text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 23, 1999
|Filing date
|Nov 16, 1995
|Priority date
|Nov 16, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jim E. Cutler, Marcia H. Riesselman, Kevin C. Hazen
|Original Assignee
|The Research And Development Institute, Inc., The University Of Virginia Patent Foundation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (4), Classifications (10), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of NIH Grant No. 5-RO-1AI249412.
This invention was made with support under Grant No. 5R01 AI249412 (NIH) awarded by the National Institutes of Health.
The invention relates to an assay for testing and quantifying fungal or bacterial inhibition by an antifungal or antibacterial agent. The assay is also useful for testing mycobacteria and other anaerobic bacteria. In the assay, inhibition is measured by a reduction in substrate uptake (such as glucose) as compared to uninhibited controls. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for each antifungal or antibacterial agent is obtained from the assay.
Methods have been described for antifungal susceptibility testing (reviewed in McGinnis and Rinaldi, 1991; Warnock, 1989; LaRocco, 1991; Pfaller and Rinaldi, 1993) *see References section herein!. Several reports describe colorimetric methods for antifungal susceptibility testing. One method (Fisher and Armstrong, 1977) determines endpoints after 18 h of incubation by the change in a pH indicator as a result of the production of fungal metabolic acids. Other so-called colorimetric tests (McGinnis and Rinaldi, 1991) either determine cell turbidity at a specific visible light wavelength (Cheung et al., 1975) or measure power-time values with microcalorimetry (Beezer and Chowdhry, 1981).
A recent modification of the NCCLS (National Committees for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1992) proposed standardized test for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts (document M27T) involves determination of end-points by conversion of an oxidation-reduction chromogenic indicator (Pfaller et al., 1994; Pfaller and Barry, 1994). This colorimetric method has provided clearer endpoints for assessment of azole susceptibilities but still requires between 24 to 72 h for a final result. None of the methods involves direct measurement of substrate consumption.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,206 to Boyer discloses a method for testing the susceptibility of fungi to antifungal agents and comprises inoculating a non-nutrient agar with a fungus. A number of disks are impregnated with various types and concentrations of antifungal agents in the proper nutrient medium for the type of fungus and antifungal agent tested. The disk is placed upon the non-nutrient medium inoculated with the fungus. After an incubation period the plates are read to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antifungal agent for the particular fungus.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,813 to Albarella et al. discloses catalytic test compositions and devices which are capable of generating different color hues at different analyte concentrations. The patent discloses analyte detection wherein the analyte may be glucose. An enzymatic reaction using glucose oxidase is involved. The presence of glucose is detected by a change in color hue.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,220 to Meiattini discloses a composition for the kinetic determination of glucose. The composition comprises glucose oxidase and peroxidase enzymes and determines the reaction velocity per concentration unit of glucose.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,307 to Escarguel et al. discloses a process characterized by enzymatic reactions which are carried out under anaerobic conditions between a liquid growth medium for mycoplasma containing a dilution medium of the sample of fluid to be analyzed, a first substrate which may be glucose in the presence of a color pH indicator, and a second substrate comprising glucose in the presence of a color indicator. The speed of the enzymatic response is followed while noting the time corresponding to the color change of the indicators. Colony counting is by light microscopy.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,066 to Albarella et al. discloses a diagnostic reagent system for the detection of substances which react with peroxidatively active substances resulting in the liberation of hydroperoxides. The reagent comprises a chromogenic oxidation indicator. The patent discloses that the reaction change of glucose with the enzyme glucose oxidase may be monitored.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,762 to Guiseppi-Elie discloses the measuring of the presence of an analyte such as glucose. Electrical resistance is measured in the absence and presence of the analyte. The reaction of glucose with glucose oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide which oxidizes a polymer film to make it more conductive. The background of the patent indicates that enzyme assays have been used to monitor therapeutic drugs.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,442 to Gayral discloses a method of rapid identification of different species of Streptococcus. A culture specimen is distributed in a certain number of capsules containing supporting disks impregnated with various reactive substrates. Cultures are incubated after which there is deposited on each of the supports a reagent which gives a colored product of reaction with the enzymatic degradation product or products of the substrate. The colors are observed and used to classify the bacterium as one of the Streptococcus groups.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,073 to Waters relates to a method and apparatus for detecting biological activity in which the presence of microorganisms is suspected. A growth medium is used containing radioactivity which when fermented produces a radioactive gaseous product. A fermentable carbon source such as glucose is broken down to form CO2 during the growth of the bacteria. The content of radioactive CO2 evolved is used to measure bacterial presence and growth in the medium.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,216,907 to Goldman relates to a rapid micromethod for determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. Goldman used glucose detection to determine if bacterial agents in clinical specimens are inhibited by antibacterial drugs. For example, an antibiotic and a pH indicator are added to glucose broth prior to inoculation with the microorganism. The pH indicator will change its color as the pH of the medium drops only when the microorganism is not affected by the antibiotic. The patent indicates that in the presence of minute quantities of glucose, the enzyme glucose oxidase will immediately destroy the glucose to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The liberated hydrogen peroxide reacts with a catalyst chromogen or glucose indicator to produce a blue to purple color.
The Goldman assay is not quantitative, thus, MIC determinations would be impossible. He uses infectious material from a patient as the inoculum. The number of infectious agents per sample in this assay are unknown and more than one kind of infectious agent may be present in infectious material. Both of these unknowns preclude quantitation and MIC determination from the Goldman assay.
Coleman et al. (1989) New fluorescence assay for the quantitation of fungi, J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2003-2007 discloses the exposure of fungi to Fungiqual, a fluorescent stain. The fungi are quantified with a fluorometer which measures the fungiqual fluorescence intensity.
Fisher et al., (1977) Rapid microdilution-colorimetric assay for yeast susceptibility to fluorocytosine, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 12:614-617 discloses a yeast assay. The generation of acid by the yeast metabolism of glucose is measured by a change in color.
Hazen et al. (1994) discloses "Potential use of the BacT/Alert automated blood culture system for antifungal susceptibility testing", in J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:848-850. The BacT/Alert system detects growth of fungi or yeast on the basis of chromogenic change in a CO2 sensitive indicator. The susceptibility of fungi or yeast to antifungal agents is measured with this system.
Hopfer et al. (1977) discloses "Amphotericin B susceptibility testing of yeasts with a Bactec radiometric system" in Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11:277-280. In the assay, the metabolism of glucose by yeast is measured by a decrease in a radiolabeled CO2 production which is measured by a Bactec 225 automated bacterial detection system.
