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Above: The Robin Crusoe in Wonderland attraction, which recently celebrated its diverse anniversary
This attraction is a journey into the Disney cartoon of the drug-inspired-vision of the legend "Robin Crusoe in Wonderland" by Matt Ouimet. Wrangle an insect and plummet into a rabbit hole and discover the wonders of Wonderland. You might even run into a locomotive on your way to the exit!
Beware Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Short Cuts
Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
Kemetian martyred in 309 A.D. at Alexandria with St. Peter and St. Leucius, both of Alexandria. We preached Christ boldly. 11 January.
At 33 Ambrose had it all - a successful career as a lawyer, an important position as governor of Milan, the approval and friendship of the emperor, and a large estate. Then the bishop ... continue reading
Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, known as John in English, was born May 8, 1786 in Dardilly, France and was baptized the same day. He was the fourth of six children born to Matthieu and Marie ... continue reading
The remarkable woman who would be known as Mother Theresa began life named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Born on August 26, 1910 in Skopje, she was the youngest child born to Nikola and Drane ... continue reading
The writings of St. Irenaeus entitle him to a high place among the fathers of the Church, for they not only laid the foundations of Christian theology but, by exposing and refuting the errors of the ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
Born on October 16 1890 in Corinaldo, in the Ancona Province in Italy, her farmworker father moved his family to Ferrier di Conca, near Anzio. When he died of malaria, Maria's mother had to struggle to feed her children. Maria's mother, brothers, and sisters worked in ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
The people of Olkusz in Bohemia in 1431 had every reason to be suspicious of their new pastor. They knew what a Cracow professor would think of their small rural town. But even more insulting, their town was once again being used as a dumping ground for a priest who ... continue reading
Lucy's history has been lost and all we really know for certain is that this brave woman who lived in Syracuse lost her life during the persecution of Christians in the early fourth century. Her veneration spread to Rome so that by the sixth century the whole Church ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith Fournier
This great defender of the faith insisted on the central claim of Christianity: God can be known and loved-indeed, that is why He came into our midst in the person of His Son; so that through a relationship with Jesus Christ, man could participate in the very ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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1 BEDROOM Apartment in Beekman (Uptown, NYC)
- Rent:
- $
- 2,195
- 951009
- James Bullaro
- Director of Residential Leasing
- 0 Reviews
sent successfully
sent successfully
- Bedroom(s):
- 1
- Bathroom(s):
- 1
- Kitchen:
- Separate
- Square Fotage:
- Not provided
- Building Type:
- Low Rise
- Market Status:
- Rented 03/16/2010
- Listed:
- 10/18/2010 By Owner
- Updated:
- 05/02/2011
- Available:
- 03/24/2008
- Terms:
- Minimum 12 Month(s)
- Concession:
- Not offered
- Unfurnished
- Walkup
- Unattended Lobby
- Shares OK
- Walls OK
- Guarantors OK
Property use:
Current Price:
Property type:
Outdoor space:
Square footage:
Not Provided
Ceiling Height:
Not Provided
Type:Low Rise
Style:Pre War
Service level:Unattended Lobby
Ownership type:Rental
- Building
- Nice building in wealthy, prestigious and historic neighborhood with many fine restaurants and a very popular nightlife. Close to citicorp and Waldorf Astoria Hotel. Steps to subways e,v. Beautiful Dag Hammarskjold Plaza park, st patricks cathedral, saks Fifth Avenue and Grand Central terminal are in a walking distance.
- Apartment
- Verbal description of the apartment has not been provided. Please refer to details tab.
- Shares allowed
- Walls allowed
- Minimum 1 year(s) Lease accepted
- 40 times the monthly rent Income required
- 80 times the rent Income for guarantors
- Guarantors accepted
- Out of state guarantor is ok
- No Corporate leases
- No Diplomats accepted
- On site application is not available
- Year upfront payment is accepted
- 1 month(s) Security deposit required
|Application Fee:
|$ 100
|Credit check:
|Landlord's own
|Applicant PW:
Picture ID
2 pays stub(s)
Employment Letter
2 bank statement(s)
Landlord references
|Self employed PW:
Picture ID
2 pays stub(s)
Tax Return Form
CPA Letter
2 bank statement(s)
|Guarantor PW:
Picture ID
2 pays stub(s)
2 bank statement(s)
Tax Return
CPA Letter
Landlord prepares leases
- Go Back
All the information provided herein was gathered from property owners and/or agents deemed reliable. No guarantee or warranty can be given as to the accuracy of the information. This information is also subject to errors, omissions or changes without notice. All dimensions and measurements are approximate.
- By owner apartments for rent in Beekman, Manhattan
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NYCdwellers and New York City Real Estate
NYCdwellers is New York City's largest real estate marketplace specializing in residential no fee apartment rentals in Manhattan. We are dedicated to providing outstanding service to New York apartment hunters from all over the world. Our website is comprised of modern apartment search technology and powered by six, full-time staff providing unsurpassed service to NYCdwellers' customers and listing providers.
What does this mean for you? This means a constantly-updated database offering real New York City apartment listings in real time and direct access to all listing providers. Our mission is to find and list all real estate properties available in Manhattan, by owner or by broker. We screen and hand-select all available NYC rentals. No duplicate or outdated listings, no bait and switch. If you are looking to rent an apartment in Manhattan, this is the place to be.
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meter complexity
unsyncopated ensemble rhythms
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Partner: UNT Libraries
Degree Discipline: Biology
Degree Level: Doctoral
Collection: UNT Theses and Dissertations
Carbon Flux in Reservoir Sediments
Date: May 1973
Creator: Newton, Charles Eugene
Description: The central objective of the study was to fractionate sedimenting organic materials according to their source (allochthonous or autochthonous) and ultimately to determine the degree of biodegradability of contributions from either source with particular reference to activities at the mud-water interface.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Cardio-Respiratory Ontogeny and the Transition to Bimodal Respiration in an Air Breathing Fish: Morphological and Physiological Development in Normoxia and Hypoxia.
