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I study a model of strategic disclosure of a private signal to a rival in the presence of a payoff externality. In the model, two agents forecast the unknown true state of a future period. Specifically, the quality of the signal is also private information. Hence, which quality of signal is revealed for which incentive is the main question of interest. I show that, even when disclosure is costly, the revealing equilibrium, where an agent voluntarily reveals his signal, can exist and it should be a monotone equilibrium. Asymmetry between the penalty for an incorrect forecast and the reward for a correct forecast is a necessary condition for the existence of this revealing equilibrium. If the penalty is larger than the reward, the unique revealing equilibrium is a separating equilibrium, where only the low quality signal is disclosed in order to induce the rival's imitation. On the other hand, if the reward is much larger than the penalty, the unique revealing equilibrium is a pooling equilibrium, where the signal is always revealed in order to induce the rival's deviation. If the reward is not much larger than the penalty, no revealing equilibrium is robust to a costly disclosure. (JEL D81, D82)]]>
We propose a model with two markets to analyze the welfare implications of price discrimination with quality differences. In each market a local firm that operates in that market only competes against a global firm that operates in both markets. Local firms produce higher-quality goods than the global firm. If the quality levels of the local firms' products are the same, price discrimination is never welfare-decreasing. If they differ, discrimination is welfare-increasing if quantity increases. Because of a positive allocation effect of price discrimination, there are parameter values such that welfare increases while total output decreases with price discrimination. (JEL D43, D60)]]>
This article investigates whether the global spread of the English language provides an inherent advantage to native English speakers. This question is studied within the context of the economics profession, where the impact of being a native English speaker on future publishing success is examined. English speakers may have an advantage because they are writing in their native language, the quality of writing is a crucial determinant of publishing success, and all the top economics journals are published in English. Using a ranking of the world's top 2.5% of economists, this article confirms that native English speakers are ranked 100 spots higher (better) than similar non-native English speakers. A variety of extensions examine and dispel many other potential explanations. (JEL A11, J44, F66)]]>
Investment in network infrastructure is crucial for economic growth. This article studies the impact of the presence of independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) on the investment of European regulated firms. We account for measurement error in formal independence of IRAs by exploiting cross-country heterogeneity in the quality of political institutions. Results show that regulatory independence increases firms' investment rate by around 1.2%–3.3%. The positive effect survives when we control for social capital accumulation, investor protection, and market liberalization. However, the effect of IRAs is not immune to politics, as we find that political interference in regulatory functions persists in the European Union and is detrimental to firm investment. (JEL D78, L50, D92, H1)]]>
When considering how to allocate scarce resources for the development of public infrastructure, many countries have a tendency to neglect maintenance in favor of new infrastructure investment projects. We examine the role of maintenance expenditures on output and on the distribution of wealth in a heterogeneous agents model. In our model, maintenance affects the quality of existing infrastructure and thus the flow of services derived from it. Furthermore, maintenance expenditures also affect the depreciation rates of both public infrastructure and private capital. We calibrate our model to Mexico and consider several policies that increase the flow of resources to infrastructure and find that a policy that allocates all additional resources to new investment is dominated by policies that allocate at least some of the additional resources to maintenance. Specifically, focusing all additional resources on maintenance is shown to generate the largest reduction in inequality, while a more balanced policy that increases both investment and maintenance maximizes output growth. (JEL E00, E62, H54)]]>
This article explores the interaction between consumption externalities and limited asset market participation (LAMP) in the standard New-Keynesian model. We assess the performance of simple Taylor-type interest rate rules with respect to (a) equilibrium determinacy, (b) the model's ability to simultaneously generate output and inflation volatility similar to the pre-Volcker era, and (c) the model's response to a technology shock. We find that when individual preferences are affected by average household consumption (Aggregate Consumption Externality), stronger externalities increase the range of LAMP for which multiple equilibria arise even if the policy rule satisfies the Taylor principle. The interaction of LAMP and externalities can generate vast inflation/output relative volatility in line with the one observed in the data in the 1970s. According to our analysis, consumption externalities also affect the responses of endogenous variables to total factor productivity shocks. (JEL E4, E5)]]>
I show that corporate directors' human capital facilitates international investments. Directors' experience with cross-border transactions positively influences firms' decisions to conduct their first cross-border acquisitions. Cross-border acquirers are more likely to buy firms headquartered in countries with which the directors have prior deal experience. This effect is strongest for target firms headquartered in culturally and institutionally dissimilar countries. Announced cross-border acquisitions are received more favorably by financial markets and are more likely to be completed successfully when the announcing firm has a director with cross-border acquisition experience. These effects are not driven by investment bank involvement in the deal process or by other forms of directors' human capital, and they are robust to endogeneity of director hires. (JEL F23, F21, J24, L23)]]>
We introduce a simple equilibrium model of a market for loans, where households lend to firms based on heterogeneous expectations about their loan default probability. Agents select endogenously among heterogeneous expectation rules, based upon their relative performance. Due to strong nonlinearities, a small fraction of pessimistic traders already has a large aggregate effect, leading to a crisis characterized by high interest rates for loans and low output. Our stylized model illustrates how animal spirits and heterogeneous expectations and, in particular, how coordination on pessimistic expectations amplifies crises and slows down recovery. (JEL E32, D83, D84)]]>
This article revisits the sectoral shifts hypothesis by examining unemployment fluctuations for 48 U.S. states over the period 1990:M01–2011:M12. We develop a panel approach that incorporates dynamics, parameter heterogeneity, aggregate factors, and cross-sectional dependence (CSD). Our findings provide support for a positive and significant effect of the employment dispersion index on unemployment. This outcome is robust under alternative specifications and measures of employment dispersion. The empirical evidence corroborates the presence and relevance of CSD and heterogeneity among states. The results show that, once unobserved common factors and cross-state heterogeneity are taken into account, labor reallocation has a significant effect on unemployment that is half the size of the estimate when cross-sectional dependence is not taken into account. (JEL E24, E32, J21, R23, C23)]]>
In the presence of multilateral negotiations, are Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) necessary for, or will they prevent, global free trade? I answer this question using a dynamic farsighted model of network formation among asymmetric countries. Ultimately, FTAs prevent global free trade when there are two larger countries and one smaller country but FTAs can be necessary for global free trade when there are two smaller countries and one larger country. The model provides insights into the dynamics of recent real-world negotiations and recent results in the literature on the empirical determinants of trade agreements. (JEL C71, F12, F13)]]>
I analyze the dynamic effects of tax competition on public budget deficits. I find that stronger tax competition leads to a fiscal deficit bias at the early stages of financial liberalization. When countries differ in terms of capital mobility, further liberalization leads to external imbalances and diverging fiscal deficits while corporate tax rates converge. Consistent with theory, I find that stronger tax competition increases deficits in a sample of OECD countries, controlling for tax revenues and other standard determinants of fiscal deficits. (JEL E62, F62)]]>
Using data on young adults from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate the changing roles of ability and education in the transmission of economic status across generations. We find that ability plays a substantially diminished role for the most recent cohort whereas education plays a much larger role. The first finding results primarily from a smaller effect of children's ability on status, the second from an increased correlation between parental status and educational attainment. A replication of the analysis by gender reveals that the changes in the role of ability are largely driven by men whereas the changes in education's role are largely driven by women. (JEL J62, I24)]]>
