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Companies are increasingly embedding sustainability resources into their supply chain organizations. The latest State of the Profession report from GreenBiz, which examines how the role of sustainability executives has evolved over the years, shows a growth in supply chain sustainability efforts. In 2014, the number of companies dedicating sustainability resources to supply chain efforts grew 10%, according to GreenBiz research. In 2015, that number jumped to 26%, showing significant growth in the last two years.
Category Archives: Supply Chain
'Industry 4.0′ Demands Supply Chain Innovation
The latest wave of the industrial revolution, known as "industry 4.0," is demanding manufacturers make major changes to business functions, including supply chain operations. The impact advanced technologies and data analysis is having on the industry is huge, and companies are needing to change how they operate to remain competitive. Industry 4.0 and the innovative technologies shaping this revolution were a major focus this week at the SAP Manufacturing Industries Forum 2016.
Design Thinking for Procurement: Supply Services in a Digital Value Chain
Designing a large supply chain can be tricky. You'll need to be comprehensive, and Pierre Mitchell, chief research officer at Spend Matters, is here to walk you through it with this complimentary research brief, Design Thinking in Procurement: Re-imagined Supply Services in a Digital Value Chain, sponsored by Scanmarket. Download your copy here.
Figuring Out How to Use Data in Your Supply Chain? Work Backward
Supply chain and procurement organizations are aware of the benefits data analytics can provide, but recent research has shown most companies lack a clear strategy on applying the data to make better business decisions. Often, organizations are bogged down in deciding exactly how and where to use supply chain data and how exactly it will provide value for the organization.
The Digital Supply Chain: Analyzing the Disrupters and the Future of Procurement
With the digital supply chain in full effect, we can't help but take a step back and look at the disrupters who are leading the change. Procurement organizations will need to recognize these digital trends and how they affect the broader supply chain whether they are physical or financial. Join the Spend Matters team as Jason Busch, founder and head of strategy at Spend Matters, and Pierre Mitchell, chief research officer, convene on Monday, June 27, at 10:30 a.m. CDT, for Digital Disruption and the Future of Procurement: Trust, Contracting and Relationships.
Elemica Bought By Private Equity Firm Thoma Bravo
Supply chain operating network provider Elemica will be acquired by private equity firm Thoma Bravo LLC. The two companies announced the deal earlier today but did not disclose financial details. In a press release, the two companies said the acquisition will allow for a greater focus on resources and investing in next-generation technologies and expand Elemica's supply chain solution capabilities. According to Elemica CEO John Blyzinskyj, the acquisition also means a faster time-to-market for supply chain solutions.
Defining Cloud Computing and Its Various Layers: Supply Chains in the Cloud (Part 2)
Why is the cloud important? For procurement applications in the cloud there is an inherent "democracy." Participants, without regard to role or particular software instance, effectively participate on the same platform. This does not in itself mean that there is a neutralization of benefit for one party or the other, but it does mean that while participating in the exchange of value, there may be a greater opportunity for collaboration or discovery. Moreover, cloud levels the playing field internally (for business users) and externally (for suppliers and trading partners). And it does so without regard for size, IT skills, experience and budget (within reason).
Agility and Risk Management in the Supply Chain
As they relate to complexity and risk in the supply chain, the terms agility, resilience, responsiveness and adaptiveness are all thrown around in the popular supply chain press these days. All of these terms do share similar associations but shouldn't all just be lumped together in the same big semantic stew. In this analysis, we'll offer up a framework that may be useful in thinking about these terms and applying them to your supply chain.
Big Data Presents Opportunities for the Supply Chain, but are Organizations Taking Advantage of It?
Big data analytics has a number of applications within the supply chain. Yet there is still some lag in adoption of solutions that help mine through the wealth of information that can lead to an increase supply chain visibility, reduce business risks and other benefits. Recent research has shown while the majority of companies understand the opportunities big data presents, fewer are actually implementing analytic capabilities and integrating these tools into supply chain functions.
The Shift to Digitizing Supply Chain Operations
The majority of supply chain organizations are increasingly focused on digitizing their supply chains — and know doing so will give them a competitive advantage, according to a recent report by JDA Software Group. However, most organizations are without a comprehensive digitization strategy, the survey also found, and will have to overcome certain barriers to achieve a higher level of supply chain visibility and improve overall operations.
GSA Issues RFI For Solution to Tackle Counterfeit IT Products in Federal Supply Chain
The U.S. General Services Administration announced early last week it looking for a supply chain solution as part of a pilot program aimed at helping federal procurement professionals authenticate IT and communication products in the government's supply chain. The independent organization that supports federal agencies issued an RFI May 9 to gather information about the development of a supply chain solution and interface that would prevent counterfeit IT components from entering the federal supply chain.
Supply Chain Salaries Rise in 2015, ISM Survey Shows
Salaries for supply chain management professionals were up in 2015 compared with 2014, according to ISM's 2016 Salary Survey. Average overall compensation grew 7.9% last year, reaching $109,961, compared with the average $101,944 supply chain and procurement professionals were making a year earlier. More supply chain managers are also making $100,000 or more than in previous years, with 44% compared to 38% in 2014.


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Aberdeen, a city in an elegant grey shade and very nice buildings. And fortunately I found a very nice guesthouse here.
Aberdeen, eine Stadt in einem eleganten Grauton und sehr schönen Gebäuden. Hier fand ich endlich ein hübsches Gasthaus zum Übernachten.
You can't be surprised that I'd land here to say hi and congratulations on an excellent view.
Hank, thanks a lot! I liked these facades of this bright grey stone very much. I didn't expect such a nice town high up in the North of Scotland.
Aberdeen, somewhere betixt the Brig o Dee and the Brig o Don!
Dear May,
I appreciate your image of the grey city, and it also brings back memories of me accidentally lapsing into French in response to the conversations and questions of my relatives, for their accent was beyond my comprehension. I had assumed we would share our excitement of reunion in English!
Ian (now you know why I am called 'Ian Robert'!)
Ian, thank you! That's near the place, where I found gratefully a bed to sleep. In the morning I took a little stroll around, before I left the city. I love the grey granite buildings of Aberdeen.
Ian Robert?? No, i don't know.
Best wishes, May
Hi Swissmay
I would like to use this image in a brochure for Scottish Landlaords, would that be ok if I gave you a credit?
Cheers Gavin
Hi Gavin, thank you for asking! If you wish to download from here, it will be ok, if you give me credit in mentioning my website. www.mberger.ch
In case you need the photo in a bigger size, just get into contact with me, so that we can talk about it. I have about a dozen more of this part of Aberdeen, which I haven't uploaded yet. There are also some more photos of Scotland on my other page, though none yet from Aberdeen.
Cheers, May
Photo taken in Aberdeen, Aberdeen City, UK

subset: commoncrawl


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The world's population is increasing every day, while the overall accessible land surface is diminished every time a new mall or skyscraper makes its way around us. If you think about it, underground houses might be a great solution for the future, and that's what England-based NC Homes and Huntsmere imagined with this amazing project. But who said underground homes shouldn't be luxurious and stylish? Dubbed Perdu, this
The Logitech Harmony Hub Elite: Controlling Your Smart Home with Just One Touch
Modern technology means that we have advanced far passed the point of having two remotes in the house to control the TV and DVD machines, and most houses now have a proliferation of digital devices all over the home. While it is possible to have around 10 different remotes- it really isn't the most convenient situation and losing remotes becomes
Love at first sight: the charming Louis Moinet Memoris
Back in the early 1800s, in a period when the French Empire has reached its greatest extent under Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis Moinet has made a name for himself in the watchmaking world, creating some of the most extraordinary clocks we've ever seen, dedicated to eminent figures of his era, from the great Napoleon to Thomas Jefferson or James Monroe. Moinet sacrificed everything
Bulgaria's Hidden Gem: Kempinski Hotel Grand Arena Bansko
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Symmetry Concept Yacht By SINOT Exclusive Yacht Design
In case you've never heard of Sinot Exclusive Yacht Design until today, get ready to be completely mesmerized. This company has just revealed one of the most exquisite examples of yacht design, dubbed SYMMETRY, an incredible, balanced and symmetrical 180-meter superyacht meant to be a bi-directional maneuverable vessel. Featuring a game-changing design, this yacht was arranged from the center outwards, with all functions on the decks being organized around the
How Does A Celebratory Champagne Saber Sound?
