failure. Eighteen client-owned dogs with advanced congestive heart failure due to either degenerative valve disease (n=11) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n=7) were included in this prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical study. After initial stabilization including furosemide, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, pimobendan and digoxin, spironolactone at a median dose of 0.52 mg/kg (range 0.49-0.8 mg/kg) once daily (n=9) or placebo (n=9) was added to the treatment, and the dogs were reassessed 3 and 6 months later. Clinical scoring, echocardiography, electrocardiogram, systolic blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiography, sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aldosterone and aminoterminal atrial natriuretic propeptide were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Survival times were not significantly different between the two treatment groups. Spironolactone was well tolerated when combined with conventional heart failure treatment. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 25 (2 ULg)
Prospects for harmonized biodiversity assessments using national forest inventory data
; ; et al
in Chirici, Gherardo; Winter, Susanne; McRoberts, Ronald E. (Eds.) National Forest Inventories - contributions to Forest Biodiversity Assessments (2011)
After selection of the 13 biodiversity variables (Sect. 2.3) based on their importance and feasibility for assessment by NFIs, responses were solicited from participating countries regarding the degree to ... [more ▼]
After selection of the 13 biodiversity variables (Sect. 2.3) based on their importance and feasibility for assessment by NFIs, responses were solicited from participating countries regarding the degree to which the variables are now assessed. Two conclusions were evident: (1) most countries currently assess most of the variables, but (2) consensus is lacking on assessment methods and necessary field crew expertise, suggesting that harmonization would require emphasis on field operations. For each of the seven essential features into which the 13 variables were grouped, more detailed assessments were conducted. For forest categories, the conclusion was that the only major difference in classification systems used by European NFIs was whether potential or actual vegetation was used to define classes. Thus, the prospects for harmonization of forest categories are considered excellent. For forest structure, the prospects depend on the variable. For tree species, the prospects are excellent because the variable is assessed in the same manner by all NFIs. For dbh and height, considerable variability in measurementthresholds were found, but otherwise the harmonization prospects are good. For social position, definitions of classes varied, but harmonized estimates of proportions for dominant, intermediate, and suppressed classes are considered possible. Prospects for harmonized estimates of layers are consideraly poorer because of different definitions, thresholds and the uncertainty associated with visual assessment methods. Harmonized estimation of forest age is impeded by the increasing proportion of uneven-aged stands for which age is often not assessed, different definitions, and different assessment methods. However, agreement on dominant age as a reference definition would greatly increase the prospects. Deadwood is becoming an increasingly popular indicator of sustainable forest management. Unfortunately, considerable variability was found in deadwood definitions, components (e.g., stumps, limbs), sampling methods, and measurement thresholds. Thus, harmonized deadwood estimation will require development of bridges. Harmonization of regeneration estimates faces challenges due to differences in assessment approaches such as presence/absence versus coverage and all species versus dominant species. Harmonized estimation may be restricte to change in regeneration success. Harmonized estimation for ground vegetation also faces serious challenges due to differences in the components assessed (e.g., small trees, shrubs, herbs, bryophytes, lichens), difference in height thresholds, and differences in categories for which ground vegetation is reported. Forest naturalness integrates many of the other essential feature. However, many countries do not assess naturalness, and among those that do, assessment variables, methods, and reporting classes vary considerably. For harmonized assessment using NFI variables, the hemeroby approach, which emphasizes indications of human influence, is extremely sensitive to plot size. Harmonization using the ecosystem processes approach requires a common dbh threshold and similar plot sizes. The overall conclusion is that harmonization will be considerably easier for some essential features than for others. The factors leading to difficulties often are related to different definitions, different reporting classes, different measurement thresholds, and different features of sampling protocols such as plot sizes and configurations. Nevertheless, construction of reference definitions and bridges greatly facilitate harmonization for all essential features as is illustrated in Chap. 5. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 129 (11 ULg)
Inferring internal anatomy from the trilobite exoskeleton: the relationship between frontal auxiliary impressions and the digestive system
; ; Olive, Sébastien
in Lethaia (2011), 44(2),
The digestive system of trilobites is rarely preserved. As a result, many aspects of its organization remain unknown. Fortunately, the exoskeleton sometimes preserves evidence of soft-tissue attachment ... [more ▼]
The digestive system of trilobites is rarely preserved. As a result, many aspects of its organization remain unknown. Fortunately, the exoskeleton sometimes preserves evidence of soft-tissue attachment sites that can be used to infer internal anatomy. Among them are the frontal auxiliary impressions (FAIs), probable soft-tissue insertion sites located on the fronto-median glabellar lobe of some trilobites. FAIs are herein described in the Carboniferous trilobite Phillipsia belgica Osmo´ lska 1970 – representing the only known example of such structures in the Proetida and their youngest occurrence. A taphonomic scenario is proposed to explain their variable preservation. Although particularly common in the Phacopina, FAIs or FAI-like structures are also found in several orders that differ greatly. Comparisons with modern analogues suggest that FAIs might represent attachment sites for extrinsic muscles associated with a differentiated crop within the foregut. A review of purported remains of the trilobite digestive system indicates that it usually consisted of a tube-like tract flanked by a variable number of metamerically paired diverticulae. Its anterior portion is not particularly individualized, except in a few specimens that might hint at the presence of a crop. This differentiation of a crop might have constituted a secondarily evolution of the foregut in trilobites, occurring independently in different clades. Accompanied by a strengthening of associated extrinsic muscles, this modification of the foregut might explain the presence of more conspicuous muscle insertion sites on the glabella. Study of FAIs might therefore provide new data on the anatomy of the foregut in trilobites and evidence of diverse feeding habits. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 49 (3 ULg)
Etude des risques d'éboulement du rocher dit de la Roche trouée à Esneux. Rapport préliminaire.
