text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 3, 1984
|Filing date
|May 6, 1982
|Priority date
|May 6, 1982
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Nelson L. Greenig, John R. Taylor, Richard S. Schwartz
|Original Assignee
|Sperry Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (22), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to photographic recorders of the ray type and more particularly to mirror scanning systems compensating for various orientations of mirror facets by corresponding alterations in the direction of light rays emanating from an acousto-optic modulator.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Optical scanning systems are utilized in a variety of situations including non-impact printers and facsimile devices. Typically, such systems employ a multi-faceted mirror which is rotated about a stationary axis to provide for a scanning of a light beam within a plane, usually the horizontal plane. For the imprinting of alpha-numeric characters or other symbols on a recording medium, the medium may be formed of photo-sensitive material and positioned along the periphery of a drum. The axis of the drum lies in the scanning plane. The drum is rotated by a predetermined increment between successive scans so that each scan produces one line of printed material on the recording medium.
For modulating the intensity of the light beam so as to produce light and dark regions on the recording medium, many systems are now employing acousto-optic modulators wherein an interaction between an acoustic wave and a light wave results in a splitting off of a portion of the optical energy from the main beam, or zero order beam, into a diffracted, or first order beam. The scanning mirror and the drum are positioned to intercept the diffracted beam. Thus, by activating and deactivating the acoustic wave, the diffracted beam is amplitude modulated.
In the use of the foregoing modulators, the angle of diffraction, or Bragg angle, is dependent on the frequency of the acoustic wave and on the speed of propagation in the medium of the modulator as these two parameters determine the wavelength of the acoustic wave. Such frequencies are on the order of radio frequencies, RF, and may approach 100 MHz (megahertz). Accordingly, in the construction of such scanning systems, the locating of the optical components is dependent on the selection of the acoustic frequency and the Bragg angle so that the diffracted beam will be intercepted by the scanning mirror and reflected to the site of the scan line on the recording medium.
A limitation arises in the construction of such systems in that great precision is required to insure that a succession of scan lines will appear to be uniformly presented on the recording medium, and, in particular, that the scan lines will be evenly spaced. However, due to the geometry of the optical paths and the optical elements, a slight misalignment in the vertical orientation of a mirror facet relative to a second facet results in a noticeable variance in the spacing between lines of printed matter on the recording medium. Accordingly, it has been necessary to maintain high tolerance on the manufacture of the scanning mirror. It would be most advantageous if the scanning system would be less dependent on the precision of the manufacture of the scanning mirror for increased accuracy in the spacing of scan lines even in the presence of discrepancies in the orientations of the mirror facets.
This limitation is compounded by considerations which become apparent during an attempt to build the scanning system with features which might compensate for discrepancies in the facet orientations. For example, the use of fixed compensation, established individually for each mirror facet as by perturbations in the beam direction, requires a time consuming alignment process. Also, the use of an optical sensor for an automatic compensation for the facet errors introduces the considerations of electronic component drift which would introduce much greater errors than those of the facet orientations.
The foregoing illustrates limitations of the known prior art. Thus, it is apparent that it would be advantageous to provide an alternative directed to overcoming one or more of the limitations as set forth above. Accordingly, a suitable alternative is provided including features more fully disclosed hereinafter.
In one aspect of the present invention, this is accomplished by providing an apparatus for correcting facet errors in mirror scanning systems including a rotatable assembly of optical elements for scanning a beam in a plane. The beam is directed to the rotatable assembly by an acousto-optic modulator which modulates the beam with data and deflects the beam as a function of the frequency of an acoustic signal which drives the modulator. A sensor senses the position of the beam as directed by the rotatable assembly. A controller is responsive to signals of the sensor for controlling the frequency. The controller includes a memory for storing frequency values for scans by successive ones of the optical elements, and means for altering the frequency.
The foregoing and other aspects will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are not intended as a definition of the invention but are for the purpose of illustration only.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a mirror scanning system incorporating an embodiment of the invention for correction of facet errors in the mirror;
FIG. 2 shows a portion of the system of FIG. 1 including an elevation view of the mirror with a schematic presentation of light rays for different orientations of a mirror facet in the vertical plane;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an acoustic generator in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a frequency controller of the system of FIG. 1, a variation in the frequency altering the vertical orientation of a light ray in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an averaging unit in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a diagram, partially schematic, of electrical circuitry of a sensor interface in the controller of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the sensor interface; and
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate, respectively, an algorithm and comparator simulation of the algorithm for a microprocessor to be used in an alternative embodiment of the controller of FIG. 4.
The present invention is generally related to the optical sweeping system disclosed in the commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,409 entitled, "Multi-Aperture Feedback System for a Laser Scanner", invented by Nelson L. Greenig & Richard M. Shelton, and issued on Dec. 22, 1981, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a scanning system 20 incorporating a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The system 20 includes a drum 22 supporting a recording medium 24 of photosensitive material which is illuminated by the light of a laser 26 for the printing of data, such as alphanumeric characters or other symbols, upon the medium 24. The system 20 includes an acousto-optic modulator 28, focusing optics shown as a lens 30, which is typically a multi-element lens, and a multi-faceted mirror 32 which is rotated by a motor 34 for scanning a beam of the laser light upon the medium 24. Each mirror facet 36 provides a separate scan line upon the medium 24.
During the generation of each scan line of printed matter upon the medium 24, the drum 22 is advanced by an incremental amount of rotation designed by a motor 38, shown mechanically coupled to the drum 22 by dashed line 40. Synchronization of the rotations of the motors 34 to 38 is provided by a system timing unit 42. Timing for the mirror motor 34 is provided by signals conducted along line 44 from the timing unit 42. Symchronization signals from a shaft angle encoder 38A of the drum motor 38 are coupled to the timing unit 42 by a terminal T for synchronizing the timing unit 42 with rotations of the drum 22. Accordingly, the drum motor 38 may be energized directly from an electric power line.
The system 20 further comprises an RF (radio frequency) generator 46, a frequency controller 48, a data source 50 and a linear sensor 52 of the laser light. The output RF signal of the generator 46 is coupled to a transducer within the modulator 28 to provide an acoustic wave at a radio frequency for driving the acousto-optic modulator 28. The amplitude of the RF signal and, hence, of the acoustic wave is modulated by the data source 50, a corresponding modulation appearing on the light ray incident upon the recording medium 24. The frequency of the RF signal or electric wave and, hence, the acoustic wave, is established in response to a frequency command signal from the controller 48, the command signal being digitally formatted and coupled by a data bus 54.
The sensor 52 is positioned alongside the drum 22 where the scan begins and is oriented to the scanning plane of the mirror 32 so as to intercept the beginning of a scan line. The sensor 52 provides electrical signals, in a manner to be described hereinafter, which signal the location of a scan line to indicate whether the scan line is too high or too low. The electrical signals are coupled by a line 56 to the frequency controller 48 whereby the controller 48 can order a change in the frequency of the scan lines.
Referring also to FIG. 2, the effect of the acoustic-drive signals within the modulator 28 is more readily seen. In the absence of the acoustic-drive signal, the light of the laser 26 is undeflected as it passes through the modulator 28 and the lens 30 to provide the zero-order or undeflected beam 58 shown incident upon an exemplary stop 60. In the presence of the acoustic wave, a portion of the radiant energy of the beam 58 is deflected as a first-order or deflected beam 62. An exemplary three such deflected beams are shown in FIG. 2 and are further identified by the legend A, B, and C to illustrate specific ones of these beams 62. The angle of the deflection is dependent upon the frequency of the acoustic wave so that, by varying the frequency in a known manner, either one of the deflected beams 62A, 62B or 62C can be obtained.
In the instant system 20, only the deflected beams 62 are to be utilized in producing a scan line upon the recording medium 24. Since the undeflected beam 58 is not utilized, the stop 60 absorbs the energy thereof. Alternatively, as is done in other scanning systems (not shown), the energy of the beam 58 may be utilized to measure the instant scan angle, as by allowing the beam 58 to impinge upon a portion of the scanning mirror 32.
As best seen in FIG. 2, the orientation of the mirror 32 is precisly set with reference to the motor shaft 64, suitable bearing and supporting structure (not shown) being attached thereto to insure the precise orientation of the mirror 32 relative to the modulator 28 and the drum 22 for the precise positioning of the scan line. Nevertheless, slight perturbations in the location of the scan line may occur due to small variations in the orientations of respective ones of mirror facets 36 with respect to the central axis 66 of the scanning mirror 32. The dashed lines 36A and 36C represent two possible deviant orientations of a mirror facet 36B. Three deflected beams 62A-C are provided with the requisite angles of deflection for impinging, respectively, on the mirror surfaces represented by the three lines 36A-C for further reflection towards the drum 22 to impinge upon a common scan line at 68. Thus, for each perturbation in the alignment of the set of mirror facets 36, there is some angle of deflection of first order beam 62 which can compensate for the misalignment in each facet 36 to insure that the beams 62 are reflected by the mirror 32 to the proper location at the drum 68.