We test whether option theory indicated by the Black–Scholes formula is consistent with contract negotiations between teams and players in Major League Baseball (MLB). Teams use contract options in order to obtain the right to buy a player's services for an extra year when negotiating multiple year contracts. These options are similar to European call options, and should reduce the risk of buying volatile assets (players with high variation in performance). In this paper, we model the decision to buy an option (include an option year in the contract) and whether to exercise the option (pay the option salary in the option year versus buying out the option). The results indicate that the behavior of MLB teams is consistent with standard option theory both in terms of buying and exercising options. The sample is the complete population of free agent hitters who signed new contracts between the years 2003 and 2011. We were unable to find any published literature that has addressed this issue. (JEL ZO, H3)]]>
This article contributes to the literature on trust and small businesses in developing countries by linking the level of trust in others that entrepreneurs display in a lab setting to sales data outside of the lab. The results show a robust positive correlation between trust and business success (with sales used as a measure of success): The successful entrepreneurs invested in trust more than the less successful ones did. In the lab, trusting in others is highly profitable, with successful entrepreneurs doing so to the degree required to maximize revenue. However, I found no association between trustworthiness and business success. (JEL O17, L26, C91)]]>
This article develops a general equilibrium model of conflict to characterize the implications of endogenous destruction for bargaining and fighting. Specifically, we consider the scenario where two contending parties engage in bargaining to avoid fighting when there are direct costs (e.g., arms buildups) and indirect costs (e.g., destruction to consumable resources) of conflict. Without imposing specific functional form restrictions on conflict, production, and destruction technologies, we show their interactions in determining an optimal decision between fighting and bargaining. We find that, under the shadow of conflict, bargaining is costly as the contending parties always allocate more resources to arming for guarding settlement through bargaining than in the event of fighting. In contrast to conventional thinking that bargaining is Pareto superior over fighting, we show conditions under which fighting dominates bargaining as the Nash equilibrium choice. The positive analysis may help explain the general causes of fighting, without resorting to the assumption of incomplete information or misperceptions. (JEL D74, H56, C7)]]>
Noncompete covenants or covenant not to compete (CNC) are clauses in employment contracts in which the employee agrees not to gain employment with a competitor firm. In this article, we study the efficiency aspects of such contracts by incorporating the effect of labor mobility restrictions on knowledge transfer across firms, investment decisions by firms, and investment by workers. Following research that shows state-wise variations in the degree of CNC enforcement, we allow the strength of CNC enforcement to vary as a matter of regulatory policy and derive the optimal strength of enforcement. We also look at how regulations around CNCs should be optimally designed when employers can use collusive agreements, such as "no poaching" agreements, as an alternative to noncompete clauses. Given recent allegations of employer collusion among large Silicon Valley firms, we argue for a cautious approach in designing policies on CNC enforcement. (JEL J24, J41, J63, K31)]]>
This article reviews the literature on Christmas economics. First, we present an overall picture of the debate on the potential welfare loss of gift-giving and we show strategies that reduce the potential welfare loss and might increase the number of presents received. Second, we discuss the effect of Christmas on prices and the business cycle. We provide evidence that at Christmas stock prices and airfares increase, while food prices decrease. (JEL D6, E3, H4, Z1)]]>
We manipulate workers' perceived meaning of a job in a field experiment and interact meaning of work with both financial and recognition incentives. Results show that workers exert more effort when meaning is high. Money has a positive effect on performance that is independent of meaning. In contrast, meaning and recognition interact negatively. Our results provide new insights into the stability of incentive effects across important work contexts. They also suggest that meaning and worker recognition may operate via the same motivational channel. (JEL C93, J33, M12, M52)]]>
This article investigates how government intervention in land market affects China's urban development, using data from prefecture-level cities between 2000 and 2010. We find that government intervention enlarges the impact of positive productivity shocks on housing price appreciation, through mainly the government control over residential land supply. However, we find no significant evidence that high government intervention constrains population growth and leads to wage increase. Such patterns of urban dynamics can be explained by the fact that migrant workers are the driving force behind China's urbanization, but they have limited housing demand and are not well compensated. (JEL P52, R12, H11)]]>
We examine the effect of category reporting on charitable giving, aiming to disentangle the publicity effect from the category effect. We compare subjects' donation decisions under three reporting plans: category reporting, where an honored category is prespecified and qualifying subjects were publicly acknowledged; category no reporting, where the same category was utilized but the qualifying donors were not publicly acknowledged; and no reporting, where neither category setting nor public reporting was utilized. We found that category reporting significantly increased average donations relative to no reporting, and that this superiority was due to the dual presence of the category setting and the public reporting. The category setting anchors donations toward the category threshold and increased the average donations when the threshold was modestly set. The public reporting, on the other hand, only worked at the highest category level. It further increased the donations by providing extra social-image benefits. (JEL C90, C91, D64, H00)]]>
There is still no consensus on the causes of the increase in the variance of transitory earnings (earnings instability) in the United States. It is difficult to attribute the rise in instability to job mobility because there is no evidence of a concurrent increase in job turnover or separations. Using an error component model of the covariance structure of earnings on Panel Survey of Income Dynamics and Survey of Income and Program Participation data, this study shows that job mobility and the increase in the variance of wage changes upon job change accounts for a substantial part of the increase in earnings instability. The empirical evidence is consistent with the simulations of a search and matching model where an increase in the variance of productivity shocks increases on-the-job search and earnings instability among job changers while leaving job turnover approximately constant. (JEL J21, J31)]]>
This study examines the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in contractual research and development (R&D) in developing countries. We find that strong IPRs provide incentives for firms, both multinational and local, to specialize in R&D activities in which they have competitive advantage (the specialization effect). They also facilitate the switching process from imitators to potential innovators for local firms (the switching effect). Moreover, we also demonstrate that a multinational firm's strategic IPRs enforcement behavior can be an effective instrument for subsidizing contractual R&D in developing countries (the subsidizing effect). We further illustrate how a policy mix of IPRs and a foreign direct investment subsidy in these countries affects R&D activities by adding an offshore R&D subsidiary as an additional organizational form. (JEL L13, O31, O34)]]>
We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also—exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general—in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)]]>
We estimate the deterrence effects of European Commission (EC) merger policy instruments over the 1990–2009 period. Our empirical results suggest phase-1 remedies uniquely generate robust deterrence as—unlike phase-1 withdrawals, phase-2 remedies, and preventions—phase-1 remedies lead to fewer merger notifications in subsequent years. Furthermore, the deterrence effects of phase-1 remedies work best in high-concentration industries, that is, industries where the Herfindahl Hirschman Index is above the 0.2 cut-off level employed by the EC. Additionally, we find phase-1 remedies do not deter clearly pro-competitive mergers, but do deter potentially anti-competitive mergers in high-concentration industries. (JEL K21, K40, L40)]]>
The well-established gender gap in preferences for competition has been attributed to gender-variant feelings about performing in competitive environments. Using a novel task with agency, in which subjects experience competition but cannot perform, we find evidence that performing may be sufficient but not necessary to generate gender-variant preferences for competition. This suggests that the gender-gap cannot be eliminated by correcting beliefs alone; that eliminating performance—for example, routinizing tasks—may not eliminate the gender gap; and that there may be heretofore unidentified determinants of preferences for competition—for example, men may prefer payment schemes that are based on social comparison. (JEL J16, C91, J24)]]>
