text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 5, 2001
|Filing date
|Apr 21, 2000
|Priority date
|Apr 17, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Heikki Räisänen, Lasse Räisänen
|Original Assignee
|Emf Acoustics Oy Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (11), Classifications (10), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/155,828 which was filed on Oct. 6, 1998 which is a 371 of PCT/FI96/00605 filed Nov. 8, 1996.
The present invention relates to a stringed musical instrument transducer and, in particular, an flexible unitary electret film undersaddle pickup for converting string vibrations into electric signals, and to a method for its fabrication. The transducer is especially applicable for use with a guitar.
Saddle transducers ie. pickups for acoustic guitars, designed to transform string vibrations into electric signals, are mounted under the saddle of the guitar. They have a transducer part of a length corresponding to that of the saddle and typically containing different layers of electromechanical transducer elements, dielectric material and electrically conductive electrode layers, and a connection cable part in which the signals are taken to a preamplifier inside the guitar via a small hole (diameter typically 3 mm) bored in the guitar's resonance box under the saddle. Saddle transducers may typically have a one or more transducer element layers.
As electromechanical transducer elements, piezoelectric crystals or piezoelectric sheet (e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF) are prior art. In the commonest transducer structures, the connecting cable part is implemented using screened coaxial cable, which is connected to the electrode layers of the transducer part by soldering. Such a transducer is presented e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,153. A drawback with this type of structures is the difficulty of fabrication of the transducer and relatively high manufacturing costs, because much of the work has to be done manually. Moreover, the connections to the preamplifier generally have to be made by soldering, because no connectors of sufficiently small size to go through the hole provided under the saddle are available for coaxial cables and because the connection between the transducer itself and the cable makes it impossible to mount the transducer from below. In addition, piezoelectric crystals and sheets are associated with a certain characteristic sound that is not quite in keeping with the guitar's own acoustic sound. Further, the prior art saddle transducers structures comprise many material types, which affects to the sound produced by the saddle transducer.
The electret field, or the permanent electric charge, is achieved by injecting charges into dielectric material.
A dielectric porous electret film and manufacturing process for same, applicable for use as electromechanical material for a stringed musical instrument transducer, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,546, said dielectric film comprising permanently charged, biaxially oriented, foamed, usually homogenous film layer containing flat lens-like, shredded or cavitated gas bubbles which can also be called as voids or cells. The term "dielectric cellular electret film" is used here to refer to generally porous type electromechanical films having a permanent electric charge injected into material.
WO-publication 96/06718 presents a procedure for pressure inflation of a pre-foamed plastic film, that makes it possible to manufacture strongly foamed film products, involving a high foaming degree and allowing the thickness of the product to be increased without increasing the amount of plastic material. The term "dielectric swelled cellular electret film" is used herein to refer to a foamed film-like plastic product as described in that WO-publication and having a permanent electric charge injected into material.
The object of the present invention is to eliminate the drawbacks of prior art and achieve an improved transducer of a completely new type for a stringed musical instrument, in which a dielectric swelled cellular electret film is used to transform the string vibrations into electric signals instead of piezoelectric films or crystals. Flat lens-like gas bubbles in the electret film effectively limit the mobility of electret charges in the dielectric material, because the gases have an electric resistance five decades better than the best solid insulating materials have. At the same time, compared to hard structure of piezoelectric materials, they act as an elastic soft layer during the conversion of string vibrations into electric signals allowing pressure variations caused vibrations to cause microscopic changes in its thickness. The change in thickness causes change in capacitance and produces an electrical output voltage in proportion to the sound source.
A further object of the invention is to produce a new type of stringed musical instrument transducer which, due to its elastic cellular structure, is capable of converting string vibrations into electric signals which, when converted into sound, compared to prior art piezoelectric saddle transducers, better correspond to the instrument's own, acoustic sound and allows playing at high volumes before feedback. Because of the elastic porous structure, the young's modulus of the material is significantly lower and thus the impedance matching with wood is better than with piezoelectric materials. This results in natural sound similar to instruments own acoustic sound without any harshness or "quacking" as typically with piezoelectric materials.
