text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 28, 1982
|Filing date
|Sep 29, 1978
|Priority date
|Oct 4, 1976
|Publication number
|Joseph D. Winslow, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Petrolite Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (16), Classifications (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 729,312, filed Oct. 4, 1976, abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to measuring and testing electrochemical processes; and it relates particularly to processes for the evaluation of protection of large metallic structures against corrosion attack.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Large metallic structures located in land or sea regions, such as pipelines, wells, structural supports and the like are subjected to corrosion attack. To minimize this corrosion attack, these structures may be covered with protective materials such as inert wrappings of fiber or cloth, and exterior impervious coatings of bitumen, cement or the like. Unavoidably, some voids remain within the protective coatings during their application, or are created during the installation of the structure within the earth region or thereafter by mechanical injury. The exposed surfaces of the structure are exposed to corrosion.
Many schemes have been envisioned for protecting these structures. For example, galvanic or electrochemical corrosion attack is very much more common than the usual chemical attack envisioned by the presence of a corrodant. In the electrochemical corrosion attack, the structure is at a different potential level than adjacent galvanic material so that a current flow between the two occurs through the earth region even though it is of substantially high specific resistivity. The presence of oxygen or other type of corrosive medium accelerates the effect of the galvanic corrosion attack. Obviously, corrodants also exist in the earth region about the structure.
The primary method of retarding electrolytic corrosion attack is through the use of cathodic protection. In cathodic protection, the structure receives a flow of current from an anodic (anode) electrode spaced remotely in the earth region. The anode may be a metal, such as magnesium, which has a lower half-cell potential than the structure in the earth region. Alternatively, the anode may be inert, such as a carbon mass, and a flow of cathodic current provided from a suitable d.c. power source. In either event, the flow of cathodic current from the metallic structure to the anode is assumed to be of proper magnitude when the structure (steel) is about 0.25 to 0.30 volts negative relative to the earth region immediately surrounding the structure. A more reliable criterion of proper cathodic protection is the current density of the structure in the amount of at least 3 milliamperes per square foot of the structure in contact with the earth region. Under these conditions, the structure may be directly exposed to the earth formation and all of its proportions are protected against corrosion attack.
Many methods and arrangements have been proposed for evaluating the cathodic protection of a metallic structure. Generally, these techniques measure the potential of the structure in the earth region relative to a closely adjacent reference electrode, such as the copper sulfate half-cell. Unfortunately, the non-isotropic characteristics of the earth region prevent a correlation of the potential measurement relative to the required current flow magnitude from the remote anode(s) for the proper cathodic protection of the entire structure. Repeatedly, prior art schemes concerned themselves primarily with corrections for the resistivity of the earth region in the potential measurement between the structure and the reference electrode. These measurement techniques have failed to provide uniformally acceptable results.
The concept of cathodic protection of an "anodic" structure is a very sound approach to corrosion attack abatement. However, the theory and practices of surveying and monitoring such installations have been irrelevant and invalid because of the assumption that a separate "reference" electrode is required to determine proper cathodic current magnitudes. Fundamental electrical analysis of the problem leads to a different concept.
Cathodic protection of any portion of the structure exists when the anodic reaction rate (dissolution of metal ions) has been suppressed to a magnitude consistent with the corrosion allowance/life time criterion but without an excess suppression causing an accelerated cathodic reaction rate adequate to delaminate protective coverings, etc., or embrittle the structure due to excessive hydrogen generation.
The large metallic structure is a low resistance "conductor" surrounded by a more resistive earth region. Therefore, the structure's "potential" is essentially identical in all portions and throughout its extent. This may be illustrated by analogy with a balloon: the internal pressure (potential) is equal at all parts; and the balloon's walls are distorted by variations in externally applied forces which at some points distort the wall outward, and at others, inward. The stresses in the balloon's wall vary considerably in amount and place depending on variation in local external forces. The measure of stress upon the balloon's wall at any particular point must involve the measurement of the differential between the balloon's internal pressure (constant) and the effective pressure (variant) immediately exterior of the balloon at the point of interest. Only the exterior applied pressure can vary in magnitude since the internal pressure is uniform.
In the large metallic structure, the externally applied force (potential) at any point in the adjacent earth region is the result of the structure's electrochemical equilibrium in association with the earth region environment. The earth region surrounding the structure is not homogeneous and therefore, the local external (potential) "forces" vary from point to point. These different externally applied "forces" cause the electrochemical energy exchange between the structure and earth region and produce corrosion by the evolution of hydrogen at areas of low potential and disassociation of metal atoms at areas of higher potential. Obviously, placement of a reference electrode in an area of low potential produces erroneous measurements for areas of high potential, i.e., the problem of prior art measurement schemes.
The structure is protected cathodically upon effectively equalizing the potentials (or forces) on the structure and the surrounding earth region. Cathodic current from a single anode at some distance from the structure probably will not equalize the entire structure. A multiplicity of anodes are required and each anode adjusted in current flow to equalize the potential "pressure" at all points on the structure. This latter arrangement provides a uniform cathodic reaction over the entire surface of the structure. Thus, cathodic protection requires the pressure alteration of the external environment surrounding the structure to provide equalization of electrochemical potential (substantially zero voltage differential).
It is not possible or practical to isolate the structure into a great number of individual parts without affecting the purposes for which it exists, even if all parts could be joined electronically so as to maintain a uniform structure potential. Also, it is not possible to ascertain the external "potential" force adjacent to each or any part of the structure when mechanically or integrally connected. The vast majority of "cathodic protection" practioners and electrochemists simply determine the in situ electrochemical "contact" and induced potentials of a structure by the measurement of the potential difference between the structure and the sancrosanct "reference" electrode(s) placed in the earth region. The existence of a "component" potential which is the result of the external force acting at a distance from the external surface (IR drop) is a substantial component of the measurable potential difference. As a result, this component potential causes serious errors when surveying cathodically protected systems, whether energized or not.
If each elemental part of the structure were disconnected electronically in turn and one by one from the remaining structure, the free part attains equilibrium with its environment, i.e., the rest of the structure. Subsequent measurements of the difference between the "internal" potential of the structure and that of the "electronically" isolated part would be a direct measure of the influence of the external force at a distance on the structure at that location, i.e., the "polarization" potential shift attributable to the anodic electrode as it affects the structure at that locale in the earth region. Upon reconnection of the elemental part to the structure, a measure of the current between that part and the structure could be made by zero resistance ammeter techniques. As a result, the current (density) and the potential shift to zero potential difference could be measured. Also, if the disconnected part is driven through a limited range of potential magnitude with respect to the remaining structure, both positive and negative several hundred millivolts about the open circuit value, the resulting potential/current responses can be utilized to determine (a) anodic reaction rate, (b) cathodic reaction rate, (c) unprotected corrosion rate, (d) protected corrosion rate, and (e) current density available from anodic ground bed.
The present invention provides a method for producing the above results with the same accuracy and facility as if a part of the structure could be electrically disconnected from the remainder of the structure without destroying its useful purposes.