Even more importantly… how does it look? St. Regis and Christofle have teamed up on this unique project that will answer both these questions for us, inspired by the great Napoléon Bonaparte. It seems that he used to open Champagne bottles with his saber, declaring "Champagne: In victory, one deserves it; in defeat, one needs it" and that's how opening a bottle
600 HP Callaway Competition Corvette C7 GT3-R
Callaway Competition is back, doing what they do best: unleash pure awesomeness on all petrol-heads out there. Their new Corvette C7 GT3-R has been recently revealed in Germany at the Hockenheimring, where the guys from Callaway have announced that this incredible vehicle is set to enter competition next year. Designed to replace the successful Callaway Z06.R GT3, this project is definitely worthy of full and
Timeless Class: The Ralph Lauren Slim Classique Timepiece
I'm sure we're all working on the perfect Christmas shopping list already, and that's exactly why Ralph Lauren has decided to surprise us with a new beautiful timepiece, unveiled just in time for this year's Holidays. The well known brand has just introduced the Ralph Lauren Slim Classique, an exquisite timepiece featuring a chic 18kt gold case, with a Barleycorn guilloché bezel, as


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BSA® Congress Stag-Horn-Handle Four-Blade KnifeOriginal Price:$49.99 Current Price: $29.98Handsome and highly functional, featuring a real stag-horn handle including nickel silver bolster with logo medallion. All four blades are made of Sandvik 12C27 stainless-steel, offering an optimum combination of properties for high-quality professional knife applications, including high hardness and wear resistance along with good corrosion resistance. Learn More
Grand Trunk™ Collapsible Camp StoolOriginal Price:$39.99 Current Price: $29.98Super lightweight, compact design is also amazingly comfortable. Stool's legs collapse so you can just fold it up, slip it into a backpack or tote, and enjoy a portable resting place wherever you go. Ideal for backpacking, campouts, beach trips, picnics, and travel of any kind, this simple micro-stool weighs in at just 22 oz., but it can hold a 250-lb. adult just fine. Nylon shell; aluminum legs. Imported. Learn More
National Camping School Embellished Polo
Originally Starting at:
$29.99Starting at:
$24.984-6 Weeks. Shipped direct from Supplier.An NCS-themed choice becomes a casual-wear favorite! Classic polo style is fashioned in a lightweight polyester pique designed to transport perspiration away from the body, keeping you cooler and drier through any activity. Official NCS logo emblem is applied to wearer's left chest. In khaki. Imported. Learn More
2013 Jamboree® Men's Full-Zip Color-Block Jacket
Originally Starting at:
$54.99Starting at:
$24.98Made of a wind-and-water-resistant polyester stretch laminate, it's built for comfort and protection. Active sport style features black body with royal blue insets at sides and under arms. Full-zip front with reverse metal zipper and fleur-de-lis zipper pull. Includes tunnel elastic cuffs and side-seam pockets. Imported. Learn More


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July 25, 2009
Yes. The boat I use most often is a Perception Carolina 14.5, but I have several other rental boats to which I have access.
I have been kayaking for years but I often had trouble finding other paddlers. I figured there were others out there with the same problem. That is one of the reasons I started this group.
It is a great way to combine enjoying nature, getting good exercise and meeting some great people.
Meetup members, Log in
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text:
Well I went to see DH today and we had a wonderful talk , and , we are gonna work everything out . I really made the story one sided . I love him a lot and he loves me . I'm not going to be participating in this birth club or any birth club for that matter . I wish you all happy and healthy pregnancies !!
So everything is gonna work out
Posted 07/12/2013
Anyhoo I may catch shit for that but likebi said this may not ve the place to cone with that
Posted 07/12/2013
Actually, this is my first BBC post from my computer instead of my phone, and what better time than now to pop my pukey-face cherry?
Posted 07/12/2013
Sympathy gone. It's kinda like that apathetic feeling you get when you've watched too many episodes of Maury. This is why I have a complete lack of faith in humanity x.x
Posted 07/12/2013
Good luck with that! I'm sure things will work out fine.
As long as he stays away from Craigslist.
As long as he stays away from Craigslist.
DS: February, 2009
DD: April, 2011, DD: November, 2013
Posted 07/12/2013
Or Starbucks merrie. I think that's where he met her if I recall correctly.
Poetris is the Illuminati -tsmetska
Me (32) + DH (35) = Chloe (11/11/2013)
Posted 07/12/2013
Emadonnas just nailed it. We shall see how this plays out. I know we both watched shit get cray cray with situations similar to this on our May board. Although maybe even a little more bizarre believe it or not!
Andrea (26) & Michael (31) Married 9/24/11~SAHM to Aubrie Beth 5/29/12 6lbs 6 oz~#2 EDD 11/15/13. Excited to meet our new little bean!
Andrea (26) & Michael (31) Married 9/24/11~SAHM to Aubrie Beth 5/29/12 6lbs 6 oz~#2 EDD 11/15/13. Excited to meet our new little bean!
Posted 07/12/2013
Was May 2012 the one with the woman who breasted her cat? Now that was a strange BB story.
Poetris is the Illuminati -tsmetska
Me (32) + DH (35) = Chloe (11/11/2013)
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 30 months : Week 3.
Your growing child
Your 30-month-old: Creating art
Your little scribbler may soon start to draw recognizable shapes such as primitive stick people. Read More
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Find out why your child's favorite word is "no." Read More
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Did you know that very young children can get stressed out too? Read More
Your 31-month-old: Sense of time
He can't read a watch yet, but your preschooler does have a rudimentary sense of time. Read More
Your 31-month-old: Let's get physical
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What's next for your growing child?
Get a glimpse of what's to come.
Read about 32 months : Week 1.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 19, 2012
|Filing date
|Mar 23, 2009
|Priority date
|Mar 27, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert A. Marsland, Jr., Christophe J. Dorrer
|Original Assignee
|Tektronix, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (4), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of the following:
U.S. Provisional No. 61/039,952 filed on Mar. 27, 2008, entitled LOW-COMPONENT-COUNT COHERENT RECEIVER, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes; and
U.S. Provisional No. 61/105,750 filed on Oct. 15, 2008, entitled COHERENT OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to optical communication and/or data transmission systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Optical communication systems transmit data using electromagnetic light signals in optical fiber and/or free space (for example, building to building, ground to satellite, satellite to satellite, etc.). The electromagnetic carrier wave is modulated to carry the data. Optical communication in optical fiber typically involves: generating the optical signal, relaying the signal on an optical fiber (including measures to reduce/mitigate attenuation of, interference with and/or distortion of the light signal), processing a received optical signal, and converting the signal into a useful electrical signal. Transmitters can be semiconductor devices such as laser diodes, producing coherent light for transmission. A number of receivers have been developed for processing a transmitted lightwave optical signal to provide processed optical signal input(s) to one or more photodetectors, which convert light into electricity.
A coherent receiver converts a modulated optical signal into four electrical signals corresponding to the "in-phase" (I) and "quadrature" (Q) optical signal components of the two optical polarization states, which together carry all or nearly all of the information conveyed by the optical signal. These components can be processed to recover the optically transmitted data regardless of modulation type. A simple coherent receiver is composed of a local-oscillator laser, an optical coupler, and one or more photodetectors that can be in a "balanced" configuration that cancels photocurrents and eliminates DC terms and the related excess intensity noise.
Systems, methods and techniques that provide improved ways to process optical signals in an optical communication systems, including signals used for testing, analysis, diagnostic uses and as a receiver in a more general sense would represent a significant advancement in the art.
Various embodiments of coherent optical signal processing methods, apparatus, techniques, etc. are disclosed. These embodiments include individual components as well as combinations of components operating as systems and/or subsystems. The various embodiments can be used alone or in such combinations to provide improved coherent optical signal processing in a receiver. The compact nature of some embodiments of the present invention also makes these embodiments ideal not only as receivers in optical communication systems, but also as diagnostic and/or testing equipment that can be use in a wide variety of settings and environments.
Polarization-multiplexing splits an input signal into two polarizations that are simultaneously polarization-multiplexed with a local oscillator input. Each polarization-multiplexing output beam has a signal polarization and an orthogonal local oscillator polarization. The signal and local oscillator therefore travel a common path, removing any constraints requiring optical path length control at the optical wavelength level. Novel and non-obvious embodiments of a polarization combiner disclosed and claimed herein include four birefringent crystals (or plates) that generate two parallel and precisely spaced output beams. This eliminates beams emerging at 90° (as occurs with polarizing beam splitting (PBS) cubes) and the requirement of a set of turning mirrors that add six initial (and possibly future) adjustments and additional manufacturing cost. The input beam alignment tolerance of the polarization combiner is the same as with a PBS cube, but mirrors are eliminated. Embodiments of the polarization combiner permit a simple stacking of precisely fabricated optics (rather than precise alignment of angular beams) to split and recombine input beams, such as local oscillator and unprocessed signal beams, to generate polarization-multiplexed beams for use in differential detection. The entire polarization combiner assembly can be rotated 45° to provide horizontal or vertically oriented multiplexed beams. Input beams for the polarization combiner can be supplied using a collimator that provides additional advantages. One or more collimators can be used in connection with various embodiments disclosed and claimed herein, as described in more detail below and in the Figures.
