text:
|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|August 7, 2014 05:45 AM EDT
JAKARTA, Indonesia, Aug. 7, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Global Sources' (NASDAQ: GSOL) inaugural China Sourcing Fairs opened in Indonesia today with the largest ever selection of China suppliers at any trade show in the country. The Fairs run from Aug. 7 to 9 at the Jakarta International Expo featuring more than 350 booths from quality Greater China suppliers of consumer electronics, garments and textiles, hardware and building materials.
All three China Sourcing Fairs are showcasing the largest selection of China suppliers at any sourcing event in Indonesia. The Fairs are:
- China Sourcing Fair: Electronics
- China Sourcing Fair: Garments & Textiles
- China Sourcing Fair: Hardware & Building Materials
The events also feature a selection of South Korean manufacturers at the co-located Korea Sourcing Fair.
Major buyers pre-registered to attend the shows include 3M Indonesia, adidas Sourcing Limited, Bakrie Telecom, PT. ACE Hardware Indonesia, Tbk., PT. Berca Global Access, PT Emporium Indonesia, PT. Home Center Indonesia, PT. LG Electronic Display Devices Indonesia, PT. Lion Super Indo, PT Nokia Siemens Networks, PT Wellcomm, and Sinar Mas Land, among many others.
"Indonesia is the ASEAN's largest economy with a population of 245 million and a growing middle class population set to reach 150 million in 2014," said Spenser Au, CEO of Global Sources. "It is also the gateway to trade with Southeast Asian markets with 600 million consumers where the ASEAN region is expected to enjoy a 5 percent economic growth in 2014."
"Facing bright prospects for future growth, mainland China and Indonesian leaders are working to achieve $80 billion in bilateral trade by 2015."
Officially opening the shows today were:
- Chen Liangxian, Mayor, Zhongshan Municipal People's Government, the People's Republic of China
- Xu He, Deputy Mayor, Chaozhou Municipal People's Government, the People's Republic of China
- Rudy Salahuddin, Director of Promotion Development, Investment Coordinating Board, the Republic of Indonesia
- Khafifah Any, Assistant Deputy Governor of Industry, Provincial Government of Jakarta, the Republic of Indonesia
- Qiu Zhaoxian, Vice President, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Guangdong Committee
- Fan Yina, Attache, the Economic and Commercial Counsellor's Office, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Indonesia
- Buchari Hasnil Bakar, Consul, Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia in Guangzhou, the People's Republic of China
- Yusuf Hamdani, Chairman and Secretary of Commerce and Industry Committee, Indonesian Guangzhao Association
- Halim Jusuf, Vice Chairman, China Committee of Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
- Kim Moo-han, Senior Executive Managing Director, Korea International Trade Association
- Spenser Au, CEO, Global Sources
The Fairs feature pavilions from the cities of Zhongshan, Chaozhou, and other parts of mainland China.
The Fairs are well supported by a number of mainland China provincial and municipal organizations and other associations, which include:
- Zhongshan Municipal People's Government
- Chaozhou Municipal People's Government
- Department of Commerce, Guangdong Province
- China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Guangdong Committee
- Zhongshan Bureau of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation
- Chaozhou Bureau of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation
- Jiangmen Bureau of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation
The Fairs are also well supported by Indonesian Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Jakarta Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Indonesian Retail Merchants Association, China Chamber of Commerce in Indonesia, and Korea International Trade Association.
With more than four decades' track record of facilitating trade between Asia and the rest of the world, Global Sources is committed to helping quality suppliers in Asia and Greater China reach and sell to global buyers through its highly successful China Sourcing Fair series.
Opening times for the China Sourcing Fairs in Jakarta are:
- Aug. 7-8 from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
- Aug. 9 from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
More details about the China Sourcing Fairs in Jakarta, Indonesia are available at http://www.chinasourcingfair.com/indonesia.
About Global Sources
Global Sources is a leading business-to-business media company and a primary facilitator of trade with Greater China.
The core business facilitates trade between Asia and the world using English-language media such as online marketplaces (GlobalSources.com), print and digital magazines, sourcing research reports, private sourcing events, and trade shows.
More than 1 million international buyers, including 95 of the world's top 100 retailers, use these services to obtain product and company information to help them source more profitably from overseas supply markets. These services also provide suppliers with integrated marketing solutions to build corporate image, generate sales leads and win orders from buyers in more than 240 countries and territories.
Global Sources' other businesses provide Chinese-language media to companies selling to and within Greater China. These services include online web sites, print and digital magazines, seminars and trade shows. In mainland China, Global Sources has a network of more than 30 office locations and a community of more than 5 million registered online users and magazine readers of its Chinese-language media.
Now in its fifth decade, Global Sources has been publicly listed on the NASDAQ since 2000.
Press Contact in Asia
Investor Contact in Asia
Camellia So
Connie Lai
Tel: (852) 2555-5021
Tel: (852) 2555-4747
e-mail: [email protected]
e-mail: [email protected]
Press Contact in U.S.
Investor Contact in U.S.
Brendon Ouimette
Cathy Mattison
Tel: (1-480) 664-8309
e-mail: [email protected]
Tel: (1-415) 433-3777
e-mail: [email protected]
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text:
- ratrace12
- | Follow
- |75
- | Rank: Senior Monkey
- Private Equity - LBOs - 1st Year Associate
Hi all,
so i just started my prep for CFA level I in june...i had registered for dec but had to cancel my exam cuz of work issues....so i have the whole schweser package for the Dec 2012 and I am wondering if should i get a new one to make sure its June 2013....since i have already blown of over $800 dollars cuz of changing my exam etc...i wanna make sure that i don't waste my money...advice please!
Comments (5)
- Asatar
- | Follow
- |2,886
- | Rank: Neanderthal
- Investment Banking - ECM - 2nd Year Associate
You can get the June 2013 materials online.
- emenems
- | Follow
- |75
- | Rank: Senior Monkey
Just google "2012 2013 cfa LOS changes" and look at the curriculum changes. The "passing scores" has comprehensiveness list of changes. I'd link you but apparently I don't have enough points to post links.