Since, as has been noted hereinabove, such angle of deflection of the beam 62 is dependent on the frequency of the acoustic wave within the modulator 28 by the generator 46, misalignments of the mirror facets 36 are compensated by the selection of the appropriate frequency command signal on bus 54 for establishing the requisite frequency and wavelength to the acoustic wave. The foregoing procedure in the compensation is applicable for laser light both within the visible spectrum as well as outside of the visible spectrum. The beam of radiant energy produced by the laser 26 is defracted in accordance with a phenomenon of Bragg defraction in the medium of the modulator 28 in the presence of the acoustic wave.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the R.F. generator 46, previously seen in FIG. 1, comprises a phase-locked loop 70, a crystal-controlled source 72 of a reference frequency for use by the phase-locked loop 70, and an amplifier 74 having a gate signal terminal connecting with line 76. A transducer 78 for converting electrical energy into sonic energy is located in modulator 28. The phase-locked loop 70 includes a digital frequency synthesizer responsive to a digitally-formatted frequency command signal on bus 54 for providing a sinusoidal electrical signal having a frequency equal to that of the desired acoustic signal. Digitally-controlled frequency synthesizers are well known and available commercially and, accordingly, such circuitry is readily implemented within the phase-locked loop 70.
The sinusoidal signal produced by the phase-locked loop 70 is amplified by the amplifier 74 to a suitable power level for driving the transducer 78. In response to the signal on line 76 from the data source 50 (FIG. 1), the amplifier 74 may be placed in a state of conduction or non-conduction to the passage of the signal from the loop 70 to the transducer 78. Thereby, in response to the signal on line 76, the acoustic wave and the resultant deflected beam 62 (FIG. 2) may be established or discontinued to provide, respectively, a light or dark area on the recording medium 24 upon the drum 2. The coupling of the R.F. Drive signal from the amplifier 74 to the modulator 28 is provided by line 80. The successive bursts of the drive signal on line 80 may be either of the same frequency or of different frequencies depending on the value of the frequency command signal on bus 54.
Referring now to FIG. 4, the frequency controller 48 comprises a holding register 82, an electronics unit 83 comprising an averaging unit 84 and a sensor-interface unit 86, an address counter 88, a memory 90, and a counter 92 for correction of the frequency command words stored in the memory 90. The memory 90 stores the value of the frequency of the R.F. drive signal for the modulator 28 (FIG. 1), the values of the frequency being represented by digitally-formatted command words or numbers. The memory 90 is addressed by the counter 88, the counter 88 counting clock signals applied by the timing unit 42 (FIG. 1) via line 94 to the clock-input terminal, C, of the counter 88. A clock signal on line 94 appears at the completion of each scan line so as to ready the controller 48 for the next scan line. In this embodiment, there are 15 facets on the polygon mirror 32. There are also 15 counts within counter 88, the counter 88 counting modulo-N where N=15 is the number of facets. Therefore, after each revolution of the mirror, the counter 88 returns to its original state. Prior to the generation of each scan line, the requisite frequency command word is loaded from the memory 90 into the register 82 and held within the register 82 during the scan so as to provide for the required frequency of the acoustic-drive signal throughout the generation of the scan line.
In accordance with a feature of the invention, the digitally-formatted frequency command is represented as a number, and is parallel loaded into the counter 92 at P to preset the counter 92, acting through the interface unit 86, transmits a signal which either increments or decrements the count of the counter 92 to increment or decrement the count is based on the sensed position of a scan line relative to a reference value of position. Thus, the counter 92 continues to increment this count during subsequent scans by an individual one of the mirror facets 36 as long as the scan line is sensed as being to one side of the reference location, the counter 92 thereafter decrementing when the sensed position of the scan line is on the opposite side of the reference location.
The signal commanding the incrementing (counting up) or decrementing (counting down) is applied by the interface unit 86 to the up/down, U/D, terminal of the counter 92. A signal indicating that a terminus of a scanning beam has been detected by the sensor 86 is applied to the clock terminal, C, of the counter 92 to alter the count by the value of one. The updated, or corrected, value of the frequency command, as stored in the counter 92, is then loaded into memory 90 in place of the previous value of the command word. Thereby, the value of the frequency command time is steadily altered from revolution to revolution of the scan mirror 32 to optimize the value of the frequency and wavelength of the acoustic wave in the modulator 28. Once the reference position of the scan line has been attained, the counter 92 oscillates about the desired value of the command word by an amount no greater than unity, the magnitude of the oscillation being sufficiently small relative to the magnitude of the number representing the command word so as to introduce no more than a negligible error in the angle of deflection of the scanned beam. The unit 84 provides a correction signal to the interface unit 86 for compensation of component defects in accordance with a further feature of the invention as will now be described.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the averaging unit 84 comprises a counter 100 and an integrator 102, the integrator 102 including a resistor 104, a capacitor 106 and an operational amplifier 108. The capacitor 106 connects the output terminal of the amplifier 108 with a summing point at the junction of the resistor 104 and the negative (or inverting) input terminal of the amplifier 108 to provide the well-known integrator circuit. With respect to the output terminal of the counter 100, only the sign bit thereof is utilized, the sign bit being coupled via the resistor 104 to the amplifier 108. Thus, the signal at the output terminal of the counter 100, on line 110, has the appearance of a pulse-width modulated signal, as portrayed in the exemplary waveform 112, and having a duty factor dependent on the magnitude of component drift, as will be described below. The signal on line 110 is then integrated by the integrator 102 to provide the correction signal on line 114 for the interface unit 86. The correction signal on line 114 has a substantially constant (or slowly varying) amplitude depending on the duty factor of the waveform 112.
In operation, the counter 100 counts clock pulses, the counting being up or down dependent on an up/down command signal provided by the interface unit 86. The counter 100 is preloaded with zero at the same time that the facet parameter locations in the memory 90 are preloaded with the parameters for the desired average frequency. A well-known bias circuit 115 is coupled to the input terminal of the amplifier 108 to offset the voltage of the sign bit so that, for a waveform 112 having equal durations of the logic 1 and logic 0 states, the integrator 102 provides a value of zero at its output termination line 114. The time constant of the resistor-capacitor circuit of the integrator 102 is much longer than the period of rotation of the scan mirror 32 to insure accurate integration of the successive counts of the counter 100.
Thereby, the averaging unit 84 produces the signal on line 114 with an amplitude proportional to the average value of the command words. In the event that the average value of the command words becomes excessively large or excessively small, this indicating a drifting in the parameter value of the components in the interface unit 86 and the sensor 52, the duty cycle of the square-wave signal on line 114 serves as a correction signal for altering the values of certain components in the interface unit 86, as will now be described, to compensate for the foregoing drift.
Referring now to FIG. 6, the diagram shows the electric circuitry of the sensor 52, the interface unit 86 and their interconnection. The sensor 52 comprises a first electrode 116 and a second electrode in the form of a resistive element 118, both of which are imbedded in photosensitive material. In the presence of electrical excitation and incident light, electric current flows between the terminal 116 and the element 118. The element 118 terminates in lines 121 and 122, the current of the sensor 52 dividing between the two lines 121-122 in accordance with the location of impact of the light beam 62 (FIG. 1) upon the sensor 52.
Voltage excitation, -V, to the plate 116 is applied via line 123 from a power supply 126. The lines 121-123 are included within the lines 56 (FIG. 1) connecting the sensor 52 with the frequency controller 48. However, the interface unit 86 includes two field-effect transistors 128 and 130 and comparators 132 and 134, resistors 136 and 138 and a source 140 of a reference voltage for the comparator 134.
The source 130 may be readily fabricated by a resistive divider network (not shown) connected across the terminals of the supply 126. Each of the transistors 128 and 130 are utilized as resistive elements in arms of a bridge circuit 142, their remaining two arms being formed by the two portions of the element 118 through which the sensor current divides. The lines 121 and 122 connect with the input terminals of the comparator 132 which senses a null in the bridge circuit 142. A comparator 132 is responsive to the polarity between the lines 121 and 122 for providing an output logic signal having a high or low logic level corresponding to a logic 1 or 0.
On line 144, depending on the location of the point of impingement of the light beam 62 upon the sensor 52, the signal on line 144 is applied, as shown in FIG. 4, to the up/down terminal of the counter 92. The magnitudes of the voltages on the lines 121 and 122, with reference to ground, are summed together by the summing resistors 136 and 138, the sum being applied to the input terminal of the comparator 134. In the absence of the optic signal of the light beam 62, the magnitude of the sum signal presented by the resistors 136 and 138 is less than the magnitude of the reference voltage of the source 140. In the presence of the optical signal, the magnitude of the sum signal is greater than the magnitude of the reference voltage. A logic level of the output signal of the comparator 134 on line 146 is, thus, responsive to the presence or absence of the light beam 62, the signal on line 146 being coupled, as shown in FIG. 4, to the clock terminal of the counter 92.
