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Editor's Note: In this post, Rob Goodier, Engineering for Change News Editor, discusses the new Solutions Library and how it can be used to increase effectiveness in the WASH sector.
Reinvention of the wheel is a common mistake in global development, and the water, sanitation and hygiene sector is not immune. There must be hundreds of prototypes languishing on closet floors and hard drives after failing to reach the market while proven, off-the-shelf filters, chlorinators and so on may be acceptable for the job.
The same goes for choosing the right product for each context. We have to start with what's meeting (and not meeting) the users' needs in order to avoid wasted investment. And we have to do it throughout the value chain.
That's why Engineering for Change has built a new Solutions Library of hundreds of products that meet basic needs. The products cover nearly every aspect of global development, including dozens in the water and sanitation sector.
The layout makes it easy to compare biosand filters by Bushproof, Ideas at Work and Hydraid, for example, or to examine the CRAPPER alongside the EkoLakay and the Blue Box Toilets.
The Solutions Library is a due diligence resource, a living database of neutral, performance-based information. The entries help answer three important questions for global development technology:
- Which solution is appropriate for the context and constraints?
- What has scaled and what has stalled?
- Does the solution perform as expected?
We have heard from engineers and others in global development that answering those three questions has been difficult. Practitioners are starved for high-quality information. Another thing we've heard often from global development professionals is that new, unproven gadgets get as much, if not more, attention as proven products.
Repeated mistakes can slow global development efforts. It has been hard to find information about so-called "prior art," the wheels that have already been invented. That leads to undeveloped prototypes or, worse, the rusted-out bones of dead projects that were delivered and then failed.
The reasons for failure can be technical, cultural, financial or a combination thereof, but the end result is the same: wasted investment. Our answer is normalized, objective data that is rigorously harvested and reviewed by experts. Practitioners can reduce the risk of failure and spend their money wisely with our side-by-side comparisons of the products that can meet their goals.
That's why we did this. We believe the Solutions Library is the first stop in the decision for which technology will be the best fit in any given context. It is a work in a constant state of flux, with periodic updates that incorporate suggestions from our network of development engineers and other professionals. As you explore the resource, please share your ideas and tips based on your experience. We hope to include the advice of the WASH community in our improvements.
Please visit the Solutions Library, share it with colleagues and collaborators and contribute. Real working solutions start here: solutions.engineeringforchange.org.
Editor's Note: This post is authored by Sanjay Banka, Director at Banka BioLoo, an Indian company that manufactures and promotes biodigester toilets for use in parts of the country where the lack of infrastructure prevents the use of more conventional sanitation facilities. In the piece, Sanjay discusses the development of the biotechnology used in the toilets and describes the successes and challenges that the company has experienced while working to improve sanitation in India.
Sanitation facilities in India are alarmingly poor with over 600 million people (half of India's population) having no access to toilets. This lack of access, coupled with other inadequacies in waste disposal, such as the Indian Railways's open-chute toilet system wherein human waste drops on the rail tracks, poses health hazards, raises environmental concerns, and leads to water contamination.
To address India's sanitation problems, the government, NGOs, non-profit organizations, donor agencies, development bodies, and the private sector have been working in their own way, often with very little concerted effort. The partnership between India's Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and Banka BioLoo, however, provides one example of how cross-sector collaboration can work to provide sanitation solutions. Using technology developed and licensed by the DRDO, the R&D arm of the Indian Ministry of Defence, Banka BioLoo is working to meet the need for basic, easy-to-install and hygienic human waste disposal mechanisms in areas without sewerage and other sanitation infrastructure.
The DRDO had been grappling with the challenge of managing and treating the fecal matter of its defence personnel. After several years of research, the Organization developed a set of bacteria that "eat away" at human waste. Having successfully used these bacteria to treat the night soil of soldiers guarding the Indian borders, in 2010, the DRDO decided to extend the benefits of the technology to the civilian population by licensing the bio-technology to commercial firms. A host of businesses, including Banka BioLoo, signed the transfer of technology. Since then, Banka BioLoo has developed the necessary infrastructure to inoculate the bacteria and has built a business model that positions bio-toilets as a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly sanitation solution.
Bio-digester technology treats human waste at the source. A collection of anaerobic bacteria that has been adapted to work at temperatures as low as -5°C and as high as 50°C act as inocula (seed material) to the bio-digesters and convert the organic human waste into water, methane, and carbon-dioxide. The anaerobic process inactivates the pathogens responsible for water-borne diseases and treats the fecal matter without the use of an external energy source.
The only by-products of the waste treatment process are pathogen-free water, which is good for gardening, and biogas, which can be used for cooking. Bio-toilets do not require sewage connectivity and because the process is self-contained, bio-toilets are also maintenance-free. While we explain the functioning of the system to users, no specific training is required.
Banka BioLoo employs a for-profit model in distributing its bio-toilets. This approach is consistent with the thinking that came up in discussion recently at the 2014 WASH Sustainability Forum in Amsterdam, where it was recognized that many households are able and willing to pay for good quality sanitation services. Unfortunately, many are being offered cheap and possibly sub-standard systems. As solution providers, we need to be wary of poor quality "solutions" and instead appeal to the aesthetic and aspirational needs of society. While affordability is certainly an issue, it should not come at the cost of developing a sub-par product.
While we strongly believe in the for-profit model to help ensure sustainability, we are also looking for alternate financing options for households that are unable to pay for the toilet outright. We are in discussion with government agencies and microfinance institutions to develop programs that would provide subsidies or microloans to consumers.
Banka BioLoo has also worked with charities and other development organizations to provide bio-toilets in underserved areas. In March 2013, some members of the student chapter of Engineers Without Borders (EWB), studying in Gitam University, decided to undertake a project to help provide sanitation facilities in Rudraram village, at the outskirts of Hyderabad in southern India. Using a combination of student efforts, input from family members, sponsored funds, and contributions from user families, Banka BioLoo, in partnership with EWB, installed five bio-toilets. In 2014, the project provided bio-toilets to 20 additional families. The student community is keen to develop a 10-kilometer radius around the university as an open defecation free area.
One remaining challenge in promoting the use of the toilets involves the perception among some Indians that sanitation is not worth paying for. Many are comfortable with defecating in the open. In promoting the bio-toilets, we explain the negative effects on the health and well-being of society -- particularly women and children -- that are associated with open defecation. As this understanding continues to develop in India, the demand for sanitation products, such as the bio-toilets, will grow. We are actively working in this direction, trying to provide economical and eco-friendly sanitation systems for all -- from the most marginalized populations to large institutions and corporations across various states in India -- while building up the good reputation of the latrine.
Editor's Note: This guest post was authored by Libby Plumb, Senior Communications Advisor for WaterAid America, who has recently returned from visiting WaterAid's water, sanitation and hygiene programs in the slums of Kampala, Uganda.
Mariam is the only child of 22-year-old single mom Rehema. On the way to and from the local spring, near the Rubaga slum in Uganda's capital city, Kampala, she toddles behind her mother. It's a journey they make four times a day to bring home enough water for drinking, cooking and washing.
Even little Mariam carries a jerry can of water: while Mom struggles under the weight of two 22 pound (10-liter) yellow jerry cans, Mariam follows behind carrying a bright red 11 pound (five-liter) jerry can – quite a feat for such a young child.
Rehema knows the quality of the spring water is questionable and could be risky for her daughter's health. Kampala's poorly constructed pit latrines and a high water table are a lethal combination as feces can easily contaminate the water supply. It's not just water quality that is an issue. Accessibility is also a major challenge. With hundreds of people relying on the spring for water, crowds build up, with long waits common in the morning and evening when the heat of the sun is not so fierce.
Rehema commented: "It's very difficult to collect water from there. At 8 or 9 p.m. it is so crowded that it can take more than 30 minutes."
Tensions often flare at the spring. Alongside women and children collecting water for their own domestic use are water vendors, usually men, who come to the spring to fill four or more jerry cans with water that they attach to bicycles and take to customers who pay for delivery service. Women and children are often pushed out of the way by vendors forcing their way to the front of the line.
The need for safe, affordable, accessible water services in Rubaga is clear, but there are challenges inherent in extending piped water services into low-income neighborhoods.
In other areas of the city where the National Water and Sewerage Company (NWSC) has granted water connections, it is common for landlords to sell water to their tenants for four to eight times the official rate. Poor families who are unable to afford the inflated rate continue to use polluted springs, even where there's a tap right next to their home.
A pilot program of pre-paid water meters being rolled out by NWSC and donors aims to tackle this problem. The meters are operated by an electronic key, known as a token, that is pre-loaded with credit. Anyone, landlord or tenant, can buy a key and refill it with credit. As water is dispensed, the meter deducts credit from the token at the official rate. In this way, consumers deal directly with NWSC and there is no scope for middlemen to inflate the price. Consumers benefit from safe, affordable water, while NWSC benefits from knowing that by paying upfront, consumers are unable to default on payment of water bills.
The system is not perfect. Vandalism has been known to damage meters, causing them to malfunction. Another concern is whether all tenants, particularly newcomers to the area, are in the know about how to buy and use tokens. But it's a system that shows promise and offers hope to areas like Rubaga that are still unserved with water.
Farahilh Masane is a resident of the Kawempe Division, where prepaid meters have been installed by Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), with support and funding from the Coca-Cola Africa Foundation and WaterAid. She told us: "I walk across the road to the prepaid meter because it is cheaper there: 100 Shillings [4 US cents] for four jerry cans. There is a private tap right here but it is too expensive for me: 200 Shillings [8 US cents] per jerry can. Before the meter was installed I collected water from a spring, but so many people near it have pit latrines, the water was contaminated."
Back in Rubaga, Rehema is hopeful that she will be able to benefit from piped water soon too. "It would change my life to have clean water and live in a better environment."
Editor's Note: This guest post was authored by André Olschewski, water, sanitation and environmental management specialist at the Skat Foundation, a non-profit based in Switzerland. The post builds from a piece that André wrote for WASHfunders.org in June that described the EU-funded WASHTech project and its Technology Applicability Framework (TAF), a decision-making tool that helps users determine if a particular WASH technology will be sustainable in a given context. Here, André introduces the counterpart to the TAF, the Technology Introduction Process (TIP), that guides practitioners in introducing a technology once a determination of sustainability has been made.
The Technology Applicability Framework (TAF) is a tool to assess the applicability of a WASH technology in a particular context and its potential to be adopted on a large scale. Under the WASHTech project, the TAF has been tested in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Uganda on 13 different WASH technologies including the ventilated improved pit latrine, urine diverting dry toilet, rope pump, India Mark 2 Handpump, and solar powered pumps for small piped schemes or sand dams. Since then, it has been successfully applied outside the WASHTech project in Tanzania and in Nicaragua, even without any direct training. Potential users have also expressed an interest to adapt and apply the TAF to other technologies such as water point mapping tools.
WASHTech has produced a short video explaining what the TAF is and how it works. Using the example of a solar powered pump in Ghana, the animated video summarizes how the TAF captures the issues around sustainable service provision. It also features interviews with users of the TAF (such as local government officials) who offer perspectives on the added value that the framework provides.
But what are the next steps if a technology has passed the TAF testing and if you want to introduce the WASH technology for services on a larger scale? To support actors in the WASH sector in planning and management of the introduction of a WASH technology, the WASHTech project has developed a generic guide for technology introduction, the Technology Introduction Process (TIP). The TIP -- as with the TAF -- follows the spirit of the African saying: "If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together."