Another object of the invention is to produce a stringed musical instrument transducer which is of a construction thin enough to permit installation without changing any parts of the instrument, e.g. making the saddle lower, and which, when installed, does not affect the instrument's own acoustic sound and is as easy to install as possible without soldering.
Another object of the invention is to produce a stringed musical instrument transducer capable of converting the vibration of each string separately into an electric signal.
A further object of the invention is to produce a stringed musical instrument transducer as simple as possible, having no separate transducer part and no separate conductor for connecting it to a signal processing device, but which has a unitary, flexible and laminated structure and in which the connections for connecting it to a preamplifier can be disposed sequentially or side by side and which in itself is able to produce a balanced signal (differential transducer) according to the attached claims.
This kind of transducers can be very economically fabricated for example by screen-printing the required electrodes with silver paste on sheets of dielectric film (e.g. polyester), placing several electrodes side by side on the same sheet. By laminating such sheets and dielectric cellular electret film, preferably swelled, on top of each other so that dielectric cellular electret film is only placed on a desired area at one end of the sheet while the other end is provided with a connector part with different electrode layers side by side, a laminate sheet is obtained from which the transducers can be cut out e.g. by punching. After that, it is only necessary to join a suitable connector to the electrodes at the connector end of the transducer by pressing mechanically.
With this method, it is possible to produce ultra thin and flexible transducers of desired length, design and width, in which the electrodes in the transducer part are continuous extending from the transducer part adjacent to the saddle, through the hole to the inside of the guitar and up to the preamplifier and which are unitary, flexible and thin laminate in construction. Fabrication is faster and more economic than with conventional methods.
The structure of the invention thus allows the application of an effective and economic production technique, especially when the transducer is of the same width over its entire length. In this case, the transducers can be arranged closely side by side, producing no material waste. The structure of the invention makes it possible to produce a transducer of the same width and therefore very economic for the commonest acoustic guitars, which have a saddle width of 2.4-3.2 mm. This width is still sufficient for the connector of a single electrode. The structure of the invention allows a maximum amount of transducers to be produced from the same materials by the same amount of work. The costs of the punching tool used for cutting out the transducers may be reduced as only one cutter blade is needed for each transducer to be cut out. In addition, such a transducer is very easy to install because it can also be mounted from the outside.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, no dielectric firm plastic layer, where the young's modulus value typically is significantly higher than with cellular electret film, to carry the conductive electrodes, would be needed in the transducer structure adjacent to instrument saddle. Thus the transducer becomes thinner and the acoustic properties become excellent because the firm plastic layers are not absorbing and dampening the vibration energy. Further, because of saved thickness exclusive firm plastic films, the amount of transducer elements can be increased, without adding too much thickness, and thus the output voltage and therefore the signal-to-noise ratio are further improved. Further, due possible increase in thickness of elastic soft dielectric cellular layers the structure becomes softer which improves the string-to-string balance. Even further, in this embodiment the electrodes become more durable than screen-printed electrodes and the connectors in the preamplifier end can be easily connected to the transducer so that the there is no plastic layers in between and thus the electrical properties of connections become excellent and also more durable. Further, it is possible to simultaneously arrange the screening for the connection end and even soldering directly to the electrodes.
The structure of the invention thus allows the application of an effective and economic production technique with significantly improved sound and string-to-string balance properties.
