text: NASA TM 79656 c.l Technica! yemorandum 7965S (NASA-TM-796 56) THE MfiGSP.I. VECTOB HAGHETOKETEB; R FHECISIOK FLOSGATE MAGHITOMETEB FOR THE HEaSOl^EHlHT OF THE GEOHAGHETIC EIELD {N&S&) 33 p HC A03/MF R01 CSCl 08N G3/ft6 T^.© MAQSAT Vector LOAN COPY: R AFWL TECHNif a KIPJLAMO A^Etn N79- 16520 anclas 17936 XT ; m o > S ifietometer i\i «> I ^HsOs &E e Vissf M B sB H^!*' l<*s« S 6 SB'" ft"™ (3 es»a *^M»5 l^ge 4;;i*"'% >V October 1 971 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 :y V, .■-:. TECH UIHARY KAFB, m DlSDMb? THE MAGSAT VECTOR MAGNETOMETER - A PRECISION FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD by M.H. Acuna, C.S. Scearce, J.B. Seek, J. Scheifele Planetary Magnetospherer; Branch Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 ABSTRACT A description of the precision triaxial fluxgate magnetometer to be flown aboard the MAGSAT spacecraft is presented. The insurument covers the range of + 64,000 nT with a resolution of + 0.5 nT, an intrinsic accuracy of + 0.001% of full scale and an angular alignment stability of the order of 2 seconds of arc. It was developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and represents the state-of-the-art in precision vector magnetometers developed for spaceflight use. INTRODUCTION The general objectives of the MAGSAT mission are the acquisition of accurate magnetic field data from a low polar orbiting spacecraft to obtain an accurate and up-to-date quantitative description of the geo- magnetic field as well as the compilation of global scalar and vector crustal magnetic anomaly maps. The instrumentation aboard the MAGSAT spacecraft consists of an alkali vapor scalar magnetometer, a precision vector magnetometer and an attitude determination system composed of two star cameras, a precision sun sensor and a boom attitude transfer system. A more detailed description of the mission and its objectives has been given by Langel"^ ' . The accuracy goals for the mission require a vector magnetometer capable of measuring the geomagnetic field with a maximum error of + 1 nT in magnitude and 5 seconds of arc in direction. The development of such an instrument within the constraints imposed by the spacecraft and its subsystems represents a major technological achievement which would not have been possible without parallel developments in the areas of ultrapreclsion linear integrated circuits and passive components. The design presented hero represents a compromise among many conflicting requirements and limitations imposed by reliability considerations, available resources and state-of-the- art components. Other implementation schemes are undoubtedly possible with equivalent performance but their incompatibility with the spacecraft and other instruments precluded their utilization. INSTR U MENTATION A block diagram of the Vector Magnetometer is shown in Figure 1. The instrument consists of a basic triaxial fluxgate magnetometer with a dynamic range of + 2000 nT, a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter and three 7-bit digital-to-analog converters which are used as field offset generators for each orthogonal axis to increase the measurement dynamic range to + 64,000 nT in steps of + 1000 nT. The bias steps are automatically added or subtracted depending on the magnitude of the external field, to maintain the fluxgate magnetometer within its operating range, as shown in Figure 2. This approach yields +0.5 nT resolution and is equivalent to utilizing a magnetometer with a + 64,000 nT dynamic range in conjunction with a 17-blt analog-to-digital converter. The reasons for choosing this "differential measurement" approach are basically considerations of dynamic response of a 17-bit A/D converter, magnetometer feedback loop stability and slew rate, as well as zero level offset sta"-ility versus a.c. gain. Some of these tradeoffs are presented below where the 'n.ip.r.e'- oniet>3r electronics and transfer function arc discussed. The external magnet ic field is not expected to change appreciably bet^^'een samples and the differential approach with a basic "window width" of + lOOO nT is '.nore than adequate. The magnetic field is sampled 16 times per second along each of the three orthogonal directions and the field offset generator is updated at the same rate. Thus, if we assume that a 64,000 nT field is suddenly applied to the sensor, it takes approximately 4 seconds (64 x .0625) for the field offset generator to step to the proper level and thus obtain a valid measurement. However, this is a worst case situation since we are dealing with a non-spinning spacecraft and the external field does not vary significantly between samples. The digital data corresponding to the 'fine' (12 bits) and 'coarse' (7-bits) readouts are fed directly to the spacecraft through a serial interface. No on-board processing of data is utilized. As can be seen from Figure 1, the magnetometer electronics, A/D converter, field offset generators, digital interface and power converter are implemented in a redundant configuration which can be selected by ground command in case of failures. This block redundancy approach provides a fundamentril measure of reliability and e]iminates from con- sideration single poin;- failures in the electronics. The digital interface logic, 12-bit A/D converter and power converter are irnrlemented v/ith cooventi»)nal designs using CMOS mi croclrcuits and switching regulators r.v.spec tively , and will not be covered here. The fluxgate sensor assembly and associated electronics and the field offset generator design are presented below. The last section covers the calibration and alignment procedures utilized to verify instrument performance. \ TRIAXIAL FLUXGATE SENSOR The fluxgate sensors are constructed utilizing the ring core geometry which has been shown to exhibit superior performance characteristics in terms of drive power requirements, long term zero stability and noise level when compared to other types of fluxgate sensors. The mag-.ietic material used in these sensors is an advanced molybdanum permalloy especially developed for the GSFC-Voyager Magnetic Field Experiment in cooperation with the Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Maryland. It exhibits extremely low noise and high stability characteristics typical of 6-81 Mo.Pe. alloys developed for fluxgate magnetometer applications by the NSWC group. The use of these alloys and the ring core sensor geometry allows the realization of compact, ultrastable fluxgate sensors with unmatched performance. A schematic drawing showing the construction of each sensor is sho'Am in Figure 3 while the triaxial sensor assembly is shown in Figure 4. Crucial elements in the design of the MAGSAT sensor are the feedback coil v;hich nulls the ambient field and the sensor core itself since they can be shown to be the most significant sources of error, both from alignment stability point of view as well as the scale factor stability versus temperature. The approach utilized here is to use individual axis nulling, "hat is, each axis is nulled independently in only one direction. This is the most common approach but suffers from extreme sensitivity to cross-fields since the ambient field is nulled only along the sensor axis. Thus any distortion or motion of the sensor core within the feedback coil represents an effective alignment change due to the presence of the transver.'je field. An approach that minimizes this sensitivity is to use a relatively large triaxlal Helroholtz coil system around the triaxial sensor such that the external field is nulled over the entire sensor volume rather than just along each axis individually. However, the large dimensions of the coil system introduce additional complications in terms of alignment stability, thermal control and particularly in the case of the MAGSAT spacecraft, the generation of relatively large fields at the location of the scalar magnetometer due to the feedback current. Hence, the individual axis nulling approach was selected for implementation. A rigid attachment of the sensor core to the feedback coil usually results in differential expansion stresses being transmitted to the sensor core which can produce significant alignment shifts, zero level changes as well as dramatic increases in sensor noise levels. These problems can be solved by carefully matching the thermal expansion coefficients of the elements involved (core, windings, support structure) to minimize differential stresses and changes in the relative geometry between the core and the feedback coil. In Figure 5 we show the relative variation of the feedback field versus relative dimensional changes, both isotropic and anisotropic, introduced by temperature variations for a coil having a geometry similar to that utilized in the MAGSAT sensors, and a variety of structural materials. The computed field is that at the geometrical center of the coil but it can be easily shoim that the field intensity at any point within the coil follows a similar variation as a function of temperature. From the figure and formulas it can be seen that the dominating factor is the variation of coil length with temperature. Since the sensor responds to a weighted average of the magnetic field over an undetermined volume in space, the proceeding calculation constitutes a zeroth-order approximation to the actual behavior of the sensor. Nevertheless, the general temperature dependence shown in Figure 5 was verified for prototype instruments utilizing a 50,000 nT field "trapped" in a 15 cm superconducting shield and varying the sensor temperature over -40°C to +60°C. The fundamental strategy followed for MAGSAT was to match the