In accordance with a further feature of the invention, an interface unit 86 includes further circuitry for the compensation of drift in the parameter values of the components of the bridge circuit 142. The circuitry of the interface unit 86 further comprises four resistors 151, 152 and 153 and an amplifier 156. The amplifier 156 is an inverting amplifier and the resistor 153 is coupled between the input and output terminals of the amplifier 156 to establish a predetermined gain thereto. The resistors 151-152 serve as summing resistors for combining the correction signal on line 114 with a fixed bias at the input terminal of the amplifier 156. The fixed bias is obtained by virtue of the connection of the resistor 152 to the power supply 126, the two resistors 151-152 serving as a voltage divider of the bias signal.
In operation, the resistance of the transistors 128 and 130 in combination with the resistances of the respective portions of the element 118 serve as the arms of the bridge circuit 142. Each of the transistors 128 and 130 is of the depletion N-channel, field-effect type transistor wherein the resistance between the respective source and drain terminals is dependent upon the magnitude of the voltage at the gate terminals. Thereby, any variation in the resistance of the arm of the bridge circuit 142, as may occur through aging, or heating, or by a variation in the position of the sensor 52 relative to the mean value of the scanning beam, can be compensated by adjusting the voltages at the respective gate terminals, labeled #1 and #2. The correction signal on line 114 is a substantially constant or slowly varying analog voltage and is applied directly to gate #1, only a fraction of the integrated signal being coupled to the gate #2 or via the network of resistors 151-153 and the amplifier 156. The value of the resistor 152 is initially set in conjunction with a nominal value of the signal on line 114 to provide for values of resistance which substantially balance the bridge circuit 142.
Further adjustment of the balance of the circuit 142 is accomplished by virtue of the unequal coupling of the correction signal to the gate terminals of the transistors 128 and 130. As is depicted in the graph 164, appended adjacent the amplifier 156, an increase in the amplitude of the signal on line 114 results in an increase in the magnitude of the voltage applied to gate #1 and a decrease in the magnitude of the voltage applied to gate #2. The decreasing voltage at gate #2 results, in part, from the inverting function of the amplifier 156. Since the resistance values of the transistors 128 and 130 are dependent upon the values of the voltage at the respective gate terminals, it may be seen with reference to the graph 164 that, by an appropriate selection of the amplitude of the signal on line 114, a desired relationship between the resistance values of the transistors 128 and 130 may be established for counteracting any shift in the bridge parameters such as a shift in the position of the sensor 52 relative to the drum 22 in FIG. 1. In operation, therefore, and with the reference also to FIG. 4, a requisite frequency for the R.F. generator 46 is established by an iterated process wherein the frequency command word is continually updated by the counter 92 in response to signals of the interface unit 86 and, furthermore, wherein the circuitry of the interface unit 86 is adapted automatically to compensate for drifts due to component aging and due to shifting position of the sensor 52. The averaging unit 84 continually updates the average value of the frequency command words to sense whether any drifting has occurred. The resultant correction signal on line 114 is utilized to re-establish balance of the bridge circuit 142 so as to insure proper operation of the comparator 132 in transmitting its output signal along line 144 to the counter 92.
Any misalignment in the location of the sensor 52 would result in excessive unbalance in the bridge circuit 142 with a resultant signaling by the comparator 132 to drive the correction counter 92 to excessively high values of frequency command words on bus 54. Such words might be driven outside the range of storage capacity of the memory 90. However, the signal on line 114 maintains the bridge circuit 142 substantially balanced so as to insure that the command words on bus 54 remain within the range of the memory 90 and within the range of the counting capacity of the counter 92.
It should be noted that such a shifting in the values of all of the command words or all of the mirror facets 36 of FIG. 1 does not introduce an error in the spacing of the scan lines but, rather, introduces a fixed offset of all of the printed lines on the medium 24 from the bottom and top edges of the medium 24. For example, in the event that the sensor 52 were repositioned by a small amount, such as a tenth of a millimeter above or below the anticipated sight of the scan line, then the frequency controller 48 would command a new value of frequency which would alter the angle of deflection of the beam 62 so as to reposition the scan line in accordance with the position of the sensor 52. Thereby, the system 20 in FIG. 1 accomplishes the adaptive correction for errors in the orientation of the facets of the mirror 32.
While the foregoing system has been provided with features required for the adjustment of the location of a scan line to compensate for a misalignment in the facets of the rotating scanning mirror, it is to be understood that the system is generally applicable for the deflection of a beam of radiant energy in any situation wherein the position of the beam is to be sensed and adjusted.
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown a schematic diagram of a sensor interface unit 170 which is an alternative embodiment of the interface unit 86, shown in FIG. 6. The interface unit 170 precedes an input signal on line 114, as does the interface unit 86, and provides two output signals on line 144 and line 146 as does the interface unit 86. In addition, the three lines 121 and 122 and 123 are coupled to the sensor unit 52 appear with both the interface units 86 and 170. Thus, the interface units 170 may be substituted for the interface unit 86 for connection with the other components of the frequency controller 48, as shown in FIG. 4.
The interface unit 170 is of dual-channel construction, as is the bridge circuit of the interface unit 86 of FIG. 6. One channel of the interface unit 170 comprises amplifiers 172 and 174. Each of the amplifiers 172 and 174 are operational amplifiers and have feedback resistors, respectively, 176 and 178. Similarly, the other channel comprises operational amplifiers 180 and 182, there being a feedback resistor 184 connected between the input and output terminals of the amplifier 180 while the field effect transistor 186 serves as the feedback element of the amplifier 182. The output terminals of the amplifiers 174 and 182 are coupled to the input terminal of a comparator 188. The dual amplifiers 172 and 174 are serially connected between the line 122 and the comparator 188, the junction of the two amplifiers 172 and 174 being coupled by a line 190 and a summing resistor 192 to an input terminal of an operational amplifier 194. The two amplifiers 180 and 182 are serially connected between the line 121 and the comparator 188, the junction of the two amplifiers 180 and 182 being coupled by a line 196 and a summing resistor 198 to the input terminal of the amplifier 194. The operational amplifier 194 is provided with a feedback resistor 200 and is also connected to one input terminal of a comparator 202. The comparator 202 compares the magnitude of the output signal of the amplifier 194 with a reference signal provided by the reference source 204. The drift correction signal on line 114 is coupled by a resistor 206 to the gate terminal of the transistor 186. The electric power for energizing the sensor 52 is provided from a source of voltage (-V) coupled to the sensor 52 via a resistor 208 and the line 123.
In operation, the serial connection of the amplifiers 172 and 174 provides a voltage at one input terminal of the comparator 188 while the serial connection of the amplifier 180 and 182 provides a second voltage at the second input terminal of the comparator 188. The two voltages at the input terminal of the comparator 188 may be of equal amplitude in the event that the laser beam of FIGS. 1 and 2 strikes the central portion of the sensor 52 during a scanning by the beams. Alternatively, the voltages at the input terminals of the comparator 188 will differ in the event that the laser beam impinges upon the sensor 52 at a point which is of unequal distance between the sensor terminals coupled to the lines 121 and 122. Thereby, the comparator 188 provides a signal on line 144 which may be either of two logic states, mainly, a logic 1 or a logic 0 depending on whether the site of impingement of the laser beam dependent on the relative magnitude of the sum signal and the reference signal.
In the event that there is drifting in the electrical parameters of the sensor 52 or in the circuitry coupled thereto, or in the event that there is a mechanical shift in the position of the sensor 52 relative to the rest of the optical system of FIG. 1, then the signal on line 144 will be subject to an error due to the foregoing drift. The drift connection signal on line 144 corrects for the foregoing drift error as follows. The resistance of the transistor 186 is varied by a variation in the amplitude of the signal 114, which signal is applied to the gate terminal of the transistor 186. A change in the resistance results in the gain of the amplifier 182 and the consequent shift in the balance point between the two channels of the interface units 170. By shifting the balance point, the parameters of the circuit are thereby altered to compensate for the error associated in the foregoing drift, the error thereby being corrected. Thus, it is seen that the interface unit 170 provides the same function as does the interface unit 86 of FIG. 6.
Returning to FIG. 4, it is noted that, by way of alternative embodiment, the electronic unit 83 comprising the averaging unit 84 and the sensor interface unit 86 or 170 may be conveniently fabricated by the use of a microprocessor circuit configuration in the form of a micro-circuit on a chip. Such a microprocessor would then be suitably programmed to perform the functions of the averaging unit 84 and the interface unit 86 or 170. Such a microprocessor would provide the requisite signals on the lines 144 and 146 for operations of the correction counter 92 to update the parameters stored in the memory 90 as was disclosed previously with reference to FIG. 4. In addition, the microprocessor would be responsive to the difference between the sensor signals on the lines 121 and 122 for responding to the position of impingement of the laser beam upon the sensor 52.
