text:
Quotes Of The Week: From Arthur Miller, James Altucher And OthersOn Insight The apple cannot be stuck back on the Tree of Knowledge; once we begin to see, we are doomed and challenged to seek the strength to see more, not less. Arthur Miller, playwright On Bravery Being fearless precisely when you are most ... Global Advisors, 31 minutes ago
Quotes Of The Week: From Miller, Altucher And Others - Investor's Business Daily, 2 hours ago
4,669 images for cannot
Senior Water Resources Engineer Job at Golder Associates (Atlanta, GA)
we cannot survive, we would not have electricity, and the natural resources to produce materials that make the ... life, while implementing the necessary controls to preserve natural, cultural, and environmental resources.EnvironmentGuru.com, 9 hours ago Senior Water Resources Engineer (Atlanta, GA) EnvironmentGuru.com, 1 hour ago
Siddaganga seer recuperating
Siddaganga Math seer Shivakumara Swami has been diagnosed with jaundice and a complete blockage in the bile duct. A team of doctors in BGS Global hospitals, who opened up the blockage on Saturday morning through an endoscopy, said a stent has ...The Hindu, 1 hour ago
Woah! Not Ranveer, But Deepika Goes Down on her Knees for Fawad Khan!
Handsome hunk Fawad Khan made millions of girls go aww last night, when he went down on his knees and wooed the gorgeous Deepika Padukone at an awards show in Spain. The oh-so-sexy actor mouthed lines from the romantic song Roop Tera Mastana and ...Pink Villa, 1 hour ago
Towards A TB Free India: It Cannot ...
(CNS): India carries the highest global burden of TB a curable disease that kills one Indian every 90 seconds. There are 2.2 million new cases of TB in the country every year, out of which an estimated 71,000 cases are of multi-drug resistant TB ...Counter Currents, 1 hour ago Brexit: Why India's Anglophiles need to get out of their tizzy DNA, 3 hours ago Brexit: India is prepared for all eventualities, says Economic Affairs Secretary catchnews.com, 1 day ago India, Asia and the EU referendum The Financial Chronicle, 4 days ago
VIEW: Much awaited correction finally here,don't wait for bottom
What's making investors edgy is that unlike financial crises, political crises cannot be quickly fixed with monetary tools like rate cuts and liquidity infusion. But that won't stop central banks from trying.Money Control, 1 hour ago
The ox and the frog
An ox, drinking at a pool, trod on a brood of young frogs, and crushed one of them to death. The mother, coming up and missing one of her sons, inquired of his brothers what had become of him. He is dead, dear mother; for just now a very huge beast ...Daily Trust Nigera, 1 hour ago
Last day to officially withdraw from all 1st 5-week classes (7/1/2016)
Event Details Last day to officially withdraw from all 1st 5-week classes Start Date: 7/1/2016 All Day End Date: 7/1/2016 Event Description: Last day to officially withdraw from all 1st 5-week classes (no individual drops, no ...University of Arkansas Daily Headlines, 1 hour ago
Park says N.K. cannot sustain itself without abandoning nukes
Home Korean News Share the joy President Park Geun-hye on Friday vowed to make North Korea realize that it cannot sustain its regime without abandoning 코리아헤럴드 Previous articleNews EasyBranches.com, 1 hour ago
Communal tension in Delhis Razapur simmers as residents brace for Eid
While everyone keeps an eye on Uttar Pradesh, Dadri and Kairana in particular, communal tensions may be brewing right here, in the capital of India. On Wednesday night a group of men thrashed five people, including two women, after barging into their homes in ...catchnews.com, 1 hour ago Musicians voice shock and grief at the death of qawwal Amjad Sabri Bollywood Hungama, 1 day ago Communication, communication, communication! Why you cannot over communicate when it comes to Customer Experience CRM Guru, 2 days ago
Realtime News
on your WebpageAdd Widget >Get your members hooked!


text:
Statement from Phyllis Bennis, IPS's Middle East expert
Issues / Human Rights
But we must not take the survival of the nuclear deal for granted, because it still has many powerful opponents.
Our wildly inflated fear of terrorism is a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Kiriakou will receive the 2015 PEN Center USA First Amendment award on November 16.
The former secretary of state attacked the NSA whistleblower without bothering to get her facts straight.
Washington is one of the most active players in Syria's civil war, but it's accepted effectively 0 percent of the conflict's refugees.
The Institute for Policy Studies applauds the U.S. Department of State for declassifying documents today related to the 1976 assassination of two IPS colleagues by agents of the Chilean dictatorship.
Under Obama, whistleblowers face a total of 751 months behind bars — compared to 24 months for all other whistleblowers combined since the American Revolution.
The one hundred mile trek was meant to amplify the pope's message: globalization of migration requires a globalization of charity and cooperation.
The pontiff had compassionate words for the incarcerated. Will that message be heard by those paid to oversee their safety and security?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
4 photos
Created on Feb 10, 2016
1 photo
Created on Jan 28, 2015
Created on Jan 16, 2012
Meet others in your local area to Run with. Expect about 3 - 4.5 miles. We have multiple groups based on pace. We even have a group for walkers!
We typically have between 20 - 30 runners every week and the group is growing.
Come on out and have some fun! Refreshments and prizes at selected runs.
1,172 Bicyclists
1,035 Desi Yaar
3,153 Fabulous Singles
1,329 Women
726 Adventurer Seekers
838 Members
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
Community Status Updates
RT @NASANewHorizons: Hello #Pluto! We're at closest approach. Congrats to all! Follow our story & view new images using #PlutoFlyby. http:/…Jul 14 2015 06:38 PM
RT @jsnell: Daring Fireball, Markdown, Overcast all cited in keynote. Apple knows the developer audience.Jun 08 2015 07:42 PM
RT @marcoarment: They fixed the Shift key by lowercasing the other keys. Nice.Jun 08 2015 06:23 PM
But my little nostalgia trip ended rather quickly after I realised my character and all progress seems to have been deleted.May 15 2015 10:32 PM
RT @oliverwaters: Eidetic for Apple Watch is now available. Find out more and upvote at http://t.co/xfVoW4Y0Q8 http://t.co/MS1AOVmoB8Apr 24 2015 07:17 PM
RT @TheGTAPlace: The trailer for the PC release of #GTAV is here! 60fps at 1080p. Smooth. http://t.co/NTgNz1wNuWApr 02 2015 04:08 PM
BlackListedBI've added some PC release tech info to the topic, hoping people don't commit to a machine that's not up to task, it's a big question mark still
Apr 02 2015 06:28 PM
Lots of "Irish" Americans celebrating burgers today http://t.co/G0Q367Y3qaApr 01 2015 12:25 AM
Nostalgia. Would watch a full feature film of this. 'POWER/RANGERS' on Vimeo https://t.co/4nz915fMoV #powerrangers #josephkahn #adishankarFeb 24 2015 05:48 PM
Disparity in revenue between iOS and Android is monumental, one might say. Interesting numbers for Monument Valley — http://t.co/gVcYiE97pHJan 16 2015 04:35 PM
Xmas gift from the awesome people @RockstarGames to say thx for the support. Well thank YOU for making amazing games. http://t.co/eL2VKN5UzHDec 25 2014 09:13 PM
Mike356You never answered my question
Jan 09 2015 04:52 PM
With all the hype Sony has now built up it just seems like an enormous missed opportunity to rake in even more cash.Dec 25 2014 01:20 AM


text:
|Boxing Champions | Boxing Schedule | Boxing Video | Boxing History | Pound For Pound | Lounge | The Wire | Arcade
Pretty Please Unban PK
Join Date: Sep 2012
Posts: 1,532
Quoted: 0 Post(s)
Rep Power: 12
Points: 96,784.89
Bank: 931,744,937,371.46
Total Points: 931,745,034,156.35
Victor Ortiz has had 3 unusual loses, how will he lose next?
Just thought about his loses.
The Maidana one where he quit and said he was too young to be beat like this was embarrassing.
His Floyd headbutt, hug and kiss sorry and then 2 piece was shocking but deserved.
His Jaw broken by the huge underdog was just like AGAIN WTF.
How will he next lose? I hope someone has RockStar energy drink. Can he ring post like Hatton? Cintron the frog out? I am even thinking he may do a I am not hurt, hit my chin like Holt and Miranda and get KTFO with a punch after...
Join Date: Apr 2012
Posts: 5,075
Quoted: 42 Post(s)
Rep Power: 0
Points: 123,354.41
Bank: 51,507,612,221.65
Total Points: 51,507,735,576.06
Ortiz next fight He will KO someone I can tell ya that. but the fight after that he will have a mental break down and all that usual stuff he does.
bo jungle
Join Date: Jul 2009
Location: Hudson, Fl
Posts: 43,716
Quoted: 1238 Post(s)
Rep Power: 156
Points: 2,277,000,480,650.95
Bank: 659,055,692,698,665.88
Total Points: 661,332,693,179,316.88
He will quit after injuring his hand, elbow, or shoulder. That's my prediction.
Join Date: Nov 2012
Posts: 145
Quoted: 0 Post(s)
Rep Power: 0
Points: 20,580.79
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 20,580.79
The thing about Ortiz is it can be anything.
With a guy like Judah you already know he's going to quit.
Team Cotto
Join Date: Aug 2009
Posts: 21,896
Quoted: 3 Post(s)
Rep Power: 74
Points: 225,723.79
Bank: 2,113,230,886,129,310,208.00
Total Points: 2,113,230,886,129,536,000.00
He won't lose again.
Interim Champion
Join Date: Jun 2010
Posts: 843
Quoted: 0 Post(s)
Rep Power: 8
Points: 735,985.95
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 735,985.95
Getting butt slammed outside the ring on cam is his next L!
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Mar 2011
Posts: 4,093
Quoted: 0 Post(s)
Rep Power: 14
Points: 31,875,980.29
Bank: 3,078,688,153.41
Total Points: 3,110,564,133.70
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Dec 2011
Posts: 3,909
Quoted: 227 Post(s)
Rep Power: 14
Points: 23,500,522,664.66
Bank: 38,900,102,545,879.35
Total Points: 38,923,603,068,544.00
Don't forget the DQ loss. He seems overdue on one.