expansion coefficient of the support structure and windings to that of the sensor core itself (~ 11x10 / C) . Of the structural materials shown in Figure 5, MACOR* was selected due to its expansion coefficient (10x10 ) zero water absorption (and thus dimensional stability versus relative humidity changes) and ease of machinability. The feedback coil was wound with polyur ethane-nylon insulaced platinum wire %-;ith a linear thermal expansion coefficient of 9.9 x 10 / C. In terms of alignment stability the small dimensions of the sensor require structural deformations to be smaller than 51 microns under all environmental conditions to obtain the desired alignment stability of 5 arc seconds. This extreme requirement necessitated the use of extremely stable, hysteresis free materials for the feedback coil and * support structure, such as MACOR , while the mounting surfaces were polished flat to a surface roughness of < 10 u prior to assembly. By closely matching the expansion coefficients of the sensor and feedback coil it was possible to rigidly bond these two components together and thus minimize relative displacements. The only remaining source of error is motion of the actual magnetic material within the core bobbin. This constituted a significant problem in spite of the close tolerances used during sensor core manufacture. The solution found was to increase the amount of magnesium oxide normally used to insulate the tape material , such as to fill the entire support bobbin and completely enclose the tape. This solution proved very effective in vibration and environmental "^ tests performed on a prototype sensor and no alignment shifts were detected. * Corning Glass Works trademark Since the overall expansion coefficient of the feedback coil is non- zero the magnitude of the feedback field, that is, the scale factor, will be a function of temperature as shown in Figure 5. In the magneto- meter electronics description given below, we show how this temperature dependence can be compensated for over a v^ide temperature range by means of a modified current source designed to produce a constant feedback field as a function of temperature. The external magnetic field generated by this sensor arrangement is less than + 1 nT at 46 cm from the sensor when measuring fields of + 64,000 nT. This low field value minimizes the interference with the alkali vapor scalar magnetometer which is located only 43 cm away from the sensor assembly. As shown in Figure 4, two MACOR* optical cubes are bonded to the sensor mount to obtain accurate angular position determination during alignment tests described in the last section of this paper. The sensor assembly is mounted on a temperature stabilized baseplate which also supports two large mirrors associated with the Attitude Transfer System (ATS). Temperature stabilization of this baseplate is required to minimize optical alignment shifts between the sensor optical cubes and the ATS mirrors due to the different thermal expansion coefficients involved . MAGNETOMETHR ELECTRONICS The electronics design of the M/\GSAT Vector magnetometer incorporates a number of developments derived from the Voyaper Magnetic Field Experi- ment (Acunn,' '; Bchannon et al., )whLch aro directly applicable to the present instrument. Figure 6 shows a block diagram of the basic fluxgate magnetometer while a detailed schematic of the drive and signal processing electronics for each axis is shovm in Figure 7. A 250 kHz synchronization signal is derived from the spacecraft clock and divided down to 12.5 KHz to provide the excitation signal for the fluxgate sensors. A high efficiency 'capacitive discharge' circuit is utilized to drive the cores to over 100 times their coercive force with low average power requirements (Acuaa' ■■), The peak-to-peak sensor drive current is approximately 600 .nA while the average drive power requirement is only 70 mW. This arrangement essentially eliminates the problem of 'perming' of flux- gate sensors for externally applied fields of up to 20 gauss. The simple voltage regulator used in the driver stage ensures the stability of the drive signal amplitude over all environmental conditions. The signal processing electronics consist of an A.C. preamplifier tuned to the second harmonic of the drive signal, a synchronous demodulator, an operational integrator and a transconductance feedback summing amplifier which takes the place of the feedback resistor in conventional designs. A low pass, 6 db/octave filter is utilized at the output to limit the signal bandwidth to 8 Hz since as mentioned previously, the sampling rate is 16 samples/sec. The input circuit to the A.C. preamplifier incorporates a tuned secondary transformer while the primary side presents a low Impsdance to the fluxgate sensor. The inductance of the sense/ feedback sensor winding is series tuned with the«*input capacitor and reactive part of the input Impedance to obtain considerable amplification of the second harmonic signal in the sensor itself through negative resistance [2] parametric amplification (Acuna ) • The amount of parametric amplification obtained in the MAGSAT sensors is considerably smaller than in other similar fluxgate sensors due to the high re^iritance of the feedback winding which is constructed using insulated platinum wire. Nevertheless, the overall sensitivity achieved of 100 pV/nT at the secondary of the input transformer (compared to 10 mV/nT for copper wound coils) is more than adequate to obviate the need for an ultra-high gain A.C. preamplifier and its associated problems. A simple two-stage, hybrid preamplifier with a low noise FET at the input provides a gain of approximately 75. A low Q tuned circuit is Included at the output to provide additional rejection to unwanted odd frequency components which could affect the performance of the non- ideal syn':hronous detector. The low input impedance of the preamplifier essentially eliminates the problem of sensor cable length r.ffecting the tuning of the input stage and allows a significant Increase in the (2nd harmonic/fundamental) ratio applied to the first active device. All these features combine to produce an instrument remarkably free of 'electronic perm' and extremely temperature stable. The synchronous detector is a conventional design utilizing a quad CMOS transmission gate driven by a second harmonic reference signal derived from the frequency divider chain in the drive electronics. The operational Integrator provides the bulk of the gain in the loop and its time constant is selected to guarantee loop stability and the desired response bandwidth. The transfer function of the instrument is discussed in more detail below. 10 The output of the integrator is applied to the trasconductance amplifier and the output low pass filter. The amplifier is configured as a modified voltage controlled current source x,;hich sums in the proper ratio (32:1) the signals from the integrator and the field offset generator. This is the most crucial element in the design since it determines the accuracy and stability of the magnetometer scale factor. In the previous section we discussed the problem of scale factor dependence upon temperature due to thermal expansion of the feedback coil. In order to compensate for this effect we have taken advantage of the significant variation of feedback coil resistance with sensor temperature to maintain the feedback field constant. Since the variation of this field is, to a first approximation, mainly dependent upon coil length variations (see Figure 5) , we can write K I ^ (1) "f id + cf T) M where I^ is the feedback coil current, K a proportionality constant, Z the coil length, a the thermal expansion coefficient of the support bobbin and coil wire (matched), and T the ambient temperature. In addition the feedback coil resistance varies with temperature as R = R (1 + a T) (2) CO p where R is the reference tempe -ature resistance value and a the thermal o p resistivity coefficient for the coll wire. Considering now the simplified schematic for the feedback amplifier shown in Figure 8, the current through the coil is given by 11 -(E + E ) f R,+R"-R ^ ' R, + R (1+a T) [ — — ] 1 o p (R/^ + R2 Introducing this equation in (1), differentiating with respect to T and ignoring second order terms of Ot'ttwa ), we find- that if we choose * n p B(R-R ) - (R/2) R. = -^-fg (4) where R a ^ (1 + ^) (5) then the feedback field, as defined by Equation (1) will be independent of temperature. Basically, the circuit incorporates a slight amount of positive feedback to compensate for the decrease of Bp due to coil expansion. It is then possible to adjust R^, such as to make the scale factor dependence with temperature as small as possible. This compensation approach has been used with excellent results in several fluxgate variometers built at GSFC for ground based studies of the geomagnetic field. The operational amplifier used in this circuit is an ultrastable (0.1 uV/°C Wos) monolithic unit vjith excellent long term stability characteristics and very low noise. Other amplifier types were considered such as monolithic choppers, but were not used due to either noise performance, reliability or long term stability considerations. 12 t'^Jff.WM.^.tWM. I ^-l^^Wt^ p-ysy }"<■"> ' .■" -?