For too long, efforts to introduce WASH technologies have been led by a few actors, mostly national governments and development partners, or a few isolated innovators. This often happened without proper involvement of other actors, such as the users, local political leaders, or the private sector. Increasingly, approaches such as Self Supply or Community-Led Total Sanitation are being promoted. These put more focus on user investments and the capacity of the local private sector to supply products and provide services. However, due to the limited financial capacities of households, some WASH technologies and services will still be subsidized.
The TIP guide supports the WASH sector in developing a specific process to introduce a WASH technology. At the core of the TIP, the tasks of key actors involved are defined for three phases of the introduction process:
- the invention phase, which includes the development and testing of the technology and the preparation for the launch;
- the tipping point phase; and
- the uptake and use phase.
For each of the phases, the TIP provides a generic set of tasks that should be carried out by specific actors. During the testing, the TAF can be used to develop the introduction process further and to monitor the technology and its performance.
In all three WASHTech pilot countries, government institutions have used the TIP to develop country specific guidelines for technology introduction. To aid this process, we've provided the generic TIP matrix, as well as examples of specific matrices that have been developed for two different cost models -- the market based approach (e.g. for Self Supply) and for a model where capital investments are subsidized. All relevant actors have been involved in developing the specific guidelines. The guidelines reflect the country specific policies on WASH service provision, subsidies, and decentralisation.
Our online resource base provides access to all documents on TAF, TIP and reports on results such as technology briefs. All documents are in the public domain. TAF and TIP users are invited to upload their case studies and to share their experiences on the user interface. For more information please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The TAF and TIP were developed under the WASHTech project. The WASHTech consortium comprises: Skat Foundation – Switzerland; IRC International Water & Sanitation Centre – Netherlands; WaterAid - UK, Ghana, Burkina Faso and Uganda; Cranfield University – UK; Water and Sanitation for Africa (WSA) – Burkina Faso; Network for Water and Sanitation (NETWAS) – Uganda; Training, Research and Networking for Development (TREND) – Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) – Ghana.
Editor's Note: This guest blog was authored by Khanh Russo, public benefit investment manager of the Critical Human Needs portfolio at Cisco. Khanh discusses the importance of using data to inform decision-making and increase impact by offering insights into how a smartphone-based system was brought to scale and why Cisco has supported its development.
Data isn't sexy. It doesn't have the emotional appeal of water flowing from a hand pump for the first time into a child's waiting hands. Nor does it have the "going viral" potential of Matt Damon refusing to use the toilet for a year.
But data is a valuable commodity for the organizations working to deliver clean water and sanitation to people who lack those basic resources. Having the right data can drive smarter decision-making and make water and sanitation projects more efficient, more effective, and more appealing to funders.
But in parts of the world where clean water is the scarcest, data is often the hardest to gather. Internet connections can be limited or nonexistent in remote parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This makes it difficult to gather data that can be analyzed and shared in a timely way. By the time you've gone home, entered your notes into a spreadsheet, compared it to other reports, and shared your findings with colleagues, the situation in the Malawian village you visited might have changed significantly.
Enter tools like Field Level Operations Watch (FLOW), a smartphone-based system designed to collect, manage, analyze, and display geographically-referenced data. FLOW users create surveys that can include text, photos, video, and GPS coordinates. They can use smartphones to store hundreds of surveys and collect data even where there is no cellular connection. The data automatically gets transmitted once the user has a mobile connection.
Water For People has collected nearly 40,000 surveys in 10 countries through the tool since 2010. FLOW supports data-driven decision-making and visual reporting, which in turn creates transparency and fosters confidence among funders. And more funding ultimately means more people will have access to clean water.
Leveraging funding from Cisco, Water For People began developing FLOW in 2010 to revolutionize its monitoring efforts. In 2012, Water For People partnered with Akvo Foundation to develop FLOW into an open source tool that could be adapted for other uses by other WASH organizations. It has already been used by 26 organizations in 20 countries.
A couple of things were key for taking FLOW to scale. First, Akvo focused on stabilizing the system and improving its usability, which allowed organizations to more quickly use the data to help improve their approach. Second, Akvo created regional hubs for support and training, which allowed them to improve customer service and response times at a lower cost.
Akvo had to overcome a major challenge to scale: There was a huge demand for the platform, but it was not yet robust enough to serve so many organizations with diverse needs. The Akvo team had to invest a lot of time in reframing expectations while also hiring staff to quickly improve the platform's usability.
But despite the challenges, Akvo has a clear vision for FLOW that Cisco is proud to support: Giving governments and organizations an open, easy-to-use, affordable way to collect and understand data.
Keri Kugler of Water For People described how FLOW has significantly changed the way her organization monitors water projects and tracks progress in the Huffington Post.
"Using the survey tools, we speak with community members, find out if water service is reliable, whether someone can fix problems, and better understand ongoing issues," Kugler wrote. "This kind of monitoring is a cornerstone to sustainable water solutions across the developing world."
Other data-driven tools that Cisco supports include the Blue Planet Network technology platform and its SMS-based reporting tool. Read more about Cisco's funding strategy for Critical Human Needs, and let us know how you've used WASH data to inform your work in the comments below.
The J. Craig Venter Institute, a nonprofit genomic research organization in La Jolla, California, has announced a $5 million grant from the Roddenberry Foundation for the development of wastewater treatment technologies.
The grant will be used to fund the development of JCVI scientist Orianna Bretschger's BioElectrochemical Sanitation Technology (BEST), which uses microbial fuel cells (MFC) to treat wastewater and improve sanitation and water accessibility in the developing world. As the microbes in MFCs break down the organic matter in sewage and other types of wastewater, they produce electrons. The rapid movement of electrons across a fuel cell circuit generates electricity while accelerating the breakdown of the organic matter, resulting in fewer treatment byproducts such as sludge. The efforts of Bretschger's team already have led to the successful treatment of municipal wastewater and sewage sludge at a 100-gallon per-day scale, the amount of wastewater produced by a small household on a daily basis.
"Dr. Bretschger's MFC sustainable wastewater treatment project is exactly the type of innovative, field-changing research that fits our mission," said Eugene "Rod" Roddenberry, president of the Roddenberry Foundation and son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry. "Her use of microbes to convert human waste into clean water and electricity is another step toward making disease a thing of the past. Her work also moves us closer to a future where all humankind's most basics needs are not just met but abundantly supplied. In the world of Star Trek, technology offers a catalyst to the natural world in making amazing things possible."
Source: "Roddenberry Foundation Gives $5 Million to J. Craig Venter Institute for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Technology Development." J. Craig Venter Institute Press Release 7/10/13.
For additional WASH-related philanthropy news, see the news feed on WASHfunders.org.
Editor's Note: This guest post was authored by Andre Olschewski, water, environmental management and spatial planning specialist at the Skat Foundation. Andre discusses the work of WASHTech, a two-year project to strengthen the WASH sector's capacity to effectively invest in new technologies. WASHTech was funded by the European Commission FP7. The WASHTech consortium comprises: Skat Foundation — Switzerland; IRC International Water & Sanitation Centre — Netherlands; WaterAid — UK, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Uganda; Cranfield University — UK; Water and Sanitation for Africa (WSA) — Burkina Faso; Network for Water and Sanitation (NETWAS) — Uganda; Training, Research and Networking for Development (TREND) — Ghana; and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) — Ghana. A version of this blog post also appeared here.
Why bother with WASH technologies? Current WASH discourse focuses on sustainable service delivery, monitoring, and governance. Many WASH technologies, such as the India Mark II handpump and the VIP latrine, were successfully adopted and have improved the lives of millions. However, not all promising WASH technologies invented or introduced have led to sustainable services. And most technology does not function all of the time. These are lost opportunities...
Many governments, development partners, international organisations, and increasingly the private sector in developing countries promote specific WASH technologies to improve WASH services. However, a challenge is to find an efficient and robust way to assess if the technology really has the potential to be scaled up and to realise the intended benefits. This challenge has been addressed in the EU-Funded action research project WASHTech.
One of the key outputs of the project is the Technology Applicability Framework (TAF). The TAF is a decision-support tool that helps to assess if a specific WASH technology is applicable in a certain context. For example, the Rope Pump has been successful in Nicaragua; would it work as well in Togo or Tajikistan? Using 18 indicators, the TAF provides a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood for a successful scaling up of a technology. The indicators consider different aspects of sustainability and the perspectives of different stakeholders, including:
- the users of the technology,
- the producers of the technology, and
- the regulator, facilitator, or funder of the technology introduction process.
The TAF is a stepwise process to screen and assess technologies. Data is collected in the field and then verified and interpreted at a multi-stakeholder workshop. All relevant actors including users, producers, and regulators participate and bring their views and perceptions to this workshop.
Based on the results of the workshop, a graphical profile is developed, showing the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, as well as gaps in knowledge. This profile helps to uncover specific interventions or design changes that could improve the technology or the uptake process. For example it may point towards subsidies or capacity development of the producer.
The special feature of the TAF is its transparent and participatory process. It is not a magic box piece of computer software that spits out the 'right' answer. It brings very different stakeholders together and enables them to listen to each other and learn. The easy-to-understand graphical presentation allows all actors to recognise the key issues and identify who is responsible.
The TAF has been rigorously tested in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Uganda. This process comprised of three rounds of testing on 13 different WASH technologies. Testing included established technologies, such as the India Mark II handpump, and emerging technologies, such as solar-powered systems. In all three countries government institutions have been intensively involved in the testing of the TAF. They confirmed that it fills a gap and will be very useful when external agents come to their countries to introduce a new WASH technology. Governments have all appointed an institution to host the TAF so that it can be readily used.
The second major output of WASHTech is the Technology Introduction Process (TIP), still under development. This is a guidance document that will help organisations improve the way they introduce technologies in a particular country context. The TAF and draft TIP have been presented at various conferences and symposia, where they have garnered a lot of interest. Some organisations already plan to use the TAF to test specific technologies.
By the end of 2013, when the WASHTech project concludes, all of the tools will be available free of charge. So far there is no follow-on project foreseen, but project partners are seeking opportunities for follow-up, and to support other countries. A web-based resource, hosted by the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN), is being built. It will provide the TAF and TIP manuals, and enable some Q&A support. It will also be linked to a community of practise of TAF users.
Anyone who is interested in the TAF and TIP and its further development is invited to contact me for more information. You can also find out more about WASHTech here. Questions or feedback? Leave a comment in the comments section below.
Editor's Note: In this guest post, charity: water announces the receipt of Google's Global Impact Award. The $5 million award will enable charity: water to develop and pilot a remote sensor technology to determine which water points are working and which need repairs in real time. A version of this post originally appeared here.
We're proud to announce that charity: water is a recipient of a Global Impact Award from Google.
The first projects we ever built were six wells in a refugee camp in Uganda. We wanted to prove to our donors that their money was spent exactly how we said it would be, and where it went.
So we walked into an electronics store and bought a handheld GPS device for $100. We took it to Uganda, went to each project and plotted six points on Google Maps™. Then we made the information public on our web site along with the photos for everyone to see. We've been doing that ever since.