I would say probably not since it's mostly the same. For the sections that are new, just refer to the new CFA books I imagine you got when you registered (at least the e-books). There's not too much new so it shouldn't be too much of a pain.
- SECfinance
- | Follow
- |2,175
- | Rank: Neanderthal
- Corporate Development - 3rd+ Year Analyst
jpat:Just google "2012 2013 cfa LOS changes" and look at the curriculum changes. The "passing scores" has comprehensiveness list of changes. I'd link you but apparently I don't have enough points to post links.
I would say probably not since it's mostly the same. For the sections that are new, just refer to the new CFA books I imagine you got when you registered (at least the e-books). There's not too much new so it shouldn't be too much of a pain.
Is this what you're talking about?
MM IB -> Corporate Development
- emenems
- | Follow
- |75
- | Rank: Senior Monkey
Yes, thanks.
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- ratrace12
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- |75
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- Private Equity - LBOs - 1st Year Associate
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Feb 6, 2007
|Filing date
|Jun 25, 2002
|Priority date
|Jun 26, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jyri Nieminen
|Original Assignee
|Ionphase Oy
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (4), Classifications (27), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a polymer blend that is electrically conductive but, nevertheless, has the typical strengths of plastics.
With increased use of electronics industry products the prevention of electrostatic charges and their controlled discharge have become increasingly important, since it has been estimated that ESD (electrostatic discharge) annually causes losses of over 25 billion U.S. dollars to the electronics manufacturing industry alone.
Electrically conductive plastics used to be produced by adding to them finely divided carbon black or carbon fibers. One of the important factors hindering the use of composites of polymers and conductive particles is the extraction of conductive particles from the material. This, for example, prevents the use of materials containing carbon black in clean rooms. Percolation, i.e. an extensive change in the conductivity of a material with a small increase of the amount of conductive particles, causes problems when it is desired to set the electrical conductivity of the material at a certain level. This causes difficulties in particular in ESD shielding. Attempts have also been made to render plastics electrically conductive by the use of antistatic materials, i.e. materials that absorb moisture. The problems with these materials include migration, high sensitivity of conductivity to relative humidity, and instability both during processing and in the products themselves.
In the subsequent phase there were manufactured electrically conductive polymers, which were, for example, polyanilines. Known electrically conductive polymers have, owing to their structure, poor mechanical properties, and additionally they are unstable under many chemical exposures.
Polyelectrolytes represent a different kind of electrically conductive polymers. Electrical conductivity of movable ions is typical of them. Generally both anionic and cationic carriers of charge are used. The polymer frame used consists of, for example, polyethers. A number of patents have been published in this topic area; in them, electrical conductivity has been produced by the addition of a lithium salt, e.g. LiClO4, to the polymer. Disadvantages typical of polyelectrolytes include poor mechanical properties and poor resistance to chemicals. Furthermore, the anions and cations become extracted from the materials, which limits their use. Lithium ions becoming extracted causes problems in food packaging applications.
EP application publication 0 915 506 A1, Tejin Ltd, discloses how there is produced from polyester and polyether ester amide, with an alkali metal addition of 10–2500 ppm, an electrically conductive polymer blend which additionally has 0–40% by weight of polyolefins modified with epoxy groups. The publication mentions specifically that there remain no more than 1% of free carboxyl acid groups. The publication contains no mention of how the alkali metals or alkali earth metals are introduced into the polymer or whether they are mono- or bivalent or mixtures thereof.
EP application publication 0 613 919 A1 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,326), Sanyo, further describes how an electrically conductive plastic is obtained from polyether ester amide and alkali metals when 0.01–2.00% by mass of an alkali metal halide or alkali earth halide is introduced into the mixture. No difference is made between monovalent and bivalent ions with respect to electrical conductivity. According to a known option, the sulfonic groups grafted to it bind the alkali cations. The specification describes carboxyl acid groups, but in the examples they are always esterified. According to the examples, the recommended amount of metal salt is up to 5–30% by mass of the material being prepared. Halogens cause problems in some embodiments.
DE application 32 42 827 A1, Ato Chimie, states that it is possible to produce from polyether ester amide and polyolefins an electrically conductive blend that is sufficiently strong and fulfils the antistatic requirements according to the so-called cigarette ash test. The publication does not contain a mention of the use of alkali ions or alkali earth ions, or of acid groups binding them.
JP application publication 58 015 554, Toray Industries, describes a heat-resistant blend of a polyether ester amide and an ionomer. It is mentioned in the publication that the ionomer is prepared by adding mono-, di- or trivalent metallic ions to alpha olefin and a polymer of beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid. The publication does not differentiate among the various cations, and no ions are added to the polymer present in the ether. There is no mention of the electrical conductivity of the blend.
In addition to the above, there are known many polymer blends, primarily fulfilling antistatic requirements, in which blends the electrical conductivity has been obtained by mixing into them polymers containing conjugated double bonds, BF4, FeCl3 or LiClO, or similar salts, or merely antistatic, water-binding substances the electrical conductivity of which varies according to the relative humidity of air.
There are additionally known a modifier containing, for example, bis(methyl)cyclopentane divinyl cobalt or its derivatives, which is added to the polymer blend in amounts of 8–15% and by means of which electrical conductivity is produced.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,405, B. F. Goodrich describes how, by the use of lithium trifluoromethane sulfonimide and a suitable solvent there is obtained a polymer suitably electrically conductive for ESD shielding.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,565, electrically conductive polymers are obtained by mixing organic sulfonic acids with polyaniline. However, such additives render the polymer blend quite dark, which limits their use.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,840, in turn, it is stated that normal polymers can be rendered electrically conductive by mixing into them fluorosulfonated polyaniline in an amount of approx. 50% and by incorporating this into other polymers by means of a Lewis acid or organotitanate.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,179 describes an antistatic mixture of polyether amide and a suitable blending polymer, such as an ionomer. The ether block in the material according to the patent is not compounded ionically, and only a polyvalent ionomer is mentioned in the claims.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,168, Du Pont, a blend prepared from two different ionomers can be given antistatic properties by mixing large amounts of an alkali cation with an ionomer containing a large quantity of carboxylic acid groups. Absorption of water by the ionomer increases as the degree of neutralization increases, and a high degree of neutralization, for example, complicates processing.