-^8»»-y*i)ii ' The resistors associated with this circuit are ultraprecision, hermetically sealed units with an absolute temperature coefficient of < 0,5 ppm/ C. Tracking characteristics approach 0.2 ppm/ C, while long term stability after initial conditioning is of the order of 20 pom/yr. Since the maximiim allowable error voltage at the amplifier input is only 125 yV (1 nT) , considerable attention was given to thermally generated e.ra.f.'s which can be produced across dissimilar metal junctions. The circuit layout is such that thermal gradients across critical paths are minimized by close proximity of conductors. Low thermal solder was used during assembly to further reduce the magnitude of the e.m.f.'s generated across solder joints. The detailed circuits shown in Ficjre 7 also incorporate means for reversing upon command the phase of the stnsor and second harmonic reference signals. This allows the detection of unexpected electronic offsets which could develop during op<?j"ation in orbit. MAGNETOMETER TRANSFER FUNCTIONS Since^the post-detection bandwidth of the system is much smaller than the passband associated with the preamplifier tunded circuits, the closed loop transfer function for the magnetometer (not including the output low-pass filter) can be well approximated by H(S) 2 ^1^2 ^2"*"^^ (6) 1pm XA G 1pm where t- , is the synchronous defector time constant, t^ the integrator time constant, A is the preamplifier gain and K^ the sensor sensitivity in [Volts/Amp]; G is the equivalent transconductance of the feedback amplifier. In the MAGSAT design, the output filter for the synchronous detector is not isolated from the integrator and this causes a staall time constant t_ << t~ to be added to the integrator time constant in the second term of the denominator of (6). In analogy to a second order system. we can define " 2 ^ J_£jn n 1pm Hence, given C and >; we ctm select the time constants t. and t" to satisfy equations (7) and (8) . For this instrument the closed loop 3 db cutoff frequency was selected as 50 Hz and X, = 0.7. The output filter reduces the bandvidth to 8 Hz and its response for frequencies near and above the cutoff is then closely approximated by a 6 db/oct rolloff first order low-pass filter. The values compv.i.ed from equations (7) and (8) ensure loop stability and the desired small signal frequency response. However, for large output amplitudes, the response may be limited by the maximum obtainable slew rate at the output of the integrator, E (synchronous detector) SR = -OH^JL—l (9) max T- Here E is the maximum output voltage (~ + 6 volts) which can be omax ' f ^ _ obtained from the synchronoiis detector. From equations (7) and (8) we can observe that large values of K.A (sensor-preamplifier gain) require large values of i " (integrator time constant) for stability. This leads l:o reduced values of maximum slew rate, limiting the amplitude of hlih frequency signals that can bo followed by the instru- ment. On tne other hand, small values of K.A load to significant 1 p and tc^nperaturo dependent zero level errors due to variations in the lA synchronous detector and integrator "effective" offset errors with temperature. Thus the choice of o) , C and K,A has to be carefully nip ■' analyzed for loop stability and obtainable slew rate. Large values of w accompanied by large values of r, (overdamped system), selected to obtain the desired 3 db rolloff frequency, lead to larger values of maximum slew rate. In the present design, the maximum slew rate is ~ 9000 volts/sec. which, if we consider the maximum output amplitude of 8 volts, corresponds to an output frequency of 180 Hz, well beyond the loop cutoff. The above considerations were taken into account in selecting the present implementation approach for the instrument. A magnetometer with a dynamic range of + 64,000 nT and equivalent zero level stability per - formance would have required an integrator time constant 32 times larger than the present design. Note that in either case the same slew rate in terms of field amplitude, 2.25 x 10 nT/sec, is obtained. FIELD OFFSET GENERATOR A simplified diagram of the field offset generator is shown in Figure 9. This is a conventional design utilizing an R-2R resistor ladder network. Low "ON" resistance junction field effect transistors with ultra-low leakage currents are utilized for the switches, while the operational amplifier is the sam.^ as that used in the magnetometer feedback loop. The ladder is used in the current mode to minimize common mode errors associated with the amplifier. The same considerations regarding thermal e.m.f.'s discussed for the feedback amplifier apply to this circuit. The ladder resistors are ultraprecision custom units matched to a tolerance of + 0.001% to simplify the calibration and data reconstruction procedures. 15 The voltage roftn-cnce was Implemented around a temporature stabilized precision zener (LM199A) which was subjected to a 1000 hour screening test for long term stability. The digital inputs to the offset generator swltclies are derived from an up-down counter associated with the 12-bit A/1) converter logic. When the 'fine' digitized signal for a given axis exceeds an upper or lower threshold (+ 1000 nT) , the counter is allowed to count up or down respectively, to maintain the magnetometer within its oper;'<tlng range. CALIBRATION AN D ALI(:N>IENT The problem of determining the orientation of a magnetic field vector has traditionally been solved by assuming that the field orientation can be accurately established by the geometry of a calibration coil system. This method is generally sufficient to determine sensor or ientat imis within a few minutes of arc from its true direction but It is certainly not adecju.ite for the present case wiiere accuracies of the order of 2 seconds of arc are required. The metliod utilised to determine llie sensor alignment was similar in principle tii tliat presented by McTlierron and Snare exi-ept thai only two sensor rolatfons are leiiti i roil and tlie system of ctiuations to be solved is considerably simplified. A detailed description ol the modilied method has been j'.iven by Acuna The basic assumption made is that if the di-viations frura i^r thogonal i ty of the sensor assembly and triaxial test ceil ;;vstem are small (within a few degrees), the measurements obtained from a sensor mounleil perpendicular to tl\e field direction will ri-flect the sum ol the deviations ot (he sensor and test coil systems. 16 An optical reference coordinate system is first accurately established by means of a pair of first order theodolites which are rigidly mounted to suitable supports, leveled and referenced to a stable azimuth direction. This azimuth reference was established by means of two anchored concrete piers, separated by approximately 400 meters, outside the magnetics test facility. The magnetic field vectors in the reference and coil coordinate systems are related by a transformation matrix H ^ = [Bl H ., (10) ref coil and the measurements: .in the sensor coordinate system are related to the reference coordinate system M = K [A] H . (11) sensor ^ ref where M^^ ^^ represents the measured vector when a vector H ^ is applied in the reference system, and K is the scale factor proportionality constant. Thus, when the sensor is tested in the coil system, its output can be written as M = K[A] [B] H .^ (12) sensor coil and under the assumption that [A] and [B] are nearly diagonal M s K [ [I] + [bA] + i'[Bl ] H .^ (13) sensor t i j l , j ^^^-j^ where [OA] and [ili] are the orthogonality deviation matrices. In order to determine all the off-diagonal elements of [A] and [B] it is necessary to obtain measurements for three sensor positions differing 17 from the previous one by an exact 90 rotation established by the optical system, and by energizing each test coil system axis independently. The procedure thus yields not only the sensor alignment with respect to the reference coordinate system, but also the matrix [B] , the test coil system alignmefnt simultaneously. The advantages of this method are numerous, but the most important is that the test coil system is only required to be structurally stable for the duration of one alignment test (~ 1 hour). The ultimate accuracy obtainable with this method is determined by the stability and noise characteristics of the magnetic test facility. In the case of the GSFC 6.7 meter Helmholtj; coil system, the 'equivalent noise' is approxi- mately 1.5 seconds of arc. The magnetometer scale factor is calibrated using a proton precesion magnetometer for fields :.bove 20,000 nT. For small fields, the calibra- tion constants are synthesized from selected incremental measurements above 20,000 nT such as to determine the exact 'weights' of each of the 7 bits in the offset generator. SOMMARY A description of the MAGSAT Precision Vector Magnetometer has been presented. The instrument represents the state-of-the-art in precision vector magnetometers and covers the range of + 64,000 nT using a + 2000 nT basic magnetometer and field offset generators. The design utilizes ultraprecision components and electronic compensation of the scale factor temperature dependence by sensing the changes In resistance of tlie feedback coil. Brief discussions of the instrument transfer function, dynamic response and sensor alignment dotfrmination method were presented. A summary of the instrument performance characteristics is given in Table 1. 18 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the dedication and support provided by many of our colleagues of NSWC and GSFC during the development and test of the instruments. These include R" Lundsten and John Scarzello of NSWC, Sanford Hinkal, Floyd Hunsaker and Carroll Fewell of GSFC and Northrop Services respectively, and the GSFC Magnetic Test Facility personnel, R. Bender, R" Ricucci and Co HarriSo Itie support provided by Eo Worley and Ho Huffman in constructing prototypes and flight instruments is deeply appreciated. R EFERENCES [1] R. A. Langel, R. D. Reagan, J. P. Murphy, MAGSAT: A Satellite for Measuring near Earth Magnetic Fields, GSFC X-922-77-199, July 1977. [2] M. H. Acuna, Fluxgate Magnetometers for Outer Planets Exploration, IEEE Trans. Magnetics , Vol. MAG-10, 3, 519, September 1974. [3] K. W. Behannon, M. H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R. P. Lepplng, N. F. Ness, and F. M. Neubauer, Magnetic Field Experiment for Voyagers 1 and 2, Space Science Reviews , 21, 235-257,. 