But I agree he'll get another good win, have you thinking "ooohhh s hit Ortiz is in beast mode!" Then go in and low blow someone ala Golota.
Lords of Boxingscene
Join Date: Mar 2012
Location: Meet me at Vito's with Noodles
Posts: 35,467
Quoted: 1567 Post(s)
Rep Power: 352
Points: 10,000,000,000,000,000,905,969,664.00
Bank: 10,000,000,000,000,000,905,969,664.00
Total Points: 20,000,000,000,000,001,811,939,328.00
the Mayweather fight he truly let me down and the last one his jaw was broken and him quitting was the right thing to do.
I don't see him loosing his next fight.
Cuckmaster General
Join Date: Nov 2009
Posts: 20,117
Quoted: 930 Post(s)
Rep Power: 115
Points: 329,711.22
Bank: 4,901,723,974,816,560,128.00
Total Points: 4,901,723,974,816,889,856.00
In his next fight he will be hit with a stiff jab, he will pucker his lips and nod his head in appreciation, then he will fall over and blow out his knee, solis style
|Share This With Friends
|lose, loses, next?, ortiz, unusual, victor
|Thread Tools
Cookie Policy -
Privacy Policy - Submit
News - Feedback
- Site Map - Advertise
with Us
Copyright © 2003-2016 BoxingScene LLC All rights reserved.
Copyright ©2000 - 2016, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
Copyright © 2003-2016 BoxingScene LLC All rights reserved.


text:
Kojak star Dan Frazer has died at the age of 90.
The actor passed away on Friday (16Dec11) after suffering a cardiac arrest in New York.
He started his career in the 1950s and made his big screen debut with Sir Sidney Poitier in 1963 movie Lilies of the Field.
Frazer's other film roles include Cleopatra Jones, Take the Money and Run, and Deconstructing Harry, but he is best known for playing Captain Frank MCNeil in hit 1970s cop show Kojak opposite Telly Savalas.
Frazer also appeared as a judge in the Law & Order franchise, starring in the original show and spin-off Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and he was last seen onscreen in 2010 movie The Pack, with Mad Men star Elisabeth Moss.
The 'Star Trek' actor died after getting trapped by his car.
The lock was cut in 1983, by a wig maker at Madame Tussauds, London.
The actor is a first time father.
It's been 13 years since Finding Nemo took the world by storm, becoming one of Pixar's most successful films of all time.
He's taking his mind of Taylor Swift with music.


text:
June 28, 2016
"Scared" Goes Straight
August 12, 2005 (6:31 am) GMT
New Line Cinema has picked up the spec thriller "Scared Straight" from writer Joe Gazzam, with Beau Flynn and Tripp Vinson producing
Getting bored? Better not guys 'coz New Line Cinema is about to release their new production, which is the spec thriller "Scared Straight" of writer Joe Gazzam. Set to produce the film is Beau Flynn and Tripp Vinson.
"Scared Straight" focuses its story on a governor's teenage son who is sent to prison as part of Scared Straight, a crime-prevention program that imprisons delinquent teens for a short period in the hopes of deterring them from a life of crime. While the teenager is there, a riot breaks out and the prisoners take him hostage. He teams up with other street kids and a con to stop the riot.
- Stella Maxwell Goes Completely Topless in This NSFW Instagram Photo
- 'Game of Thrones' Showrunner Confirms Shorter Two Final Seasons: We Get Close to the Ending
- Kevin Jonas and Wife Danielle Announce Sex of Their 2nd Baby. Is It a Boy or a Girl?
- Calvin Harris Blames Paparazzo for Another Car Accident, but Then Apologizes
- Sia and Diplo Team Up for 'Waving Goodbye' From 'The Neon Demon'
- Farrah Abraham Slammed for Posting Photos of Her 7-Year-Old Daughter in Bikinis
- PARTYNEXTDOOR Reportedly Plans to Confront Tyga After Kylie Jenner Reunion
- Two New Characters on 'The Walking Dead' Season 7 Revealed. Get the Details!


text:
Accused murderer of WWII veteran wants a later trial
From the day they were arrested, it seems the two teenagers suspected of beating and murdering an 88-year-old World War II veteran have had different ideas about how the trial should go.
Demetruis Glenn and Kenan Adams-Kinard, both 16, were arrested in August for the brutal beating death of Delbert "Shorty" Belton. Glenn turned himself into police two days later. Adams-Kinard, however, kept running, police said. He was eventually found hiding in a friend's basement three days after Glenn was arrested.
According to motions filed in court, Adams-Kinard is now trying to push the trial date off. Adams-Kinard filed a motion Tuesday requesting that the Nov. 4 trial date be continued, and will appear in court Thursday on the matter.
Glenn, however, is ready for the trial to begin and is not interested in continuing the trial, according to the motion.
However, prosecutors want the two tried together, and have filed a motion to join their cases. If a continuance is approved, it will be approved for both Glenn and Adams-Kinard, according to the motion.
We'll find out Thursday at 9 a.m. if the trial date will be pushed back.
You must be logged in to post comments. Please log in here or click the comment box below for options.comments powered by Disqus


text:
Buy Download $24.99 Add To Cart
Thriving as an Artist in the Church: Hope and Help for You and Your Ministry Team Audiobook [Download]
By: Rory Noland
Zondervan / 2009 / Audio Download
$24.99 (CBD Price)
Availability: In Stock
CBD Stock No: WWDA13435-CP
- All Products
- Academic
- Accompaniment Tracks
- Audiobooks
- Bible Accessories
- Bible Covers
- Bible Studies & Curriculum
- Bibles
- Books
- Buy in Bulk
- Catholic
- Children
- Christian Living
- Church & Pastoral
- Church Supplies
- Closeouts
- Clothing & Accessories
- Crafts & Recreation
- Download
- DVDs
- eBooks
- eBooks On Sale
- Family
- Fiction
- Gift & Home
- Homeschool
- Last Chance Bargains
- MP3 Music Downloads
- Music
- New Release
- Non-Fiction
- Pre-Order
- Slightly Imperfect
- Software
- Spanish
- Subscriptions
- Sunday School
- Teens
- Toys
- Videos
Refine by
Advanced Search Links
* This product is available for purchase only in certain countries.
Product Information
|Format: Audio Download
Vendor: Zondervan
Publication Date: 2009
Availability: In Stock
Other Customers Also Purchased
Thriving As an Artist in the Church: Hope and Help for You and Your Ministry TeamRory NolandZondervan / 2004 / Trade Paperback$11.99 Retail:
$16.99Save 29% ($5.00)Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WW57328
- eBOOK
Thriving as an Artist in the Church: Hope and Help for You and Your Ministry Team - eBookRory NolandZondervan / 2009 / ePub$6.99Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WW6628EB
Why We're Not Emergent: By Two Guys Who Should Be - Unabridged Audiobook [Download]Kevin DeYoung, Ted Kluckchristianaudio / 2015 / Audio Download$14.98Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WWDA24224-CP
Telling Each Other the Truth - Abridged Audiobook [Download]William BackusBethany House / 2010 / Audio Download$12.98Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WWDA24324-CP
Related Products
Prophetic Fishing: Evangelism in the Power of the Spirit - Unabridged Audiobook [Download]Jean Krisle Blasi, Jean Krisle Blasi(NARR) & Paul Baskin(NARR)Hovel Audio / 2008 / Audio Download$17.98Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WWDA15377-CP
Becoming a Contagious Church: Revolutionizing the Way We View and Do Evangelism Audiobook [Download]Bill HybelsZondervan / 2011 / Audio Download$50.99Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WWDA19503-CP
The Radical Reformission: Reaching Out without Selling Out Audiobook [Download]Mark DriscollZondervan / 2008 / Audio Download$18.99Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WWDA13345-CP
Downtime: Teaching Teens to Pray Audiobook [Download]Mark YaconelliZondervan / 2009 / Audio Download$18.99Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WWDA13706-CP
Publisher's Description
Great for individual or group use Includes provocative discussion questions and practical action steps Features four-color art plates and literary quotes Its not easy being an Artist in the church. But whatever your passionmusic, visual art, drama, dance, writing, technical artsyou can not only survive, but thrive. And the rewards far outweigh the pressures of weekly services, artistic differences, and relational conflicts. After all, where else could you consistently make a contribution of eternal significance, experience deep community with other artists, and grow closer to God as a result? Thriving as an Artist in the Church is a practical guide, full of wisdom and pastoral guidance, that will help you surmount the obstacles and flourish in your ministry. Its packed with examples, discussion questions, personal action steps, and mega-doses of encouragement. Most important, it tackles the real-life issues every artist in the church has to deal with: Sustaining passion Developing key relational skills Dealing with rejection and failure Cultivating confidence Resolving artistic differences And much more! Written by an artist for artists, this book will help make your ministry experience sustainable and life-giving so you can fall in love with the church all over again. Rory Noland is director of Heart of the Artist Ministries (www.heartoftheartist.org), an organization dedicated to turning teams of church artists into communities of grace. A composer, songwriter, author, and speaker, Rory is a graduate of the Chicago Musical College at Roosevelt University and served for twenty years as music director at Willow Creek Community Church.
Author Bio
Rory Noland is the director of Heart of the Artist Ministries, an organization dedicated to serving artists in the church (www.heartoftheartist.org). A songwriter, speaker, church leader, and consultant, Rory is also the author of three books, all published by Zondervan: The Heart of the Artist: A Character-Building Guide For You and Your Ministry Team, Thriving as an Artist in the Church: Hope and Help For You and Your Ministry Team, and The Worshiping Artist: Equipping You and Your Ministry Team to Lead Others in Worship. Rory currently serves part-time as Pastor of Worship at Harvest Bible Chapel in Rolling Meadows, Illinois, contributes regularly to Worship Leader magazine, and also leads worship for the Transforming Center, a ministry that cares for the souls of pastors and leaders. Rory graduated from the Chicago Musical College at Roosevelt University with a degree in theory and composition and served as the music director at Willow Creek Community Church in South Barrington, I?
