text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 20, 1985
|Filing date
|Oct 1, 1984
|Priority date
|Sep 30, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Tadayuki Ishikawa
|Original Assignee
|Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho, Noritake Co., Ltd., Noritake Diamond Industries Co., Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (20), Classifications (23), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of making grinding stones, particularly artificial grinding stones including those in which abrasive grains are bonded to resins or metals. Throughout this specification, the term, grinding stones, means grinding, cutting, drilling, and polishing wheels, sheets, or other different shapes bonded with abrasive grains.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the grinding operation which has been adopted from very long ago as a machining method, there remains a number of unknown factors, compared to other machining methods. To wit, the operation from selecting a grinding stone through to processing depends exclusively on the sixth sense, experience, and trial and error. Consequently, there hasn't been remarkable improvement with respect to its processing efficiency, accuracy and so on as in other machining methods. This kind of technical stagnation is due to, among other things, the fact that indefinite factors or elements associated with the employment of abrasive grinding stones in the operation as machining tools remain unsolved. Such indefinite factors are inherent in grinding stones when compared to other tools chiefly on account of the following;
(a) Grinding stones are infinitely multiple-edged tools,
(b) They are provided with randomly dispersed abrasive grains which constitute cutting edges,
(c) The shape of cutting edges or grain fractures is uneven, and
(d) They are provided with effective cutting edges which contribute to grinding, and also with ineffective edges which do not contribute to grinding (a ratio of the effective cutting edges to the ineffective edges being generally less than 10%). In addition to inherent indefiniteness caused by the above factors (a) to (d), the grinding stones undergo changes themselves with the progress of grinding operations. However, these factors have not been addressed, as mentioned above, because they do not adversely affect grinding operations very much as the operations have been generally conducted under a comparatively mild condition and mainly for finishing work in which only a small amount of metal is to be ground off, and because abrasive grinding stones are extremely inexpensive, compared to other tools. In other words, the reasons given above made those skilled in this art neglect the aforementioned indefinite factors, and have held back research and development for eliminating them.
Nevertheless, CBN grinding stones lately introduced in the middle of 1970's and the increase of employment of such super abrasive grain grinding stones along with diamond grinding stones have thrown a new light upon grinding operations. That is, since super abrasive grains have high grinding capacities, the grinding processing method by itself is also required to be highly accurate and efficient. And, since such super abrasive grains and grinding stones made of them are extremely expensive, the old way of thinking about conventional grinding stones, that is, "they wear by nature", had to be reviewed. With this trend, requirements for grinding stones, especially for super abrasive grain grinding stones shall inevitably be changed such as follows.
(a') Random factors or elements in grinding stones have to be eliminated as much as possible, so that capacities of grinding stones can be determined and changed quantitatively,
(b') Load working on each grain shall be made even, so that grinding stones can enjoy a longer life, and
(c') Ineffective cutting edges have to be eliminated as much as possible so that grinding stones can have higher efficiencies though they are inexpensive.
In order to improve efficiencies of super grain grinding stones, there have been proposed lately various kinds of techniques including those in which abrasive grains coated on their surfaces with metals are bonded to a resinous matrix. The grinding stones of this kind are not comparable to with this invention, since they are not made for eliminating the aforementioned indefinite elements or factors but mainly for improving the bonding strength of grains with the resinous matrix. It shall be noted in this connection that even when the bonding characteristics of grains with a base surface such as a resinous matrix is improved, it is hard to determine efficiencies of grinding stones at constant, to change them quantitatively, and to make super grain grinding stones less expensive by decreasing the existence of ineffective cutting edges, unless the aforementioned indefinite and random elements and factors are eliminated. A method has been known, in which abrasive grains are fixed on a base support by means of electroplating. For example, it is proposed in Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho-56-42429 to adjust the dispersion of the abrasive grains in the above kind of electroplating method by adding thereto inorganic substances such as SiO2, Al2 O3, SiC and so on which are dielectric, inert to a plating solution, of sizes substantially equal to the grains, and less hard than them. This proposed method can, however, hardly control the distribution of abrasive grains as desired, since it does not aim by its objects to eliminate the aforementioned random or indefinite factors and elements of conventional grinding stones.
The primary object of this invention is, therefore, to provide a method of making a grinding stone, in which a random distribution of cutting edges of abrasive grains is eliminated by a technique which enables the determination of the distribution of grains in parts and as a whole quantitatively, whereby a grinding stone with a predetermined distribution of abrasives is obtainable.
Another object of this invention is to provide said method in which on account of the quantitative determination of distribution of the abrasive grains in constituent parts of a grinding stone and also by a selected combination of such parts, the effective distribution of grains is determinable generally over the stone, whereby overall efficiencies of the stone can be quantitatively determined and changed, as desired, and its life can be prolonged by making a load exerting on each grain even.
And, further another object of this invention is to provide said method, in which ineffective cutting edges can be remarkably eliminated so as to give a grinding stone of a moderate price and high quality.
In concrete, the above objects of this invention are achieved by a method which comprises;
forming on a surface of a binder sheet such as one made from a resinous film of a desired configuration a pattern of electrically conductive layers on which abrasive grains are to be fixed controllably,
immersing the sheet into an electroplating bath containing metallic ions mixed with the abrasive grains, so as to fix the grains on the surface in accordance with said pattern and by means of the metals precipitated on said pattern by electric paths flowing in the bath between the conductive layers of the sheet and an opposite electrode,
placing in layers a desired number of said sheets fixedly mounted with the abrasive grains, and
molding the sheets into an integrate grinding stone by warm or hot pressure molding.
The above-mentioned objects are achieved also by an embodiment of the method which comprises;
forming on a surface of a metallic sheet of a desired configuration electrically nonconductive layers by means of a masking of a predetermined pattern so that surface parts of the sheet not covered by the masking and exposed outside constitute a specific conductive pattern to be bonded with abrasive grains,
immersing the sheet into an electroplating bath containing metallic ions mixed with the abrasive grains so as to fix the grains on the exposed surfaces in accordance with the specific conductive pattern and by means of the metals precipitated on said specific conductive pattern by electric paths flowing in the bath between the sheet and an opposite electrode,
placing in layers a desired number of said sheets fixedly mounted with abrasive grains, after removing the electrically nonconductive layers from the sheets, and
molding the sheets into an integrate grinding stone by warm or hot pressure-molding.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of an example of a binder sheet used in this invention for making a grinding stone,
FIG. 2 is a graph showing annealing conditions and hardness of 70/30 brass which is advantageously employable for making the binder sheet,
FIG. 3 to FIG. 5 are plan views illustrating electrically conductive layers of different patterns formed on the surfaces of resinous binder sheets,
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relation between resolving powers by an ultraviolet ray of patterns of dry film photo (ultraviolet ray) resists and exposure amounts of the ultraviolet ray,
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a part of the masking pattern of electrically nonconductive layers formed on a metallic binder sheet,
FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view of a part of the sheet indicated by X in FIG. 7,
FIG. 9 is an explanatory perspective view illustrating how abrasive grains are fixedly mounted on a narrow pattern of conductive layers on a sheet,
FIG. 10 is an explanatory view illustrating grains fixed to a metallic binder sheet,
FIG. 11 is also an explanatory view illustrating the warm or hot pressure-molding of a plurality of binder sheets,
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an integrated grinding stone made by a plurality of grain mounted binder sheets,
FIG. 13(A) is a plan view of an outer circumferential surface of the integrate of FIG. 12, and FIG. 13(B) is a view of FIG. 13(A) taken along arrows Y,Y in FIG. 13(A),
FIG. 14 is a partial plan view of an example of a pattern consisting of electrically conductive and nonconductive layers, and FIG. 15 is a model chart illustrating an example of distribution of abrasive grains on grinding surfaces of a grinding stone made in accordance with this invention.
