text:
The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest.
Effects of Isoflavone and Exercise on BMD and Fat Mass in Postmenopausal Japanese Women: A 1-Year Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial†
Version of Record online: 20 FEB 2006
DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060208
Copyright © 2006 ASBMR
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Volume 21, Issue 5, pages 780–789, May 2006
Additional Information
How to Cite
Wu, J., Oka, J., Tabata, I., Higuchi, M., Toda, T., Fuku, N., Ezaki, J., Sugiyama, F., Uchiyama, S., Yamada, K. and Ishimi, Y. (2006), Effects of Isoflavone and Exercise on BMD and Fat Mass in Postmenopausal Japanese Women: A 1-Year Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res, 21: 780–789. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.060208
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Publication History
- Issue online: 4 DEC 2009
- Version of Record online: 20 FEB 2006
- Manuscript Accepted: 14 FEB 2006
- Manuscript Revised: 6 FEB 2006
- Manuscript Received: 21 SEP 2005
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- isoflavones;
- walking exercise;
- fat mass;
- postmenopausal women
The combined intervention of isoflavone intake and walking exercise over 1 year in postmenopausal Japanese women exhibited a trend for a greater effect on prevention of bone loss at the total hip and Ward's triangle regions.
Introduction: The additive effects of isoflavones and exercise on bone and lipid metabolism have been shown in estrogen-deficient animals. In this study, we determined the effects of isoflavone intake, walking exercise, and their interaction on bone, fat mass, and lipid metabolism over 1 year in postmenopausal Japanese women.
Materials and Methods: A total of 136 postmenopausal women at <5 years after the onset of menopause were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) placebo, (2) walking (45 minutes/day, 3 days/week) with placebo, (3) isoflavone intake (75 mg of isoflavone conjugates/day), and (4) combination of isoflavone plus walking. BMD, fat mass, serum lipid, and serum and urinary isoflavone concentrations were assessed.
Results: A significant main effect of isoflavone on the reduction in trunk fat mass was obtained at 12 months. Significant main effects of walking on the reduction in fat mass in the whole body and the trunk were observed at 3, 6, and 12 months and that in the legs and arms at 6 and 12 months. Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration significantly increased by 12 months after the walking and the combined intervention. After 12 months, a significant main effect of isoflavone on BMD was observed only at Ward's triangle. Walking prevented bone loss at the total hip and the Ward's triangle to significant degrees. The effect of the combined intervention on BMD at total hip and Ward's triangle regions was greater than that of either alone. No significant interaction was observed between isoflavone and walking in any measurements recorded during the study.
Conclusions: Our study suggest that combined intervention of 75 mg/day of isoflavone intake and walking exercise 3 times/week for 1 year showed a trend for a greater effect on BMD at total hip and Ward's triangle regions than either alone. Intervention with isoflavone in postmenopausal Japanese women showed a modest effect on BMD compared with those in Westerners. Further studies over longer treatment duration that include assessment of BMD at various regions are necessary to ascertain the clinical significance of the combined intervention of isoflavone plus walking in postmenopausal women.
Estrogen deficiency often increases the risk of several chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and obesity.(1–4) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is an effective regimen that prevents these diseases in postmenopausal women.(5,6) However, the HRT trial carried out by the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) found that long-term use of HRT (follow-up, 5.2 years) poses serious risks and may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.(7) Follow-up studies with the WHI will likely provide insight as to whether the increased risks and benefits of HRT therapy decline after the end of the therapy and the time at which this decline occurs as well as evaluation of the dose.(8)
Recently, there has been an increased interest in the role of phytoestrogens in preventing osteoporosis and hypercholesterolemia.(9) Soybean is a rich source of the isoflavones, genistein, and daidzein, which shows weak estrogenic effects in several organs.(10) A number of studies have previously reported that soybean isoflavones dose-dependently inhibited bone loss in both female and male osteoporotic animal models without causing notable effects on the reproductive organs.(11–13) However, the results obtained from several observational clinical studies are still conflicting. The discrepancies between the results may be caused by the variation in factors such as the duration of intervention, the bone sites measured, dietary intake, isoflavone intake among subjects and controls, and its metabolism.
On the other hand, the effects of exercise on the prevention of bone loss, fat accumulation, and hypercholesterolemia in women around the menopausal period have been previously studied.(14–17) An exercise program designed for postmenopausal women should be safe and easy to perform and continue. Although high-intensity exercise could possibly increase the bone mass in pre/postmenopausal women, such exercise is also often associated with stress fractures, particularly in individuals with fragile skeletons.(18) Walking is a relatively safe exercise that is commonly performed by elderly people. Thompson et al.(14) indicated an inverse association between body composition variables and daily walking steps in middle-aged women. However, walking exercise has a relatively low impact on bones, and therefore, cannot be used exclusively for preventing bone loss in postmenopausal women.(15) Thus, a few studies have examined the effects of a combination of exercise and HRT on bone mass and body composition in postmenopausal women. Kohrt et al.(16) and Cheng et al.(17) assessed the independent and combined effects of exercise and HRT on the increase in BMD and the reduction in fat mass in postmenopausal women. Because the risk to benefit ratio of HRT continues to be debated,(19) other interventions that combine therapies using phytoestrogens with exercise training may be preferred. Therefore, we hypothesized that isoflavone intake combined with walking exercise would have beneficial effects on the bone and fat mass and serum lipid concentration in postmenopausal women. We have previously reported that, with regard to the prevention of bone loss and fat gain in estrogen-deficient animals, the effects of moderate-intensity exercise combined with isoflavone administration were better than those observed when either was used exclusively.(20–22)
In this study, we report the effects of soy isoflavone intake and/or walking exercise for 1 year on bone mass, body composition, and serum lipid concentration in postmenopausal Japanese women.