The object of the present invention is to eliminate the disadvantages associated with the state of the art and to provide a completely novel electrically conductive polymer blend. It is a particular object of the invention to provide a substantially colorless and strong polymer blend which withstands processing well and the electrical conductivity of which is retained even in repeated melt processings and in a wide range of conditions of use.
The invention is based on the idea that the electrically conductive polymer blend comprises a blend of at least two polymers, the first polymer component of the blend comprising an ionomer and the second polymer component being a polyether block polymer. The ionomer is most preferably made up of a copolymer formed by an olefin, such as ethylene and/or propylene, and an unsaturated carboxylic acid, the copolymer being ionically crosslinked. The polyether block polymer is made up in particular of a polyether block and a polyamide or polyester block. According to the invention the acid groups in the ionomer are at least in part ionized with cations. Likewise, the polyether blocks in the block polymer are at least in part in the form of a salt. The cations cause crosslinking of ionomers and coordination of block polymers, and at the same time the strength of the polymer blend increases considerably as ion bonds form, and as alkali cations are coordinated with the ethers the electrical conductivity of the blend increases significantly. The ion bond according to the invention is also thermally reversible. In the polymer blend the number of acid groups in the ionomer is typically approx. 0.5–15 molar % of the ionomer.
The cations are preferably derived from alkali metals, preferable alkali metals including sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium, and mixtures thereof. The alkali metal is present in an amount of approx. 0.02–3.0 millimols/gram of the polymer blend, preferably less than 2.5 millimols/gram of the polymer blend. With the stated amounts added, a high electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical properties are obtained simultaneously.
Blends according to the invention can be prepared by mixing together 90–10 parts by weight of a copolymer made up of an olefin and an unsaturated carboxylic acid, 10–90 parts by weight of a block polyether, and an alkali metal compound the amount of which corresponds to 0.02–3 millimols of the alkali metal ion/1 g of the polymer blend. The mixing is carried out at an elevated temperature, preferably in a molten state, and it is continued until the alkali metal compound has substantially completely reacted with the polymer components of the mixture, whereafter the polymer blend obtained can be processed to a polymer product, e.g. fiber or film.
More precisely, the polymer blend according to the invention is characterized in what is stated in the characterizing part of claim 1.
The process according to the invention for its part is characterized in what is stated in the characterizing part of claim 19.
The present invention provides considerable advantages. Thus, numerous good properties are combined in the polymer blend according to the invention. Its electrical conductivity is steady, and it does not contain migrating compounds such as softeners or antistatic agents. No soot-like percolation is present in the material when the polymer blend according to the invention is blended into other polymers to form an antistatic polymer. The material has high compatibility with numerous polymers and excellent mechanical properties.
The polymer blend prepared according to the method conducts electricity well, with optimal ESD shielding, is permeable to water vapor, and functions with a novel mechanism. The usability of the polymer blend according to the invention in a number of applications is good owing to its cationic conductivity.
The material according to the invention is an ionomer inside which there is built a solid polymer polyelectrolyte. In the invention, the good properties of solid polyelectrolytes are combined with the typical good properties of ionomers. Furthermore, the material does not contain extractable ions that cause problems by contaminating sensitive components. The alkali metal ions produce both a high electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical properties. The polymer blend is also free of halogens, and additionally it passes the cyto-toxicity, i.e. tissue-friendliness, test.
It is possible to use the material according to the invention in, for example, packaging materials, fibers, pipes, hoses, coating for wear surfaces, coating for numerous purposes, biotechnological applications, loudspeakers, and as an electrically conductive additive in numerous different polymers. It is especially advantageously suitable for the coating of packaging cartons for electronics products, floor coatings, and fiber applications. In these it is possible to exploit the good mechanical properties of the blend, and owing to these it is possible to form films having a thickness of approx. 10–500 micrometers, typically approx. 15–200 micrometers.
The invention is examined below with the help of a detailed description and a number of embodiment examples.
According to the present invention, the electrically conductive polymer is in one embodiment made up of at least two different polymers, of which one contains carboxylic acid groups and the other ether bonds, and at least one alkali metal cation. According to the invention at least some of the ether groups hold by means of a polar charge a monovalent cation, which is Li, Na, K, Cs or Rb, or a mixture thereof. The cation is highly preferably K. This and other cations (also the alkaline earth ions mentioned below) and similar compounds of bivalent cations can be introduced into the blend in the form of hydroxides, oxides, formiates, acetates or mixtures thereof. In the polymer blend, also some of the carboxylic acid groups are ionized.
Among, for example, the copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid (E/MAA) and the polyether block amide (PEBA) and the alkali metal cation it is possible to build a polymeric system wherein an IPN (InterPenetrated Network) structure of PEBA is formed inside the E/MAA phase. In the material, some of the cations crosslink the methacrylic acid groups in the E/MAA. Thus there are formed thermally reversible ion bonds that improve the mechanical properties of the polymer. Some of the cations bond to the oxygen pools of the polyether and produce, for example by means of segmental movement of the polymer chains, ionic electrical conductivity.
In the accompanying claims, the ionomer is called polymer A and the block polyether is called polymer B. Polymers A and B are present in the mixture at weight ratios A/B 90/10–10/90, preferably 85/15–20/80. The alkali metal content of the polymer blend is 0.02–3.0 millimols/gram of the polymer blend, typically less than 2.5 millimols/gram of the polymer blend, in particular approx. 0.1–1.7 millimols/gram of the polymer blend.
Ionomers are known for, for example, their brightness and good mechanical properties. Generally ionomers are copolymers of alpha- or beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid and ethylene and are partly crosslinked with I-or II-valent cations. Ethylene ionomers are typically good insulators, and their surface resistances are of the order of 1016–1018 ohm (10 exp16–10 exp18). The good mechanical properties of ionomers enable the material to be used, for example, in packaging materials, floorings, as a blending polymer for other polymers, or as a coating.