This invention is to provide a method of making grinding stones having characteristic features and efficiencies such as represented by (a') to (c') in the above "Background of the Invention", in which abrasive grains are fixedly mounted on the selected surfaces of binder sheets in accordance with predetermined patterns, and the binder sheets thus mounted with the grains are placed in layers and molded to an integrate, whereby a combination of the selection of the patterns and the selected mode of piling the binder sheets in layers can give the grinding stones the above-mentioned characteristics (a') to (c'), especially even distribution of the grains in accordance with a predetermined order.
The method of this invention comprises in general a step of forming on the selected surfaces of binder sheets electrically conductive layers of a desired pattern, a step of electroplating abrasive grains onto the surfaces in accordance with the pattern, and a step of warm or hot pressure-molding of a plurality of binder sheets in layers. These steps are explained in detail hereinunder.
Forming of conductive layers of a predetermined pattern:
Binder sheets used in this invention are such as the one illustrated in FIG. 1 which is for composing a common flat grinding stone. The binder sheet 1 is an annulus having an outer diameter of about 150-450 mm, a difference of the outer and inner diameters of about 5-10 mm, and a thickness of 0.03-0.3 mm, preferably of about 0.1-0.3 mm. While the following description is made utilizing the specific sheet illustrated in FIG. 1 for the sake of simplicity in explaining the invention, it is a matter of course that the shape of binder sheets shall not be limited thereto. The binder sheet 1 can be made from any materials which can be bonded to each other to an integrate by warm or hot pressure-molding. However, as they are to compose a grinding stone, they shall be generally resinous or metallic sheets.
As resinous sheets, those made from various resins such as phenol, epoxy, and polyester resins are utilized, while a sheet, core of which is made by non-woven fabrics and impregnated with or coated by resins is also employable though this sheet has a little drawback due to surface roughness. For instance, a commercially available structural thermal bonding film, Model No. D3032 manufactured by Sony Chemicals Corp. has a surface roughness of as much as about 40 μm, since it is made by a core of non-woven fabrics impregnated with phenol resins. On account of this surface roughness, pattern lines having a width of 0.3 mm or more are only drawable on said sheet without break of lines and without adversely affecting the quality of patterns. In addition to this disadvantage, fabrics remaining at and around the outer surfaces after pressure-molding form a little nap which hurts the appearance of grinding stones. As described in more detail hereinafter, the more a pattern of electrically conductive layers on a binder sheet is minute and the more the pattern lines are narrow, the more easy the control of distribution of abrasive grains becomes. And, since how minute and narrow the pattern and pattern lines are is largely dependent upon the surface roughness of resinous sheets, the surfaces of sheets have to be smooth as much as possible.
It shall be noted also that resinous sheets act as binding agents when they are subjected to warm or hot pressure-molding as described hereinafter. In the pressure-molding operation, a binder sheet made from resins only is apt to flow out from a mold, whereby fine molding becomes difficult. It is, therefore, preferable to prevent the flow of resins from a mold by means of mixing various kinds of additives into the resins. Such additives are those which can improve the characteristics of the binder sheet as a binding agent such as anti-abrasiveness and hardness thereof. They can be selected from inorganic compounds including silicon carbide, boron carbide, alumina, selenium oxide and so on, and metallic powders including copper powders, iron powders and so on. Especially, silicon carbide is suitable for the purpose, as it has a high hardness. Particle sizes of such additives shall preferably be small, since when the particles are too coarse, they settle in a resinous solution too fast, whereby it becomes difficult to produce resinous binder sheets of a constant quality. For example, silicon carbide having a particle size lower than #1500, more preferably lower than #2000 can produce SiC added resinous binder sheets of a stable quality.
The desirable range for the mixing ratio of an additive to resins could be determined case by case, in consideration of the aforementioned characteristics of resinous sheets as binding agents, their moldability and so on, as said ratio depends on the kinds of resins, the kinds and particle sizes of the additive, and others, and it is subsequently not constant. For example, in the case of adding SiC powders to a phenol resin, the mixing ratio is preferably about 1:1-1:3 by weight.
Resinous binder sheets which are employable in this invention can be made by various sheet molding methods, while resinous sheets on the market can be employed too. However, it is desirable to utilize a molding method which can produce smooth-faced sheets, since surface smoothness of the sheets has a great influence on a pattern of conductive layers to be made on the surface, as mentioned above. One of the most preferable methods is as follows.
Resins or resins added by the above-mentioned additives are further mixed with a small amount of solvent such as toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, and so on. This mixture is applied on a parting paper, that is, a paper such as a kraft, grassine, and resin-coated paper treated with silicon. A blade or roller is applied over the mixture at a predetermined distance from the parting paper, so that the mixture is given a desired thickness and consequently smoothed. The parting paper with the resin mixture thereon is put into a drier furnace. The temperature for drying is usually 100�-150� C., and the time therefor around 5 minutes, though they vary a little with a thickness of the resin mixture. When the sheet comes to have a thickness of 0.08-0.1 mm for example by the above treatment, the residual rate of the solvent in the sheet after it is dried is about 1-5%. Thereafter, the resin mixture film is removed from the parting paper to obtain a resin sheet. The sheet is punched out to produce a binder sheet having a configuration such as shown in FIG. 1.
The use of a metallic sheet as a binder sheet is advantageous in that by making its exposed surfaces directly as electrically conductive layers, the sheet can act as one of the electrodes in the electroplating, in addition to performing its primary role as a binder substratum for abrasive grains. In this regard, electrically conductive metals are advantageously utilizable, which include copper, alloys thereof, aluminum alloys, and the like, and among which a brass sheet containing 70-90 weight % of copper is most advantageously utilized. The following explanation of an example of this invention is therefore made with reference to the brass sheet. As explained hereinafter more in detail, metallic sheets are produced by a hot rolling process, work hardening which increases sometimes the hardness of the sheets too much. Hence, when they are to be less hard, they have to be annealed. The relation between annealing conditions (time and temperature) and hardness of 70/30 brass is given in FIG. 2. On the other hand, when harder sheets are required on purpose, they shall be obtained by adding to brass a certain amount of iron.
While the thickness of metallic sheets varies in accordance with particle sizes of the abrasive grains used, it shall generally be 30-100 μm if the sizes are within a range of #60-#270 which is safely adoptable in this invention. When the thickness is too small, processing and handling of the sheets become hard, while the control of distribution of grains becomes inadequate when the thickness is large. Though such proper thickness of the sheets is obtainable by conventional hot rolling, they have to be annealed sometimes after being hot rolled.
After the production of a binder sheet, it shall be provided on its selected surface with a pattern which consists of electrically conductive layers and which is intended to be sites where abrasive grains are fixed. Now, the principal part of this step "Forming of conductive layers of a predetermined pattern" is explained hereinafter.
In the case an electrically nonconductive binder sheet such as a resinous one is employed, this step comprises coating directly on the sheet conductive layers of a desired pattern.
On the other hand, in the case an electrically conductive binder sheet such as the above-mentioned kind of metallic sheets is employed, the step comprises forming electrically nonconductive layers by a desired pattern of masking so as to control sites to be bonded with abrasive grains and consequently to control the distribution of grains over the sheet. In other words, in this instance, a surface of the sheet is masked by a desired pattern of electrically nonconductive layers, leaving the sites to be bonded with grains uncovered, so that the exposed parts of the surface of the sheet constitute by themselves a pattern of electrically conductive layers.
While there are a number of methods for forming on a surface of a resinous binder sheet a pattern of electrically conductive layers, it shall be most preferable to form it by photoetching or printing techniques, when minute features of the pattern and fineness of pattern lines to be drawn, and the elaborate nature of the desired works must be taken into consideration.
When photoetching techniques are employed, the surface of a resinous binder sheet is coated by an electrically conductive material such as copper which is in turn applied with a photosensitive high molecular compound or a mixture of a high molecular compound and photosensitive materials. The sheet is subjected to exposure in accordance with a desired pattern, and removed of its unexposed portions by a solvent to obtain anti-corrosive filmy pattern lines. Then, the electrically conductive coating material is chemically or electrochemically etched so as to remove the coating material other than those composing the pattern lines, whereby the desired pattern of electric conductive layers is made on the sheet.