Many households neglect the pivotal task of planning for retirement. Proposals to stimulate employees to save for retirement in the workplace include tax subsidies, which are costly, and using automatic defaults, which may not complement the heterogeneous preferences of savers. This randomized field study shows that an information-based intervention increases reported retirement plan participation, emergency savings, and using a budget. Employees offered access to education increased actual retirement deferrals by $26 per month. These results suggest that retirement education programs may be an effective strategy to increase retirement planning and saving behavior. (JEL J26, D14, D91)]]>
In this article, I theoretically and experimentally compare a designer's profits from two tournament designs. The first design is a standard winner-take-all tournament with a single prize. The second design features two winner-take-all (parallel) tournaments with different prizes where individuals choose which tournament to enter before competing. I develop a simple model that illustrates how the relative performances of these designs change as contestants' abilities differ. The theoretical model shows that the designer's profit is higher (lower) in the parallel tournament when contestants' abilities differ greatly (are similar). I complement these findings with experimental evidence. The experiments show that the parallel tournament is more profitable under high heterogeneity, whereas under low heterogeneity, the designer is better off with the single-prize tournament. Furthermore, high-ability agents under-participate and low-ability agents over-participate in the high-prize tournament relative to the theoretical prediction. (JEL C72, D82, J33, M51, M52)]]>
We investigate the extent to which antidumping actions eliminate trade altogether. Using quarterly 10-digit HS-level export data for products involved in U.S. antidumping cases we find that antidumping actions increase the hazard rate by more than 50%. We find strong evidence of investigation effects with the impact during the initiation and preliminary duty phases considerably larger than once final duties are imposed. There are also important differences with respect to the size of duties with cases with large duties experiencing very large investigation effects. We show the antidumping (AD)-affected countries are less likely to return to the market even after the AD order is removed. (JEL F13, F14)]]>
From a policy perspective, it is crucial to understand how changes in beer taxes affect retail beer prices. This study provides new evidence of the pass-through rate of state beer taxes to prices in a post-merger era. Our estimates that use state-level beer tax changes suggest that a 10-cent increase in beer taxes raises retail prices by about 17 cents. Comparable findings from the 1991 federal beer tax increase show a rise in retail beer prices of 19–22 cents. Our findings suggest that consumers fully bear the burden of increased beer taxes. (JEL H2, I0, D4)
Leading economic models of crime assume that potential criminals achieve their ends by criminal means or not at all. We develop a framework in which potential criminals can also attain their objectives through voluntary trade. Our framework helps explain several features of the legal system that have proven to be problematic for the canonical approach: why optimal sanctions should be increasing in an individual's criminal history, and why necessity may be a partial defense in some situations. Finally, the inclusion of a voluntary trade option makes the maximization of a utilitarian welfare function identical to minimizing the costs of crime, implying that a long-standing controversy in the literature is, in part, an artifact of the assumption that criminals face a binary choice set. (JEL K42, D60, H00)]]>
Using incentives to attract firms is the primary economic development policy for many local governments. Yet, relatively little is known about the local economic development outcomes induced by successful attraction of new establishments. The empirical challenge lies in correctly identifying the counterfactual outcome. This article tests for induced economic development in winning counties using a set of highly incentivized large plants. The article makes a methodological contribution by comparing difference-in-differences results from a natural experiment (in which counterfactuals are losers reported by Site Selection magazine) with a geographically proximate matching control by design strategy. Estimates are sensitive to identification strategy, with distributional and placebo tests suggesting geographically proximate matching as preferable to the natural experiment. The preferred estimates indicate successful attraction of a large new plant induces modest increases in new economic activity that does not generate fiscal surplus for winning counties. (JEL R11, R31, H71, O18)]]>
We exploit a natural experiment within each National Football League game, finding the first evidence in professional sports that referees succumb to the pressures of satisfying team personnel in the vicinity of possible violations. Using generalized additive models for binomial outcomes, we show that these sideline-based differences in penalty rates, which are observed on common but influential penalties including pass interference and holding, peak near the centralized location of players and coaches on the sideline. With sizable interests in referee decisions, coaches and players often try to manipulate referee behavior with verbal and nonverbal communications; such actions appear to be persuasive. (JEL ZO, H3)]]>
This article investigates the impact of democracy on growth by simultaneously considering a country's secular-historical experience of democracy and current political regime. The results obtained show that the effect of democracy on growth exhibits an asymmetrical pattern depending on the country's democracy stock. Only in "democratic countries" with "prolonged experiences of democratic rule" can democracy promote growth. This claim stands in contrast to the earlier literature in which there is either no consistent relationship between growth and democracy or perhaps a nonlinear relationship. This conclusion provides circumstantial support for the claim of the "democracy promotes growth" hypothesis. (JEL O43)]]>
We examine two commonly discussed institutions inducing turnout: abstention penalties (used in 32 countries) and lotteries rewarding one randomly chosen participant (as proposed on the 2006 Arizona ballot). We analyze a benchmark model in which voters vary in their information quality and participation is costly. We illustrate that both institutions can improve collective outcomes, though lotteries are a more effective instrument asymptotically. Experimentally, we provide strong evidence for selective participation: lab voters participate more when better informed or when institutionally induced. Lotteries fare better than fines, suggesting that they may be a useful alternative to commonly used compulsory voting schemes. (JEL C92, D72, D02)
In recent decades, public attention on colleges has risen in response to rising college expenditures and costs. This study uses the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 to investigate how spending impacts salaries and employment outcomes, controlling for selection. Our findings indicate that spending on instruction increases salaries, the probability of full-time employment, and job match, particularly for more disadvantaged students, while there are smaller benefits of spending on student services for less disadvantaged students. Spending on research has large positive impacts on salary and the probability of full-time employment, especially for disadvantaged students. (JEL I20, J24)]]>
Marriage is a core institution in almost every human society, including small-scale societies based on foraging or subsistence agriculture. A crucial dimension of the marriage systems in such societies involves endogamy and exogamy, that is, the choice of a marriage partner from within one's own community or from an outside community. We develop a model in which the exogamy rate is higher when good local matches are scarce due to small community sizes, and when productivity differs across communities due to environmental shocks. These theoretical predictions are supported by econometric analysis of data from the standard cross-cultural sample. (JEL D13, J11, N30, Z13)]]>
Using data for U.S. counties from 2005 to 2012, we test whether higher levels of economic diversity mediated the effects of the Great Recession via four measures of stability. Spatial spillover effects are modeled by the use of the spatial Durbin estimator with heteroscedastic errors. The data generally support the central hypothesis that higher levels of diversity within a county are associated with enhanced employment stability across all counties as well as subsets of metro and nonmetro counties. Results for wage stability, however, appear to contradict our other findings. We suggest that underlying labor elasticities can bridge these apparent contradictory results. (JEL R11, R12, O47)]]>
In this article, we consider the collection of novel subjective data on family processes of schooling decisions. In particular, we review recent progress on survey measurement of expectations, information, and locus of decision of American families within the context of secondary schooling, and we discuss possible future developments by providing concrete examples from recent exploratory efforts. We argue that collection of data on adolescents' and parents' perceptions of the available school options and the application-and-admission rules, their subjective expectations about short- and long-term consequences of alternative choices, and their assessments of the locus of decision making within families could greatly enhance economic modeling and contribute to effective econometric analysis of schooling decisions. (JEL C83, D19, D79, D83, D84, I21, I26, J24)