Date: August 2009
Creator: Blank, Tara M.
Description: As selection pressures exist for not only adults, but for every life history stage, it is important to understand how environmental factors shape developing animals. Despite the significance placed on aquatic hypoxia as a driving force in the evolution of air breathing, this is the first known study to examine the effects of hypoxia on cardio-respiratory ontogeny of an air breathing fish. Blue gouramis are obligatory air breathing fish that possess a labyrinth-like structure that serves as the air breathing organ. Gouramis were reared for up to 90 d in normoxia or hypoxia, and morphological and physiological development was observed. Hypoxic larvae had increased lamellar and labyrinth organ surface areas. Bradycardia and increased gill ventilation rates were observed when larvae from either rearing group were briefly exposed to hypoxia. Hypoxic larvae also showed a reduced heart rate and gill ventilation rate in the absence of a hypoxic stimulus, possibly indicative of a more comprehensive, long-term respiratory plasticity. The similarity of routine oxygen consumption between rearing groups suggests that metabolic demand did not change for hypoxic larvae, but that they were more efficient at oxygen acquisition. This is further supported by increased resistance time of hypoxic gouramis to extreme hypoxia. The ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Characteristics of Primary Cilia and Centrosomes in Neuronal and Glial Lineages of the Adult Brain
Date: May 2015
Creator: Bhattarai, Samip Ram
Description: Primary cilia are sensory organelles that are important for initiating cell division in the brain, especially through sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Several lines of evidence suggest that the mitogenic effect of Shh requires primary cilia. Proliferation initiated by Shh signaling plays key roles in brain development, in neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, and in the generation of glial cells in response to cortical injury. In spite of the likely involvement of cilia in these events, little is known about their characteristics. Centrosomes, which are associated with primary cilia, also have multiple influences on the cell cycle, and they are important in assembling microtubules for the maintenance of the cell's cytoskeleton and cilia. The cilia of terminally differentiated neurons have been previously examined with respect to length, incidence, and receptors present. However, almost nothing is known about primary cilia in stem cells, progenitors, or differentiated glial cells. Moreover, it is not known how the properties of cilia and centrosomes may vary with cell cycle or proliferative potential, in brain or other tissues. This dissertation focuses first on neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ). The SGZ is one of the few brain regions in mammals that gives rise to a substantial ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Characterizing the Molecular Changes of Austrofundulus Limnaeus As It Develops Towards and Enters Diapause Ii
Date: December 2015
Creator: Toni, Lee S.
Description: Austrofundulus limnaeus is a species of annual killifish which inhabits ephemeral ponds in South America. The species is able to survive seasonally desiccating ponds due to their ability to produce robust embryos. The embryos of this species are capable of entering a developmental arrest, termed diapause II, which precedes the onset of drought. While in this arrested state embryos exhibit the greatest tolerance to anoxia of any characterized vertebrate at 25ºC. Furthermore, when raised at 30ºC, embryos escape the entrance to diapause II and go on to develop directly. Currently, little is known about the molecular mechanisms which induce and maintain this developmentally arrested state. In this study I have developed methods to analyze changes in histone modifications in the context of diapause II. Histone modifications were chosen due to their extreme conservation and well characterized role as modulators of gene expression in other systems. Results utilizing adapted immunobased assays show significant changes in the global amount of H3S10P, H3K27me and H3K4me, as the embryos progress from early embryogenesis through the exit of diapause. Additionally, it is revealed that there exists a degree of phenotypic plasticity with regards to the entrance into diapause II which is modulated by the environment ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Comparative biochemistry and genetic analysis of nucleoside hydrolase in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Date: December 2002
Creator: Fields, Christopher J.
Description: The pyrimidine salvage enzyme, nucleoside hydrolase, is catalyzes the irreversible hydrolysis of nucleosides into the free nucleic acid base and D-ribose. Nucleoside hydrolases have varying degrees of specificity towards purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. In E. coli, three genes were found that encode homologues of several known nucleoside hydrolases in protozoa. All three genes (designated yaaF, yeiK, and ybeK) were amplified by PCR and cloned. Two of the gene products (yeiK and ybeK) encode pyrimidine-specific nucleoside hydrolases, while the third (yaaF) encodes a nonspecific nucleoside hydrolase. All three were expressed at low levels and had different modes of regulation. As a comparative analysis, the homologous genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. fluorescens (designated nuh) were cloned. Both were determined to encode nonspecific nucleoside hydrolases. The nucleoside hydrolases of the pseudomonads exhibited markedly different modes of regulation. Both have unique promoter structures and genetic organization. Furthermore, both pseudomonad nucleoside hydrolase were found to contain an N-terminal extension of 30-35 amino acids that is shown to act as a periplasmic-signaling sequence. These are the first two nucleoside hydrolases, to date,that have been conclusively demonstrated to be exported to the periplasmic space. The physiological relevance of this is explained.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Comparative Morphology of Sensilla Styloconica on the Proboscis of North American Nymphalidae and Other Selected Taxa: Systematic and Ecological Considerations.