Beams used in differential detection are composed of interferometer terms for each polarization. A common path interferometer is advantageous in removing common-mode noise such as fluctuation in the total path length due to temperature variation (two outputs of a beam splitter create a balanced signal that can be detected with a balanced photodiode/receiver arrangement). Novel and non-obvious embodiments of a Savart device disclosed and claimed herein use two birefringent crystals (or plates) with optic axes oriented at 90° with respect to each other to equalize path length and generate the needed differential beams. This eliminates PBS cubes and other earlier devices that introduce difficult path-length matching of cube outputs that emerge at 90° angles and require optical elements to steer them back to the balanced detectors (a half-wave waveplate also is needed to keep the beams in the plane of the apparatus). The Savart device (also referred to as a Savart polariscope or Savart plate) generates two output beams both displaced laterally in two orthogonal directions from their input beam. Rotation of the Savart device by 45° eliminates the waveplate while maintaining horizontal beam separation, which is advantageous for vertically multiplexed beams if the goal is a square pattern. A benefit of the Savart device as a polarizer in a receiver is that spurious noise from optical reflections is eliminated. Moreover, a pair of input beams can be processed into four Savart device output beams for imaging onto a specialized photodetector array that utilizes close orientation of photodiodes for balanced detection.
Detection techniques and apparatus include novel and non-obvious embodiments in which photodiodes are incorporated into the optical assembly (for example, mounted to a chip, die, substrate or the like), thus removing intervening fiber connections and eliminating excess optical loss that otherwise occurs. In some embodiments, the photodiodes are included in the optical assembly, providing an additional degree of freedom since the detectors need not be designed for fiber coupling and allowing many more detectors and amplifiers to be incorporated onto one chip. Earlier coherent receiver designs required separate optical and detector assemblies, necessitating coupling in and out of single-mode fiber and resulting in a minimum of 0.2-dB of additional optical loss at each fiber interface due to the difficulty of perfectly mode-matching and anti-reflection-coating the fiber. Also, each of these earlier system fiber couplings added substantial cost due to ruggedizing the connection. Cost was multiplied when more high-frequency packages were required. Earlier system separation of the detector/receiver assembly from the optics also led to imperfect path matching, impacting noise rejection provided by balanced detection. A 30-dB rejection ratio requires amplitude response matching to 3% and path length matching to <1% of the symbol period (<1 ps for 10 Gbaud), matching nearly impossible with a separately packaged detector/receiver.
Using embodiments of the detection apparatus, beams can be simply imaged onto detectors arranged in any pattern that is convenient for the optical assembly and electrical design. Another advantage of imaging onto detectors is that detector spacing can be quite close, thereby reducing stray capacitance when detectors are coupled together to provide a balanced output. This is done while maintaining practical beam separation in the optics. In addition to reducing cost and optical loss, including detectors in the optical assembly and using telescopic imaging for photodiode coupling relaxes alignment tolerances by the telescope magnification. Unlike optical fiber, a photodiode is effective at receiving light from almost any angle in 2π steradians (earlier coherent receiver optical assemblies needed alignment at the output plane to a fraction of the fiber core diameter and a fraction of the acceptance angle). Embodiments of the new detection apparatus require alignment to about 50 microns.
In one specific embodiment, detectors are arranged in a square pattern to allow four beams to be readily imaged onto the detectors with a simple telescopic lens arrangement. The square pattern minimizes the lens clear-aperture needed and the detector die-size and simplifies access to the two outputs of the two pairs of diodes with outputs on opposite sides of the chip. Integrating the four detectors onto one chip provides precisely controllable detector locations that can be coupled to the optics without individual manipulation of each detector's coupling.
Novel and non-obvious embodiments of coherent receivers and receiving systems incorporate one or more of the embodiments of a polarization combiner, Savart device and/or photodetection apparatus. Such systems can be used as receivers or as testing equipment for optical communication systems.
Further details and advantages of the invention are provided in the following Detailed Description and the associated Figures.
The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:
The following detailed description will refer to one or more embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to such embodiments. Rather, the detailed description and any embodiment(s) presented are intended only to be illustrative. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to the Figures is provided for explanatory purposes as the invention extends beyond these limited embodiments.
Certain terms are used throughout the description and claims to refer to particular system components. In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms "including" and "comprising" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "including, but not limited to . . . " Phrases such as "coupled to" and "connected to" and the like are used herein to describe a connection between two devices, elements and/or components and are intended (unless otherwise restricted specifically) to mean physically, optically and/or electrically either coupled directly together, or coupled indirectly together, for example via one or more intervening elements or components or via a wireless or other connection, where appropriate. The term "system" refers broadly to a collection of two or more components and may be used to refer to an overall system (e.g., a communication system, a receiving system, a testing system, a computer system or a network of such devices/systems), a subsystem provided as part of a larger system, and/or a process or method pertaining to operation of such a system or subsystem.
As seen in
This single polarization, single phase coherent receiver 110 uses a pair of mirrors 130 to direct the output of the beam splitter cube 115 to a photodetector apparatus 135 that typically comprises a pair of photodetectors such as photodiodes 140 coupled to an amplifier and/or other components well known to those skilled in the art and used to extract data from the signal beam 125.
However, this simple receiver 110 can only detect one component (for example, the in-phase component) of the unprocessed data signal beam 125 along the polarization state of the local oscillator. Detection of the another component (for example, the quadrature component) along the same polarization state requires a second, nearly duplicate interferometer/photodetector apparatus similar to that in
To achieve this full signal description, earlier systems simply doubled all of the receiver components, adding a polarization splitter in front of the structure to direct a first polarization to one receiver and a second, orthogonal polarization to a second receiver. Separate detection of the second polarization is called "polarization diversity." While this type of phase-diverse and polarization-diverse system works satisfactorily, it typically quadruples the system's complexity and cost. An example of such an earlier system 210 is shown in
Earlier balanced phase and polarization diversity coherent optical receivers (for example, the compact bulk optical 90° hybrid and/or balanced phase and polarization diversity receiver previously proposed and described by Langenhorst et al.) can provide some component reuse. However, such systems cannot provide reliable path length matching of the balanced signal beams, which is critical in realizing the benefits of common-mode noise rejection in balanced detection.
Moreover, the prevalence of beam splitter cubes, both non-polarizing and polarizing, in such earlier systems, leads to two-dimensional "spreading" of the system. That is, each beam splitter cube has at least two outputs that emerge from a cube at a 90° orientation. This characteristic makes such systems "wider" and requires the use of mirrors and other components that require precise positioning and adjustments to maintain a suitable precise and accurate system. Embodiments of coherent optical signal processing systems and components disclosed and claimed herein include one or more "linear optical components," which are defined to be components in which the input beam(s) and output beam(s) are generally parallel (for example, the polarization combiner and Savart devices described in more detail below). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, such linear optical components reduce the "width" and "spread" of a coherent optical signal processing system by eliminating the 90° output beams characteristic in earlier systems. Also, when detection components according to one or more embodiments of the present invention are used, parallel outputs of one or more linear optical components can be tightly "bunched" or clustered to permit more efficient photodetection by a photodetector array, as will be explained in more detail below.
Embodiments of a coherent optical signal processor (e.g., a processing device, diagnostic/testing equipment, etc.) according to the present invention eliminate much or all earlier system complexity by spatially multiplexing beams to reuse existing components, while also providing reliable path length matching unavailable in Langenhorst-type receivers. The compact nature of some embodiments of the present invention makes these apparatus, systems, etc. ideal not only as optical communication system receivers, but also as diagnostic/testing equipment that can be use in a wide variety of settings and environments, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
One embodiment of an optical signal processor 310 is shown in
Because each output beam 381, 382 of PBS cube 317 has an input signal polarization component and an orthogonal local oscillator polarization component, the paired input signal and local oscillator signal components of each beam 381, 382 travel a common path, thus removing the need for other optical path length control at the optical wavelength level. Tip plates 327 vertically displace beams 381 and 382 prior to reflection by mirrors 330 (shown more clearly in
Beams 381′, 382′ are inputs to a non-polarizing beam splitter (NBS) cube 340 and are split so that generally identical (that is, generally equal intensity) copies of each beam 381′, 382′ are made, shown as output beams 3811, 3812 (generated from beam 381′) and 3821, 3822 (generated from beam 382′) in
Moreover, beams 3821 and 3822 each a have polarization composition shown in
Beam copies made by NBS cube 340 are created and used for phase diversity. Mixing each input polarization field with both the in-phase and quadrature local-oscillator phases enables detection of the in-phase and quadrature portions of the input signal field, that is, the complete complex field. Beam pair 3812, 3822 is transmitted to quarter-wave waveplate 345. The waveplate optical axis is aligned with the signal or the local oscillator polarization, of which there are four pertinent orientations. Only two of these four orientations are substantively different, producing either a +90° or −90° phase shift between the input signal and the local oscillator. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, either of these orientations is satisfactory to use in embodiments disclosed herein. Waveplate 345 shifts the phase of the original local oscillator beam by 90° with respect to the signal input beam for the upper branch containing beams 3812, 3822. After the waveplate-induced phase shifting, the phase-shifted beam pair 3812′ and 3822′ have polarization compositions shown in
The lower branch of
Some embodiments of the present invention use linear optical components referred to as "Savart devices," as defined herein, to perform differential detection of matched-path-length differential signals. The use of such Savart devices permits a more linear differential detection apparatus assembly that is amenable to integration and packaging. Moreover, dependence on mirrors, tip plates and other equipment and adjustments required with earlier systems can be reduced or eliminated altogether. Additionally, Savart devices used in some of the embodiments of the present invention eliminate multiple beam reflections that have plagued systems using beam splitter cubes. Embodiments of Savart devices for differential detection include, but are not limited to embodiments that utilize a natural 45° orientation that eliminates a half-wave plate that is needed for beam splitter cubes to keep beams in one plane.