These tests differ from the present invention in several ways. First, no test is presently available that directly measures substrate consumption. Second, only a few tests require less than 24 h to obtain an endpoint and result. The known tests determine endpoints by methods that involve either direct determination of cell mass; cell viability by fluorescence; indirect determination of cell mass by calorimetry, ATP production, or radiometry. Third, rapid tests (<24 h) that have been developed require expensive equipment (Hazen et al., 1994; Beezar and Chowdhry, 1981; Green et al., 1994; Coleman et al., 1989; Anselm and Nilsson, 1984; Hopfer and Groeschel, 1977; Hopfer et al., 1979). Most other published assays utilize reduced fungal growth as the indicator of antifungal activity. Many other methods require either a minimum of two days for results or expensive instrumentation and none measure lethality of the antifungal or antibacterial agent.
The fungal/antimicrobial susceptibility assay of the invention overcomes the deficiencies of prior art fungal susceptibility assays by providing for an assay which measures minimum inhibitory concentration, and can be performed in about 8 hours or less and which involves inexpensive reagents and requires only modest, common clinical laboratory equipment.
An object of the invention is to provide an antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility assay which can be performed in 8 hours or less.
Another object of the invention is to provide an antifungal or antibacterial susceptibility assay which provides minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum lethal dose information.
An object of the invention is to provide an anti-fungal susceptibility assay comprising the steps of,
a) adding sample antifungal or antibacterial agents to a vessel;
b) adding fungal inoculum to said vessel;
c) adding glucose to the vessel of step (b) to grow a culture of said fungal inoculum;
d) incubating said culture for a sufficient amount of time to allow fungal inoculum or bacterial inoculum to grow;
e) mixing a colorizing agent without glucose oxidase to a control fungal or bacterial culture;
f) adding glucose oxidase with colorizing agent to fungal or bacterial cultures of step (d);
g) incubating said fungal or bacterial cultures of step (f) with glucose oxidase for a time sufficient to develop said colorizing agent; and
h) quantifying the amount of color development in each sample to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of sample antifungal or antibacterial agent, as compared to said control.
A still further object of the invention is to provide for an anti-fungal susceptibility assay kit.
The above and other objects of the invention will become readily apparent to those of skill in the relevant art from the following detailed description and figures, wherein only the preferred embodiments of the invention are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode of carrying out the invention. As is readily recognized the invention is capable of modifications within the skill of the relevant art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The fungal susceptibility assay of the invention involves the measurement of fungal or microbial inhibition by an antifungal and antimicrobial agent as a reduction in substrate uptake as compared to uninhibited controls. The assay is also appropriate for testing antimicrobial agents against bacteria such as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex group organisms and other mycobacterial species (such as M. avium-intracellulare complex, M. fortuitum, M. smegatis and M. kanassi), and other aerobic bacteria (such as Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria). The assay format is appropriate for testing antimicrobial agents against diseases caused by culturable protozoa.
At least two advantages of the present assay approach are speed and low expense of the assay. The assay may be performed to completion within a normal working day and at low cost in terms of equipment and technician time and training as elaborated below.
The assay advantageously requires only a minimum of technical knowledge about fungi. This advantage makes the assay useful to virtually all clinical microbiologists. Currently, most antifungal susceptibility testing is done only at specialty reference laboratories. The present assay does not require a technologist dedicated to antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility testing. That is, the assay includes several incubations during which time the technologist may carry out other unrelated duties.
A major objective of the assay is to provide clinical laboratories with a rapid method for antifungal and antibacterial MIC determination. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is a quantitative value which gives the actual concentration of drug that inhibits a given fungus or microbe from growing. To fulfill this objective, the assay is quantitative with respect to the number of fungal or microorganisms used in the assay and the purity of organisms tested. These criteria must be met for an MIC result to be valid. The assay is run on a known number of fungi obtained in pure culture and is thus quantitative, and can be used for MIC determinations. Specimen fungal cultures may be purified by standard microbiological purification techniques. These techniques are outlined in W. W. Koneman, S. D. Allen, W. M. Janda, P. C. Schreckenberger and W. C. Winn. 1992. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 4th Ed., Chap. 1, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, or as outlined in Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989) incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In a preferred embodiment, the assay utilizes glucose as the growth substrate. Glucose is essentially a universal growth substrate for fungi and is the most preferred for this assay. Any fungal or microbial energy, carbon or nitrogen source may be used as the fungal substrate. Other fungal substrates include, but are not limited to, for example, acetate, galactose, ammonia/ammonium and glycerol. Glucose is metabolized in the assay by glucose oxidase. An indicator of glucose concentration or cellular metabolic activity is used to obtain the MIC of antifungal and antibacterial drugs against various fungi. Other methods for glucose detection can be used, such as potentiometric methods (e.g., ion specific probes).
If fungal substrates other than glucose are used, the appropriate enzyme which metabolizes the substrate is used. For example, if galactose is chosen as the substrate, galactose oxidase is used as the enzyme in the assay. If an ammonium salt is used in the assay, L-glutamate dehydrogenase or a potentiometric method is be used. Preferably, fungi that grow primarily as non-dematiaceous yeasts are tested. The assay is readily adapted to use with other yeasts and with filamentous fungi. The assay, in a preferred embodiment is accommodated for robotic automation.
The assay below represents a preferred embodiment of performing the assay of the invention.
1. Pipette 50 μl per well of the test antifungal dilutions (prepared 3� in RPMI 1640 (Sigma) without glucose) into the appropriate wells of a 96 well microtiter plate (Corning #25880-96).
2. Pipette 50 μl per well of RPMI 1640 with 2 mg/ml glucose.
3. Pipette 50 μl per well of the yeast inoculum (prepared 3� in RPMI 1640 without glucose) into the appropriate wells of the plate.
4. Tap the plate gently to mix. Cover the plate and preincubate at 37� C. for 0 to 6 hours.
5. Add 50 μl/well of RPMI 1640 with 1 mg/ml glucose.
6. Tap the plate gently to mix. Cover the plate and return it to the 37� C. incubator for 3 hours.
7. Add 50 μl of color mix without glucose oxidase to each background control well.
8. Add glucose oxidase to the remaining color mix. Mix.
9. Add 50 μl of complete color mix to each test well. Tap the plate gently to mix.
10. Develop for 30 minutes at room temperature.
11. Read O.D. at 540-570 nm in microplate spectrophotometric reader.
12. Net O.D./well=(O.D. sample with glucose oxidase) --(O.D. sample without glucose oxidase).
In the above method, preincubation allows the yeast to establish metabolism in the presence of the antifungal agents prior to the glucose assay. Glucose is then added back to the culture, and the differential uptake of this glucose is measured after three hours. Preincubation (steps 4 and 5) is optional depending on the fungus and antifungal agent combination.
Drug treated samples are compared to control (untreated) samples for glucose uptake. Fungal or microbial susceptibility to the drug is indicated by a decrease in glucose uptake by the treated samples.
Same as example 1, except a strain of Torulopsis glabrata is tested with amphotericin B as the antifungal agent.
Same as example 1, except a strain of Torulopsis glabrata is tested with fluconazole as the antifungal agent.
Same as example 1, except a strain of Candida albicans is tested with amphotericin B as the antifungal agent.