Date: December 2001
Creator: Petr, Daniel
Description: Sensilla styloconica on the proboscis of 107 species of North American and tropical butterflies were comparatively studied using the scanning electron microscope. Focus was on 76 species of North American Nymphalidae representing 45 genera and 11 subfamilies. Nomenclature for generalized and specific types of nymphalid sensilla is proposed. Written descriptions and micrographs are presented for each species studied. Morphological features were generally consistent for all or most species within genera and sometimes within subfamilies, with specified exceptions. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences for six of eight variables tested between two distinct feeding guilds of North American Nymphalidae. Average number, density, extent of proboscis coverage with sensilla, their total length, and shoulder spine length were all significantly greater in the non-nectar feeding guild than in nectar feeders, and may indicate adaptation for greater efficiency in feeding on flat surfaces. The greater frequency of apical shoulder spines in non-nectar feeders may represent adaptation for protection of sensory pegs from mechanical abrasion during feeding, or for anchoring the flexible proboscis tip to the surface. Correlation analysis revealed 9 out of 28 positive correlations in nectar feeders and 5 out of 28 in non-nectar feeders. Results of preliminary cladistic analysis were not considered to ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
A Comparative Study of Passive Transfer Mechanisms of Tuberculin and Chemical Contact Delayed Hypersensitivities in the Guiea Pig
Date: June 1970
Creator: Nunez, William Joseph
Description: This study is concerned with a critical comparison of the passive transfer mechanisms of tuberculin and chemical contact hypersensitivities in the guinea pig by use of a four phase experimental approach.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
A Contravention of Established Principles of Interspecific Allometric Metabolic Scaling in Developing Silkworms, Bombyx Mori.
Date: May 2007
Creator: Blossman-Myer, Bonnie
Description: Established interspecific metabolic allometric relationships do not adequately describe the complexity and variable physiological states of developing animals. Consequently, intraspecific allometric relationships of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production as a function of body mass; the respiratory quotient; the function of the silk cocoon; and body composition were investigated for each distinct developmental stage of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Whole animal O2 consumption in Bombyx ranged from 0.00064 + 0.000047 ml O2 .hr-1 at larval instar I to 0.77 + 0.06 ml O2 .hr-1 in pre-pupal, falling to 0.21+ 0.01 ml O2 .hr-1 in the pupae. Those instars having a significant relationship between O2 consumption as a function of body mass, the slope of the line relating O2 consumption to body mass varied between 0.99 and 1.02, while across all instars the slope was 0.82. Developmental allometry should be presented for individual developmental stages because the individual allometric exponents of the stages can be significantly different from the overall allometric exponent throughout development and in some cases, the overall allometric exponent can be a statistical artifact. The first larval instar of Bombyx mori has the lowest cross sectional area of high metabolic tissue of the midgut (27%) and had one ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Dalbergia and Albizia: Plantlet Production via Tissue Culture, Karyological Evaluation, and Seed Anatomy with Scanning Electron Microscopy
Date: December 1998
Creator: Ghosh, Nabarun
Description: A publication by the National Academy of Sciences, USA (1979) outlined some of the research need for a great variety of economically important woody species whose remaining genetic resources need urgently to be collected and conserved. A viable regeneration system was established via tissue and cell suspension culture for Albizia falcataria and A. lebbeck, two important wood yielding leguminous tree species. The culture medium was standardized after several trials to obtain callus from the leaflet explants of these two tree species. The optimum use of casein hydrolysate (w/v) and coconut milk (v/v) in addition to 6-Benzylaminopurine and Indole-3-butyric acid could induce morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the cultured tissue. This reports the first observation on somatic embryogenesis ofA. lebbeck using leaflets as the explants. Scanning Electron Microscopy and histological studies were done on the different stages plant development following standard techniques. Embryogenesis in suspension culture followed regeneration of plantlets in A. lebbeck. In A.falcaaria the regenerative process followed via organogenesis from the shoot buds developed on the leaf explants. After hardening the regenerated plants were transferred to the greenhouse. Some of the trees grew more than 25 feet tall within a few months outside the greenhouse. Karyotype of the three ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Determination of Bioconcentration Potential of Selected Pharmaceuticals in Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas, and Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Date: December 2010
Creator: Nallani, Gopinath C.
Description: The primary objective of this work was to determine the tissue-specific bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the selected pharmaceuticals: norethindrone (NET), ibuprofen (IBU), verapamil (VER), clozapine (CLZ) and fenofibrate (FFB) in two freshwater fishes: fathead minnow and channel catfish. BCF tests on fathead followed the standard OECD 42-day test while a 14-day abridged test design was used in catfish exposures. Additional objectives included a) comparing the measured BCFs to the US EPA's BCFWIN model predicted values, b) comparing the BCF results from the standard and reduced tests, and c) prediction of chronic risk of the pharmaceuticals in fish using the human therapeutic plasma concentrations. Each test included uptake and depuration phases to measure tissue-specific kinetic BCFs. The results indicated that all the pharmaceuticals, except IBU, have the potential for accumulation in fish. Estimated BCFs for NET, VER and FFB may not be significant in view of the current regulatory trigger level (BCF ≥ 2000); however, CLZ's BCF in the liver had approached the criterion level. Significant differences were noticed in the tissue-specific uptake levels of the pharmaceuticals with the following general trend: (liver/kidney) > (gill/brain) > (heart/muscle) > plasma. IBU uptake was highest in the plasma. When compared to the measured ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


text:
(212) 697-1000
529 Fifth Avenue
New York
(914) 949-2990
709 Westchester Avenue
White Plains
In the apparel industry, supply chain costs can make or break a business.
Staying competitive in the apparel industry means being vigilant about the costs of your supply chain. To fully understand these costs, you need timely information and counsel from people who understand your market place.
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A former boarding-house run by a California woman convicted of killing her elderly tenants and burying them in the yard became a tourist destination over the weekend.
The Victorian duplex in Sacramento that had been operated by Dorothea Puente was one of five featured houses on the Sacramento Old City Association's home tour on Sunday.
The house has been renovated since the 1980s, when authorities dug up seven bodies in its front and back yards. Still, visitors could see the room where Puente drained the body fluids from her victims.
Authorities said Puente drugged and killed her victims and stole their Social Security checks.
She was convicted in 1993 of three murders. The jury didn't reach verdicts on six other murder counts. Puente was sentenced to two life sentences and a concurrent 15-year-to-life sentence before she died in prison in 2011 at 82.
The home tour - an annual event - features a different neighbourhood each year and serves as the primary fundraiser for the non-profit Old City Association, which focuses on restoring homes and neighbourhoods in Sacramento's central core.