1977. [4] R. L. McPherron and R. C, Snare, A Procedure for Accurate Calibration of the Orientation of the Three Sensors in a Vector Magnetometer, IEEE Trans. Geoscience Electronics , Vol. GE-16, 2, 134-137, April 1978. [5] M. H, Acuna, MAGSAT-Vector Magnetometer Absolute Sensor Alignment Determination, NASA-GSFC Technical Memorandum 79648, September 1978. TABLE 1 MAGSAT - PRECISION VECTOR hUGNETOMETER SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS BASIC FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETER Dynamic Range ; + 2000 nT Resolution (12-blt A/P) ; +0.5 nT Noise ; (8 Hz BW) 0.008 nT RMS Zero level stability ; Sensor (-60°C to +60°C) +0.2 nT Electronics (-20°C to +50"c) + 0.2 nT Drive Frequency ; 12.5 KHz Linearity error ; < 1 x 10 OFFSET FIELD GENERATOR: FIELD COMPENSATION L-NIT Dynamic Range : + 64,000 nT Quantization Step ; 1000 nT Temperature Coefficient : < 0.5 ppm/ C Long Term Stability ; < 2 x 10 /year SENSOR ASSEMBLY Mass : 0.6 Kg Dimensions : 11. A x 5.72 x 5.8 cm ELECTRONICS (redundant) : Mass : 2. 6 Kg Dimensions : 22.23 x 17.8 x ]1.4 cm Total Power Consumption : @ 25 C 1.8 watts @ 0°C 2.0 watts '/ ATTfTUOE tPANSFtH SYGTtM lAPl. JHUl TRIAXIAL FlUXGATE SENSOR ASSV I BOOM I L- FLUXGATE ANALOG A- ELECTRONICS X, v. Z »2.0O0v A'B REDUNDANCY SELECT T THEHMAL CONiHOL (APL.JHU) SUN SENSOR ASSY ;apl,JHU) 'T FLUXGATE ANALOG B- I — I ELECTRONICS X. Y. Z i64.0O0y TIMING 6 CONTROL V 7 BIT OFFSET FIELD GEN. A' . . 24 BIT •COARSE- BUFFER "A • - -250 KHi CLOCK 'A' - SAMPLE -A- COARSE WORD GATE 'A' • COARSE DATA 'A' 12 BIT ADC 'A' - SHIFT CLK. A' 40BIT FINE' BUFFER 'A' DATA PROCESSOR 'A' =} 12BIT ADC 'B' 40 BIT -FINE' HUfFER B- 1 FINE DATA 'A' FINE WORD GATE 'A' DIGITAL FLAGS 141 FINE WORD GATE 'B' FINE DATA 'B' 7BIT OFFSET FIELD GEN. 'B' l-c 24BIT COARSE- BUFFER B- TIMING & CONTROL DATA PROCESSOR 'B' SHIFT CLK. -B- COARSE DATA 'B' COARSE WORD GATE 'B' SAMPLE -B- ~2S0 KHz CLOCK'S- MAGSAT VECTOR MAGNETO(V"iTER BLOCK DIAGRAM FIGURE 1 ^E^} HOUSEKEEPING ANALOG SIGNAiS POWER CONVERTER A' . POWER ^ CONVERTER ■B- •B- PWR. IN MHA 6-31-77 FINE OUTPUT (COUNTS) 4095 -- •OUT [V] 3071 -- 2047 I023-- *> B [nT X 1000] ItJi ^-,Q,,|_J__..gZ ■ 5l4,j.9_^60 j 61 . 6 2 ^ 63 ^ 64 ^ 65 ^ 66 ^ 67 ^ 68 ^^125 126 127 K 9_^ .1 -.| A ..r'^^., ^^. 60_^6i ^ 62_| _63 ^6_4_^ 65_ . 6_6_^6J_|_68 ^ 69 ^^,_26_^I2_7_^ FItLD OFFSET GENERATOR STEP (COARSE OUTPUT) FIGURE 2 j^"" CENTER SUPPORT FEEDBACK COIL FIGURE 3 c5 MIRROR ( .750 CIBE ) { TYP BOTH SIDES ) VECTOR MAGNEl OMETER SENSOT MAGSAT "3icf ? -o . js. • O ■ in i FIGURE 4 AB FIGURE 5 OFFSET GENERATOR I BIAS STEP . LOGIC CAL 'rS OUTPUT TO n-BiJ A/D (FINE) 250 KHz FROM S/C CLOCK FIGURE 6 c > 1.^ in: DtiHUi'SZ 14 t] II n 10 ■ ■ CD40I0A Z 3 4 S 6 7 CR1 CflZ FROW DIGITAL SVSTtM — SO KM/ rUP STATUS > tCOMMANDIIHTtnfACE) H4D1 : ; S1K ; — 1 1 n 16 M 14 1] 17 II 10 I CD4a49A t 1 3 4 s • r I MAGSAT-DRIVE CIRCUIT IE n 14 13 11 II 10 9 CO4027A I 2 J 4 & S 7 I 9 9' • MQ1 CKflOS H4Qt RCH05 W02 CSR}3.MINfTAN R4Q2 RCBQ5 «03 CSR U.-MlNiTAN n«(I3 RLR0S/RCRD5 C404 CKR06 C4l]b CHFIOt M'Q C48& CKROS C4a7 CHR01/X440 C4DI CKR06 C<)a9 CKRQ1.'X440 C410 CKHOS C41I CKR05 RAW niHos/Rcnos n405 RlROS'RCflOS R406 RIROS R407 RNfVbb* R408 mNbi H4aS'1 R410 >aCH05 R4n J R4t? HftUi't Rd13 RNN^S n4l4 RIHO& ANAIOC A/B SEUCTSTAfUS (TO t'C) flEVtSIOKIIBTT FIGURE 7(a) O :2i OS lO ? ^ — MAGSAT VECTOR MAO^TOMETER CtOt CI or CK4* C10S cm CiQT C1DS CM Clio cm CV.J C1U' cm- ens CHS cn7 cni CMS cm CJIt U2? Ci7J r.}2* cm ct» cui* cut C1I9 cna SAMEASSIiaVI CKflOi CtROS XUQ ccnofi XMO ccoovrvR CKHO& CKROb CSF1I3'WINITAN CKnae CSfttlAllNtTAN cttnos CKRQ& CCR0S.>44a ccnofcyR Dfi CKRDf CXHDS CSRtI'MIKITAN CKHM CKhoi CKflOS f !■(,[;& CKHOS CXHOb CnhOi CCH06 xug CKfiOS CKflOi aior n>w Ht03 RIM Rt05 RIOG nio7 R10I AIM RMO HIi3 R1U BUS Hits Rm RUB Kits Rtro- Hill hi:)' IUIOfl«T>t&t. — — <*DIG SrtTHl — — <IDIC SVJItX) : IHfl RIRO& R*1NSS niHOS filflW RIROS RMKS» f MDl;kXUIQtHTtt;»V Rtf &fSn:w tl39v.M£ 'tia RIZ] -Rir CNOTOOIGIUliriT aw .© Si •at' PAGE 3 25 RtOUHDtttT lAxq •SIltCTtaAT AQEUBLV FIGURE 7(b) GNOo- R R B/2 FEEDBACK COIL 1 R = Rod + apTJ FIGURE 8 CAUB DIGITAL INPUTS FIGURE 9 \ ■^ >?■ ■j , ^'•"^ ->'^^ - . ' -n iS irffl-^ft^1i«^n».^a^^ "--,> V- j!^3^ ,i: 7 ,. ^-t^ »??>,;^^v"!^- 'J «« jat..jatfc.g; T-.^ iiilinr ■^^ ^-t-U'-"t-Jg /^■^'^i " ~f- 'S '-' •^y. k ■ ' f^ V 1, < >;■ >?.^1 -il "t -. fi'^ '* ?! - J"' ii - -,j 4 J


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General Message Board
I will improve your winning
I have been playing fantasy football for about 18 years and I'm in many different leagues and doing great in all. I didn't start getting really good until about 8 years ago and now I have MANY championships under my belt--- Need help? I promise I can help you out a bunch on whatever question you my have I really enjoy helping.
BWSort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
romo or thigpen welker, muhammad,curtis,ginn,henderson,or boss ,pick 3 thanks
Matt Topel Matt Topel Nov 21, 2008 7:30 PM Flag
R.Moss vs Fins or E.Royal vs Oak, who to start, plz help
i just traded antonio gates for steven jackson. i really needed a running back and i have keller waiting in the wings. is jackson worth the gamble??
Winnin Aint No Thang Winnin Aint No Thang Nov 21, 2008 11:16 AM Flag
flex question:
justin fargas, ted ginn, mark bradley, or donnie avery
Chris Johnson vs NYJ or Larry Johnson vs BUF?
I have TE issues: I have T. Scheffler and A. Fasano. I can pick up: B. Watson, D. Lee, Z. Miller or J. Carlson what would you do. Is there a sleeper TE that I am overlooking
Hoozierman Hoozierman Nov 21, 2008 9:42 AM Flag
A. Rodgers or P. Manning? Both will do well but I need points.
Also, I made the mistake of playing Housh so now I have 2 open WR spots...
Calvin Johnson
Justin Gage
Lance Moore
Antonio Bryant
Who do you think?
new dynasty new dynasty Nov 21, 2008 8:56 AM Flag
ok i have a question who should i choose for tomorrow/ warrick dunn, or tim hightower
- 1 Reply to new dynasty
Hoozierman Hoozierman Nov 21, 2008 9:44 AM Flag
warrick dunn. Hightower has been a bust as the Cardinals throw the ball way too much.
Tom Weaber Tom Weaber Nov 21, 2008 8:45 AM Flag
I need 3 RB's...addai, williams, K. smith, L. johnson, turner
Kevin Boss or Shockey?
- View More Messages
Expert Fantasy Advice
Daily Dime: Hanley Ramirez, Kershaw and Cueto, Coors Field
Hanley Ramirez's bat has come alive this week and he's cheaply priced for Sunday DFS. … More »
Mostly MLB Notes: Talking Encarnacion and a look around the league
Talking Edwin Encarnacion, a look around the league and other random nonsense. … More »
NBA Stock Watch: Talking recent big trades and the draft
A look at recent fantasy risers and fallers regarding trades and the draft. … More »
Closing Time: Trevor Rosenthal on alert in St. Louis
Trevor Rosenthal imploded again on Friday, and it's high time fantasy owners speculate on a replacement. … More »
Juggernaut Index, No. 30: The Philadelphia Eagles
Eagles football, 2016: New coaches, slower pace, same old Bradford. Let's hope Carson Wentz is somethin'. … More »

subset: commoncrawl


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Richa Chadda talks fashion
Richa Chadda turned up in a yellow dress and grey coloured dress for the Grazia Young Fashion awards. Richa talked about how fashion should not be taken upon as a pressure and it's just something for those who like fashion.
Latest Bollywood News
- Saif Ali Khan undergoes surgery, Kareena visits hubby in hopsital
- Dimpy Ganguly trolled for getting pregnant before marriage!
- Ranbir Kapoor is adorable, says Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
- Varun Dhawan living-in with girlfriend Natasha Dalal?
- Watch: Divyanka Tripathi goes shopping for bridal outfit


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Home > News > The NanoNovus Code
March 14th, 2005
Howard Lovy: As part of my series on the expanding nanotech blogging universe, here's Jack Uldrich, author of "The Next Big Thing is Really Small" and now a blogger at NanoNovus.
Howard Lovy's NanoBot
|Related News Press
Russia's Nano-enabled Products Market to Witness Massive Growth February 8th, 2011
Adept Technology Announces Orders for Over $600K from Chinese Partner January 18th, 2011
Nanostart-held ItN Nanovation Receives Major Follow-on Order in Saudi Arabia November 29th, 2010
Homegrown Companies Developing Batteries for Clean Energy Storage November 2nd, 2010
Radiation-guided nanoparticles zero in on metastatic cancer July 1st, 2016
Synthesized microporous 3-D graphene-like carbons: IBS research team create carbon synthesis using zeolites as a template July 1st, 2016
No need in supercomputers: Russian scientists suggest a PC to solve complex problems tens of times faster than with massive supercomputers June 30th, 2016
Surprising qualities of insulator ring surfaces: Surface phenomena in ring-shaped topological insulators are just as controllable as those in spheres made of the same material June 30th, 2016
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An exceptionally well presented, 2 bed semi detached property with conservatory and detached garage in highly regarded residential location. Comprising living room, breakfast kitchen, conservatory, 2 good sized bedrooms, bathroom and lovely gardens.