According to the invention, the ionomer component of the polymer blend can be prepared, for example, from copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene and alpha- or beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids, the copolymers containing, in addition to the above-mentioned mers, esters of alpha- or beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids. The carboxylic acid in general has 3–8 carbon atoms. Typically the polymers have, in parts by mass, acrylic or methacrylic acid 4–24 parts, methyl-, ethyl, or butylacrulate or vinyl acetate 0–40 parts, the balance being ethylene in 100 parts of the polymer. Commercially available co- and terpolymers according to the invention include Du Pont's Nucrel, Bynel and Surlyn or Exxon Chemicals's Iotek-named ionomers and their non-neutralized precursors.
The polyether block may be located in the copolymer of the polyamide or polyester. The polyether block may be composed of polyethylene or polypropylene glycols (polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide), copolymers/blend polymers of these, poly(1,2-butyl glycol), or poly(tetramethyl glycol). Typically the mass proportion of polyether in the copolymer is 20–90 parts of 100 parts. Most preferably it is 50–90 parts of 100 parts. A low ether concentration weakens electrical conductivity. Commercially available polymers that contain a polyether block include Hytrel (Du Pont) and Pebax (Atofina). The surface resistances of these polymers range from 38 to 413 ohm.
An example of a preferable polyether block of the B-polymer is polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight within the range 300–20,000.
It has been observed in connection with the invention that electrical conductivity is produced with a mere monovalent cation, but when the polymer blend is reprocessed, its electrical conductivity unexpectedly drops, whereas according to our observations the said drop in conductivity does not occur when also a bivalent cation has been added to the blend. In this case the A-polymer is at least partly neutralized with a bivalent metal ion, which is, for example, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ba, Mn, or a mixture thereof. This is possibly explained by the monovalent cations transferring during repeated processing (in an extruder, in a molten state) to an increasing extent to neutralize the carboxylic acid groups, which does not occur when the carboxylic acid groups have been at least in part neutralized with a bivalent cation. The bivalent cation additionally increases the strength of the polymer blend. The polyether block at least partly coordinates or complexes the alkali metal added to the blend. The molar ratio of the monovalent to the bivalent metal ions is typically approx. 0.9–0.05.
The melt index of the polymer blend according to the invention, measured at a temperature of 190� C. and with a weight of 2160 g, is 0.01–500 g/10 min. The melt index varies strongly, depending on the degree of neutralization of the ionomer component and the cation used. The surface resistance (ASTM D-257) of the polymer blend is as low as 108 ohm or lower. The water absorption of the polymer blend is typically less than 10% by mass/24 hours in immersion, and it fulfills the requirements of the cytotoxicity test.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the present composition contains as a blend at least two different polymers, of which the first a) has at least ether bonds and/or hydroxyl groups and/or keto groups, and of which the second b) contains at least carboxylic acid groups. The blend also contains monovalent cations, the purpose of which is to become gelatinized by the neutralization of the carboxylic acid and between the ether bonds or/and the ketone group or/and the negative pool of the hydroxide group. The product in this case contains both monovalent cations for the control of the electrical conductivity of the polymer and bivalent cations for the control of the strength properties, in which case there are monovalent cations in a quantity of 20–120%, typically 50–120%, of the equivalent amount per carboxylic acid groups in the polymer, and that the molar ratio of monovalent to bivalent cations is within the range 0.9–0.05, preferably 0.9–0.5. It is made up of at least two different polymers, of which the first a) is a polyether block amide having polyethylene glycol ether as the repeating segment, and the second b) is a polyethylene polymer grafted with at least one repeating segment having a carboxylic acid group, and of monovalent cations and bivalent cations.
The process according to the invention for preparing an electrically conductive polymer composition comprises first the mixing together, at an elevated temperature, of 90–10 parts by weight of a copolymer made up of an olefin and an unsaturated carboxylic acid, 10–90 parts by weight of a block polyether, and an alkali metal compound the amount of which corresponds to 0.02–3.0 millimols of alkali metal ions/1 g of the polymer blend. The blend is mixed at an elevated temperature in order to cause the alkali metal compound to react with the polymer components of the blend, and the mixing is continued until the alkali metal compound has substantially completely reacted with the polymer components of the mixture. As is evident from Example 12, the reaction can be deemed to have progressed to completion when there remain in the polymer no alkali compound residues which would dissolve in water. Typically in this case at least 90% by mass, in particular at least 95% by mass, of the alkali metal compound added has reacted.
According to a preferred embodiment, the polymer blend is mixed at a temperature of approx. 120–260� C. Most preferably the mixing is carried out in an extruder, and after the reaction the blend is processed by melt processing to a polymer product.
The materials of the examples were prepared in a twin-screw extruder at temperatures of 200–250� C., using a rotation speed of 50–100 r/min.
Polymer A, a terpolymer of ethylene (E), ethylacrylate (EA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) (80 parts of E, 10 parts of EA), and polymer B, a polyether block amide made up of approx. 50/50 parts of polyethylene glycol/polyamide-12, were mixed together at a ratio of 50 parts of PEBA and 50 parts of E/EA/MAA in a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 220� C. The surface resistance measured (ASTMD-257) from a film extruded from the homogeneous blend at 30% RH was 1011 ohm (i.e. 10 exp11 ohm).
Along with the polymer blend according to Example 1 there was used in the extruder at 240� C. magnesium(II) 0.43 mmol/1 g of the polymer blend; the cation donor used was Mg(OH)2. Water was released in the neutralization reaction in the extruder. And the surface resistance measured from the film extruded from the homonegeous blend at 30% RH was 1011 ohm.
The cation content of the blend 0.43 mmol/1 g of the polymer blend according to Example 2 came from lithium. The cation source used was LiOH. The extrusion was carried out in accordance with Example 2. The surface resistance measured from the extruded film was 1�109 ohm.
The cation content of the blend 0.43 mmol/1 g of the polymer blend according to Example 2 came from sodium. The cation source used was NaOH. The extrusion was carried out in accordance with Example 2. The surface resistance measured from the extruded film was 2�1010 ohm.