Poty, Edouard ; Mottequin, Bernard
Report (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 43 (4 ULg)
Les champignons des villes et des champ, les animaux de compagnie et leurs propriétaires.
Noël, Fanchon ; PIERARD-FRANCHIMONT, Claudine ; PIERARD, Gérald et al
in Revue Médicale de Liège (2011), 66Detailed reference viewed: 12 (1 ULg)
The glycine receptor is funcitionally expressed in migratory interneurons and influences cortical development
Avila Macaya, Ariel Salvatore ; Nguyen, Laurent
Poster (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 7 (4 ULg)
Convergence of Logic of Cellular Regulation in Different Premalignant Cells by an Information Theoretic Approach
; Remacle, Françoise ; et al
in BMC Systems Biology (2011), 5Detailed reference viewed: 18 (3 ULg)
Constraining statistical-model parameters using fusion and spallation reactions
; ; Cugnon, Joseph
in European Physics Journal: Web of conferences (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 16 (7 ULg)
Note de lecture de: Frédéric Lordon, Capitalisme, désir et servitude
Cavazzini, Andrea
in Les Carnets des Cahiers Philosophiques (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 73 (13 ULg)
Influence of veneer thickness on residual stress profile in veneering ceramic: Measurement by hole-drilling.
MAINJOT, Amélie ; ; Vanheusden, Alain et al
in Dental Materials (2011)
OBJECTIVES: The veneering process of frameworks induces residual stresses and can initiate cracks when combined with functional stresses. The stress distribution within the veneering ceramic as a function ... [more ▼]
OBJECTIVES: The veneering process of frameworks induces residual stresses and can initiate cracks when combined with functional stresses. The stress distribution within the veneering ceramic as a function of depth is a key factor influencing failure by chipping. This is a well-known problem with Yttria-tetragonal-zirconia-polycrystal based fixed partial dentures. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of veneer thickness on the stress profile in zirconia- and metal-based structures. METHODS: The hole-drilling method, often used for engineering measurements, was adapted for use with veneering ceramic. The stress profile was measured in bilayered disc samples of 20mm diameter, with a 1mm thick zirconia or metal framework. Different veneering ceramic thicknesses were performed: 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm, 2.5mm and 3mm. RESULTS: All samples exhibited the same type of stress vs. depth profile, starting with compressive at the ceramic surface, decreasing with depth up to 0.5-1.0mm from the surface, and then becoming compressive again near the framework, except for the 1.5mm-veneered zirconia samples which exhibited interior tensile stresses. Stresses in the surface of metal samples were not influenced by veneer thickness. Variation of interior stresses at 1.2mm from the surface in function of veneer thickness was inverted for metal and zirconia samples. SIGNIFICANCE: Veneer thickness influences in an opposite way the residual stress profile in metal- and in zirconia-based structures. A three-step approach and the hypothesis of the crystalline transformation are discussed to explain the less favorable residual stress development in zirconia samples. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 65 (2 ULg)
Understanding Crystallization of Anatase into Binary SiO2/TiO2 Sol-Gel Optical Thin Films: An in Situ Thermal Ellipsometry Analysis
; Krins, Natacha ; et al
in Journal of Physical Chemistry C: Nanomaterials, Interfaces, and Hard Matter (2011), 115Detailed reference viewed: 15 (3 ULg)
Hydrogeological study of Somes-Szamos transboundary alluvial aquifer
; ; Brouyère, Serge et al
in Ganoulis, Jacques; Aureli, Alice; Fried, Jean (Eds.) Transboundary Water Resources Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach (2011)Detailed reference viewed: 18 (3 ULg)
Trabectedine (ET-743/Yondelis) dans le traitement des sarcomes des tissus mous et du cancer de l'ovaire.