When printing techniques are employed on the other hand, resinous binder sheets are printed directly by using electrically conductive paints such as a silver paste.
An example of a pattern of electrically conductive layers formed on a surface of a binder sheet is illustrated in FIG. 3, in which to an inner circular portion of the annular binder sheet 1 there is provided a main circuit 2 which acts as an electrode in the electroplating operation. A number of narrow circuits 3 extend radially outwardly from the circular main circuit, which narrow circuits are to be bonded with abrasive grains by electroplating. It shall be noted that the main circuit 2 as well as the narrow circuits 3 are those made by electrically conductive layers in accordance with one of the aforementioned methods. In FIGS. 4 and 5, there are shown other examples of patterns of conductive layers. In FIG. 4 the narrow circuits 3b volute from the main circuit 2, while in FIG. 5 a number of narrow circuits 3b draw ripples about the main circuit 2 and electrically connected to the main circuit by the narrow circuits 3 which extend from the main circuit radially outwardly. It is a matter of course that the pattern of conductive layers can take various shapes other than those illustrated in the drawings.
Photoetching and printing techniques were scrutinized with respect to their adoptability as a method for preparing patterns of electrically conductive layers in this invention. An example of results is given in the following Table-1.
TABLE-1______________________________________(Comparison of photoetching and printing techniques as amethod for forming patterns) Photoetching method Printing method______________________________________resin sheets sheets made from Sony Chemical'semployed solid resins, having D-3022 high surface smooth- nessminimum line 0.1 mm 0.3 mmwidthfrequency of 5-15% substantiallyline breakages according to kinds nil of patternsdeterioration resinous sheets noneof resins of were rolled whenthe sheets washed______________________________________
The above table shows that since the minimum width of pattern lines which can be drawn on a binder sheet is largely influenced by surface roughness the sheet has and since Sony Chemical's D-3022 which was used in the printing method has a coarse surface with as much as a roughness of 40 μm, pattern lines drawn on said sheet could not be very fine. When solid resinous sheets which do not employ non-woven fabrics as core thereof, but are made by means of coating resins directly on a parting paper, were used in the printing method, they could bear fine lines as in the photoetching method. Hence, the printing method is generally preferable for drawing pattern lines in this invention.
In the printing method, paints of a paste form which contain electrically conductive materials such as silver powders mixed into a medium, are employed as aforementioned. Such medium shall preferably be a resinous solution containing phenol, epoxy, and other resins. Possibly on account of good wettability to resinous binder sheets, paints contained with epoxy resins as their mediums can produce especially a clear print, viz., fine pattern lines.
While in the formation of a nonconductive masking pattern on a surface of a metallic binder sheet, various methods are employable, a printing method by applying resins and a method employing a photoresist such as ultraviolet ray hardening resins are most preferable when the narrowness of unmasked lines and easiness of works are taken into account.
The resin-applied printing method in which nonconductive resins are printed on a surface of a metallic sheet by conventional method, is inexpensive and easy to operate. However, it shall be noted that in this printing method, though abrasive grains of a comparatively coarse grain size, viz., #60-#120 are safely employable, the employment of those of a finer grain size is not recommendable, since a print producible by this printing method has a thickness of 0.1-0.2 mm. Although it is feasible for reducing the thickness of the print to lower the viscosity of resins employed, this does not always give good results, since the print becomes often loose and a pattern is apt to be unclear.
On the other hand, in the method employing a photoresist such as ultraviolet ray hardening resins in which the resins are exposed to an ultraviolet ray through a negative having images correspondent to an nonconductive masking pattern, so as to be hardened and fixed thereby onto a binder sheet, a resinous film of a desired thickness can be formed by applying on the sheet those resins which are hardenable by an ultraviolet ray, while filmy resins commercially available on the market such as Asahi Chemical's Dry Film Resist can advantageously be utilized since it can readily afford resinous films of a fine and even thickness and can produce thereon clear patterns. Said Dry Film Resist consists of a layer structure composed of a carrier film, photoresist, and cover film, and is sold in the varieties enumerated in the following Table-2.
TABLE-2______________________________________(Varieties of Dry Film Resist manufactured by AsahiChemicals Co., Ltd.)Grade Thickness of resist Main purposes______________________________________E-15 15 μm for etchingP-25 25 μm for platingP-38 (T-38) 38 μm for plating, tintingT-50 50 μm for tinting______________________________________
As illustrated in FIG. 6 in which relations between resolving powers of patterns on said resists and amounts of exposure are given, such resolving powers of the level of 100 parts which are not obtainable by printing methods, are attained here. After the exposure, the unexposed resist and carrier film are removed by dissolving them by a solvent such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
An example of electrically nonconductive layers of a desired masking pattern thus formed on a surface of a metallic binder sheet is illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, in which the nonconductive layers are represented by numeral 4, while unmasked portions of the metallic sheet 1a which are exposed among the nonconductive layers 4 in accordance with the masking pattern, are represented by numeral 5. In the instance of the unmasked portions 5 illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 and extending radially outwardly, distances between respective adjacent unmasked portions are made to be about 10 mm, while the appropriate distance can be selected in accordance with sizes of abrasive grains and the desired distribution of the grains. The unmasked portions 5 of the sheet 1a are to be electroplated with the grains. It is a matter of course that the masking pattern can take any shape such as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 besides the one illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, provided however that in case of this metallic binder sheet, it is not necessary to provide the main circuit 2 the case of the resinous sheets illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 5, since the metallic sheet has conductivity by itself and can be connected directly to a cathode without an intervenient such as the main circuit 2.
Electroplating of abrasive grains:
Next, binder sheets thus formed with narrow circuits of conductive layers or with unmasked metallic portions exposed among the nonconductive layers, are to be electroplated by abrasive grains by any of the conventional electroplating methods. To wit, the main circuit 2 of the binder sheet 1 is connected to a cathode of a plating apparatus while the main circuit is masked by the printing, coating, and other applications of nonconductive materials thereover. The sheet is then immersed in an electrolytic bath containing metallic ions and abrasive grains dispersed therein, while being kept horizontally. Abrasive grains settle on the upper surface of the binder sheet, since they are heavier than an electrolyte in the bath, and present their precipitates spreaded all over the surface. Then, electric paths are made between an anode immersed in the bath and the conductive main circuit 2, and consequently the narrow circuits 3, whereby those grains 6 seating on the narrow circuits 3 are fixed by metallic layers 7 deposited on the narrow circuits so as to surround the grains, as shown in FIG. 9. When the sheet is removed from the bath, it has grains bonded only to the narrow circuits.
If a metallic binder sheet 1a is used, a cathode is directly connected to the sheet, and immersed into the bath in the same manner as described above. When electric paths are established between an anode within the bath and the metallic sheet 1a, only those grains precipitated on the unmasked or exposed portions of the metallic sheet are fixed to the sheet, as shown in FIG. 10, by metallic plated layers 7 deposited on the unmasked portions. When the sheet is drawn up from the bath, it is observed that the sheet 1a is fixedly provided with grains 6 only on the unmasked portions 5. In order to precisely control the distribution of grains, it is preferable to form a nonconductive film all over a surface opposite to another surface of the sheet 1a where the nonconductive layers 4 are formed, so that the adhesion of grains to said opposite surface by electroplating can completely be prevented. Generally, however, this kind of formation of a nonconductive film all over the opposite surface can be neglected, since abrasive grains in the bath dispersed below the sheet or adhered to the bottom surface of the sheet settle down to the bottom of the bath by their own gravity.
As mentioned above, the width of narrow circuits shall be thinner as much as possible in order to obtain the precise control of distribution of abrasive grains. This preference prevails also in electroplating conditions. To wit, the conditions which are described more in detail hereinafter shall be good enough if they can fix the grains temporarily to their predetermined sites on the sheet. Excessive amount of electroplating adversely affects the results as in the case of the narrow circuits having a comparatively thick width. The width of the unmasked portions 5 of a metallic sheet shall not be too thick, too.