Product Reviews
Be the first to write a review!
Ask Christianbook
Have a question about this product? Ask us here.


text:
Grandmother cooking her special recipe in kitchen
Credit: DrGrounds
Creative #: 169938124
License type: Royalty-freeRoyalty-free pricing is based solely on the size of the product you need, not the specific use. You don't have to pay any additional royalties on a use-by-use basis. Once you license a royalty-free product, you may use it multiple times for multiple projects without paying additional fees. (Pornographic, defamatory, libelous or otherwise unlawful use of any image is, of course, prohibited.)
Collection: Vetta
Release info: Model and property released
- Active Seniors,
- Adult,
- Beautiful People,
- Beauty,
- Caucasian Ethnicity,
- Cheerful,
- Cooking,
- Domestic Kitchen,
- Domestic Life,
- Domestic Room,
- Drink,
- Egg,
- Enjoyment,
- Food,
- Food and Drink,
- Grandmother,
- Healthy Lifestyle,
- Home Interior,
- Horizontal,
- Indoors,
- Kitchen,
- Lifestyles,
- Milk,
- Milk Bottle,
- Note Pad,
- People,
- Photography,
- Preparation,
- Research,
- Salt - Seasoning,
- Senior Adult,
- Senior Women,
- Women,
Similar imagesSearch ResultsSame series
Grandmother Cooking Her Special Recipe In Kitchen Stock PhotoActive Seniors,Adult,Beautiful People,Beauty,Caucasian Ethnicity,Cheerful,Cooking,Domestic Kitchen,Domestic Life,Domestic Room,Drink,Egg,Enjoyment,Food,Food and Drink,Grandmother,Healthy Lifestyle,Home Interior,Horizontal,Indoors,Kitchen,Lifestyles,Milk,Milk Bottle,Note Pad,People,Photography,Preparation,Research,Salt - Seasoning,Senior Adult,Senior Women,WomenPhotographer DrGroundsCollection: Vetta DrGroundsGrandmother cooking her special recipe in kitchen


text:
Silverdale Baptist Academy's volleyball team served up a four-set victory over District 5-A rival Chattanooga Schools for the Arts and Sciences on Tuesday.
The Lady Seahawks got a combined 17 service aces from Molly Rumfelt and Caroline Couch and posted a 3-1 win over the Lady Patriots at Silverdale. The set scores were 25-15, 25-18, 22-25, 25-11.
Rumfelt, the only senior on the SBA squad, recorded nine aces and Couch was credited with eight.
After the Lady Patriots extended the match by winning the third set, Couch's outstanding streak of left-handed serves helped produce an 8-0 lead and the Lady Seahawks cruised home for the win.
"It's important to stay confident when you're serving," Couch said. "I felt like we would push through and win easy in the fourth set after the fast start."
Silverdale (7-3, 2-1) was up 19-9 following one of six kills by Elise Pearson and two Lauren Gray service points. Gray netted her next serve, but freshman Kayleigh Page's tap went off Arica Montgomery's hand and out on the sideline, Couch came back with two more service points, lasers at shoe-top level that twice handcuffed the Lady Patriots' Shania Hampton, and the Lady Seahawks built a 22-10 advantage.
CSAS's Keturah Billen scored on a tap at the net, but Silverdale ran off the final three points to clinch the match.
"Our serving was good in stretches," Silverdale coach Nathan Daugherty said. "We're struggling and have been all season with a service error problem. We give up too many points that way, but we made improvement tonight over our last match and we got a lot of aces, too."
Among 95 Lady Seahawks serves, they recorded 28 aces and had 13 errors.
In addition to Rumfelt and Couch's performance, Page had five aces and Lauren Gray added four.
"Their serves were pretty stout," CSAS coach Samantha Everett said. "They've got that top-spin and it shoots down. We have to work on creeping in and popping that ball up. We were getting to them a little late and that's why we had to dive a lot of the time.
"We've seen them twice now and once we come back around to them we'll be ready for that top-spin serve."
On Tuesday, however, it was Silverdale's most effective weapon.
The Lady Seahawks built an early 9-3 lead in the first set on Page's service point had doubled the score on CSAS at 14-7 on an Emma Dale kill. The Lady Patriots couldn't handle a Rumfelt serve and Silverdale went up 20-11.
Pearson's soft-touch winner capped a 7-1 Silverdale run that produced a 24-12 lead. Dale netted a return shot that cut CSAS's deficit to 24-15, but her shot moments later gave the Lady Seahawks a 10-point win.
CSAS (4-17, 2-2) got the early lead in the second set and was up 14-9 on Alex Hollis' kill.
The Lady Seahawks went on a 14-1 run that resulted in a 23-15 lead – five of those points came while Page was serving. Rumfelt got the final two points, enabling Silverdale to go up two sets to none.
"We got the lead in the second set, but we've got to learn to keep a lead," Everett said. "We got the lead in the third set and just ran with it."
That set was tied 3-3 and CSAS scored 12 of the next 14 points – eight points resulted in Silverdale misplays and a player being out of position on a Lad Patriots serve – to jump ahead 15-5.
Pearson's kill sliced the CSAS lead to 18-14, but later three misfires from Silverdale gave the visitors a 24-16 lead. The Lady Seahawks scored six straight points to pull within 24-22.
Billen's smash at the net nailed down the set for CSAS.
That set up the fourth set and Silverdale wasn't about that one slip away.
"We expected to win tonight like we do every night," Daugherty said. "There's room to improve, but we're proud of the way we played, way we rallied, way we fought and worked together as a team."
Said Everett: "The girls were down (mentally) at 8-0 in the fourth set. We have to develop a thick skin and pick ourselves up when we get behind.
"We lost seven seniors off last year's team, so basically everybody on the court is new. We have to learn to rally back, play together as a team. Games like set three I'll take all day. If we can build on that game it's going to be a heck of a season. We have a lot of room to grow, but I think eventually we'll get there."
Silverdale Baptist
Caroline Couch – 6 digs, 17 assists, 8 aces
Falyn Blalock – 4 digs, 3 assists, 1 ace
Molly Rumfelt – 7 kills, 3 digs, 9 aces
Lauren Gray – 8 digs, 2 kills, 4 aces
Jordan Cooper – 3 kills, 1 assist
Elise Pearson – 2 digs, 6 kills, 1 ace
Kayleigh Page – 2 digs, 6 kills, 1 assist, 5 aces
Note: Stats were not available for CSAS
(E-mail Larry Fleming at email@example.com and follow him on Twitter @larryfleming44)
July 1, 2016
Pensacola, Fl.. Chattanooga tagged the Blue Wahoos relievers to go on to win the game, 7-3, in front of 4,884 at Blue Wahoos Stadium. Ryan Eades improved to 5-3 with six strong innings. ... (click for more)
Eleven players from the Chattanooga area have been voted to the Tennessee Sports Writers Association all-state tennis team. Making the team were Hixson's Alex Condra and Richard Vuong (doubles), ... (click for more)
SPRINGFIELD, Tenn. -- Cleveland's Parker Gray shot 72 on Thursday and slipped to 9th in the 53rd Tennessee Junior Amateur Championship at The Legacy Golf Club. Kingsport's William Nottingham ... (click for more)
Pensacola, Fl.. Chattanooga tagged the Blue Wahoos relievers to go on to win the game, 7-3, in front of 4,884 at Blue Wahoos Stadium. Ryan Eades improved to 5-3 with six strong innings. He gave up just one run on four hits. He walked three and struck out six. Jake Reed worked the next two innings. He gave up two runs on three hits and two hit batters. He did strike out ... (click for more)
Eleven players from the Chattanooga area have been voted to the Tennessee Sports Writers Association all-state tennis team. Making the team were Hixson's Alex Condra and Richard Vuong (doubles), McCallie's Taylor Burgan (singles), Baylor's Alex Kadrie and Patrick Toomey (doubles), Boyd-Buchanan's Christiana Amos (singles), Baylor's Drew Hawkin (singles), GPS' Maddox Bandy and ... (click for more)
Erlanger Health System CEO Kevin Spiegel has written Walker County Commissioner Bebe Heiskell to say that Erlanger would consider taking payments on the $8,705,000 Hutcheson debt. Stuart James, special counsel for Walker County, called the overture "heavy-handed." Walker County earlier offered a $1.3 million "global settlement" that was rejected by Erlanger. Catoosa County ... (click for more)
East Ridge Police said a customer at an East Ridge gas station early Thursday morning shot a robber, who was then found by police lying outside the station and was arrested. The robber has died. His name is being withheld pending the notification of next of kin. At 1:47 a.m., East Ridge Police responded to 4011 Ringgold Road, the Marathon Service Station, on ... (click for more)
So, am I the first to notice a trend? How many wrecks does exit 11 need before anyone asks "whats up with that?" I have lost count of the wrecks that continue to happen, even after last year's awful loss of life (which I believe 51 percent of the blame should fall on the THP officer on duty). The problem with this section of interstate are sight lines ... (click for more)
I can never remember a day in July when my garden, my lawn, my dogwood tree, and my ferns are all wilting for lack of rain. Right now we are more than eight inches under our average rainfall for the first six months and, on this wonderful weekend, those who love firecrackers are urged to keep a pail of water in case a spark could cause a fire. On the other hand, every July 4 th ... (click for more)


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 30, 2008
|Filing date
|Aug 6, 2003
|Priority date
|Aug 6, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert Anderson
|Original Assignee
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (26), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to improved methods and systems for bandwidth detection of a large variety of signal types over a wide range of frequencies and pulse widths, and more particularly, to methods and systems allowing for improved sensitivity, lower threshold of detection, multilevel detection, and obtaining different compression versions of data streams.
Conventional pulsed energy detectors are typically of two types: matched filter or crystal video. A matched filter makes use of detailed a priori knowledge of the pulse being detected. Pulse shape, frequency, and sometimes phase are used to construct the detector. Matched filter detectors offer optimal sensitivity, but do not function well for frequencies or pulse widths other than the original design point.