In the use of the miroprocessor, all of the facets of the scanning unit 32 are provided with a desired count representing the requisite center frequency for the modulator 28 of FIG. 1, the desired count being stored in the memory 90 as has been disclosed previously with reference to the system 20. The operation of the microprocessor is accomplished by the use of an algorithm and a program for carrying forth the algorithm. A simplified bock diagram of the facet correction algorithm is shown in FIG. 8 with a computer simulation thereof being shown in FIG. 9.
The algorithm is explained as follows. The comparator compares two analog Levels A and B giving a true digital output when B≧A. The A input is an analog representation of the facet perpendicularity error. The B input is an analog representation of the beam position wherein the higher the beam, the higher the voltage B. There are two loops that tend to change the analog levels at A and B. If B≧A is true, the beam is too high and the beam tends to be lowered. This lowering, however, is delayed one revolution before being effective on the beam. If there is a voltage at A which represents desired beam height, then the B loop would tend to bring the beam from all facets to the same point.
The voltage at A could be supplied by a potentiometer, and experimentally works over a short time periods. However, due to actual conditions, there is a tendency for the "fixed" height of the beam to drift up and down. This drift is not sufficient so as to deteriorate printing, however, it does present a risk that the beam level can drift so far that the extreme facets reach the correction limit of the design. If this happened, the correction loop would be saturated resulting in only partial correction. This is where the bias comes into play which, in effect, multiplies the facet parameters (high/low crossover points) by a "constant" so that the A input is always held at a level which does not allow the B loop to saturate.
The A (bias) loop consists of a slow integrator, one whose output increases at a constant rate with high input and decreases at the same rate when the input is low. The integrator input is derived from the sign bit of a common register which is incremented or decremented by 1 at each facet time at the same time one of its individual facet registers is updated. Whenever this common register sign bit changes, the integrator reverses. In actual practice, the total integrator output variation is generally less than 100 MV during operation.
Referring again to FIG. 8, it can be seen that whenever (B≧A) is true, the A loop tends to increase A and the B loop tends to decrease B. This tends to invert (B≧A) creating a condition that continuously recycles and is always self-correcting. At power turn on, however, the A loop is in saturation with (B≧A) true and remains so for any condition of B. To purge this saturation condition, a start-up mode is built into the microprocessor which does six things:
(1) Starts its bias integrator with a negative slope (since general clear drove it into position saturation).
(2) Fixes the VCO at a midrange frequency.
(3) Counts (B≧A) compares per revolution.
(4) Loads all facet registers with the desired central frequency parameter.
(5) Clears the common register to 0.
(6) Exits to the operating loop when the number of compares per revolution reach 7 or 8.
This control loop has been simulated on a programmable calculator, ignoring loop saturation, with the following results. Good resolution was achieved provided the integrator rate was slow enough. The steady state average frequency was equal to the frequency at start as demonstrated with two sets of random numbers used as facet parameters. Set number II was generated by adding a constant to set number I which was, in turn, generated by a normal distribution random number generator contained in a canned calculator program. Sets I and II both reached the same steady state regardless of starting bias voltage.
The foregoing algorithm has been implemented with an Intel 8748 microprocessor chip which contains all the facet registers, the common register, and the history record of the correction made during the previous eight revolutions. A description of this chip and its operating instructions are found in the booklet entitled, "Intel MCS-48 User's Manual", April 1979, published by Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California, which is expressly incorporated herein it its entirety by reference. An "Instruction Set" is found on pp. 4-1 through 4-5 of the reference document. The computer program listings are presented below.
The foregoing has described an apparatus for correcting facet errors in mirror scanning systems.
It is anticipated that aspects of the present invention, other than those specifically defined in the appended claims, can be obtained from the foregoing description and the drawings. ##SPC1##
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 18, 1971
|Jul 31, 1973
|Light scanning and printing system
|Dec 26, 1972
|Sep 10, 1974
|Scanning light synchronization system
|Dec 17, 1973
|Aug 5, 1975
|Xerox Corp
|Dual time constant phase lock oscillator
|Jan 6, 1975
|Feb 10, 1976
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States National Aeronautics And Space Administration Office Of General Counsel-Code Gp
|Automatic character skew and spacing checking network
|Aug 4, 1975
|Dec 28, 1976
|Dacom, Inc.
|Nonuniform clock generator for document reproduction apparatus
|Aug 29, 1974
|Jan 11, 1977
|W. R. Grace & Co.
|Autosynchronous optical scanning and recording laser system with fiber optic light detection
|Dec 15, 1975
|Jun 28, 1977
|The Singer Company
|Nonlinear scan drive reader with variable clock correction
|Dec 15, 1975
|Jul 19, 1977
|The Singer Company
|Variable clock rate resonant printer with nonlinear correction
|Feb 13, 1975
|Aug 23, 1977
|Dymo Industries, Inc.
|Laser photocomposition system and method
|Dec 22, 1978
|Mar 25, 1980
|Pitney Bowes Inc.
|Apparatus and method for correcting imperfection in a polygon used for laser scanning
|Dec 2, 1981
|Sep 13, 1983
|Dr. Ing. Rudolf Hell Gmbh
|Method and apparatus for the correction of the position error of a multifaceted rotating mirror
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 1983
|Dec 17, 1985
|Xerox Corporation
|Microdeflector facet tracker for scanning system
|Aug 16, 1983
|Dec 24, 1985
|Xerox Corporation
|Dampening system for micro-deflector scanning beam modulator
|Oct 21, 1985
|Dec 16, 1986
|Xerox Corporation
|Scanning system for controlling stray beams caused by undesirable optical reflections
|Feb 10, 1986
|Apr 28, 1987
|T. R. Whitney Corporation
|Scanning beam control system and method with bi-directional reference scale
|Feb 14, 1986
|Sep 15, 1987
|Xerox Corporation
|Pixel placement sensing arrangement using split detecting elements
|May 20, 1985
|Nov 3, 1987
|Linotype Gmbh
|Method for the synchronization of a moveable material web and an optical deflection path
|Jul 24, 1986
|Jul 26, 1988
|Ricoh Company, Ltd.
|Optical scanning apparatus wherein image scanning clock signal frequency is corrected to render scanning speed constant
|Feb 3, 1987
|May 16, 1989
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Light beam scanning apparatus employing rotating polygon mirror
|Jan 27, 1988
|Oct 10, 1989
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Laser beam scanning system
|Mar 9, 1990
|Sep 17, 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method and apparatus for beam displacement in a light beam scanner
|Dec 20, 1990
|Apr 7, 1992
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Scanning optical apparatus having focal position deviation detecting and correcting capability
|May 13, 1991
|May 11, 1993
|Asahi Kogaku Kogyo K.K.
|Light beam scanner
|Jun 16, 1993
|May 24, 1994
|Ricoh Company, Ltd.
|Image forming apparatus with anti-banding implementation
|Sep 25, 1992
|Nov 8, 1994
|Xerox Corporation
|Device and apparatus for high speed tracking in a raster output scanner
|Sep 25, 1992
|Nov 8, 1994
|Xerox Corporation
|Device and apparatus for scan line skew correction in an electrostatographic machine
|Sep 25, 1992
|Nov 8, 1994
|Xerox Corporation
|Device and apparatus for scan line process direction control in a multicolor electrostatographic machine
|Jun 19, 1998
|Dec 7, 1999
|Speedring Systems, Inc.
|Polygon scanner having a fluid film bearing and active correction of cross-scan and in-scan errors
|Nov 1, 2007
|Nov 4, 2008
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image forming apparatus
|Nov 1, 2007
|May 8, 2008
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image forming apparatus
|Nov 17, 1989
|Nov 22, 1990
|Asahi Optical Co Ltd
|Optical detector for laser beam in printers - uses length of optical fibre to detect beam which may be deflected through angle
|Nov 9, 1984
|Jun 12, 1985
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical scanning apparatus with dynamic scan path control
|Nov 1, 2007
|May 7, 2008
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image forming apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|358/481, 348/203, 358/300
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 11, 1984
Owner name: SPERRY CORPORATION, 1290 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, N
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GREENIG, NELSON L.;TAYLOR, JOHN R.;SCHWARTZ, RICHARD S.;REEL/FRAME:004207/0556
Effective date: 19820503
|Nov 12, 1985
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 28, 1987
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 27, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 20, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
- Articles tagged "file sharing"
Canon's New Wi-Fi Cameras Let You Share Photos & Videos Easily
By launching cameras with Wi-Fi capabilities, Canon is improving user experience by enabling a convenient way of sharing photos and videos directly from the camera. We managed to get hands-on time with these new IXUS cameras to see how they function.
- SanDisk launches new 256GB microSD cards at MWC Shanghai 2016
- Rumor: Intel is looking to sell its cyber security business
- Apple rumored to be working on new Thunderbolt Display with integrated graphics
- Microsoft paid this woman US$10,000 for an unwanted Windows 10 installation
- ADATA launches new M.2 version of its Premier SP550 mainstream SSD
- New digital telco Circles.Life launches its Unlimited Bonus Data reward program
- Google to release its own handset by the end of the year
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subset: commoncrawl


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Comments about 'European leaders push for $163 bln in measures'
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James Heming
James Heming is the man to wake you up, when you are tired and sleepy he gets you in the mood.