Same as example 1, except a strain of Candida albicans is tested with fluconazole as the antifungal agent.
Same as example 1, except a strain of Cryptococcus neoformans is tested with fluconazole and amphotericin B as antifungal agents in yeast nitrogens base (YNB) instead of RPMI 1640.
Same as example 1, except a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, a mould, is tested with amphotericin B.
Same as example 1, except an ammonium salt is substituted for the glucose as a detectable growth substrate.
Same as example 1, except galactose is substituted for the glucose fungal substrate and galactose oxidase is substituted for glucose oxidase.
An alternative embodiment of the anti-bacterial susceptibility assay comprises the steps of,
a. pipetting 50 μl per well of the test anti-bacterial dilutions into wells of a 96 well microtiter plate;
b. pipetting 50 μl per well of RPMI 1640 with 2 mg/ml glucose;
c. pipetting 50 μl per well of the bacterial inoculum (prepared 3� in RPMI 1640 without glucose) into the wells of the plate;
d. tapping the plate gently to mix;
e. covering the plate and preincubate at 37� C. for 0 to 19 hours;
f. adding 50 μl/well of RPMI 1640 with 2 mg/ml glucose;
g. tapping the plate gently to mix;
h. covering the plate and return it to the 37� C. incubator for 3 hours;
i. adding 50 μl of color mix without glucose oxidase to each background control well;
j. adding glucose oxidase to the remaining color mix;
k. adding 50 μl of complete color mix to each test well;
l. developing for 30 minutes at room temperature; and
m. reading the optical density at 540-570 nm with a 655 nm reference filter at dual wavelength.
Thus, an anti-fungal/antimicrobial susceptibility assay in accordance with the invention generally comprises the steps of,
a) adding sample antifungal agents to a vessel;
b) adding fungal inoculum to said vessel;
c) adding glucose to the vessel of step (b) to grow a culture of said fungal inoculum;
d) incubating said culture for a sufficient amount of time to allow fungal inoculum to grow;
e) adding additional glucose substrate;
f) incubating for an amount of time sufficient to allow substrate uptake;
g) mixing a colorizing agent without glucose oxidase to a control fungal culture;
h) adding glucose oxidase with colorizing agent to fungal cultures of step (f);
i) incubating said fungal cultures of step (h) with glucose oxidase for a time sufficient to develop said colorizing agent; and
j) quantifying the amount of color development present in each sample to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of sample antifungal agent, as compared to said control.
To avoid starvation conditions, the yeast may be suspended in a complete nutrient medium, then pelleted and suspended in the assay medium at the appropriate concentration for mixture with the antifungal agents.
In the assay, the incubation time to allow fungal inoculum to grow in the presence of glucose and the antifungal agent may be selected from 0 to about 8 hours. In a preferred embodiment the incubation time is about 3 hours.
The most rapid result can be achieved by the assay of the invention in about 3.5 hours. In an alternative assay, the total assay can be performed in 8 hours or less. One of skill in the art knows that incubation times are dependent on fungal species metabolism, and adjustment of incubation time can be made according to fungal species. Examples discussed herein which are relevant to fungi are also relevant to antimicrobial testing.
The assay vessel is preferably a microtiter plate well, however, a dipstick or nitrocellulose membrane may alternatively be used.
In the present assay, glucose serves as the metabolic substrate. However, the assay will work well with other metabolic substrates, such as galactase or ammonium.
The colorizing agent, 4-amino antipyrine and N-ethyl-N-sulfopropyl-m-toluidine, turns purple upon conversion of glucose to H2 O2 and further interaction with horseradish peroxidase. Other colorizing agents which can be used include: (1) ABTS (2,2'-azinodi ethylbenzothiozoline! sulfonate; (2) 0-phenylenediamine; or (3) 3,3',5,5'tetramethylbenzene.
Preferably, about 25-50 microliters of colorizing agent is used. In a most preferred embodiment of the invention 50 microliters of colorizing agent is used. The preferred time to develop said colorizing agent is about 30 min.
Preferably, about 25-50 microliters of fungal inoculum is used. In a most preferred embodiment of the invention 50 microliters of fungal inoculum is used.
Any anti-fungal agent may be tested using the assay of the invention. In a preferred embodiment the antifungal agent is selected from azoles (e.g., fluconazole or itraconazole), polyenes (e.g., amphotericin B), metabolic analogs (e.g., 5-fluorocytosine), cell wall inhibitors (e.g., nikkomycins, eichinocandins, polyonins) and allylamines (e.g., terbinefine).
The step of quantitating the amount of color development is performed on a microplate reader which provides a value for the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antifungal agent. In a preferred embodiment the microplate reads O.D. at 540-570 nm.
Thus the assay of the invention may be completed in 8 hours or less and with some fungi-drug combinations it may be completed in 3.5 hours or less. In addition, the assay has objective endpoints.
In another embodiment of the invention the assay involves the following 11 steps. 1) Adding test antifungal dilutions to microtiter plate wells. 2) Adding glucose to the wells. 3) Adding fungal inocula dilutions to the wells. 4) Gently mixing the mixture. 5) Mixing and incubating for three hours. 6) Mixing color mix without glucose oxidase to each background control well. 7) Adding glucose oxidase to color mix. 8) Adding color mix to each test well. 9) Developing for 30 minutes. 10) Obtaining an MIC value or MLD value. 11) Compare control vs. treated samples for degree of inhibition (i.e., MFC) of glucose uptake.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the assay utilizes (but is not restricted to) microtiter plates, reagents in solution and an ELISA plate reader to determine the color results.
The assay may be modified to provide minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) information and results. It is often critical to determine whether an antifungal agent is fungicidal or whether it is merely fungistatic. This determination influences the course of treatment for the patient. To determine MFC's, fungal cells may be stained while in the wells or the cells can be removed from the wells after the MIC determination and stained for viability. Examples of viability stains include FUNGOLIGHT and YO-PRO, available from Molecular Probe.
For several reasons, the use of filter pads, to which the fungal cells may adhere, and infectious material as the inoculum would compromise the ability to determine fungal viability. Thus filter pads should not be used as an assay substrate.
The present assay utilizes a chemically defined medium which allows standardization of the assay. Assays such as those of Goldman, preincubate the medium with a known microbe to deplete traces of glucose. This step may confound subsequent results of the assay.
In the assay of the invention, the antifungal drugs are added in solution or suspension, thus assuring an interaction with the fungi. This factor unexpectedly provides a benefit over known assays, such as the Goldman assay, in which the drugs are first adhered to a filter pad and the infectious material is added to the top of the pad. The Goldman assay does not work with water insoluble antifungal agents, hydrophobic/non-soluble antifungals (important ones, such as amphotericin B and itraconazole) which stay in the filter pad and do not have a chance to interact with the fungi.