The featured homes included the governor's mansion.
"What we wanted to show was not this infamous home, but to show that the current owners had turned it back into a loving family home," said William Burg, the association's president.
Burg said the group sold between 800 and 900 tickets for US$20 ($24.25) to US$30 ($36).
Among those who took the tour was John Cabrera, the Sacramento Police Department's lead homicide detective on the case. Cabrera, now retired, pointed out where evidence and bodies were found.
The room where Puente took her victims had a bookshelf, day bed and two carpets when Cabrera walked through the house during the investigation.
"I pulled the carpet and saw there were stains," he told the Sacramento Bee. "I knew right away it was body fluid."
A female mannequin representing Puente stood guard at one corner of a patio deck during the tour. It wore a red coat and held a green shovel.
The home's current owners bought the property in 2010. The renovations included the removal of a wall separating the dining room from the kitchen.
"I love this house. It's happy," Cabrera said of the changes. "This veil of darkness has been lifted."
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Wednesday, April 10th 12:07 PM IST
# China gold # China Precious Metals #
Gold prices this year are likely to hover at high levels and global central banks quantitative easing policies will continue to support gold prices.
BEIJING(BullionStreet): Contrary to reports by other major firms, China's gold mining and processing firm China Precious Metal Resources (CPM) expects gold prices to see stable growth this year.
According to CPM's chief financial officer Zhang Liwei, gold would be boosted by the ample liquidity in the market as a result of quantitative easing by central banks.
He said gold prices this year are likely to hover at high levels and global central banks quantitative easing policies will continue to support gold prices. Central banks from emerging markets will keep buying gold for their reserves.
"It's difficult to predict gold prices, but I don't expect prices to fall as long as the global economic conditions remain uncertain," Zhang, he added.
He, however said ample liquidity might also fuel inflation.
Zhang expects demand for gold to increase as the precious metal is one of the investment tools for weathering inflation. But a drop in gold prices would have little impact on the company's margins.
Gold production, from five mines in Henan, Yunnan and Inner Mongolia, amounted to 124,000 ounces last year, an increase of 42 per cent from 2011.
Zhang said CPM would maintain above-average growth in gold output this year. The company would continue to seek acquisition opportunities.
CPM's revenue grew 45.3 per cent to 1.63 billion yuan (HK$2.04 billion) last year, while profit rose 6.63 per cent to 445 million yuan as costs incurred in expansion partly offset profits.
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Joshua James Jewellery are official, authorised…
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MINCO Silver Corporation.…
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Spartan Gold Ltd. (OTCBB:SPAG), is a junior gold exploration…
Deutsche Bank expects Gold to average around $1,100 an ounce in 2016
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The railroad crossing where two people have been killed in recent months is set to get safety equipment, an official said this week.
The Rio Arriba Road crossing north of Las Vegas got stop signs and pavement markings Wednesday and more safety equipment may be on the way, said Paul Gray, the local district engineer for the state Department of Transportation.
"We're hoping that it will raise the awareness of motorists at that intersection, so they will stop and look both ways before making the crossing," Gray said.
Gray said this preliminary safety equipment is an effort coordinated with the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad.
"I think it's a start," Gray said. "We're hoping that by doing that it will raise the awareness of motorists at that intersection so they will stop and look both ways before making the crossing."
Michael Esquibel was killed last month and Fred Stark four months earlier at the Rio Arriba crossing, which is near the city's transfer station. Both were attempting to cross the railroad. Oncoming trains aren't all that visible to motorists.
"We have submitted for funding for highway safety improvement funding through the Highway Safety Administration," Gray said. "Even though it's not a state highway and not a road currently owned by the NMDOT, because of the fatalities, we have submitted for that funding and it has been preliminarily selected for approval."
Gray said that if the funding is approved, the crossing will receive a full-fledged crossing signal complete with lights, bells and gates which will come down to prevent motorists from crossing in front of oncoming trains.
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Local News
Mt. Vernon Garage Destroyed by Fire Tuesday Morning
1/8/2013 @ 1:26 PMA Mt. Vernon garage was destroyed by fire early Tuesday morning. The fire broke out on the Jason Kuhn property at 2220 Cherry Street southeast of downtown. No one was injured in the early morning blaze. Two cars that were inside the garage were destroyed. The cause of the fire is still under investigation. The fire call came in at 6:54 Tuesday morning.
See other LocalNews news:Illinois House Approves First Piece of Stopgap State Budget Deal
Education Leaders Rally for Equity Now in K-12 Budget
SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital receives 2016 QUEST® Award for High-value Healthcare
Illinois lawmakers set to vote on stopgap spending deal
Attorneys due in court over Illinois redistricting lawsuit


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 10, 1983
|Filing date
|Jul 6, 1981
|Priority date
|Jul 6, 1981
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael L. Abel, Thomas P. Yates
|Original Assignee
|Northern Petrochemical Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (29), Classifications (6), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is a composition for use in the cooling systems of internal combustion engines. More particularly, the composition is an ethylene glycol-based antifreeze composition which is designed to protect aluminum water pumps, aluminum engine heads, and aluminum radiators from corrosion.
Generally, water is the accepted heat exchange medium for the cooling systems of internal combustion engines. Ethylene glycol is widely used to lower the freezing point of water and to raise its boiling point to enable the coolant to be used over a wide range of temperatures. Ethylene glycol and other such antifreezes tend to corrode the metals from which the internal combustion engines are made under the conditions of elevated temperature and aeration. Therefore, it has been necessary to add corrosion inhibitor compositions to the antifreeze solutions to lessen the corrosive effect of the solutions.