I use data surrounding public school redistricting to study how school racial compositions affect neighborhood racial compositions. This redistricting followed from the end of court-ordered busing for racial desegregation, significantly changing the racial composition of the assigned school for many neighborhoods. Over a 5-year period, the impact of an increase in the percent black of the assigned elementary school on the percent black of the neighborhood was positive. The effects increased over time, consistent with a simple model of short-run neighborhood racial dynamics. These results have implications for potential effects of school racial desegregation policy changes on neighborhood racial compositions. (JEL H75, I28, R23)]]>
I propose a model of postsecondary education in which major field of study can be used by individuals to signal productivity to employers. Under this signaling model, I show that geographic areas with high access to elite universities result in fewer science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors among lower ability students at nonelite colleges. This is distinct from the prediction of a full information model in which access to elite schools should only affect high ability individuals directly. Using data from the National Center for Education Statistics' Baccalaureate & Beyond survey, I find evidence that is consistent with the signaling model prediction, specifically a 2.3–3.7 percentage point or 16%–25% decrease in the probability of choosing a STEM major among lower ability students in areas with greater access to elite colleges. (JEL I21, J24)]]>
This article exploits a change in the vesting rules for employer-sponsored pension plans introduced by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 to identify the causal effect of pension portability legislation on workers' voluntary mobility decisions. We pool data from different years of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate the impact of this reform using difference-in-differences methods. Our results suggest that the reform had a positive and significant impact on voluntary job mobility of the treatment group. (JEL J24, J44, J62, J63, J68)]]>
This study examines the influence of business cycles in childhood on economic performance later in life. I relate unemployment rates between the year before one's birth and the year of one's 15th birthday to schooling, employment, and income as an adult. The analysis exploits variation in macroeconomic conditions across states over time. I address a number of identification challenges related to cohort effects, linear trends, current events, and economic persistence. The caregiving behaviors and background characteristics of parents are also studied. The average unemployment rate in childhood normally has a negative effect on human capital in adulthood. (JEL J11, J24, J31)]]>
The theoretical literature on fiscal federalism has identified several channels through which government decentralization could affect economic growth. Much of the literature focuses on the efficiency aspects of a decentralized provision of public services, but decentralization may also increase growth by raising the ability of the political system to innovate and carry out reforms. In contrast, some authors argue that decentralization increases corruption and government inefficiency, and thus may diminish growth. Given this theoretical ambiguity, several studies have attempted to identify the effect of decentralization on economic growth empirically over the last two decades. We review and conduct a meta-analysis of this empirical literature. Based on our analysis, we point out open questions and discuss possible ways to answer them. (JEL H77, O43, C52)]]>
How do criminals respond to changes in the benefit from committing a successful crime? This question is relevant for understanding the effectiveness of crime-fighting policies that reduce demand for illegal goods, disrupt black markets, and otherwise eliminate cheaper avenues to illicit gain. However, the literature has not sufficiently addressed this question, partly because finding a reliable measure of crime lucre is difficult. Using proprietary data on cargo theft, I match historical prices of various goods with their thefts and estimate the price elasticity of theft to be 1.225 over a cumulative 7-month horizon. (JEL K42)]]>
We here evaluate the heterogeneous effects of newspaper endorsements of U.S. Presidential candidates in the 100 days preceding the 2008 and 2012 elections on the probability that they win the election. Our identification strategy relies on daily variations in the winning probabilities (obtained from the Intrade prediction market) and the fact that newspapers decide their endorsements weeks before their announcement. Endorsements that are classified as surprising and consistent have the largest effect. An endorsement is surprising when the newspaper has not traditionally endorsed the candidate's party. An endorsement is inconsistent when the newspaper leans ideologically to one party but endorses a candidate from another party. (JEL L82, D7)]]>
The implementation of projects producing external effects is often a source of disagreement and conflict between hosting and nonhosting communities. The article focuses on the impact of participatory ownership on conflict resolution and social welfare in the presence of asymmetric information and imperfect quality monitoring. We show that in such situations the participatory solution may help solve deadlocks that money transfers to a for-profit operator cannot solve. The analysis highlights three main factors behind this fact. First, a customer-owned cooperative internalizes, at least partially, the external effects generated by the project. Second, the alignment of cooperative members' preferences with those of the social planner reduces (in some cases eliminates) the distortions caused by information asymmetries. Third, cooperatives require less costly monitoring than their for-profit counterparts. We also show that cooperatives' productive inefficiency with respect to for-profits may emerge endogenously as a consequence of a lower pressure to compete on costs for the market. (JEL H23, L33, P13)]]>
We study the impact of communication on behavior in a two-stage coordination game with asymmetric payoffs. We test experimentally whether individuals can avoid a head-to-head confrontation by means of coordinated strategies. In particular we analyze whether and how quickly a conflict-avoidance take turn strategy can emerge. First, our results show that players learn to solve the conflict by choosing opposite options at both stages of the game. Second, many adopt a take turn strategy to sustain coordination over time and alleviate the inequality induced by the asymmetry of payoffs. Third, communication increases the likelihood of conflict resolution regardless of whether communication is unilateral or bilateral. (JEL C91, D74, L15, H71)]]>
The personalities of central bankers moved center stage during the recent financial crisis. Indeed, several central bankers even became "superstars." In this article, we investigate whether superstar central bankers have an impact on economic performance. We employ school grades given to central bankers by the financial press, defining as superstars those central bankers receiving the top grade. First, we explain the grades in a probit estimation with measures of economic performance, institutional features, and personal characteristics. Second, we employ a matching approach to account for the endogeneity of grading with respect to economic performance. Using entropy balancing, we identify credible counterfactuals for top-graded central bankers, that is, nonsuperstar central bankers who face similar situations. Comparing the economic performance of both groups, we find that superstars do indeed matter: a top-graded central banker faces a significantly more favorable output-inflation tradeoff than his peers. This effect is driven by outstanding central bankers in both advanced and emerging economies and is especially prevalent in the precrisis subsample. (JEL E52, E58)]]>
This article examines whether adjustment frictions help account for the patterns of household consumption expenditures observed in the Consumer Expenditure Survey, namely, that the variance of log durable expenditure is four times larger than that of log nondurable expenditure for annual data and this gap substantially widens for quarterly data. Estimating a structural model of household consumption with nondurable and durable goods with the simulated method of moments, I find that the fixed costs associated with durable adjustments are important in matching the cross-sectional moments. Using the estimated model, I also examine the response of nondurable and durable expenditures to income shocks. (JEL D12, D91, E21)]]>
We examine the impact of discrimination on labor market performance when workers are subject to a risk of losing skills during an unemployment experience. Within a search and matching framework, we show that both natives and immigrants are affected by discrimination. Discrimination in one sector has positive spillovers, inducing employment to increase in the other sector and the effect on labor market performance therefore depends on whether discrimination is present in only one sector or in both. Discrimination may induce workers to train more or less than natives after having lost their skills, dependent upon in which sector there is discrimination. Net output tends to be most negatively affected by discrimination among high-skilled workers. (JEL J15, J31, J61, J64, J71)]]>
Previous experimental research on asset markets has reported that the level of cash available to traders does not affect asset prices when fundamentals follow a time trajectory that is constant over time. This contrasts with other research indicating that greater cash levels increase prices when fundamental values are decreasing over time. We report a new experiment in which we show that greater initial cash levels are indeed associated with higher prices when fundamental values are constant over time. Thus, high cash levels will lead to bubbles, if the cash is introduced before the market opens. Our results reconcile the two previous sets of findings. (JEL C90, D03, G02, G12)]]>