Subjects were recruited for this study through advertisements in local newspapers, and those who fulfilled the following criteria were enrolled for the study. Healthy postmenopausal women 45–60 years of age who were within 5 years of natural onset of menopause (defined as at least 12 months since the last menstrual cycle occurred) were enrolled in the study. The subjects had no history of previous use of HRT, lipid-lowering medications, antibiotics, or any other medication known to affect the skeleton. They provided written informed consent to participate in the study. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the NIH and Nutrition of Japan, and the study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
In this study, 145 women who fulfilled the required criteria were called for the screening examination. The criteria for the invitation were as follows: willingness to participate, clinically healthy (no cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory, or other chronic diseases that might limit walking exercise), sedentary life style (no regular sports activities for at least 2 years), nondieting, nonsmoking, and having no apparent occupational responsibilities or leisure time activities that might impede their participation. Nine participants were excluded after the medical screening because of high serum estradiol (E2) concentrations (>20 pg/ml). Thus, 136 women were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) placebo, (2) placebo plus walking, (3) isoflavone, and (4) isoflavone plus walking. However, 28 women withdrew from the study because of illness, family problems, or they thought that participating in the study was troublesome. The remaining 108 subjects completed the 12-month study, and their data were included in the per protocol analysis (Fig. 1).
Placebo or isoflavone capsules were blindly allocated to researchers and subjects throughout the study. Participants from the two groups, isoflavone and isoflavone combined with walking, received two capsules that contained a total of 75 mg of isoflavone conjugate (47 mg as aglycone form; Fujiflavone P40; Fujicco Co., Kobe, Japan) with dextrin, daily in the morning. The isoflavone conjugate weighing 75 mg contained daidzin (38.3 mg), malonyldaidzin (0.2 mg), acetyldaidzin (2.1 mg), daidzein (0.6 mg), genistin (8.6 mg), acetylgenistin (0.6 mg), genistein (0.2 mg), and glycitin (23.4 mg) with glycitein (1.0 mg). The remaining subjects were assigned to receive two placebo capsules containing only dextrin, daily in the morning.
Participants who were randomized into the walking groups were expected to attend three 1-h-long exercise classes each week. The exercise program consisted of a 10-minute warm-up period, a 45-minute supervised walking exercise session, and a 5-minute cool down period. Participants were given instructions with regard to the proper manner of walking to eliminate possible injury. The participants were instructed to maintain the speed of walking at 5–6 km/h, and this was monitored by a pedometer.
The nonwalking group participants did not engage in sports training and were asked to continue their normal activity levels. All participants were instructed to record their daily number of steps walked that were continuously monitored by the pedometer, and their diaries were obtained and checked once a month to ensure that they were up-to-date.
Questionnaire interview
Individual information was collected by trained interviewers in face to face interviews based on a structured and previously validated questionnaire that included the following: socio-demographic data; years since menopause; physical activities, including hours spent sitting, standing, walking, sports, and leisure activities; medications; smoking and drinking alcohol; and other factors that may have possible confounding effects on the relation between dietary isoflavone consumption and metabolism of bone and lipid. The participants were instructed to record the contents of daily meals, snacks, and beverages in the diet diary. The diary was collected continuously for 3 days to confirm the meal intake, and, if necessary, the participants were immediately instructed to adhere to the dietary regimen. Daily intakes of soy isoflavones, calcium, vitamin D, total energy, and protein were calculated from the daily record by the dietitian on the basis of the Fifth Revision of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan.(23)
Blood and urine samples
Before BMD measurement, fasting (>12 h) blood samples were collected by venipuncture in EDTA-containing tubes, refrigerated immediately, and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes at 4°C within 2 h. Serum samples from each participant were stored frozen at −20°C. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) were determined using commercial kits (cholesterol C-test and triglyceride G-test, respectively; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was measured by an enzymatic method (HDL-cholesterol test; Wako Pure Chemical Industries). Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were calculated as follows: total cholesterol (mg/dl) – HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) –TG (mg/dl) × 0.2. Estradiol (E2) was assessed by radioimmunoassay (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSALP; Alkphase-B; Metra Biosystems, Mountain View, CA, USA) was measured by using a microplate coated with an anti-BSALP monoclonal antibody. Serum intact osteocalcin (OC) was measured by using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that uses polyclonal antibodies against 20 N-terminal residues (amino acids 1–20) and against 7 C-terminal residues (amino acids 43–49; Biomedical Technology, Stoughton, MA, USA). Urine samples were collected from a second voiding at the same time as blood collection, and they were stored at −20°C. Urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) was measured using a sandwich EIA (Pyrilinks-D Assay; Metra Biosystems).
Measurement of serum and urinary isoflavones
Concentrations of isoflavones in serum and urine samples were determined for each subject by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Duplicate samples of serum and urine were incubated with sulfatase (EC 126.96.36.199; Sigma Chemical) and β-glucuronidase (EC 220.127.116.11; Wako Pure Chemical Industries) at 37°C for 2 h to release the aglycones of the isoflavones; this was followed by purification of reactants using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA). Isoflavones were separated at 35°C by reverse-phase HPLC on a 4.6 × 250-mm Capcell Pak C18 column (Shiseido Co., Tokyo, Japan) using a Tosoh CCP and 8020 system with a diode array detector PD8020 (Tosoh Co., Tokyo, Japan). Elution was performed at a flow rate of 1 ml/minute with a linear gradient of acetonitrile solution (10–35%) containing a constant 0.1% concentration of acetic acid. Data were simultaneously acquired at 254 nm (daidzein, genistein, glycitein) and 280 nm (equol).