Fast forward six years later, and we've now funded over 6,994 water projects in 20 countries that will serve more than 2.5 million people. And although we've continued to map every single water project, we don't think knowing their location is good enough anymore. We want to know whether each one of them is working right now, in real time.
Today, we're excited to announce that we're launching a $5 million pilot project with Google to develop remote sensor technology that will tell us whether water is flowing at any of our projects, at any given time, anywhere in the world. Google has funded this entire initiative through the new Global Impact Awards. This award will help charity: water further advance transparency and sustainability in the water sector.
Although our staff and local partners visit our programs frequently, it's simply not possible to visit every project often enough to ensure that water is flowing all the time. Thanks to this Global Impact Award from Google, we'll be able to go from hoping that projects function over time, to knowing that they are.
Over the next few years, we'll develop and install 4,000 low-cost remote sensors in our existing and new water projects in several countries. These sensors will transmit real-time data to us and our partners, and eventually to you, the donor.
But just knowing the status of projects isn't good enough. If a breakdown occurs, there needs to be a system in place to ensure that it gets fixed quickly. That's why an important part of this pilot will be to continue training and establishing local mechanic programs all over the world who can dispatch to communities within their reach and make repairs. This will create new jobs and small business entrepreneurs in places where they don't exist today.
We know the data will uncover new challenges, but we're excited and committed to meet them head on. We've used Google Maps™ to innovate over the last six years, and today we're incredibly excited to work with Google on remote sensor technology, this time to further increase transparency for our donors, and to deliver water more reliably than ever before, to the people who need it most.
Editor's Note: We pose five questions to foundation, NGO, and thought leaders in the WASH sector as part of our "5 Questions for…" series. In this post, Harold Lockwood, director of Aguaconsult, shares his thoughts on the changing nature of aid, project ownership as a flawed concept, and more in response to our questions. Find him on Twitter: @haroldlockwood.
If you are interested in participating in this series, send us an e-mail at: email@example.com.
1. What is the number one most critical issue facing the WASH sector today?
Undoubtedly this is the challenge of changing the way we work. For decades 'aid' to the sector — most especially the rural sub-sector — has been delivered largely through the provision of infrastructure in short-term, cyclical interventions which solve an immediate problem, but leave many others unanswered. NGOs, charities, foundations, and even large donor grant programs and loans have delivered a lot of hand pumps, tapstands, and toilets, but have been much less successful at delivering permanent water or sanitation services. If national WASH sectors in the South are to truly move forward, our support must address the entire 'eco-system' of service delivery. This is particularly true as the donor world becomes more complex, as lower income countries move to be lower-middle income countries, and as expectations for services rise — as they rightly should. The challenge of 'tomorrow' for many in the developing economies is going to be household level piped supplies, not yesterday's point source handpumps, and we should be ready to meet this.
2. Tell us about one collaboration or partnership your organization undertook and the lessons learned from that experience.
As part of the sustainable services at scale initiative in Ghana managed by IRC of the Netherlands, we have been working with the government's Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) to address some of these systemic weaknesses and gaps in the rural water sector. This has involved intensive work to better understand the structural problems behind poor functionality of water supply systems and really attacking some of the most pressing solutions: a new legal instrument for CWSA, improved policy and implementation guidelines, better monitoring, and a truly comprehensive vision of what rural (water) services should provide. This has meant working with a range of institutions and organizations, including donors, many with vested interests in the current arrangements. After three years of intensive work at national, regional, and district levels, we are starting to see a growing consensus and demand for real change which is very encouraging.
The lessons I take from this experience are that this is a process that takes time; there are no quick fixes. Secondly, sector dynamics are often messy, but if the space can be created to reflect on what is going wrong and where the solutions might lie, it is possible to bring diverse stakeholders with competing agendas on board. Finally, we know that this process is not cheap, but compared to the relatively huge scale of resources being channeled into sector investments, it is affordable and absolutely necessary.
3. How do you work with local communities to promote project ownership and sustainability?
I believe that 'project ownership' by communities is a flawed concept. Much of what has been promoted as 'community management' by projects in the past has often been based on a very shaky understanding of national sector policy and legislation. It assumes firstly that communities are legally able to take on the 'project' assets (the pumps, concrete, and tapstands, latrines, etc.), but this is often not the case, is unclear, or is contested. Secondly there is the assumption that (rural) communities have the wherewithal, capacity, and desire to manage their own systems. Twenty years of experience have shown us that this works for some, but that for many communities these two assumptions are wildly optimistic and deeply flawed.
Sustainability of services can only be ensured by having competent operators (community, public, or private — I am agnostic on the modality, but it must be relevant to the context), good long-term support and monitoring, clear legislation, and financing frameworks to address regular short-term and longer-term capital maintenance costs. This is where we need to put our efforts.
4. Tell us about an emerging technology or solution that excites you and that you think will make a big impact in the WASH sector over the next 5-10 years?
Unfortunately I am a bit of a Luddite and still have a 'dumb phone', but even I can see that telemetry, in aspects such as system monitoring with data flows either by SMS or internet enabled phone systems, is a game changer. These technologies can result in reduced travel and costs and empower users to monitor their own services and demand improvements. I am, however, concerned that all the noise and fuss created by these very clever technologies can at times detract from some of the fundamental principles behind their use — who has access to this information? How is it used? And, ultimately, will it result in improved performance and better, more sustainable services? We should not lose sight of these issues in all the techno-hype and flashy maps.
5. There are lots of great WASH resources, ranging from striking data visualizations to good, old-fashioned reports. What's caught your eye lately (besides WASHfunders, of course)?
What I like are several interesting sites, including the newly revised Sustainable WASH, which includes a great resource database, Water For People's Everyone Forever campaign, as well as our own site at Water Services That Last. But beyond these new places, we shouldn't forget some of the Golden Oldies like USAID's old Environmental Health Project and the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program, both of which have a lot of great in-depth reports and analysis. We should always try to avoid reinventing the wheel!
Editor's Note: This post highlights an interview with John Anner of the East Meets West Foundation on how a technology platform and online collaborative network can solve barriers to growth, and scale the impact of their WASH programs. It was authored by Lisa Nash, CEO of Blue Planet Network.
How do you see technology scaling your Clean Water and Sanitation Program to provide more people in impoverished, rural areas with greater access to safe water and improved sanitation?
East Meets West Foundation (EMW) has partnered with Blue Planet Network since 2006 to plan, manage, and track over 40 WASH projects. We needed to find a partner whose technology services could help us scale and be more effective. We have uploaded nearly $1,000,000 worth of WASH projects on Blue Planet Network's technology platform, increasing the impact of our projects for nearly 60,000 people in Cambodia and Vietnam. Blue Planet Network programs and services allows us to spend less time inputting our project data and more time planning and implementing sustainable projects and learning from other NGOs doing similar work. Through the technology platform, we track our projects to make them even more scalable.
Can you provide an example of one of your WASH projects and how a tracking and management system is helping to scale your work even further?
One project in particular that we piloted in Cambodia was our Safe Water in Soramarith Secondary School project in the Kampong Chhnang Province, located 90 km east of Phnom Penh and one of the poorest provinces in the country. This is the first EMW clean water and sanitation project in Cambodia. We were able to secure funding for this pilot project and to expand our work further in Cambodia. The project enhanced the quality of life for 4,175 people in this area by increasing their access to clean water and improving hygienic and sanitary conditions. Today, we have four Cambodia projects helping approximately 12,000 people gain access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Being able to plan and track this project on an online technology platform that both our head office and our field offices could access improved communication and sped up our expansion plans without increasing cost.
Uploading the majority of our project data on an open-access system allows us to easily share the impact of our work and critical information on how we are improving WASH practices with international agencies, foundations, and state, federal, and local governments.
How do you see the use of technology helping you launch new initiatives?
Recently, we were awarded a $10.9 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. This grant will enable us to improve sanitation and hygiene practices among the rural poor in Vietnam and Cambodia. The right technology support is critical to our output-based approach and the success of our program. Since our expertise lies in program design and field work, and we don't have the capacity, know-how, or resources to build our own WASH technology system, we use Blue Planet Network's tools and services to help us plan, implement, and monitor our international programs.
How exactly will monitoring and reporting help you achieve your Gates Foundation grant goals?
Using a project tracking and management system will help us increase the effectiveness and impact of our Gates Foundation $10.9 million program. We need to be able to track 1.7 million people in 344,000 households and 290 communes in Vietnam and Cambodia on the platform. We need a technology system that focuses on the full life of a project — from planning to implementation, and post implementation/monitoring — not just the final well or toilet. Other data we plan to track includes: region and time period, project challenges and successes, diversity and quantity of people impacted (women, children, low income), water volume and quality, water and sanitation usage, and more. And, we need to deliver ongoing project progress, data, and long-term monitoring reports online for easy access and full transparency to all our funders. This is invaluable data that we can share with stakeholders, and share with other NGOs so they can learn what worked best for us and the challenges we faced. We can even show funders or other NGOs how the communities are actively involved from the start, and empowered to manage everything from maintenance to financing to ensuring all community members live up to their commitments. The ability to customize the platform to meet all these needs will enable us to achieve greater results.
Going forward, we also want to use Blue Planet Network's SMS reporting service to enable our cell phone-equipped communities, partners, and personnel to monitor and report on all our safe drinking water and sanitation installations. If a problem arises, we will be able to quickly see the reported texts and to provide immediate advice to remedy a challenge. SMS is a practical technology for us because most of our projects are located in very rural and marginalized communities of Cambodia and Vietnam. This service will scale the sustainability of our programs by reaching thousands of children and families living in some of the most high-need villages and empowering them to monitor and sustain their own community-led WASH systems.
How would collaborating with other NGOs benefit your work and increase accountability?
As a member of Blue Planet Network, we participate actively in a semi-annual peer review process to share best practices with other implementing organizations working on similar programs around the world. We have reviewed 34 WASH applications since we joined the network in 2006. This has been a valuable learning experience for us. Additionally, 11 of our applications have been peer reviewed by other NGO members on the platform. These WASH organizations and leaders have included Dr. Meera Smith of Project Well, Lynn Roberts of Agua Para La Salud, and Carolyn Meub of Pure Water for the World. In order to complete the peer review process, we have to answer very technical and in-depth questions about our projects.
During our 2011 Cambodia project peer review, Lynn Roberts noted, "The Andoung Snay and Andoung Chrey Clean Water Project systems seem dependent on electricity. How reliable is the supply and is the cost included in the maintenance?" That discussion made us think more about contingencies on many levels. We welcome questions from fellow experts who aren't too close to our work. They help us make sure our project plans are designed for sustainability and have the full potential of addressing the WASH challenges in rural communities throughout Cambodia and Vietnam.
Our former Water, Sanitation, & Environment Specialist with over 25 years of experience in planning, managing, and evaluating rural development projects, Rick McGowan believes that, "People who have more experience in the water development business have an obligation to help tutor and encourage those who have less experience..." And we couldn't agree more! We know that together — as one network, made up of many minds and sharing one purpose — we can collaborate and share learning to better plan, implement, and monitor sustainable water programs globally.