A "Savart device" is a symmetrical walkoff plate device (also referred to as a device using birefringent plates or crystals and the like, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art) defined herein as two cascaded walkoff prisms, the principal properties and structure of which are shown in
The optical behavior of the Savart device 500 is shown in
The prisms can be joined to one another or not, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, if the crystals 506, 508 are coated with an anti-reflection (AR) coating, as is frequently done during fabrication of individual crystals, then an air gap between the crystals 506, 508 may be desirable. If the crystals are not so coated, then joining the crystals (for example, using an adhesive or other optically suitable bonding material) may be appropriate and desirable using any suitable technique. The same techniques can be applied to the polarization combiner described herein, as appropriate. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety of AR coatings are available and an appropriate coating can be selected as a matter of design choice.
As with the crystals of the polarization combiner, the appropriate length of each Savart device crystal can be determined as described below. It is important that the crystals have nearly identical lengths so that the beams' respective paths are matched to much less than a bit-period of the data signal (that is, matching o-rays and e-rays), as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. The crystal length also is selected to achieve the desired walkoff separation between the output beams of the Savart device. As will be discussed in more detail below, it is desirable in some embodiments to image the output beams of each Savart device onto a photodetector array using a telescope. The photodetector array can be square, rectangular or in any other shape or configuration that is achievable with and accommodates the output beams of each Savart device, when such devices are used.
The two output beams generated by each input beam in a Savart device emerge from such a Savart device parallel to the input beam's initial propagation direction and, at normal incidence, have zero path difference. Due to the 90° relative positioning of the two walkoff crystals 506, 508 in
It may be advantageous for each Savart device to be rotated by 45° from "square" (as seen in
Unshifted beam pair 3811, 3821 encounters Savart device 360 (shown in
Similarly, input beam 3821 yields Ψ3 and Ψ4 shown in
Likewise, phase-shifted beam pair 3812′, 3822′ also encounters a Savart device 350 having axes 351 oriented at 45° to the polarization axes of beams 3812 and 3822, as shown in
The output beam array of Savart device 350 also is a 4 beam square pattern (similar to that shown in
Similarly, input beam 3822′ yields Ψ5 and Ψ6 shown in
Each Savart device images its compact output beam cluster with polarizations shown in
Therefore, assuming sufficient reference local oscillator power along both polarizations, and with suitable calibration for the components, ELOx, and ELOy, the real and imaginary/complex values of ESx and ESy can be determined from the 8 photocurrents detected by any photodetector array(s) in the system. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the local oscillator beam's components might not be known, nor even their ratios, though they are nonetheless usable in connection with embodiments of the present invention.
As seen in
In the examples of
In some of the embodiments disclosed herein, photodetectors (devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals, for example photodiodes or the like) can be mounted to or fabricated on a die or chip in a coplanar, square or rectangular pattern, thus allowing a single Savart device and a simple telescope to image four beams in each Savart device output beam array onto a photodetector array. A square/rectangular patterned Savart device output beam array imaged onto a photodetector chip by a telescope minimizes the lens clear-aperture needed and the detector die-size, and simplifies access to the two outputs of the preferably balanced photodiode pairs with outputs on opposite sides of the chip, as noted in connection with
Invention embodiments concerning a detector array include, but are not limited to: detector embodiments that are optimized for the optical assembly, in which detectors are incorporated into the optical assembly; detector embodiments in which detector positions on a single die are optimized for the optical design rather than the other way around; detector embodiments in which there are two or more balanced detector pairs on one die; and detector embodiments in which very tight detector packing helps with high-speed balanced detectors by reducing metal (capacitance) between detectors. In various configurations and embodiments, telescopic imaging is used to direct the differential detection beams onto the detectors instead of a lens array thereby enabling relatively widely spaced (for example, 1 mm), wide diameter beams (for example, 0.4 mm). Such wide beam diameters enable a longer optical path (advantageous for polarization diversity) with low divergence, and the spacing is nevertheless tight enough to permit advantageous maximal utilization of the crystals (for example, made of YVO4). Telescopic imaging also reduces positional alignment sensitivity to yield ease of manufacture and robustness against misalignment and tight detector packing which helps with high-speed balanced detectors by reducing metal (capacitance) between detectors. The beams are wider apart than a stock lens-array would permit, but tight relative to their diameters.
One exemplary configuration of a photodetector chip is shown in
The compact nature of the output beam array or cluster of each Savart device 350, 360 is well-suited for imaging onto the photodetector array of chip 710. The Savart device output beams can be telescopically imaged onto the detectors of chip 710, though other techniques are available for getting the Savart device output beams to their respective photodetectors in other embodiments, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Earlier systems used an individual lens for each beam being imaged, thereby limiting the spacing of beams and lens both. The compact beam array of a Savart device according to one or more embodiments of the present invention avoids this crowding problem while at the same time reducing the cost and complexity of the detection apparatus.
In some embodiments of chip 710 of
By making lens 364 part of the photoreceiver assembly 368, the distance from the detector array 366 to the lens 364 can be controlled during assembly to avoid alignment issues during use. Only adjustment in the plane of the detector array 366 is required. This can be achieved by adding another mirror 372, before lens 362 (with the added advantage of obtaining parallel coaxial outputs), or by translating the entire receiver/telescope assembly (that is, components 362, 364, 366, 368 could be translated as a group). Other systems use the mirror, plus having an x-y adjustment on the detector, and a z adjustment on the 4-mm lens. The x-y-z adjustments can be used to get the beams close to the target and in focus, then the mirror for fine adjust.
More generally, and using the beam separations d1, d2 of
The detectors in
If instead the beams were separately focused onto separate detectors, as has been done in prior systems, detector spacing and electrical interconnect lengths would need to equal the spacing between beams prior to the telescope, which typically leads to capacitance and other potential problems and/or complicating factors. The minimum spacing in such systems typically is limited by the width of the individual lenses used to focus individual beams, as well as the optical path length (as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the farther a beam has to go without substantial divergence, the bigger the beam has to be in diameter). Therefore, embodiments of the present invention permit larger input beam spacing and larger input beam diameters, which give those beams longer working distances and allow them to stay nearly collimated throughout the entire system.
In addition to reducing cost and optical loss, moving the detectors into the optical assembly and using telescopic imaging for photodiode coupling relaxes all alignment tolerances by the telescope magnification. Also, unlike the optical fiber, a photodiode is effective at receiving light from almost any angle in 2π steradians. Earlier coherent-receiver optical assemblies required alignment at the output plane to a fraction of the fiber core diameter and a fraction of the acceptance angle (about 0.5-μm and 50-mrad, respectively). By comparison, exemplary embodiments of the present invention only require alignment to about 50-μm, substantially relaxing tolerances. However, assuming 4-cm telescope length and 2-μm detector alignment tolerance, the beams being input onto the photodetector array must be parallel to ˜1-mrad to minimize optical loss at the detector.
Some embodiments of the present invention include a polarization combiner such as the combiner 917 shown in
Thus, embodiments of a polarization combiner include, but are not limited to embodiments that eliminate at least one beam splitter cube, two tip plates and two mirrors together with their adjustable mounts used in earlier systems; eliminate multiple adjustments and thus dramatically simplify manufacturing and reduce costs; match path lengths; and produce a more linear optical detection system layout that makes the entire assembly integrable into an assembly that relies on crystal fabrication accuracy rather than multiple adjustments and adjustable mounts (including, in some embodiments, use of one or more of the Savart device embodiments herein).