Crystal video receivers offer performance over a range of frequencies; however, the video filter is targeted at a particular pulse width. The sensitivity is not as good as a matched filter receiver and degrades as a function of the radio frequency (RF) bandwidth/Video bandwidth ratio.
Important criteria for pulsed energy receivers are sensitivity, instantaneous bandwidth (IBW), and false alarm rate (FAR). Sensitivity specifies the relationship between pulse power, probability of detection (PD) and noise density (No) for a given type of pulse. Often sensitivity is specified for a pulse power to input noise power ratio, which is called the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Pulses may be classified as modulated or unmodulated. Pulses may be modulated for pulse compression or reduced detectability. Unmodulated pulses are essentially time-gated sections of a continuous wave (CW) signal.
Radar (radio detection and ranging) and sonar (sound navigation ranging) are examples of systems which must detect pulsed energy in the presence of background noise. Radar terminology is used here, although the principals and techniques apply to a wide variety of applications.
Pulse compression allows a radar to use a long pulse to achieve large radiated energy per pulse, while obtaining a range resolution of a short pulse of wide bandwidth. A radar system achieves this condition by modulating the long pulse of width T to achieve a bandwidth B>>1/T. The received signal is passed through a matched filter to produce a compressed pulse of width 1/B. The pulse compression ratio is equal to BT. Frequency and phase modulations are typically used for pulse compression.
Spread spectrum techniques may be used to reduce detectability of radar pulses by unintended parties. A conventional spread-spectrum system may employ a modulation technique in which a narrow-band signal (a long pulse) is spread over a broad frequency range using a spreading function. Such a signal may contain a significant amount of total energy while maintaining a small energy at any given frequency, even below the level of background noise. The signal thus blends into the noise. Since the energy contained in the signal is very low at any given frequency, the signal is difficult to detect. Spread spectrum detectors must, therefore, utilize techniques for improving pulse detection sensitivity in a noisy environment.
In a direct-sequence type spread spectrum system having a signature sequence, the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal is usually much larger than that of the pulse envelope. A typical receiver used with binary direct-sequence spread-spectrum modulation and having an additive white Gaussian noise channel (thermal noise only) is a correlation receiver. In such a receiver, a received signal is multiplied in a frequency conversion process and the product is integrated over an interval that approximates the pulse duration.
A conventional receiver may include a receive antenna, an RF preamplifier, mixers that operate using a local oscillator (LO), an intermediate frequency (IF) low pass filter, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter having a high sampling rate, a memory for storing data having a predetermined resolution, processors for modifying the data, such as by using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and digital signal processors (DSPs) for additional processing, such as filtering or additional FFTs. To maximize the bandwidth most efficiently, the sampling is usually done in quadrature to create I and Q channels, as is known.
A "channel" may include a discrete channel, a continuous channel defined on discrete time instants, or a waveform channel defined on a continuum of time points.
A "noisy channel" is one for which the channel's output symbol is not completely determined by the channel's input symbol; only some probability distribution on the set of output symbols is determined by the input symbol. If the probability is independent of previous inputs or outputs from the channel, the channel is called "memoryless." Information can be sent reliably through a discrete noisy channel by use of elaborate crosschecking techniques known as error control codes. A noisy channel may also have constraints that can identify codes to be treated separately from the error control codes.
A channel's capacity is generally known to be the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted through the channel. At any rate below channel capacity, an error control code can be designed to balance an amount of error control and a throughput for a channel. Well-known error control codes may control and/or operate with various other parameters. A selection of coding for a channel may also relate to whether information is fixed-length, variable length, infinite length, etc.
Compression is a technique which allows a larger volume of information to be passed through a channel of fixed capacity. Compression methods are classified as lossless or lossy. Lossless compression allows exact recovery of the original data. Lossy compression discards unimportant features of the original data, allowing greater compression ratios than lossless techniques.
A variable-bandwidth frequency division multiplex communication system is known, where a sampling frequency is a multiple of the channel frequency interval Δf. However, such a system results in aliasing and other frequency-based sampling problems concerning transmultiplexers, so that channel bandwidth is less than channel spacing.
The trend in modern radar systems is toward a use of complex signals with agility over several parameters. This requires implementation of good detection sensitivity and wide bandwidths to meet increasing performance demands. Existing digital systems have either poor sensitivity or limited bandwidth, and little or no compression capability. What is needed is the development of wideband digital receivers with low power consumption and improved sensitivity, and improved compression capabilities.
It is an object of the present invention to enable wideband digital receivers to have low power consumption and improved detection sensitivity.
It is another object of the present invention to improve detection sensitivity to enable detection of more signals.
It is a further object of the present invention to obtain a wide instantaneous bandwidth.
It is yet another object of the present invention to achieve full performance in a wideband digital receiver over a wide range of pulse widths.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide in a low power wideband digital receiver a compressed output that contains only desired signal data, thereby reducing on-board storage and transmission requirements.
It is also an object of the present invention to improve in a wideband digital receiver a data compression ratio, detection sensitivity, and instantaneous bandwidth coverage while reducing power, size, and mass.
In order to meet these and other objectives, the present inventor has recognized a need for providing a near-matched bandwidth detection, capable of detecting a wide variety of signal types and pulse widths with high sensitivity. The detected signals may include non-modulated, simple modulated, linear frequency modulated (FM), binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals and others, alone or in combinations of signal types. Matching bandwidths to signals advantageously allows for, inter alia, improved sensitivity, lower threshold of detection, higher data rates, and increased system efficiency.
The present inventor has also recognized the benefit of providing fine channelization by detecting and determining the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency band(s). Estimates of the spectral and temporal extent of detected signals are used to minimize the amount of data that must be stored or transmitted to another part of the system. The estimates may be used, for example, to match a sub-channel bandwidth to the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency band(s).
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for detecting a signal in an input channel of a receiver. The method involves deriving a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths for the input channel, and determining a temporal and spectral extent of pulsed energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. For example, time and frequency ranges may be determined for multiple bandwidths. In this regard, the step of deriving may include dividing the input channel into a sequence of successively smaller bandwidth sub-channels.
An associated receiver for detecting pulse energy present in an input channel includes means for deriving a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths for the input channel, and means for determining a temporal and spectral extent of pulse energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. The receiver preferably includes first structure for applying each of a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths to an input signal, and second structure for determining a temporal and spectral extent of pulsed energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. The first structure may include a sub-channelizer operative to divide the input channel into a sequence of successively smaller bandwidth sub-channels. The second structure may include a detector operative to obtain data from one of the sub-channels and produce detected samples.
The receiver may also include a filter operative to integrate a fixed number of the detected samples. The filter may, for example, be a video filter. A comparator can then compare an output of the filter against a threshold to determine the presence of pulse energy. The receiver may also include a noise estimator operative to form a value of the threshold based on an estimate of a noise density of at least part of the input channel.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of detecting a signal in an input channel of a receiver involves applying each of a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths to the same input signal. Specifically, the method involves determining the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency bands of the data channel, determining whether the temporal and spectral extent of signals meet predetermined criteria, and outputting only sections of the particular frequency bands' spectra occupied by those signals meeting the predetermined criteria. This allows for improved sensitivity for detecting pulsed energy in a data channel in the presence of noise. The step of outputting may involve generating at least one packet where information in the packet specifies a time and frequency region where energy was detected. The outputting step may further involve compressing a packet relative to the data rate of a data channel, by selecting data in a time and frequency region around detected pulses. In this manner, the output can be substantially compressed while retaining, to a great degree, the information present in the input channel signal.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, a system for detection of at least one type of signal includes a sensor operative to collect and output signals, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter operative to convert signals obtained from the sensor and output digital information, a channelizer operative to obtain the digital information and channelize the digital information, by frequency, into at least one channel of information, and a processor operative to derive a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths for the channelizer and operative to determine a temporal and spectral extent of pulse energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. The channelizer preferably channelizes the digital information based on the temporal and spectral extent of pulse energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths.
As a result of implementing various aspects of the present invention, spectral and temporal areas of interest within an input are identified based on channelization. By deriving a number of sub-channels, for example, based on detection parameters, an improved sensitivity and accuracy is obtained. Identification of temporal and spectral areas of interest within an input may be based on threshold analysis. For example, in a fixed mode, stored parameters such as leading edge, trailing edge, etc. may be stored in a memory such as a register. In an automatic mode, for example, a background noise estimator may be used. In addition, spectral and temporal areas of interest may be identified based on a process of cascaded filtering and tie-together, which provides an adaptive design for achieving high performance levels. Further, areas of interest may be selected by identification and padding of data in packet form. Also, areas of interest may be selected and/or output by a reconstruction that is simple and meets advanced frequency selectivity requirements because sub-channels, for example, may contain the entire input spectrum, alias free, or may use selected middle 'sweet spots' from each sub-channel.
Radar (radio detection and ranging) and sonar (sound navigation ranging) are examples of systems that detect pulsed energy in the presence of background noise. Radar terminology is used throughout the present, although the principals and techniques apply to a wide variety of applications.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when considered in connection with a detailed description of preferred embodiments, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawing figures. This summary does not limit the invention, which is instead defined by the appended claims.
The present invention may be more completely understood by referring to the detailed description of a preferred embodiment and considering the drawing figures where like reference characters represent like parts:
Architecture associated with the preferred embodiment of the present invention is herein be referred to as a MAtched Detector Channelizer with Adaptive Threshold (MADCAT). Such a MADCAT system provides a near-matched bandwidth detection, capable of detecting a wide variety of signal types and pulse widths with high sensitivity. The detected signals may include non-modulated, simple modulated, linear frequency modulated (FM), binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals, and others, alone or in various combinations of signal types.