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Toms River Crabs
1. Red LobsterMenu
The best time to vfisit red lobster is in between lunch and dinner. You tend to get the best service..the food is prepared better...I went once at d…
2. Bay Treasure Seafood
1658 Route 9 # 3Toms River, NJ 08755
3. A-1 Seafood Center
place looks like a dump, stinks and on top of all that rotten seafood that is way over priced for that joint. :-(:-(:-( I will go without crabs/seaf…
4. Ron Smith SeafoodProducts
1889 Route 9 Ste 41Toms River, NJ 08755
5. Pisces Seafood RestaurantMenu
I have gone here once and I am going back tonight. They have great tasting food and excellent service.
6. Bay Treasure
2002 Route 9Toms River, NJ 08755
7. Ninos Coal Fired PizzaProducts
This place is great!!!! I visited both of their locations and I had a really great experience both times! My date and I shared pizza and pasta, and …
8. China ExpressMenu
The best Chinese found around!
9. Great Wall Chinese RestaurantMenu
I ordered a small shrimp with lobster sauce, First of all i did not get the rice with it. Then I notice how the sauce looked watered down. I went to…
10. Bahama BreezeMenu
1201 Hooper AveToms River, NJ 08753
From Business: With its unique combination of Caribbean-inspired food, tropical drinks, vibrant atmosphere and people happy to be of service, Bahama Breeze brings you the feeling …
11. Baker's Water Street Bar & GrilleMenu
4 Robbins PkwyToms River, NJ 08753
From Business: Whether you're looking for a night out with friends, a casual business lunch location or the best place to watch the game, join us at Baker's Water Street Bar & Gri…
12. River Lady Cruise and Dinner BtMenu
1 Robbins PkwyToms River, NJ 08753
13. Pier One Restaurant & Mot
1350 Church RdToms River, NJ 08755
14. Red Lobster
Pretty nice place. Not bad at all. Staff were nice and very helpful when it came to changing my food. Food was ok too.
15. Simply Lobsters
Serving the Toms River Area.
From Business: Simply Lobsters is a proud member of the Better Business Bureau with an A+ rating and our guarantee is 100% live lobsters upon arrival (Exception: Acts of God and w…
16. Yolanda's River House
Tonight June 20th 2013 We went there as agroup of 4 there is now NEW OWNERS! Amazing place! After a nice walk on the beach we ate dinner there Lob…
17. Barnegat Shellfish Co
200 Bay AveIsland Heights, NJ 08732
18. Direct Source Seafood
Serving the Toms River Area.
From Business: We provide the freshest frozen seafood across the country. As a seafood wholesaler we offer a wide selection that other seafood company's can't.
19. Gregory's Seafood Restaurant & MarketProducts
Just love,love, love this restuarant. I've been to Gregory's four times and it is still the best market/restuarant in the Toms River area. Even th…
20. Market Fish Shop
223 2nd StLakewood, NJ 08701
21. My Three Sons Seafood
850 Atlantic City BlvdBayville, NJ 08721
22. Riverside Market
736 Mantoloking RdBrick, NJ 08723
23. Gregory's Seafood Restaurant & Market
2064 Route 37Lakehurst, NJ 08733
24. Crab ShackMenu
74 Mantoloking RdBrick, NJ 08723
25. Mud City Crab Cake CoMenu
1 Lacey RdForked River, NJ 08731
26. Ortley Fish Market
1905 Route 35 NSeaside Heights, NJ 08751
27. China Buffet King
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Done with This One? Click Here for the Next Awesome Post!
Cat vs. Washing Machine
Cats have lots of natural enemies. Birds, rodents, insects, alligators, MMORPGs, and now, household appliances. Watch as Robocop the cat (great name) goes postal on his master's washing machine.
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Comic Relief is the night when celebrities do things they wouldn't normally do, in a good cause.
That even includes Simon Cowell, persuaded by the producers of the charity fest to do something out of character... get married.
Want to make a difference? Click here to donate to Comic Relief
And so he did... sort of... with Robbie Williams to read the lesson, and despite the best efforts of David Walliams, Sinitta and Sharon Osbourne.
So who did he finally take up the aisle? Pictures here...
Comic Relief: Simon Cowell's wedding
Comic Relief 2013
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Three Lexmark wireless all-in-one printers launched
Lexmark International has launched three wireless all-in-one printers that they claim deliver industry-leading value for small office or home office professionals.
The new models - the Lexmark X6570, the Lexmark X7550 and the Lexmark X4850 will let consumers complete their wireless set-up at home by enabling printing from anywhere there's wi-fi coverage.
Lexmark's new printers, will let users not only print wirelessly, but scan, fax and access media card slots wirelessly as well.
The Lexmark X6570 Wireless All-in-One is a four-in-one printer priced at £129.99 that offers print speeds of up to 28 pages per minute black and 24 ppm colour.
It features a 48-bit flatbed colour scanner to easily scan or copy documents and photos - the photo capabilities include the ability to such as scan-back photo proof sheet and optional six-colour printing.
This model provides both photo media card slots and a PictBridge port and includes the Lexmark Toolbar that makes Web printing more efficient by eliminating unwanted content such as advertising or graphics from Web-based documents.
The Lexmark X4850 Wireless All-in-One is the same price at £129.99 and features two-sided printing, has a 2.4-inch colour LCD display, cards slots and a PictBridge port.
The Lexmark X7550 Wireless All-in-One boasts the same features found on the Lexmark X6570 with even greater print speeds of up to 30 ppm black and 27 ppm colour.
In addition, the Lexmark X7550 features a 2.4-inch colour LCD display.
Also introduced is the Lexmark Z1520 Wireless Colour Printer, not an all-in-one but at £119.99 is a more affordable way to add a wireless printer to your home network.
All these products will be available beginning of September.
45 amazing and cringeworthy selfies: From the dangerous to the downright gross
Hasselblad X1D-50c is the world's first medium format mirrorless camera
Announcing the 13th Pocket-lint Gadget Awards
How to watch Hasselblad event: X1D and Moto Mod cameras expected
- 45 amazing and cringeworthy selfies: From the dangerous to the downright gross
- Hasselblad X1D-50c is the world's first medium format mirrorless camera
- How to watch Hasselblad event: X1D and Moto Mod cameras expected
- Best 360-degree aerial drone photos, hold your breath and expect VR awe
- Pentax K-70 is the affordable all-weather DSLR
- Manfrotto Digital Director for iPad Air 2 review: Now showing on the big screen
- SLR camera quality photos on your smartphone, the metalens is coming
- Android phone owners can record 360-degree VR video with NeoEye
- Seawolf mini-submarines are the GoPro drones of the sea
- Olympus Pen-F review: Not F-ing about
- Next Nexus (2016): Release date, rumours and everything you need to know
- Best fitness trackers 2016: The best activity bands to buy today
- Xiaomi Mi Notebook is actually real and, yes, it looks like a MacBook
- HTC Marlin Nexus phone completely revealed in major spec leak
- 12 secret WhatsApp tricks


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THIS WEDNESDAY: Committee to Take Steps to Improve Higher Education
Jun 20, 2016 -
Members of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce today introduced several bipartisan bills that will help strengthen higher education for students and taxpayers. The legislative proposals will help simplify and improve the student financial aid process, as well as enhance existing suppo...
Kline Statement on Multiemployer Pension Reports
Jun 17, 2016 -
Rep. John Kline (R-MN), chairman of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce, issued the following statement today after the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) released two reports documenting the significant challenges facing the multiemployer pension system: These reports put in...
Foxx Moves to Block Overtime Rule, Ensure Workplace Flexibility and Upward Mobility
Jun 16, 2016 -
Rep. Virginia Foxx (R-NC), chairwoman of the House Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training, today introduced a resolution (H. J. Res. 95) under the Congressional Review Act to protect workers, students, nonprofit organizations, and small business owners from the consequences of the D...
***MEDIA ADVISORY*** Secretary King to Testify Before Committee on ESSA Implementation
Jun 16, 2016 -
On Thursday, June 23 at 9:00 a.m., the House Committee on Education and the Workforce, chaired by Rep. John Kline (R-MN), will hold a hearing entitled, "Next Steps for K-12 Education: Examining Recent Efforts to Implement the Every Student Succeeds Act." Part of the committee's ongoing oversight of...
New GAO Report Outlines Weaknesses in Education Department's Direct Loan Program
Jun 15, 2016 -
A report released today by the nonpartisan Government Accountability Office (GAO) revealed a number of weaknesses in the Department of Education's federal Direct Loan program, which provides loans to undergraduate and graduate students and their families. Requested by Republican leaders in the House...
Overtime Rule Will Limit Opportunities for Younger Americans, Make Higher Education Less Affordable
Jun 14, 2016 -
A quality education is crucial to escaping poverty and succeeding in the workforce. Yet at a time when rising college costs are making it harder for Americans to pursue the dream of a college degree, the Obama administration has finalized a new rule that will make matters even worse. College and uni...