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Home > > Primera Division > Valencia > Squad > Profile: Bruno Saltor
Bruno Saltor Valencia
Profile of the footballer Bruno Saltor, who currently plays as a at Valencia. The -year old player Saltor joined Valencia from and wears the number shirt.
Bruno Saltor Career
Bruno Saltor Photos
Beta! Some pictures may be inaccurate...
Bruno Saltor : Valencia News
Bruno Saltor Career Honours
Source: wikipedia.org
Bruno Saltor Wiki, Stats & Links
Chris Coleman insists Euro 2016 quarter-final not the limit for Wales
Claude Puel�s appointment can help to soothe Southampton�s supporters
Barcelona expect Neymar to sign five-year deal �in next few days�
Zlatan Ibrahimovic announces he is to join Manchester United
The Fiver
Crystal Palace set to sign Andros Townsend from Newcastle for �13m

subset: commoncrawl


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'Chuck' 3.10 Preview: Casey in Trouble
Chuck and Sarah are given a strict order to capture someone they are familiar with, Casey. In the next "Chuck", Casey carries out a side mission for his old commanding officer James Keller that leads to him committing treason.
When Chuck learns the dark truth about Col. Keller, he and Sarah set out to break Casey out of jail and clear his name. Meanwhile, Awesome's plan to keep Ellie out of danger gets more difficult when she gets her dream fellowship.
"Chuck Versus the Tic Tac" airs on Monday, March 15 on NBC. Robert Patrick, best known for his role as T-1000 in "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", guest stars as Keller.
On another news, NBC has started renewing its shows for the Fall 2010-2011 season. "Chuck" however is not yet mentioned but based on its third season rating, which averages 7.4 million, the show is again in the bubble.
- 'Game of Thrones' Season 6 Finale Recap: Does It Confirm Fan Theory About Jon's True Parentage?
- BET Awards 2016: Bryson Tiller and Drake Win More
- Jennifer Hudson Dresses as Prince in White Hooded Dress at 2016 BET Awards
- BET Awards 2016: Erykah Badu, Tori Kelly and Jennifer Hudson Team Up for Prince Tribute
- Demi Lovato Opens Up About Addictions and Eating Disorder, Says She 'Was Going to Die Young'
- BET Awards 2016: Drake and Future Among First Winners
- BET Awards 2016: See Alicia Keys, Janelle Monae, Karrueche Tran's Showstopping Styles on Red Carpet
- Pregnant Blac Chyna Gets Striptease From Mariah Carey's Dancer on Vegas Stage