The MADCAT methods provide fine channelization by detecting and determining the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency band(s). MADCAT is optimized for detecting pulsed energy in the presence of noise. Referring to
The output waveform, as shown on the right side of
The MADCAT provides detection sensitivity within a few decibels of the theoretical limit for unmodulated pulses, over the frequency range of a channel, and for a large range of pulse widths. The output packets from a MADCAT are compressed, relative to the data rate of the channel, by selection of data in a time and frequency region around detected pulses, and through lossless data compression techniques. High sensitivity is achieved through the use of sub-channelization, detection, and integration of the data stream. Compression is achieved by sub-channel selection, tie-together logic, and data formatting.
An exemplary detector law performance is illustrated in
Non-coherent integration improves the pulse width performance of the sub-channel detector. A detection law is applied to the signal, which then is processed by a video filter. In the preferred embodiment, the video filter is an integrator, which adds up a fixed number of detected samples. The output of the video filter is compared against a threshold to determine the presence of pulse energy. The detection and integration operations are optimized for achieving a high level of MADCAT performance.
An exemplary MADCAT utilizes an integrator length of ten taps (N), which provides 1.8 dB of integration loss. This combination is chosen, for example, so that only two levels of sub-channels are needed. In such a case, the input to the MADCAT is processed with the detector/integrator as an additional level of sub-channelizing. Such a three-level design yields good sensitivity over three orders of magnitude of pulse width. The lower end of the pulse width range is determined by the bandwidth and sample rate of the MADCAT input, for example approximately sixteen nanoseconds. In the exemplary embodiment, the levels in MADCAT are spaced factors of nine apart in order to provide an overlap region in pulse width between levels, which in this example puts the upper end of the pulse width range at approximately thirteen microseconds.
An object of the sub-channelizer design is to reduce size (e.g., gate count) and power consumption. A major factor in achieving size reduction is implementing the sub-channelizers as transmultiplexers. Another object is the achievement of size reduction in the design and implementation of prototype filtering. A transmultiplexer is used to efficiently implement uniform filter banks, where a bank of filters implements an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) for a cost of one filter, the prototype filter. Each of the resulting filter outputs has a frequency response identical to that of the prototype filter, at uniformly distributed center frequencies.
Maximally decimated filter banks are known, e.g., P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Multirate Digital Filters, Polyphase Networks, and Applications: A Tutorial", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 78, pp 56-93, Jan. 1990, incorporated herein in its entirety. In this publication, filter banks have M channels, where each channel is decimated by M. The filter banks effect simplified polyphase filters, and can be designed to have "perfect reconstruction" by a suitable synthesis filter bank. Ideally, such a system is only subject to quantization effects in the filters.
The MADCAT is an 'oversampled filter bank,' where the outputs are decimated by less than the number of sub-channel outputs, e.g., twelve sub-channels, decimated by nine. This results in a higher output data rate compared with a conventional maximally decimated filter bank, but the MADCAT improves alias avoidance and frequency selectivity, and simplifies reconstruction because the MADCAT sub-channels contain the entire input spectrum, alias free. The prototype filter meets advanced frequency selectivity requirements while being easy to implement because the reconstruction process is not a complicating factor. A reconstruction filter bank is used for selecting the middle 'sweet spots' from each sub-channel, generating the reconstructed output. Since aliasing cancellation is not required, the preferred reconstruction filters are voltage complementary with adjacent filters. The crossover points for the reconstruction filters are the 6 dB points, so that a signal, which crosses sub-channels, is coherent with itself in the reconstruction process. As a result, the signal voltages add, not the signal powers.
By comparison with the above-mentioned Vaidyanathan reference, the MADCAT reconstruction process is not a perfect reconstruction. Some passband ripple occurs, and some images of aliased signal energy are present. When the sub-channelizer decimates, images of signals in the stopband are generated, and these images are attenuated by at least 60 dB. The reconstruction process does not attempt to cancel these images, but instead adds images during the upsampling process. However, the reconstruction filter bank has better stopband rejection than the sub-channelizer, so that the sub-channelizer's 60 dB of stopband rejection is the limiting factor in the frequency domain dynamic range. In addition, the MADCAT oversampled sub-channelizer can include cascading of sub-channelizer filter banks, which also helps to reduce power consumption.
Prototype Filter
The sub-channelizer provides maximal flexibility in the selection of the prototype filter, where important criteria are passband and stopband frequency ranges, passband ripple, and stopband rejection. Power consumption is reduced while meeting design goals.
An IDFT of order 4 is generally a largest order that can be done using trivial multiplications. The transmultiplexers 110, 120 split their respective inputs into four sub-channels and only three of the sub-channels are retained. Each output is decimated by three, yielding a combined output data rate equal to the input data rate. An output data rate equal to that of the input data allows combining the output data onto a single data bus. The next transmultiplexer in the cascade operates on the combined data bus in a time-multiplexed fashion.
The Remez exchange technique, as implemented by Parks and McClellan, is a well-known method for approximating a finite impulse response (FIR) linear phase filter. The Parks-McClellan algorithm uses the Remez exchange algorithm and Chebyshev approximation theory to design filters with optimal fits between the desired and actual frequency responses. The filters are optimal in the sense that the maximum error between the desired frequency response and the actual frequency response is minimized. Filters designed this way exhibit an equiripple behavior in their frequency response, and hence are sometimes called equiripple filters.
In MADCAT, the Remez exchange technique is used to generate floating-point FIR coefficients that meet the criteria shown by example in
A basic operation in MADCAT detection is comparing the output of a post-detection integrator with a threshold value, to determine when energy is present. The thresholding portion of the MADCAT augments this comparing operation with hysteresis and automatic threshold determination.
In the
The fixed mode requires that the noise density in the input data be known or predetermined. The automatic mode utilizes a background noise estimator (BNE) 131 to automatically set the threshold values. The BNE 131 sets thresholds based on the noise density present in the input data. In order to tolerate pulsed energy during the noise estimation process, the BNE logic uses median filters, such as in the configuration shown in
Power consumption is reduced using the detection integrator and by time multiplexing the median filters. The post-detection integrator output used for detection is the input to the median filter tree. The integrator performs a mean-of-noise-values operation that helps reduce the variance of the noise estimates without adding extra logic. By comparison, noise estimation that uses mean methods produces low variance noise estimates but is susceptible to corruption by pulse activity.
Cascading median filters also reduces power consumption. General k-order statistics may be used in a method for pulse activity rejection in noise estimating. A median filter is a special case of k-order statistics. The length of the filter required to provide low CFAR loss and good pulse activity rejection is greater than 20 taps, when taking advantage of the post-detection integrator. If the integrator were not used, the filter length would be more than 100 taps, which is difficult to implement directly. By cascading smaller filters, CFAR loss is increased only slightly, and implementation is made much simpler. An optimum k-order statistic in the direct implementation may be, for example, in the 60-75 percentile range. When cascading smaller filters, use of the mid-point, or median filtering, results in the best performance.
The threshold logic produces two bits per sub-channel (e.g., weak detect, strong detect) in each level. The outputs from each level are based on the same periods of time and frequency position as outputs from other levels. Tie-together logic merges information from all three levels into a single set of detect/no-detect flags. Tie-together results are used in the selection of pre-detection ("pre-D") data for the MADCAT output.
Tie-together combines detection information representing the same time and frequency ranges, as seen by detectors with different resolutions.
None—all nine of the output detects indicate no detect.
Check for Integrator Stretching—an occurrence when the upper level has detected energy when the lower level has not. The upper level has a longer integrator than the lower level. It is possible that the upper level integrator has stretched a short but high power pulse. If this condition is preceded or followed by strong detects in both levels, integrator stretching is assumed, and the outputs are set to 'no' detects. If integrator stretching is not found, the output is set to the upper level inputs.
Flood—Activity is found in the lower level, but not enough information is available to determine the exact frequency limits. To be conservative, all nine output detects are set to either 'weak' or 'strong,' as indicated in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Kernel Outputs vs Maximum of Inputs Maximum Upper Level Detect None Weak Strong Maximum None None Check for Integrator Stretching Lower Level Weak Flood Weak Flood Weak Upper Detect Strong Flood Strong Flood Strong Upper
Upper—The upper level has stronger detects than the lower level. The nine output detects are set to correspond to the same frequency ranges as the nine input detects from the upper level.
Table 1 shows the behavior of the preferred tie-together hardware. The following discussion describes the same operations in more general terms.
The most straight-forward tie-together condition is when exactly one of the tie-together levels detects an event. In such an instance, the tie-together output simply reformats the detect in the time/frequency spacing of level 2, where 81 sub-channels of frequency provide a time resolution of 1.296 microseconds (e.g., for sampling at 62.5 MHz, for every 81 inputs there is an output; there is a spacing of 1.296 microseconds coming out of level 2). A more complicated input condition is when more than one level detects activity in the same time/frequency space. If both levels are reporting 'weak' detects, then the tie-together forms the union of the detects. This generates more output data, but also preserves information from barely detected signals. If only one of the levels indicates a 'strong' detect, then the tie-together output is primarily created from the level with the 'strong' detect. When more than one level is indicating a 'strong' detect, then the tie-together attempts to form an output that is the intersection of all the levels with 'strong' detect. There are limits to the intersection determination. For time, Level 2 has a long integrator compared with Level 1 and can indicate detects for a longer time than the actual pulse width. The integrators on all three levels are preferably each 10 taps long. Level 2's integrator covers a longer period of time because Level 2 runs at a slower clock rate. For example, Level 2 runs at 1/81 of the input clock rate and Level 1 runs at 1/9 of the input clock rate. A short event with high amplitude can be stretched up to ten frames by the integrator. This stretching operation adds up to five frames before and after the actual pulse. In correcting integrator error, tie-together only shortens a Level 2 detect by a maximum of, e.g., ten 1.296 microsecond frame times, five frames on each of the leading and trailing edge.
For frequency determination, if the level with coarse frequency resolution has a detect, tie-together checks to see if a 'strong' detect is found on the next level at a frequency within the coarse frequency range. For example, for Level 0, this means there is a 'strong' detect in Level 1. For Level 1, this means that only the nine Level 2 sub-channels derived from the respective Level 1 sub-channel qualify for this operation. When a qualifying 'strong' detect is found, the finer frequency resolution information is used in the tie-together output.