BMD and body composition
BMD of the lumbar spine (L2–L4), left hip, and subwhole body regions (excluding head region) and body composition were assessed by DXA at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months using a Hologic QDR-4500A scanner (Hologic, Waltham, MA, USA). To minimize interobserver variation, all the scans and analysis were carried out by the same investigator, and the day-to-day CVs of his observations were <0.5, 1.9, 0.7, 0.3, 1.9, and 0.8% for BMD in the spine, femoral neck, trochanter, total hip, Ward's triangle, and whole body, respectively. Long-term precision was 0.35% by testing the spine phantom daily over the previous 1 year.
The whole body scans were divided into several regions such as arms, legs, trunk (pelvis, spine, and ribs), and head. The body compositions were analyzed by using manual DXA analysis software (version 11.2:3). The arm region was defined as the region extending from the head of the humerus to the distal tip of the fingers. The reference point between the head of the humerus and the scapula was positioned at the glenoid fossa. The leg region was defined as the region extending from the inferior border of the ischial tuberosity to the distal tip of the toes. The subwhole body was defined as the region extending from the shoulders to the distal tip of the toes. We selected a reference point that could be clearly visualized on the DXA system terminal.
Statistical analysis
All values are expressed as mean ± SD. Differences in baseline characteristics between the different groups were tested by one-factor analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). To determine whether the change over the course of the study was significantly different from the baseline in each group, paired t-test with Bonferroni adjustment was performed. The percent change in BMD, body composition, serum lipid, and biomarkers of bone turnover were calculated {[(post intervention – baseline values)/baseline values] × 100} for each group. Two-factor ANCOVA was performed to determine the main effects of isoflavone intake, walking exercise, and their interactions at 3, 6, and 12 months. Significant differences of the percent change in BMD and fat mass among the different groups were determined by ANCOVA with time as the repeated measure, without the use of the intention-to-treat principle. To adjust for the possible confounding, the body weight, height, and daily intake of calcium, vitamin D, protein, and total energy were used as covariates in the analyses of body composition, BMD, and serum biomarkers. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (version 13.0J), and a p value was set at <0.05.
There were no significant differences among the groups at baseline with regard to the subject characteristics (Table 1). The 1-year intervention of isoflavone intake and walking did not affect these parameters. At the beginning of the study, the average dietary isoflavone (glycoside form) intake was 48.1, 47.7, 44.4, and 49.4 mg/day in the placebo, walking, isoflavone, and isoflavone plus walking groups, respectively. At the end of the study, there was no significant difference in the dietary isoflavone intake among the groups and when compared with the intake at baseline in each group. The number of steps recorded by the pedometer during the 1-year study was significantly higher in the two walking groups than in the nonwalking groups (Table 1).
Serum estradiol, lipids, and bone biomarkers
Serum concentrations of estradiol, lipids, and biomarkers of bone turnover at both baseline and 12 months of the study are shown in Table 2. Statistically significant differences were not observed with respect to serum concentrations of estradiol, lipids, and biomarkers of bone turnover at baseline among the groups. When these indices at 12 months were compared with those at baseline, serum E2, TC, and TG concentrations, urinary biomarker of bone resorption (DPD), and serum biomarker of bone formation (osteocalcin and BSALP) were observed to be unaffected by walking, isoflavone intake, and the combined intervention. At the end of the study, the HDL-cholesterol concentration significantly increased from baseline by 7.78% and 8.78% in the walking group and the isoflavone intake plus walking group, respectively. By using the two-factor ANCOVA analysis, we observed a significant main effect of walking (p = 0.003), but not of isoflavone intake (p = 0.53), on the percent change in HDL-cholesterol. On the other hand, there were no significant main effects on TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
BMD and body composition
There was no significant difference among the four groups at baseline with respect to fat and lean mass in the whole body; fat mass in the trunk, arms, and legs regions; and BMD in subwhole body, lumbar spine, and hip regions (Table 3). Analysis by two-way ANCOVA model, walking exercise induced a significant reduction in the percent change in fat mass in the whole body and trunk region at 3 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively), 6 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively), and 12 months (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.001, respectively; Figs. 2A and 2B). The intervention with walking exercise also induced a significant reduction in the percent change in fat mass in the legs after 6 and 12 months (p = 0.003 and p = 0.0001, respectively; Fig. 2C). A significant main effect of walking exercise on suppression of fat mass gain in the arms was observed after 6 and 12 months (p = 0.019 and p = 0.001, respectively; Fig. 2D). Isoflavone intake significantly suppressed the percent change in fat mass gain in the trunk region after 12 months (p = 0.027); however, no interaction was observed between the effects of isoflavone intake and walking exercise (Fig. 2B). Analysis by ANCOVA with time as the repeated measure revealed that the percent change in fat mass in the whole body, trunk, and legs regions was significantly different in the walking alone and the isoflavone plus walking groups compared with that in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The percent change in fat mass in the arms in the isoflavone plus walking group was significantly different from that in the placebo group (p < 0.05).
On analyzing the percent change in BMD, walking showed significant main effects on the preservation of BMD in the total hip region after 12 months (p = 0.039; Fig. 3A). Interventions with isoflavone and walking showed significant main effects on the preservation of BMD at Ward's triangle after 12 months (p = 0.044 and p = 0.0001, respectively; Fig. 3B); however, no interaction effect was observed between the two interventions. There were no significant effects of either isoflavone or walking on the percent change in BMD in the femoral neck, trochanter, lumbar spine, and subwhole body regions (Figs. 3C–3F).
Serum and urinary isoflavones concentrations
Table 4 shows the serum and urinary concentrations of isoflavones at baseline and 12 months. At baseline, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of serum isoflavones among the four groups. Compared with baseline values, the administration of isoflavones showed a marked increase in the serum concentrations of daidzein, glycitein, and equol, but not in the concentration of genistein. In contrast, the placebo treatment did not modify the concentration of circulating isoflavones. Using the two-factor ANCOVA model, we found significant main effects of isoflavone intake on serum concentrations of daidzein (p < 0.005), glycitein (p < 0.005), and equol (p < 0.001) after 12 months. Similar patterns were observed in the concentrations of urine isoflavones among the four groups.