The invention also provides for a test kit for minimum inhibitory concentration, anti-fungal susceptibility testing. Such a test kit in accordance with the invention may comprise
a) a microtiter plate,
b) sample anti-fungal agents, pre-diluted,
c) diluent,
d) colorizing agent,
e) fungal metabolic substrate, such as glucose, and
f) metabolic enzyme, such as glucose oxidase.
A microtiter plate ELISA reader which is normally present in a lab can be used to detect and quantify the MLD and MIC values. The kit may also include instructions for use. The test fungal inoculum must be supplied by the technician from a specimen, which in a preferred embodiment is taken from a patient. The specimen is purified prior to performance of the assay. This assay is adaptable to robotics technology.
1. Anselm, S. and L. Nilsson (1984) Direct membrane-damaging effect of ketoconazole and tioconazole on Candida albicans demonstrated by bioluminescent assay of ATP. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 26:22-25.
2. Beezer, A. E. and B. Z. Chowdhry (1981) Flow microcalorimetric bioassay of polyene antibiotics: interaction with growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experientis 37:828-831.
3. Cheung, S. C., G. Medoff, D. Schlessinger and G. S. Kobayashi (1975) Stability of amphotericin B in fungal culture media. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 8:426-428.
4. Coleman, T., J. V. Madassery, G. S. Kobayashi, M. H. Nahm and J. R. Little (1989) New fluorescence assay for the quantitation of fungi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2003-2007.
5. Fisher, B. D. and D. Armstrong (1977) Rapid microdilution-colorimetric assay for yeast susceptibility to fluorocytosine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 12:614-617.
6. Green, L., B. Petersen, L. Steimel, P. Haeber and W. Current (1994) Rapid determination of antifungal activity by flow cytometry. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1088-1091.
7. Hazen, K. C., M. P. Chery and Y. Han (1994) Potential use of the BacT/Alert automated blood culture system for antifungal susceptibility testing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:848-850.
8. Hopfer, R. L. and D. Groeschel (1977) Amphotericin B susceptibility testing of yeasts with a Bactec radiometric system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11:277-280.
9. Hopfer, R. L., K. Mills, and D. Groeschel (1979) Radiometric method for determining the susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 15:313-314.
10. LaRocco, M. (1991) Recent developments in antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin. Microbiol. Newsletter. 13:81-85.
11. McGinnis, M. R. and M. G. Rinaldi (1991) Antifungal drugs: mechanisms of action, drug resistance, susceptibility testing, and assays of activity in biological fluids. In V. Lorian (Ed.), Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine, 3d Edn., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 198-257.
12. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (1992) Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; proposed standard. M27-P, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Villanova.
13. Pfaller, M. A. and A. L. Barry (1994) Evaluation of a novel colorimetric broth microdilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1992-1996.
14. Pfaller, M. A., Q. Vu, M. Lancaster, A. Espinel-Ingroff, A. Fothergill, C. Grant, M. R. McGinnis, L. Pasarell, M. G. Rinaldi and L. Steele-Moore (1994) Multisite reproducibility of colorimetric broth microdilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1625-1628.
15. Pfaller, M. A. and M. G. Rinaldi (1993) Antifungal susceptibility testing: current state of technology, limitations, and standardization. Infect. Dis. Clin. North America. 7:435-444.
16. Warnock, D. W. (1989) Antifungal drug susceptibility testing. Curr. Top. Med. Mycol. 3:403-416.
The purpose of the above description and examples is to illustrate some embodiments of the present invention without implying any limitation. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the composition and method of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. All patents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
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|Leon S Goldman
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|Citing Patent
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|Feb 17, 2005
|Jun 22, 2006
|Laurent Schaller
|Catheter-based tissue remodeling devices and methods
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|Asthmatx, Inc.
|Energy delivery devices and methods
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|U.S. Classification
|435/32, 435/28, 435/975, 435/14
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 8, 1996
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|Dec 16, 2008
Owner name: NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF
Free format text: EXECUTIVE ORDER 9424, CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY;REEL/FRAME:021986/0173
Effective date: 19960509
|Oct 25, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 23, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 10, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110323


text:
...I individualize my approach according to the needs, schedule and budget of each student. In addition, I offer tutoring in ESL conversation and especially enjoy working with young children. If you are new to the city, I can plan lessons around visits to different neighborhoods and attractions.I ...
10 Subjects: including vocabulary, grammar, reading, writing
San Francisco, CA
...My credential is in mathematics, science and English, so I have a broad base of knowledge in most academic subjects. I have been tutoring students to prepare to take other tests, such as the SATs, the GRE and the GMAT. I administer the ISEE for students wishing to enter private school in the Bay Area, so I am very familiar with the test.
35 Subjects: including vocabulary, GED, ESL/ESOL, algebra 1
Redwood City, CA
...For three years I taught a beginners Japanese course at a university. I have also taught high school students as well as business professionals privately. I can design a lesson curriculum for your own unique needs.
2 Subjects: including ESL/ESOL, Japanese
San Francisco, CA
Our Running a private school in our home for over 15 years enabled our own four children--and numerous other children- to reach their academic potential. Our oldest son graduated from our school, became a Fulbright Scholar, and is now a History Professor at a University in Virginia. I personally ...
3 Subjects: including writing, English, ESL/ESOL
Newark, CA
...I believe strongly that the successful use of the English language depends on learning to read and write in an organized and intelligent way; the real aim of language use is to be able to communicate well in both. I have two degrees from San Jose State and two from Stanford University. I think ...
3 Subjects: including English, world history, European history
Sunnyvale, CA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Verizon Wireless Puts SAMSUNG Galaxy Tab In Stores In November
Verizon Wireless Puts SAMSUNG Galaxy Tab In Stores In November
BASKING RIDGE, N.J., and DALLAS - Verizon Wireless and Samsung Telecommunications America (Samsung Mobile) today announced the highly anticipated Samsung Galaxy Tab will be available Nov. 11 for $599.99. Running on Android 2.2, the Samsung Galaxy Tab features a brilliant 7-inch touch screen; robust HTML Web browsing experience with full support for Adobe® Flash® 10.1 for video and mobile gaming; and a 1GHz Cortex A8 Hummingbird Application processor.
"This is an incredible time in mobile technology, and as a company we're excited to add the Samsung Galaxy Tab to our portfolio," said Marni Walden, vice president and chief marketing officer for Verizon Wireless. "The Samsung Galaxy Tab brings together the reliability of Verizon Wireless' 3G network and the power of Android 2. .2 to deliver on our promise of providing consumers and business customers with a host of options to help manage their lives."
Popular mobile applications, including V CAST Music and V CAST Song ID, VZ Navigator®, Slacker Radio, Kindle for Android, BLOCKBUSTER On Demand® presented by V CAST Video, and the exclusive golf game, "Let's Golf," will be available on the Samsung Galaxy Tab. In addition to text, picture and video messaging, the Samsung Galaxy Tab will also feature V CAST Apps, Verizon Wireless' mobile storefront offering hundreds of applications for businesses and consumers at launch.