Electrolytic baths and electrolytes used in this invention are not limited, but they can be selected from electrolytic baths conventionally used for plating nickel, chrome, copper, alloys thereof, and so on, since the electroplating employed in the method of this invention aims primarily and only to fix adhesive grains to a binder sheet and such fixing of grains to the sheet is not largely influenced by technical qualities in the electroplating and metals deposited thereby. However, it is cautioned not to use such electrolytes which are harmful to a binder sheet but to use adequate electrolytes matched with the kinds and characteristics of resins or metals composing the binder sheet.
Electroplating conditions are properly settable in consideration of the above remarks and in accordance with an electrolyte employed. For example, in electroplating conditions employed in this invention for a typical nickel plating, current density was 0.1-1 A/dm2, voltage 0.2-1.5 V, time for plating 10-60 minutes, and temperature of the electrolyte 30�-60� C.
On the other hand, the electroplating of the metallic binder sheet consists of a preliminary electroplating stage in which plating is made only to fill the unmasked spaces among the nonconductive layers, and a principal stage in which plating is made to positively mount abrasive grains to the sheet. The preliminary plating stage can be conducted under a mild condition in view of its object, in which current density shall be for example above 1 A/dm2. Its plating time shall be about 10-20 minutes, though this varies in accordance with thickness of the nonconductive layers and gap or width distances of the unmasked spaces. The principal plating is made on the other hand under a weak condition in order to minimize an amount of plating, in which current density is in a range of 0.1-0.5 A/dm2 and plating time is the same as in the preliminary plating stage, viz., about 10-20 minutes. After the completion of the two plating stages, the electrically nonconductive layers are removed by subjecting them to a chemical bath and the like.
Warm or hot pressure-molding of a plurality of binder sheets in layers into an integrate grinding stone:
A desired number such as 100-500 sheets of the binder sheets thus fixedly mounted with abrasive grains by electroplating, are piled in layers and subjected to the warm or hot pressure-sintering and molding. The molding of resinous binder sheets is made as follows, for example.
As illustrated in FIG. 11, within a mold 10 there are placed in layers and in accordance with a predetermined rule a plurality of grain-bonded resinous binder sheets 8 and resinous filler sheets 9. A press 11 is placed over the layers of the sheets. They are subjected thereby to a high pressure and temperature for a predetermined time. The pressure is normally about 400 Kgf/cm2, temperature about 150�-200� C., and time about 30-120 minutes, though these can be varied in accordance with dimensions, viz., diameter and thickness of a grinding stone to be molded. During this molding operation, pressure is released several times for letting gas generated from the sheets out of the mold. The sheets thus integrated to a grinding stone are provided with abrasives distributed on the selected layers and in order.
The molding of metallic binder sheets is generally made by keeping them for about 30-120 minutes in a deoxidizing atmosphere held under a pressure of about 400-600 Kgf/cm2 and a temperature of about 70% of the melting point of the binder sheets, that is about 650� C. in case of brass, though these conditions can be varied in accordance with the dimensions of a grinding stone to be made, viz., its diameter and thickness. The sheets are thus integrated by their thermal and pressure contacts to each other, producing a metallic grinding stone with abrasives projectedly lying among the metal. A core spindle such as the one made from aluminum is insertedly fitted to a central hole of the grinding stone.
When binder sheets bonded with grains are too thin to afford the grains with an adequate axial distance for the distribution thereof or when the sheets can not provide by themselves a sufficient amount of resinous or metallic materials as binding agents, they can be piled in layers with filler sheets or powders one after the other.
As briefly mentioned above, the binder sheets bonded with abrasive grains are piled in layers in accordance with a predetermined rule, together with or without filler sheets not bonded with any abrasives or filler powders. The object of said rule is to control the distribution of grains, as explained below, and it includes a mode of piling in which sheets in each layer are located with respect to each other with a displacement of an angular distance about their common longitudinal axis, so that the axial and circumferential distribution of grains can be controlled as desired.
Thus, grains of the grinding stone made in accordance with this invention are given, by means of a selected pattern of conductive layers or nonconductive masking, a desired one-dimensional distribution in a rotary direction of the grinding stone or two-dimensional distribution in said rotary and radial directions. In addition to these distributions, the distribution of grains along the direction of piling, viz. axial direction in case of a flat grinding stone can selectively be varied in accordance with a piling mode of sheets.
As shown in FIG. 12 in which an integrate of sheets in layers is generally indicated by L, those which constitue grinding faces in the integrate are outer circumferential surfaces M. And, in order to improve grinding or cutting efficiencies of said surfaces M, the grains 6 distributed on the surfaces as shown in FIG. 13(A) have to be overlapped with each other when viewed in the rotary direction of the grinding stone or in a direction indicated by Y,Y in FIG. 13(A) and as best shown in FIG. 13(B). Such overlapping distribution of abrasive grains is largely dependent upon their axial distribution which is in turn determined primarily by piling methods of binder sheets. Hence, in this method, a due consideration has to be paid to how the binder sheets are located and piled.
Control of grain distribution:
There are very few publications on the theory of distribution of grinding edges in a grinding stone, since it has been a common knowledge that random distribution of the grinding edges is inevitable and inherent to the grinding stone. However, there are a few theses discussing nothing but abrasive grains per se which contribute to grinding and their distribution, viz. a distribution of effective grinding edges over a surface of a grinding stone. Among them, a thesis written by Mr. Kazuo Nakayama and entitled "Relation between grinding and cutting" Vol. 23, No. 5 (1971), pages 174- of "Study of machineries" says that the ratio of abrasive grains actually contributing to the grinding with respect to the entire grains on the surface of a grinding stone is only about 2%, indicating that the remnant 98% of grains are ineffective to the grinding operation. In his thesis, it is noted specifically that the distance between abrasive grains, viz. effective grinding edges on a surface of grinding stone at a single axial turn thereof is as large as about 100 mm.
As explained above, this invention is to effectively control the above-mentioned kind of poor distribution of grains, whereby ineffective grains are eliminated as much as possible and grinding efficiencies are improved. The control of distribution of grains in this invention can be made as aforementioned, namely one-, two-, and three-dimensionally.
First, as said one-dimensional control in accordance with this invention, the distribution of grains in a rotary direction of a grinding stone or over its circumferential direction can be controlled by the aforementioned formation of a selected pattern of conductive layers or masking pattern of nonconductive layers. For instance, a pattern such as illustrated in FIG. 3 can assure that the grains are deposited on the narrow circuits 3 with constant distances therebetween and along the rotary direction of a grinding stone, whereby the one-dimensional control of distribution of grains can be made by properly selecting space distances between the narrow circuits, even if binder sheets thus deposited with the grains are piled at random.
A pattern illustrated in FIG. 4 includes a two-dimensional element since there is involved a radial distribution in addition to the distribution of grains in a rotary direction thereof.
Besides the distributions of grains in the rotary and radial directions, the thickness of a binder sheet works as an element for composing a two-dimensional distribution of grains. To wit, abrasive grains come to distribute on a circumferential surface of a grinding stone with such specific axial distances therebetween which are dependent on the thickness of the binder sheet or a total thickness of a grain-bonded binder sheet and filler sheet when the latter is used. And, as illustrated in FIG. 14 in which upon the radially extending narrow conductive circuits 3 there are overlaid a ripply masking 12 consisting of a plurality of circular nonconductive layers which are concentric with the main circuit 2, the linear conductive circuits 3 become dotted whereby the radial distribution of grains can be controlled by dotted lines rather than solid lines. Thus, such distribution of grains is controlled at the stage of patterns formation. For example, the masking of the above-mentioned kind can be readily obtained by lapping two prints. To wit, at the first printing, electrically conductive narrow circuits 3 are printed, while at the second printing there are printed the nonconductive masking 12. This nonconductive masking can be applied similarly on the pattern illustrated in FIG. 4. In case of the pattern illustrated in FIG. 5 too, the ripply narrow circuits 3b can be replaced by similar nonconductive maskings.