In the following, the invention is described in more detail by the aid of examples by referring to the attached drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a guitar, with a transducer as provided by the invention mounted on it,
FIGS. 2a-2 c present a cross-sectional view, top view and a longitudinal section of the saddle of a guitar with a transducer as provided by the invention mounted in conjunction with it,
FIGS. 3a-3 d present exploded perspective views illustrating the different components that comprise the transducer of the four different embodiments of the invention,
FIG. 3e presents top view of the embodiment of the invention presented in FIG. 3d,
FIG. 4a present the signal electrodes and FIG. 4b ground electrodes, printed on a sheet of dielectric film, of the transducer of the embodiment in FIGS. 3a and 3 b,
FIGS. 5a-5 d present signal electrodes and ground electrodes printed on a sheet of dielectric film of two different embodiments of the invention, the two transducers having different electrodes at the connector end arranged side by side,
FIGS. 6a-6 b present top view of the cutter blades of a punching unit of the transducer of the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3a, 3 b, 5 c, 5 d,
FIG. 7 presents pattern for screen-printing the insulation over the signal and ground electrodes, of the transducer of the embodiment in FIG. 5c,
FIG. 8a presents an exploded perspective view illustrating the different components that comprise the transducer of the invention without extra dielectric layers carrying the electrodes at the transducer area adjacent to saddle, with connectors in preamplifier end arranged side by side,
FIG. 8b presents an exploded perspective view illustrating the different components that comprise the transducer of the invention without extra dielectric layers carrying the electrodes at the transducer area adjacent to saddle, with sequentially arranged connecting areas in preamplifier end,
FIG. 9 presents the signal electrodes of the transducer of the embodiment in FIG. 8a,
FIG. 10 presents one side ground electrodes of the transducer of the embodiment in FIG. 8a,
FIG. 11 presents an exploded perspective view illustrating the possible screening of the connector end,
FIG. 12 presents a microscope picture of dielectric cellular electret film.
In FIGS. 1, 2 a, 2 b, 2 c, the cover 100 of the resonance box of an acoustic guitar is presented. Fitted on the resonance box is a transverse bridge for the six strings 103 of the guitar, consisting of a bridge body 101 placed against the resonance box 100 and a saddle 102, whose upper edge is provided with notches for the strings 103.
Fitted under the saddle 102 is a transducer 104 as provided by the invention for transforming the vibrations of the strings 103 into electric signals.
In the embodiment of FIG. 3a the transducer of the invention is composed of sheets 107 and 108 of dielectric film, which may be made e.g. of 0,1 mm thick polyester. On the underside of sheet 107, a signal electrode 109 is screen-printed by using e.g. silver or graphite. Printed around the signal electrode 109 is a ground electrode 110, which reduces electromagnetic interference noise in the signal. It is noted, however, that this ground electrode 110 is not essential to the structure. Screen-printed on the top surface of film sheet 107 is a ground electrode 111, which may also consist of aluminum foil or other electrically conductive foil suited for the purpose. Screen-printed on the top surface of sheet 108 is a ground electrode 112 and on the bottom surface also a ground electrode 113. It should be noted that this ground electrode 113 is not essential for the structure in this and other embodiments of the invention, where the transducer is not a differential transducer. Sheet 108 may also consist of e.g. thin aluminum or brass foil or other electrically conductive foil suited for the purpose. It is noted that the ground electrodes 110, 111, 112, 113 are shorter at the end 114 pointing towards the preamplifier than the signal electrode 109, whereas at the other end 117 the ground electrodes are somewhat longer than the signal electrode. Instead of being screen-printed, the electrodes may also be for example evaporated e.g. from aluminum onto dielectric films using a mask or etched from a metal/dielectric laminate such as copper/polyamide (for example Kapton®) laminate.
Between the sheets 107, 108 there is an transducer element 118. This element 118 is composed of three, preferably swelled, dielectric cellular electret films 119, 120, 121 having flat gas bubbles 301 inside the film material 300 (FIG. 12). Injected onto the underside of the topmost film 119 is a negative electric charge. Injected onto the top side of the intermediate film 120 is also a negative electric charge, while a positive electric charge is injected onto its underside. Injected onto the top side of the bottommost film 121 is a positive electric charge. After being charged, the films have been glued together. The bottommost films 121 bottom side may also be provided with a metallic electrically conductive surface, e.g. evaporated aluminum, which is to be noted is not necessary. This electrically conductive surface is possible to have also on topside as well as on one or both sides of films 119(on topside when ground electrode 110 is not printed)and 120 but it is not recommended. With the charging procedure described, a maximal electric charge density is achieved. From the point of view of operation, it is sufficient to have only the surfaces of the intermediate film 120 charged. Such an element responds only to the pressure generated by the vibration of the strings, not to bending at all. The transducer element 118 may also consist of two dielectric cellular electret films, in which element 118 unlike charges of the films 119, 121 are placed opposite to each other. Such a structure mainly responds to pressure only and very slightly to bending and is thus applicable for converting the vibrations of the strings 103 into electric signals. By placing the films with like charges opposite to each other, an element mainly responsive to bending is achieved. For operation, it is sufficient that element 118 be composed of only one dielectric cellular electret film, preferably swelled.