The cation in the blend according to Example 2 was potassium; the cation source used was KOH. The extrusion was carried out in accordance with Example 2. The surface resistance measured from the extruded sample was 7�107 ohm.
The ratio of the polymer blends of Example 5 was 60/40 E/EA/MAA to PEBA. The cation and its concentration were the same. The extrusion was carried out in accordance with Example 2. The surface resistance measured from the extruded sample was 2�108 ohm.
The ratio of the polymer blends of Example 5 was 70/30 E/EA/MAA to PEBA. The cation and its concentration were the same. The surface resistance measured from the extruded sample was 8�108 ohm.
The E/EA/MAA of Example 5 was replaced with E/MAA containing 88 parts of E and 12 parts of MAA. The cation in the blend was potassium and its concentration was 0.43 mmol/1 g of the polymer blend, the cation source used was KOH. The surface resistance measured from the extruded sample was 6�107 ohm.
The E/EA/MAA of Example 5 was replaced with EIBA/MAA (BA=butyl acrylate) containing 66 parts of E, 24 parts of BA and 10 parts of MAA. The cation in the blend was potassium and its concentration was 0.43 mmol/1 g of the polymer blend, the cation source used was KOH. The surface resistance measured from the extruded sample was 5�107 ohm.
The potassium ion concentration in the polymer blend according to Example 5 was 1.7 mmol/1 g of the polymer blend; the cation source used was KOH. The surface resistance measured from the extruded sample was 3�107 ohm.
The PEBA in the blend according to Example 5 was replaced with a corresponding PEBA containing 40 parts of PE and 60 parts of PA. The surface resistance measured for the PEBA used was 3�109 ohm. The surface resistance measured from the sample extruded from the polymer blend was 2�109 ohm.
The ion concentration in the polymer blend according to Example 5 was 0.7 mmol/1 g of the polymer blend. The magnesium/potassium ratio in the blend was 1/3, the cation source used was Mg(OH)2 and KOH. The surface resistance measured from the extruded sample was 4�107 ohm.
Surface resistance values of up to <107 ohm have been achieved in tests using cesium ions. However, the high price of this cation limits its use.
On the basis of our test results it seems that, as the radius of the alkali metal ion used increases, the surface resistance of the polymer blend decreases, with the exception of the lithium ion. This can be explained by an increase of the radius/charge ratio of the ion, which reduces the forces of attraction between the ion and the ether pool and thereby increases the mobility of the ion. However, an increase in the physical size of the ion limits mobility. Tests carried out with rubidium ions support this conception.
A sample according to Example 12 was soaked as a sheet 0.5 mm thick for 1 hour in ion-exchanged water at 85� C., and no K or Mg was found analytically in the water. On the other hand, organic compounds were found when a 1.6 μg/cm2 sample was analyzed using gas chromatography. This may be explainable by evaporation of monomers of the polymers.
A composite having 50% by mass of inert glass balls as filler was prepared from each of the above samples. After extrusion of four minutes (240� C.), the resistance of all but Example 12 had clearly increased. A bivalent cation seems to stabilize the electrical conductivity of the blend in connection with melt processing.
The polymer blend according to Example 12 passes the cytotoxicity test; method (ref. H. Larjava, J. Heino, T. Krusius, E. Vuorio and M. Tammi, 1998, Biochem. J., 256 (1988) 35). The cytotoxicity testing was carried out using an animal cell culture in which the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released by the cells is measured by activity measurement.
The result means that the material is tissue-friendly and has numerous uses in the field of biomaterials technology.
The bivalent cations used in the tests included Zn, Ca, Fe(II) and Sn(II). On the basis of the tests all of them had strength-increasing and conductivity-stabilizing properties in further processing. The color of some cations limits their use.
In the research leading to the present invention it was observed, among other things, that electrical conductivity is produced by monovalent cations, and that bivalent cations stabilize conductivity during further processing and reduce the absorption of water by the blend. There are significant differences in electrical conductivity among monovalent cations. Good electrical conductivity is achieved with an ion concentration sufficiently low from the viewpoint of processing. Trivalent cations have such an effect that the product will be thermoset-like.
The electrical conductivity of the polymer blend according to the invention can be improved further, for example, with commercial antistatic compounds, softeners or other small-molecular hygroscopic compounds.
Very complete neutralization of the carboxylic acid groups results in a product difficult to process; the product is electrically conductive even without a bivalent cation but in that case some of its other properties suffer.
The products according to the examples presented above, containing Mg as the bivalent cation, were resilient and did not tend to stretch permanently as would a PE film of a corresponding thickness. This illustrates the elastomer-like behavior of ionomers. The products are not completely bright in the manner of ionomer films, but their transparency is good.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 19, 1971
|Oct 2, 1973
|Du Pont
|Segmented thermoplastic copolyesters
|May 23, 1975
|Mar 1, 1977
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Blends of copolyesters and ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers which are at least ten percent neutralized
|Dec 28, 1978
|Feb 5, 1980
|Unitika Ltd.
|Resin composition
|Dec 8, 1995
|Nov 30, 1999
|Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.
|Golf ball
|Dec 23, 1997
|Sep 26, 2000
|Acushnet Company
|Multilayer golf ball and composition
|Dec 22, 2000
|Sep 2, 2003
|Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd.
|Golf ball materials and golf ball
|Nov 1, 2002
|Aug 26, 2004
|Jyri Nieminen
|Electrically conductive covering material
|Nov 19, 1982
|Jul 7, 1983
|Ato Chimie
|Polymermasse auf polyolefinbasis
|Mar 2, 1994
|Sep 7, 1994
|Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.
|Polyetheresteramide and antistatic resin composition containing it
|Apr 4, 1997
|May 12, 1999
|Teijin Limited
|Silicon wafer carrier
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Dec 23, 1998
|Jul 8, 1999
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Antistatic polymer composition and moldings thereof
|Aug 1, 2000
|Mar 1, 2001
|Cyro Industries
|Electrostatic-dissipative multipolymer compositions
|Database WPI, Week 199629, Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; AN 1996-28364 & JP 8120147 A(Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd), May 14, 1996 Abstract.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 3, 2004
|Dec 23, 2008
|Air Systems, Inc.