In accordance with this invention, there is provided a method for the cathodic protection monitoring of a large metallic structure located in an earth region or in a body of water and receiving current from a remote anode electrode. A metallic specimen is positioned closely adjacent to, but not in direct electrical contact with, the structure. The specimen is exposed to the cathodic current and has a known surface area of at least one magnitude less than the structure. A current flow is induced between the specimen and the structure until the potential difference between the specimen and structure is substantially zero. The induced current flow between the specimen and structure is measured. Then, the current density impressed upon the specimen is determined, and this current density is substantially identical to the current density impressed upon exposed like areas of the structure by cathodic current from the remote anode electrode. In preferred embodiments of the method, the inducing current flow is varied anodically and cathodically to create a potential difference between the specimen and structure not in excess of about 1000 millivolts and preferably not in excess of about 400 millivolts, as the unprotected corrosion rate function, in the linear potential region. From the resultant relationship of potential to current, the cathodic and anodic reaction rates and the cathodic protective current can be determined. In one aspect of the invention, the metallic specimen is partially encased in an insulating covering. The structure may be at least partially covered or encased in a protective material, such as bitumen or concrete or other suitable material, including naturally occurring ones.
FIG. 1 is an isometric perspective of a pipeline representing a large metallic structure located in an earth region with electronic measurement apparatus for carrying out the method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of the data obtained with the electronic circuitry shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a sectional representation of a metallic specimen partially encased in an insulating cover.
FIG. 4 is a sectional representation of another embodiment of a metallic specimen partially encased in an insulating cover, suitable for use in the system specifically illustrated in FIG. 1.
The method of the present invention is based upon the recognition that the magnitude of the metallic structure with respect to a sample specimen located adjacent thereto is so large that the structure serves as both a reference electrode and an auxiliary electrode so that current may be passed between the specimen and the structure. In this manner, the potential difference between the specimen and the structure can be monitored relative to the magnitudes of induced current flow therebetween, by suitable means such as a zero resistance ammeter, and the same information regarding corrosion protection can be determined as if the specimen was an electrically disconnected part of the structure. For purposes of the present invention, the zero resistance ammeter of the classic type may be employed. However, a variable conductance ammeter, such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,042, can be employed or preferably, a more versatile commercial instrument such as the dynamic analyzer shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,101 and marketed under the name Potentiodyne� Analyzer.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a subterranean steel pipeline 11 which represents a large metallic structure located in an earth region, which earth region is omitted from the drawing for purposes of description; however, it is intended that the pipeline 11 is buried within earth formations or submerged within a body of water. The pipeline 11 is shown bare, but may be covered with a coating of protective wrap and treated with a bituminous material for waterproofing purposes, or covered with a coating of concrete or the like when the placement is within a salt water body. The pipeline 11 will usually be protected against electrochemical corrosion through the use of some type of cathodic protection system. For example, the pipeline 11 is protected by a remote anode electrode 12 which is placed within the earth region a selected distance from the pipeline 11. The anode electrode 12 can be of the sacrificial variety, such as a magnesium body, wherein it suffers an anodic reaction within a ground bed to produce a current flow I through an interconnecting conductor 13 so that cathodic protection is provided to the pipeline 11. Alternatively, the anode electrode 12 is shown to be an inert electrode, such as a carbon body, and the cathodic current I is provided by suitable d.c. source 14. As is general practice, a plurality of anode electrodes 12 and conductors 13 are placed along the pipeline 11 to affect a preselected magnitude and distribution of cathodic protective currents.
The return path 16 for the cathodic current I is through the earth region from the anode electrode 12 to the pipeline 11, and these currents are indicated by the reference is. As is apparent, the return current paths 16 are distributed about the extended surface of a pipeline 11 and depend upon the characteristics of the earth region and the surface condition of the pipeline 11. For example, the return currents is might be segregated to a specific locality such as provided by a holiday within the protective coating surrounding the pipeline 11. However, the currents is could also be distributed uniformly along a concrete covered pipeline.
In accordance with this invention, a specimen 17, preferably of a like metallic material to the pipeline 11, is placed closely adjacent to, but not in direct electrical contact with the pipeline. The specimen 17 may be held in place with respect to pipeline 11 by electrochemically non-interactive means, such as by epoxy adhesives, or plastic bands, but actual attachment to the pipeline is not required.
The pipeline 11 is a structure of relatively great magnitude compared to the specimen 17. In this regard, the specimen 17 can be considered in relative potential only in that represented by the pipeline 11. Comparison to the prior art usage of reference electrodes spaced adjacent to the pipeline 11 shows clearly that the use of an artificial reference electrode(s) create(s) errors of great magnitude in comparison with specimens referenced exclusively to the pipeline 11 in accordance with the present method.
Ideally, the material of the specimen 17 should be identical with that of the pipeline 11. However, it is recognized that absolute identity of materials, even in the same mill run, is metallurgically impossible. Under some circumstances near identical materials may be used to advantage, for example: (a) when so called "identical" material is unavailable; (b) when a specimen material of near identity, but scientifically significant differences, itself requires testing in the environment; (c) and when a dissimilar material is contemplated to be adjacent or connected to the structure and that material in conjunction with the common internal potential of the main structure by way of mechanical and/or lattice bonding will require common source anodic protection. The term, "like metallic material," is intended to cover "identical" and near identical material.
Since the specimen 17 is not in direct electrical contact with the pipeline 11, a medium of some specific resistivity resides between the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11. This medium usually is a part of the earth region. Importantly, the specimen should have a surface area at least one magnitude less than the surface area of the pipeline 11 exposed to the cathodic current provided by the anode electrode 12. In one example, the specimen 17 has a planar form with an exposed surface area of about a square foot for the pipeline 11 having diameters of 6 inches or more and lengths of several thousand feet. For extended lengths of the pipeline 11, additional specimens (17a) are spaced apart along the surface of the pipeline 11.
It is evident that the specimen 17 receives in proportion to its surface area a portion of the return current is along path 16. In addition, the same current density impinged upon the specimen 17 is applied to a like surface area of the pipeline 11.
Under conditions where cathodic current flow is present between the anode electrode 12 and the pipeline 11, a galvanic or freely corroding potential Voc exists between the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11. More particularly, the potential Voc is truly reflective of the condition as if the equal area portion of the pipeline 11 were disconnected from the remainder and was at equilibrium with the surrounding earth region. Thus, the specimen 17 provides an isolated part in equal area of the pipeline 11 under conditions that represent an equilibrium potential Voc between that isolated portion (specimen 17) and the remainder of the pipeline 11 within the earth region. If the potential Voc of all the specimens 17, 17a, etc., and the pipeline 11 are identical, all parts of the pipeline 11 are cathodically protected by identical cathodic current and anode electrode(s) 12 arrangements. Where the potential Voc is not the same for all specimens, then different portions of the pipeline 11 require different cathodic current flow magnitudes for cathodic protection.