This article quantitatively evaluates the impact of legal form of organization (LFO) choices, C versus S corporation, on small business external financing. A treatment effect model is formulated and estimated to examine the relationship between corporate types and chances of obtaining external financing. The estimation takes into account self-selection bias associated with LFO choices. This article finds that LFO choices mainly affect small corporations' access to external equity capital, but have no significant impact on loan financing. Specifically, when a small corporation selects the C corporate legal form, the probability of obtaining new external equity is eight times higher compared to when it selects the S corporate legal form. Furthermore, the results suggest that better access to external equity investments, loosening business capital constraints, leads to better growth prospects for small C corporations. These empirical results have important macro-economic implications on corporate financial and fiscal policies. (JEL G32, G38)]]>
We use a prominent crowdfunding organization, Kickstarter, to analyze the factors that determine timeliness of delivery of rewards to financial backers. We seek to determine the extent to which promised rewards are delivered on time and to characterize projects that have stronger likelihood of timely delivery of rewards. We find that lateness commonly occurs, yet cannot be explained universally with any given set of project characteristics, implying that the uncertainty of rewards involved with crowdfunding entities is difficult to overcome. (JEL D71, D83, L82)]]>
This article tests the prediction of three discrete asymmetric duopoly price competition games in the laboratory. The games differ from each other in terms of the size of the cost asymmetry that induces a systematic variation in the difference between the firms' marginal costs. While the standard theory requires the low-cost firm to set a price just equal to the high-cost firm's marginal cost, which is identical across all three games, and win the entire market, intuition suggests that market price may increase with a decrease in the absolute difference between the two marginal costs. We develop a quantal response equilibrium model to test our competing conjecture. (JEL L11, L12, C91, D43)]]>
Conglomerates operating integrated productions in different regulated and unregulated sectors may benefit of scope economies. However, the precise size of these synergies is often unknown to both rival firms and regulators. We show that the conglomerate's private information on scope economies may negatively affect both the regulated and the unregulated sectors depending on the precise nature of competition (strategic substitutes or complements). We also unveil a novel effect of regulation that involves an informational externality to the conglomerate's rivals. Notwithstanding these complications, and independently of the nature of competition, we show that in our model it is desirable, as for welfare, to let the firm run integrated productions, unless diseconomies of scope may realize. (JEL L51, L43, L52)]]>
This article examines a potential unintended consequence of the mandated Medicaid citizenship verification requirements of the 2005 Deficit Reduction Act (DRA). We investigate whether or not these new rules led to an increase in the Medicaid exit rate among enrollees using state administrative data from Georgia. We do this by comparing the exit rate for children enrolled in Medicaid whose first coverage recertification occurs just after implementation of the DRA (which we refer to as a "high impact" first recertification) with those whose first recertification occurs just prior (which we refer to as a "low impact" first recertification). Our analysis suggests that children in the high-impact first recertification group were about 2 percentage points more likely to exit Medicaid than those in the low-impact group. Furthermore, these additional exits occurred in racial and ethnic groups more likely to be citizens than noncitizens and prereform estimates suggest that there were very few (roughly 0.10%) noncitizen Medicaid enrollees to begin with. Taken together, our results suggest that the DRA-enhanced citizenship verification rules led to an increase in Medicaid disenrollment, and thus a reduction in coverage, among citizens. (JEL I18, I38, J13)]]>
Renegotiation is a common practice in procurement auctions which allows for postauction price adjustments and is nominally intended to deal with the problem that sellers might underestimate the eventual costs of a project during the auction. Using a combination of theory and experiments, we examine the effectiveness of renegotiation at solving this problem. Our findings demonstrate that renegotiation is rarely successful at solving the problem of sellers misestimating costs. The primary effect of allowing renegotiation is that it advantages sellers who possess a credible commitment of default should they have underbid the project. Renegotiation allows these weaker types of sellers to win more often and it also allows them to leverage their commitment of default into higher prices in renegotiation from a buyer. (JEL C91, D44, D82)]]>
This study estimates the relationship between combat exposure and several risky health behaviors: cigarette consumption, binge drinking, and drug use. We find that the U.S. active duty military personnel deployed to combat zones with enemy firefight are more likely to subsequently smoke cigarettes, consume alcohol, and use illicit drugs than their counterparts deployed to noncombat operations. Our results suggest that the mental health effects of combat can explain up to two-thirds of the estimated association between combat exposure and risky health behaviors. (JEL H56, I12)]]>


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West High Seniors
Congratulations to our West High seniors! Graduates share special memories of their years at West. #IAmWestHigh
East High Seniors
Congratulations to our graduating seniors! East High seniors reminisce about their years at East High. #IAmEastHigh
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2016 Graduation Dates
Graduation is just around the corner! Be sure to get the dates on your calendar. Congratulations seniors! Graduation Schedule for Class of 2016 School Date Time Location Expo Alternative School June 1, 2016 6:00 p.m. Expo … [Read More...]
Be sure to stay up-to-date on activities with school calendars. 2015-16 School Year Elementary English Bosnian Spanish Cunningham English Bosnian Spanish Secondary English Bosnian Spanish All students, except … [Read More...]
Summer Programs and Summer Meal Sites
Summer is here and it is time to start thinking about summer school programs and summer meal sites. Click here for a list of summer activities in the Cedar Valley with contact information. Click here for a listing of summer meal sites as well … [Read More...]
Summer Safety
Waterloo Schools wants to keep students safe this summer with some simple safety reminders. Parents need to be walking role models-Walking with an adult who obeys all traffic signs and signals helps children practice crossing real streets and … [Read More...]
Camp Invention Announced
Inspiring the next generation of innovators! Camp Invention is returning June 20-24 to Lou Henry and Lincoln Elementary. Waterloo Community Schools is pleased to offer the nationally-acclaimed Camp Invention program to children entering grades … [Read More...]
Summer School Announcement
Parents of current kindergarten-third graders, Waterloo Schools wants you to be aware this year's summer school will target students identified through state assessment testing in need of additional reading help. If your child qualifies, more information will be sent to you this spring. For planning purposes, summer school will be Monday, July 11-Wednesday, August 10. Thank you!

subset: commoncrawl


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G&B Oyster Bar
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2x Father's Day Raceday Tkts £18 for two Father's Day raceday tickets inc. car park pass and raceday programme at Doncaster Racecourse - bring up to 6 under-18s for free and save 40%
Save 40%
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- Celebrate Father's Day with a raceday ticket for 2 adults.
- Up to six under-18s go free!
- Inc. car park pass and programme.
- Get a great view of the races from the Grandstand Enclosure.
- Enjoy an on-site funfair and a guest appearance from Peppa Pig.
- Gates open at 11am and event finishes at approx. 5:30pm.
The Fine Print
- One per 2 adults.
- May buy multiples as gifts.
- Must book by 30th May 2014.
- Voucher valid on the 15th Jun 2014.
- All timings are approximate; please check website for details.
- Subject to availability.
Full Details
You spend all week stuck in the rat race, suffocated by office attire. Sometimes you should step outside the race and watch it from a safe and glamorous distance...
That's why today we're offering you two Father's Day raceday tickets inc. a car park pass and raceday programme for just £18, saving you 40% off Doncaster Racecourse's price of £30.
Giddy-up people, because here at Wowcher we believe you mustang out at the horse races once in a while - and if you're going to hang out this Father's Day, you might as well do so in style! Gates open at 11am and you'll be based in the Grandstand Enclosure, enjoying the ultimate viewpoint for racing with clear sight of the winning post, saddling boxes and parade ring area. In addition, you can bring up to six under-18s with you for a Father's Day to remember!
Today's deal features a family fun day out of flat racing from 2pm onwards, with 7 adrenaline-fuelled horse races. To really top off your day, there will be an exciting funfair on-site and a guest appearance from the one and only Peppa Pig (sure to put a smile on the little 'uns faces!). So stop horsing around, button up those collars and go enjoy a day at the races...
- First Race: 2pm
- Last Race: 5:20pm
How to Redeem
- When the deal ends we'll send you your unique wowcher code.
- Call Doncaster Racecourse to book using the number we send you.
- Quote your full wowcher code.
Once purchased, you can redeem this wowcher towards another wowcher or claim a Wowcher Wallet Credit. Click here for more info.