|Electrically conductive confined space ventilator conduit formed of conductive polymer, electrical grounding circuit for ventilation system using same, and methods of using and forming same
|Aug 9, 2011
|Air Systems, Inc.
|Electrically conductive confined space ventilator conduit formed of conductive polymer, electrical grounding circuit for ventilation systems using same, and methods of using and forming same
|Nov 3, 2004
|Mar 24, 2005
|Air Systems, Inc. Dba Air Systems International , Inc.
|Electrically conductive confined space ventilator conduit formed of conductive polymer, electrical grounding circuit for ventilation system using same, and methods of using and forming same
|Aug 19, 2010
|Air Systems, Inc
|Electrically conductive confined space ventilator conduit formed of conductive polymer, electrical grounding circuit for ventilation systems using same, and methods of using and forming same
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 22, 2004
Owner name: IONPHASE OY, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NIEMINEN, JYRI;REEL/FRAME:015253/0796
Effective date: 20031206
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|Jul 31, 2014
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...At the college level, I am familiar with Math 2 at SMC. With Trigonometry, it is easy to feel like you're going in circles, but I can help students understand the order of the Unit Circle and what the six trigonometric functions (Sin, Cos, Tan, Sec, Csc, and Cot) mean. I also cover graphing functions of the form y=A func [B(x+c)] + D and how to interpret the graph.
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Carlos Peguero drove in four runs in the double-digit frame, the final three via the longball and the first with an RBI single, as West Tenn bested visiting Mississippi, 12-2.
Carlos Triunfel started the fifth with a line-drive single to right field off Erik Cordier (4-4). Dustin Ackley, MLB.com's No. 15 prospect, drew a walk and Peguero lined a single to right to plate Triunfel.
Alex Liddi singled to left to load the bases and Johan Limonta plated two with a ground ball to center to end Cordier's afternoon.
Reliever Thomas Palica hit the first batter he faced, Jose Yepez, threw a wild pitch to score Liddi and walked Scott Savastano and Leury Bonilla before exiting the game.
Brandon Haveman greeted Michael Broadway with an RBI single to right and Triunfel walked before Ackley grounded into a forceout -- the first out of the inning.
Peguero followed with his three-run shot to right. It was his 14th longball of the year, good for second in the Southern League to newly called-up Marlins prospect Mike Stanton of Jacksonville.
Liddi, who plated West Tenn's other run with an RBI single in the third, grounded out to second and Limonta flew out to left to end the frame.
Mauricio Robles (5-2) proved the beneficiary of the run production after allowing two runs on five hits over 5 1/3 innings for the Dianond Jaxx (32-23). He struck out five and walked three.
The victory evened up the season series between the squads, 6-6.
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News Space Station Visible Overhead This Week, Next
The faint streak in this image is actually 10 seconds of the few minutes the International Space Station is usually visible each day to our region. The bright celestial body seen beside it is the planet Venus.
The ISS can be seen very early in the morning through this week, then its appearances switch to the evening. Sometimes it will only appear for less than a minute. But there's good news for sky watchers.
The station will be visible for six minutes on Monday, April 7, starting at 8:38 p.m. If the skies are clear, look west-southwest for a bright non-blinking body to appear, traveling high, then low in the northeast direction.
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The 42nd annual Seattle Pride Parade is set for June 26 along 4th Avenue in downtown Seattle. Among the participants will be Jim Barker, Training Specialist, who has marched every year since SCCA has started participating in 2010.
I am marching in the Seattle Pride Parade with SCCA because I am proud of the welcoming and affirming culture we have here. We are an organization full of dedicated employees that reflect the diverse nature of the Puget Sound community: straight, lesbian, gay, bi, trans, and queer.
I believe the power of diversity is essential when it comes to cancer care. By embracing the differences of the staff and faculty, the SCCA enhances the care we provide. Our patients can feel welcome here because there is likely someone in the organization who is like them and can share their perspective.
What is one message you would like to share on behalf of SCCA?
We all know that having cancer is hard enough without having to deal with the extra work of explaining to a care provider about what it means to be gay, or lesbian, or trans. And I feel like SCCA is a place where you don't need to do that. We have an understanding and respect for all expressions, and are welcoming to all people.
The fact that we are involved in the gay pride parade, that we are marching, sends a strong message of our commitment to inclusion. In fact, just last year SCCA had the rainbow flag flying in front of the building. To me that demonstrates this message. Not only is SCCA one of the top academic cancer centers in the world, we also welcome you here. We are open to all the beautiful human beings and their rainbow of expressions.
Do you have anything to say to your SCCA family in general?
In recent years and especially in the last five years, SCCA has embraced diversity to a degree that I believe is ahead of most organizations; and SCCA has continued to demonstrate its commitment to equality.
To my colleagues, I would say, "Get out there! Join us!" This is an opportunity to represent Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. When you walk in this parade you see all the crowds cheering for us, and you might be lucky, like we have, to find that patient who runs up to us saying, "Thank you SCCA, you saved my life!" Anytime you volunteer for SCCA you get an opportunity to hear the most amazing stories of their lives and their love of SCCA.
It is a wonderful experience to come out as an ally at the Pride Parade. It's another way we really do live up to our tag line, Better Together.
Jim Barker has been with SCCA since 2004 and works as a Training Specialist Lead in the Continuous Performance Improvement office, creating programs for employees to help them understand ways to improve their processes and create more patient and family centered care.


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Ottoman Storage Bed & Bonnell Mattress - 3 Colours, 3 Sizes!From £99 for a 3ft ottoman side lift bed, £189 for a side lift bed with a luxury Bonnell mattress - save up to 57%
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Multi-layer semiconductor integrated circuits enabling stabilizing photolithography process parameters, the photomask being used, and the manufacturing method thereof
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Stabilization of photolithography process parameters, the photomask being used, and the manufacturing method thereof is provided where a formal pattern layout is combined with a dummy pattern. A photomask is manufactured by utilizing the combined pattern layout so that density changes between the pattern structure layers of the multi-layer semiconductor integrated circuits are minimized.