text:
Outstanding service! Groceries were waiting for us at the resort
This was our first time using Garden Grocer and we will definitely use them again. Our order was correct, well packed and delivered when we requested. We were notified by text upon delivery to our resort and all of our produce was properly stored. This is a great service.
Was very pleased with my whole experience with garden grocer. From ordering to the quality of their products. A+


text:
Just create a new account—we'll guide you to the flip side.
Hi there! Thanks for visiting PokéCommunity. We're a group of Pokémon fans dedicated to providing the best place on the Internet for discussing ideas and sharing fan-made content. Welcome! We're glad you're here.
In order to join our community we need you to create an account with us. Doing so will allow you to make posts, submit and view fan art and fan fiction, download fan-made games, and much more. It's quick and easy; just click here and follow the instructions.
its gotta be after breakfast by now!
ooh. well here have a cookie! *gives you cookie*
cant you just fast forward time and eat breakfast?
aww...*smashes another vase*
I still haven't had breakfast yet loololol.
Not yet, young one.
so will you join my FAIL group after breakfast?
i've got knowledge, experience...*smashes vase* am I ready now? :3
not before breakfast
takes years of knowledge/experience/smashing to become awesome
hey, do you like epic fails?
XD I wish I could go back in time and pwn noobs...how did you become so awesome?
I must go back in time and pwn noobs again... and again and again.
awww...but you can give me your powers! its not like i'll go back in time and make myself rich or anything... :3
Nah these powers are mine only.
do any of your emblems give the holder the ability to control time like you do? cuz if so i want that one.
I can actually give out like, 6 emblems, lol.
there is one emblem you do give out though!(im not asking for it, just stating it)