Box 18 shows electronic circuitry which may be employed for monitoring purposes. However, as indicated above, a zero resistance ammeter, a variable conductance ammeter as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,042, or an infinite conductance potentiostat such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,101, may be substituted. With respect to box 18, the four terminal cell connections to the instrument are represented by letters B, D, A and C. The circuitry includes an operational amplifier 19 having a first input 21 containing a variable voltage source 22 in series to conductor 28 and terminal A. The second input 23 of the amplifier 19 is connected directly to the terminal B. The circuit common terminal 24 of the amplifier is the current return terminal D of the circuitry. The output 26 of the amplifier 19 connects through a suitable ammeter 27 to terminal C through conductor 29, switch 25 and conductor 30. A voltmeter 33 is connected in parallel across voltage source 22 between conductors 21 and 28.
Measurement of the potential Voc of the specimen 17 relative to the pipeline 11 is obtained through the connection of terminal A to the specimen 17 and terminal B to the pipeline. The variable voltage source 22 is adjusted such that zero current flow is indicated in ammeter 27 with the switch 25 in its upper position. As a result, the potential Voc between the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11 is identical in magnitude, and of reverse polarity, to that of voltage source 22, measured between points 21 and 28 by voltmeter 33. The amplifier 19, with the usual connections to a suitable power source represented as B+ and B-, produces a current through the ammeter 27 representative of the difference in potential Voc of the specimen 17 relative to pipeline 11 and the potential of source 22. The voltage source 22 is adjusted to the value Voc, the current through ammeter 27 thereby becoming zero. For example, the open circuit voltage Voc between the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11 may be 300 millivolts.
After the open circuit potential Voc is determined, the switch 25 is placed into its lower position so that cathodic protection current can flow through terminal C and the return current is passes through the terminal D. The specimen 17 now has an induced potential developed relative to the pipeline 11. The variable voltage source 22 is adjusted to zero so that the potential between the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11 is at substantially zero. Stated in another manner, the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11 are at the same potential within the earth region. Under these circumstances, the specimen 17 has been brought electrically into an identical condition as if the pipeline 11 had a segment physically separated from it as the specimen 17 but electrically connected thereto for the receipt of the returning current is in the current paths 16. The amplifier 19 produces a current through terminals C and D, which current is representative of the cathodic protection current impressed on a like segment of pipeline 11. The current flow from the amplifier 19 is the readout in the ammeter 27 of the identical return current is impinged upon that known area of the specimen 17.
The current is impinged upon the specimen 17 for a known area provides the current density (amperes/square meter) resulting from the operation of the anode electrode 12 in providing cathodic protection to the pipeline 11. Since the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11 are at identical potential, like elements of pipeline 11 must receive the same return current is as has the specimen 17 and must have the same current density. The use of a plurality of specimens 17, such as 17a, etc., along the pipeline 11 permits the determination of the current density imposed upon these spaced apart portions.
In addition, this arrangement is employed to determine several additional informations regarding the corrosion protection of the pipeline 11 by cathodic currents. Referring to FIG. 2, the circuitry of FIG. 1 is used through adjustment of the variable voltage source 22 so that the specimen 17 is varied potentialwise relative to the pipeline 11. For example, the variable voltage source 22 is adjusted so that the specimen 17 is moved voltagewise from the potential Voc to a second potential to induce anodic current flows from the specimen 17. The shift from the first to the second potential of the specimen 17 should be of a magnitude sufficient to determine anodic reaction rate as is graphically displayed by the curve 31. The curve 31 represents the anodic corrosion phenomena occurring about the pipeline 11. The Tafel slope of the curve 31 represented by the voltage along the ordinate and the log of the return current is along the abscissa is the anodic reaction rate of the curve 31. In a like manner, the voltage of the specimen 17 through adjustment of the variable voltage source 22 is moved from the potential Voc to a second potential to induce cathodic current flow to specimen 17. The differences in potential between the initial potential and the second potential of the specimen 17 should be of sufficient magnitude to determine the cathodic current reaction rate from the curve 32. The Tafel slope of the curve 32 between the voltage differential and the log of the return current is represents the cathodic reaction rate about the pipeline 11. When the voltage shift of the specimen 17 is in the direction to induce cathodic current flow, the voltage differential Vo between the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11 becomes zero. At this condition, the abscissa intercept of the curve 32 at potential differential Vo is the cathodic protective current (or coupled cathodic protection current) represented by the logarithm of return current is. At this current is magnitude, the pipeline 11 is properly protected by that exact magnitude of current flow I from the anode electrode 12. The measurement procedure can be repeated for each additional specimen 17a by moving the electronic circuitry within the box 18 to the other specimen 17a, and so forth.
It will be appreciated that the difference in potential between the specimen 17 and the pipeline 11 of the open circuit potential Voc and zero potential difference Vo at the coupled cathodic protective current, provides a measure of the cathodic polarization and protection provided by the remote anode electrode 12 to the specimen 17, and conjunctively, to the pipeline 11.
With practice of the foregoing method, the proper cathodic protective current for the pipeline 11 can be determined throughout its extent. As a result, sufficient cathodic protective current can be arranged for any given segment of the pipeline 11 and at no point along its extent is there an overabundance of cathodic current to produce hot spots, hydrogen embrittlement and like undesired reactions. Thus, the method of the present invention provides a current-conductance profile of the pipeline 11 through a plurality of specimen(s) 17 at various points of interest. Since the pipeline 11 is both the reference and auxiliary electrodes of the corrosion measurement system, all perturbations based upon use of external reference electrodes, such as the copper-copper sulfate variety, and variations in ground bed resistances are avoided.
In the above described embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 1, two leads from the specimen 17 are employed leading to terminals A and C, since a four terminal instrument is used. However, a total of two leads, one from the specimen and one from the structure would suffice.
It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that if the variable conductance ammeter of U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,042 is substituted for the circuitry of box 18, terminals R, A, T and T' may be used for terminals A, C, B and D, respectively, of the present invention. It will likewise be appreciated that if the Potentiodyne Analyzer of U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,101 is employed, terminals A, B, C and D shown in FIG. 1 thereof will correspond to like designated terminals of the present invention.
In one aspect of the present invention, illustrated by FIG. 3, the metallic specimen designated here as 117 is partially encased in an insulating covering 118. Such insulating covering may be of any suitable electrochemically non-interactive substance, such as epoxy plastics, laquer, rubber, Teflon, etc. Preferably the insulating covering is bonded to the specimen at unexposed surfaces. Terminals A and C are connected via lead wires 121 and 122, respectively, to the encased portion of the specimen 117, the connections as shown being at points 119 and 120, respectively, at opposite ends of the specimen. Instead of being positioned at such opposite ends, the connections may be made at any other points within the encased portion of specimen 117 except in direct alignment through the specimen with the exposed test area, i.e., lead wires 121 and 122 should preferably not be adjacent to each other within the encased portion of the specimen, although at the low current deviation of normal expected use, lead placement is relatively unimportant. It is advantageous to minimize the ratio of edge of exposed specimen surface to exposed specimen area.