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The 2013 Acura TL is the automakers most important vehicle, and of late, reaction has been cheery.
Read This Article
After plenty of concepts, here's our first look at a running prototype of the 2015 Acura NSX sports car.
With your average BMW 3 Series and its competition trading hands at more than $40,000, a new segment of luxury cars has emerged around $30,000.
McLaren and Honda have a partnership for Formula 1 racing, but their tie-up could help spawn another new sports car.


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Miley Cyrus Is Blonde Now
I'll forgive her for the duck lips, I guess, 'cause she's just being Miley?
Is Miley's blonde hair fab or drab??
Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com!
More News About Miley Cyrus
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- More than 35 people have died in a suicide bombing attack on Istanbul's international airport, Turkish officials said.
- German leader Angela Merkel said the UK can't expect to keep privileges once it leaves the EU.
- More athletes — nearly all of them golfers — have pulled out of the Rio Olympics over Zika virus concerns.


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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
Pixels Exclusive: Introducing the hottest summer accessory of 2016... round beach towels! FREE WORLDWIDE SHIPPING.
Fine Art America has expanded to 14 fulfillment centers in 5 countries!
David Bowie Remembered - A Collection of Unpublished Portraits by Terry O'Neill
Now shipping framed prints from Canada! Need your order in time for Christmas? Check out our Holiday Shipping Deadlines.
Live from New York... it's Anne Geddes! Watch Anne create one of her iconic holiday images live from her studio in NYC at 10:00 AM EST today.
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Rainy Days And Mondays iphone 5 / 5s case by David Bearden. Protect your iPhone 5 / 5s with an impact-resistant, slim-profile, hard-shell case. The image is printed directly onto the case and wrapped around the edges for a beautiful presentation. Simply snap the case onto your iPhone 5 / 5s for instant protection and direct access to all of the phone's features!
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Rochelle, thank you very much...
I really like what you have done with this photograph David. Superb. Quite a beautiful rainy day impression.
Van, thank you very much...your collection is superb...great work
this is a great picture david, the yellow umbrella contrasts nicely with the rest of the scene
Olga, thank you very much
Dawn, thanks for your kind words...I saw "A Look Down the Street" tonight for the first time and am in awe of this beautifully evocative portrait of this place...seems like every "home town" in America...a classic...congrats...
Delightful -- such a cheerful umbrella! I like the style and effects that work together for a moody and beautiful expression!
I really like this one!!!!
David Bearden replied:
Rhonda, thanks very much
Fabulous photo, David. Love the colors, mood, and textures.
David Bearden replied:
Helen, thanks very much...taken at a shopping mall in June, rainy day, many people running from the rain or had prepared with umbrellas...best regards, David
Hi, David--This is one of my favorite pieces of yours, also. This is just wonderful in the mood engendered and the title is perfect! You have given it a somewhat gritty feel on the street, warmed by the umbrella. Very nice work! Bravo!
J'aime la pluie?
Protect your iPhone 5 with an impact-resistant, slim-profile, hard-shell case. The image is printed directly onto the case and wrapped around the edges for a beautiful presentation. Simply snap the case onto your iPhone 5 for instant protection and direct access to all of the phone's features!
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These are images collected from extensive travels covering a wide variety of topics. I hope you enjoy my galleries. "Only through art can we emerge from ourselves and know what another person sees."--Marcel Proust Recent sales include images for set decoration on "Desperate Housewives" and the new NBC Series, " Are you there, Chelsea?" var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-26424668-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];...
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Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
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Dry Patches? Unexpected Zits? Introducing The 4 Products For Problem-Free Skin This Fall
While, yes, cooler temperature makes for a sweat-free, and therefore, easier environment when applying makeup, the sudden drop makes my skin react — angrily. Tell me if this sounds familiar: The weather gets a bit cooler and suddenly you're experiencing flaky, dry patches. So, then you pile on your moisturizer, only to wake up a zit. It's maddening!
But, this season will be different. Why? Because this season, you have me. Over the years, I've figured out that a few preemptive product swaps help transition my skin flawlessly into the new season. So this fall, you won't have to freak out just 'cause your skin is.
Revlon PhotoReady BB Cream™ Skin Perfector, $10.99, available at Revlon; Bobbi Brown Pot Rouge For Lips And Cheeks, $25, available at Sephora; Smashbox Limitless 15 Hour Wear Cream Shadow, $20 , available at Sephora.
First up, nothing solves dry patches like Rose Hips Nourishing Oil from Mario Badescu. Apply a little bit before bed to any problem areas and your skin will become like new in no time. Another trick is to apply a few drops to your entire face before your moisturizer in the morning. It's rich with vitamin C and will keep your skin feeling amazing.
Mario Badescu Rose Hips Nourishing Oil, $20, available at Mario Badescu.
I have sensitive skin (clearly), so the last thing I want to do is layer on heavy foundation. In the fall, I find that all I need to have even-toned skin is a BB cream. Lately I've been loving Revlon's, which gives me just enough coverage without looking heavy.
Revlon PhotoReady BB Cream™ Skin Perfector, $10.99, available at Revlon.
The skin around your eye is not only the thinnest layer of skin on your body, but also the most sensitive. So in addition to those vitamin-rich eye creams that you are using (you are using them, right?), swap your powder shadows for a cream one, like Smashbox's Limitless 15 Hr Wear Cream Shadow. Cream shadows also tend to stay in place longer than powder-based ones.
Smashbox Limitless 15 Hour Wear Cream Shadow, $20, available at Sephora.
Same concept as the cream eyeshadow, it's important to swap out those mattifying powders for moisture-rich alternatives. Right now, I'm loving Bobbi Brown's Pot Rouge For Lips and Cheeks. The colors are so spot on for any complexion, and it's the easiest do-it-all product for your blush and lips to match flawlessly.
Like this post? There's more. Get tons of beauty tips, tutorials, and news on Beauty Nation now!
Bobbi Brown Pot Rouge For Lips And Cheeks, $25, available at Sephora.
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In August, kilometres from the shoreline of Toledo, Ohio, a blue-green algal slime slips into an intake pipe and releases a toxin that contaminates the water.