Kline, Foxx Statement on New Education Department Regulatory Proposal
Jun 13, 2016 -
House Education and the Workforce Committee Chairman John Kline (R-MN) and Higher Education and Workforce Training Subcommittee Chairwoman Virginia Foxx (R-NC) today issued the following joint statement regarding the Department of Education's new proposed regulation affecting student borrowers: When...


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Vienna Jobs
Looking for jobs in Vienna? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Vienna jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
Vienna, MD Job Openings
CRST ExpeditedVienna and Surrounding Areas
Vienna, MD
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Salomon Men's Sz 9.5 Trail Running Shoes
Eagle Mountain, UT | 39 Min
Gently used, good tread. Text if interested$25 obo.
Air Jordan Retro 8 "Aqua" Size 11.5
Salt Lake City, UT | 1 Hr
Air Jordan Retro 8 "Aqua" Size 11.5Worn by Jordan in the 1993 season, the "Aqua" color way was released for the All-Star Game.Shoe more...
Moroccan leather slipper for men
Salt Lake City, UT | 3 Hrs
Just returned from Morocco, bought too many pair of Royal Fez babouche slipper, lambskin upper, leather sole, pointy toe, color brown, EU size 45 (US more...
SALT LAKE, UT | 3 Hrs
https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=NIKE+747355-402MODEL 747355-402 SZ 10.5COPY AND PASTE THE LIN more...
Nearly new Allen Edmonds Strand - Size 11.5 D Walnut
Lehi, UT | 8 Hrs
I bought these Allen Edmonds last year for some job interviews. Wore them maybe 4 or 5 times for a couple hours at a time. They are basically new. The more...
Air Jordan 12s Gym Red Sz 11.5
West Valley, UT | 8 Hrs
Brand new. No trades. 240 or obo.
Brand New Etnies 7 1/2
West Jordan, UT | 10 Hrs
Brand New, never worn, Ryan Schekler Etnies skate shoes. Men's Size 7 1/2. Paid $65. Excellent deal. Call or text with any questions or to come a more...
Men's Ballet shoes
Spanish Fork, UT | 10 Hrs
Shoes only worn for a month or two for a semester of ballet. Well made shoes, just don't need them any more. They're only slightly worn and more...
Jordan retro 12 black
Syracuse, UT | 10 Hrs
For sale are a nib Jordan retro 12 all black size 10.5asking 275 obo
AF1 Ultra Flyknit Mid Red
Murray, UT | 10 Hrs
Size 9 and they are 9.5/10 condition. Only worn a few times
Mens Adidas Size 9 Cleats
Provo, UT | 10 Hrs
Pretty much new, just sit in a closet. Text 385-204-6049
Nike Air Jordan ace Men's Basketball shoes size 1...
West Valley, UT | 11 Hrs
Nike Air Jordan ace Men's Basketball shoes size 13. Great condition worn very little. model#'s 307488-106. Call Rod @ 801-244-1900 thanks!I more...
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Syria opposition demands release of Assyrian dissident
December 21, 2013
Syria rebel "premier" says order, security top priorities
"Lady of the Revolution" bows to criticism
Syria opposition in disarray as head resigns
The Syrian National Coalition has refused the resignation of its leader Ahmad Moaz al-Khatib, the opposition bloc said in a statement released hours after he announced he was quitting.
Neither the Coalition's presidential office nor its general assembly has accepted Khatib's resignation. "They are asking Mr. Moaz al-Khatib to go back to his work as the president of the Coalition," the English-language statement said.
"Khatib has led the Syrian National Coalition at a very critical stage. He has pushed the Coalition forward skillfully, and has gained popularity and acceptance among the Syrian people," it added.
"Khatib will continue the management of the Coalition at this stage according to the agreement of the General Assembly's members."
But a Coalition spokesman admitted to AFP that it was unclear whether Khatib would go back to running the group or not.
"We will have to wait and see whether he agrees to return to the Coalition's leadership," said Soner Ahmed Taleb.
Khatib's resignation came just five days after the controversial election in Istanbul of rebel prime minister, Ghassan Hitto, who pledged to form an interim government for the large swathes of territory inside Syria that have fallen into insurgent hands.
Khatib resigned because he was under pressure from "several states, including Arab states, which aimed to make the interim government fail. This pressure annoyed Khatib", Taleb said.
Khatib will continue the management of the Coalition at this stage according to the agreement of the General Assembly's members.
For eight bombers to get past army and Hezbollah fortifications and launch successful attacks suggests country more...
June 28, 2016
Nasrallah touted the importance of the Aleppo front and declared that his party's soldiers would continue to fight...
June 24, 2016
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CRKT Knives Ken Onion Shenanigan Z Drop Point Knife - Realtree Xtra
Product Information:
For a knife that's ready for sport or work tasks, try the CRKT® Shenanigan™ Z Folding Knife by Ken Onion. The Shenanigan™ boasts a drop point, AUS 8 steel blade that works hard on any daily cutting job. Easy to open with one hand, the knife also has a glass filled Nylon handle with detailed finger grooves for a comfortable grip. The CRKT® folding knife includes a 1-position clip for easy carry in your pocket and to the field.
- Strong and lightweight
- Detailed finger grooves
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- Blade-HRC: 58-59
- Material: AUS 8
- Modified drop point, plain edge blade
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- Locking liner
- 1-position clip for carry
- Blade Length: 3.25"
- Closed Length: 4.875"
- Overall Length: 8.25"
- Weight: 3.7 oz.
- Model: K481CXP
Country of Origin: TaiwanWeb ID: 23825006


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Tavares Dog Boarding
91. Petit Ami Pet Mobile
Serving the Tavares Area.
From Business: We pamper both you and your beloved pet with the individual attention and service you deserve. No more trips to the grooming shop, mo more cages and no more exposur…
92. Purrfect Pet Sitting
Serving the Tavares Area.
93. Pet Nanny The Inc
Serving the Tavares Area.
94. Fur Fins Feathers Pet Sitting
Serving the Tavares Area.
95. Fetch Pet Care Of Ne Orlando
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96. chris's mobile dog grooming
Serving the Tavares Area.
97. A Little Pet Inn
Serving the Tavares Area.
98. Lake-Land Kennel & Groom Shop
18625 County Road 450Umatilla, FL 32784
From Business: Proudly serving the Lake county metro area, Lake-Land Kennels & Groom Shoppe specializes in high quality boarding and grooming. If you have to leave your pet, why n…
99. Animal Clinic of Leesburg
1231 W Dixie AveLeesburg, FL 34748
From Business: Animal Clinic of Leesburg is a full service veterinary facility committed to providing you and your pets with convenient, personal care at the highest standards of …
100. Country Manor Boarding
26135 Bloomfield AveYalaha, FL 34797
101. Gold Coast Kennel
Jim provides a wonderful experience for the dogs and sometimes cats. He grooms them before pickup, keeps them inside during the hot times of the day…
102. Beltara Kennels Akc
37214 Terrell LnLeesburg, FL 34788
103. The Pet Nanny
311 E 5th AveMount Dora, FL 32757
104. Vom Glockner Haus Kennels & Training Center
35601 Old Post Office LaneEustis, FL 32736
105. K-9 Boarding Dog Training Center
202 S Palm AveHowey In The Hills, FL 34737
106. Howey Horse Haven Rescue
Howey horse haven is the most reliable rescue I have seen yet. A lot of people don't know that the Meixners work a full time job on top of the rescu…
107. Brenda Rogers Pet Care
33629 Wesley RdEustis, FL 32736
108. S & S Equine Service
14910 County Road 48Astatula, FL 34705
109. Orlando Dog Training Club
7772 Lake Andrea CirMount Dora, FL 32757
110. Preppy Pet
Great place, better than ever. What a wonderful place for dogs. My 2 pooches love to stay at Preppy Pet Suites and come out so well adjusted and c…
111. Howl A Day Inn Pet Boarding
Doug, sorry for your experience. these are good people that run this pet care facility and on Sundays there are part time employees. you know how th…
112. Eden Pet Center
We have been using Eden's Pet Center since Ivy had taken it over from Red Woof We love the fact that our dogs love going there - they always take …
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We love this facility! Our dog starts to get excited as soon as we turn on the road, and she drags us through the gate to get in the yard. They do…
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I don't have experience with their vet services but my dogs LOVE the Pet Resort. I decided to try it out after one of my dogs was mistreated at ano…
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From Business: Park Heights Animal Care located in Fruitland Park and Village Veterinarian located in the Villages are full-service veterinary hospitals. We have four very experie…
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My experience with East Lake Animal Clinic could be nothing but positive. I'm a volunteer with an English Bulldog rescue organization, and foster ma…
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118. Errol Pet Sitting
1409 Oak Pl # CApopka, FL 32712
119. Village Pet Spa
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120. Greenbreir Pet Resort
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Inside Attawapiskat's housing crisis Add to ...