In FIG. 3, the specimen 117 is shown as uncurved, a shape suitable for use in connection with a structure having a non-curved surface. FIG. 4 illustrates a modification of FIG. 3, wherein the specimen 117' is curved so that it may be conveniently employed in connection with pipeline 11 or other structure having a similar curved surface. In this embodiment, the insulated face is placed toward the structure, the exposed face radially outward. The primed numbers in FIG. 4 refer to parts and details corresponding to the parts and details designated by the respective unprimed numbers in FIG. 3.
Various changes and alterations will be apparent to those skilled in the art to the method provided by the present invention. It is intended that such changes and alterations, which do not depart from the spirit of the present invention, be included within the scope of the appended claims. The appended claims define the present invention; the foregoing description is employed for setting forth the present invention embodiments as being illustrative in nature.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 9, 1957
|Jun 28, 1960
|Pure Oil Co
|Method and apparatus for determining current density
|Jun 16, 1966
|Dec 30, 1969
|Petrolite Corp
|Corrosion test probe
|May 13, 1970
|Jan 11, 1972
|Engelhard Min & Chem
|Sampling and control system for cathodic protection
|Sep 21, 1970
|Mar 14, 1972
|Union Oil Co
|Method for determining the completeness of cathodic protection of corrodible metal structure
|Dec 14, 1971
|Jul 24, 1973
|Betz Laboratories
|Corrosion probe assembly
|Jan 2, 1975
|Apr 6, 1976
|Northern Natural Gas Company
|Flush mounted corrosion electrode
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 26, 1982
|Jan 8, 1985
|Brunswick Corporation
|Electrode apparatus for cathodic protection
|Oct 9, 1984
|Feb 17, 1987
|Wayne Graham & Associates International, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for direct measurement of current density
|Feb 2, 1984
|Apr 14, 1987
|Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
|Device for in-situ monitoring of corrosion rate of cathodically polarized metals
|Sep 11, 1987
|Oct 25, 1988
|Gary Ridgley
|Electronic control circuit for a cathodic protection system
|Oct 25, 1990
|Aug 18, 1992
|Colorado Interstate Gas Company
|Method of use of dual bed cathodic protection system with automatic controls
|Sep 24, 1991
|Jan 12, 1993
|Arkansas Power And Light Company
|Steam generator corrosion monitoring system and method
|May 25, 1994
|Aug 29, 1995
|Boiko; Robert S.
|Corrosion control of dissimilar metals
|Nov 26, 1997
|Jan 18, 2000
|Gamry Instruments, Inc.
|Detection of pitting corrosion
|Mar 2, 1998
|May 9, 2000
|Nekoksa; George
|Flat cathodic protection test probe
|Jun 18, 2001
|Sep 23, 2003
|Joseph J. Pierro, Jr.
|Synchronous detection and remote monitoring and regulating of cell potential for cathodic protection
|Apr 8, 2005
|Dec 18, 2007
|Southwest Research Institute
|Method for measuring localized corrosion rate with a multi-electrode array sensor
|Apr 8, 2005
|Dec 15, 2005
|Lietai Yang
|Method for measuring localized corrosion rate with a multi-electrode array sensor
|Oct 4, 2005
|Apr 6, 2006
|Bushman James B
|Cathodic protection system for underground storage tank
|Jul 26, 2007
|Jan 29, 2009
|Ramotowski Thomas S
|Cathodic delamination accelerated life test method
|Jan 10, 2012
|Jul 4, 2012
|Remote monitoring, early warning and fault-diagnosing system and method for anodic protection device
|Jan 10, 2012
|Apr 2, 2014
|Remote monitoring, early warning and fault-diagnosing system and method for anodic protection device
|U.S. Classification
|205/724, 205/730, 204/404, 205/775.5, 205/776.5, 205/734
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Garage doors are composed of numerous moving parts. These include numerous components fitted inside to assist in the automatic activities. The recurring movements and also the regular use of the equipment leaves it ruined and commonly malfunctioning.
Garage doors are composed of many relocating components. These consist of multiple parts fitted inside to help with the automatic activities. The repeated motions and the regular use of the equipment leaves it damaged as well as usually malfunctioning. best Avon IN garage door repair service is a difficult task for any individual to do manually, even when alleviating a little breakdown. The far better choice to fixing & maintaining your garage doors in the most effective condition is to employ garage door repair service as well as upkeep services. There are lots of advantages of going with expert garage door repair service services, as they supply a wide variety of services to guarantee that your door is taken care of at the most cost effective price. The services additionally carry out maintenance for these doors to maintain them in the most effective condition for a longer time while decreasing the possibilities of damages.
One of the most common issues faced by garage owners are a broken garage door springtime, damaged or rotten areas, dents causing rubbing, erratic activity, jammed opener, loud noises, snagging motions etc. Garage door repair work company will repair any one of these typical troubles quickly. They will certainly likewise deal with essential issues caused to your garage door. These solutions additionally provide guarantee on the upkeep works to provide consumers an assurance of dependability. It is fairly crucial that you opt for the solutions of a skilled door repair job firm to take care of these activities efficiently. A skilled as well as sound company will certainly make certain that the components in the system are replaced with the appropriate ones, as well as execute flawlessly.
Occasionally, larger damages in garage doors leave them irreparable. In such a circumstance garage door replacement ends up being compulsory. When changing garage doors, you have several choices ranging from the economical, one-sided steel doors to custom carriage-style doors. In such cases, it is constantly essential to go with the benefit of an expert company to take care of the setup process. It will likewise help you pick from top quality equipment for your benefit. Nevertheless, better maintenance of garage door could maintain you far from future garage door replacement..
People living anywhere in Avon In can obtain some finest company for garage door repair services. These solutions supply round the clock service. They have dispersed solution centers in various zones to better serve clients in a timely style. A number of these companies have years of encounter in garage door fixing, and also have additionally established their very own strategies to make sure maximum effectiveness. Customers could select from both, business or domestic fixing services..
The Internet is the most effective location to locate garage door repair job services. Spending a little time on the Internet can aid you find the most effective garage door repair job service in your community. You could additionally contrast different garage door repair work specialists for cost effectiveness, top quality of service. Ever ensure to inspect whether the business whom companies you are going to choose is correctly accredited, insured and accredited appropriately. Your garage plays an important position in your home's safety and power effectiveness, so do not postpone any type of repair jobs.
It is likely that you have had a spring break on your garage or malfunction if you read regarding pointers for Addison TX garage door spring replacement and you might be thinking about changing them by yourself. You could tackle this project as well as save a pricey solution phone call, if you are able to discover the appropriate replacement springs as well as comprehend the procedure. The other thing you have to determine is whether you have torsion (also known as tension) or extension springs since installment of extension springtimes is an easier process. Tension and also torsion springtimes are fully-loaded coil springs that can burst anytime and are capable of 500 extra pounds lift, where expansion springs are ended up coils that contract or increase as they open up as well as close the door.