While a selected combination of the elements, viz., the distribution of grains in a radial direction, distribution of grains in a rotary direction, and thickness of a binder sheet can control the overall distribution of grains of a grinding stone two-dimensionally, even three-dimensional control could be achieved by them.
Besides the thickness of a binder sheet as mentioned above, the angular distance by which the binder sheets mounted with grains are turned to each other about their common axis when they are piled in layers, is given as an element determinative of the three-dimensional distribution of grains. That is, the distribution of grains in the direction of piling the sheets or in the axial direction of a grinding stone can be controlled if the sheets are piled in layers after having them turned to each other with slightly different angular distances. In this invention, therefore, it is possible to control the distribution of grains three-dimensionally by changing the distribution of grains in the axial direction of a grinding stone along with the variation of the aforementioned elements, viz., the distribution of grains on a binder sheet in its radial direction, and distribution of grains in the rotary direction of a grinding stone.
As mentioned above, an example of distributions of grains in the rotary direction of a grinding stone and in the axial direction thereof on its outer circumferential surfaces are illustrated by a chart in FIG. 15, in which an arrow shows the rotary direction of a grinding stone. It has been found by the inventor of this invention that the distance between grains in the rotary direction of a grinding stone which is indicated by f in FIG. 15 shall be less than 25 mm, and that in the axial direction thereof, viz. e in the drawing, less than 1 mm for obtaining a good grinding efficiency. The distance f can be controlled by the grain distribution in the rotary direction of a grinding stone, and the distance e by the grain distribution in the piling direction of sheets, viz., an angular distance by which each binder sheet mounted with abrasive grains is axially turned when it is piled.
In the method of this invention, common abrasive grains such as those made from alumina, silicon carbide and so on can be employed besides super abrasive grains made from diamond, cubic boron nitride, and the like. Though this invention does not deal with the improvement of the randomness of cutting edges and shapes a grain has by itself, it could be said that when compared to common abrasive grains, super abrasive grains have less randomness since most of them are have constant shapes such as octahedra arranged by atomic structures in order. And, when super abrasive grains are used, the variation of their surface edges with time can be neglected, since they are extremely hard and can hardly be worn. Therefore, it is preferable to use super abrasive grains, whereby the effects of this invention can be enhanced more.
As described above, the method of this invention can selectively control the distribution of abrasives in a grinding stone contrary to the common knowledge that it inevitably has a random distribution of grains, by means of forming on a surface of a binder sheet a pattern of conductive layers which control sites on said surface to be bonded with the grains, fixing the grains to the surface in accordance with said pattern and by electroplating thereof, and warm or hot pressure-molding a desired number of the binder sheets fixed with the grains and placed in layers in accordance with a predetermined rule. It can therefore provide grinding stones having a desired two- or three-dimensional distribution of abrasives on their grinding surfaces. Uniformity of loads exerted on each grains, which is producible with such controlled distribution of grains in accordance with the method of this invention, can prolong the life of a grinding stone. The elimination or reduction of ineffective grains in accordance with this invention can considerably lower the price of grinding stones especially when expensive super abrasive grains are employed. In addition to these effects and advantages, a quantitative analysis and revision of grinding capacities of a grinding stone is made possible first time by this invention.
In the following, are given examples which describe the method of this invention in a concrete way, it being understood that the invention shall not limited thereby.
A mixture of phenol resins and SiC powders of a size #1500 at a weight ratio of 1:1 was added with a small amount of solvent either of toluene or methylketone and mixed well. The mixture was applied on a sheet of parting paper, and flattened by a blade kept over the sheet with a predetermined distance therefrom so as to give a specific thickness to the mixture and to smooth it also. And, then the sheet was dried at a temperature of 150� C. for about 5 minutes. The resinous sheet thus obtained having a thickness of about 0.1 mm was cut to a number of annular binder sheets as illustrated in FIG. 1 and having an inner diameter of 150 mm and a difference between the inner and outer diameters of 5 mm.
Upon a surface of the resinous binder sheet thus obtained, there was printed a pattern such as illustrated in FIG. 3 by a paint of a silver paste, in a medium of epoxy resins, while its main circuit except its terminal end was coated by a nonconductive paint by a lap printing method. After connecting the main circuit at its terminal end to a cathode of an electroplating apparatus, the sheet was immersed horizontally in a nickel electrolytic bath which contained dispersed diamond grains of a size #80, and subjected to the electroplating for about 20 minute with a current density of 1 A/dm2.
A number of resinous binder sheets thus fixedly mounted with diamond grains and resinous filler sheets without the grains were placed in layers one after the other within a mold, and subjected to a pressure of 400 Kgf/cm2 and a temperature of 150�-200� C. for about one hour. During this pressure-molding, the pressure was released several times for letting gases out. An integrate of the sheets in layers thus made was bonded to an aluminum core by a conventional method and finished, whereby a grinding stone was obtained. A surface grinding operation with said grinding stone was made at a grinding velocity of 1600 m/min, work velocity of 10 m/min, and with a kerf of 10, 10 μm, showing a good grinding efficiency.
A rolled sheet of brass containing 70 weight% of copper having a thickness of about 0.1 mm was cut to a number of annular binder sheets as illustrated in FIG. 1 and having an inner diameter of 150 mm and a difference of the inner and outer diameters of 5 mm. A surface of the metallic sheet was coated by phenol resins which were formed to a pattern such as illustrated in FIG. 7.
To the metallic binder sheet on which the masking pattern of electrically nonconductive layers had been formed, there was connected a cathode of an electroplating apparatus. The sheet was immersed horizontally into a nickel electrolyte dispersed with diamond grains of a size #80, and then subjected to electroplating for about 15 minutes with a current density of 1 A/dm2 and succeedingly for about another 10 minutes with current density of 0.5 A/dm2. Thereafter, the electric nonconductive layers were washed off by butyl ether.
A number of metallic binder sheets thus mounted with the grains and metallic filler sheets without grains were piled in layers one after the other within a mold, and then subjected to pressure sintering molding under a pressure of 400 Kgf/cm2 and at a temperature of about 650� C. During the pressure-molding which was held for about one hour, pressure was released several times in order to let gases out. The layers made to an integrate were bonded to an aluminum core, and finished to obtain a grinding stone. A surface grinding operation employing said grinding stone was conducted with a grinding velocity of 1600 m/min, work velocity of 10 m/min, and a kerf of 10, 30 μm, presenting an excellent grinding capacity.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 1, 1950
|Mar 29, 1955
|Clair John Quincy St
|Diamond tools and method of making the same
|Dec 15, 1954
|Jun 5, 1956
|Merit Products Inc
|Method of making grinding wheels
|Feb 14, 1955
|Jun 18, 1957
|Merit Products Inc
|Method of making an abrasive wheel
|Feb 6, 1956
|Mar 11, 1958
|Rexall Drug Co
|Reinforced abrasive products
|Feb 20, 1961
|Sep 15, 1964
|De Nuke Anthony
|Method of making a buffing wheel
|Feb 15, 1965
|Apr 9, 1968
|Carbond Corp
|Methods of making electrolytic tools
|May 27, 1965
|May 7, 1968
|Norton Co
|Method of forming a coated abrasive wheel
|Mar 19, 1968
|Jun 30, 1970
|Budd Co
|Method of making abrasive tools by electro-deposition
|Nov 24, 1969
|Jan 4, 1972
|Nippon Toki Kk
|Process for the manufacture of a grinding stone
|Jul 15, 1983
|Dec 25, 1984
|Ohyo Jiki Lab. Co.
|Grinding wheel for electrolytic and mechanical grinding
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 21, 1987
|Aug 23, 1988
|Tsuneo Masuda
|Grindstone-polymer composite for super colloid mill and manufacturing method thereof
|Apr 26, 1988
|Apr 4, 1989
|Disco Abrasive Systems, Ltd.