Verizon Wireless customers can add a monthly access plan beginning at $20 a month for 1 GB on their Samsung Galaxy Tab. For additional features and specifications on the Samsung Galaxy Tab, visit http://www.verizonwireless.com/galaxytab.
For additional information on Verizon Wireless products and services, visit a Verizon Wireless Communications Store, call 1-800-2 JOIN IN or go to http://www.verizonwireless.com.
(EDITOR'S NOTE: Media can access high-resolution images of the Samsung Galaxy Tab in the Verizon Wireless Multimedia Library at http://www.verizonwireless.com/multimedia.)
About Verizon Wireless
Verizon Wireless operates the nation's most reliable and largest wireless voice and 3G data network, serving more than 92 million customers. Headquartered in Basking Ridge, N.J., with 79,000 employees nationwide, Verizon Wireless is a joint venture of Verizon Communications (NYSE, NASDAQ: VZ) and Vodafone (LSE, NASDAQ: VOD). For more information, visit http://www.verizonwireless.com. To preview and request broadcast-quality video footage and high-resolution stills of Verizon Wireless operations, log on to the Verizon Wireless Multimedia Library at http://www.verizonwireless.com/multimedia.
About Samsung Telecommunications America
Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC, a Dallas-based subsidiary of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., researches, develops and markets wireless handsets and telecommunications products throughout North America. For more information, please visit http://www.samsungwireless.com.
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Quotes about - English
Aboulafia [-said]: Some planes may or may not be delivered, but everyone has a huge interest in inflating the likelihood of this happening. Airbus and Boeing are desperate for a growth story and the Iranians love commercial opportunities for political leverage.
jamaica 24-JUN-16
Osborne [said:]: There are parts made here that go in the Airbus engine and the Airbus wings.
expressandstar 22-JUN-16
Aboulafia [-said]: Some planes may or may not be delivered but everyone has a huge interest in inflating the likelihood of this happening. Airbus and Boeing are desperate for a growth story and the Iranians love commercial opportunities for political leverage.
Aboulafia [-said]: Some planes may or may not be delivered, but everyone has a huge interest in inflating the likelihood of this happening. Airbus and Boeing are desperate for a growth story, and the Iranians love commercial opportunities for political leverage.
triblive 22-JUN-16
Vidalies [-said]: >Airbus for 118 aircraft is still pending authorisation from the United States, Deputy Transport Minister Asghar Fakhrieh Kashan told AFP Friday Iran has ordered about 200 planes from three Western manufacturers since nuclear-related sanctions were lifted in mid-January However, the Airbus deal still needs approval from the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) because more than 10 percent of components in Airbus planes are of American origin Western manufacturers were barred for nearly two decades fro
ahram 03-JUN-16
Wolfgang Sch [ said]: Thanks to this agreement, the Airbus Helicopters Foundation will greatly enhance its ability to provide vital airlift services around the globe in support of humanitarian crisis
reliefWeb 03-JUN-16
Clark [-said]: If Airbus does not build the A380neo, but will put new, bigger winglets on existing A380s we have on the order book, that would be great,
atwonline 02-JUN-16
Zypries [-said]: We want to remain a country that can play a role in Airbus and maintain and strengthen this European company as a European company,
reuters 01-JUN-16
Tom Enders [ said]: In times when - despite the current moderate price of oil - fuel continues to be the number one cost factor in air travel, Airbus will only survive against global competition if its aircraft can fly as efficiently as possible,
Clark [ said]: Whether that's enough to persuade Airbus to keep the line going is up to them, they have got to sell more and are trying very hard to do that,
tradearabia 12-MAY-16
Clark [-said]: As the first batch comes up for retirement we will want to replace them with more A380s ... whether that's enough to persuade Airbus to keep the line going is up to them really. They have got to sell more,
gulfnews 10-MAY-16
Akbar Al Baker [said:]: We are proud to be the first airline to fly the Airbus A350, for which we were the global launch customer, to Australia. Adelaide is an important addition to our route map giving Qatar Airways its fourth gateway into Australia, and we are pleased to offer the people of South Australia the most modern aircraft in the industry to connect them with 38 countries in Europe, 21 destinations in Africa and 27 destinations in the Middle East.
tradearabia 04-MAY-16
Al Baker [ said]: The Airbus A350 is an iconic commercial aircraft of the next decade,
tradearabia 06-APR-16
Fabrice Brégier [said:]: This event is significant because the A330 C&DC in Tianjin is our first completion and delivery centre for widebody aircraft outside Europe. Airbus' long-standing cooperation with China spans single aisle and now also widebody aircraft and we will continue to look for further opportunities in the future Airbus has reached another A350 XWB programme milestone with the start-up of A350-1000 horizontal tail plane deliveries from the company's Getafe, Spain facility. According to Airbus' 2015-2034 Glo
ngrguardiannews 04-MAR-16
Bregier [-said]: At Airbus, we are honoured to play our part and to open a major new chapter in our cooperation with you here today. I have every confidence that this centre will be a great success,
ibtimes 02-MAR-16
Villiers [added:]: There's also a long list of businesses - like Vauxhall, Airbus, GE, Renault - all of whom have said they will continue to work and invest in the UK even if we leave.
heraldscotland 24-FEB-16
Villiers [added:]: There's also a long list of businesses - like Vauxhall, Airbus, GE, Renault - all of whom have said they will continue to work and invest in the UK even if we leave. 'The reality is the EU sells more to us than we do to them, so if we left it would be in their interests to have a trade deal with us. So we'd carry on doing business with the rest of the EU even if we left.
mailonsunday 23-FEB-16
Al Baker [-told]: We will not cancel the A320neo order. Our relations with Airbus are very strong. We have full confidence in the neo programme but yes, we could cancel the entire Pratt & Whitney order,
tradearabia 19-FEB-16
Fabrice Brégier [ said]: The skies have cleared for Iran's flying public and Airbus is proud to welcome Iran's commercial aviation back into the international civil aviation community. Today is a significant step in the overhaul and modernisation of Iran's commercial aviation sector and Airbus stands ready to play its role in supporting it,
finanznachrichten 29-JAN-16
Fabrice Bregier [ said]: The skies have cleared for Iran's flying public and Airbus is proud to welcome Iran's commercial aviation back into the international civil aviation community. Today is a significant step in the overhaul and modernization of Iran's commercial aviation sector and Airbus stands ready to play its role in supporting it,
news 29-JAN-16
Bregier [-said]: The needs are great. We are discussing at the moment which could lead to a rapid delivery of Airbus aircrafts in the coming months,
thestar 27-JAN-16
Dion [-said]: If Airbus is able to do it, why Bombardier would not be able to do it?