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British pensioner, 78, jailed in UAE for four months after failing to pay his bills
Jack Hyndman and his wife had been living in Sharjah
A British pensioner's dream retirement in a sunshine Gulf state has turned into a living hell after he was jailed for four months for failing to pay his bills.
Jack Hyndman, 78, and his wife Betty have been living in the United Arab Emirates for 20 years and decided to return home permanently when their four children offered to buy flights back as a 50th wedding anniversary gift.
However, as they were preparing to return to the UK Mr Hyndman, a retired financial adviser, fell foul of strict local laws forbidding debt.
In the UAE, missing a loan repayment, leaving a bill unpaid or even bouncing a cheque carries a maximum sentence of two years behind bars.
The Hyndmans were landed with an unexpectedly high £5,500 bill to ship all their belongings home in a container.
They were unable to cancel the shipment when they discovered how much it would cost and attempts to pay the bill in instalments failed.
Mr Hyndman, who suffers from a blood disorder that affects his mobility, was hauled before a court in Dubai's neighbouring state of Sharjah in December and jailed for one month.
His worried wife hoped he would be released in January, but their financial position worsened and on the day he was due to be freed, he was sentenced to another three months in jail for unpaid rent on their former villa home.
Mr Hyndman, who also has three grandchildren, was forced to represent himself at a hearing conducted in Arabic.
The couple could not afford a lawyer and were stunned when his request to repay the cash in installments was refused.
Even when he is freed they will be unable to leave the country until every debt is paid as the authorities hold their passports.
Mrs Hyndman said: 'I worry about Jack every day and I lie awake thinking about things – I don't know what we're going to do.'
Commenting on the latest jail sentence, the retired secretary from Leeds, said:'I didn't know what was going on.
He'd been in custody before the case and I thought I'd be taking him home with me but they took him away. It was a shock.'
He is serving his sentence in a squalid prison and could yet face further jail time over an outstanding £4,000 car rental bill.
His wife said he was injured in a fall climbing into a police van and wasn't allowed to see a doctor for 10 days.
She said:'Last time I was allowed 15 minutes with Jack. The visiting room is horrible – like a gents urinal.
'He's not allowed to sit down while he talks to me. There's glass between us and we have to talk through some really grubby phones – I always feel so dirty when I've been there it's horrible.
'He's lost a lot of weight but he's coping. He recently was given a bed. Before that, they were all on old mattresses on the floor.'
Members of the ex-pat community have offered donations to help free Mr Hyndman, but the couple's bank account has been frozen, making collecting the cash difficult.
Last month a 23-year-old British woman and her boyfriend were arrested in Dubai for having sex outside marriage after police rejected claims she had been raped by a waiter.
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Skeptics question the sudden push for marijuana legalization, which is largely funded by wealthy investors linked to Big Agriculture and Big Pharma.
It was inevitable that the GOP would nominate someone like Donald Trump: an "outsider" who openly advocates nationalist, xenophobic and anti-immigrant sentiments.
Lauren Van Schaik Smith is a graduate student in history with a concentration in disability studies (and a family history of Parkinson's Disease). Her writing has appeared in Philadelphia Weekly, The A.V. Club, and Fuselit.


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Most Rated Titles With Nicole Vicius
- Job Types
- Movies or TV
- Genres
- Keywords
- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
- On TV
- Release Year
1. 500 Days of Summer (2009)
PG-13 | 95 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
An offbeat romantic comedy about a woman who doesn't believe true love exists, and the young man who falls for her.
Writers: Scott Neustadter, Michael H. Weber | Director: Marc Webb | Stars: Zooey Deschanel, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Geoffrey Arend, Chloë Grace Moretz
Votes: 372,818
2. Half Nelson (2006)
R | 106 min | Drama
An inner-city junior high school teacher with a drug habit forms an unlikely friendship with one of his students after she discovers his secret.
Writers: Ryan Fleck, Anna Boden | Director: Ryan Fleck | Stars: Ryan Gosling, Anthony Mackie, Shareeka Epps, Jeff Lima
Votes: 70,456
3. CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015)
TV-14 | 60 min | Crime, Drama, Mystery
An elite team of police forensic evidence investigation experts work their cases in Las Vegas.
Creator: Anthony E. Zuiker | Stars: Laurence Fishburne, Marg Helgenberger, George Eads, Eric Szmanda
Votes: 66,802
4. Law & Order (1990–2010)
TV-14 | 45 min | Crime, Drama, Mystery
The show follows a crime, usually adapted from current headlines, from two separate vantage points. The first half of the show concentrates on the investigation of the crime by the police, the second half follows the prosecution of the crime in court.
Creator: Dick Wolf | Stars: Jerry Orbach, Jesse L. Martin, Dennis Farina, S. Epatha Merkerson
Votes: 24,906
5. Rescue Me (2004–2011)
TV-MA | 60 min | Drama, Comedy
Tommy Gavin deals with the fears of his job as a firefighter and seeing his ex-wife dating other men.
Creators: Denis Leary, Peter Tolan | Stars: Denis Leary, Michael Lombardi, Steven Pasquale, Andrea Roth
Votes: 22,277
6. Last Days (2005)
R | 97 min | Biography, Drama, Music
A Seattle-set rock & roll drama about a musician whose life and career is reminiscent of Kurt Cobain's.
Writer: Gus Van Sant | Director: Gus Van Sant | Stars: Michael Pitt, Lukas Haas, Asia Argento, Scott Patrick Green
Votes: 18,794
7. Sound of My Voice (2011)
R | 85 min | Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi
Two documentary filmmakers attempt to penetrate a cult who worships a woman who claims to be from the future.
Writers: Zal Batmanglij, Brit Marling | Director: Zal Batmanglij | Stars: Christopher Denham, Nicole Vicius, Brit Marling, Davenia McFadden
Votes: 15,500
8. Interview (I) (2007)
R | 84 min | Drama
After falling out with his editor, a fading political journalist is forced to interview America's most popular soap actress.
Writers: David Schechter, Theo van Gogh, Theodor Holman, Hans Teeuwen, Steve Buscemi | Director: Steve Buscemi | Stars: Sienna Miller, Steve Buscemi, Michael Buscemi, Tara Elders
Votes: 12,141
9. Ed (2000–2004)
60 min | Comedy, Drama
Ed Stevens is a contracts lawyer at a high-profile New York City firm. Around the same time he splits with his wife (she slept with a mailman), he makes a single error in punctuation when ... See full summary »
Creators: Jon Beckerman, Rob Burnett | Stars: Tom Cavanagh, Julie Bowen, Josh Randall, Jana Marie Hupp
Votes: 5,684
10. Delirious (2006)
107 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
An offbeat drama focused on a homeless youth, a pop music siren and a member of the paparazzi.
Writer: Tom DiCillo | Director: Tom DiCillo | Stars: Steve Buscemi, Michael Pitt, Alison Lohman, Gina Gershon
Votes: 5,218
11. My Boys (2006–2010)
30 min | Comedy
A female sports columnist in Chicago deals with the men in her life including her brother, her ex-boyfriend, her best friend and a sportswriter for a rival publication.
Creator: Betsy Thomas | Stars: Jordana Spiro, Kyle Howard, Reid Scott, Michael Bunin
Votes: 4,251
12. Descent (2007)
R | 104 min | Drama, Thriller
A college co-ed is brutally raped and struggles alone to rebuild her life.
Writers: Brian Priest, Talia Lugacy | Director: Talia Lugacy | Stars: Rosario Dawson, Chad Faust, Marcus Patrick, Vanessa Ferlito
Votes: 2,543
13. Itty Bitty Titty Committee (2007)
Not Rated | 87 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
High School grad and all American gal, Anna finds her purpose and herself after she hooks up with the radical feminists in The Itty Bitty Titty Committee.
Writers: Jamie Babbit, Tina Mabry, Abigail Shafran, Andrea Sperling | Director: Jamie Babbit | Stars: Melonie Diaz, Ana Mercedes, Cecile Rivore, Marisa Ramirez
Votes: 2,465
14. All My Children (1970–2011)
TV-PG | 60 min | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Set in the fictional East Coast suburb Pine Valley, All My Children is the decades-old, risk-taking soap that centers around Erica Kane and her long line of husbands.
Stars: Cameron Mathison, Michael E. Knight, Alicia Minshew, Susan Lucci
Votes: 1,928
15. The Cleaner (2008–2009)
A guy transforms his life by taking control over his addictions and using his story to help others.