In recent years, automobile manufacturers have been using more and more aluminum as a lightweight material in the construction of internal combustion engines. Since aluminum reacts differently than other metals when exposed to the corrosive action of ethylene glycol antifreeze solutions, it has become necessary to develop corrosion inhibitor compositions which prevent or lessen corrosion of aluminum as well as of the other metals which are used in the construction of internal combustion engines. Prior to the development of the present invention, the antifreeze industry has been relatively unsuccessful in developing a practical effective corrosion inhibitor composition which prevents corrosion of aluminum as well as other metals.
The primary object of this invention, therefore, is to provide a novel combination of corrosion inhibitors suitable for use in the cooling system of an internal combustion engine in which a large amount of aluminum is exposed to the corrosive action of ethylene glycol antifreeze compositions.
The present invention is an antifreeze composition for use in aluminum internal combustion engines. The composition is comprised of from about 0.07 percent to about 0.35 percent nitrate as NO3, from about 0.04 percent to about 0.08 percent silicate as SiO2, from about 0.05 percent to about 0.25 percent tolyltriazole, benzotriazole, or a mixture thereof, from about 0.2 percent to about 1.5 percent borate as sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, from about 0.2 percent to about 0.75 percent phosphate as PO4, and the balance polyhydroxy alcohol. The pH of this composition can range from 9 to 11.5. The cations should either be sodium or potassium or a mixture thereof. The silicate preparation can be a liquid or a powder with a caustic to silica ratio of from about 1:1 to about 1:4.
The present invention is an ethylene glycol-based antifreeze composition which is intended to be blended with water and used as the heat exchange medium in the cooling systems of internal combustion engines which contain a large amount of aluminum exposed to the corrosive activity of the antifreeze composition. The basic ingredient of the composition is a polyhydroxy alcohol such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or diethylene glycol, but preferably ethylene glycol. The composition must contain the five ingredients discussed below in the indicated concentration ranges in order to provide good corrosion protection for aluminum and other metals. In all cases, if less than the lower limit of the indicated range is used, the performance in terms of corrosion protection of the composition is unacceptable. If the upper ranges are exceeded, the benefits obtained are disproportionate to the cost of using more of the particular component.
The composition must contain from about 0.2 percent to about 0.75 percent of phosphate. The phosphate can be present in any of its various forms. The phosphate ion is very important in the protection of aluminum water pumps from cavitation corrosion, as well as providing corrosion protection to ferrous metal components. If the concentration of the phosphate is too high, it can become corrosive to aluminum engine heads. As discussed below, the silicate and nitrate are used to offset this tendency.
The composition must contain from about 0.04 percent to about 0.08 percent of silicate. Again, the silicate may be present in any of its various forms. The purpose of the silicate is to offset the corrosive tendencies of the phosphate ion. If the silicate concentration is too high, it will interfere with the function of the phosphate ion. Additionally, silicate provides corrosion protection to aluminum heat rejecting surfaces, including engine heads and radiators. The silicate preparation can be used in liquid or powder form and may have a caustic to silica ratio of from about 1:1 to about 1:4 because all commercially available silicate preparations falls within this range.
The composition must contain from 0.2 percent to about 1.5 percent of borate. Again, the borate may be present in any of its various forms. Borate is a good pH buffer. It is used to offset the tendency of the pH of the composition to decrease when acidic exhaust gases from the engine get into the composition. Borate is corrosive to cast aluminum heat rejecting surfaces such as engine heads. The corrosive effect of borate is offset by the addition of both silicate and nitrate.
The composition must also contain from 0.07 percent to about 0.35 percent nitrate. As with all of the other components, either sodium or potassium can be used as the cation. The nitrate ion provides protection to aluminum from pitting and crevice corrosion.
Finally, the composition must contain from about 0.05 percent to about 0.25 percent of tolyltriazole, benzotriazole or a mixture thereof. These triazoles protect copper and copper alloys from corrosion by forming an impervious film with copper on the metal.
The pH of the antifreeze composition must be maintained between 9 and 11.5. This is because the solubility of the alkali metal silicate is aided by the elevated pH. Further, it is desirable for the engine coolant to remain in this pH range because of the passivity of ferrous metals in this range.
There are four major components in internal combustion engines which must be protected from corrosion. They are the water pump, the engine head, the engine block, and the radiator. In aluminum internal combustion engines, the water pump, the engine head, and the radiator are made of aluminum. Also, there are other metals in the cooling system which must be protected. The composition of the present invention performs excellently in preventing corrosion of cast aluminum, copper, solder, brass, steel and cast iron. These are all metals present in the type of internal combustion engines which this composition is designed to protect.
It is desirable to include an effective amount of an antifoaming composition in the antifreeze composition. Such components are well-known and preferably may be a polyglycol-type antifoaming agent.
The following examples are meant only to illustrate the invention and not to limit it in any way. The following composition was used in all of the examples set out below:
______________________________________Ingredient Percent By Weight______________________________________Mono and other ethylene glycols 95.77%Demineralized water 1.12%Dipotassium phosphate (50% solution) 1.99%Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate 0.26%Sodium nitrate 0.26%Sodium tolyltriazole (50% solution) 0.25%An aqueous potassium silicate solution 0.20%containing 26% SiO2Potassium hydroxide, anhydrous 0.11%Antifoam 0.04% 100.00%______________________________________
All of the above weight percentages are based upon the actual weight of the entire composition including the cation whereas the weight percentages used in the claims are only based upon the weight of the active corrosion inhibition anions, except borate which is based on sodium tetraborate pentahydrate and silicate which is based on SiO2. The pH of the composition was 10.5.
The above composition was tested according to ASTM method D-2809. This is a method for simulating the protection of aluminum water pumps from cavitation corrosion. The above composition rated 9 on a scale where the maximum was 10. Federal government specification A-A870 states that 8 is an acceptable rating for antifreeze compositions.