The major novel findings of this study are as follows: (1) walking exercise for 6 months can significantly decrease the fat mass in the whole body, trunk, legs, and arms regions; (2) isoflavone intake significantly reduced fat mass in the trunk region and decreased bone loss at Ward's triangle region after 1 year; and (3) the combined intervention of isoflavone and walking exercise for 1 year showed a trend for a greater effect on BMD at total hip and Ward's triangle regions than either alone in postmenopausal Japanese women.
Important changes in the body composition of a female occur around the menopausal period. These changes include a decrease in bone mass and an increase in fat mass that may be managed by either replacement of estrogen, exercise, or by their combined intervention.(24) Although several animal experiments have consistently indicated the positive effects of soy isoflavone in retarding bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency, the results obtained from studies on humans are still controversial.(9) The results of the clinical trials varied from an improvement of BMD in the lumbar and femoral neck after 1 year(25,26) to no effect.(27) In one study, the loss of BMD in the lumbar spine, but not in the hip, in women who consumed a red clover–derived isoflavone supplement, 45 mg of aglycone form daily, was significantly lower than in those consuming a placebo.(25) Furthermore, Morabito et al.(26) reported that 54 mg/day of genistein treatment for 1 year significantly increased the BMD of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck in Italian women. On the other hand, daily intake of soy extracts containing 80 mg of isoflavones, but not 40 mg, significantly increased the BMC, but not BMD, of the trochanter after 1 year in postmenopausal Chinese women; however, this effect was observed only in those women with low initial bone mass.(27)
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observational study on the effects of isoflavone intervention on BMD in Japanese women who were followed up for 1 year. We found that soybean isoflavones prevented a decrease in BMD in Ward's triangle in postmenopausal women after 1 year. However, at other regions such as the lumbar spine, total hip, and subwhole body, the main effects of isoflavone intake were not observed despite the fact that the serum and urine concentrations of isoflavones were high compared with those in the previous study.(26) A putative explanation is that Ward's triangle is the area that is probably the most sensitive to estrogen because of its higher trabecular bone content compared with that of other regions.(28) Among the different regions of interest (ROIs), Ward's triangle in many studies has shown the largest age-related bone loss.(29,30) The ability to predict osteoporotic fractures for Ward's triangle has been at least as good as for the femoral neck ROI.(31,32) However, it is suggested that the measurement of BMD in the Ward's triangle is unreliable. In this study, the hip scan was analyzed carefully using the comparison software that enables adaptation to a position and an angle at the first measurement. Therefore, it is believed that the results of this study reflect the change in BMD in the Ward's triangle.
It is known that daidzein can be metabolized to equol, which is biologically more active than its precursor, and could ultimately influence the effect on the subject's health.(33) Although rodents are constitutive equol producers, equol production in humans depends on the intestinal microflora of an individual.(9) Thus, assessment of the correlation between equol status of the subjects and bone effects of isoflavone might be necessary to know the actual clinical effectiveness of isoflavone.
In this study, we expect that the combined intervention of isoflavone and walking exercise would provide a greater benefit than either intervention used exclusively. The combined intervention resulted in a positive change in BMD in the Ward's triangle after 1 year. By using the two-factor ANCOVA model, we found significant main effects of both interventions at this site, although the interaction was not observed. We also found that the combined intervention trend more effective than either intervention used exclusively for preventing bone loss in the total hip region. It is reported that a low estrogen level in females may decrease the sensitivity of bones for detecting mechanical loads.(34) Research on ovariectomized animals have shown that combining isoflavones with exercise training can be beneficial in increasing BMD to a greater extent than either intervention used exclusively.(20,22,35) In addition, several clinical trials have shown that a combination of exercise and HRT results in an increase in BMD that is more than either intervention used exclusively.(36) This study is the first to suggest that the combined intervention of isoflavone and walking exercise for 1 year may partly prevented bone loss in postmenopausal women. It is necessary to focus on the fact that BMD in Ward's triangle increased by 5% in case of the combined intervention, whereas it decreased by 2.5% in the case of placebo-administered controls. This benefit may show a clinically significant reduction in the number of fractures.(37)
In this study, we also indicated that any isoflavone intake, walking exercise, and combined intervention decreased body fat mass in postmenopausal women. We noticed that isoflavone intake significantly reduced fat mass in the trunk region but not in the other regions. There is evidence that estrogens modulate central body fat deposition in women. This evidence includes observations that menopause triggers an increase in central adiposity (i.e., trunk fat mass)(38) and that fat accumulation in postmenopausal women is attenuated by replacement of estrogens, exclusively or in combination with progestins.(15,39,40) Although isoflavones may play a role in the prevention of regional fat mass deposition as a natural alternative to estrogens or HRT, further studies are required to clarify dose–response relationships and the mechanisms leading to this effect. As expected, walking exercise and walking combined with isoflavone intake resulted in reductions in total and regional fat mass after 3, 6, and 12 months. These findings are consistent with the evidence reported by several clinical trials that assessed the combined effects of exercise and HRT on fat mass.(15,40,41)
In addition to bone and fat mass, walking exercise significantly increased HDL-cholesterol concentration. This finding is consistent with our previous study.(22) However, there was no significant main effect with respect to LDL-cholesterol concentrations. This lack of an effect is in agreement with other studies(42,43) examining the effects of soy isoflavones on LDL-cholesterol in postmenopausal women.