Creators: Robert Munic, Jonathan Prince | Stars: Grace Park, Benjamin Bratt, Amy Price-Francis, Esteban Powell
Votes: 1,453
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015)
The Happy Place
TV-14 | 44 min | Crime, Drama, Mystery
A woman's unlikely suicide is tied to a bank robbery and a hypnotist, the team investigates the murder of a guidance counselor who was also a degenerate gambler, and Sara helps out in an euthanasia case.
Creator: Anthony E. Zuiker | Director: Nathan Hope | Stars: William Petersen, Marg Helgenberger, George Eads, Eric Szmanda
Votes: 467
17. How I Got Lost (2009)
87 min | Drama
Two friends deal with loss amidst events bigger than them. Andrew is the friend we all have, the one who convinces you to come along despite your better judgment. Talented but with ... See full summary »
Writer: Joe Leonard | Director: Joe Leonard | Stars: Aaron Stanford, Keith Boyd, Takisha Boyd, Jacob Fishel
Votes: 220
18. Exquisite Corpse (I) (2010)
102 min | Horror, Romance, Thriller
In this chilling modern-day Frankenstein tale, a brilliant young neuroscientist's world comes crashing down when his fiancée tragically drowns. After discovering a serum that can bring dead... See full summary »
Writer: Scott David Russell | Director: Scott David Russell | Stars: Steve Sandvoss, Nicole Vicius, Guillermo Díaz, Tessa Thompson
Votes: 196
19. The House Is Burning (2006)
97 min | Drama
One day. One night. A group of teenagers struggles to find their way in a world that offers them few choices. In 24 hours, Mike will leave for the army, following in his father's footsteps.... See full summary »
Writers: Holger Ernst, Allan Dorr | Director: Holger Ernst | Stars: John Diehl, Melissa Leo, Julianne Michelle, Robin Lord Taylor
Votes: 194
20. Douchebag (2010)
81 min | Comedy, Drama
On the verge of getting married, Sam Nussbaum insists he escort his younger brother, Tom, on a wild goose chase of a journey to find Tom's fifth grade girlfriend.
Writers: Andrew Dickler, Drake Doremus, Jonathan Schwartz, Lindsay Stidham | Director: Drake Doremus | Stars: Andrew Dickler, Ben York Jones, Marguerite Moreau, Nicole Vicius
Votes: 137
Rescue Me (2004–2011)
TV-MA | 46 min | Drama, Comedy
Tommy confronts Colleen and her new boyfriend. Probie must make a crucial decision regarding his terminally-ill mother so he asks Tommy for advice. Natalie is upset at Franco for not ... See full summary »
Creators: Peter Tolan, Denis Leary | Director: Jace Alexander | Stars: Denis Leary, Scott Tatman, Michael Lombardi, Jack McGee
Votes: 89
Law & Order (1990–2010)
TV-14 | 45 min | Crime, Drama, Mystery
The investigation into a young woman's death leads detectives to a man who has been knowingly spreading the HIV virus to his partners. McCoy pursues murder charges in a case that could have have serious political implications for Schiff.
Creator: Dick Wolf | Director: J. Ranelli | Stars: Jerry Orbach, Benjamin Bratt, S. Epatha Merkerson, Sam Waterston
Votes: 86
Rescue Me (2004–2011)
TV-MA | 45 min | Drama, Comedy
Tommy plays hero in someone else's uniform which causes confusion in the firehouse. Colleen suffers heartbreak and takes it out on Tommy. Natalie asks Franco for a favor. A rift between ... See full summary »
Creators: Denis Leary, Peter Tolan | Director: Jace Alexander | Stars: Denis Leary, Michael Lombardi, Tatum O'Neal, Steven Pasquale
Votes: 78
24. Voodoo Doll (2005)
22 min | Drama, Short
Voodoo dolls are feared and mysterious. The title character in this film short starts out with the same mystique even if, like a doll, he is strangely docile. The lawless gang he is ... See full summary »
Writer: Roberto Minervini | Director: Roberto Minervini | Stars: Jacob Reynolds, Sean Gullette, Nicole Vicius, Paul Sado
Votes: 75
25. Sordid Things (2009)
79 min | Drama, Thriller
A wealthy couple hires their cousin to be the surrogate for the child they are unable to have on their own, but chaos ensues when the woman holds the baby hostage for ransom. In this ... See full summary »
Writer: Andrew Bloomenthal | Director: Andrew Bloomenthal | Stars: Shannon Beeby, Andrew Bloomenthal, Alex Burns, Chaunice Chapman
Votes: 53
26. A Jersey Christmas (2008)
81 min | Comedy
A ragtag group of store clerks get stuck working until midnight on Christmas Eve at Xmas-O-Rama, a shabby Christmas shop in a blue-collar New Jersey town. The store is run by Mike Malcolm, ... See full summary »
Writer: Eric Weber | Directors: James Villemaire, Eric Weber | Stars: Luna Catarevas, Caitlin FitzGerald, Arthur French, Anitha Gandhi
Votes: 38
The Cleaner (2008–2009)
Back to One
45 min | Drama
The brother of an striving actress discovers his sister cocaine addiction and tries to get William's crew to help, Akani races to find Sweton after he mysteriously goes missing.
Creators: Jonathan Prince, Robert Munic | Director: Steve Boyum | Stars: Benjamin Bratt, Amy Price-Francis, Grace Park, Kevin Michael Richardson
Votes: 23
My Boys (2006–2010)
Carpe Burritoem
Brendan asks P.J. to run his life, Stephanie uses Mike in her new seminar, and Kenny goes all out for his new band.
Creator: Betsy Thomas | Director: Arlene Sanford | Stars: Jordana Spiro, Kyle Howard, Reid Scott, Michael Bunin
Votes: 22
Ed (2000–2004)
Losing Streak
Comedy, Drama
Ed's parents, Alan and Natalie,visit but are clear hey aren't thrilled with his new life. Ed takes on a case involving the lottery. Carol finds herself coaching a team with a losing record while a vandal hits the bowling alley.
Creators: Rob Burnett, Jon Beckerman | Director: Adam Bernstein | Stars: Tom Cavanagh, Julie Bowen, Jana Marie Hupp, Josh Randall
Votes: 18
30. Unspooled (2008)
89 min | Documentary
Writers: Mario Diaz, Keir Moreano | Director: Keir Moreano | Stars: Larry Brustofski, Norm Golden, Nicole Vicius
Votes: 17
31. Amy Coyne (2006 TV Movie)
Not Rated | 46 min | Drama
A story about young woman who after father's death inherits his sports agency.
Creator: Kevin Falls | Director: Todd Holland | Stars: Ashley Williams, Tom Berenger, Matt Bomer, Bill Bellamy
Votes: 16
32. Making of Last Days (2005 Video)
G | 20 min | Short
Making of short about Gus Van Sant's "Last Days".
Director: Felix Andrew | Stars: Asia Argento, Adam Friberg, Andy Friberg, Scott Patrick Green
Votes: 16
33. The Nitty Gritty Behind the Itty Bitty Titty Committee (2008 Video)
Documentary, Short
Writers: Lisa Thrasher, Adriana Torres | Directors: Lisa Thrasher, Adriana Torres | Stars: Jamie Babbit, Stacy Codikow, Melonie Diaz, Melanie Mayron
Votes: 9
34. Some Other Time (2013)
90 min | Drama
A family of friends gather on the eve of the Iraq War to perform an intervention on Lippy, who is taking his anti-war activism too far. The night launches a series of events that forever change the lives off all who were there.
Writer: Christopher Kublan | Director: Christopher Kublan | Stars: Cooper Daniels, Ruta Gedmintas, Kadeem Hardison, John Lavelle
Votes: 8
35. 508 Nelson (2006)
85 min | Crime
Writer: Allan Triel | Director: Joshua B. Hamlin | Stars: Caren Beck, Reg E. Cathey, Chris Chalk, Dara Coleman
36. Follow Me (2006)
What if the best relationship you ever had... was all in your mind?
Writer: Rebecca Haimowitz | Director: Rebecca Haimowitz | Stars: Brenda Noell, John Boyd, Nicole Vicius, Eric Papa
37. Night Shift (II) (2008)
Short, Drama
Writer: Alok Neel Agrawal | Director: Alok Neel Agrawal | Stars: Ralph Archibald, Nicole Vicius
38. Intruder on Hoyt Street
Drama | Announced
Director: Rodrigo Lopresti | Stars: Nicole Vicius, Jayce Bartok, Rodrigo Lopresti, Salvatore Inzerillo
39. Cold Feet (2010)
Short, Horror
Writer: Chris Woodard | Director: Andrew Hasse | Stars: Nicole Vicius, John Russell, Brandon Sheffield
40. The Honkys (2009)
22 min | Short, Comedy
The Honkys is a situation off-beat comedy about the Honky family, a non-traditional, multi-racial, and somewhat unhinged family living in a rundown part of Brooklyn, New York.