Once you have actually identified the type of spring you have, you could locate substitutes rather conveniently on the net. There are websites that focus on garage door parts as well as they will often showcase video clip directions on spring replacement, as well. Safety and security equipment is vital when replacing your springs, so make sure you have safety eyewear, gloves and also keep children and also anybody else far from the area, while you are tackling this task. Serious mishaps can take place, particularly in the case of tension or torsion spring replacement, so if you remain in uncertainty, it is far better to call a professional to change the spring for you.
You will certainly want to stay clear of buying garage door springs at a big merchant, who could have a tiny option to pick from as well as will certainly not have knowledgeable salespeople to aid you. The very best option could be the net because there are websites that focus on these as well as they are professionals in the parts you will need. If you are planning to tackle the project by yourself, you will need to order the components as well as frequently, there will be step-by-step guidelines included to assist you via the process, along with a checklist of devices you will certainly should finish the procedure.
Practical videos might be a good idea for those that find the directions difficult to comprehend and there are a number of web sites that show this procedure well. Actually, there are many of the garage door components sites that include tutorial posts, representations and videos to make it simpler to choose the correct parts and also they could reveal you the best ways to change the springs on your personal.
If you are seeking an expert to take on the garage door spring replacement, they feature suggestions of the local garage door firms that are the most reputable as well as knowledgeable, so the websites are a good resource for this option, as well. There are several solutions you can find on the Internet, when you are seeking the components, responses and also company that you need for your garage door. It is simply a matter of using these handy suggestions to pick the very best option.
Garage Doors For Sale
Homeowners will certainly at some point beginning searching in purchasing a steel garage door for sale wichita ks. This because while the doors commonly last for a long time, they are not undestroyable, so they do succumb to deterioration that garage timber doors are subjected to over the years. It could also be an instance of obtaining your first garage steel door.
Despite the reason that you're taking a look at metal or timber doors, it is very important that you get the very best door for your money. And do not neglect the door opener. Here are some ideas to help you in obtaining the right door for you:
Size it up – doors commonly have the same size but do measure your door to be on the safe side. The door has to fit well after all in order to work appropriately. Just take a gauging tape and also determine the elevation as well as the length of your opening doorway. If you're not positive that you'll have the ability to get the appropriate dimension, hire the professionals. Manufacturers or door suppliers need to be able to send in somebody who could take measurements for you.
Get the appropriate look – the doors will be a big part of your outside so it is very important that you get one that looks well with your house. Things with them though is that you can painting them with virtually any kind of shade so you don't actually need to stress over determining what will certainly look great with your house's outside color pattern. Just what you must consider rather when it involves garage doors for sale are the panel creates offered to you. The most usual designs are the flush panels, long elevated panels, and brief increased panels. You must be provided with examples so you shouldn't have any difficulty identifying just what you want.
Get the best product – garage metal or wood doors will be normally readily available either in wood or steel. Steel can be very sturdy so it is a good choice to last you for several, several years yet timber isn't really as well worn-out either. A steel door though trumps still when it involves weather conditions since steel has the ability to hold up against harsher problems. Steel might be much more costly though to make sure that might be a deterrent. If you could afford to obtain steel though, after that by all means pick these kind doors. Steel doors for sale will certainly create excellent investments for your home. Types of doors consist of roll up garage doors, fiberglass doors, wood garage door, shielded garage doors, customized doors, typhoon garage doors and also energy efficient garage.
Exactly how secure is the door – Whenever risk-free safeguarding your house it's simple to ignore the most significant access method, the garage door. It is possible to padlock and also screw each and every residence window and also entrance in your home in order to help maintain your closed one secured throughout the night time nevertheless exactly how concerning that loosened depend upon the door? Consequently think about honestly, just when was the quite last moment you looked into that the torsion springs are running? Or possibly the garage door opener?
Garages have unquestionably turn into a straightforward need when it come to automobile pet parents, and also naturally a nice protected garage door was required to emphasize. Currently, as time passes and technical advancement increases, you'll have a protected residence for the car and individual belongings. Look online for the best garage door rates.
Installing Garage Doors in Your Home-glass Garage Door Installation in Scottsdale Arizona
Replacing or setting up garage doors can be accomplished by a property owner that has good tool dealing with abilities as well as basic mechanical knowledge. In a lot of cases you could conserve as high as 40 percent of the price by installing the garage doors yourself. Numerous glass garage door installation in Scottsdale Arizona produces will try to inhibit you from installing your own doors. Sometimes they will also use fear as a tool to maintain garage doors valuing high. Garage door installation is a quite lucrative business. In general installment or substitute of a garage door is a two person task that may call for numerous days to finish.
You can discover all the support you require making use of the Web as well as by checking out one the huge residence renovation shops such as Home Depot or Lowes. It is very important that you appropriately determine your door opening up consisting of the header allowance over the door. You will require around 12 inches to appropriately mount the torsion springtime as well as garage door opener. If you have less space there are numerous reduced clearance sets offered that will be necessary for mounting garage doors.
The bottom line of threat from setting up garage doors originates from the torsion springtime that is used to help in lift a heavy door. This springtime lies on the header wall on the inside of the garage. This springtime when appropriately installed basically makes the garage door insubstantial when opening as well as closing. When the garage door remains in the down placement these springs are firmly wound as the door opens they will certainly relax to help lift the door. These springtimes do break with a very loud noise that can be frightening. Because of the amount of saved energy in the springtime not packing or unloading it correctly can cause major injury or fatality. Nonetheless if you follow the installment directions properly there disappears injury threat compared to that of collaborating with any kind of power tool. Numerous garage door produces like Clopay have great online setup directions.
If you are not useful with devices or are uneasy with the threat after that by all implies hire an expert to replace the spring or for mounting your doors. The other kind of garage door spring is occasionally called extension springtimes and also they are quite easy to change with marginal risk. Once again just comply with the guidelines and also you will not have any problems.
Setting up garage doors for the first time will certainly need a degree of patience to finish. Hanging the tracks appropriately may call for a making modifications a number of times. Do not cut corners as a garage door may commonly evaluate as much as 500 pounds and also will certainly be sustained by these wall mounts and tracks.
Several of the tools that you will certainly require include:
Cordless reversible drill
Several feet of 1 1/4 inch punched angle iron
Saw Horses
You will certainly likewise need a number of fasteners that will certainly be prescribed by the installment directions.
Mounting garage doors is truly not that difficult to accomplish if you are good at fixing things around your home. Nonetheless if you are unclear about the procedure then we recommend you hire a contractor to do the work. If in any way possible you need to invest the moment to enjoy the installation making note as well as photos. This education and learning will certainly come in useful the following time you will certainly be changing or mounting glass garage door installation in Scottsdale Arizona. It is constantly easier to do something as soon as you have all ready seen it done. Mounting garage doors on your own will certainly not only save you money but also aid you in preserving your brand-new door as well as assist in making any kind of essential future repair services.