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Expert Reviewed
How to Obtain Dual Citizenship
Five Methods:Obtaining Dual Citizenship Through BirthplaceObtaining Dual Citizenship Through ParentageAcquiring Dual Citizenship by InvestmentAcquiring Dual Citizenship by MarriageAcquiring Dual Citizenship by Other Means of NaturalizationCommunity Q&A
With the exception of 'stateless persons' (those individuals without citizenship ties to any state[1]), every person is a citizen of at least one state. This citizenship may have been acquired automatically at birth because the state in question grants citizenship to all persons born on its territory. Citizenship at birth may also be acquired if a state grants its citizens' children citizenship at birth regardless of where the children are born. However, there are a number of ways in which citizenship may also be acquired later in life through naturalization that usually involves an application process and requires basing one's application on, for example, a number of years of residence, or marriage to a citizen, or financial investment. There are a number of methods by which a person who is already a citizen of one state may acquire a second citizenship and become a citizen of two states at the same time, i.e. a dual citizen.
Method 1
Obtaining Dual Citizenship Through Birthplace
1Consider whether your country of birth grants you a second citizenship. You may have been born in a state whose right to citizenship you have never exercised but which grants you citizenship through an unrestricted 'right of soil' (also known as unconditional jus soli), which means that you have an automatic birthright to be a citizen of that country on account of being born on its soil, even if you have never exercised that right. E.g. if you are currently a British citizen who was born in the United States, you are entitled to American citizenship through unrestricted jus soli.[2]
- Research the immigration laws of your country of birth. The great majority of countries today do not grant citizenship through right of soil automatically, so it is important to research the laws of the country in which you were born.[3]
- A 2010 study published by the Center for Immigration Studies found that at time of publication, only 30 of the world's 194 countries practiced unconditional jus soli.[4] Of these 30 countries, Canada and the United States (as of 2010) are the only countries among the world's advanced economies that practice unconditional jus soli and grant citizenship to most children born on its soil, including children born to persons present in the state illegally.[5]
- However, children born in the United States to foreign diplomats and foreign heads of state do not acquire citizenship through right of soil.[6]
2Find out how you can exercise your citizenship through unrestricted right of soil. You may find that your country of birth, which is not the country whose citizenship rights you currently exercise, grants you a right to its citizenship through a right of soil. If so, discover how you can exercise that right.
- One of the most visible ways of exercising a right to citizenship is to apply for a passport. You can apply for a passport through that state's embassy or consulate in your current country of citizenship and/or residence. You may be asked to present an original or certified copy of your birth certificate to the consulate or embassy as evidence.
- When applying for a Canadian passport, for example, you can present a birth certificate issued by the Canadian province or territory in which you were born as evidence of your Canadian citizenship because Canada practices unrestricted jus soli.[7]
3Research the laws of both states regarding dual citizenship. Find out the laws regarding dual citizenship of both the state of your current citizenship and of the state whose second citizenship you are trying to obtain. Consider whether enforcing your right of soil citizenship may require renouncing your current citizenship. This is important because not all states that practice unconditional jus soli permit their citizens to hold dual citizenship.
Method 2
Obtaining Dual Citizenship Through Parentage
1Consider whether your parents' citizenship can grant you a second citizenship. Most countries in the world grant citizenship on the basis of right of blood or jus sanguinis.
- Under the jus sanguinis principle, you acquire one or both of your parents' citizenship upon birth.[12]
- Under this principle, the child acquires the parents' citizenship regardless of where she is born, and her only citizenship is the one acquired through right of blood if she is born in a country that does not practice jus soli.
2Research the immigration laws of your parents' country of citizenship if it is different from the country of your current citizenship. You may be entitled to acquire a second citizenship through the jus sanguinis principle. For example, if you were born in the United States to parents who are British citizens, and you only exercise your American citizenship (acquired through the jus soli principle), then you can register as a British citizen if you are under the age of 18.[13]
3Research the laws regarding dual citizenship of both countries. It may the case that you are attempting to acquire a second citizenship through the jus sanguinis principle of a state that requires renunciation of your prior citizenship. If that is the case, you cannot become a dual citizen.
4Find out how you can exercise your citizenship through right of blood. For example, if you are currently an American citizen who was born to British parents, and you are under the age of 18, it is your parents who must apply on your behalf to register you as a British citizen. The application form and guidance on how to register as a British citizen in this scenario are available here.
Method 3
Acquiring Dual Citizenship by Investment
1Consider acquiring a second citizenship by investment. Many countries issue resident visas or permits to individuals who are willing to invest in the country's economy, and those resident visas can after a few years make you eligible for citizenship. This can be an expensive route as the minimum investment amounts range from several hundred thousand dollars to several million dollars.[18]
2Research the laws regarding the amount of investment required. For the country in which you are interested to acquire citizenship by investment, research the amount of investment that that country requires. The United States, for example, requires an investment of $1 million (or $500,000 if you are investing in a high unemployment or rural area), and in return you receive a conditional permanent resident permit.[19]
3Know the amount of time required to become a citizen. This path to citizenship can take a long time, so research the amount of time that it will take you to become a citizen. The United States and Belgium, for example, grants citizenship after 5 years of holding a resident permit of this type, whereas Malta (whose minimum investment requirement is EUR 1 million) grants citizenship after only 1 year.
4Check whether the state requires residency. Some states that grant investor visas require that you remain resident in that state before you can become a citizen, while others do not have residency requirements. Cyprus, for example, does not have a residency requirement but the United States does.[20]
5Check the citizenship laws of the country in which you are investing. Not all countries permit dual citizenship. You may be required to renounce your prior citizenship in order to acquire citizenship by this method. If that is the case, you cannot become a dual citizen.
Method 4
Acquiring Dual Citizenship by Marriage
1Consider applying to become a citizen of the country of citizenship of your spouse. If you are married to someone who holds a citizenship that you do not, consider whether your spouse's country of citizenship grants you citizenship by marriage. This process usually involves applying for a resident permit (for which you qualify based on your marriage) followed by a number of years of residency after which you apply for citizenship.
2Research the laws of your spouse's country of citizenship. If you believe that you can acquire a second citizenship through marriage, research the laws of your spouse's country of citizenship regarding citizenship by this route.
- The laws in each state can vary as to the application process and amount of time involved during that process.
- For example, if you are married to a British citizen, you must meet certain requirements before you can apply to become a British citizen by marriage. You must be 18 years of age or older, of sound mind, of good character (e.g. you don't have a serious criminal record), you must meet English language requirements and show knowledge of life in the UK, you must have been granted indefinite permission to stay in the UK, and you must meet a residency requirement.[21]
3Beware of the consequences of sham marriages. Note that entering into a sham or fake marriage for the sole purpose of acquiring residency and (subsequent citizenship) of your spouse's country is generally considered fraud and is a serious criminal offence in most countries. Do not attempt to enter into a sham marriage for the purpose of becoming a dual citizen, as the legal consequences of this can be severe.[22]
4Confirm the laws regarding dual citizenship of both countries. Not all countries permit dual citizenship, and your spouse's country of citizenship may be one that requires you to renounce your previous citizenship. If that is the case, you cannot become a dual citizen.
Method 5
Acquiring Dual Citizenship by Other Means of Naturalization
1Apply for an employment visa. You may choose to apply for a job in another country. Some countries allow individuals who have legally entered the country on a work visa to convert their visa status to permanent residency and, subsequently, to citizenship.
- In Australia, for example, you can apply for a number of categories of employment visas that have their own requirements.
- One such category is Skilled-Independent Visas, which, if you meet certain criteria, allow you to enter Australia with the intention of working in Australia. If you spend 4 consecutive years in Australia under the visa, you become eligible for Australian citizenship.[23]
2Apply for residency through special immigration programs. In many countries, the first step to becoming a citizen is to apply for residency. Once you become a resident, you may then apply for citizenship through naturalization. Eligibility requirements vary from country to country.
- In the United States, for example, you can qualify for permanent residency through the Diversity Immigrant Visa Program, which randomly draws individuals entered into the program on account of being from countries with low rates of immigration to the United States.[24]
- Check to see if the country in which you are interested in acquiring a second citizenship has a similar or other route to acquiring residency.
- Once you acquire residency, then you can normally apply for citizenship after meeting a residency requirement of a certain number of years.
3Confirm the laws regarding dual citizenship of both the countries. Not all countries permit dual citizenship, and if you acquire citizenship of a state through a work visa or visa lottery or other program, you may be required to renounce your prior citizenship. If that is the case, you cannot become a dual citizen.
Community Q&A
If my grandparents were Irish immigrants, am I eligible for dual citizenship?wikiHow ContributorIreland has a citizenship-through-ancesory program, but you'd need to contact a service that specializes in citizenship acquisition or the local Irish consulate to inquire about the requirements for it. As far as programs go, it is more simple than most, but there are no guarantees when dealing with bureaucracy. You will have to research the requirements, and determine if you meet them and qualify. If that is the case, a passport may be had for a few processing fees.
I was born and resided in Canada for 40 years, became a US citizen in 2010, do I still have dual citizenship?wikiHow ContributorYou might if you have not renounced your Canadian citizenship. Some people do renounce their citizenship to their home countries, while others do not.
I am an American citizen through naturalization. How do I go about getting a second (dual) citizenship from Canada and what are the requirements?wikiHow ContributorYou would also have to move there and naturalize, then apply and take the test. You can fast track with service in the Canadian military. You must have been physically present in Canada as a permanent resident for at least 1,460 days during the six years immediately before the date of your application. You must also be physically present for at least 183 days during each of four calendar years that are fully or partially within the six years immediately before the date of application.
Can I become a dual citizen of the United States and Canada if I was born in the United States when my mother was a Canadian Citizen?wikiHow ContributorYes, any child of a Canadian citizen born anywhere in the world has the right to citizenship.
I have a 25-year-old daughter in Germany who wants to become a U.S. citizen. I'm not her birth mother, and she was over 18 when we met, so she can't claim citizenship. What routes can she take?wikiHow ContributorShe can apply for a residency permit, and naturalize for 5 years in the U.S. She could marry an American man and naturalize for 3 years in the U.S.
Can I get a Canadian passport if I am married to a Canadian citizen and I am an American?wikiHow ContributorYes you can. However, you need to document the required number of years that you have resided in Canada while you are married (if you live there).
What do I need to do in order to get citizenship in the US?wikiHow ContributorYou need to reside permanently in the US for 5 years. If you are married to a US citizen, then you only need to reside for 3 years.
I am an American looking for dual citizenship in any EU country. Can you tell me which EU country has the least stringent citizenship requirements and what the requirements might be?wikiHow ContributorThis depends on how much money you have available. Malta for instance, requires an investment of about 1 million Euros, but the timeline is only one year. Belgium on the other hand, may grant you a residency permit for starting a qualifying business (with about 60-70 thousand Euro of capital), and if you reside there for 5 years, you may apply to be naturalized. Others, like Ireland and Bulgaria, have a similar program for residency. Swiss citizenship is probably the longest timeline to citizenship (at 12 years of residency), and in some like Germany and the Netherlands, dual citizenship is restricted to specific cases. You can do an online search for the additional requirements for each program.
How can I get citizenship in another country?wikiHow ContributorThrough ancestry, if the country offers it, and you can prove you meet the requirements, investment, or naturalization. Typically, the quickest and most expensive route open to everyone is through investment, though not all countries offer such a program. Naturalization is slower, but can be had for much less money. Being a skilled worker helps, as you will first have to obtain residency, then wait out the required duration for citizenship. You can do an online search for details about a particular countries offers: Don't be afraid to shop around!
- For each method of acquiring citizenship, you will need to fill out a set of forms relevant to the type of citizenship or residency that you seek. These forms and processes will vary by country. Guidance and other information on what forms to fill out and what processes to follow are generally available at the official consular websites of the state in question.
- Remember that your country of citizenship may allow dual citizenship but not encourage it as a matter of policy. The United States allows dual citizenship as a matter of law but discourages it as a matter of policy because of the problems it may cause. These problems include difficulty in providing consular protection in those instances in which U.S. law conflicts with the law of the other state whose citizenship you hold.[25] The country where you are located will generally have a greater claim to your allegiance, and this may cause problems if that country does not have a stable political relationship with the United States.
- Remember that dual nationals are required to follow the laws of both states of which they are a citizen. Either country will have a right to enforce its laws upon you, in particular if you travel to that country.[26]
Sources and Citations
- ↑ http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c158.html
- ↑ http://www.uscis.gov/policymanual/HTML/PolicyManual-Volume12-PartH-Chapter3.html
- ↑ http://www.cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/articles/2010/birthright.pdf
- ↑ http://www.cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/articles/2010/birthright.pdf
- ↑ http://www.cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/articles/2010/birthright.pdf
- ↑ http://belgium.usembassy.gov/service/child-citizenship-act-of-2000.html
- ↑ http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/passport/apply/citizenship-proof.asp
- ↑ http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3ae6b4ffa.pdf
- ↑ http://embassyofpakistanusa.org/dual.php
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations/us-citizenship-laws-policies/citizenship-and-dual-nationality/dual-nationality.html
- ↑ http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/helpcentre/answer.asp?q=356&t=5
- ↑ http://www.cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/articles/2010/birthright.pdf
- ↑ https://www.gov.uk/register-british-citizen/children-born-outside-uk
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations/us-citizenship-laws-policies/citizenship-and-dual-nationality/dual-nationality.html
- ↑ https://www.gov.uk/dual-citizenship
- ↑ http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/xiamen/consular_services/citizen.html
- ↑ http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22f6ba8f2b-938a-4658-bc6b-4ae2555eeb9e%22%20Status%3Apublished%20Depth%3A0;rec=0
- ↑ http://www.best-citizenships.com
- ↑ http://www.uscis.gov/green-card/green-card-through-job/green-card-through-investment
- ↑ http://www.best-citizenships.com
- ↑ https://www.gov.uk/becoming-a-british-citizen/if-your-spouse-is-a-british-citizen
- ↑ http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/free-books/fiance-marriage-visa-book/chapter1-6.html
- ↑ http://www.visabureau.com/australia/highly-skilled-visa.aspx
- ↑ http://www.uscis.gov/green-card/other-ways-get-green-card/green-card-through-diversity-immigration-visa-program/green-card-through-diversity-immigrant-visa-program
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations/us-citizenship-laws-policies/citizenship-and-dual-nationality/dual-nationality.html
- ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations/us-citizenship-laws-policies/citizenship-and-dual-nationality/dual-nationality.html
Article Info
Categories: Official Travel Documentation
In other languages:
Español: obtener la doble nacionalidad, Italiano: Ottenere la Doppia Cittadinanza, Português: Obter Dupla Cidadania, Русский: получить двойное гражданство, Deutsch: Doppelte Staatsbürgerschaft beziehen, Français: obtenir une double nationalité, Bahasa Indonesia: Mendapat Kewarganegaraan Ganda
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 258,421 times.


text:
What does PVFT stand for?
PVFT stands for Pajaro Valley Federation of Teachers (California)
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- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
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The Mr. Lightning McQueen's Wild Voyage attraction, laterally glowing in the fading sunlight
Mr. Lightning McQueen is reported to be the worst driver in Fantasyland. On this attraction, you play that you are him, crashing through Lightning McQueen Hall, causing havoc in the province, wasting fossil fuel, and even braving the flames of a store!
Shun Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production