Pre-D Collection
Pre-D collection is the process of separating detected energy from the surrounding noise in both time and frequency. Sub-channel reconstruction uses the Level 2 sub-channelizer as its source of pre-D. Sub-channels are gated on and off as determined by the tie-together result. The individual sub-channels are reconstructed to form the composite waveform. Features of the sub-channelizer that simplify reconstruction are channel overlap and oversampling. These features enable the sub-channelizer to allow cascading of sub-channelizer elements. Each sub-channel output has a large-enough alias-free bandwidth to allow the next level to further sub-channelize the data, with no gaps in frequency coverage. This continuous, alias-free frequency coverage allows optimum sub-channel reconstruction.
Sub-channel reconstruction may proceed without a necessity of waiting for the end of a pulse before selecting particular sub-channels. The output from tie-together is padded in time and frequency to form detect bits. These detect bits are used to gate-off the selected pre-D samples, which can be done immediately after the detection operation has been performed. A short delay line between the Level 2 sub-channelizer and the packet formation process is required, only needing to compensate for the detection, integration, tie-together, and padding delays. There is no need to compensate or account for sub-channelizer delay and longest pulse delays, since the MADCAT does not use sub-band tuning.
A fundamental operation performed by the MADCAT is the representing of an entire section of the radio frequency (RF) environment, by using only a portion of the input data. This is achieved by only sending digital data samples in the time and frequency regions around detected pulses. MADCAT also utilizes several other compression techniques.
Compression techniques are conventionally divided into lossless and lossy, depending on whether or not the original signal can be exactly reconstructed in a subsequent process. Lossless techniques take advantage of redundancies in the input data stream. Lossy techniques allow a certain amount of degradation to occur in areas that will not cause a large effect on the intended use of the data. Lossy techniques are generally more efficient and/or offer a higher performance compared with lossless techniques. The preferred MADCAT embodiment performs all compression in hardware. The MADCAT utilizes both lossy and lossless compressions.
The MADCAT performs one type of lossy compression, pre-D selection. This compression utilizes pre-detection data that is obtained from the Level 2 output of the sub-channelizer. The data is complex, consisting of in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) pairs. With an eight-bit input (10 bit output from the channelizer), the MADCAT produces 13 bit I and 13 bit Q values. Pre-D selection determines which of these samples are saved. This compression operation uses multiple programmable settings that allow careful control of the degree of degradation that occurs. Since no signal can have a finite energy distribution in both time and frequency, the operation of selecting pre-D information around a pulse detect is a lossy one. By carefully selecting the time and frequency extents of the pre-D data that is saved, high-quality compression is achieved with very little loss of data fidelity.
The MADCAT controls the selection process with parameters for frequency padding and time padding. Frequency padding determines how many sub-channels above and below each detect are to be saved. The frequency padding operation is performed prior to the time padding. Time padding has two parameters, pre-cursor and post-cursor. The pre-cursor padding determines how many frames of data are included before each detect, and the post-cursor padding determines how many frames of data are included after each detect. Pre-cursor padding and post-cursor padding are applied to sub-channels after the frequency padding so that sub-channels added during the frequency padding will also have pre-cursor and post-cursor selection.
There are two areas in the MADCAT where lossless compressions are applied, on the packet header structures and on the I/Q data samples. In order to reconstruct the original data stream from selected Level 2 I/Q data samples, the locations in time and frequency where the samples belong must be communicated to the reconstruction process. The output data stream is formed into packets. Each packet contains a header, indicating where the packet is in time, and where I/Q pairs are to be found in the latter part of the packet. Each packet represents a frame, which is a set of 81 sub-channels from Level 2 of the sub-channelizer. Each I/Q pair in a frame represents a different frequency, but all the I/Q pairs in the frame occur at the same time. If none of the I/Q pairs in a frame will be output, then no packet is generated.
A compression removes the time tag when the preceding frame generated a packet. A new packet type indicates that this packet contains no time tag, the time tag for this packet being one higher than the previous packet. When no activity is present in the frame, the MADCAT will not generate a packet. The next packet must then contain a time tag.
In a typical MADCAT application using selected real data files, first-order Markov statistics were generated on the detect bits as a function of time, resulting in a 90% occurrence of a frame with activity being preceded by another frame with activity. Analysis of selected real data files indicates that the detect bits are unchanged from the previous packet about 75% of the time. A single bit is added to indicate that the current packet's detect bits are identical to the previous packet. When this 'delta frame encoding' bit is set, the detect bits are not present; otherwise the detect bits are included.
When it is necessary to send the detect bits, a form of run-length encoding is used. A run is a contiguous series of adjacent I/Q pairs, all of which are selected for output. Usually, just a few runs of detect bits are encountered within a frame. Instead of sending all 81 detect bits, runs are encoded as a starting position, a Huffman encoded run length, and a bit to indicate whether the present run is the last one. The run start location is not encoded, as the center frequencies of the pulses are assumed to be uniformly distributed. The run lengths, being related to pulse width, show a distribution where smaller runs are more common. The tie-together process also effects this distribution. For example, in Level 1, detects with frequency padding are visible in run length histograms, and a trend was determined using selected real data file statistics. As a result, smaller codes were assigned to more common run lengths using Huffman encoding. Analysis of the number of runs in each frame showed a rapidly decreasing probability with an increasing number of runs. If the number of runs in a packet was Huffman encoded in a conventional manner, the code lengths would be 1 bit code for 1 run, 2 bit code for 2 runs, 3 bit code for 3 runs, etc. By comparison, the MADCAT does not encode the number of runs in a packet, but instead has a bit in each start position/run length set that indicates if more sets are present, or if this is the last set. The MADCAT operation provides the same compression result as the Huffman encoded count of runs, but uses a simpler technique.
The above described compression techniques concern reducing the overhead of the packet header. The MADCAT also utilizes most significant bit (MSB) encoding for reducing the bits per I/Q sample. MSB encoding is lossless. In conducting performance analyses of selected real data files for the MADCAT and analysis of pulse counts versus power level histograms for various other systems, the present inventor determined that more pulses are found at lower power levels. MSB compression takes advantage of this situation by reducing the number of bits per I/Q pair when the MSBs are not required. Instead of using 26 bits per pair (13 bits for I, 13 bits for Q), an encoded data size is sent, followed by an I/Q pair. The data size is Huffman encoded since the data size distribution favors smaller values.
Field Summary
Number of
Packet Type
The first three bits of each packet indicate the
packet type
Time long
Indicates the frame number the I/Q data in this
packet represents
Time Short
Lower bits of the frame number
Run length
An encoded run length; implies size of run start
Run start
Which sub-channel a run starts on
1 = This is the last run length/start;
0 = more runs follow
Sample size
Encoded size of the next I/Q pair
In-phase sample
Quadrature sample
Background Noise Estimate for Level 2 sub-
channel XX
In the packet format diagrams of
Packet Format Detail
32 bit CDI word
MSB □time field□ LSB
MSB □run length□ LSB
MSB □run start□ LSB
. . .
When packing information into 32-bit words to be used by, for example, a command and data interface (CDI), the MADCAT continues a field that is not completed at bit 0 of a CDI word, starting at bit 31 of the next CDI word. Packet types 0-5 all represent pre-D data (I/Q sample pairs) as well as additional information regarding the locations of these samples in time and frequency.
Packet type 1 shown in
Regarding the run length field, in order to determine which Level 2 sub-channel a particular I/Q sample pair represents, a set of detect flags are employed. The detect flags consist of 81 bits that represent sub-channel 00 (the most negative frequency) through sub-channel 80 (the most positive frequency). If a bit in the detect flags is set to 1, then the I/Q sample for that sub-channel is in the latter portion of the packet. Otherwise, no I/Q pair is included. The number of bits set in the detect flags determines how many I/Q pairs are in the packet, where the order of I/Q pairs proceeds from the lowest sub-channel to the highest. In order to compress the packet, detect flags are not sent directly but, instead, are described in terms of runs, which are contiguous strings of detect flags set to 1. A run has a start position and a run length. In order to provide more compression, the run start fields may be shared between two run lengths. Table 4 shows a run start combining arrangement.
Run Start Encoding
Run start
run length
Code for
Total start bit
run length
The first run length is implied by the run start being in the lower set of addresses. The higher addresses represent the second run length, and the start address is the one's complement of the run start field. The actual code used to represent the run length is a variable length code uploaded to the MADCAT. Access to or knowledge of the code table is required to interpret pre-D packets. The codes are preferably generated using Huffman encoding techniques.
There are two forms used for the run start field. The first form is simply the starting sub-channel of a run, and the second form allows sharing of a run length code. For example, a run length of one can start at 81 possible positions (sub-channels 0 through 80). Using seven bits to encode the run start leaves 47 run start values that are unused, so these 47 values are used to represent another run length. The example in Table 4 uses a run length of 35, which has 47 possible start positions. The run starts for the second run length count backwards from the maximum value. In this example, a run length of 35 that starts at sub-channel 0 is given a binary code value of 111 1111. This amounts to creating the one's complement of the start address. The uncompressor identifies the run length code, which has an associated run start size. In this example, seven bits are used for the run start size. The seven bit value is examined and a value of 80 or less indicates a run length of 1. If the value is larger than 80, the second run length of 35 and an inverted run start value are indicated. This somewhat complicated scheme improves compression by eliminating wasted run start addresses and shortens the code table. By combining run lengths, all combinations of run start addresses are used without redundancy. This also shortens the number of run length codes that are required. By reducing the code table to approximately half the number of entries, one bit per code is saved. It is noted that the sharing of run length codes is optional. Each run length can be assigned a unique value so that inverting of start addresses is not used. The run length codes are stored in RAM, set using initialization commands. These codes are optimized based on pulse statistics in the RF environment, and Huffman codes can be used as long as the 23-bit maximum code length is observed. Software tools can be used to provide generation of run length statistics from output data. From these statistics, new code tables can be generated.