|Cutting tool having concentrically arranged outside and inside abrasive grain layers and method for production thereof
|May 19, 1989
|Jun 5, 1990
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive sheeting having individually positioned abrasive granules
|Nov 21, 1988
|Sep 29, 1992
|Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho
|Grinder and method of manufacturing the same
|Dec 23, 1991
|Sep 14, 1993
|Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho
|Grinder and method of manufacturing the same
|Jul 21, 2000
|Mar 26, 2002
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Polishing pads and planarizing machines for mechanical or chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic-device substrate assemblies, and methods for making and using such pads and machines
|Mar 27, 2001
|Dec 3, 2002
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Polishing pads and planarizing machines for mechanical or chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic-device substrate assemblies, and methods for making and using such pads and machines
|Oct 2, 2001
|May 10, 2005
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Polishing pads and planarizing machines for mechanical or chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic-device substrate assemblies, and methods for making and using such pads and machines
|Jul 15, 2003
|Aug 23, 2005
|Nikon Corporation
|Processes for producing a whetstone and whetstone pellets with uniform abrasion layers
|Apr 8, 2005
|May 22, 2007
|Nikon Corporation
|Processes for producing a whetstone and whetstone pellets with uniform abrasion layers
|Mar 20, 2006
|Dec 16, 2008
|Nippon Steel Corporation
|CMP conditioner, method for arranging hard abrasive grains for use in CMP conditioner, and process for producing CMP conditioner
|Jul 7, 2008
|Nov 22, 2011
|Duescher Wayne O
|High speed flat lapping platen
|Sep 4, 2012
|Duescher Wayne O
|Equal sized spherical beads
|Jul 15, 2003
|Mar 25, 2004
|Masami Masuko
|Whetstone pellet, whetstone, processes for producing them, process for producing optical element using whetstone, and process for producing exposure apparatus
|Dec 20, 2001
|Apr 15, 2004
|Toshiya Kinoshita
|Cmp conditioner, method for arranging rigid grains used for cmp conditioner, and method for manufacturing cmp conditioner
|Apr 8, 2005
|Sep 1, 2005
|Nikon Corp.
|Processes for producing a whetstone and whetstone pellets with uniform abrasion layers
|Apr 22, 2005
|Sep 1, 2005
|Agarwal Vishnu K.
|Polishing pads and planarizing machines for mechanical or chemical-mechanical planarization of microelectronic-device substrate assemblies, and methods for making and using such pads and machines
|Mar 20, 2006
|Jul 20, 2006
|Nippon Steel Corporation
|CMP conditioner, method for arranging hard abrasive grains for use in CMP conditioner, and process for producing CMP conditioner
|Apr 13, 1990
|Oct 24, 1990
|Process for galvanically coating of surface segments, that are situated on the surface of an object and tool manufactured with the process, in particular a grinding wheel
|Mar 17, 2009
|Oct 14, 2009
|Chiung-Chang Tsai
|Hand tool having grinding capabilities
|U.S. Classification
|51/293, 51/309, 51/295, 51/298
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 1, 1984
Owner name: KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO 3-6, AAKASAKA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ISHIKAWA, TADAYUKI;REEL/FRAME:004319/0985
Effective date: 19840917
Owner name: NORITAKE CO., LIMITED NO. 1-36, NORITAKE-SHINMACHI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ISHIKAWA, TADAYUKI;REEL/FRAME:004319/0985
Effective date: 19840917
Owner name: NORITAKE DIAMOND INDUSTRIES CO., LTD. NO. 210 OAZA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ISHIKAWA, TADAYUKI;REEL/FRAME:004319/0985
Effective date: 19840917
|Feb 6, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 8, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 25, 1997
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 17, 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 28, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19970820


text:
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In the shadows of a garage, teenage mutant ninja turtles scale shelves lined with matchbox cars, a taiha-wielding Santa commandeers a pirate ship, and fighter jets swoop down from the ceiling.
Upstairs Kevin Heyward and his handlebar moustache tend to his prized collection of miniature Austins.
They're the only portion of toys that have made it into the house.
Heyward is a guardian of countless vintage, modern and retro toys, all of whom have their own special space downstairs in his Morrinsville garage.
He pegs a wooden school desk and kauri chair as two of his best finds, which he picked out of a rubbish tip in Takapuna.
The collection has evolved since he was a child - aside from being a haven for toys, it's a timeline of Heyward's life.
Atop the orphaned desk sits his own old school books and a slightly more modern school atlas, "but you go to Google now".
Faded flags and swimming caps from his days in surf lifesaving clubs across the country line one corner. He was a founding member of Clifton Surf Club in Hawke's Bay but "that no longer exists - the beach has been washed away".
One of his first speeding tickets is dog-eared nearby, which he was awarded in Auckland in the 1970s. Penalties were extreme then, he says.
"I think I was doing about 30 mile an hour in a 40 mile an hour limit, and I had to go to court and the judge made me resit my licence, and I was fined $95 which was about a months wages then.
"When I asked the cop what would happen if I failed, he said 'well, you won't have a licence', so they're not that strict these days."
Beneath a wall of unopened Matchbox and novelty cars, his most prized possessions are housed in a wooden cabinet with a glass lid.
Tobacco pipes, his father's conducting batons and hip flasks are on show, their faded colours juxtaposing the rainbow of playthings. "That's an old opium pipe," he says, hovering over a white one carved out of ivory.
"Mum and dad were both in the Hawke's Bay earthquake and they survived that so I have a book on that, and the rest of it is stuff I've collected."
Among the other eerie keepsakes are a taxidermy fawn and a stuffed pheasant, both of which he insists were gifts.
The grandkids are allowed downstairs provided "they look with their eyes and don't touch".
One of his oldest toys is a green tin bus dating back to the 30s. It's rusted, but the wheels turn and its paint is still bright.
He's also rescued Tonka trucks, some from the 60s, which were destined for the rubbish dump. "I call them sandpit toys and I've picked them all out of inorganic rubbish collections around Auckland."
His favourite is a sleek black model of Al Capone's Cadillac he got through a magazine.
A close second is his lengthy collection of Austin cars, which extends to full size versions in his garage.
Heyward is custodian of four vintage cars; a Austin A55 Cambridge, an Austin A30 "one of the first ones sold in New Zealand", an Austin pickup and a J40 pedal car - which he fits in, just.
In another room, an 1897 edition of a navy and army magazine features a man with a handlebar moustache, Heyward's inspiration perhaps.
He doesn't know what will happen with the trinkets when he's no longer around, but he insists there is a good reason he collects.
"Perhaps I'm still a boy at heart, and you can't take the boy out of the man."
- Waikato
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Jane suffers from dementia and is missing in Mangakino
Bale body dad had been laid off amid dairy slump
Annual plan goes ahead, rates increase 3.8 per cent
Six-year plan to find a new home for civil defence office
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Donors, businesses rally to help Leamington Community Garden
Waikato towns prepare for Women in Police 75th anniversary
Dog rescue volunteer fundraises for own pet
Grieving family dealing with the loss of mum and social media backlash
Poor health won't stop Sir Colin Meads attending Ranfurly Shield match
80's music revival heading for NZ
Man sought after attempted armed robbery in Hamilton
Waikato avoids the worst of the weather
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Cooks Beach liquor store worker nails knife-wielding thief
Man sought after attempted armed robbery in Hamilton
Waikato avoids the worst of the weather
University of California's closer ties with Waikato
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Jamie Oliver's Italian operator in receivership, leaving unpaid debts in Wellington
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Stephen Donald starts with Aaron Cruden benched for Chiefs clash with Crusaders
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subset: commoncrawl


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D800E 70-200/2.8 handheld portrait
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For the past few months I've been publishing a Flipboard Magazine version of Vinography. You can view it on the web, but it is really designed to be consumed on the iPad using the Flipboard app. I've not only been posting Vinography content to this magazine, but also lot of other articles, photographs, and other news from around the wine world.
I was told yesterday that the Vinography Flipboard Magazine was chosen as one of 74 Favorite magazines for 2013 by the employees of Flipboard. One of 74 doesn't sound so hot, until you hear that over 5 million Flipboard magazines have been created since the functionality was made available to the public.