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Arrested suspect released in Dink caseintelligence bureau chief has been released from arrest over his alleged role in the murder of Armenian-origin Turkish Hrant Dink. Upon a demand by three arrested suspects and their lawyers during the seventh hearing of the murder case, the ... Turkish Daily, 2 days ago
Ercan Demir From Dink Case Released - Bianet.org, 2 days ago
ANKARA: Arrested suspect released in Dink case - Groong, 2 days ago
36 images for dink
Local intel police officer warned of Dink murder 10 months in advance
A former intelligence police officer on trial for negligence in the murder of slain said in his defense on June 20 that he had notified the state of Dink's imminent murder 10 months before the incident, during the fifth hearing of a court trying ...Turkish Daily, 6 days ago Local intel police officer was pressured during Dink murder probe Turkish Daily, 4 days ago ANKARA: Local intel police officer warned of Dink murder 10 months Groong, 6 days ago Former police chief wasn't informed of threats against slain journalist Hrant Dink Turkish Daily, 1 month ago
Jackson backs Graham for Origin
T The deft touch, bruising defence, left-foot dink ... Josh Jackson saw it all over the course of 80 minutes. Had the best seat in the house, actually. And he reckons Sharks back-rower Wade Graham should be trading his Cronulla sky blue for that ...WA Today, 2 weeks ago Canterbury Bulldogs star Josh Jackson urges NSW Origin selectors to pick Wade Graham Sydney Morning Herald, 2 weeks ago Jackson backs Graham to trade one sky-blue jumper for another Melbourne Age, 2 weeks ago
Skoolhoofde dink so bietjie terug na die 1st Bosveld Intervarsity
Published 05/12/2016 by POLOKWANE - Die BB Motor Group Bosveld Intervarsity se datum sluip stadig maar seker nader. [caption id="attachment_140626" align="alignnone" width="520"] Tom Naud se Skoolhoof, Piet Holtzhausen.[/caption] Piet Holtzhauzen, ...Look Local, 1 month ago Destydse rugbykapteine gesels oor BB Motor Group Bosveld Intervarsity-beker Look Local, 1 month ago
Staying In School Too Long Can Hit You in Your Retirement Account Balance
The four year BA has long been the center of gravity in higher ed. Whether you were Dink Stover at Yale or Joe College at a public university, you started as a lowly freshman, then reached your exalted senior year and were sprung that spring with ...Main Street, 3 days ago
Telia's Head of Innovation: Our connected home platform is no rinky dink projectEuropean Communications, 3 days ago
Toets n Bakkie June 2016: Phenomenal Ford has landed
As ek so na die bakkie-oorlog kyk, kan ek nie help om te dink aan die Ford en Chevy vete van jare gelede nie! Die Ford-manne was fanaties en het verkies om nie eintlik te assosieer met die Chevy-manne nie. Die Chevy-aanhangers was net so fanaties ...EE Publishers, 2 weeks ago Elvis Blue: Hoekom ek opgewonde is oor vanjaar se Innibos Look Local, 6 days ago Innibos: Vader van teater se snaaksste toneelstuk in Afrikaans te sien Look Local, 1 week ago Die recon mission in die Vreesfabriek News 100, 1 week ago
The AS/400 At 28: A HENRY, Not A DINK
A lot of people get credit for the work that went into creating IBM midrange systems over the decades, and rightfully so since the creation of such machinery, including the hardware and the software, takes many hundreds or thousands of individuals ...IT Jungle, 1 week ago
In Georgia, a small-town newspaper owner takes on a goliath waste company
Dink NeSmith, owner of The Press-Sentinel in Jesup, Georgia. Photo by Fred Bennett for The Bitter Southerner, used with permission. Dink NeSmith is a man on a mission. He's determined to stop the second largest waste management company in the ...Columbia Journalism Review, 2 weeks ago
MacBook Pro Mid 2014 i7 512GB, 16GB
For sale is my lovely top of the range (mid 2014) MacBook Pro Retina. It's immaculate apart from one tiny dink on the underside, made by me 2 days after I bought it. Since then kept in a gorgeous leather Sena portfolio case. Comes boxed with 2 ...AV Forums, 3 weeks ago
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on your WebpageAdd Widget >Get your members hooked!


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a lead monitor for the study in the Johns Hopkins Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, noted, "It's an incredible privilege to be able to witness and support our participants before, during, and after their psilocybin sessions.
What does BPRU stand for?
BPRU stands for Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Baltimore, MD)
This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Science, medicine, engineering, etc.
- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
See other definitions of BPRU
Other Resources:
We have 1 other meaning of BPRU in our Acronym Attic
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
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- Buffalo & Pittsburgh Railroad
- Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad
- Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah (Indonesian: Shuria Rural Banks)
- Best Practice Research Scholarship
- Blood Pressure Recording System
- Bolivian Poverty Reduction Strategy (Bolivia)
- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
- Bulk Parcel Return Service (US Postal Service)
- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children
- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Expanded Version
- Branch Prediction Reversal Unit (computing)
- Building Performance Research Unit (various locations)
- Back Pressure Regulating Valve
- Back Pressure Relief Valve (water heater part)
- Bi-Power Realized Variation
- Brancheforeningen for Public Relations Virksomheder (Danish: Industry Association of Public Relations Firms)
- Buckling Pin Relief Valve
- Bipolar Return-to-Zero
- Bachelier en Psychologie (Bachelor of psychology)
- Bachelor of Professional Studies
Samples in periodicals archive:
Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Director, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit (BPRU), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine's Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, presented the results of the trial at the College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) annual meeting in Scottsdale, AZ.


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Mashups using the same API (720)
allSongsBy provides full song listings for any artist via YouTube's vast free music collection. Lists are organized by artist and album.
Search with power results. For some keywords, the result automatically displays the content, for example, searching "youtube susan boyle" gives you the YouTube video. Other keywords are map...
A simple website for reviewing and buying movies, music, and mp3s from Amazon.
Related Articles
Hack Your Own Music Apps at Music Hack Day San Francisco
2010 is not yet half over and already Music Hack Day is hitting its third city of the year: San Francisco. On May 15th and 16th, scores of hackers will convene at the Automatic Lounge for a 48 hour hack fest themed around all things music.
ZL Technologies Opens Unified Archive through API
ZL Technologies has announced an API kit that allows software vendors and developers to integrate the functionality of its big data product into 3rd party applications/software.
Decibel Releases New APIs in Move Towards Music Metadata Industry Standard
Decibel launched its first API in 2011. Since the launch, Decibel has enjoyed success in becoming the fastest growing European company in the digital music sector. However, the massive growth falls short of Decibel's ultimate goal. Decibel hopes to enhance the consumer relationship with digital music and uncover the next generation in digital music services. In the end, Decibel aims "to become the industry standard for music metadata."
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|The Crosswalk Project Web API include multimedia...
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W3C Reporting
|The Reporting API is used for prioritizing and delivery of reports which are sent to an endpoint or location in a group. This is a REST API that exchanges data in JSON format. The World Wide Web...
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|The Chrome Credential Management API is a browser-based API designed to help end users authenticate themselves on the developer's website. The API's functions can get credentials, store credentials,...
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|The Chrome Intersection Observers API allows developers to determine when an element in their DOM is visible to the end user. If an element is only partially visible, the API can determine what...


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Greater Good Live
Meditating with Kids
April 2013 | TRT 2:35
Want to teach kids a simple meditation? Here's how I do "loving kindness" meditation.
More videos in this series
Story Topics
Find the subjects that interest you.
April 2013 | TRT 2:35
Want to teach kids a simple meditation? Here's how I do "loving kindness" meditation.
Find the subjects that interest you.
According to a new study, self-compassion may help us benefit from regret rather than wallowing in it.
One Berkeley preschool is baking empathy into its curriculum—and for good reason.
According to a recent study, different behaviors during romantic conflict are linked to heart problems and back pain.
Dacher Keltner explains why Darwin thought compassion is humans' strongest instinct.Watch
This invaluable resource, a special benefit for GGSC members, offers insight into what mindfulness is, why it's important, and how to teach it.Get the Guide
A free online course exploring the roots of a happy, meaningful life. Co-taught by the GGSC's Dacher Keltner and Emiliana Simon-Thomas. Up to 16 CE credit hours available.


text:
Harrisburg, PA - Justin Bloxom delivered an RBI single, walked twice, and scored a run to help lead the Harrisburg Senators to a 3-2 win over the Bowie Baysox on Monday afternoon at Metro Bank Park. The game included a rain delay of just over an hour-and-a-half in the top of the fourth inning.
Following the delay, Bowie scored a run to take the lead on a sacrifice fly by Brandon Waring. Their lead was short-lived, however, as the Senators came right back with two in the bottom of the fourth to go in front for good.
Bloxom walked to open the inning and Carlos Rivero singled, his first hit as a Senator. Harrisburg received some help from the Bowie defense, as one run came in to score on an error before the second scored on a double play ground ball.
Bloxom's RBI single with two out in the fifth proved big, because the Baysox scored a run in the seventh but couldn't come all the way back.
Matt Grace tossed three-and-two-thirds innings in relief and allowed one run to earn his second win. All-star closer Aaron Barrett pitched a scoreless ninth to record his 18th save of the season in 20 opportunities.
The Senators are off the next two days for the all-star break. They return to action on Thursday in Erie for the opener of a four-game series. Game time is 7:05 p.m. and the game can be heard on 1460am The Ticket, on the Internet through the Senators website, and it's available through iHeart Radio beginning with the pregame show at 6:50 p.m.
Today on MiLB.com
Top Stories on MiLB.com
- Yanks' Higashioka plates seven on two-homer day
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- Manoah, Woodmansee lead Cyclones to win
- Taveras sets BlueClaws record with 15 strikeouts
- Paddack produces third straight hitless start
- Happ collects three hits, first Double-A homer