durhamregion 27-JAN-16
Carsten Spohr [ said]: We are happy that today we are the first airline worldwide to receive the Airbus A320neo,
usaToday 22-JAN-16
Fernando Pinto [said:]: TAP is making history these days, progressing step by step to become more competitive and efficient, a company able to meet its Customers' needs and expectations and strongly committed to deliver high quality services to Portugal and all the markets served. With the investments already underway, which include the order for 53 new Airbus aircraft; € 60 million in retrofitting the cabin interiors of our current fleet; 11 million in retrofitting 12 A320 family aircraft with sharklet technology; 2 million in
portugalglobal 15-JAN-16
Bregier [-said]: This is potentially a huge market for Airbus and our competitors,
ettelaat 14-JAN-16
Leahy [-said]: The trouble is that, when Airbus moved to the neo and Boeing moved to the Max, the reasons for the C Series evaporated because they were trying to be 15 per cent more fuel efficient than an A320 or a 737,
ibtimes 14-JAN-16
Akbar Al Baker [ said]: The Airbus A350 was designed from start to finish to meet the needs of today's international flyer,
thepeninsulaqatar 05-JAN-16
Fabrice Bregier [ said]: We are grateful to CAS, one of our longest standing customers, for its continued confidence in Airbus and in the versatile A330 Family as well as the best-selling A320 Family,
neurope 29-OCT-15
Al Baker [said:]: Airbus will not deliver its aircraft to its customers unless it is satisfied with its engine certification.
zawya 26-OCT-15
al-Baker [-pointed out]: As I said earlier, there is already a month's slippage. Airbus was supposed to have delivered the first A320neo to us in October,
gulf 23-OCT-15
John Bolton [ said]: We work closely with Airbus to ensure that our mutual customers have the most advanced technology so they fly the safest and most efficient flights possible,
zawya 22-OCT-15
Winter [-said]: Using the same assets as in the first half of 2014three Airbus A319sin the first half, through better utilization we increased the number of seats flown by 56%; total revenue increased by 66% and operating losses reduced by 26%a great achievement,
atwonline 28-SEP-15
Tom Enders [ said]: Airbus Perlan Mission II is a historic endeavor in the truest spirit of aviation's earliest pioneers,
WashingtonPost 24-SEP-15
Tom Enders [ said]: Airbus Perlan Mission II is a historic endeavour in the truest spirit of aviation's earliest pioneers,
upi 24-SEP-15
Winter [ said]: Growth for 2015 is expected to come both from the Tanzanian operation and from the addition of new fastjet airlines in Zambia and Zimbabwe. With the current fleet now nearly fully utilised, extra capacity is required with negotiations to lease one additional Airbus A319-131 aircraft already at an advanced stage, with a letter of intent having been signed on 18 May 2015,
allafrica 18-SEP-15
Bregier [-said]: The U.S. facility is good news for the overall Airbus enterprise, as this greater production capacity creates global growth opportunities across the company and throughout our supply chain,
laht 15-SEP-15
Fabrice Brégier [said:]: This is the most game-changing event in aircraft manufacture in decades. Airbus is now truly an American manufacturer, creating a much closer relationship with many of our customers and suppliers.
independent 15-SEP-15
Richard Aboulafia [ said]: Mobile does do three things for Airbus,
tribune 14-SEP-15
Bregier [-said]: While Airbus has deep European roots, we have always seen ourselves as citizens of the world,
channelnewsasia 14-SEP-15
David Ford [ said]: To receive the Airbus Diamond Award in such a short amount of time after becoming an Airbus Service Center speaks volumes about the commitment of our team and the quality of service they provide,
prnewswire 02-SEP-15
Foster [ said]: The event will focus on innovative and practical energy solutions and their global impact. The airline industry is a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and at Air Astana we continue to take corrective action through the introduction of greener technology. At the recent Paris air show we announced our intention to acquire a fleet of Airbus A320 family NEO aircraft, whose new engine technology should save up to 15 per cent of emissions. The NEOs will be introduced from 2016. The EXPO 2017 site is well u
tradearabia 20-AUG-15
Fabrice Bregier [ said]: We believe that the A350 XWB is an excellent addition to the Airbus family of aircraft. It incorporates the latest technology in both airframe and engines and will deliver important operating efficiencies to our airline customers. We are pleased to be leasing our first A350 XWB to Vietnam Airlines , which is one of the most vibrant airlines in Asia. 'We are proud to see Vietnam Airlines become the second airline in the world to operate the A350 XWB,
Important notice about quotes:
All quotes both by and from, are derived by an automatic algorithm with no human intervention. This means that sometimes mistakes WILL occur. Users are therefore strongly advised to check the validity of quotes from the original news report. Neither the JRC nor the European Commission accepts any responsibility for the content of these pages which are merely aggregated from open sources.
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text:
Luca Bruno, Associated Press
LONDON — Sentiment in the world's markets remained fragile Wednesday ahead of the reopening of Cyprus' banks and the ongoing political stalemate in Italy.
Cypriot banks, which have been closed for the best part of two weeks, are due to start doing business again on Thursday following an international bailout agreement that's caused jitters around the world — but particularly in Europe — over the safety of deposits. Under the terms of the bailout, Cyprus is closing its second-largest bank, Laiki, and raiding big deposits in it, as well as in Bank of Cyprus.
The banks will have a number of restrictions imposed on them in order to prevent large-scale withdrawals that would further dent their prospects and damage the country's economy.
While the uncertainty over Cyprus remained, investors were also growing increasingly cautious about developments in Rome, where center-left leader Pier Luigi Bersani was struggling to form a government, a month after inconclusive elections.
"If a coalition that remains amenable to austerity can be cobbled together then Italy may limp on without a new crisis," said David Jones, chief market strategist at IG. "However, if there is one thing the eurozone situation has taught us it is that it is best not to hope for the most sensible outcomes, or for quick solutions."
In Europe, the FTSE 100 index of leading British shares closed down 0.6 percent at 6,364.03 while Germany's DAX fell 1.3 percent to 7,781.12. The CAC-40 in France ended 1.5 percent lower at 3,694, while Milan's main FTSE MIB index dropped 1.5 percent to 15,265.43.
The euro also remained under pressure, trading 0.8 percent lower at $1.2759. The currency has been on the slide since a top European official said the Cyprus bailout may be a model for the future. Though others have since sought to dismiss that idea, the thought has unsettled investors.
Rising worries over the future of the eurozone was visible in the bond markets too. The yield on Spain's 10-year bond — a gauge of investors' concerns — rose 0.11 percentage point to 5.04 percent, while Italy's jumped 0.13 percentage point to 4.67 percent.
"Despite the efforts of various eurozone politicians to reassure depositors that Cyprus's banking bail-in will not be used as a template, they will find it difficult to re-seal the can of worms," said Jane Foley, senior currency strategist at Rabobank International.
In the U.S., the Dow Jones industrial average was down 0.6 percent at 14,472 while the broader S&P 500 index fell the same rate to 1,554. On Tuesday, the Dow ended at a record closing high and the S&P just short of its all-time record.