Our study had several limitations. First, with regard to our Japanese subjects, intake of soy products during this study was not controlled, because soy products are included in most Japanese foods. Compared with American and European women, Asian women consume a diet that is higher in isoflavones (average conjugated isoflavone intake of each group was 44.4–49.4 mg/day in our subjects). High dietary isoflavone intake might increase the threshold for the skeleton to respond to isoflavone supplementation. Thus, this might moderate the effect of isoflavone intervention in Japanese women. Second, a short-duration study cannot adequately assess the benefits related to bone quality, because bone is a slowly responding organ. A complete bone remodeling cycle takes ∼180 days, and therefore, studying only one cycle with regard to the effect of any intervention on bone is not sufficient. Thus, the duration of our study (1 year) was not sufficient to test the clinically relevant changes, which require a longer trail that lasts for at least 2 years. Third, the time at which the biomarkers for bone metabolism are tested may differ from that of other studies. In this study, no significant differences were observed with regard to the serum and urinary biomarkers between the baseline and 1 year in each group. Although, there is a clinical study showing that the bone formation marker (BSALP) was not affected by isoflavone intervention,(38) other trials reported that the bone markers changed at 4–8 weeks after the treatment with isoflavone in the postmenopausal Japanese women.(44,45) Thus, these bone markers may have been assessed early during the study.
In conclusion, combined intervention of 75 mg/day of isoflavone intake and walking exercise 3 times/week for 1 year showed a trend for a greater effect on BMD at total hip and Ward's triangle regions than either alone. Intervention with isoflavone in postmenopausal Japanese women showed a modest effect on BMD compared with those in Westerners. Walking exercise prevented bone loss at total hip and Ward's triangle and also reduced the fat mass in the whole body. These results suggest that the walking exercise or combined with isoflavone intake over 1 year may offer a potential regimen for primary prevention of osteoporosis and lifestyle-related disease in postmenopausal women. Further studies over longer treatment duration that include the assessment of BMD at various regions are necessary to ascertain the clinical significance of the combined intervention of isoflavones plus walking in postmenopausal women.
We are grateful for the support provided by MS Maiko Fujioka, Dr Hidemi Takimoto, Dr Mamoru Nishimuta, Dr Motohiko Miyachi, Dr Masae Miyatani, and Takuya Ohtomo (National Institute of Health and Nutrition). The authors thank Dr Mariko Uehara (Tokyo University of Agriculture) for helpful discussion and comments. We also gratefully acknowledge the dedicated women who participated in this project. This work was supported by the Japan Health Science Foundation, a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan, and Grant-in-Aid 16500536 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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- 291994 Premenopausal and postmenopausal changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Bone Miner Res 9: 1975–1980., , ,
- 301995 Hip and calcaneal bone loss increase with advancing age: Longitudinal results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 10: 1778–1787., , , , , , , ,
- 311992 Axial and appendicular bone density predict fractures in older women. J Bone Miner Res 7: 633–638., , , , ,
- 321993 Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures: The study of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 341: 72–75., , , , , , , , ,
- 332005 Soy isoflavones and bone health: The relationship is still unclear. J Nutr 135: 1243–1247.,
- 341999 The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: A meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 9: 1–12., , , ,
- 35
- 362004 Exercise and estrogen or estrogen alternatives (phytoestrogens, bisphosphonates) for preservation of bone mineral in postmenopausal women. Can J Appl Physiol 29: 59–75.
- 372002 Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis and the relationship between bone density and fractures. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31: 659–679., , , , , ,
- 382000 Effect of menopausal status on body composition and abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24: 226–231., , ,
- 391999 Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on central abdominal fat, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and vascular factors in type 2 diabetes: A prospective study. Diabetes Care 22: 1401–1407., , , ,
- 402001 Effects of HRT and exercise training on insulin action, glucose tolerance, and body composition in older women. J Appl Physiol 90: 2033–2040., , , , ,
- 411992 Exercise training improves fat distribution patterns in 60- to 70-year-old men and women. J Gerontol 47: M99–105., ,
- 422004 Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292: 65–74., , , , , ,
- 432002 The effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens on serum lipids and lipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 118–121., ,
- 442004 Effects of isoflavone supplements on bone metabolic markers and climacteric symptoms in Japanese women. Biofactors 22: 221–228., , ,
- 452001 Comparative study on reduction of bone loss and lipid metabolism abnormality in ovariectomized rats by soy isoflavones, daidzin, genistin, and glycitin. Biol Pharm Bull 24: 368–372., , ,


text:
|Last Price$10.78
|Day Change (%)-3.23%
|Open Price$10.78
|Day Change ($)-0.36
|Day Range10.78–10.78
|52-Week Range9.73–12.32
As of Fri 06/24/2016 | USD
Evaluating key changes at Fidelity, Third Avenue, and Legg Mason.
Plus, new Putnam funds, Fidelity manager changes, and more.
Wintergreen legal drama ends and more.
Plus, what a difference a decade makes, and more.
©2014 Morningstar Advisor. All right reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Weather News
Roofs torn off homes as storm batters northern NSWFriday February 22, 2013 - 23:48 EDT
A severe storm battered the north coast of New South Wales on Friday, damaging homes, causing localised flooding and leaving thousands without power.
The low pressure system is slowly tracking down the coast, dumping heavy rain on regions that are already sodden from previous rainfall.
During the day wind gusts reached 126 kilometres an hour at Byron Head, while roofs were lifted from house and business at Ballina.
At Urunga, south of Coffs Harbour, the SES is urging people to evacuate to higher ground, with rivers expected to swell on Friday night.
Becky Gollings, from the SES, says many catchments areas are now saturated.
"There's really not much leeway when we get more rain coming through those areas, so we are quite concerned with the expected heavy rain," she said.