With no regulatory guidance or national standard to look to, Mayor Michael Collins makes the decision to shut off the drinking supply to 400,000 people, prompting a run on bottled water and a call to the National Guard.
In the wake of the crisis, Chicago's mayor Rahm Emanuel calls a Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative summit in Chicago. Mayors and representatives from 23 U.S. and Canadian cities, as well as the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), attend.
But no one from Toronto goes.
The city hasn't been part of the initiative since former mayor David Miller served as its chair.
And environmental issues have been on the back burner for Mayor Rob Ford who, along with a third of council, received an "F" last term from the Toronto Environmental Alliance.
But for the U.S., and for many Canadian mayors, the August event in Toledo was "a real crisis," says David Ullrich, executive director of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative in Chicago.
Blue-green algae in Hamilton Harbour prompts advisory
McMaster brings a wave of water experts to town
Algae blooms hit Hamilton and Haldimand
Over-budget bids stall Hamilton harbour cleanup
The Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence account for 20 per cent of fresh surface water in the world.
"That was the driving force and the focus of the summit: what are the things we can do in the near term to protect ourselves in the future?" says Ullrich of the meeting, which was held last week. "And to see what we can do on other problems as well."
Ullrich told the Star he hadn't heard from any of Toronto's mayoral candidates regarding the summit.
Lake Erie has been under attack from massive blue-green algae blooms, which feed off the plant nutrient phosphorus from farm and waste water run-off and release the toxin microcystin.
The EPA pledged $12 million for extra monitoring at the summit and announced a Great Lakes action plan which includes additional funding to deal with algae problem. The agency also agreed to work with cities to create microcystin benchmarks.
Toronto's water supply has never been compromised in the same way, but public health advisories on the toxic effects of blue-green algae, which can kill dogs and cause liver problems, diarrhea and skin rashes in humans, were recently issued for swimmers in Hamilton Harbour.
And to the east, the town of Ajax is struggling with a monumental outbreak of foul-smelling algae that is washing up thigh-deep on the city's waterfront and could just as easily develop here.
"They've spent millions of dollars to have one of the most beautiful and accessible waterfronts in the GTA," says Martin Auer, a scientist who specializes in surface water quality engineering, "and they literally can't use it in the summer because of the algae that washes up on the beaches and rots and creates horrible odours of decomposition of plant material."
The nuisance algae, called Cladophora, are a species native to the Great Lakes.
Cladophora doesn't release a toxin but the plant, which grows at the bottom of the lake on rocks, cobblestones, solid bedrock and even zebra mussel beds, can destroy fish habitats and cause avian botulism.
Auer says it is responsible for the death of water fowl in Lake Michigan, including loons.
That "kind of breaks our heart because those loons are up in the north of Canada breeding and then they come down through and they pick up the botulism and they die on the way south," says Auer.
When the algae wash up on shore, residents say the stench is overwhelming.
"We're at the point now where literally metric tons of it are washing up on the beaches of Ajax," notes Auer.
At fault, says Auer, who was hired by the town of Ajax, is the soluble phosphorus in the effluent from the Duffins Creek Water Pollution Control Plant in nearby Pickering.
The plant processes waste water for York and Durham regions and wants to increase its output from 360 million litres to 560 litres a day to accommodate York Region's expansion plans.
An environmental assessment closed this week, but the town is asking the minister of the environment for an extension to consider Auer's research, which will be ready by the end of the year.
The region says it is not at fault and points to a 2009 University of Waterloo study that says the phosphorus from Duffins Creek has "a relatively small influence on the conditions for Cladophora growth."
Ajax, which spent a "considerable amount of tax payer's money" to hire Auer, disagrees.
"This is a growing problem, that as this research comes to the forefront, the light's going to be coming on and more and more people are going to get involved," says Paul Allore, the town's director of planning and development. "Just like after what happened in Toledo."
Phosphorus levels are down in the open water of Lake Ontario as a whole and have been dropping for years, and the Durham plant is meeting its standards.
But Auer argues those limits need to be lowered to reflect what's happening in the near shore.
"On the way to being mixed throughout the lake, it passes directly through the places algae grow," he says. "And it's not diluted. So it puts very high levels of phosphorus into the near shore Cladophora garden, and that's what creates the problem."
Zebra mussels have made the problem worse. The invasive species filters the water and makes it clearer so that light can penetrate to a 10-metre depth, which contributes to the algae's growth.
"The problems in Lake Ontario today are limited to local areas where treatment plants discharge," says Auer. "But there are 18 wastewater treatment plants discharging into Lake Ontario near shore in the Golden Horseshoe.
"If you realize that 6 kilometres to the west there is another treatment plant, and 6 kilometres to the west of that there's another, and 6 kilometres there's another," says Auer, "and all the way around to St. Catharines what you're doing is creating a bathtub ring of very high phosphorus around an open lake core of very clean water."
Because the algae harbour bacteria, fecal matter from sewage mixed in with it can survive longer than if it were in open water exposed to light.
The algae are common in the Humber River area, says Auer, and Toronto can expect more.
"It's all over the place from St. Catharines to Oshawa. It's just a question of where you happen to be relative to where the wind blows."
The problem of nutrient overload in the Great Lakes is something that all mayors around the great lakes should be aware of, says Steve Parish, mayor of Ajax.
"When you look at it, our issue in one sense is a small little thing," he says. "But then you add Toledo and you add the Chicago meeting and you add the places like us around the Great Lakes that have similar problems. And if they're not protected, if we don't deal with this nutrient problem, it's a threat not just to tourism and recreation but our economy.
It's a point that Peter Ketchum, reeve of the Township of the Archipelago in Georgian Bay, agrees with.
Cottage owners in Sturgeon Bay, off Georgian Bay, who have tried to sell their properties have been unable to do so because of toxic blue-green algae that have developed naturally.
Ketchum, who attended the Toledo summit, has spent 10 years studying the problem and says cottagers are considering paying $1 million for treatment to get rid of the toxic algae.
"It's a big issue to us," he says. "It's a big issue to the ratepayers."
Torstar News Service
Location, ST | website.com
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