GENNIGENS, Christine ; Jerusalem, Guy
in Revue Médicale de Liège (2011), 66(7-8), 452-5
Soft tissue sarcomas account for 1% of all malignant tumours. Until a few years ago, doxorubicine and ifosfamide were the only active chemotherapy drugs in the metastatic setting. Recently, a new drug has ... [more ▼]
Soft tissue sarcomas account for 1% of all malignant tumours. Until a few years ago, doxorubicine and ifosfamide were the only active chemotherapy drugs in the metastatic setting. Recently, a new drug has proven its efficacy after failure of standard treatments: the trabectedin; its activity is based on interference with ADN repair mechanisms. Trabectedin has just been also validated and reimbursed in patients with ovarian cancer, in partially sensitive recurrence. In this paper, we will review the mechanism of action and the clinical results of trabectedin. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 59 (1 ULg)
Robust maximum weighted independent-set problems on interval graphs
Talla Nobibon, Fabrice ;
Report (2011)
We study the maximum weighted independent-set problem on interval graphs with uncertainty on the vertex weights. We use the absolute robustness criterion and the min-max regret criterion to evaluate ... [more ▼]
We study the maximum weighted independent-set problem on interval graphs with uncertainty on the vertex weights. We use the absolute robustness criterion and the min-max regret criterion to evaluate solutions. For a discrete scenario set, we nd that the problem is NP-hard for each of the robustness criteria; we also provide pseudo-polynomial time algorithms when there is a constant number of scenarios and show that the problem is strongly NP-hard when the set of scenarios is unbounded. When the scenario set is a Cartesian product, we prove that the problem is equivalent to a maximum weighted independent-set problem on the same interval graph but without uncertainty for the rst objective function and that the scenario set can be reduced for the second objective function. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 33 (1 ULg)


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Ramonet World Championby Björn Pohl - UKC Jul/2011
This news story has been read 2,991 times
If yesterday's women's final was somewhat disappointing in the sense that everyone except Angie Eiter fell in the exact same spot, tonight's men's final was quite a success also for the route setters, lead by Christian Bindhammer.
Before the big three, Ondra, Schubert and Puigblanque entered the stage, Norwegian Magnus Midtboe was in the lead after a tremendous effort. So far, none of the climbers had fallen in the same spot.
Enter Adam Ondra.
Adam passed Magnus' highpoint without looking too pushed, but from the very next move and onwards, it was obvious that he was under pressure. He battled on and very nearly made it to the top, falling with his fingertips on the final jug.
Jakob Schubert's story was very similar. On the last few moves, he looked slightly better than Adam, and if possible, he was even closer to being able to grasp the top jug, but no, it wasn't to be.
Last but not least, Ramon Julian Puigblanque approached the wall. Up to now, he had, like Jakob, a perfect score to defend. No falls in Arco this year.
I'm pretty sure Bindhammer and company were biting their finger nails at this point as another fall touching the top would mean a time consuming super final.
But it wasn't to be. Ramonet climbed steadily all the way to the top, the only hick-up being a missed foot placement four holds or so from the top. The Spaniard showed he had enough in reserve however, solved the problem and could cruise to victory.
Congrats to him!
Oh, and the reason I didn't cover the women's final is I missed it. Simple as that.
This week's Friday Night Video is something a bit different - a 360° virtual reality film of The Needles... Read more
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Pete Bridgwood of Leek, Staffordshire recently managed 600 solos in a day, undertaking a staggering ten and a half hours of... Read more
Founder of the charity Climbers Against Cancer John Ellison has been awarded the prestigious Arco Rock Legends Climbing... Read more
Last week saw a record number of young climbers from around the world take part in the IFSC World Youth Championships in Arco,... Read more
Over the next week, the best young climbers from around the world will have the chance compete across three disciplines in the... Read more


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|Horny son fucks his momma�s tasty pussy until she explodes in an orgasm!
Having sex with your own mom is an extremely rewarding experience I should say. If you are a real incest porn buff, you sure will love this scene showing a tender act of love between a mother and a son. Incest is so common among animals and why should we people be deprived of it? Break the rules, watch this young boy fuck his mother�s pussy like there is no tomorrow. She is not young and she knows exactly what her boy wants and is ready to give it to him in exchange for hard pussy pounding by a young, throbbing cock of her son! Son�s love for his mother goes deep, a lot deeper that you�d normally think!
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