"We could see falls, localised falls, of up to 300 millimetres in some parts, which could lead to some significant flooding.
"It really is a big area that we're watching at the moment.
"We've got a flood watch in place stretching from the Queensland border, right down to the Hunter Valley so it's quite a large area that we're looking at so we certainly are on standby ready to go helping any residents that need any help.
"But we also will have volunteers out helping those people in Ballina as well with the wind damage that's been suffered there this afternoon."
On Friday flooding and fallen trees closed the Pacific Highway between Woolgoolga and Woodburn, and many local roads were impassable.
Trains were suspended between Hornsby and Gosford because of a large rock on the track at Wondabyne, north of Brooklyn.
The storm cell knocked out power to about 32,000 homes and businesses in the region on Friday.
At Ballina, high winds caused structural damage to many buildings, as well as toppled electricity poles and trees, and the SES says it has received 150 calls for help in the town.
Debris is also blocking drains in the town, causing localised flooding.
Ballina Marine Rescue's John Donohue says the system arrived with 110-kilometre-per-hour winds.
"We're experiencing very strong winds, probably the strongest I've experienced in my 15 years here in this communications centre, and we are also experiencing very big seas of 11 metres out there in the last hour," he said.
Earlier today, some water lovers were drawn to the rough seas though.
Bodyboarders Eli Tree and Yaniv Shaul drove to Coffs Harbour from Bellingen to surf near the southern breakwall.
"When we first got out there was three older guys and they left and we had it to ourselves for about half an hour and then they just slowly started all coming in," one said.
Coffs Harbour's famous banana industry is worried by the high winds with the ground so moist.
"A lot of them will just topple out at the roots, because the ground's so wet," grower Gavin Slattery said.
Across the border in Queensland beaches on the Gold Coast are closed for a fourth day as the weather system continues to whip up dangerous surf.
More breaking news
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Farmers, scientists call for bipartisan leadership to help agriculture adjust to climate change
Farmers and agricultural scientists say they're disappointed that neither major party has outlined a clear strategy for agricultural climate change adaptation in the 2016 election campaign.
Tasmania floods: Recovery money targets farmers, small businesses
Interest-free loans for up to two years are among extra flood assistance detailed for Tasmanian farmers and businesses.
Lorinna residents still relying on barge after floods cut road access
Almost three weeks after the devastating floods in north-west Tasmania, there is still no road access for the small community of Lorinna.


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iPad Games
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your The Tribez HD question for iPad and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Game Insight, Llc
- Publisher: Game Insight, Llc
- Genre: Adventure
- Release: Apr 3, 2012
- ESRB: Not Set
Question & Answers
Tribez Bathyscathe
What do I have to do to start searching the bathyscaphe? I have completed all other quests on Atoll but am getting frustrated now! Thank you
Answer from: jesscia
I was told, on another forum not from support, that you need to complete the quest finding boomerangs in the cave before you can enter the Bathyscathe
Answer from: Netty
I have all the boomerangs and it doesn't works anyway
Answer this QuestionAsk / All Questions
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The Tribez HD - Gameplay Video
- Apr 14, 2013, Views: 576
View All Videos
The Tribez HD - Launch Trailer (HD)
- Apr 14, 2013, Views: 360
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Top Featured Games
- The Journey: Bob's Story, (PC)
- Deus Ex: Mankind Divided, (PS4)
- Skylanders Battlecast Cards To Life, (AND)
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- MX Vs. ATV Supercross Encore, (XONE)
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- Epic Flail (Noxus Ltd), (iOS)
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- Fi, Chris And The Apocalypse, (iOS)
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text:
Microsoft Working On "Smart Bra" To Curb Stress Eating
Photo: Courtesy Of Proceedings of IEEE Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction.
What do Victoria's Secret and Microsoft have in common? Turns out, they're both in the bra business. Maybe it was only a matter of time until this whole wearable tech mania expanded into our underwear drawers. And now, it has — in a big (weird) way.
Researchers at the computer giant have been quietly working on a prototype for a "smart bra" capable of reading your mood, recording activity data, and measuring your heart rate, among many other things. The bra incorporates a small EKG sensor, as well as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and electro-dermal activities sensors, which feed into a motherboard in the front of the bra. Data collected by the sensors then syncs automatically to a smartphone app (because of course), giving the wearer up-to-date information on some pretty complex body physiology.
All very impressive tech-wise, for sure, but we can't help but wonder: Why a smart bra? Researchers say that the close proximity of the sensors to the heart means more accurate measurements of all kinds of data — everything from metabolic rate to stress levels.
In fact, the project was designed to see whether providing information on stress levels in real time would have any effect on eating habits. In other words, if you knew you were stressed, would you be less likely to make food choices based on stress? Sounds promising, but there is one little caveat: The batteries have to be recharged every three to four hours. Ahh, the future. (BBC)
- Wellness |
- Diet & Nutrition |
- How To Deal With Stress |
- Best Bras | Smart Bra - Microsoft Designs Stress-Sensing Underwear
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As with wine and chocolate, we love touting coffee's potential health benefits. Recent studies have found it may help prevent liver damage, heart disease, and may even motivate you to work out. Nevertheless, the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified coffee as "possibly carcinogenic," or a...
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text:
There and BackBy Latino USA Jan 22, 2016
What is happening in Central America?
Security Tops Most Important Election Issue in Latest National Tracking Poll of Latino VotersView All Politics
DJ Precolumbian's Dream Dance FloorView All Music
People of Color Discuss Their Experiences with Mental Illness (VIDEO)View All Health
South Bronx United: A Home Away from HomeView All Culture
The Growing Economic Power of Latinos (VIDEO)View All Business
The Central American migrant crisis is back in the news. For this week's show, Latino USA revisits this issue, which we initially covered in 2014. We also ask: what is the U.S. doing now with migrants seeking asylum? We present some history of how El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala got to this place and catch you up on the recent events regarding this month's ICE raids.