The ability of the above composition to protect aluminum headed engines was evaluated in a cast aluminum heat transfer surface corrosion test. This method is used as an inhibitor package screening tool for coolants to be used in aluminum containing cooling systems. An aluminum sample is weighed and placed in a flask in close proximity to a heat source. A water cooled condenser is attached to the flask. A sample of the coolant to be tested is prepared by mixing the coolant with ASTM D-1384 corrosive water such that the concentration of the coolant is 15 percent and then poured into the flask. The heat source is adjusted so that the coolant boils vigorously. Then the cooling water to the condenser is turned on. It is necessary to have sufficient flow so that all of the coolant which is evaporated is refluxed back into the flask. The test is continued for 168 hours. The aluminum sample is cleaned by removing adherent deposits by scraping it with a soft bristle brush and then dipping it for 5 minutes in a water solution containing 2 percent of chromiumtrioxide and 5 percent of orthophosphoric acid maintained at 175� F. (79� C.). The sample is then rinsed with water to remove the acid, brushed lightly with the brush to remove any loose film, rinsed in water, rinsed in methanol, dried, and weighed. The corrosion rate for the above formula was 0.1 milligrams lost per square centimeter per week whereas General Motors' standard antifreeze formulation (comprised of 0.15% nitrate, 0.045% silicate, 0.084% tolyltriazole, 0.98% borate, and 0.10% phosphate) exhibited a corrosion rate of 39.
The ability of the above composition to protect aluminum radiators from corrosion was evaluated by using a simulated service circulation test. The test measures pitting corrosion on the header plates and crevice corrosion in the area between the plastic tanks and the aluminum header plates. The composition tested comprised 45 percent of the above composition and 55 percent water by volume. Sodium chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate were added to give a final concentration of 100 parts per million. 35 grams of core sand was added to the test solution. The composition was placed in a radiator wherein the flow rate was 7 feet per second through the radiator tubes. The test was run for a period of time representing 50,000 simulated miles at a temperature of 225� F. (107� C.) measured at the inlet side of the radiator. The radiator is incorporated along with a 2 liter Pinto� engine plus a heater core and a water pump. The composition rated 10 (maximum is 10) in preventing both pitting corrosion and crevice composition. A rating of 10 for pitting corrosion represents no pitting of the header plate on the aluminum radiator. The rating of 10 for crevice corrosion represents no corrosion along the crevice made between the plastic coolant tank and the header plate of the aluminum radiator. Ford Motor Company's specifications state that the antifreeze must rate at least 6.
The above composition was evaluated according to ASTM test method D-2847. This method shows how the coolant protects all metals in actual vehicle operation. It was a fleet test which lasted seven months with an average vehicle mileage of 10,400. The following table shows how the composition of the present invention protected six metals and compares the performance for the above composition to the standards for two other ASTM corrosion protection test methods (there is no standard specified for ASTM test method D-2847). The numbers given are corrosion rates for an average of 20 coupons and in the cases of the two ASTM standards, the numbers given are considered to be acceptable losses.
______________________________________Corrosion Rate(Milligrams Lost Per Coupon) InventionMetals Composition ASTM D-1384 ASTM D-2570______________________________________Copper -5.2 -10 -20Solder -13.3 -20 -60Brass -3.1 -10 -20Steel -3.0 -10 -20Cast iron -3.6 -10 -20Cast aluminum +0.4 -20 -60______________________________________
It can be seen from the above table that the composition of the present invention produces results which are far better than the acceptable standards of the two ASTM corrosion test methods. The reason that the cast aluminum coupon increased in weight is that the composition of the present invention forms oxides with the aluminum which are actually heavier than the metal itself.
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|Wiggle and Hospadaruk, "A Rapid Method to Predict the Effectiveness of Inhibited Engine Coolants in Aluminum Heat Exchangers", SAE, 1980.
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
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|Oct 31, 1983
|Jun 19, 1984
|Shell Oil Company
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|May 10, 1988
|Basf Corporation
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|Apr 3, 1989
|Apr 10, 1990
|Drew Chemical Corporation
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|Aug 31, 1993
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|Feb 7, 1995
|Ethylene Chemical Co., Ltd.
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|Dec 22, 1994
|Aug 27, 1996
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|Feb 13, 2002
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|Feb 2, 2010
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|Jul 24, 2003
|Evans John W.
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|Dec 30, 2010
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|Apr 13, 1989
|Oct 19, 1989
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Inhibited alkylene glycol coolant and cooling process
|Jan 27, 1992
|Aug 5, 1993
|Fppf Chemical Co. Inc.
|Process, apparatus and composition for recycling engine coolant
|U.S. Classification
|252/75, 252/74, 252/77
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 6, 1981
Owner name: NORTHERN PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY
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"Game of Thrones": 10 Questions for Season 7
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Coccoid green alga. Unicellular Green Alga, 100X at 35mm. Very common algae that grows on tree trunks, moist walls, flower pots, etc. Phylum Chlorophyta.
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Coccoid Green Alga Unicellular Green Alga 100x At 35mm Very Common Algae That Grows On Tree Trunks Moist Walls Flower Pots Etc Phylum Chlorophyta Stock PhotoAlgae,Bacterium,Botany,Cell,Circle,Color Image,Distorted,Green Algae,Green Color,Growth,Immunofluorescent Photomicrograph,Living Organism,Magnification,Nature,Photography,Plant,Research,Science,Scientific Micrograph,Scrutiny,Sphere,Unicellular Organism,VerticalPhotographer Ed ReschkeCollection: Photolibrary


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'Daredevil' Season 2 Poster Teases Actual Costumes For the Punisher and Elektra
Posted on Tuesday, March 8th, 2016 by Jacob Hall
The first season of Netflix's Daredevil took ages to put Charlie Cox in costume, only giving the devil of Hell's kitchen proper superhero duds in the season finale (and for a single action scene). And even then, the outfit was controversial, with some fans grumbling that he should have just stuck with the pirate pajamas look from the rest of the season.
The mixed reactions to Matt Murdock's uniform haven't stopped fans from wondering if season two's new characters, Frank Castle (better known as the Punisher) and Elektra Natchios (better known as, uh, Elektra) would get to wear their classic costumes. A newly released poster answers that question: yes. For the most part.