Spa Getaway & Breakfast for 2 @ Macdonald Craxton Wood£99 for a spa stay for two with breakfast, £189 to include two-course dinner, Prosecco, cream tea and treatments at the Macdonald Craxton Wood - save up to 40%
Circus Zyair Ticket - 8 Locations!£7 for an adult ticket to see Circus Zyair in one of eight locations!
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"cool breeze as the wind picks up and the heat clouds amass to thunderstorms. I want…" read »
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- "Independence": on
"Lovely pick for the 4th of July that also could be worn for all national holidays!…" read »
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- "Like the Bird's America": on
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- "The Rose Is Hot!": on
"I love this pick! The Amazonite Blk. Tourmaline, the Impression jasper, and the Red Creek…" read »
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"BEAUTIFUL!! Ditto all the above. I NEED this pick....both the message and the beads. …" read »
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"MMmmmm......... Absolutely lovely!!…" read »
- "Lair": on
"Dark & yet mysteriously beautiful! LOVE that you shared the gem/mineral information, Julia. Makes this geeky rock…" read »
- "Perpetual Adoration Chaplets": on
"Great idea, Creel! Beautiful combination! Love the gentle, neutral tones you chose.....great for men or women. Faving…" read »
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"Perfect for an enchanted place for a tired mermaid to relax and recharge!…" read »
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"Ditto to all the above! Such a warm, comfortable place to be. Love the bronzite and…" read »
- "Sea Relations": on
"Love the sea theme! I also like that so many pieces are ocean-derived. The koi link…" read »
- "Strawberry Twizzle": on
"Utterly delicious! Love the lime silk string and the rhodochrosite. Also the Czech twisted leaf drop.…" read »
- "Purple Rapsody": on
"Well,I have 1/2 of my clothes in different shades of purple, so purples always on my…" read »
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"I agree with all of your likes! I don't think there was anything in the…" read »
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- "Lair": on
"Yes, of cause.I have extensive library of books on minerals in English and Russian. Also Labradorite…" read »
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"In mine too Thank you, Pam.…" read »
|16" strand
|½ strand (loose)
|2.5" tube
|16" strand
|½ strand (loose)
|16" strand
|½ strand (loose)
|16" strand
|½ strand (loose)
|16" strand
|½ strand (loose)
|39 yards
Measurements: 39 yard bobbin
Read the comments (or add your own)
Yummy making me hungry!
The more I look at this, the more I like it! I love olives and I'd love to see something made from this pick!
Mmmm martini beading party! =)
I like this! and April's idea!
I'll take 3 in my martini please! Adorable
What a beautiful sophisticated "simple" pick. I never would have thought of this. You have combined such a variety of textures and shades for an almost monochromatic color scheme.
Unakite is one of my favorites. So I'll have to try some of these from your pick. I like to add small beads of deep red and light green crystal rondelles. Sometimes I might put just 2 or 3 in a bracelet, since they mix well with other beads, when just a few are added to a bracelet with darker or fairly muted lighter colors. Then the individual bead can display its unique character, which is what I love most. Some are mostly green, some mostly peachy pink, and others mix both colors in intricate patterns of light and dark.
You also chose beads in green garnet that I have been wishing for for a long time: I absolutely love the bottom 2, green garnet 7mm rds and the large puff coins (wish I could buy just a couple of those…).
Ok, but pimentos aren't the only stuffing… lol. Lovely pick!
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Short Cuts
Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
Martyr of Japan. A native Japanese, he was a Franciscan tertiary who sheltered missionaries. He was beheaded. Francis was beatified in 1867.
Little is known about Saint Blaise prior to his mention in a court physician's medical journal. The physician, Aëtius Amidenus, spoke of Saint Blaise's aid in treating objects caught in the ... continue reading | shop
Little is known about Saint Blaise prior to his mention in a court physician's medical journal. The physician, Aëtius Amidenus, spoke of Saint Blaise's aid in treating objects caught in the ... continue reading | shop
Luke, the writer of the Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, has been identified with St. Paul's "Luke, the beloved physician" (Colossians 4:14). We know few other facts about ... continue reading | shop
St. Cyril of Alexandria, Bishop and Doctor of the Church (June 27) Cyril was born at Alexandria, Egypt. He was nephew of the patriarch of that city, Theophilus. Cyril received a classical and ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
Mary, also known as St. Mary the Virgin, the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint Mary, Mary Mother of God or the Virgin Mary is believed by many to be the greatest of all Christian saints. The Virgin Mother "was, after her Son, exalted by divine grace above all angels and ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
Ava was the daughter of King Pepin. She was cured of blindness by St. Rainfredis, became a Benedictine nun at Dinart, Hainault, and later was elected Abbess. Her feast day is April 29th. continue reading
Founder of the Franciscan Order, born at Assisi in Umbria, in 1181. In 1182, Pietro Bernardone returned from a trip to France to find out his wife had given birth to a son. Far from being excited or apologetic because he'd been gone, Pietro was furious because she'd ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
On September 4, 2016, Pope Francis will canonize Mother Teresa as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Her canonization is an important event for Catholics and all people around the world. Here's 3 reasons why. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - When Mother Teresa is ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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Several celebrities including Sachin Tendulkar, Sunil Gavaskar, Aamir Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Karan Johar, Subhash Ghai among others attended the special screening of Sonam Kapoor starrer film 'Neerja' on Monday, February 15. The true story about the brave air hostess who gave up her life wh
Pilisthe palukutha. Manasa Vaddu Male.mp4
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Several Bollywood celebrities including Saif Ali Khan, his wife Kareena Kapoor, Sonam Kapoor, Sonakshi Sinha, Parineeti Chopra, Ranveer Singh, Arjun Kapoor and others put together a starry show at the closing ceremony of the Saifai Mahotsav in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh on Monday night, January 11.
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Beautifully complex exploded buildings from the incredible Yoonmi Nam
South Korean fine artist, RISD graduate and Associate Professor at the Department of Visual Art, University of Kansas, Yoonmi Nam, creates exquisitely delicate sumi ink drawings of deconstructed pieces of architecture that are utterly breathtaking. Taking her Kansas surroundings as inspiration, Yoonmi rips apart the structures that populate her locale, using the broken masses as "a metaphor to communicate transience and impermanence, and perhaps our desire for permanence and immortality." Whether they're a visceral journey into our subconscious or a representation of our own fleeting nature on the planet, it's Yoonmi's undeniable skill as a draughtsman that brings these images to life with enviable complexity.
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text:
Original Article
NKG2D blockade attenuated cardiac allograft vasculopathy in a mouse model of cardiac transplantation
Version of Record online: 6 AUG 2013
DOI: 10.1111/cei.12128
© 2013 British Society for Immunology
Clinical & Experimental Immunology
Volume 173, Issue 3, pages 544–552, September 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Chen, H., Xia, J., Zhang, L., Jin, X., Yang, M., Li, J. and Zhao, Y. (2013), NKG2D blockade attenuated cardiac allograft vasculopathy in a mouse model of cardiac transplantation. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 173: 544–552. doi: 10.1111/cei.12128
Publication History
- Issue online: 6 AUG 2013
- Version of Record online: 6 AUG 2013
- Accepted manuscript online: 2 MAY 2013 06:35AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 25 APR 2013
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- cardiac allograft vasculopathy;
- regulatory T cell
A previous paper has reported that blockade of NKG2D was effective in protecting allograft in murine models of cardiac transplantation, but the mechanism of NKG2D blockade on attenuated cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) was still unknown. In our current study, we found that wild-type recipients treated with anti-NKG2D monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4-immunoglobulin (I)g showed prolonged allograft survivals (>90 days, P < 0·001) significantly and attenuated CAV. These in-vivo results correlated with reduced alloantibody production, low expression of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-6, while infiltration of regulatory T cells increased. IL-6 administration induced shorter allograft survival and higher CAV grade in CTLA-4–Ig plus anti-NKG2D mAb-treated recipients, whereas IL-17 had no significant effect on allograft survival and CAV grade in CTLA-4–Ig plus anti-NKG2D mAb-treated recipients. Furthermore, the prolonged allograft survival induced by NKG2D blockade was abrogated partially with depletion of regulatory T cells. In conclusion, blockade of NKG2D combined with CTLA-4–Ig attenuated CAV and this effect was associated with lower alloantibody production, inhibited IL-6 expression and enhanced expansion of regulatory T cells.