In earlier differential detection systems and the like, a polarizing beam splitting element typically has been a cube used to split and combine two input beams that must be perpendicular to one another upon entering the cube. Some embodiments of a polarization combiner disclosed and claimed herein use four identical prisms made of a suitable birefringent material (for example, calcite or vanadate) to generate a pair of polarization diverse output beams. The beams provided as inputs to the polarization combiner for splitting and combining can be supplied using a variety of techniques and/or apparatus, as is well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments of the present invention, the polarization combiner is coupled to an input beam collimation unit that supplies parallel input beams (for example, the signal beam 325 and local oscillator beam 320 of
One embodiment of a polarization combiner 917 of
As seen in
A second prism pair 940 is downstream of pair 930 and comprises prisms 941 and 942. Rather than the side-by-side orientation of pair 930, prisms 941 and 942 are stacked vertically (that is, one on top of the other). Moreover, rather than being oriented to split a single input beam into two polarized component beams, each prism in pair 940 is oriented to combine two input beams (having orthogonal polarizations) into a single, polarization-multiplexed output beam, as seen in
The input beams 950 and 960 can be seen clearly in
Where an air gap is noted in connection with embodiments of the present invention, this again is due to the fact that many crystals available in bulk already have AR coatings designed to interface to air. If no such AR coating is present on the crystals used in some embodiments, it may be more advantageous in those situations to avoid the air gap configuration and instead to join the crystals together in any suitable manner.
Prisms such as those shown in the polarization combiner 917 of
The crystals used in embodiments of the polarization combiner according to the present invention are preferably all made of the same material, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, and can be made of any suitable material (for example, calcite is one natural material and vanadate is a synthetically generated material—YVO4 (Yttrium orthovanadate) is a positive uniaxial crystal grown with Czochralski method, has a wide transparency range and large birefringence, which make it desirable for many applications and an excellent synthetic substitute for calcite and rutile crystal). Moreover, all four prisms 931, 932, 941, 942 preferably have the same dimensions. The required length, L, of each crystal prism can be determined by using (1) the desired spacing, x, of the parallel beams generated after splitting and combining the original input beams, and (2) the walkoff angle, α, between the o-ray and e-ray in the crystal which, in a uniaxial crystal, can be calculated from the refractive indices, no and ne, and the angle of the optical axis, θ, relative to the beam:
Because the walkoff angle varies with changes to the optical axis of a crystal, the walkoff angle α can be chosen to be the angle that provides a sufficiently large walkoff displacement at a given wavelength, for example 1550 nm. The preferred crystal prism length, L, then is calculated using:
again, where x is the desired parallel spacing/separation between polarization diverse beams at the polarization combiner's output (beams 971 and 972 in
As seen in
In some embodiments of the present invention, the inputs of polarization combiner 917 of
Using a desired parallel beam separation D for the inputs to polarization combiner 917, biprism 982 can be interposed between the collimator output and the polarization combiner input to bring the output beams of collimator 981 into parallel orientation before entering the first birefringent prism pair. Biprism 982 has a biplanar input that redirects the collimator's nonparallel output beams into parallel beams upon exiting biprism 982. Beams exiting collimator 981 with crossing angle β have a crossing length LC. Biprism 982 is a distance LB from the crossing point 983 of the beams, as seen in
where n is the refractive index of the biprism material. For small angles, this reduces to:
To match the required input spacing D for polarization combiner 917, the distance from the crossing point 983 to biprism 982 will be:
Thus the spacing between collimator 981 and biprism 982 can be calculated and fixed during construction of the system. Careful definition of the beam spacing D of this collimator/biprism assembly directly impacts the ability of the telescope assembly described above to image the output beam array of each Savart device onto a highly efficient photodetector array/chip, such as those discussed above and depicted as examples in the Figures.
The input beam collimation unit 980 of
In an alternate embodiment shown in
A further reduction in the number of system components is achieved by reflecting the outputs of the NBS cube into parallel paths so that Savart devices 1050 and 1060 of
Embodiments of the present invention provide a number of advantages over earlier systems, component, methods and the like. Many earlier systems required separate optical and detector assemblies, which necessitated coupling in and out of single-mode fiber. Such coupling resulted in a minimum of 0.2 dB of additional optical loss at each fiber interface due to difficulties with perfectly mode-matching and anti-reflection-coating of the fiber. In addition, each fiber coupling adds substantial cost due to the need to ruggedize each such connection. Cost is also multiplied when more high-frequency packages are required. A further disadvantage of separating the detector/receiver assembly from the optics is that matching is critical to obtaining the noise rejection provided by balanced detection. A 30 dB rejection ratio requires amplitude response matching to 3% and path length matching to <1% of the symbol period (<1 ps for 10 Gbaud). Such matching is nearly impossible with a separately packaged detector/receiver.
In embodiments of the present invention, excess optical loss is eliminated by incorporating the photodiodes into the optical assembly and removing the intervening fiber connection. Moreover, situating the photodiodes in the optical assembly results in an additional degree of freedom because the detectors need not be designed for fiber coupling. This allows many more detectors and amplifiers to be incorporated onto one chip. While direct coupling to single diodes has been used in earlier systems, there has not been any use of an integrated, "dual-balanced" photodiode quad or other array that provides two or more sets of integrated balanced photodiodes on the same chip. The difficulty with coupling to single diodes is that unless each diode is precisely placed to ˜2-μm, each diode will require its own lens and mirror to direct the beam onto the diode, which prevents the benefits realized from the use of a single telescope lens pair to image all beams of a given Savart device or the like.
Exemplary CPU 1402 also is coupled to an interface 1410 that includes one or more input/output devices such as such as video monitors, track balls, mice, keyboards, microphones, touch-sensitive displays, transducer card readers, magnetic or paper tape readers, tablets, styluses, voice or handwriting recognizers, or other well-known input devices such as, of course, other computers. Moreover, CPU 1402 optionally may be coupled to a computer or telecommunications network using a network connection as shown generally at 1412. With such a network connection, it is contemplated that the CPU might receive information from the network, or might output information to the network in the course of performing described method steps, for example where a network base station is in use. Finally, CPU 1402, when it is part of a host computer or the like, may be coupled to a bridge device 1420 according to one or more embodiments of the present invention and is used to access one or more target devices 1430. The above-described devices and materials will be familiar to those of skill in the computer hardware and software arts. The hardware elements described above may define multiple software modules for performing the operations of this invention. For example, instructions for running a data encryption cracking program, password breaking program, etc. may be stored on mass storage device 1408 and executed on CPU 1402 in conjunction with primary memory 1406.
The many features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the written description, and thus, the appended claims are intended to cover all such features and advantages of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, the present invention is not limited to the exact construction and operation as illustrated and described. Therefore, the described embodiments should be taken as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention should not be limited to the details given herein but should be defined by the following claims and their full scope of equivalents, whether foreseeable or unforeseeable now or in the future.
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|Citing Patent
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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Owner name: OPTAMETRA, LLC, WISCONSIN
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Gurusaidutt advancesIndian shuttlers had a good day at the Canada Open as R.M.V. Gurusaidutt, Pratul Joshi and Harsheel Dani crossed the opening hurdle to reach the second round of the $55,000 Grand Prix badminton tourn... The Hindu, 1 day ago
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Congress now feeling the effects of Emergency: Joshi
Veteran BJPleader and MPMurli Manohar Joshi on Sunday said the Congress is now facing the consequences of the Emergency imposed on the country in 1975 by the then prime minister Indira Gandhi. He was in Benglauru to participate in a programme organised by ...Deccan Herald, 4 days ago
Aakarshi upsets top seed Shikha
On a day of upsets, top seeds in girls under-17 and under-19 categories, Prashi Joshi and Shikha Gautam, were ousted in the 15th All-India junior ranking badminton tournament at the Karnataka Badminton Association here on Saturday. Karnataka's Shikha, who ...Deccan Herald, 1 week ago
Missing MHA official Anand Joshi, accused of corruption, detained by CBI
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Macintosh automatic position reporting system, developed by Bob Bruninga, WB4APR, to track boats and vehicles using GPS and packet radio. MacAPRS was written by Keith Sproul, WU2Z and Mark Sproul, KB2ICI
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About MacAPRS"MacAPRS" is listed in dxzone.com under 2 categories. Its main category is APRS Software (APRS software for ham radio). Listed in our web site index since Tuesday Feb 22 2000, till today received a total of 4119 hits, received 6 votes for a total score of 4.33/10
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Democrats Seek Independent Probe of Iraq Arms Data
President Bush on Friday refuses comment on calls for an independent review of faulty reports on weapons of mass destruction — reports that contributed to the push for war in Iraq. Meanwhile, a U.S. Senate panel prepares a report on the accuracy of pre-war intelligence. But Senate Democrats say only an independent, open-ended probe can truly resolve questions of intelligence failure. NPR's David Welna reports.
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This is the current release of the guideline.
Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)
Women with overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)
The Cochrane Library and Medline were searched for articles published from 1950 to the present related to individual anticholinergic drugs. Review articles on management of refractory overactive bladder (OAB) were also examined. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no date or language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to 2010.
Not stated
Quality of Evidence Assessment*
I: Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial.
II-1: Evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.