CP Video
Last updated
Many residents of the Attawapiskat First Nation in northern Ontario live in uninsulated shacks with no running water or bathrooms. Aboriginal leaders say the community is in crisis
Watch More Video:
Obama, Nieto talk Turkey, immigration at Three Amigos Summit
U.S. to admit 30,000 more refugees over two years
'We have to fight fire with fire': Trump calls for return to waterboarding
Obama, Trudeau and Nieto arrive for Ottawa summit
'For heaven's sake man, go!' U.K.'s Cameron tells opposition leader
See inside as bomb-damaged Istanbul airport reopens
At least one dead in house explosion in Mississauga, Ont.
Watch as helicopter crew member tackles Texas burglary suspect in chase
See from above: Aftermath of Mississauga house explosion
Islamic State suspected in deadly Istanbul airport attack
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Clinton: Trump campaign slogan code for going back


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Lindsay Lohan Could Serve Only 14 Days of Her 90-Day Jail Sentence
Lindsay Lohan has now officially traded nightclubs and parties for a small, isolated cell. On Tuesday morning, July 20, the 24-year-old troubled actress turned herself in to begin her jail sentence. However, Los Angeles Times reported that she is expected to serve only 14 days of her 90-day sentence.
According to a Sheriff's Department booking document, Lindsay will be freed from a Lynwood jail on August 2. Sheriff's spokesman Steve Whitmore, in the meantime, claimed Lindsay could serve only 13 days in jail instead of 14. Steve said, as quoted by the site, "Her projected release date is August 1 or August 2."
Steve further explained that Lindsay is eligible to serve only 25 percent of her already reduced time of 51 days, which was brought down from 90 days because of overcrowding, since the "Confessions Of A Broken Heart" singer is a nonviolent offender.
Now that she's locked up behind bars, Access Hollywood gave further detail about Lindsay's current place. The site reported that Lindsay is put in a cell number 28, next to the cell of Alexis Neiers, the woman who plead no contest to burglarizing Orlando Bloom, Paris Hilton, Rachel Bilson's and even Lindsay's homes.
Though Linday is not expected to have contact with other inmates while she is in jail, but hers and Alexis' cell are reportedly close enough that the two women could talk if they wanted to. Additionally, Lindsay's showers will be isolated and break time for activities will also be done without others around.
When she turned herself in, Lindsay, donning a sleeveless green top, a black corset and tight jeans, was accompanied by her original lawyer, Shawn Chapman Holley. Her fans, who swarmed the entrance to the courthouse, shouted their support, "Lindsay, I love you!" One admirer even showered her with confetti. Lindsay was taken into custody at 8.48 A.M. local time.
More Lindsay Lohan News
- Katy Perry Is the Most-Followed Person on Twitter With Record-Breaking 90 Million Followers
- Here's Nick Young's Response to Iggy Azalea's Cheating Claims
- First Image From 'Ash vs. Evil Dead' Season 2 Reveals Surprising New Ally
- Drake Caught Leaving Rihanna's Hotel Amid Reconciliation Rumors
- Lady GaGa Is Finally a Licensed Driver
- Check Out the New Drift in 'Transformers: The Last Knight'
- Louis Tomlinson Blasts Media, Asks Them to Respect Son's Privacy Amid Custody Battle
- Iggy Azalea Receives Flowers From Nick Young's Teammate D'Angelo Russell After Breakup?


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Friday, 17 June 2016 08:02
Commanders say forces met limited resistance from ISIL during push into centre of city which government lost in 2014.
Commanders say forces met limited resistance from ISIL during push into centre of city which government lost in 2014.
Memo signed by 52 State Department officials says targeted military strikes necessary to stop Assad's truce violations.
Read more: US diplomats criticise Obama's Syria policy in memo
Investigators retrieve recorder's memory unit, raising hopes of solving mystery of plane crash that killed 66 people.
Palestinians call Israel's manipulation of water supplies to large areas of West Bank "inhumane and outrageous."
Read more: Palestine: Israel wages water war on Palestinians
Utility company says there has been broad reduction in water supply to large parts of Palestinian territory.
Read more: Israel denies cutting water supplies to West Bank
Statement leaves open the possibility of keeping troops in Arabian Peninsula nation for "counterterrorism operations".
Fighters killing thousands of members of religious minority in Syria and keeping women as sexual slaves, UN says.
Eid Al-Fitr is expected on Wednesday July 6 after a 30-day Ramadan, but public holiday in Turkey will start from July 2.
"Several main locations" of debris of passenger jet which crashed last month identified by survey vessel, officials say.
The municipal approval is the latest case of what Palestinians call efforts to push them out of their own neighbourhood.
Read more: Jewish settlers granted new East Jerusalem building
Page 4 of 45
|On Barak - the Optimist's View
|Uri Avnery
|How Syrians, Russians and 11 dogs out-witted ISIS and saved Palmyra
|Franklin Lamb
|Brexit and Jewish Oligarchy
|Gilad Atzmon
|Revolution Isn't Repetitive Evolution, Bernie
|Ben Tanosborn
|Who Should Make Political Policy, the People or the Politicians?
|William John Cox
|OGADEN: Ethiopia's Hidden Shame
|Graham Peebles
|Israel's Military Intelligence Chief Prefers ISIS to Assad in Syria
|Stephen Lendman
|Numbers Behind the Policy of Oppression in Bangladesh
|Toby Cadman
|The Humorous Hypocrisy of Conservatives
|Jacob Hornberger
|Venison Jerky
|Will Durst
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/ NEW ARTICLE: INTERVIEW: Andy Houseman on the Slovak Direct, Alaska
We've caught up with Andy Houseman just a week before he is off once more in to the fray, this time to the Nepalese Himalaya.
In this short interview we get a little more info on the Slovak Direct, and we find out a little more about Andy Houseman.
Read more at http://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/page.php?id=4949
All day, every day and nearly everywhere too! Our new and improved Sendai is a tough and multi-purpose approach... Read more
Canadian climber Sonnie Trotter and Will Stanhope made the first free one-push ascent of the Ewbank Route on the Totem Pole,... Read more
This route is the longest ridge climb in the Alps. It involves an 800m approach hike to a route which then accumulates 4500m of... Read more
The Bike Night, part of Kendal Mountain Festival's main November event, has become a huge attraction for bike... Read more
When you're pushing your sport climbing grade anything you can do to save weight could in theory make a... Read more


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Latest on Fred Henry Davis »
HENRY FERNANDES TOI1st Death Anniversary. A Million times we've needed youA Million times we've cried You were gone before we knew it And only God knew why In Life we loved you dearlyIn death we love you still In our hearts you hold a placeNo one else can ever fill Fr
2nd March 1916. Happy, Smiling, Singing, Ever Content, Loved & Respected Where Ever You Went, On Wings Of A Song Came A Silent End, Cherished Husband Father A True Friend. We Find Solace In Your Memories Fond,The Songs And Melodies Still Lingers On.
(Ex Naval Dockyard) 84 years passed away peacefully on February 26, 2016. Devoted husband of Agnes Chaves; Loving father of Susanna, Sylvester/ Ninevh; Doting grandfather of Sannah, Sophia & Zayne. Funeral Mass on Sunday, February 28, 2016 at 4.00
Thierry Henry's infamous handball in a qualification playoff game for the 2010 World Cup against Ireland will play no role when the two teams meet on Sunday for a place in the Euro 2016 quarter-finals, France coach Didier Deschamps said on Saturday.
Michael J Davis TOI(Ex-student of Barnes School) Born on 20.8.1957. Returned to the Lord on 27.5.2016. Son of J. L. Davis & Mrs. Tess Davis Father of Priya and Preetifather-in-law of Sandeep Grandfather of Aanya & Rohan Funeral on 28.5.2016 leaves the house by 3.30 p.
Paris, June 12, 2016 (AFP) -The Euro 2016 match with Sweden at Stade de France on Monday offers the Republic of Ireland the chance to exorcise the ghost of one of the most notorious incidents in international football.
SAD DEMISELISTER KENNY HENRY26.03.1953 - 09.01.2016LISTER KENNY HENRYH/O SUJA K LISTERPassed away on 09-01-2016.Prayer at residence on 12-01-16 Tuesday 8 am followed by Funeral Service 9 am at Pension Pura, Nizampura, Vadodara.Residence : E-31, Green
Actress Viola Davis' daughter Genesis wants to puruse acting as a career .
Long before he started Narayana Hrudayalaya, Dr Devi Shetty was a well-known name in the Indian medical world. In 1989, he performed the first neonatal heart surgery in the country, on a 9-day-old baby. He served as the personal physician of Mother T
Actor Henry Cavill has reportedly called it quits with 19-year-old girlfriend Tara King.
Speed News
Four-time finalists Argentina will meet world No. 1 Novak Djokovic's Serbia, the 2010 champions, in another home tie in the quarters from July 17-19.
Argentina reached the Davis Cup quarterfinals when Federico Delbonis beat Thomaz Bellucci 6-3, 3-6, 6-2, 7-5 on the fourth day of an epic tie against Brazil to seal a 3-2 win in Buenos Aires on Monday.
Serbia will face Croatia in an explosive Davis Cup Balkan derby in next year's first round, potentially pitting world number one Novak Djokovic against US Open champion Marin Cilic.
Dusan Lajovic ousted Yuki Bhambri 6-3, 6-2,7-5 to give Serbia 1-0 lead over India in the Davis Cup World Group playoff in Bangalore on Friday.
India to host Serbia in Davis Cup World group play-off in September.