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ARLINGTON, Texas -- After a disappointing loss in the first game of this three-game series, the Texas Rangers get another shot at the Chicago White Sox and a chance to tie the series at one. Join the usual crew for a chat from the first pitch to the last pitch as Matt Harrision takes the mound for the Rangers. The game starts at 7:05 p.m. on ESPN Dallas 103.3 FM/1540 AM/FSSW/MLBN. The chat room is now open for your participation.
Girardi upset with rain calls in 'horrible conditions'
30mAndrew Marchand
Jurickson Profar 2.0: Has he finally emerged?
11hTony Blengino
Do the Rangers have the guts to sit Prince Fielder?
4dDavid Schoenfield


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Having modern conveniences in the kitchen doesn't always translate into doing less work.
Just ask a woman trying to cook her family a meal in the 1890s.
"Industrialization made it harder for women," said Kathie Owens-Tucker, an interpreter at the 1890s farmhouse in the Littleton Museum. "We were expected to do more with all the new modern conveniences."
Before the transcontinental railroad made modern inventions like the wood-burning stove available to pioneers in Colorado, she said, meals were simple and made in a pot cooking over the hearth.
Expectations for supper fare skyrocketed once modern appliances could be ordered though mail-order catalogs like Sears, Roebuck and Co. in the 1890s.
"All the gadgets, the utensils and appliances, were to supposedly make my life easier," Owens-Tucker said. "It created more expectations instead."
Using the 1890s farmhouse's wood-burning stove, she demonstrated on Saturday the multitude of steps it took to prepare a simple rhubarb crisp.
"You've got to have a lot of muscles to work in a kitchen like this," she said as she carried a heavy mixing bowl across the kitchen. "Some of these bowls are really heavy."
While the stove took an hour to heat up to 350 degrees, Owens-Tucker harvested rhubarb from the garden and showed museum visitors high-tech items such as nutmeg graters.
"It makes you appreciate how hard our ancestors worked to put a meal on the table," Mariah Freitas said. "Just imagine how much it would heat up the kitchen in July and August."
Freitas and her daughter Aliah, 13, attended the demonstration, and both left impressed with the amount of work needed to feed a family more than 100 years ago.
"Today, you go to the store and expect everything to be right there," Aliah said. "They had to grow everything in their garden. It's more hard, but it pays off because the food tastes better."
While preparing a meal, women also had to make sure the stove stayed at the correct temperature. Owens-Tucker said the stove used two or three pieces of firewood every 15 minutes. Since most stoves didn't have thermometers, there was only one real way to gauge the temperature.
"Stick your hand in there, and depending on how long you could hold your hand in there, that tells you how hot it is," Owens-Tucker said. "I can hold it till 10 (seconds); that's about 350 degrees. When it's about 450 to 500, it's hard to hold your hand in there for more than three to five seconds."
Owens-Tucker said that since she's been using the stove for so long, she can gauge the temperature by how hot the kitchen becomes.
But while the stove takes a lot of work, the end result is worth it.
"Everybody says it tastes better," Owens-Tucker said. "Across the board, no matter what it is, it tastes better."
Contact Ramsey Scott at email@example.com or 303-933-2233, ext. 22, and follow him on Twitter @RamseyColumbine.
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Thomas P. Slavin and Ian Krantz Response to "germline mosaicism in cornelia de lange syndrome: Dilemmas and risk figures" by mariani et al. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 161
Version of Record online: 21 MAY 2013 | DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35987
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director application development jobs near Austin, TX
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projekt202 - Austin, TX
As one of the fastest growing companies in the US, projekt202 is leading the world in experience-driven application development....
Director of Software Engineering
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2012 Jayco Jay Flight 25 BHS User Reviews
2012 Jayco Jayflight 25 BHS. Wonderful camper!!!
By Just me(Owner), Feb. 6, 2012Can't say enough about this camper. Perfect size, perfect 1/2 ton tow weight. Superb build quality. My family loves it.
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Grand opening 12/02/14. Truly a great therapeutic massage. This place also has the bars on the ceiling for back walking for all those with serious deep tissue needs. Has a room full of brand new massage chairs and location is brand new freshly renovated. Great deals and half hour sessions available as well. Owners are the same owners from CRYSTAL ISLAND MASSAGE IN OAKLAND 1038 5th Ave, Oakland, CA 94606. For all those familiar with this establishment they can expect the same quality here at Airport Health Spa. Ask for Macy.
Pill Hill Massage
Healthy Foot Spa
14740 E 14th St, San Leandro, CA 94578
- (510) 686-1658
The Spa
7850 Edgewater Dr. Suite 103, Oakland, CA 94621
- (510) 343-9545
1. Dawson's Stress ReductionServices
Just left after a refreshing 90 minute massage, the best deep tissue I have had in years. Her 30 plus years of experience really shows !!! The offic…
2. Olivas Therapeutic/Sports
431 30th St # 4Oakland, CA 94609
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2930 McClure St # 4Oakland, CA 94609
4. Center For Healing
353 30th StOakland, CA 94609
5. Bay Area Bodywork
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494 Hawthorne AveOakland, CA 94609
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10. Back In Action Massage
4408 Market St Suite COakland, CA 94608
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14. Jacqueline's Spa & MassageServices
3960 Adeline St Suite 308Emeryville, CA 94608
15. Lynch Bonney Lac CMT
3873 Piedmont AveOakland, CA 94611
16. Life Balance MassageServices
4283 Piedmont Ave / Suite F-1Oakland, CA 94611
From Business: At Life Balance Massage, you'll get a good, strong massage that works out chronic pain and tension and leaves you feeling relaxed, rejuvenated and better in your bo…
17. My Giving Hands .Com
Piedmont And 41st StreetOakland, CA 94611
From Business: Massage Therapy is the process and experience of hands-on touch to the skin with varying levels of pressure to facilitate relaxation, comfort, and healing of minor …
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4408 Market St Ste FEmeryville, CA 94608
From Business: Massage therapy clinic.
19. Altered States Of ScienceServices
4283 Piedmont AveOakland, CA 94611
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481 36th StOakland, CA 94609
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26. Mygivinghands.com
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1611 Telegraph AveOakland, CA 94612
From Business: At Bay Area Restorative Massage Therapy each massage session is customized specially for your needs that day, unlike many massage establishments that only offer "co…
30. Conscious Caring Massage
250 Fairmount Ave 127Oakland, CA 94611
Just left after a refreshing 90 minute massage, the best deep tissue I have had in years. Her 30 plus years of experience really shows !!! The office was convient and filled with a great ora !!! Beautiful and refreshing !!! Just what I needed!!!!