Earlier, Asian stocks fared better as they rose in the slipstream of Tuesday's advance in U.S. stock markets, which saw the S&P 500 edge up towards an all-time high and the Dow rise to a new record.
Japan's Nikkei rose 0.2 percent to 12,493.79 while Hong Kong's benchmark Hang Seng index rose 0.6 percent to close at 22,464.82. In mainland China, the Shanghai Composite Index advanced 0.2 percent to 2,301.26 while the smaller Shenzhen Composite rose 0.3 percent to 955.24.
Oil prices tracked equities after hitting a five-week high on Tuesday — the benchmark crude rate for May delivery fell 59 cents to $95.75 a barrel.
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Non- profit marketing is about telling your story. Your very existence as an organization has a story behind it; a cause that people have rallied around, a service that somebody needed, or a social movement that is improving lives. To market your organization, you need to make this story as exciting and compelling as possible […]
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New Products, New Ideas, and New Marketing Strategies 2013
Make 2013 the year when you come out of the marketing shadows and start getting aggressive with your promotional campaigns. Fortune favors the brave as they say, and there's a world of products and ideas out there to help you take your business to the next level. NextDayFlyers stepped up its game last year by releasing a truckload of new products into the marketplace to help the small business owner. Here is a guide to a few of those new products and some suggestions on how to use them to build successful marketing campaigns:


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Robert W. HoytMarch 07,2014Robert W. Hoyt
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Great Value Wine That Won't Break The Bank
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Winemaker Interviews
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Wine news June 24, 2016by Christopher Barnes on 6/24/2016
Eater on Vinho Verde. "Most are grown in the backyard-size vineyards—about 29,000 of them—that make up the viticultural area's more than 51,000 acres of vines."
The Boston Globe on Chilean wine. "Chile's wine identity isn't easy to peg, and that poses a challenge when communicating with export markets."
The Guardian on how Bordeaux wine prices could raise by 60% after vintage year. "The top grands crus – a classification dating to 1855 – are on average 56% more expensive than in 2014, at about €600 (£490) a bottle in the wine shop."
The Chicago Tribune on Michigan's wine country. "Michigan wines are winning more awards every year. In fact, Traverse City's Chateau Chantal's Ice Wine was chosen by the White House to be served at a state dinner this spring honoring Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau."
James Suckling interviews Francisco Baettig of Errázuriz in Chile. :)
Decanter asks what will the Brexit mean for wine. "Merchants are somewhat less fearful of trade barriers being erected in the event of a vote to leave the EU, with Boom claiming it was 'unlikely' that European wine-producing countries would impose additional tariffs, given the significance of the UK market."
Tom Wark looks at the role of gender in marketing wine. "Elling herself reminds us that 70% of all wine purchased in the United States is purchased by women."read more »
The Rise of the Hipster Sommelier Part II: The Bubble People of NYWC and Their Fancy Winesby Stuart Pigott on 6/24/2016
"Isn't it time to name names? I had to point out to them that I'm not the DA of wine and this is not a list of people wanted for felonies." - Stuart Pigott read more »
Winemaker Interviews
Ricardo Campinoti of Le Ragnaie in Montalcinoby Monty Waldin on 6/23/2016
"Our lowest vineyard is 180 meters and our highest vineyard is 621 meters. The difference is dramatic." - Ricardo Campinoti read more »
Wine news
Wine news June 23, 2016by Christopher Barnes on 6/23/2016
Deadspin provides instruction on how to order wine like you know what you are doing. "If you've been staring at the wine list for an embarrassingly long amount of time and still have no idea what to order, ask your server!"
The Chicago Tribune on large format bottles. "Besides being festive, large-format bottles are better for aging wine than standard-size bottles."
Decanter on a fight over residual sugar levels in Alsace. "But the heated discussions going on in Alsace right now (and, let's face it, for many years) show that even the most ardent champions of this diversity know the confusion is helping neither consumers nor themselves."
Wines and Vines on how Washington wineries are planting flags in Oregon.
Jon Bonné in Punch says the world's best rosé is coming from Austria and Germany. "And both countries are obsessed with quality; their most talented winemakers don't see rosé as a second-class task."
Bloomberg on how Prince Robert of Luxembourg is building an empire in Bordeaux. "Though Prince Robert has become a savvy businessman, he never intended to join the family firm. "I wanted to be a musician, and in my twenties, I was in Hollywood writing screenplays with my wife," he explained."read more »
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"Over the years, John and I have found two modes of travel that satisfy our desire to be alone as much as we want and to drink as many of our own bottles of wine as we want: We're big-time fans of cruises and of long-distance train travel in Amtrak's deluxe sleeper cars." Dorothy Gaiter read more »
Wine news
Wine news June 22, 2016by Christopher Barnes on 6/22/2016
Forbes profiles wine app Vivino. "Vivino hopes go beyond becoming a source of recommendations, to evolving into a fully-fledged digital marketplace for wine."
Vice explains why one should put their wine in a slushy machine.
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The Sacramento Bee says the Hungarian grape Furmint might be the next big thing. "He suggested that the Communists preferred mediocre mass-produced semi-sweet wine and failed to keep abreast of advances in grape growing and winemaking; as a consequence, the nation's wine standing on the international stage slipped into virtual obscurity."
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Francisco Baettig of Errázurizby Christopher Barnes on 6/20/2016
"I don't think Chile should stick to just one variety or use Carménère, the equivalent of Malbec in Argentina, or Sauvignon Blanc in New Zealand." -Francisco Baettig of Errázuriz read more »
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The Huffington Post on non-alcoholic wine for cats. "Then it dawned on him — maybe some people out there reallywould like a wine-like treat for their cats."
Bloomberg on the world's top wine lists. "Robuchon beat out Vienna's grand Palais Coburg, the best European list, and New York's Eleven Madison Park, 2015's top award winner and the top list in North America (not to mention the No.3 best restaurant in the world)."
Eater on the NYSLA dropping its proposal to outlaw restaurants and wine retailers selling auction wine. And The Drinks Business on how NY has rolled back its Prohibition era Sunday alcohol laws.
Andrew Jefford in Decanter on the Brexit and wine. "The consequences for Britons (like those in the wine trade) whose livelihood depends on international trade must also be a matter of guesswork."
Jancis Robinson profiles Miguel Torres and looks at his quest to rescue Catalan native grapes. "Torres worked on samples of vine fragments in conjunction with the University of Montpellier and its DNA analysing equipment and in about 50 instances, the mystery vines turned out to be genuinely mysterious."
The New York Times talks to rosé pioneer Sacha Lichine. "In 2008, he said, when he was getting started, he sold just 3,500 cases of the rosé made on his estate. Now, he's selling more than 200,000 cases, 50,000 of them in New York alone."