II-2: Evidence from well–designed cohort (prospective or retrospective) or case–control studies, preferably from more than one centre or research group.
II-3: Evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of treatment with penicillin in the 1940s) could also be included in this category.
III: Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.
*Adapted from the Evaluation of Evidence criteria described in the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
The quality of evidence was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (see the "Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence" field).
Classification of Recommendations†
A. There is good evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action.
B. There is fair evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action.
C. The existing evidence is conflicting and does not allow to make a recommendation for or against use of the clinical preventive action; however, other factors may influence decision-making.
D. There is fair evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action.
E. There is good evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action.
L. There is insufficient evidence (in quantity or quality) to make a recommendation; however, other factors may influence decision-making.
†Adapted from the Classification of Recommendations criteria described in The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
The guideline developers reviewed published cost analyses.
Oxybutynin immediate release has superior cost-effectiveness but more side effects than other anticholinergics.
This clinical practice guideline has been prepared by the Urogynaecology Committee, reviewed by Family Practice Advisory Committee, and approved by the Executive and Council of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
The quality of evidence (I-III) and classification of recommendations (A-L) are defined at the end of the "Major Recommendations" field.
Conservative Interventions
Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions: Anticholinergics
Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Ditropan XL)
Tolterodine (Detrol, Detrol LA)
Trospium (Trosec IR and XR)
Solifenacin (VESIcare)
Darifenacin (Enablex)
Clinical Efficacy: Anticholinergics Compared With Non-Drug Therapies
Choice of Anticholinergic Drug and Dose
Adherence and Continuation Rates
Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions: Estrogens
Refractory Overactive Bladder (OAB)
II-2: Evidence from well–designed cohort (prospective or retrospective) or case–control studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.
None provided
The type of supporting evidence is identified and graded for each recommendation (see the "Major Recommendations" field).
Appropriate use of pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder (OAB), to improve outcomes and minimize side effects of therapy
Care providers need to be well acquainted with the side effects of anticholinergics and select therapy based on individual patient parameters.
This document reflects emerging clinical and scientific advances on the date issued and is subject to change. The information should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of treatment or procedure to be followed. Local institutions can dictate amendments to these opinions. They should be well documented if modified at the local level. None of these contents may be reproduced in any form without prior written permission of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC).
An implementation strategy was not provided.
Not applicable: The guideline was not adapted from another source.
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
Urogynaecology Committee
Principle Author: Roxana Geoffrion, MD, Vancouver BC
Urogynaecology Committee Members: Danny Lovatsis, MD (Co-Chair), Toronto ON; Jens-Erik Walter, MD (Co-Chair), Montreal QC; Queena Chou, MD, London ON; William Easton, MD, Scarborough ON; Annette Epp, MD, Saskatoon SK; Roxana Geoffrion, MD, Vancouver BC; Marie-Andrée Harvey, MD, Kingston ON; Annick Larochelle, MD, St-Lambert QC; Kenny Maslow, MD, Winnipeg MB; Grace Neustaedter, RN, Calgary AB; Dante Pascali, MD, Ottawa ON; Marianne Pierce, MD, Halifax NS; Jane A. Schulz, MD, Edmonton AB; Vyta Senikas, MD, Ottawa ON; David Wilkie, MD, Vancouver BC
Disclosure statements have been received from all members of the committee.
Electronic copies: Available from the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada Web site . Also available in French from the SOGC Web site .
Print copies: Available from the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, La société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada (SOGC) 780 promenade Echo Drive Ottawa, ON K1S 5R7 (Canada); Phone: 1-800-561-2416.
None available
This NGC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on February 26, 2013. The information was verified by the guideline developer on March 21, 2013.
This NGC summary is based on the original guideline, which is subject to the guideline developer's copyright restrictions.
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ (NGC) does not develop, produce, approve, or endorse the guidelines represented on this site.
All guidelines summarized by NGC and hosted on our site are produced under the auspices of medical specialty societies, relevant professional associations, public or private organizations, other government agencies, health care organizations or plans, and similar entities.
Guidelines represented on the NGC Web site are submitted by guideline developers, and are screened solely to determine that they meet the NGC Inclusion Criteria which may be found at http://www.guideline.gov/about/inclusion-criteria.aspx.
NGC, AHRQ, and its contractor ECRI Institute make no warranties concerning the content or clinical efficacy or effectiveness of the clinical practice guidelines and related materials represented on this site. Moreover, the views and opinions of developers or authors of guidelines represented on this site do not necessarily state or reflect those of NGC, AHRQ, or its contractor ECRI Institute, and inclusion or hosting of guidelines in NGC may not be used for advertising or commercial endorsement purposes.
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A budget-friendly retractable custom pen that features a slim body and whited accents to make your logo standout.
Coordinate your company logo with just the right color on this custom journal book with 4 different color options.
This promotional drawstring bag is not only very popular but also inexpensive and comes in 6 colors!
While these alligators look innocent, these promotional stress balls will rip apart the competition!
This Basketball Shaped Promotional Pillow Ball is a great alternative to stress balls. Soft and fun to toss around.
Pill nurse themed custom stress balls are great for fundraising, tradeshows or medical themed events.
Need an extra "hand" for highlighting? These customized highlighters feature 5 highlighter colors in a hand shape.
Brighten up your promos with these vibrantly colored logo coolers by Koozie with a 12 can capacity.
Never let your business be forgotten with these elephant shaped promotional stress balls imprinted with your logo.
Don't let your marketing campaign go to the dogs, throw your customers fun bone shaped custom stress balls for a dog-gone good time.
A sturdy promotional tumbler that comes with a matching colored straw makes a great tradeshow giveaway.
Make going back to school even more rewarding with this academic zippered logo pencil case that comes in cool colors.
Get potential clients to listen up by handing out these ear shaped custom stress balls!
Make sure everyone knows WHOOO handed out these cute owl custom stress balls by imprinting your logo on the chest.
Show your playful side while promoting your company with these Goofy Grin logo highlighters that stand on their own two feet.
This Ice River promotional cooler bag is a great promotional giveaway or employee gift.
Your competition will moo-ve over when they see these cute dairy cow shaped custom stress balls.
These promotional products from ePromos are ready to ship in 24 hours. Rush promotional items for a last minute event or if you're other supplier fell through.


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Written on: 26/06/2012 by kellyannavery (1 review written)
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OAKLAND (AP) - Steve Kerr admired the exit almost as much as the half-court buzzer beater that Stephen Curry is so perfecting this season.
OAKLAND (AP) - So what if coach Steve Kerr added a pair of extra turnovers to his team's ugly, uncharacteristic two-day total? He made his point that the Golden State Warriors' sloppy play of late must stop, well before the playoffs begin as the record-setting NBA champions chase another title.
ALAMEDA (AP) - The Oakland Raiders struck early for their top target in free agency, agreeing in principle to a five-year deal with former Baltimore offensive lineman Kelechi Osemele.
SANTA CLARA (AP) - The San Francisco 49ers have signed linebacker Ray-Ray Armstrong to a one-year contract extension that takes him through next season.
EDMONTON, Alberta (AP) - The San Jose Sharks continue to show why they're the NHL's top road team.
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. (AP) - Madison Bumgarner pitched three innings in his second appearance of the spring and the San Francisco Giants beat the Cincinnati Reds 16-7 on Tuesday night.
MESA, Ariz. (AP) - Delino DeShields tripled, singled and drove in two runs as the Texas Rangers beat the Oakland Athletics 10-3 Tuesday.
MOSCOW (AP) - The drug at the center of Maria Sharapova's doping case, regularly given to Soviet troops in the 1980s to boost their stamina while fighting in Afghanistan, is normally prescribed for medical use for periods of four to six weeks.
MOSCOW (AP) - Nike and other sponsors swiftly distanced themselves from Maria Sharapova on Tuesday after the world's highest-earning female athlete outed herself as a longtime user of a recently banned drug.
NEW YORK (AP) - A Florida-based soccer consultant and match agent who was once licensed by FIFA pleaded guilty to money laundering and wire fraud conspiracy in a New York City court Tuesday, admitting that he paid hundreds of thousands of dollars to secure media and marketing contracts.
DETROIT (AP) - Calvin Johnson, one the most spectacular receivers in NFL history, retired from the Detroit Lions on Tuesday and rekindled memories of the way superstar running back Barry Sanders quietly stepped away from football.
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. (AP) - The Jacksonville Jaguars took the first step - a huge one - in rebuilding their defense Tuesday.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Maria Sharapova's tennis career and Olympic hopes are in jeopardy, and she claims it's all because she failed to click on a link in an email that would have told her to stop taking meldonium.
CHAMPAIGN, Ill. (AP) - In a conference where Jim Harbaugh's star power and Urban Meyer's national-title pedigree dominate the news, Illinois has become an afterthought and the headlines lately have been about the coaches who've been fired or accused of misbehavior.