Garage Door Adjustment – Safety Reversal Feature in Broken Arrow OK
Whenever you carry out Do It Yourself garage door modification you should consider your security consistently. Changing and also fixing your doors could come to be possibly dangerous if you are not cautious. An essential component of a opener is its safety garage door panel replaced Broken Arrow OK and security turnaround attribute. This function is accountable for finding anything blocking the course of the door.
All doors made on 1993 are needed by legislation to have a safety and security turnaround attribute to prevent significant crash and even feasible fatalities connected to these garage mishaps. You should examine your security turnaround attribute at the very least as soon as a month.
Examinations for the Security Turnaround Function
– Place a 2×4 block or item of timber laid standard precisely listed below your door, after striking this block the garage door need to instantly turn around.
– Examine the pressure setup of your door opener. While your door is shutting use resistance to it by pressing it up. Your door ought to immediately turn around.
– If you have added security tools such as sensing units, examine if these safety and security sensing units are functioning effectively. As the door is shutting, swing your hand in between the sensing units. Your door ought to turn around as soon as your sensing units spot your hand.
If your garage opener falls short in any one of the 3 examinations after that there is a demand for change. The setups of your garage door's security function must be readjusted instantly. You could describe your proprietor's guidebook for modification setups. Modification will certainly differ relying on the type of opener you have and also the brand name.
Broken Arrow OK
After making any kind of garage door change to its security turnaround attribute, examination it once more making certain that the issue has actually been fixed. If there still is an issue, speak to a certified mechanic as well as have him analyze you opener. Do not remain to utilize your device if it has a malfunctioning safety and security system.
Transforming an Up and Over Garage Door to Electric Operation
Transforming an Up and Over Garage Door to Electric Operation
A raising percentage of brand-new garage door sales are for remote controlled and even motorized operating systems, however it is not constantly needed to get a brand-new garage door in order to get these advantages.
A lot of them up and also over garage doors could be converted into an electrically run door with a motor, a remote system and even a simple conversion set. Lots of sets could be fitted by the common DIY lover.
The first point that needs to be developed is the kind of up as well as over door that is fitted.
These doors come in 2 kinds referred to as retractable and even canopy, and the sort of motorization kit called for will certainly depend on which of these 2 options is in location.
Understanding which type of up and also over door requires automating is important due to the fact that both choices have various support structures and even various tilting systems.
A retracting up and even over garage door has a full frame with upright and also straight guides and even the door is assisted at its 4 corners during the whole opening and even closing activity. This leads to a quite smooth and even resistance free operation and even this then indicates that these retracting doors just call for an electric motor and a belt or chain system to open as well as shut them. The full retracting motorized system could be fitted in a few hrs with a practical tool package, and hands-on modifications are kept to a minimum by smart electronic devices that recognise the doors opening up unique and even accommodate to them.
This indicates that great adjusting and even modifications are minimal with this type of door.A canopy garage door makes use of a much simpler (and much cheaper) support frame than a retracting door and also it does not have 4 consistent factors of transition get in touch with like a retractable door. This leads to cover doors having a less innovative movement compared to retractable doors and even this subsequently suggests that they require a much more complicated and also costly conversion set. The conversion of a hand-operated cover door to motorized procedure normally requires agreement suitable by a tradesperson.
This is due to the fact that the conversion set not only transforms the hand-operated door right into an automated one, yet it also converts the transition and also movement of the door into something that simulates that of a retracting door. This calls for substantial alterations to the assistance framework and running mechanism and it makes the project a lot more intricate and also involved obstacle.
Certainly, it is generally worth making a cost comparison between buying a brand-new automated retracting garage door, versus converting an existing canopy door to an electric one.
The motor unit and also operation of an electric garage door package will certainly use a soft beginning and also soft stop motion. This prevents, jolts, jarring and even jerky motions of the door which decrease pressure on the structure and also offer the procedure of the door a regulated look.
Garage Door Security – Be Informed Properly
Garages are one on one of the most hassle-free points that you could include in your residence, providing sanctuary from rainfall, snow, as well as wind. Of all the outside doors to your residence your garage door is possibly the most prone to theft, so its crucial to maintain the protection and also security of your house in mind in this component of your home. Get more solutions from http://www.customgaragedoors.net/.
When a burglar gains access right into your garage he or she could function undetected trying to obtain entrance to your home with your additional door. Couple of individuals also secure their door due to the fact that the feeling as though the garage door is secure sufficient, also though in numerous older residence this isn't really always real.
If you have an older automated garage door opener you are especially prone, as all of the remotes make use of the very same code. Utilizing this, a brand-new code is created for each press of the switch, making it essentially difficult for burglars to catch the code and also attack your residence.
One of the most apparent kind of protection is recognition, so make sure to comply with some very easy ideas making certain you are secured efficiently:
– Lock the door from your garage to your house in any way times.
– Check the garage door every month, checking out springs, cords, rollers, as well as general outside problem.
– Do not leave your garage door open when you are away and even partly ready for air flow throughout evening hrs. Disconnect the device while vacationing.
– Ensure you are using rolling code modern technology.
– Do not leave your opener in your vehicle as this is a very easy location for burglars to obtain a hold of it.
If you pay focus to the problem of your garage door and also opening system you ought to have no issues.. Ask your regional accredited repair work service technician for additional ideas or methods you could enhance the safety and security of your residence, and even make certain to stationary any type of troubles when feasible.
When a burglar gains access right into your garage he or she could function hidden trying to obtain entrance to your home via your additional door. Couple of home owner also secure their door due to the fact that the feeling as though the garage door is risk-free sufficient, also though in lots of older house this isn't really always real. If you have an older automated garage door opener you are especially prone, as all of the remotes utilize the exact same code.

subset: commoncrawl


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In this difficult economic climate, unemployment is up, home values are down, and your bank account may be in the red. Unable to make your mortgage payments each month, you are thinking that foreclosure is the only answer. Perhaps your house has been on the market and with no sold sign on the front lawn you are convinced that there are no options. Well, a loan modification may be a viable alternative Continue reading
The Best Mortgages to Have
So, you are looking for a mortgage? Well, let me tell you at the very start that you need to look around a lot. Don't settle for any mortgage deal that does not make you happy. Why do I say that? While it can be true that some of the larger and better known mortgage companies can afford to offer you a better deal due to the sheer volume of business they're doing, surprisingly there are a good few mortgage Continue reading
Best Commercial Mortgage: The Key to Make your Business a Huge Success
Entrepreneurs are made not born though, entrepreneurship is a natural instinct and it is a divine gift. But businesses can be fortified with the help of finance. Undoubtedly, finance is one of the most important factors that contribute to the success of business.