The Washington Post on Mid-Atlantic wineries. "When we think of Virginia and Maryland, we savor the cabernet franc, salivate over petit verdot and nod in appreciation over the Bordeaux blends."read more »
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text: Home Recipes Course Dinner Recipes Beef Dinner Recipes Steak Dinner Share: Steak Dinner Looking for recipes for steak dinners? Taste of Home has the best steak dinner recipes from real cooks like you, featuring reviews, ratings, how-to videos and tips. Recipe Spotlight Slow Cooker Beef Tostadas Teresa DeVono I dedicate these slow-simmered tostadas to my husband, the only Italian man I know who can't get enough of Mexican flavors. Pile on your best toppings. —Teresa DeVono, Red Lion, Pennsylvania Get Recipe More Steak Dinner Previous Page 1 2 3 ... 60 Next Page Favorite Cornish Pasties Favorite Cornish Pasties Years ago, when bakeries in my Midwestern hometown made pasties, people scrambled to get there before they were all gone. Now I make my own...filled with meat, potatoes and vegetables, they make a complete meal and are great for picnics or potlucks. —Gayle Lewis Yucaipa, California View Recipe Easy Oven Stew Easy Oven Stew Rita also shares this make-ahead dish. View Recipe Mushroom Beef Skillet Mushroom Beef Skillet This good-for-you recipe proves you can still enjoy the flavor of beef stroganoff even when you're watching your diet.—Vicki Raatz, Waterloo, Wisconsin View Recipe Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Peppered Ribeye Steaks Peppered Ribeye Steaks A true Southerner to the core, I love to cook—especially on the grill. This recipe is one of my favorites! The seasoning rub makes a wonderful marinade, and nothing beats the summertime taste of these flavorful grilled steaks! —Sharon Bickett, Chester, South Carolina View Recipe Southern-Fried Baked Steak Southern-Fried Baked Steak When our family gets together, they often ask me to prepare this main course. They love its down-home flavor.—Howard Haug, Hewitt, Texas View Recipe Spicy Tomato Steak Spicy Tomato Steak My family loves this spicy tomato dish. I came up with the recipe about 25 years ago, after eating a similar dish on vacation in New Mexico. I came home and tried to duplicate it from memory, with delicious results! View Recipe Swiss Steak Swiss Steak Mom was always glad to prepare this tender, flavorful dish for a birthday dinner when one of my three brothers or I'd ask her for it. The celery, onion and mushrooms make it extra special. Now my family enjoys Swiss Steak when I make it for them. -Dianne Esposite, New Middletown, Ohio View Recipe Teriyaki Steak Skewers Teriyaki Steak Skewers When these flavorful skewered steaks are sizzling on the grill, the aroma makes everyone around stop what they're doing and come to see what's cooking. The tasty marinade is easy to make, and these little steaks are quick to cook and fun to eat. -Jeri Dobrowski, Beach, North Dakota View Recipe Teriyaki Shish Kabobs Teriyaki Shish Kabobs My father worked for an airline in the 1960's, when I was a teenager, and my family lived on the island of Guam in the South Pacific. A friend of Mother's there gave her this wonderful recipe. We ate this delicious warm-weather dish often, and now I prepare it for my family. —Suzanne Pelegrin, Ocala, Florida View Recipe Easy Marinated Flank Steak Easy Marinated Flank Steak I copied this recipe from a friend's collection 15 years ago. Now whenever we make steak on the grill, this is the recipe we usually use. It's also a tempting dish to serve when entertaining. It's earned me my compliments. —Debbie Bonczek, Tariffville, Connecticut View Recipe Beef Mushroom Stew Beef Mushroom Stew When cold winds blow here in Minnesota, there's nothing like sitting down to a steaming plate of savory stew.—Marilyn Schroeder, St. Paul, Minnesota View Recipe Previous Page 1 2 3 ... 60 Next Page Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT


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Community management basics for IC pros
Blog, Guest, Internal Comms
Community management basics for IC pros
Enterprise social networks are not just another communication channel. They require a new set of communication skills that traditional professional communicators often lack.
Today is Community Manager Appreciation Day #CMAD and here Virpi Oinonen @voinonen writes for my blog to tell us more. I love the way she communicates visually, you're in for a treat including a free download to help you understand this topic.
She's the author of Internal Social Networks The Smart Way – the only hands-on guide to introducing an enterprise social network in your organisation.
See www.BusinessGoesSocial.net for tips and advice for enterprise social champions
Over to you Virpi…
Community Management Basics For IC Pros
If you push corporate news stories to your internal social network I highly recommend that you familiarise yourself with basic community management techniques.
They will help you increase adoption, and most importantly make sure the social network is actually useful in reaching your organisation's goals.
What is community management?
Online community management has been around for couple of decades now, but the professionalisation of the practice has only started in recent years.
Community manager is a key role when building online communities – they are the people who have their finger on the community pulse.
There are people behind these networks that make sure the community grows and develops and that members get the help and the experiences they were looking for.
The role varies depending at what stage the community is. When kickstarting new communities you often focus on developing relationships and getting people through the door. The tasks then change as the community matures.
Community managers could be described as community architects – they are not just technicians who moderate discussions.
Internal communications + community management = 21st century role?
For internal communicators community management practice can provide a fruitful loop with more traditional communications practices.
Need stories about the implementation of the new sales strategy? Tap into your community to get quotes and stories on how people are getting on in the frontline.
Get a quote from the CEO about the frontline experiences and voila – you might actually have a story that is of interest to people.
Very few internal communications people have worked as community managers or vice versa so it's not a surprise that innovation and best practice from the community management world hasn't reached the internal comms shores yet.
There are some differences between internal and external community management, but many of the practices are transferrable.
If you Google Community Manager Appreciation Day (26 January this year) you will find useful resources like webinars, blog posts and people you can learn from (search for #CMAD on Twitter).
I'm working on an online course on internal communication. In preparation for it I've developed a short email course on internal community management – you can sign up here.
Your feedback would be greatly appreciated.
You can download the PowerPoint presentation here.
Post author: Virpi Oinonen
Thank you Virpi.
First published on All Things IC blog 26 January 2015.
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Charleston selects 1st female fire chief
Chief Karen E. Brack will take over department in middle of accreditation process
Live 5 News
CHARLESTON, S.C. — Mayor Joseph P. Riley, Jr. has selected a new fire chief for the City Of Charleston Fire Department.
Karen Brack, the now former deputy chief of operations in the Eugene Fire Department in Oregon, was named fire chief for the City of Charleston Fire Department by Mayor Riley during a conference at City Hall Friday afternoon.
"It is a great honor to be selected as Chief of the City of Charleston Fire Department. Charleston is well known as a wonderful city and I have been very impressed with its strong fire service team," Brack said in a statement released on Friday," I am committed to continuing the record of progress set by Chief Carr and continued by Chief Finley. I am eager to begin leading the exceptional men and women of the City of Charleston Fire Department as we work together to make this great department even better and make the citizens of Charleston even safer."
Full story: Karen Brack named City of Charleston fire chief
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