Creator: John McFarlane | Director: John McFarlane | Stars: Marcella Lowery, Nicole Vicius, Poet Moss, Jordan Mahone
41. Addiction (2005)
Short, Drama
Writer: Alok Neel Agrawal | Director: Alok Neel Agrawal | Stars: Rodrigo Lopresti, Jon Stemmler, James Sutherland, Nicole Vicius
All My Children (1970–2011)
Episode #1.8820
TV-PG | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Creator: Agnes Nixon | Stars: John Callahan, Natalia Cigliuti, Bobbie Eakes, Michael B. Jordan
All My Children (1970–2011)
Episode #1.8841
TV-PG | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Creator: Agnes Nixon | Stars: John Callahan, Natalia Cigliuti, Elizabeth Hendrickson, Vincent Irizarry
All My Children (1970–2011)
Episode #1.8852
TV-PG | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Creator: Agnes Nixon | Stars: Justin Bruening, John Callahan, Natalia Cigliuti, Amelia Heinle
All My Children (1970–2011)
Episode #1.8853
TV-PG | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Creator: Agnes Nixon | Stars: Justin Bruening, Christian Campbell, Amelia Heinle, Terri Ivens
All My Children (1970–2011)
Episode #1.8859
TV-PG | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Creator: Agnes Nixon | Stars: Justin Bruening, Bobbie Eakes, Alexa Havins, Elizabeth Hendrickson
All My Children (1970–2011)
Episode #1.8878
TV-PG | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Creator: Agnes Nixon | Stars: Bobbie Eakes, Alexa Havins, Elizabeth Hendrickson, Vincent Irizarry
All My Children (1970–2011)
Episode #1.8882
TV-PG | Drama, Romance, Mystery
Creator: Agnes Nixon | Stars: Jeff Branson, John Callahan, Natalia Cigliuti, Alexa Havins


text:
Rod Daily suspects that he's made a clean getaway until Andrew and cop friend Officer Tyler Torro roll up. Caught red-handed, Rod is at the mercy of Officer Torro.
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Columbus Call Girl
Serving the Columbus Area.
2. Zoies Classy Ladies
Columbus, GA 31907
3. Arials
Upatoi, GA 31829
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Sale Inline Skates
Showing 1 - 4 items
Reg. $310.00
The K2 VO2 90 Inline Skates bring you the comfort and reliability you've come to expect from K2 with a nice dose of speed and smoothness. Keeping your feet cool while skating is the Vortech Ventilation System which offers a three piece design offering ... Read More
{boxId:"compare1d191b8da2abcca07c2591cede", id:"410318P"}
Reg. $310.00
The K2 VO2 90 Pro is great for the skater looking for speed and smoothness in a skate that is also quick and easy to put on, and comfortable for hours.With the K2 V02 90 Pro skates you are skating with the top of the line offered from K2. ILQ-9 Bearing... Read More
{boxId:"compare474fd576307bab43aaaeff5b29", id:"410306P"}
Reg. $329.99
Brand new for 2012 the Rollerblade RB XL was designed for the skater with big feet. Fitting sizes 14 to 17.5 if you have big feet and always wanted to go inline skating you are now able to. The RB XL provides comfort, support and performance for big ... Read More
{boxId:"compare7dd4ea7b745205181d03ee5031", id:"257303P"}
Reg. $289.99
The Rollerblade Twister 231 is a versatile and maneuverable molded skate perfect for freestyle, urban and slalom use. The Hot Rod 231 low frame and Urban profile wheels are designed for controlled maneuverability. With a professional molded boot and a ... Read More
{boxId:"comparecf1b2d70c51a3a9a10d34cffda", id:"416036P"}


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Today's Devotional
Encouragement ExchangeHow could you give encouragement to someone today?
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Brexit racism fears: Shocking video of thugs yelling 'go back ...A group of youths on a Manchester tram was filmed shouted racist abuse at another passenger, before flinging beer at him. One of the young men, who is pictured wearing a hat and a coat, repeatedly shouts at the passenger to get off the tram, telling ... International Business Times UK, 1 hour ago
25,683 images for africa
Tata Communications surges after Neotel sale to Liquid Telecom
Tata Communications on Tuesday announced its agreement with Liquid Telecom to acquire its subsidiary Neotel for South African Rand 6.55 billion (Rs 2,904 crore).In a BSE filing Tata Communications said that a privately-owned pan-Africa telecom group ...Business Standard, 2 hours ago Tata Communications to sell South African subsidiary Neotel for Rs 2,904 cr First Post.com, 7 hours ago Tata Communications to sell subsidiary Neotel The Hindu, 7 hours ago Tata Communications Said Near Sale of Neotel in South Africa Bloomberg, 8 hours ago
Africa:Head of the class for wasting talent
REUTERS A person passes by a World Economic Forum logo in the congress centre ahead of the 2016 talks in Davos, Switzerland. Picture: Ruben Sprich Cape Town - Rich and poor countries alike are missing huge opportunities when it comes to making ...IOL, 2 hours ago Africa wastes its people's potential Citizen.co.za, 4 hours ago Africa is best at wasting talent: WEF ENCA, 2 hours ago
SAP's Skills for Africa programme kicks off in Cape Town
SAP Africa has officially introduced Cape Town to the latest chapter in the company's Skills for Africa skills development and job creation initiative. The SAP Skills for Africa programme is an intense ICT and business skills training course and ...Biz Community, 2 hours ago SAP Skills for Africa comes to Cape Town IT Web, 5 hours ago
Child marriage to HIV: What children in West and Central Africa have to face
UN Children's Emergency Fund released its 'State of the World's Children' report on Tuesday, which outlined the hardships faced by children, especially in AfricaDNA, 4 hours ago FACTBOX-Child marriage to HIV, hardships facing children in West and Central Africa Reuters Africa, 13 hours ago Factbox: Child marriage to HIV, hardships facing children in West and Central Africa Business Insider, 2 hours ago Child marriage to HIV, hardships facing children in West and Central Africa Sharenet, 13 hours ago
The Sport of Kings - Africa makes polo its own
Published 06/28/2016 by The Land Rover Africa Cup returns this spring to the prestigious Inanda Club situated in the heart of Sandton. The Land Rover Africa Cup, a unique knockout polo championship, now in its sixth year, offers an action-packed ...Look Local, 2 hours ago
South Africa needs to increase value-added exports Davies
Amid growing global economic uncertainty and volatility, it has become ever more imperative for South Africa to industrialise, diversify and break its dependence on exporting its raw resources. Even if the country faced a better economic climate, ...Engineering News, 2 hours ago
Teguramori issues challenge to players before South Africa match
MATSUMOTO, NAGANO PREF. Japan's Rio Olympic coach Makoto Teguramori urged his team to give him a selection headache with one, final captivating home performance against South Africa on Wednesday. Ahead of Friday's announcement of Japan's 18 for ...Japan Times, 2 hours ago
Africa looks east for Chinese investment
It is not unusual to hear Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ring out from a primary school in Kenya. British influence, British charities and British money still play a part here; the colonial legacy exists still. But what I was not expecting on a ...ITV.com, 2 hours ago
Escaping Brexit Pushes S. Africa Stock Buying to 7-Year High
As markets tumbled after last week's Brexit vote, foreigners bought South African shares at the fastest pace in more than seven years, seeking havens in gold producers and dollar-earners. Investors bought a net 4.22 billion rand ($272 million) of ...Bloomberg, 6 hours ago What if Britain's EU referendum had taken place in Africa? Daily Nation, 15 hours ago What Africa can learn from Britain's failed experiment in regional integration World Economic Forum, 37 minutes ago Britain's exit from EU brings a mixed bag of fortune for Africa Business Daily Africa, 15 hours ago
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iPhone - iPad Games
Tap Pet Hotel Answers for iPhone - iPadHome / iPhone - iPad /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Tap Pet Hotel question for iPhone - iPad and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Pocket Gems, Inc.
- Publisher: Pocket Gems, Inc.
- Genre: Role-Playing
- Release: Apr 21, 2011
- ESRB: Not Set
Question & Answers
5 star kid rating
I have been stuck at 4 or 4 1/2 stars for months! I add a new kid to my list almost every day- what in the world do I need to do to get this rating?? Because I think this quest is holding up progress on the game
Answer from: Toto
Well I think you should try visiting other people
Answer this QuestionAsk / All Questions
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Tap Pet Hotel - Gameplay Review
- Aug 27, 2014, Views: 207
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If you have not heard of Evernote, you definitely are living under a rock. Evernote is a powerful, cross-platform, note-taking and collaboration app. And if you read our recent notes-app comparison, you will see just how feature-rich Evernote is.