Page 26 of 776
MIAMI (AP) - Zhou Qi needs someone to help him communicate at workouts with NBA teams, simply because he does not speak English well enough to ...
ANAHEIM (AP) - Ravaged by injuries, the Los Angeles Angels are taking a chance on Tim Lincecum, the two-time NL Cy Young Award winner who is ...
CLEVELAND (AP) - Overshadowed as Golden State shot down history during the regular season, the Cavaliers are making this postseason their own.
PARIS (AP) - Roger Federer pulled out of the French Open on Thursday, ending his record streak of appearing in 65 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments - every ...
OAKLAND (AP) - Josh Reddick was trying to make something happen, hoping to put himself into position to score. He's likely going to miss a ...
RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) - The head of security for the state of Rio de Janeiro wants soldiers to start policing the city immediately, 2 ½ months ...
IRVING, Texas (AP) - Jordan Spieth covered his mouth in disbelief on the 16th green when his long eagle putt stopped short of falling in for ...
LAKE TAHOE (AP) - Toms Skujins delivered his U.S.-based team another win in the nation's highest-profile race.
OAKLAND (AP) - A far cry from his brash, former basketball-playing father, Klay Thompson is perfectly content to be the soft-spoken, second superstar behind MVP Stephen ...
SAN DIEGO (AP) - Jeff Samardzija pitched eight strong innings, Joe Panik had four hits and Brandon Crawford homered for the NL West-leading San Francisco Giants ...
SAN JOSE (AP) - Martin Jones made 22 saves in his second straight shutout and Tomas Hertl scored twice to give the San Jose Sharks a ...
JACKSON - Ripon Christian proved it can hang in Division VI on Wednesday.
BALTIMORE (AP) - Doug O'Neill couldn't have done any better if he picked Nyquist's post position himself.
TAMPA, Fla. (AP) - Sidney Crosby and Co. kept pressing and shooting until the Pittsburgh Penguins finally imposed their will.
MONTEREY (AP) - It was fitting that Peter Sagan would win a stage of the Tour of California on a racetrack.
Page 23 of 33
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RWS Limeliter J Bee, by Daniel J Bee and out of Vintage Alisa, is a 2004 sorrel gray mare. She is trained to lead, and is likely in foal to Zand Stone…$1,200
*** INQUIRE FOR PRICING AND POSSIBLE PACKAGE DEAL!*** Ansata Jalila (Ansata Qasim x Ansata Jalala by Ansata Iemhotep) 2009 Grey Mare Straight Egyptian…$1
Baraka Nile Beauty (Baraka Nile Star x Baraka Atrab by AK Juhaan) 2002 Black Mare Straight Egyptian Arabian Includes a breeding to Dark Ali Star (Ashtar…$6,000
Rosie has pulled her left rear extensor tendon and will never be an athlete. She raised a wonderful foal this year and is an excellent mom. She is very…$1,600
Imagine Me Skippin is a 2001 strawberry roan daughter of the famous Sheldak Ranch-bred stallion Skip Of Stars. She has a muscular build and a beautiful…$2,000
Extreme type, long upright neck, breathtaking trot! Show record in halter with English motion. Sire is 16.2 hand KC Rammadeus- Bey Shah breeding. Sire…$7,500
Big, double registered Homozygous Tobiano black and white Saddlebred/Pinto mare. Video available on youtube under KC Confetti Nights. Both sire and dam…$8,500
Ginger is a beautiful grey Arabian mare. She is very sweet and has a very loving, eccentric personality. She is completely ground broke, loves to be groomed…$2,000


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Больше фильтров
V.Alexia, located just 200 m from sandbeach-restaurants, offers magnificent sea and rock views. Modern furniture, 2 equipped kitchens, covered terrace with bbq, 4 bedrooms, 3 bath.
(Villa Helena)Nice and newly constructed villa in Benissa for 8 people with private pool in the area Pioco, quiet zone surrounded by pine forest


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Sale Inline Skates
Showing 1 - 3 items
Reg. $249.99
The Rollerblade RB 80 Urban Inline Skates is for the entry-level and beginner skater looking for a great urban skate without the high price tag. These skates are built with a vented and molded shell to ensure they are strong but still allow air to flo... Read More
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The K2 Midtown urban inline skates are simply a fun pair of inline skates, and they feature some really cool designs too. Choose blue or gray before you take off and skate through the crowds of the busy city streets on these easy to control and fun to ... Read More
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The Rollerblade Fusion X3 Urban Inline Skates were designed to handle the riggers and demands of city skating. This skate is rugged and comfortable and features a dark, bold design. There is still great performance to be had from the bulletproof fram... Read More
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'About a third' of Valve staff working on VR games instead of Half-Life 3
Stop wasting everybody's time and making them sad, Gabe
Gamers! Stop before you turn to crime!
A new report finds, once again, that gamers are on an unstoppable freight train hurtling towards the criminal underworld
Trolling Twitch tosser left with $50,000 bill after PayPal refused his refund
Donating to e-sports is for life, not just for idiot trolls
Xbox One will get a dose of Cortana and PC gaming this summer
Cortana, explain why we're running PC games
Behold the Raspberry Pi Zero Burger King toy Nintendo Gameboy
What did you make today?
Top 7 games we want to see at E3 2016
Get your hype on
Top 5 things we need to see at E3 2016
The big industry show is coming, and here are our demands of the video games companies
Minecraft has sold over 100 million copies
If you're hoarding them, stop it. Mojang is getting along just fine
Microsoft to increase the price of Minecraft in the UK, but only for PlayStation gamers
Xbox One price of Microsoft-owned game stays the same
An unholy trilogy of Tetris films is coming
A tetrisilogy may be a block, or two blocks, too far
Raspberry Pi Zero Doom 2 chainsaw mashup saves Tuesday
We'll take two
Steam shoppers offered bitcoin payment option
Arrangement with Bitpay means crypto-currency can be used for online games
Microsoft's Minecraft now playable in virtual reality on Samsung's Gear VR
Take a walk on the blocky side
GTA is offline: clear the streets, avoid all teenagers
Won't somebody think of the children?
Doom and Quake dudes turn to the crowd to kick-start new first person shooter
John Romero and Adrian Carmack seek Kickstarter funding for Blackroom
Amazon: only Prime punters can buy GTA V, Minecraft, FIFA 16 and more
Better games, for preferred peoples
Handheld Commodore 64 computer goes Indiegogo
Fund it for your 80s fun
Blizzard knocked over by Lizard DDoS snowstorm
All eyes on Lizard Squad
Bafta gives Fallout 4 Best Game gong in 2016 awards
Meanwhile, Doom-monger John Carmack gets presented with Fellowship of the thing
Kid hacker spoofs Steam site with paint drying game
16-year-old snuck his sneaky game in the backdoor
Call of Duty franchise heads for space
Infinity Ward to go beyond
Microsoft apologises to staffers for stuffing game show with dolly dancers
In retrospect the dancing girls were a very bad idea
Oculus Rift: First 30 games confirmed including Elite Dangerous and Lucky's Tale
Balls, driving, kicking and punching all aimed at your face
Chinese construction giant wants to buy RuneScape
Will probably turn it into a parking lot, or something
Everybody's Gone to the Rapture tops Bafta game gong nominations
Everyone really enjoys the Rapture
End of the story for Fable Legends as Microsoft closes Lionhead Studios
Situation at Microsoft Studios is far from black and white
Epic Games creator warns against closed-door gaming from Microsoft
Tim Sweeney does not want all the game eggs in the Redmond basket
Remember that Steam hack at Christmas? So does Valve
Firm finally notifies affected customers
HTC and Valve launch a VR kit that costs more than Oculus
It's got that Vive vibe
Lucky BREAK: ZX Spectrum Vega+ console smashes crowdfunding target in two days
$$$ = > POKE IN i + sharp stick
Xbox Live services went down again last night
Our advice is stay away from the (Snoop) dog
AMD's low-overhead Vulkan API now available for game developers
It's graphics, Jim, but not as we know it
Gaming's greatest AIs: from Cortana to Glados
The droids, robots and smart synthetics you're looking for
Damn, people spend a lot of time playing on the Xbox One
One billion hours not just watching telly in January alone
Assassin's Creed developer issues 'important announcement' about nothing
'Exciting time' for the series, apparently, as no new game will be released this year
Amazon Web Services releases Lumberyard game engine to the masses
Based on the Cryengine, so there you go
Unlock your slaughters, Doom is back with a BF Blast
Single player FPS wants a piece of 2016's action
GTA V has sold 60 million copies
That's like six times ten million
PS4 users fume as PSN suffers another major European outage
Snoop Dogg might want to stick to his Xbox for now
Microsoft subs soccer dad's son's Xbox spending frenzy
Teenager racked up $8k bill on in-app crap
Snoop Dogg gets mad at Bill Gates because of Xbox Live downtime
Rapper threatens to drop Microsoft console like it's hot
Microsoft: 2016 was a great year for Xbox and Windows
Redmond celebrates a range of victories
GTA: Liberty City Stories is now available on iPhones and iPads
Just in time for a crime spree Christmas
Phantom Group hackers threaten DDoS attacks on Xbox Live and PSN
Cold blooded threats to disrupt Christmas play out over Twitter
Valve restricts Steam trading as 77,000 accounts hijacked a month
No steam without heat
Activision Blizzard buys Candy Crush maker for $5.9bn
Deal highlights the serious shift towards mobile gaming from the console


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Judge sanctions Jehovah's Witnesses
Imposes $4000-a-day penalty for not producing documents in sex-abuse case
Dorian Hargrove 4:30 p.m., June 24
Image by Rick Geary
Posted July 7, 2010
Heymatt: When we went to the moon and planted the American flag there, did we claim the moon for us? Who owns the moon, or maybe Mars? We're messing around there, too. Can I buy ...