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Aurora, Illinois, USA extended 2 weeks weather forecast
Forecasted weather conditions the coming 2 weeks for Aurora, Illinois, USA
Past Weather in Aurora, Illinois, USA — Yesterday or ...
Weather reports from the last weeks in Aurora, Illinois, USA with highs and lows
Aurora, IL (60504) Weather Forecast and Conditions - The ...
Aurora, IL (60504) today's and tonight's weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and weather.com
Illinois Weather
Government Internet Service Home page. The starting point for official governemnt weather forecasts, warning, ... IWS Home > Illinois Weather . Illinois;
Weather History for Aurora, IL [Illinois] for January
Historical Monthly Weather Summary for Aurora, IL [Illinois] (AURORA, 1900 - 2016. All months available. Columns are sortable. Additional historical weather data ...
Aurora Weather - AccuWeather Forecast for IL 60506
Get the Aurora weather forecast. Access hourly, 10 day and 15 day forecasts along with up to the minute reports and videos for Aurora, IL 60506 from AccuWeather.com
Illinois Weather - AccuWeather.com
Get the Illinois weather forecast. Access hourly, 10 day and 15 day forecasts along with up to the minute reports and videos from AccuWeather.com
Aurora, Illinois - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aurora, Illinois in the Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago; Aurora Fire Department history honoring its 150th anniversary, in 2006. City-data.com: Aurora, IL
Current Weather Observations across Northern Illinois and ...
Current Local Weather Conditions. Hourly weather conditions in Illinois and surrounding states. Chicago Area Weather Roundup Illinois State Weather Roundup
Aurora, Illinois - City Information, Fast Facts, Schools ...
Aurora, Illinois. Introduction to Aurora, Illinois. The Illinois city of Aurora is located about 42 miles west of Chicago along the Illinois East/West Tollway Corridor.


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'Owl' Dress & Leggings (Infant)
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A charming surplice-neckline dress patterned in wise owls is matched with coordinating elastic-waist leggings.
- Cotton; machine wash.
- By Zutano; imported.
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'Owl' Dress & Leggings (Infant)
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AMD Radeon R9 RX 480 8GB review
be quiet! Dark Base 900 PRO review
GeForce GTX 1070 2-way SLI review
DeepCool Captain 240 EX review
Palit GeForce GTX 1080 GameRock Premium Edition + G-Panel review
ASUS ROG Strix GeForce GTX 1080 review
Samsung 750 EVO 500GB SSD review
Gigabyte GeForce GTX 1080 G1 GAMING review
MSI GeForce GTX 1070 Gaming X review
Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 review
Buffalo 8x Blu-ray Burners
by Hilbert Hagedoorn on: 07/28/2008 11:48 AM | Source | 0 comment(s)
Buffalo has announced the launch of external as well as internal 8x Blu-ray burners for Japanese market. The internal Buffalo 8x Blu-ray burner BR-816FBS and external BR-816SU2 (USB2.0 & External SerialATA), are based on Panasonic SW-5584 BD burner. Both Buffalo 8x Blu-ray burners support 8x recording for single layer Blu-ray recordable discs (BD-R) and 2x for dual layer BD-R, BD-RE and LTH BD-R media. Buffalo external BR-816SU2 8x Blu-ray burner with 8MB buffer memory, measures 50x164x281 mm, weighs 1.8 kg and will be available in Japan by early August for approximately 44,500 yen ($416). The Buffalo internal BR-816FBS 8x Blu-ray burner with 8MB buffer memory, measures 146
« ASUS Xonar D1 7.1 soundcard · Buffalo 8x Blu-ray Burners · GeForce GPUs Acclerate Protein Simulations fold for Guru3D »
Buffalo intros USB 3.0 external hard drive - 11/24/2009 01:11 PM
Buffalo Technology has introduced the DriveStation HD-HXU3, a new series of external hard drives featuring USB 3.0 interfaces. The high speed connection option is claimed to support transfer rates of ...
Buffalo jams 16GB in really tiny USB key - 06/24/2009 08:09 PM
For crying out loud .. that's just amazing. If you are looking for a tiny USB drive, that can store a lot of data, then check out the 16GB Buffalo Thumbkey Flash Drives. They won't be cheap though, as...


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Top Definition
A vehicle, usually a light truck that is used to service the lavatorys on an airplane.
Gas up the Poop De Ville we got six planes at the gate needing lavatory serivce.
by Simon October 14, 2004
Trending Now
Emails are sent from firstname.lastname@example.com. We'll never spam you.×


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Me and my girlfriend have been riding for the last 20 years. Last saturday we went to Bike Tech Ft Lauderdale looking to service my girlfriend's SCOTT Spark 29er. We were stoked with the brands they had and the quality of service they provided. So glad is so close to our home although they told us that apparently they have another great store in Miami! Honestly, we moved down here 15 years ago and this is by far, the best, most complete bike shop in Florida. Thank you for the help!
Fort Lauderdale Bicycle
1. Big Wheel Cycles
4500 N Federal HwyFort Lauderdale, FL 33308
From Business: Carrying all makes of bikes including Cannondale, Electra, Townie, Scott, Raleigh, Nirve & Harro. We also carry a large selection of Accessories, helmets and clothi…
2. Swinehart, Matthew
977 W State Road 84Fort Lauderdale, FL 33315
3. Bike Tech
Me and my girlfriend have been riding for the last 20 years. Last saturday we went to Bike Tech Ft Lauderdale looking to service my girlfriend's SCO…
4. D L Cycles Fort Lauderdale
I love that they carry all kinds of bikes and not just one type i got the best bike from here. They even have all the accessories you need for any b…
5. TheSolPatch.com
1 Online StoreFort Lauderdale, FL 33316
From Business: The Sol Patch offers high quality electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric scooters, segways, e-cars and solar appliances and lifestyle products. These are…
6. Performance Bicycle Shop
1201 N Federal HwyFort Lauderdale, FL 33304
7. Broward Bcycle
1007 N Federal Hwy Ste 262Fort Lauderdale, FL 33304
8. West Broward Bicylce Center
People at this bike shop need to take a course in customer service. I tried to purchase a bike from this shop and they not only lost my original or…
9. Bicycle Evolution
977 W State Road 84Fort Lauderdale, FL 33315
10. Lauderdale Cyclery
Don't bother to call them, they are very rude to me when I talked to them via relay service. I am deaf and it is ashamed of them to hang up on me...…
11. B-Cycle
1140 NE 7th AveFort Lauderdale, FL 33304
12. Bike Scooter Rentals
2901 E Las Olas BlvdFort Lauderdale, FL 33316
13. Street Bikes Unlimited
4741 NW 103rd AveFort Lauderdale, FL 33351
14. Performance Bicycle
1202 N Federal HwyFort Lauderdale, FL 33304
From Business: Shop your local Fort Lauderdale, FL Performance Bike store for a wide selection of bikes, helmets, clothing, nutrition and more. Checkout our free in-store clinics …
15. Sports Authority
1901 N Federal HwyFort Lauderdale, FL 33305
16. Big Wheel Cycles
1001 E Sunrise BlvdFort Lauderdale, FL 33304
17. Bicycle Doctor-Housecalls
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301
18. Alex's Bicycle Pro Shop
11466 W State Road 84Fort Lauderdale, FL 33325
19. The Electric Bicycle Store
My dogs chewed some wires on my electric tricycle, so I brought the tricycle in to be repaired. They replaced the throttle, along with the attached…
20. Downtown Bicycles
2571 E Sunrise BlvdFort Lauderdale, FL 33304
21. Georges Cycle Shop
1029 SE 17th StFort Lauderdale, FL 33316
239 Almond AveFort Lauderdale, FL 33316
From Business: Welcome to Beach Rental Center. Beach Rental Center is a rental center offers a variety of rental in south Florida, from scooters, motorcycles, can-am, bicycles, Wa…
23. Concierge Cycles- Bicycle Rentals
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33308
24. Prodeco Technologies
1201 NE 38th St Ste B1Oakland Park, FL 33334
25. Fun Center Ft. Lauderdale
3120 East Sunrise blvdFt. Lauderdale, FL 33304
26. Bikeparts USA
800 NE 40th CtOakland Park, FL 33334
27. Big Wheel Bicycle USA Inc
Richard and all the people that work there are great. I purchased a bike that after riding it a day I decided it wasn't right for me.. Richard was k…
28. Pedritos Bike Shop
Friendly Uruguayan family business. They dropped everything to replace my tires to get me back on the road. It's nice to have a bike repair shop cl…
29. Bicycle Spot
you helped my brother/lance biggs we need 2 cruisers a good price for us please!
30. Electric Bikes To Go
2608 N Ocean BlvdPompano Beach, FL 33062
The service and attitude of shop owner Andy goes beyond normal expectancy. He stayed after hours to make sure i picked up my bike when i told him i get off work at 8. Prices are great. Had to get a rim special ordered and and it was very reasonable. Very recommended bike shop.