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Holiday Inn Express London - Limehouse, London
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast and WiFi
Main amenities
- 150 guestrooms
- Bar/lounge
- Self parking
- Business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in common area
- Air conditioning
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Conference space
- Multilingual staff
- Luggage storage
What's around
- In Canary Wharf
- Excel Exhibition Centre (3.5 mi / 5.6 km)
- O2 Arena (3.7 mi / 5.9 km)
For families
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Sofa bed
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Private bathroom
- Laundry facilities
Holiday Inn Express London - Limehouse, London
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $84
- Run of House
- Room, 2 Single Beds, Non Smoking
- Room, 1 Double Bed, Non Smoking
- Room, Accessible, Non Smoking
- Standard Room, Non Smoking
- Family Room, 1 Double Bed, Non Smoking
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 150 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 7 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking *
Nearby Three Star London hotels
In the hotel
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee/tea in common area
- Business center
- Conference space
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Pillow menu
- Sofa bed
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Pay movies
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
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Holiday Inn Express London - Limehouse, London's small print
Also known as
- Holiday Inn Express Limehouse
- London Limehouse Holiday Inn Express
- Holiday Inn Express London-Limehouse England
- Holiday Inn Express London-Limehouse Hotel London
- Holiday Inn Express London Limehouse Hotel
- Holiday Inn Express Limehouse Hotel
- Holiday Inn Express Limehouse Hotel London
- Holiday Inn Express Limehouse London
- Holiday Inn Express London Limehouse
- Limehouse Holiday Inn Express
- Limehouse Holiday Inn Express London
- Limehouse London
- London Limehouse
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Self parking costs GBP 10 per day
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.9 /5 from 951 reviews
New phone system had problems, our phone did not work at all during entire stay. Needed to make LD calls from London to USA, and front desk manager allowed me to use desk phone at no cost to do so. Staff was EXTREMELY accommodating in every sense of the word. Breakfast was adequate, the usual items plus scrambled eggs, sausage, and baked beans, but the eggs were obviously made from powdered, and were terrible.
Good location albeit next to a concrete plant, with easy access to the DLR station. 15 minutes to Tower Hill and less to Canary Wharf. The staff were very kind and let us check-in early after a long Trans-Atlantic flight. Just two gripes about the room: minor - the phone did not work; major - the climate control did not work as expected. The room was too warm and the temperature controls didn't do anything - all we could do was control the intensity of the fan. We set it to high and turned the temp down only to come back to a room that was 5° hotter. Just had to give up on it and crack open the window.
The thing with being tourist in London is tour around all day, and get to a comfortable hotel to rest. This hotel is a bit to the east of the traditional London sightseeing area, but the subway (Tube) make it easy to get to. The hotel is kind of basic, but clean, quiet and nice looking from the inside. The area in which it is located is somewhat industrial, but it is feels totally safe, and 3 minutes from the Thames Path, and 5 minutes from a main street that will allow you to get a quick meal or supermarket and so. The free breakfast is routine (didn't change a bit for 3 mornings...)but, hey, this is the UK... you don't go there for the food... :-) Surprisingly, there are vey nice restaurants and bars around.
Traveled with husband and stayed for a few days. Very nice hotel, clean. The neighborhood is sketchy thought, but this is London. It's quite close to the city centre, take bus 15, save money by riding the bus instead of the tube. It takes about 35 min to get to the Trafalgar Square.
Located close to the metro. Good value that included breakfast. The staff was great especially the breakfast crew.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Relevant offers
Residential Property
Soon after Tayn Stefanidis and Adrian Russell launched their building company in 2006, and had completed two townhouses, the sector collapsed.
It was a huge challenge for the fledgling business owners but they adapted, leaping into the add-ons and alterations market.
"It was really tough," said Stefanidis.
Wellington-based S&R Residential was competing with established builders, he said.
"Neither Adrian or I are natural salesmen so putting ourselves out there has just been one of those things we've had to do."
Stefanidis, who had a strong building management background, became the project manager in the office, while Russell took on the role of site manager.
The company targeted the niche, high-end part of the market. They sent out letters, backed up with phone calls and tried to get an opportunity to tender.
At first they began doing alterations for family and friends but soon attracted other work.
A strong work ethic, good retention of staff and expert workmanship meant the company last year won Silver Home of the Year award at the Wellington Regional Master Builders Awards, for a replica turn-of-the-century home they built from scratch.
This year, they won no less than five awards - including the Supreme Renovations Award, Gold in renovations over $500,000 category, a GIB lifestyle award and a craftsmanship award.
They won the Supreme Renovations Award for the work they did on a Karori home designed by architect Philip Porritt of Jazmax.
How did they get the Porritt contract? Stefanidis said they ensured they knew their costs and made themselves competitive through price and a tight projected contract period.
The awards will provide a further foothold in the market. When conditions improve, they want to develop their own standalone residential homes, said Stefanidis.
Why did you become an entrepreneur?
Both Adrian and I had been working within the building industry for many years, Adrian about 20 years and I had worked for about 13 years.
We were of the opinion that between the two of us, we had a reasonable grasp of the basic fundamental skills required to own and operate our own business and both had a desire to do something for ourselves.
What have been the biggest obstacles in running your own company?
We initially wanted to do our own development work whilst also knowing we would have to do full contract projects for clients to keep the cash flow sound.
Name one thing you've learnt while in business and from whom?
The most important thing I've learnt was taught to me by my former employer who drilled into me the importance of knowing your costs.
As basic as it sounds, it is one of the reasons we have survived and grown through the last six years.
What are your business and personal goals?
We both want to have a successful and sustainable business that allows both us and our employees the opportunity to learn and grow. I think we both put the dreams of early retirement and riches behind us very early on in our journey and put the focus into growing a reputation for producing quality workmanship and creating a brand that people want to use.
Do you have any tips for budding entrepreneurs?
There's never a "right" time to take the leap, you can start a business and grow it in any climate. Never assume and know your costs!
- The Dominion Post
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A project of People For the American Way dedicated to monitoring and exposing the activities of the right-wing movement. Learn More >
Not Even The Texas GOP Chairman Will Defend His Party's Support For Ex-Gay Therapy
Submitted by Brian Tashman on Friday, 6/20/2014 10:30 am
While Rick Perry tried his best to justify the Texas Republican Party's recent embrace of ex-gay therapy by making an awkward comparison of gay people to alcoholics, the chairman of the state party refuses to mount a defense of the controversial resolution.
In fact, Texas GOP chairman Steve Munisteri says he opposes ex-gay therapy, and criticized Eagle Forum activist Cathie Adams for inserting the ex-gay language in the platform.
"And I just make the point for anybody that thinks that may be the possibility: Do they think they can take a straight person to a psychiatrist and turn them gay?" Munisteri said.
Munisteri said he's not the only one who opposes this plank in the party's platform.
"My emails and phone calls to the office are running overwhelmingly opposed to that plank in the platform," Munisteri said.
Munisteri said a group of Republicans at the convention led by his predecessor, Cathie Adams, were able to pass the reparative therapy resolution using a parliamentary trick.
"Because the way the platform works, once somebody calls the question on the platform it's a parliamentary maneuver," Munisteri said. "The delegates are really forced to pass the platform as is, because if you don't there is no platform."
Filed Under
People:Rick Perry , Cathie Adams
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Simon Pegg Is Drunk Ron Weasley
It's everything I'd imagined Ron would grow up to be.
After, Pegg tweeted this precious photo:
Preview Your Response
Britain Voted To Leave The European Union. Now What?
- UK voters sent a massive shock through the world, overturning 40 years of British EU membership.
- Prime Minister David Cameron says he will resign by October.
- British banks got hit hard, and their European peers were hit even harder.
- Scottish leader Nicola Sturgeon says a second independence referendum for Scotland is "highly likely."


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Real news. Real funny.
Real news. Real funny.
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