Dorian Hargrove 4:30 p.m., June 24
Garrett Harris 4 p.m., June 24
Jeff Smith 3:30 p.m., June 24
Matt Potter 2:35 p.m., June 24
Walter Mencken 2 p.m., June 24
Various Authors 1:04 p.m., June 24
Matthew Lickona 11 a.m., June 24
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Other Videos in How to Guides
HQ Electromagnetic Channel Locks: Simple Installation
In this new video tutorial, Vicki Hoth will guide you through the simple installation of your new HQ Electromagnetic Channel Lock system.
HQ Groovy Boards
Handi Quilter offers a wide range of HQ Groovy Boards.
Quilter's Preview Paper - Audition Quilting Designs
Quilter's Preview Paper is a DESIGN TOOL to help quilters find the perfect design for their quilt. Choose your design, then make a stencil by perforating the paper with ...
Spring Clamps
HQ Studio Educator Mindy Powell demonstrates how to use the Spring Clamps.
Using Art & Stitch with HQ Pro-Stitcher
Loes van der Heijden of Art & Stitch shows how to trace a photo to create a design which can then be stitched out using the HQ Pro-Stitcher.
HQ Circle Templates Set
Handi Quilter offers a wide range of rulers and templates, click here to find out more http://www.handiquilter.com/shop/product/ruler-set-hq-circles/
HQ18 Avante - Basic Maintenance
See how easy it is to maintain your HQ 18 Avante.
Extra Bobbin Case
Great to have pre-adjusted for bobbin work or to have an extra on hand. Click here for more information http://www.handiquilter.com/shop/product/bobbin-case/
Handi Batting Scissors
Specifically designed to cut batting, 5" straight-edge cutting blade, Ergonomically designed handle for ease in cutting and Precision-made from fine quality steel. Click here for more information http://www ...
HQ Mini Scallop Ruler
HQ Mini Scallop Ruler


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Photo Galleries
16 Photo galleries, viewing 1 through 10
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Model A Restorers Club in PerrysburgMembers of the Model A Restorers Club begin a road trip to the Toledo Zoo, from their starting point in Perrysburg, Thursday, June 30, 2016. The group is holding their 2016 national meet in Perrysburg, with headquarters at the Holiday Inn French Quarter. About 400 Model A Fords and their owners are involved in the event.
Sand-Tastic hits PerrysburgSand-Tastic was held on Friday, June 24, 2016, at the Town Center at Levi Commons in Perrysburg. Sponsored by ProMedica, the family event included sand sculptures, bounce houses, bubble stations, sand boxes and live music.
4K for Cancer bike ride4K for Cancer, a project of the Ulman Cancer Fund for Young Adults, is an annual fund-raiser in which more than 150 college students bike from Baltimore to the Pacific Ocean. One group was hosted on Friday, June 17, 2016, at St. Timothy's Episcopal Church in Perrysburg.
Memorial Day in PerrysburgAn estimated 8,000 people took part in Perrysburg's Memorial Day parade and remembrance ceremony at Fort Meigs Cemetery.
Perrysburg High School graduationThe 151st annual commencement of Perrysburg High School was in Toledo on May 22, 2016. The 2016 class flower is a yellow carnation. CLICK ANY PHOTO TO ENLARGE AND START SLIDESHOW
On The Town: Perrysburg Bicentennial galaRecent events included the 200 Year Gala presented by Kingston Healthcare Com. commemorating the founding of Perrysburg was at the historic Carranor Hunt and Polo Club.
IN PICTURES: AW knocks off PerrysburgAnthony Wayne avenged two regular-season losses on a big stage as the Generals knocked off rival Perrysburg 7-1 in a Division I district title game on Saturday, May 21, 2016, at Findlay High School. CLICK ANY PHOTO TO ENLARGE AND START SLIDESHOW
IN PICTURES: Clay softball ousts PerrysburgClay struck for three runs in the top of the first inning, then held off Perrysburg 3-2 in a Division I district softball district championship at Rolf Park in Maumee. CLICK ANY PHOTO TO ENLARGE AND START SLIDESHOW
Perrysburg senior wins Hyundai rafflePerrysburg senior Lorna Fletcher, 18, won a Hyundai Elantra from Taylor Hyundai during a year-end assembly on May 19, 2016.
IN PICTURES: Perrysburg baseball ousts WhitmerPerrysburg took advantage of five errors committed by Whitmer en route to a 5-1 win in a Division I baseball district semifinal on Thursday, May 19, 2016, at the Findlay Athletic Complex. CLICK ANY PHOTO TO ENLARGE AND START SLIDESHOW
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Daily: 10:00 - 22:00
In the early 80s, we started a food business by peddling on a rented lorry, selling packed lunches to Thai workers at construction sites around Singapore.
In 1985, with much strong support from our customers, we opened our very first Thai food outlet at Golden Mile Complex, called "Diandin Leluk" which caters mainly to the Thai community.
In 1990s, we started "Por Jai Authentic Thai Restaurant", serving authentic Thai cuisine to Singaporeans and foreigners. All cuisine are prepared by the native Thai chefs whom have many years of culinary experiences.
'Diandin Leluk' is committed to providing award winning appeThaizing cuisine.
Currently we have 2 Diandin Leluk Thai Restaurant located at Golden Mile and Geylang Road (Beside Lor.7). Por Jai Authentic Thai Restaurant is located at Suntec City.
Sawadikap! :) Tried their Green curry and crab frylice ($6 each), lemongrass drink ($1.80), red ruby ($3) and loop sop($4). The portion was slightly bigger than a bowl of rice. Our food and drinks arrived fast about 10mins after placing orders. There are some shells in the crab frylice, but the green curry frylice was delicious and mild spicy.
This restaurant is air-conditioned, clean and crowded in all the 3 units 01-67,68,69! Mostly filled with families couples on a Friday evening. Quite noisy. Service staffs are easy to locate and quick to react.
Very reasonably priced, best part is there is no SVC charge and GST !
For a moment I felt that I was in Thailand, thanks for the great Thai food experience.
Diandin Leluk is an authentic Thai restaurant located in Golden Mile Complex since 1985, with its history of food peddling by lorries, selling lunches to Thai construction workers around construction sites in Singapore. The same restaurant also started another concept, Tuk Tuk Thai Kitchen in the 1990s, another amazing award-winning concept.
We began the meal with Papaya Salad (SGD$6.00 small / SGD$10.00 medium / SGD$12.00 big) was colorful and a burst of flavours, made up of stripes of julienne green papaya, tomatoes, lettuce, peanuts in a pool of spicy, sour sauce. Crunchy texture against sharp zesty touch - this made for a very appetite-whetting appetiser.
Next, Green Curry Chicken (SGD$12.00 small / SGD$18.00 medium / SGD$22.00 big) - a little too diluted for my liking, coconut milk obliterated green cirry flavour as well, so took the spicier element out. Chicken pieces were either little, or all made up of skin, disappointingly.
For full review and more detailed information, please feel free to refer to:
There isnt anything good to say about the food here. The basil chicken was cold (as if it was left outside for a really long time) and it didnt have much taste. My friend had the seafood tung hoon which was really really bland. The seafood had utterly zero taste and the noodles was really soggy. My friend also found a piece of plastic in her food which we told the waiters. But they didnt do anything about it. I was very disappointed as sooo many reviewers online rated this place really high but tbh this place is bad. Just bad. Dont trust the reviewers with their own websites and stuff, probably got paid to write a good review for them.
Ps. Nahkon has better food than this place and the prices are slightly cheaper.


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gainspainscapital.com / Graham Summers / June 30, 2016
The market has exploded higher based on verbal intervention.
The verbal intervention came from Germany's Finance Minister Wolfgang Schauble. Yesterday Schauble announced that, "measures to avoid market chaos have been successful."
Traders took this to mean that Central Banks were coordinated a massive intervention. So everyone […]