You can see all 74 of the #magswelove choices from the Flipboard staff here (best viewed using the Flipboard app, of course).
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Wine Will Never Smell the Same Again: Luca Turin and the Science of Scent Forlorn Hope: The Remarkable Wines of Matthew Rorick Debating Robert Parker At His Invitation Passopisciaro Winery, Etna, Sicily: Current Releases Should We Care What Winemakers Say? The Sweet Taste of Freedom: Austria's Ruster Ausbruch Wines 2009 Burgundy Vintage According to Domaine de la Romanée-Conti Charles Banks: The New Man Behind Mayacamas Wine from the Caldera: The Incredible Viticulture of Santorini Why Community Tasting Notes Sites Will Fail Chateau Rayas and the 2012 Vintage of Chateauneuf-du-Pape A Life Indomitable: The Wines of Casal Santa Maria, Portugal Bay Area Bordeaux: Tasting Santa Cruz Mountain Cabernets Forgotten Jewels: Reviving Chile's Old Vine Carignane The First-Timer's Guide to Les Trois Glorieuses of Hospices de Beaune


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The Camden Police Department (CPD) is reporting a number of incidents related to the April 2 running of the Carolina Cup at Springdale Race Course.
Bill Fenton followed in his father's footsteps to become a volunteer firefighter. It's not an unusual story; there are many firefighting families, including ones with multiple generations of service. What makes Fenton's story unique is where he started and the path he took to serving with Lugoff Fire-Rescue (LF-R) for 17 years.
Robert "Bobby" Gary took his seat on Kershaw County Council representing District 1 residents for the second time in six years. District 1 voters first elected Gary to the seat in 2008 and voted him in again during a special election in late March.
The Kershaw County Board of School Trustees received a preliminary look at the Kershaw County School District's (KCSD) proposed budget for the 2016-17 school year during its April 5 meeting at Jackson Elementary School. The balanced $77.9 million budget reflects a 3.4 percent increase compared to the current 2015-16 budget.
Camden City Council will hold a public hearing during its regular meeting tonight on the city's proposed FY 2017 budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.
Second reading of an ordinance authorizing a fee in lieu of taxes, or FILOT, agreement between Kershaw County and Suominen is on the agenda for this evening's Kershaw County Council meeting.
A Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO) deputy used a Taser to keep a 45-year-old Lugoff man from harming himself with a knife following a series of events on the evening of April 6.
Kershaw County emergency medical technicians Paul Taylor and Ethan Blackmon really like their new ambulance. Taylor, an advanced EMT originally from Elgin who returned to work in Kershaw County three years ago, and Blackmon, a part-time intermediate EMT who works full time for the Columbia Fire Department, have each served emergency medical teams for seven years.
On today's front page, I report on Tuesday's Kershaw County Board of School Trustees meeting during which "alternatives" -- scenarios, really -- regarding the impact of this November's construction-related referenda.
If voters approve a $138.8 million bond-funded list of construction projects for the Kershaw County School District (KCSD) in November, property tax millage would increase by 40 mils unless voters also approve a 1-cent sales tax. That's why KCSD Chief Financial Officer Donnie Wilson is calling the first of four referendum funding alternatives -- or scenarios -- "ideal." Wilson told the Kershaw County Board of School Trustees during its meeting Tuesday having voters approve both the construction and sales tax referenda would be the best outcome.
Saturday marked Nick Ellis' first time overseeing the Carolina Cup as chief executive officer of the Carolina Cup Racing Association (CCRA). Ellis said the day proved to be a success despite threatening weather.
The Kershaw County Board of School Trustees will meet tonight at Jackson Elementary School at 6 p.m. Among the items on the short agenda include having the board waive a fifth make-up day due to the effects of October 2015's historic flooding.
A Cassatt man died around 11:30 a.m. Monday after being hit by a vehicle while he tried to cross U.S. 1 to check his mailbox.
Officers arrested a 14-year-old juvenile female on the evening of March 26 after responding to a disturbance at a Chesnut Ferry Road apartment complex.
(Martin Cahn is on vacation this week but re-offers this April 2012 column, edited for space.)
Page 5 of 102
Monday proved to be a watershed moment in the gun control debate. Unfortunately, it was the wrong watershed moment, but, perhaps, something good can come ...
You can thank the "American Girls" doll series -- and a pair of parents who were "into" history -- for putting Halie Brazier on the path to ...
The Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO) is seeking the whereabouts of 43-year-old Darryl Everette Halley in connection with an arson and assault case on ...
Kershaw County Sheriff Jim Matthews got at least most of what he asked for from Kershaw County Council.
Ben Connell will become a Kershaw County Councilman, representing District 3, replacing C.R. Miles who chose not to run for reelection. According to unofficial ...
The Kershaw County Alcohol Enforcement Team, working with the Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO), cited three businesses for selling either alcohol or tobacco to ...
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Flyweight champion Demetrious Johnson fielded questions from the fans prior to the official UFC 199: Rockhold vs. Bisping 2 weigh-in on Friday at The Forum in Los Angeles. read news >>
Before UFC 199 can take place on Saturday, the fighters on the card first had to weigh-in at The Forum on Friday, and all the athletes hit their mark on the scales. read news >>
UFC 199 is set to take place on Saturday, June 4. The event is headlined by a middleweight title bout between champion Luke Rockhold and challenger Michael Bisping. Rockhold captured the title last D read news >>
The highly anticipated rematch between Nate Diaz and featherweight champion Conor McGregor has been signed to take place at UFC 202 on August 20. read news >>
When one of the most popular athletes in UFC history is announced as a fighter scheduled to participate on the UFC 200 card, reactions are of course going to happen on Twitter. read news >>
The most anticipated event in a good long while, UFC 200 is packed with names in a way never seen before in UFC history. The full card is as follows: Main Card (Pay-Per-View) Daniel Cormier vs. Jon J read news >>
UFC is saddened to learn of the passing of Kevin Ferguson, known to fans around the world as Kimbo Slice. UFC offers its sincere condolences to Slice's family, friends and teammates at American Top T read news >>
Arguably England's two top welterweights, Paul "Semtex" Daley (38-13-2) and Michael "Venom" Page (10-0) have each been assigned new opponents for the upcoming "Bellator 158: London" event. read news >>
UFC Fight Night 92 will take place on August 6, at the Vivint Smart Home Arena in Salt Lake City. UFC officials announced the location and the venue of the event on Thursday. read news >>
On May 31, 2008, 7.281 million people tuned into CBS to watch Kevin "Kimbo Slice" Ferguson take on James Thompson in the main event of Elite XC: Primetime. read news >>


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Facebook is conducting a test in Thailand with 2C2P's Qwik whereby users can make payments directly on pages via credit cards, debit cards or online bank transfers.
The social network already handles payments via its Messenger applications, but not through Facebook pages themselves.
Jon Russell of TechCrunch reported on the trial, saying that Facebook and 2C2P declined to comment.
According to Russell, several top Facebook pages in Thailand are testing the use of Qwik, which brings users who click links to purchase products to a new site, where they enter their payment details.
Russell reported that he obtained screenshots of the process but did not share them due to nondisclosure agreements between pages involved in the test and Facebook.
Sources in Thailand also told Russell Facebook intends to extend the test to other countries in Southeast Asia.
Readers: Would you like to see Facebook introduce a way to pay for products and services directly via pages?
Image courtesy of Shutterstock.
Article courtesy of SocialTimes


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A wireless network lets you get online from your laptop, tablet or smartphone anywhere within your home, without connecting to a mass of cables.
You can use it to send photos from computer to computer, to send documents to a printer wirelessly, or to play games online on a smartphone.
But, on occasion, your home wi-fi signal may seem weak or you may struggle to pick it up in certain rooms.
Here are some tips for boosting your home wi-fi:
Step 1: The right router location
Thick walls are the enemy of wi-fi. They simply block the signal. Position your wi-fi router in a central location, so its signal has as few obstructions as possible. Ideally, it needs to have plenty of clear space around it.