The number of bits in the I and Q samples are encoded into the variable-length sample size field. As with the run size, the sample size field contains codes uploaded to the MADCAT. The code for the sample size field is preferably generated using Huffman encoding techniques. An additional constraint on the length of the sample size codes is that the sum of the sample size code and the I/Q values must not exceed 32 bits. The code for 13 bit I/Q data must be 6 bits or less, code for 12 bit I/Q data must be 8 bits or less, code for 11 bit I/Q data must be 10 bits or less, etc. Since the worst-case encoding for 13 items is 12 bits, there is no restriction of sample size codes for I/Q sizes of one to ten bits.
Pre-D data values are the Level 2 sub-channelizer outputs, with MSB compression. MSB compression removes the most significant bits, which are identical to the sign bit. The encoded I/Q size indicates how many bits are actually sent in the output. The reconstruction process sign extends each value to 13 bits, which is the maximum MADCAT output word size. Referring to the packet format description of
Sub-Channel Reconstruction
The output data stream contains selected I/Q values from the Level 2 sub-channelizer. Processing of the signals contained in the output requires putting the signal back into original form by using the reconstruction process. Sub-channel reconstruction is a process of recreating a channel from output information. Channel reconstruction is a process of recreating the original signal from a series of reconstructed channels.
The present description of sub-channel reconstruction assumes that the lossless compressions described above have been decoded. The lossy compressions cannot be undone, and some information must be substituted for the missing data. Reconstruction operations may be performed either in software or in a real-time hardware implementation. The output data stream is the result of previous sub-channelizing, decimation, and selection. The data samples that were not included in the selection process must be substituted-for in the reconstruction process. The reconstruction process has two modes of operation, substituting zero-valued data or substituting Gaussian noise. Zero-valued data is used when no further degradation of the output waveform is desired, and is the mode of operation preferably used in the MADCAT.
By comparison, Gaussian noise is generally used when reconstruction is being done for a system that assumes noise to be present in the input energy and that has software which expects to see a full spectrum of noise. In such a case, noise is added in a manner similar to zero-padding, because the software needs to have a steady noise floor to extract pulse parameters. By adding noise at frequencies not included in the output, the time domain waveform of a signal is changed. Since the added noise is not identical to the noise found in the original waveform, the reconstructed waveform is not identical to the original waveform.
To complete the reconstruction process, the decimation and sub-channelization processes must be undone. A combination of upsampling, filtering, and summation are used in reconstruction in a process that is very similar to sub-channelization. First, the data stream is upsampled, the Level 2 outputs having been decimated by 81. The upsampling process inserts 80 pairs of zeros between each I/Q pair, reproducing the MADCAT's 62.5 MSps input data rate. The upsampling creates many images of the sub-channel, and these images are filtered-out by a series of bandpass filters. The filtered sub-channels are summed to form the reconstructed waveform.
Channel Reconstruction
Channel reconstruction is a process similar to sub-channel reconstruction, except that different filter bandwidths and different upsampling rates are used, and the output is real-only, not complex. The preferred channel reconstruction filter is a 7680-tap symmetric FIR filter. The order of this filter is large to account for sub-channel alignment between adjacent channels. The sub-channels of a channel do not line up with the next channels, so the channel reconstruction process cannot rely on the filter shape in the sub-channel reconstruction process. The transition band is about 0.4 sub-channels wide, so that a higher clock rate must be used compared with the sub-channel reconstruction. An IDFT of order twenty is used in the channel reconstruction process, and the data are upsampled by twelve to produce 750 MSps data. The preferred channel reconstruction process produces 16-bit signed data. Alternatively, the channel reconstructor may produce 8-bit-offset data. An IDFT is used to reconstruct and upsample by 24, to produce 1500 MSps data, supporting 470 MHz bandwidth.
Delays produced in the MADCAT and in the two reconstruction processes are accounted-for in the channel reconstruction process. If the input data were digital data, the reconstructed data would be precisely aligned in time and phase with the input data.
The MADCAT is implemented on a single VME board, using five Xilinx XCV1000 field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and associated support logic for the FPGAs. Non-volatile storage of configuration data is provided by a flash memory. A small-scale programmable device manages the flash and coordinates reprogramming of the flash via a personal computer's parallel printer port. Test points are provided for all of the main internal data buses. Each test point is buffered so that any attached test equipment does not affect the MADCAT operation. The main power supply provides power used by the flash, buffers, and FPGA I/O.
The output from the MADCAT board is a stream of compressed packets that are transmitted to remote computers via a command and data interface (CDI). The computers store the data, in real time, to a RAID, so that the packet data can be uncompressed and analyzed in non-real time.
A determination of MADCAT FPGA utilization was made, for each FPGA. The utilization determination was made by dividing the number of logic elements used in each FPGA by the number of elements available. The resultant values are expressed in Table 5 as a percentage of each FPGA that is utilized.
MADCAT FPGA Utilization
BNE, Detect, Integrate & Threshold
Connected Regions
Packet Format
Command & Data interface
These values are not the same as the gate counts used in estimating ASIC power consumption. As shown in Table 5, the MADCAT design will fit into two FPGAs. The preferred MADCAT divides the operation into five FPGAs in order to allow for observation of data between processing steps and to provide for a modular development process.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention has been described herein in detail, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made, including a use of equivalent and similar apparatus and methodology, without departing from the spirit of the invention or from the scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 1978
|Dec 2, 1980
|Granger Associates
|Nov 7, 1989
|Nov 26, 1991
|Mts Systems Corporation
|Phased digital filtering in multichannel environment
|Nov 20, 1995
|Mar 18, 1997
|Fastman, Inc.
|System for extracting targets from radar signatures
|Jul 31, 1995
|Jan 20, 1998
|Motorola, Inc.
|Filtered fast Fourier transmultiplexer and method
|Apr 9, 1996
|Jul 28, 1998
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|High order fractal feature extraction for classification of objects in images
|May 8, 1997
|Sep 14, 1999
|Sicom, Inc.
|Interference-tolerant spread-spectrum receiver and method therefor
|Apr 15, 1997
|Jan 11, 2000
|Nec Corporation
|Variable-bandwidth frequency division multiplex communication system
|Apr 12, 1999
|May 8, 2001
|Qualcomm Inc.
|Method and system for detecting in-band jammers in a spread spectrum wireless base station
|Feb 12, 1999
|Jul 17, 2001
|Trw Inc.
|Wideband parallel processing digital tuner
|Dec 13, 1999
|Oct 2, 2001
|Harris Corporation
|Radar receiver having matched filter processing
|Nov 30, 1999
|Apr 2, 2002
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for suppressing acoustic background noise in a communication system by equaliztion of pre-and post-comb-filtered subband spectral energies
|Jul 1, 2004
|Jan 10, 2006
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Method and system for deinterleaving
|Alhava et al., entitled "Adaptive Sine-Modulated/Cosine-Modulated Filter Bank Equalizer for Transmultiplexers", ECCTD'01. European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, Aug. 28-31, 2001, Espoo, Finland, pp. 337-340.
|Implementation of parallel cosine and sine modulated filter banks for equalized transmultiplexer systems,Viholainen, A.; Alhava, J.; Renfors, M.; Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2001. Proceedings. (ICASSP '01). 2001 IEEE International Conference on vol. 6, May 7-11, 2001 pp. 3625-3628 vol. 6, Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ICASS.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 3, 2007
|Jan 3, 2012
|Qualcomm, Incorporated
|Companded transmit path for wireless communication
|Aug 30, 2011
|Oct 29, 2013
|L-3 Services, Inc.
|Deciding whether a received signal is a signal of interest
|Apr 26, 2011
|May 6, 2014
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Recording a videoconference based on recording configurations
|Oct 24, 2012
|Jun 17, 2014
|Shared Spectrum Company
|Methods for detecting and classifying signals transmitted over a radio frequency spectrum
|Apr 26, 2011
|Jul 15, 2014
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Collaborative recording of a videoconference using a recording server
|Apr 26, 2011
|Jul 22, 2014
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Streaming a videoconference from a server including boundary information for client layout adjustment
|Apr 26, 2011
|Jul 22, 2014
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Providing separate video and presentation streams to a recording server
|Apr 26, 2011
|Jul 22, 2014
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Distributed recording of a videoconference in multiple formats
|Oct 24, 2012
|Aug 12, 2014
|Raytheon Company
|Band stitching electronic circuits and techniques
|Apr 26, 2011
|Oct 7, 2014
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Recording a videoconference using a recording server
|Apr 26, 2011
|Oct 7, 2014
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Initiating recording of a videoconference via a single user interaction
|Feb 25, 2013
|Dec 16, 2014
|Itron, Inc.
|Multichannel radio receiver with overlapping channel filters
|Feb 25, 2013
|Jan 13, 2015
|Itron, Inc.
|Simultaneous reception of multiple modulation schemes
|Feb 25, 2013
|Feb 17, 2015
|Itron, Inc.
|FSK/MSK decoder
|Jun 10, 2011
|Feb 17, 2015
|Fredric J. Harris
|Selectable bandwidth filter
|Feb 25, 2013
|Apr 21, 2015
|Itron, Inc.
|Radio to analog-to-digital sample rate decoupled from digital subsystem
|May 2, 2013
|Jun 9, 2015
|Fredric J. Harris
|Synchronization recovery system
|Mar 10, 2014
|Dec 1, 2015
|Lifesize Communications, Inc.
|Recording a videoconference using video different from the videoconference
|Oct 12, 2011
|Dec 8, 2015
|The Boeing Company
|Signal processing
|Feb 25, 2013
|Feb 2, 2016
|Itron, Inc.