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12 Mar 2013
Wagner's Die Meistersinger in Chicago
Productions of Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg are ambitious undertakings, if only for the number of performers involved and the duration of orchestral and vocal commitment.
In a recent article in BBC Music Magazine tenor James Gilchrist reflected on the reason why early-nineteenth-century England produced no corpus of art song to match the German lieder of Schumann, Schubert and others, despite the great flowering of English Romantic poetry during this period.
With the New York Premiere of Florencia en el Amazonas, the New York City Opera Steps Out of the Shadows of the Past
Opportunities to see Idomeneo are not so frequent as they might be, certainly not so frequent as they should be.
Not merely Don Carlo, but the five-act Don Carlo in the 1886 Modena version! The welcomed esotericism of San Francisco Opera's extraordinary spring season.
The early summer San Francisco Opera season has the feel of a classy festival. There is an introduction of Spanish director Calixto Bieito to American audiences, a five-act Don Carlo and two awaited, inevitable role debuts, Karita Mattila as Kostelnička and Malin Bystrom as Janacek's Jenůfa.
Now that the curtain has long fallen on the third and last performance of the Ring cycle at the Washington National Opera (WNO), it is safe to say that the long-anticipated production has been an unqualified success for the company, director Francesca Zambello, and conductor Philippe Auguin.
Most of the attention during this revival of Daniele Abbado's 2013 production of Nabucco has been directed at Plácido Domingo's reprise of the title role, with the critical reception somewhat mixed.
Four years ago, almost to the day (13th to 12th), I saw Melly Still's production of The Cunning Little Vixen during its first Glyndebourne run. I found myself surprised how much more warmly I responded to it this time.
This recital celebrated both the work of the Park Lane Group, which has been supporting the careers of outstanding young artists for 60 years, and the 90th birthday of Joseph Horovitz, who was born in Vienna in 1926 and emigrated to England aged 12.
Headed by General Director Luana DeVol, a world-renowned dramatic soprano, Opera Las Vegas is a relatively new company that presents opera with first-rate casts at the University of Las Vegas's Judy Bayley Theater. In 2014 they presented Rossini's The Barber of Seville and in 2015, Puccini's Madama Butterfly. This year they offered a blazing rendition of Georges Bizet's Carmen.
Ever since a friend was reported as having said he would like something in return for modern-dress Shakespeare (how quaint that term seems now, as if anyone would bat an eyelid!), namely an Elizabethan-dress staging of Look Back in Anger, I have been curious about the possibilities of 'down-dating', as I suppose we might call it. Rarely, if ever, do we see it, though.
Leading a very muscular Dutch Radio Philharmonic, Principal Conductor Markus Stenz brilliantly delivered Alban Berg's Wozzeck with a superb Florian Boesch in the lead and a mesmerising Asmik Grigorian as Marie his wife.
There can't be that many operas that start with an extended solo for double bass. At Holland Park, the eerie, angular melody for lone bass player which opens Pietro Mascagni's Iris immediately unsettled the relaxed mood of the summer evening.
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Distinguished theatre director Michael Boyd's first operatic outing was his brilliant re-invention of Monteverdi's L'Orfeo for the Royal Opera at the Roundhouse in 2015, so what he did next was always going to rouse interest.
Although Bohuslav Martinů's short operas Ariane and Alexandre bis date from 1958 and 1937 respectively, there was a distinct tint of 1920s Parisian surrealism about director Rodula Gaitanou's double bill, as presented by the postgraduate students of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.
The eyes of the opera world turned recently to Dresden—the city where Wagner premiered his Rienzi, Fliegende Holländer, and Tannhäuser—for an important performance of Lohengrin. For once in Germany it was not about the staging.
Having been privileged already to see in little over two months two great productions of Die Meistersinger, one in Paris (Stefan Herheim) and one in Munich (David Bösch), I was unable to resist the prospect of a third staging, at Glyndebourne.
'Mack does bad things.' The tabloid headline that convinces Rory Kinnear's surly, sharp-suited Macheath that it might be time to take a short holiday epitomizes the cold, understated menace of Rufus Norris's production of Simon Stephens' new adaptation of The Threepenny Opera at the Olivier Theatre.
Productions of Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg are ambitious undertakings, if only for the number of performers involved and the duration of orchestral and vocal commitment.
Happily, the current season's production at Lyric Opera of Chicago has been a delightful success, one performed with such dedication that the event may be called an exemplary Meistersinger. James Morris performs the character Hans Sachs, the Nürnberg cobbler and master, a role for which the bass-baritone is particularly well known. The couple Walter von Stolzing and Eva Pogner is sung by Johan Botha and Amanda Majeski; the supporting couple David and Magdalene, significant in any production, is sung by David Portillo and Jamie Barton. Eva's father Veit Pogner is performed with decided authority by the bass Dmitry Ivashchenko, and the role of the meddling Sixtus Beckmesser is taken by Bo Skovhus. The Lyric Opera Orchestra is conducted by Sir Andrew Davis in a new production shared with the Glyndebourne Festival Opera and the San Francisco Opera. The Lyric Opera Chorus is led by Guest Choral Master Ian Robertson.