Try putting it on a shelf at around waist height or on a desk. Avoid putting it on the floor or close to a TV, as metal objects scatter your signal.
Read more in our article: Improve your wi-fi signal: is your router in the right place?
Step 2: Change channel
As increasing numbers of people use wi-fi, your network can become more congested, this can lead to interference.
Changing the wi-fi channel of your router can help. BT's routers such as the new BT Smart Hub (below) include Smart Wireless technology which automatically scans the channels, selecting the one with least interference, so you get the best signal.
The new BT Smart Hub, along with Home Hub 5 and Home Hub 4, are dual-band routers that scan the 2.5 Ghz and 5 Ghz bands.
BT doesn't recommend you change the channel manually, but you can make the router perform a refresh, so it will re-scan and select the best channel. Discover how to do this for your BT Home Hub.
If you aren't a BT customer and want to change the channel manually, check out the manufacturer's website for instructions and advice.
[Related story: How to prevent wi-fi blackspots]
Step 3: Upgrade your router
A faster form of wi-fi can offer significant improvements, but older hardware will hold it back. So consider buying a new router.
The BT Smart Hub has the UK's most powerful wi-fi signal, which means the signal can go much further throughout your house, so you get faster speeds in rooms that are further away, and fewer dropped connections.
Seven antennas – more than any other router from a major broadband provider – give it a wider range, while the latest AC technology means you can use more than one device on a fast connection at the same time.
The first Smart Hubs will be available for existing BT customers, sign up at the pre-registration page here.
Step 4: Update your software
Manufacturers often introduce software updates for devices - including routers - to improve security and stability.
BT Home Hub owners receive updates automatically overnight over their broadband line.
If you are not a BT customer, find the router details on the unit or check the details of your broadband package if it came from your provider. The 'support' section of the manufacturer's website should include instructions. It can be quite technical, so may not be the right solution for everyone.
Step 5: Give your devices a break
Make sure you turn your smartphone or tablet off regularly. If they are connected all the time, the connection can become 'tired.' Turning off wi-fi or restarting can help.
Step 6: Watch what's connected to your wi-fi
If you've got multiple devices connected to your router, you might notice your broadband slows down.
This is because they are sharing the same signal - the more devices connected and running, the more the speed is shared.
Step 7: Boost your wi-fi
If you've tried the above and your wireless network still doesn't reach every room, consider a wi-fi range extender, also called a repeater.
The BT Dual-Band Wi-Fi Extender 610 (£29.99) boosts your wi-fi signal so it can be used in otherwise out-of-range places in your home.
Connecting to your router with just one button push, dual-band support means faster downloading and streaming because there are two wi-fi signals your devices can connect to.
If you are a not a BT customer you need to choose a wi-fi extender that supports the same standard as your wireless router. The BT Dual Band Wi-Fi Extender 610 supports B, G and N, which means it will work with the majority of non-BT routers. It is also compatible with all BT's Home Hubs.
If you are looking for a more portable solution – such as for a laptop - opt for a wi-fi dongle. These plug into a USB port, adding wi-fi connectivity. Prices start from £29.99 at Connected Home.
Step 8: Using home hotspots to expand your wireless and wired network
Another way of extending your home internet connection is to use a powerline adaptor, such as the BT Home Hotspot Plus 600 Kit (£44.99), which can turn any power socket into a wi-fi hotspot.
Powerline technology uses the existing electrical circuit that runs around your home to extend your broadband network, bringing network access to any room with a plug.
This is a particularly good way to connect devices - such as a games console, HD TV or laptop - in rooms away from the router.
Kits are incredibly easy to use. They typically consist of two parts, one which connects to your router and you plug in nearby.
The other you plug into a socket in the room where you want wi-fi, where it creates its own wi-fi hotspot. It also includes two Ethernet ports, if you'd rather connect a device – such as a smart TV – using a cable.
It works with other BT Broadband Extender products and uses AV600 Powerline technology, which means it can be integrated into existing powerline networks, even if you aren't a BT customer.
The BT Home Hotspot Plus 600 Kit now costs £44.99 for BT customers - a fantastic 50% saving off the £89.99 retail price.
The BT Home Hotspot Plus 600 Kit and BT Dual-Band Wi-Fi Extender 610 are available here.


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Ann Rafi
Came "of age" on Okinawa in the '60s. I think I've owned every Japanese camera that's been on the market--and a few German. Began taking photos earnestly (professionally) after journalism school at the U of Mo. Still wrangling with "ownership" when digital makes snapping a shot too easy. Have much more to learn! American born but a global nomad--currently live or based in Costa Rica. Have traveled to 30+ countries, lived in Egypt, UAE, USVI.
Find me at: http://arafi.photoshelter.com
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Credit: AFROG DESIGN UNIT
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Licence type: Royalty-freeRoyalty-free pricing is based solely on the size of the product you need, not the specific use. You don't have to pay any additional royalties on a use-by-use basis. Once you license a royalty-free product, you may use it multiple times for multiple projects without paying additional fees. (Pornographic, defamatory, libellous or otherwise unlawful use of any image is, of course, prohibited.)
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It's a cover-up! Kate Upton puts away her famous curves as she goes demure at White House Correspondents' Dinner
In the past few months, Kate Upton has gone from a relative unknown to internet sensation after landing a racy cover of Sport Illustrated's swimsuit issue.
But when it came to attending the White House Correspondents' Dinner over the weekend, the 19-year-old decided to go for the demure look.
While some of her fellow celebrities decided to flash the flesh in plunging necklines and raised hemlines, the Florida blonde kept relatively covered up in a pale pink Alexander McQueen number.
Scroll down for video
Cover up: Model Kate Upton wore a cream Alexander McQueen dress to the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner on Saturday
The model had been invited as a guest of Bloomberg news to the annual dinner in Washington D.C.
She tweeted on Sunday: 'Loved #whcd last night! Thank you to everyone at Bloomberg! Had so much fun xoxo.'
Earlier that evening, she'd also gone for a similar shade as she wore a nude shift dress to a pre-dinner party in D.C.
Warm up: Earlier in the day, Upton wore a nude shift dress as she attended a pre-White House party
Joining Upton at the Bloomberg table was Zooey Deschanel, wearing a strapless grey Oscar De La Renta gown.
Upton was one of a host of stars in attendance at the lavish event, where it appeared nude and white was the dominant style choice.
Homeland star Claire Danes wore a white satin Vivienne Westwood gown, while Ginnifer Goodwin made a statement with a multi-tiered H&M gown.
Going green: Kim Kardashian wore a velvet gown (left), while Rosario Dawson showed a lot of cleavage in an Armani Prive dress
All white now: Claire Danes in a Vivienne Westwood halterneck, Ginnifer Goodwin opted for high street in H&M, while Eva Longoria kept it simple in a Marchesa number
Desperate Housewives star Eva Longoria stayed away from floor-length in a structured Marchesa knee-length dress.
Also going more demure than usual was Kim Kardashian, who wore a green velvet gown, while Rosario Dawson went for the same colour by Armani Prive - but showed a lot more cleavage.
Rather than new man Kanye West, Kim attended with her 'momager' Kris Jenner.
Showstoppers: Lindsay Lohans' attendance attracted a lot of attention, while Elle Macpherson gave it plenty of leg
But of course, some stars played it safe in classic black.
Expectant actress Anna Paquin showcased her tiny bump in a Herve L Leroux gown, while Charlize Theron went lacy in a striking Emilio Pucci lace number.
Modern Family star Sofia Vergara was going for a more flirty look in a black David Meister prom dress.
Back to black: Sofia Vergara in a David Meister Signature prom dress, pregnant Anna Paquin in a Herve L. Leroux gown, while Charlize Theron shimmered in a lace Emilio Pucci number
Glowing: Pregnant actress Reese Witherspoon wore a Monique Lhullier gown
VIDEO: Battle of the curves at the White House Correspondents' Dinner
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