Now, on the other hand, if you have not yet got started with it for some reason, that is excusable. With this seven-part series, you are sure to be an advanced Evernote user (we call ourselves 'Evernote junkies') and — here is the real deal — you will be using Evernote not just as a note-taking app, but as one to improve your productivity and (seemingly) lengthen you day! Continue reading


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Our Global Neighborhood: The Report of the Commission on Global GovernanceCommission on Global Governance and Global Governance Commission
RRP $107.95 Save 32%! ($34.78)
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Buy this and get 74 Nile Miles
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Pawtucket (66-78) tapped Arnesen for three of its four runs in the second inning. Jorge Jiminez walked with one out, and just two batters later first year player James Kang doubled to knocked in Jiminez and make it 1-0 in favor of the PawSox. In the next at bat, Josh Reddick hit a line drive two-run home run over the wall in right field to make it 3-0.
The PawSox scored again in the fourth after a leadoff triple from Jiminez. Gil Velazquez knocked him in with a double to left to increase the lead to 4-0.
Syracuse (76-67) scored for the first time on an Orr home run in the fifth inning. He homered to lead off and then two batters later Jamie Burke hit his first home run of the year to cut the lead to 4-2. In the sixth, Seth Bynum scored Brian Bixler with an RBI groundout after the shortstop had walked to lead off the inning.
Neither team scored for the rest of the game with the Chiefs only garnering one baserunner over the last three innings against the PawSox bullpen.
The Chiefs finish the season at 76-67 and the PawSox close at 66-78. Syracuse finishes 2010 with a winning percentage higher than it did in 2009. The next game the Chiefs will play will be on April 7th, 2011 at Buffalo.
Today on MiLB.com
Top Stories on MiLB.com
- Astros' MacDonald hits for Appy League cycle
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- Yankees' Adams takes chance to bounce back
- Shorebirds' Alvarado tosses one-hit shutout
- Dodgers first-rounder Smith hits first homer
- Whitecaps' Hill collects career-high four hits


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List all words that contain aacclo
No words containing aacclo found in this word list.
Some random words: we fiacre immaculacies geanticline oersted gnar mi
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Local Sports
Cruz Gets Big Hit Again, Rangers Beat Cardinals
6/23/2013 @ 10:43 AMST. LOUIS (AP) - Nelson Cruz got the decisive hit for the second straight game with a two-run homer in the third inning and Martin Perez prevailed in a matchup of rookie starters as the Texas Rangers beat the St. Louis Cardinals 4-2 on Saturday night.
Shelby Miller (8-5) allowed two homers for the second time in three starts and didn't make it out of the sixth against the team the Cardinals beat in the 2011 World Series making its first regular-season visit to Busch Stadium.
A.J. Pierzynski also hit a two-run homer for Texas, which goes for a three-game sweep on Sunday night with Nick Tepesch (3-6, 4.84) facing Adam Wainwright (10-4, 2.37). The first two games have been sellouts and the finale was supposed to be a matchup of aces, but the Rangers are saving Yu Darvish for the Yankees Tuesday in New York.
See other LocalSports news:Post 128 To Host Mt Vernon Tonight
Reds Beat Yanks In LL Major's Play
Harmeier To Play Baseball At KC
Bulls select Denzel Valentine with 14th pick in the draft
2 key hits by Giancarlo Stanton help Marlins beat Cubs 4-2


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Bunch of nonsense, to say the least. If Timolol, with all the serious systemic issues related to heart and lungs could be approved, what makes you think that Rhopressa, which has a topical event related redness that eventually goes away by itself, wouldn't be approved? You better believe that both Rhopressa and Roclatan will get approved for sure! Don't fall for these crooked shorts!!!
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Don't misrepresent the information. Please go read what AERI has publicly stated about how minor hyperemia is and how it went away within a few months by itself. Go back to your Inotek's board if you think it is so superior to AERI.
Every theme park roller coaster rider will soon be experiencing unbelievable virtual reality. Folks, VR is going to be a smash hit above and beyond anyone's expectations, and HIMX will be integral part of majority of the AR/VR sets. IMO, my HIMX shares are not for sale at least until 2020, when AR/VR market is expected to be $150 billion..


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Follow us
There's a women's roller derby renaissance going on in Washington, D.C. A far cry from the cheesy staged fights of the 1970's, today's roller derby is based on stamina and skill. Discovery News takes a look at these hard-hitting athletes.
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UP NEXTOut of the Wild: How to Split Wood
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UP NEXTMan vs Wild: Bear in the Amazon Jungle
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What Are the Odds? Shark Attack
What are the odds you will be attacked by a shark? Learn more about odds in this video.
Man, Woman, Wild: SSSnake!
Mykel and Ruth capture a snake to eat for dinner, but they need to keep the snake alive - and well-contained - until they can light a cooking fire in the humid jungle. Mykel wants Ruth to help him wrap the snake up in one of his t-shirts.
Everest: Tim Medvetz
In this clip from Discovery Channel's "Everest: Beyond the Limit," meet the custom motorcycle builder from Los Angeles who showed up at Base Camp with a sack full of money and a heart as big as Everest herself.
Everest: Laundry Day
How do climbers and crew deal with multiple wardrobe changes while climbing Everest? In this clip from Discovery Channel's "Everest: Beyond the Limit," producer/director Ed Wardle reveals his secrets.
Industrial Revelations: Boat Propellers
On Discovery Channel's "Industrial Revelations," host Mark Williams learns how the boat propeller came about.
Everest: Beyond the Limit: A Sad Farewell
In a teary speech, Russell thanks the Sherpas, his "family," for their hard work.
Prowling the Paris Metro
Home to the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower, Paris is one the world's most well-known cities. And beneath the extensive streets of Paris you'll find a fascinating, subterranean system with a story all its own. Tune in to learn more.
Man, Woman, Wild: Newts and Roots
Mykel thinks he is stuck eating lily tubers for dinner, but Ruth surprises him with a handful of newts to cook.
Everest Beyond the Limit: A Crabber Summits
Crab fisherman, Alec Turner, reaches the top of Everest before his fellow climbers.
Climbing Everest: Mountain Dining
Learn how Mount Everest climbers eat as many calories as possible to attain enough energy to climb.
Everest Beyond the Limit: No Summit Rescue
One of the climbers reaches the summit but is too sick to stand. A rescue on the summit is impossible.
The Colony: General Tick
Tick draws on his military experience to present a stronger security plan for the colonists.
National Parks: Yosemite Goes Wild
Move over Yogi. Yosemite National Park has some of the most beautiful animals and the winter forest has become their playground.
Roller Derby: Girls on Wheels
Nashville: Beyond Country Music
Everyone knows Nashville is famous for country music. But did you know it has a thriving music scene in other genres too? What are some of the hottest clubs? Which famous musicians own record stores there? A local musician gives us an insiderOs guide.
Meet me in Monaco
Why are we so fascinated with this country that is smaller than Central Park, in New York? How did it become an independent nation? What happens at 11:55 every day there?
Robben Island Revisited
We touched on Robben Island during our visit to Cape Town but there is so much more to cover. The island has been a leper colony, a prison, an insane asylum and is now a World Heritage Site and museum. ItOs also full of wildlife, like seals and penguins.
The British Charm of Victoria, B.C.
WhatOs up with tea and double decker buses? Why is Victoria the biking capital of British Columbia? Where is the narrowest street in Canada? Listen in as Kathryn and Sarah tour Victoria, B.C.
Cruising through Curacao
Where is Curacao and does it have any connection to that bright blue liqueur? Why does the average citizen know 4 languages? What is the Museum Kur Hulanda? Listen in to learn more.
Deadliest Catch: Difficult Ditch
The crew of the Ramblin' Rose faces dropping pots in the ditch while a storm stirs up the bitter waters of the Bering Sea.
Mooving through Vermont
Join us on a dairy-themed tour of the Green Mountain State; weOll stop for Ben & JerryOs ice cream, Cabot Cheese and other creamy delights. Listen in to learn more about Vermont.
Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona
Located inside the Navajo Nation, this site has some amazing rock formations. How did Mummy Cave Overlook get its name? WhatIs the legend behind Spider Rock Overlook? Join Kathryn and Sarah as they explore this unique national monument.
National Parks: Black Bears Up Close
Beyond their scenic splendors, America's national parks are game preserves for some of the largest mammals, including the black bear.
Cumberland Island, Georgia
Cumberland Island is about the size of Manhattan but has hardly any residents. How did it manage to retain its natural beauty? How did the wild horses get there? What is its connection to the family of Thomas Carnegie and to John F. Kennedy, Jr.?


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Related Links
Relevant offers
Travel Troubles
This post originally appeared on Mashable.
There are many ways that scammers take advantage of unsuspecting tourists, but more common schemes can be avoided if travellers stay alert, and take a few basic precautions.
For one thing, tourists should always be wary of anything offered for "free," and of special deals that seem too good to be true.
The oft-repeated advice to stay alert and watch your valuables is true no matter where you are.
Travellers should also have a plan in case something goes wrong, including keeping some extra cash and identification in a safe spot, and knowing who to contact for help in a given destination.
The following rundown of scams, categorised by type and location, provides a solid primer for tourists.
Check out these common tactics before your next trip, so you won't have to learn the hard way.
Infographic from Just the Flight UK:
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