Roger Federer sealed Switzerland's place in the Davis Cup semi-finals when he completed a comeback win over Kazakhstan on Sunday but Britain's last-four hopes were trampled into Italian clay in Naples.
Germany's Davis Cup captain Carsten Arriens was booed and jeered by home fans in Frankfurt on Sunday despite leading his team to an emphatic 4-1 defeat of five-times champions Spain.
Yuki Bhambri won the first match to put India in the lead against Chinese Taipei in the Asia/Oceania Group I Davis Cup tie in Indore. Bhambri beat Taipei No.1 Tsung Hua Yang 6-2, 6-4, 6-7 (1), 6-3.
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Lleyton Hewitt will meet in the second singles of the France-Australia Davis Cup tie on Friday, after Richard Gasquet opens against Nick Kyrgios.
Yuki Bhambri will open India's campaign in Davis Cup on Friday, when he takes on his Chinese Taipei rival Ti Chen here at Indore Tennis Club. Bhambri's name came up in a pre-tournament draw, which was conducted at Emerald Heights International in Rau, amid 4,000 spectators. The referee for Davis Cup Tie is David Smith of New Zealand.
Roger Federer was on Wednesday confirmed as a surprise teammate to Switzerland's newly-crowned Australian Open champion Stanislaw Wawrinka for the Davis Cup World Group tie in Serbia.
The Davis Cup final between Serbia and the Czech Republic in Belgrade at the weekend will be played on the hard surface in the Belgrade Arena hall, the Serbian Tennis Federation (FTS) announced on Monday.


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St. Catherine Laboure, virgin, was born on May 2, 1806. At an early age she entered the community of the Daughters of Charity, in Paris, France. Three times in 1830 the Virgin Mary appeared to St. ... continue reading
St. Saturninus Bishop of Toulouse and Martyr November 29 A.D. 257 St. Saturninus went from Rome by the direction of pope Fabian, about the year 245, to preach the faith in Gaul, ... continue reading
St. Frances Xavier Cabrini, Virgin (Feast day November 13) St. Frances was born in Lombardi, Italy in 1850, one of thirteen children. At eighteen, she desired to become a Nun, but poor ... continue reading
Few details are known of St. Christina but she lived during the third century and was the daughter of a rich and powerful magistrate believed to have been named Urbain. He was deep in the ... continue reading
At 33 Ambrose had it all - a successful career as a lawyer, an important position as governor of Milan, the approval and friendship of the emperor, and a large estate. Then the bishop ... continue reading
Miguel Jose Serra was born on the island of Majorca on November 24, 1713, and took the name of Junipero when in 1730, he entered the Franciscan Order. Ordained in 1737, he taught philosophy and ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
St. Mary Magdalene is one of the greatest saints of the Bible and a legendary example of God's mercy and grace. The precise dates of her birth and death are unknown, but we do know she was present with Christ during his public ministry, death and resurrection. She is ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
St. Catherine was born in Florence in 1522. Her baptismal name was Alexandrina, but she took the name of Catherine upon entering religion. From her earliest infancy she manifested a great love of prayer, and in her sixth year, her father placed her in the convent of ... continue reading
Alvarez was born in either Lisbon, Portugal, or Cordova, Spain. He entered the Dominican convent at Cordova in 1368. He became known for his preaching prowess in Spain and Italy, was confessor and adviser of Queen Catherine, John of Gaunt's daughter, and tutor of King ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith Fournier
This great defender of the faith insisted on the central claim of Christianity: God can be known and loved-indeed, that is why He came into our midst in the person of His Son; so that through a relationship with Jesus Christ, man could participate in the very ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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The Hip and Whale's Nuthouse attraction, wantonly considered to be the worst brutal attraction at Walt Disney Land
Nobody is sure what the appeal of Hip and Whale's Nuthouse is. It at one time had free beer, but Disney lawyers had it removed to steal some of the fun from Walt Disney Land.
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These bars meet all King Cake flavor requirements, but are simpler to make and to serve.
For those of us mourning the end of season two of Downton Abbey, it's going to be many months before season three of the British period drama picks up again. How will it turn out?
A hearty bean and squash stew that will last throughout the week.
'Undefeated' documents the extraordinary empathy of a white football coach for his team of African-American players, whose chaotic personal lives threaten to undermine their talents.
'This Means War' is an improbably couples' movie that stretches credibility while coasting on Reese Witherspoon's charm.
'The Secret World of Arrietty' is a supernal coming-of-age story. The movie's hushed mystery and lyricism casts a hypnotizing spell.
American Idol took the group performances to Las Vegas, and added a little Elvis. The result? American Idol took it up a notch Thursday night.
A photography series shows the artist behind the famous image, Chip Taylor & the Grandkids create a charming album for all ages, 'American Experience' profiles Clinton, and more top picks.
An expected live version of the show was replaced by a repeat Wednesday. Comedy Central said Thursday's live show will be off, too.
A photographer stumbles on a timeless scene in the mazelike Indian slums.
'Ghostbusters 3' may be made without the comedy star who appeared in the series' first two installments
American Idol Hollywood week ended with collapsing contestants, forgotten lyrics, and a few emerging American Idol stars. Next stop: Las Vegas group performances.
Her un-anniversary was fast approaching, but how to reinvent that day remained elusive.
A poem.
'Transformers 4' may not feature franchise star Shia LaBeouf, who says he's out.
A Pekingese won 'Best in Show' at the Westminster dog show in New York Tuesday night. The Pekingese beat a Dalmatian, a German Shepherd, and four other breeds for the best-in-show title.
Carnitas are shredded pieces of tender roast pork used as a filling for burritos.
'The Phantom Menace' and 'Beauty and the Beast' were just the beginning of old movies that will be new again
The always eclectic four-day festival also will include Skrillex, Foster the People, The Avett Brothers, The Shins, The Roots and Alice Cooper on the 700-acre farm in Manchester, Tennessee. Bonnaroo will be held June 7-10.
Even words bearing the stamp of one particular era often go back surprisingly deep into earlier times.
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A thunderstorm happened on Christmas Eve 2011 on The Mornington Peninsula. I took this shot at the Cape Schank Lighthouse. Great thunderstorm. Canon Eos 5D Mark ii. F4.5. 250iso. 35 seconds.
Awesome capture Yanni…has been great thundery weather hey..
Thanks Robert. It has been good.
amazing work Yanni!
Thanks Charmiene. A little close that night but I didn't run away this time.
Brilliant capture !
I am honoured Michael – thanks.
Sublime capture!
Thankyou Tim.
Nice image!
December 27, 2011Congratulations, on your feature included in our PERMANENT FEATURE GALLERY Thank you, best regards, Carolyn
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Top Definition
Sitting on a toilet, shaking uncontrollably after eating 'breakfast' at 1:30AM at a Perkin's Restaurant.
Those mini chimis and pancakes are liable to bring about an onset of Perkinson's Disease.
by VolvoDumbass September 03, 2009
When you've had so much coffee you physically begin to shake.
I've had so many venti coffees from Starbucks today, I know how Michael J. Fox feels. Perkinsons, man.
by gravitee January 08, 2014
The state a person falls into when ingesting too much cocaine.
Oh he's at the perkinsons stage he thinks the birds are police helicopters
by 420thechronic May 31, 2016


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A project of People For the American Way dedicated to monitoring and exposing the activities of the right-wing movement. Learn More >
Right Wing Leftovers - 4/2/13
Submitted by Kyle Mantyla on Tuesday, 4/2/2013 5:30 pm
- The Catholic League comes to Ben Carson's defense, saying "Dr. Carson is a good man who was framed. It's the sexologists and the Ivy Leaguers who need to explain themselves."
- Presumably, Michele Bachmann regrets hiring Peter Waldron.
- Regina Griggs of PFOX says that "as the mother of a homosexual child," she understands how Sen. Rob Portman is feeling but "as a responsible parent I must stand firm in my belief that marriage must remain as that of a man and a woman."
- If The Blaze is going to mock President Obama for going 2 for 22 and being bad at basketball, it should at least know something about the sport and not say things like "that means Obama only made about 9 percent of the overall dunks he attempted."
- Robert Spencer has a new book coming out. Take one guess what it is about.
- The Florida Family Policy Council's John Stemberger has launched a new group called OnMyHonor.net aimed at preventing the Boy Scouts from allowing gay members and troop leaders.
- Finally, Ken Hutcherson is calling on Christians and Republican voters to rise up and demand that RNC Chairman Reince Priebus resign.
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People:Bill Donohue , John Stemberger , Ken Hutcherson , Regina Griggs, Ben Carson
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The PaintSquare Pro Video Series: A collection of technical presentations hosted by PaintSquare.com in cooperation with SSPC
A collection of archived webinars hosted by PaintSquare.com focused on coatings application.
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Insomnia Espresso BarAdditional Locations
1728 N High St, Columbus, OH 43201 ! There is an alert on Insomnia Espresso Bar !
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Business ManagementMr. Mark Gabbay, Owner Ms. Becky Doran, Not Listed On Vi Update 1/00 Mr. Ben Marcus, Not Listed On Bi Update 1/00 Ms. Tia Pauley, Not Listed On Bi Update 1/00 Mr. Scott C. Smith, Manager
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Coffee & Tea Doughnuts