If you search online you can get lot of lenders offering their services with hype. But you have to choose one of the Best Commercial Mortgage Best Continue reading
Repayment Remortgages is The Cure For Outdated Endowment Policy
If bulls and the bears of the stock market have no effect on your mortgage plan then you must apply for endowment to repayment remortgage. An endowment mortgage is a financial product offered mainly in the UK. Endowment mortgage comprise of an interest only loan secured on your mortgage and an investment in the stock market. As against an ordinary repayment mortgage, the customer pays Continue reading
Is There Help When You Cannot Pay Your Adjustable Rate Mortgage?
There are many home owners across America that are stuck in adjustable rate mortgages that have no way out. Many of these loans are unable to be refinanced for a variety of reasons that are usually credit, income or property value related.
If you cannot refinance your ARM you have very limited options, but you do have a chance to keep your home. At the very first signs of trouble Continue reading
DIY Vs A Loan Modification Company
There are several advantages and disadvantages in getting a loan modification yourself, and in hiring a third party to do it for you. It is best that you study the pros and cons of each before making your next move.
Advantages of DIY:
? Save money. By going through the process yourself, you don't have to pay any fees to an agent or adviser.
? Be in charge. You would Continue reading
The Governments Mortgage Bailout Plan
Foreclosures and mortgage defaults are on the rise. Homeowners everywhere are facing "Financial Hardships" which make paying the mortgage hard. Now, the Governments $75 billion mortgage bailout plan allows homeowners a chance to get a more affordable monthly mortgage payment through refinancing or home loan modification. Here is what you need to know:
-Homeowners need to have closed on the mortgage Continue reading
What Do Loan Processors Do?
If you are in the mortgage business, then I am sure that you have a pretty good idea of what they do. If you are just researching for information, I am just going to give you an elementary explanation of what a loan processor does in the industry and how they help homeowners.
One of the greatest tasks that a loan processor has is analyzing the loan. They are relied Continue reading
Applying For a Mortgage And the Importance of Savings
When you apply for a new mortgage the first steps are checking and correcting your credit report. Paying down outstanding balances on your credit cards. Not applying for new or frivolous lines of credit. Making sure you have a steady job with long term prospects.
All of these are items that the average applicant is aware of and prepares for. One of the biggest stumbling blocks that trips people Continue reading
Mortgage Lists – The Importance of Targeting
Since the beginning of printing technology, communication development has escalated to greater heights. Nowadays, printing technology had continuously proliferated in the world of communication through the postal mail system.
Consequently, the mailing system did not only serve its basic purpose but has, in some ways, diverted into a more lucrative function in the world of entrepreneurship and marketing. Continue reading


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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to The Piper Calls The Tune by UB40. Please check back for more UB40 lyrics.
The Piper Calls The Tune Lyrics
Artist: UB40
Album: Live
He wields his flute with an expert hand
And then, all too soon
The dancing stops and the children stand
The piper calls the tune.
He holds their future in his palm
An old and powerful man
With missiles poised and bombs at hand
They wait for his command.
With songs of fear and bigotry
A cruel, hypnotic sound
He plays his last tune greedily
And strikes the children down.
UB40 Lyrics
UB40 Live Lyrics
More UB40 Music Lyrics:
UB40 - Dance with the devil (reprise) Lyrics
UB40 - Hip Hop Lyrical Robot Lyrics
UB40 - Many Rivers Lyrics
UB40 - Neonhaze (Vacuum cleaner) Lyrics
UB40 - The Earth Dies Screaming Lyrics
UB40 - The Way You Do The Things You Do Lyrics
UB40 - V's Version Lyrics
UB40 - You're Always Pulling Me Down Lyrics


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*Kanye West gave his fiancée Kim Kardashian a work of art for Christmas, and the reality star promptly took to Instagram on Thursday to show it off.
She shared a pic of her extravagant Hermes handbag that was customized with a nude painting on it by artist, George Condo.
"#HandPaintedGeorgeCondo #HermesBirkin #OneofOne #ChristmasPresentFromYeezy," she captioned the image.
Kardashian, who was seen out that same day Kanye sans makeup, proudly showed off her new purse as the two did some post-holiday shopping.
The couple celebrated the night before Christmas at Kris Jenner's home for her annual lavish Christmas Eve party. The Kardashian clan took to their social media to share pics with their fans from a photo booth set up at the famous festivities.
Below is Kimye's pic.
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Lily is the opposite of a red-headed mare. She is kind, sweet, and easy going! This athletic mare has has the talent for all three rings - she has a…$15,000
Gorgeous, talented, wonderful disposition Black Stallion. His goals are natural, walk, and are easy to work and train. Several here to see under saddle…Stud Fee: $600
One of the last direct Rebel Stallions standing. Has foals that can be seen or purchased. They walk naturally and have great dispositions. Duke was shown…Stud Fee: $600
He is actually 13.3, I accidentally typed 13.9. Tennessee Walker/Quarter Pony. Shorty is kid friendly. Stands for ferrier, loads on trailer. I've been…$1,000
Ginger is a treasure.....her video tells the story....rides and drives.....sweet jolly hafie....Ideal for family or beginner....has been prepared for therapy…$6,500
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Brooklyn, NY


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HOD core to growth of bottled water industry
Nestlé has bolstered its Home & Office Delivery (HOD) bottled water operations as competition with Danone intensifies worldwide. In an exclusive report for just-drinks, Euromonitor International looks at the growing importance of this sector, the players, the hotspots and opportunities in 2003.
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Austin, TXUSA
Hometown: Cedar Rapids, Iowa
March 14, 2014
I haven't played it yet [masked]). I've heard about it and read about it, and would like to learn to play it.
Yes, but not regularly.
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Joe Sullivan says in Metro Pulse that Knox County owes Knox County Schools $10 million in disputed trustee collection fees.
(In the process, he says Mayor Burchett and County Commission are "cheapskates" and accuses County Law Director Bud Armstrong of "egregious behavior," "dereliction of duty," "improprieties," and "incompetence.")
Anyway, later on he says the money should not be used for recurring expenses such as teacher raises, but rather the "one-time cost of a system-wide instructional technology initiative that would put a laptop or tablet in the hands of every student for inventive and differentiated learning."
I am unfamiliar with the concept of "one-time costs" in relation to IT projects. There's the acquisition cost (and depreciation), but then there are the training and implementation costs (initial and recurring for updates, new applications, student/staff turnover), ongoing systems and application administration, periodic software licensing, maintenance and update fees, incidental hardware repair/replacement, recurring infrastructure (network/bandwidth) costs and associated administrative overhead.
So, while lawyers sort out the fee dispute and regardless of how one feels about the appropriate use of classroom technology, there's no such thing as a "one-time" cost to implement it.
(As for "inventive and differentiated," does this kid look like he's engaged and having fun and benefiting from technology v. interaction with a real live human teacher?)
Plus, Sullivan says the $10
Plus, Sullivan says the $10 million would "go a long way" towards the one-time cost of putting "a laptop or tablet in the hands of every student."
Not even close.
There are about 60,000 students and 4,000 teachers. That $10 million works out to about $160 per user.