|Radio to detect and compensate for frequency misalignment
|May 2, 2006
|Sep 7, 2006
|Broadcom Corporation, A California Corporation
|Radar detection circuit for a WLAN transceiver
|Jan 31, 2006
|Aug 16, 2007
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Detecting reflections in a communication channel
|Apr 3, 2007
|Oct 9, 2008
|Persico Charles J
|Companded transmit path for wirless communication
|Apr 26, 2011
|Jun 7, 2012
|Binu Kaiparambil Shanmukhadas
|Streaming a Videoconference From a Server Including Boundary Information for Client Layout Adjustment
|Mar 21, 2013
|Eugene LIVSICS
|Methods for detecting and classifying signals transmitted over a radio frequency spectrum
|Jul 6, 2015
|Feb 3, 2016
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Radar data compression system and method
|U.S. Classification
|375/342, 375/343, 370/210, 375/350, 370/307, 375/260, 375/316
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 24, 2005
Owner name: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ANDERSON, ROBERT;REEL/FRAME:016739/0996
Effective date: 20030711
|Mar 30, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 13, 2016
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text: ray ban 2027 legs on both attributes using Dior spectacles packing containers, as well as spectacles fabric are produced together with Dior Dior ~ ~ ! don't know is valid or otherwise, went to the particular taobao to see, the actual From the mind far more not necessarily base, Three.55 offers If ought to wording It is easy to slide, that is fake a few text styles will have Lisbon oakley penny click glasses incredible in cutting down glare while running or perhaps generating. Your connection with the glasses feels safe ample pertaining to running over more time ranges and the fit through the arms leaning inwards can be cosy without having to leave scars on your brain. The value had been great but these are generally great value for money Very good sun glasses, best pu mcm online White Japan ray ban replacement lenses for reds reflect Fortyfive millimeters in order to Eighty millimeters, when compared to a Desire which has a broader take a look at the Forty millimeters for you to 70 millimeters, acting is a bit more energetic.You caelectric glasses touch with 4008608608 Ha 'gold' 'international famous label shop customer satisfaction suggestions.In the event the offer is still inside a reimbursement, it is possible to abandon a note within a reimbursement given and upload papers, if you apply for a repayment following 72 hrs, or else discussed deal involving the seller along with the purchaser, you are able to click on "requires your participation in the program processing" option to have to wait with r wayfarer glasses specialas classy modern day types for anyone needing one thing unique. I take care of any person seeking titanium for hypersensitivity, along with my personal very popular Swarovski Deposits set Zoffani and Joia casings tend to be absolutely spectacular if you like a bit luster. Any time peole observe my own assortment of casings, among the remarks I often obtain is because they are literally pampered with regard to selection. More often than not folks have informed me they ve searched across and also can t find what they have to like, just to have g Hollister sale ther aside fr outlet companies. If yoe ove the majority of group enthsiasts, yoe pobaby beginning to be able to his or he excsivity, pestige, as well as tend-setting stye The vaios ageement egading offes ceated atistic simpe Fo the actual closed fist period machine-made ndewea has been a ot moe affodabe pice-wise whie sti staying produced ot of the identical okay and also xy fabics because the high-end hand-made ndegaments One Measements: 17 It requires any taesunglass storesegards to. These people not simply stop sunlight if needed, but (upon studying riding a bike eyeglasses) I have found that this darkish shade additionally aids eye-sight inside dreary circumstances, although I don't know just how. I own a wide mind as we oakley 5 squared less moretremely good and therefore are completed dark (leading) to be able to brighter (base). We were holding introduced as an alternative pair therefore i realized things i had been acquiring. Value, quality merchandise. We brought Two equivalent frames! The shades look great nevertheless they suit a smaller confront. Now i'm taller, though I would not point out my go is big, however these don't look good because contact lenses are so modest. A shame as they seemed quality plus a wonderful seem. Went back for you to Amazon but happened to


text:
Full name Kane Griffiths
Born date unknown
Major teams Victoria Under-17s
|Bat & Bowl
|Match Date
|3/36, 0
|Vic U17s
|v Tas U17s
|15 Jan 2008
|1, 0/23
|Vic U17s
|v ACT U17s
|9 Jan 2008
|Other OD
|2/32, 3
|Vic U17s
|v Qld U17s
|7 Jan 2008
|Other OD
|Vic U17s
|v NT U17s
|6 Jan 2008
|Other OD
|2/45, 3*
|Vic U17s
|v WA U17s
|5 Jan 2008
|Other OD
More headaches for struggling South Africa (71)
As South Africa's slump gets deeper after the triangular series exit, ESPNcricinfo looks at three areas that need special focus and could possibly salvage them
Why Kumble could work out better for India than Greg Chappell did (68)
He understands the Indian mentality better and doesn't have to deal with star players on the wane
How much is a century against Zimbabwe worth? (56)
Cricket stats need to take into account various contextual factors relating to players' and teams' performances if they are to be meaningful
What has to be done to save Test cricket? (46)
A two-division structure will give the format the shake-up it needs. It's important for fans of the traditional game to embrace change
What's the verdict on the pink ball in Indian conditions? (27)
Visibility is good, so is durability, and while it does swing a fair amount, it ought to spin as well


text:
maintenance engineer jobs near Detroit, MI
Refine your searchClear Filters
Date Added
More Filters
Turbo Charger Manufacturing Engineer
Leading Tier One and Automotive Aftermarket Supplier - Detroit, MI
Turbo Charger Manufacturing Engineer. Keep balancers and other equipment operational by creating and implementing calibration and preventative maintenance...
Product Electrical Engineer
College Park Industries - Mount Clemens, MI
The Electrical Engineer must be highly organized, detail-oriented, and creative. Responsible for project management, prototype, pre-production, qualification...
Relay Engineer/Technician
Electric Power Systems, International - Detroit, MI
Perform installation, commissioning, testing and maintenance of protective relaying equipment. Develop written standard commissioning, testing and maintenance...
AutoCAD Technician
Realizing Operational Improvement - Detroit, MI
Collaborate with Industrial and Manufacturing engineers in the development of the facility drawings. Assist in the development of fixtures and gages with...
Mechanical Engineer - Heavy Civil
Jay Dee Contractors, Inc. - Livonia, MI
In a field related to machine design, manufacturing, or maintenance.:. Has an immediate opening for an experienced Mechanical Engineer – Heavy Civil at our...
Assembly Engineering Manager -- Stamping
FCA Group LLC - Warren, MI
The manager is responsible for leading a team of Supervisors and Salary bargaining unit engineers to meet the department's objectives....
Application Engineer - Blind Fastening
Stanley Black & Decker - Troy, MI
Understand how blind rivet hand tools and automation function (use and maintenance). The Fastener Application Engineer is responsible for all aspects of...
CAE Engineer (Minimum 3 years professional experience)
BETA CAE Systems USA, Inc. - Farmington Hills, MI
Is an equal opportunity employer of motivated engineers with Finite Element Modeling / Analysis (FEA) expertise....
Application Engineer
Freudenberg Filtration Technologies, L.P. - Detroit, MI
Proven track record of problem solving abilities and accomplishments as Engineer. Responsible to lead all automotive engineering activities to meet customer...
Naval Reactors Engineer
U.S. Navy - United States
Connect with Naval Reactors Engineers. Following Naval Reactors Training, Naval Reactors Engineers are then assigned a Nuclear Engineer position with the group...


text:
Jun 17 2016
Economics, Renewables, and Climate Change
The debate about anthropogenic global warming (AGW), in my opinion, is mostly silly. Most climate scientists are saying there is a 90-95% chance that human activity is driving global warming, and that this warming is likely to have some unwanted consequences, such as rising sea levels.
Phil Plait made an excellent analogy – what if the majority of the world's astronomers said there was a 90-95% chance that an asteroid was going to strike the earth in 50 years? Hell, what if they said there was a 10% chance? How certain would we need to be before we decided to take action? Keep in mind, asteroids are easier to deflect the more time you have. The closer we get to the impact, the harder it is to avoid and at some point it becomes impossible.
Now imagine if one political party claimed that astronomers were exaggerating the risk to secure funding, that those who believed the astronomers were being "impact hysterics," that asteroid impacts aren't necessarily a bad thing, and there is probably nothing we can do about it anyway. An asteroid impact is more sudden and dramatic, but the effects of AGW could be comparable to a medium-sized impact in terms of the cost to civilization.


text:
Apple will now pay rights holders during Apple Music trial period, Eddy Cue saysFollowing widespread outcry over its policy of not compensating rights holders for streams during Apple Music's three-month free trial, Apple software and services chief Eddy Cue said late Sunday that the company has reversed course and will indeed pay royalties while users evaluate the service.
Cue initially made the announcement on Twitter, writing that Apple Music "will pay artist [sic] for streaming, even during customer's free trial period." He later confirmed to Re/code that rights holders will receive a per-stream fee during the trial, with payments reverting to a percentage of revenue once users become paying subscribers.
Cue said that the change in policy was prompted by complaints from artists including Taylor Swift and labels like major indie consortium Beggars Group, which includes Adele and Vampire Weekend. They expressed concern about the loss of income that could come from offering music for free — both in terms of slower download sales and falling marketshare from Apple Music competitors that do pay — that might be financially devastating for smaller imprints and independents.
The decision to change tack was made jointly by Cue and Apple Chief Tim Cook, Cue said. Cue also spoke to Swift personally, though it's not clear if the shift will be enough to prompt her to return her latest album to the service.
"I did reach out to Taylor today, and talked to her, and let her know that we heard her concerns, and wanted her to know that we were making changes," Cue said. "She was thrilled to hear from us and that we were making the change, and we were grateful for that."
Apple had been offering labels a higher-than-normal royalty rate, which Cue said will not be altered, in exchange for withholding payments during the trial period. In the U.S., rights holders will receive 71.5 percent of subscription revenue — 1.5 percentage points higher than the industry standard of 70 percent — with that number rising as high as 73 percent abroad.
On Topic: iTunes
- Apple Music banks on content creation to win artist exclusives
- Dreezy's debut full-length to launch as one-week Apple Music exclusive
- Adele's '25' hits Apple Music, Spotify, other streaming services
- Apple Music coming soon to South Korea, local music organization says
- Apple's Trent Reznor says YouTube built on stolen content, pushes Apple Music


text:
Easy to use the website. The follow communication of revived and delivered orders was superb.
Great service. I was glad I found this service, it saved my family a lot of money staying on Walt Disney World resorts.
Definitely recommend Garden Grocer, it is very convenient especially if you don't have transportation during your stay.