From the lush romantic effect produced by the intersection of strings and brass to the penetrating discipline of the percussion the overture was played with reverence to the spirit of Wagner. Davis maintained an admirable sense of control in communicating the sense of a large ensemble with substrata of melodies throughout the overture and during the ensuing drama. Tempos were beautifully drawn out in this prelude as it culminated with descending strings in the midst of a prayer to Saint John the Baptist in the Katharinenkirche at Nürnberg. Walther von Stolzing watches Eva Pogner from a distance, who in turn returns his glances as she is positioned in the church pew together with her companion Magdalene. As the service concludes, the women respond to Walter's pleas for "Ein Wort! Ein einzig Wort!" ["Just a word! A single word!"]. Ms. Majeski's Eva retains at this point an appropriately demure vocal impression, whereas the Magdalene of Jamie Barton instructs her own suitor David with urgent intonation: she suggests that he take up the cause of Walter and supervise the nobleman's efforts at performance in the upcoming song-competition. Ms. Barton's idiomatic phrasing was especially evident in the lines "Laßt David Euch lehren / die Freiung begehren. - Davidchen! Hör, mein lieber Gesell" ["Let David teach you / how to follow through with the courting. - My David, listen to me, my dear friend"]. In the following scene David indeed takes Walter into his charge. David learns with dismay that Walter is unfamiliar with the rules and expectations of formal singing as part of the masters' tradition. As Sachs's cobbler apprentice and pupil in song David has himself reached a level which he displays proudly. In response to Walter's "Ratet mir gut!" ["Advise me properly!"], Mr. Portillo delivered David's extended solo aria on the art of song with confident and accurate German declamation, exquisite ornamentation, and the physical involvement so typical of the character. Portillo's sensitivity to David's persona was one of the highlights of this performance with his enumeration of the masters' intricate melodic designations -- named for herbs, flowers, and birds -- recited with seemingly breathless melismas.
Act Three, Scene 1
Once the remaining apprentices were ushered into public with well-rehearsed choral involvement, the next scene was dominated by Veit Pogner, Sixtus Beckmesser, and the remaining Meister. After initial disagreements on protocol and the formal introduction of Walter von Stolzing, Pogner delivers his monologue on the significance of art in German lands as cultivated by the Meister ["Nun hört, und versteht mich recht!" ("Now listen, and understand me well!")]. Mr. Ivashchenko's sonorous bass enveloped the deep vocal line with superb attention to diction; he delivered confident and expressive top notes on "Eva, mein einzig Kind, zur Eh" when designating "Eva, my only child, in marriage" as the prize to be granted to the victorious singer. The Beckmesser of Skovhus was appropriately oily, with a pedantic and simpering intonation, yet at times his vocal projection was somewhat too understated. Once Walter began his song, with Botha here giving the impression of being a tad too loud and a tad under pitch, Beckmesser as the Merker ("Marker") continued to register faults, until Walter was discouraged from singing further. Mr. Morris's Hans Sachs came now to the fore as he both disagreed with Beckmesser on motivation and reflected on Walter's potential. The Act closed on a blackout with a hint of the confusion that would come to dominate in Act Two.
After the short orchestral prelude, played here with an ironically light touch, David speaks with the other apprentices about the expectations for Johannestag. Comedy and sincere emotion predominate in Act Two, as the characters interact in shifting constellations that emphasize both. Eva visits Sachs to argue a case for Walter's opportunities. In this scene both Majeski and Morris sing warmly and convincingly of affection, suggesting at first their own relationship but ultimately communicating a lasting union between Eva and Walter. In the following scene Morris accompanies Beckmesser's nocturnal serenade of Eva with expert timing as he comments and cobbles shoes with the blows and marks of a Merker. The brawl which ensues when David realizes that his Lene a sshe is disguised, and not Eva, is serenaded by Beckmesser, is staged so that seemingly everyone in the city participates in a physical and acrobatic tour de force. Only the calls of the Nightwatchman send the assembled crowds ascatter, so that Beckmesser is left alone in confusion as Andrea Silvestrelli's rich, low pitches resound in the Watchman's warnings.
The lengthy Act Three begins again with David, now in the workroom of his Master Sachs. It is of course in this Act that Sachs's character shows its fullest development, just as Eva will experience a personal and vocal transformation. Both characters in this production were admirably portrayed. Morris lent a sense of confused pathos to "Wahn! Wahn! Űberall Wahn! ["Madness! Madness! Everywhere madness!"], which he channeled convincingly into the dictum that even noble causes acquire a touch of this Wahn. He performed a moving high pitch piano on "Johannestag" to underline the magic of the forthcoming midsummer events. Likewise Majeski's Eva bloomed in this Act as she became assured of Sachs's support of Walter. Her aria "Ein Kind ward hier geboren" ["A child was born here"] gave evidence of her assured lyric technique. Her excellent top notes on "Selig" and throughout the quintet concluded with a vibrant, shivering trill. The staging of the final scenes with the competition on the meadow was creative and exciting in keeping with the spirit of the festivity. The close of the production belonged appropriately to the efforts of Hans Sachs, as Morris here reminded the successful Walter "to honor for me their art" ["ehrt mir ihre Kunst"] in his resonant praise of the Master.
Salvatore Calomino


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Comments about 'Looking back at Sochi, lessons for Brazil's turn on stage'
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Evan Ward has completely ignored the fact that the Sochi games have been widely
documented as the most corrupt games ever. Indeed, the games were little more
than an excuse for Putin to hand out piles of money to political allies who have
kept him in power.
It is surprising that Ward just pushed aside the inevitable corruption present in this left wing communist country. A few moments of entertainment cannot make up for the fact that the games were used to victimize the general population in order to line the pockets of Russian mobsters.
Would any reasonable person really wish this fate on the Brazillian people? The irrefutable answer is: No!
- 8:22 p.m. Feb. 23, 2014
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Another scary situation for Brazil is Sao Palo where there are seven million cars in that metro area. This is beyond gridlock. There are some serious infrastructure issues that will raise their ugly head and just as JCS noted above, how big of price will the common folk have to pay for these events to happen?
- 10:04 p.m. Feb. 23, 2014
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A photo handout from General Motors Co shows chairman and CEO Dan Akerson, left, announcing on Tuesday during a town hall meeting with employees in Detroit, Michigan, that he is stepping down. Looking on are new CEO Mary Barra, second left, new GM president Dan Ammann and new executive vice president for global product development, purchasing and supply chain Mark Reuss, right.Dec 12, 2013FULL STORY
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