Featured image: Migrants use a makeshift raft to cross the Suchiate river, a natural border between Mexico and Guatemala, in Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas state, Mexico. (YURI CORTEZ/AFP/Getty Images)
Stories from There and Back


text:
Scholes slams Fellaini after shocking derby defeat (but insists Moyes deserves time)
- Paul Scholes says Marouane Fellaini 'has not been great' for United
- 'I'd be expecting a lot more' adds Scholes of £27.5m signing
- Felliani should have sent off against City 'without a shadow of a doubt'
- Scholes says United have to stand by David Moyes and back him in summer
- But former United midfielder questions manager's selections
Manchester United great Paul Scholes has delivered a grim assessment of his old club – and singled out £27.5million flop Marouane Fellaini for criticism.
Fellaini was outclassed by David Silva, Fernandinho and Yaya Toure at Old Trafford on Tuesday night as United slumped to a humiliating 3-0 defeat in the Manchester derby in front of their own fans.
The Belgian, whose only goal this season was for Everton against Stevenage in the Capital One Cup, was also lucky to escape a red card when referee Michael Oliver only booked him for blatantly thrusting a forearm into the face of Manchester City defender Pablo Zabaleta.
VIDEO Scroll down to watch David Moyes talk about Manchester United's difficult season
Awful! Paul Scholes rounded on Marouane Fellaini after his display against Manchester City on Tuesday
Red card? The midfielder was lucky to escape severe punishment for this elbow on Pablo Zabaleta
The new Gary Neville? Scholes was in superb form as a pundit for Sky Sports at Old Trafford for the derby
Backing: Scholes, sat alongside Graeme Souness, claimed David Moyes deserves more time as manager
'He's not been great, has he?' said Scholes, one of the greatest midfielders of his generation. 'You have to admit that. For a central midfielder at Manchester United for £27m, I'm expecting a few goals at least.
'He did have problems with his wrist and I know he missed a lot of games but, for the money they paid for him, I'd be expecting a lot more, to be honest with you.'
Asked if Fellaini should have been sent off, Scholes replied: 'Yes, without a shadow of a doubt. It's a proper bang into his jaw. How do you get away with that? I've no idea. The referee's stood five yards away.'
Scholes was appearing as a Sky pundit for Tuesday's game and agreed with his former Old Trafford team-mate Gary Neville that United are suffering from a lack of pace. Both seemed surprised that Fellaini was preferred to veteran Ryan Giggs, who gave a virtuoso performance against Olympiacos in the Champions League last week.
Bad decision: Former United midfielder Scholes couldn't understand why Ryan Giggs wasn't selected
Difficult night: Wayne Rooney suffered from a lack of service as United struggled to get hold of the game
'Whenever we played we always had quick players playing with us,' added Scholes. 'Tonight there was Welbeck and Rooney who ran in behind a couple of times but didn't get seen.
'That's when you need players like Ryan Giggs. He is the one who will pass the ball forward. He doesn't care if he gives it away three or four times, he'll still risk it. To be a Man United midfielder you need risk in your game.
'It looks to me that there are a few areas that need addressing. Centre midfield, you could say they've been looking for quite a few years now and haven't quite come up with the answer.
'Going forward we're alright. The quality of Van Persie and Rooney, Mata in his right position, I think we're all right up there. It's more midfield and defence where we need to look.
'Defensively, Vidic is going and it looks like Rio and Evra could be going as well. That's three of your back four gone. That's another area he's got to look after.'
Damning: Rio Ferdinand came in for criticism but United are bound to miss him if he is to leave the club
On his way: Central defender Nemanja Vidic is to sign for Italian giants Inter Milan at the end of the season
Scholes believes that United should stand by David Moyes as pressure begins to mount on the beleaguered boss again in the wake of another embarrassing home defeat.
And he hinted that the club had let their new manager down last summer by not offering him greater support to add to the signing of Fellaini before Juan Mata arrived in January.
'He's nine months into the job and you have to stand by him,' said Scholes. 'He's made a couple of signings that haven't worked out yet as he would have liked. In the summer he's going to need backing, there's no doubt about that.
'Was he backed as well as he could have been last summer? I'm not too sure. But this summer he has to be backed and I think he knows he needs players.'
He does, however, indicate that the manager is making mistakes - particularly with Mata. 'He is a classic No 10,' said Scholes. 'Has he got to play in that position yet?' before adding his surprise at Antonio Valencia being overlooked for the game.
'I'm amazed that Valencia isn't playing,' he mused at half time. 'I would have loved to see him have a right go down that right hand side.'
Don't sack him! Despite a horror run of results, Scholes believes United have to stick with Moyes
The former England midfielder, who made 718 appearances in a glittering career at United, admitted that it was hard to watch City demonstrate the gulf in class between the two clubs as they won at Old Trafford for the third time in a row.
'City were far better than us,' said Scholes. 'You could tell which team were going for the league and which team were in seventh, it was that glaringly obvious.
'City have got the best team, the best players, they play the best football, they've got goals everywhere.
'In the first 10 minutes you thought maybe it could have been three or four. It could have been anything.
'Tonight I never believed we were going to get back into the game - even at 1-0. I was never really confident we were going to create chances and score goals.
'In the second half we never got
going. We huffed and puffed without creating clear-cut chances. That was
always the way for us. We might have been two or three down but we
never felt we were beaten. Tonight I never really felt we were going to
get back into the game even at 1-0.
'Tonight's been difficult but I'm sure we'll have our day again.'