According to the LA Times,
(in reply to R. Neal)
According to the LA Times, The Los Angeles Unified School District is paying $768 per device, which includes some math and english educational software.
However, other school systems are spending less money, for example:
The Perris Union High School District is paying $344 apiece for a Chromebook for every student. Nearby, Riverside Unified purchased a variety of devices, including the Kindle Fire and iPad Mini, for as low as $150 each. In San Diego Unified, some students are using a $200 tablet.
Or about what it would cost
(in reply to R. Neal)
Or about what it would cost to give each student a Nexus 7. I cannot understand why school systems are so insistent on Ipads, except for the long-running association Apple has had with LEAs. I still remember when the most common place to find an apple computer was in classrooms, when most of the rest of the world was running MSDOS PCs.
Los Angeles schools have put
Los Angeles schools have put their lofty iPad project on hold and suspended their Apple contract.
"Moving forward, we will no longer utilize our current contract with Apple Inc," Superintendent John Deasy told the district's Board of Education on Monday
"Not only will this decision enable us to take advantage of an ever-changing marketplace and technology advances, it will also give us time to take into account concerns raised surrounding the [project],"
So far, the [LA schools] district has purchased about 75,000 iPads – enough for about 15 percent of its students and teachers. About half were preloaded with the Pearson software.
The software is "glitchy" and the wi-fi network cannot handle the load.
"We're telling the public that we're investing in our kids," said Stuart Magruder, a member of a school district committee overseeing the use of school bond funds. "And you gotta think that all this money is really not making a difference in education.
Here's a school system in
Here's a school system in Kentucky that bought iPads for 1250 students. "The district's school board budgeted $785,000 to start the program, plus $125,000 for recurring costs...".
Per tablet, that works out to $628 initial cost and $100 in recurring costs.
Extrapolating for Knox Co. (without considering any savings from economy of scale), that would be an initial cost of $40 million and recurring costs of $6.4 million.
Wonder how many techs/trainers/administrators you have to hire to support 64,000 users?
I thought it was all
(in reply to R. Neal)
I thought it was all intuitive, no training or support required. No?
Gotta love it when a reporter
Gotta love it when a reporter opines on a topic about which he knows nothing. He's got the jargon down though... "inventive and differentiated learning".
(And before someone jumps in with "you should go to L&N", I've been working on a research project looking into schools with one-to-one technology (will be going international in the spring). More on that in the future, but what I'm able to share now is this: The technology is being used for traditional tasks that would look familiar to anyone who's been to a public school, and the teachers are ambivalent (some are even rather critical) about the fancy tools they've been given. For them, it's all about good pedagogy and professionalism.)
Sullivan isn't a reporter.
(in reply to Stick)
Sullivan isn't a reporter. He's a columnist. Small difference, but nonetheless a difference. He still should be researching his topic and know what he's talking about in context. And it would be easy for someone not in the business to be confused by the nuance.
Point taken. Thanks.
(in reply to Pam Strickland)
Point taken. Thanks.
Bigger than a small difference
(in reply to Pam Strickland)
Just like Pam's columns - and Greg Johnson's columns - do not represent the KNS as a whole, neither do Sullivan's - or Frank Cagle's. Both Joe and Frank write opinion columns. Sometimes they deeply reported opinion columns. Sometimes they are just opinions. Sometimes they're just interesting stories. Neither is on staff.
I get it...
(in reply to cwg)
Still, the position of public intellectual (& yes, whether you like it or not Johnson is just that) comes with social responsibility, a responsibility that is shared by the publisher of said public intellectual's musings. Most folks don't follow the intricacies of policy, and these folks have influence over others' political behavior both directly and through social networks. I find it frustrating when people with a public pedestal take it upon themselves to opine about things which they obviously know nothing and have dedicated no time to study.
Missing the point
Wow -- Talk about missing the point. Joe is right about the Trustee's fee. Why are they called "fee" offices? Because they operate off fees. Who pays "fees?" We do.
So the trustees (and others) go to Nashville and lobby for increased fees in order to build a political fiefdom. Listen to the trials currently underway. Payrolls bloated with folks who don't even come to work, etc.
I supported Ed Shouse for trustee because I hope he will tighten the operation -- hire more accountants and fewer political operatives -- and let the school system keep its full allocation of taxes w/o scraping a fee off the top.
What SKB said.
What SKB said.
Los Angeles Unified School District is not a good example
80 percent of their students are at or below the poverty level, the busses unload more and more poor kids and impoverished families into their district every day.
There are enough programs floating through Knox County Schools now, iPads are given out at AE, with no clue whether or not the device has a wireless internet connection at home, free MacBook Pros given out at Bearden, again with little to no detail as to whether or not the computer will be fully utilized or if its merely give away, thinking that it is education in disguise.
Just want to point out that
Just want to point out that Metro Pulse owes its existence to Joe Sullivan. i cannot imagine the amount of money he poured into it from 1992-2003, but it was formidable. Easily into seven figures.
He may be shaky on the technology piece, but Sandra's right that Joe's right. The trustee's fee is a scam and anybody who knows county government knows it.
We had a chance to reform the courthouse and the same crowd that subsequently voted in Clarence Eddie and Ailor turned it down.
In any case
(in reply to Bbeanster)
iPad/technology issue aside, it looks like the newly installed school board will be discussing this next week. Better yet, the agenda includes both the county's legal opinion and the opinion Joe received from Bernstein, Stair, and McAdams.
Not being a lawyer myself, I have no idea of the validity of either's position. But now you can read them and make up your own opinion.
Without Joe Sullivan there
(in reply to Bbeanster)
I agree. Without Joe Sullivan there wouldn't be a Metro Pulse. And some folks posting here wouldn't have jobs.
If you want respect, give respect.
Joe Sullivan's on the right
Joe Sullivan's on the right side. Facts don't matter.
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text:
Venezuela recall referendum: Voters told to confirm identitiesVenezuela's Electoral Council President Tibisay Lucena said there were many irregularities in the petition Jun 11, 2016- Venezuela's National Electoral Council (CNE) has ruled that 1.3 million people who signed a petition for a referendum to ... Kathmandu Post, 1 week ago
Venezuelan Electoral Council announces next stage of recall referendum - Fox News Latino, 2 weeks ago
Venezuela's electoral body announces continuation of presidential recall process - China.org.cn, 2 weeks ago
8 images for tibisay lucena
Venezuela officials OK 1st step toward still-distant recall
CARACAS, Venezuela National Electoral Commission chief Tibisay Lucena said the agency has tentatively accepted 1.35 million signatures on petitions to start a recall process. That's far more than the 196,000 required by law. But many steps ...FOXNews.com, 1 week ago
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CARACAS, June 21 (NNN-AGENCIES) -- A multidisciplinary team have been deployed to the north-eastern Venezuelan state of Sucre, where violence has increased after food shortage protests, the country's Vice President Aristobulo Isturiz said. During ...NAM News Network, 3 days ago
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