Wizard: David Silva was a standout performer for City as he kept things ticking for Manuel Pellegrini's side
Looking ahead: Scholes doubts whether Manuel Pellegrini's side can win the Premier League title
Silva was electric for Manuel Pellegrini's side during the thumping win, and Scholes was understandably impressed: 'You have to be impressed with what he does. His touch… it's almost glued to his left foot. Then he does the same with his right foot. Either foot he'll take it and he can play a pass.
'He has a little bit of pace about him as well. He can manoeuvre the ball well, play people in and has a goal in him. The first 10 minutes he was unplayable.'
But the 39-year-old was damning in his assessment of the first two goals. 'Does Fellaini stay with Silva?' he asked. 'No. I'm not sure what Phil Jones has seen there, he's created a big gap.'
When dissecting the second, scored by Dzeko from a corner, Scholes added: 'The warning signs were there - it had happened three or four times. (Vincent) Kompany got in before. Rio Ferdinand won't be happy. Rio has stood off him there. You've got to stay tighter.'
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The most recent Economist has a story on the intertwined history of the human species and the cultivation of wheat (with some thinly-disguised propaganda for genetically modified crops mixed in), a story that ends with an unexpected twist: Rising wheat yields and the defeat of famine in most of the world outside of Africa has revealed that "human beings may be the only creatures that have fewer babies when they are better fed." The article predicts that human population will seize to grow by 2035 and will reach its peak in 2050—it will never double again. The only places where population still increases is in the poorest places of the world: Burkina Faso, Niger, Somalia—places where human life seems to be disturbingly cheap. Could it be that in more-developed countries people cherish and value their own lives so much that they feel no need to augment it by bringing into this world more lives? Prosperity may make it seem as though additional mouths to feed are unwarranted, can seem a subtraction rather than an addition to one's life. Or rather, is it that prosperity can produce technologies that defeat the instinct to procreate? Does it provide distractions and pleasures that make child-rearing seem the distraction? Malthus famously thought the world's population would be decimated by famine, but as this article suggests, it's ultimate ironic end may come by sheer surfeit.
Wyclef Jean "Hendrix" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
Peter Bjorn and John "Breakin' Point" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
Kaiser Chiefs "Parachute" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
Intimacy with the Devil: Horror and 'the static speaks my name'
// Moving Pixels
"the static speaks my name creates an uncomfortable intimacy between the player and the protagonist.READ the article


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Remodelaholic | trends paint colors 2014, See what's hot and what's not with this overview of 2014 trends in paint colors. find the perfect calming gray!. Popular wall paint colors 2016 designs ideas pictures, Photo gallery and design ideas for top 2015 wall paint colors with diy color schemes, combinations, matching combos, colour wheels and best interior home designs.. Add dimension color home 3d wall art, More inspiration. diy canvas wall art – a low cost way to add art to your home; give your home a romantic makeover with some valentine's day wall art.
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The jobs picture is not improving, despite what you hear in the news, and it will get worse. Yes, businesses are sitting on billions of dollars in cash and productivity gains and the stock market has been rallying. But those businesses are hoarding that cash because they still lack that all-important state of mind and spirit: confidence.


text:
State library limits use of its computers The New Mexico State Library says its computer terminals will no longer be available to the general public as of July 2, but will only be available to those using state library resources.
What does NMSL stand for?
NMSL stands for New Mexico State Library (Santa Fe, NM)
This definition appears somewhat frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
See other definitions of NMSL
Other Resources:
We have 5 other meanings of NMSL in our Acronym Attic
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
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- New Mexico Student Incentive Grant
- National Movement Simeon II (Bulgaria)
- New Mexico Statewide Immunization Information System
- Navy Modeling and Simulation Information System
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Samples in periodicals archive:
She is also co-ordinator of the New Mexico State Library Tribal Libraries Program, Crownpoint.
The program, Fast Forward New Mexico, involves The University of New Mexico, the Global Center for Cultural Entrepreneurship and the 1st-Mile Institute partnering with the New Mexico State Library to hold classes in communities around the state, said Alice Loy of the center.
19 at the New Mexico State Library, 1209 Camino Carlos Rey.
For a good reading list of early corruption during New Mexico's Territorial period, please consult your librarian or archivists at the Santa Fe Public Library, The Fray Angelico Chavez History Library, the Southwest Room of the New Mexico State Library and the archivists at the New Mexico Records and Archives.
New Mexico State Library 1209 Camino Carlos Rey, 476-9700, Talking Book program, 476-9770 www.
New Mexico State Library 1209 Camino Carlos Rey, 476-9700; Talking Book program, 476-9770; www.


text:
Issue #146 / Jan 2013
Cover Theme: Living with Windows 8
DVD: Ubuntu 12.10 Gnome Remix & Linux Mint 13 "Maya" KDE Edition
Article Code
Download this issue as a PDF:
100 pages
Price $9.99
Advanced file management
LINUXUSER: Beyond the Basics
FOSS on the front lines of business
COMMUNITY NOTEBOOK: Doghouse – Working Smarter
Zack's Kernel News
COMMUNITY NOTEBOOK: Kernel News
Abstracting the network with SDNs
COMMUNITY NOTEBOOK: A New Nexus
« Previous 1 2 3
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ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use
Linux is the Largest Software Development Project in History
But if you are not using the latest Linux kernel, your system is insecure.
Linksys Says Yes to Open Source Firmware
Home routers will give room for custom firmware but still comply with FCC rules
OwnCloud Founder Resigns
Frank Karlitschek will continue to lead the open source ownCloud project
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS released
"Xenial Xerus" comes with a new packages format and several improvements for the enterprise.
MS Visual Studio Code Editor is Available for Linux
Linux users can now download and install the Windows code editor
Open Container Initiative announces Image Format Project
New initiative will address security and interoperability concerns around container technology.