Between sheets 107 and 108 there is also a dielectric film 122, which may be made e.g. of polyester, preferably of the same thickness as the film element 118. This insulation prevents a short circuit between the signal electrode 109 and the ground electrode 112. Instead of using a dielectric film 122, it is possible to provide the bottom surface of film 107 at the area 115 or the top surface of film 108 at the area 115 with dielectric insulation screen-printed over the electrodes on the surface to prevent short circuit. Between the film sheets 107, 108 there is also a dielectric film 123 on the other side of the element 118 at the area 117, preferably of the same thickness as film 122. Another possibility is to extend the element 118 consisting of dielectric cellular electret films to the end of area 117, in which case film 123 is not needed. Similarly, it is possible to extend the element 118 to the end of area 114 as well, in which case film 122 is not needed. At one end 117 of the transducer is a metallic connector 106 mechanically pressed through sheets 107, 123, 108, shorting the ground electrodes 111, 110, 112, 113. At the other end 114 is a metallic connector 124 mechanically pressed through sheets 107, 122, 108 to connect the signal electrode 109 to a signal processing device. The ground electrodes, which are all thus disposed on the outer surfaces of film sheets 107, 108, are grounded e.g. by pressing them between the halves of the casing of the signal processing device. It is recommendable to use a soft, electrically conductive material in this area between the halves of the casing. The grounding can also be implemented by pressing one of the ground electrodes 111, 113 against the circuit board of the signal processing device at a point reserved for it, at which point it is also recommendable to use electrically conductive rubber as mentioned above. Reference is now made to the FIGS. 4a-4 b. Disposing the signal electrode and the ground electrodes in this way in sequence at the end of the transducer and grounding the transducer in the ways described above eliminates tension and also provides a transducer structure narrow enough to allow the transducers electrodes screen-printed closely side by side on the dielectric film sheets 125, 126, e.g. polyester of thickness 0,1 mm, maximizes the amount of the transducers from material and work used. In addition (referring to FIGS. 2a, 2 b, 2 c), such a narrow transducer having the same width throughout its length is very easy to install, because the connector of an individual electrode is so narrow that, in all guitars commonly used, in which the saddle width is on the order of 3 mm, it can go from above through the two holes 105 made on the sides of the bridge body 101 under the saddle 102 through the resonance box cover 100 to the inside of the guitar to connect the transducer to a signal processing device.
In the embodiment of FIG. 3b a transducer of the invention is fabricated in such manner that film 122 is continuous extending through areas 114, 115, 116, 117. Screen-printed on both the top side and on the bottom side of the film 122 is a signal electrode 109 and around it ground electrode 110, which ground electrode is again not essential to the structure. Screen-printed on both the top and bottom side of sheet 107 is an ground electrode 111. Screen-printed on top side of sheet 108 is ground electrode 112 and on the underside another ground electrode 113. Ground electrodes 111, 112, 113, do not extend to area 114. All ground electrodes are connected together by means of a connector 106. Disposed in area 116 above and below sheet 122 are preferably swelled dielectric cellular electret films 119,121. Positive charges are injected onto the underside of sheet 119 and onto the top side of sheet 121. Negative charges may be injected onto the top side of sheet 119 and onto the underside of sheet 121 but it is not essential. By pressing a connector 124 on area 114, the signal electrodes 109 are connected together. At the area 115 between the sheets 107-122 and 122-108 is a dielectrict film 127 to prevent short circuit between signal and ground electrodes. In this embodiment of the invention the dielectrict cellular electret films are connected in parallel.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3c. By making the length of area 115 so long that connector 128 reaches the signal processing device too, a transducer is obtained whose ground electrodes 111, 110, 112, 113 can be connected to the circuit board of a signal processing device by means of a connector 128. Further, by using an arrangement where no ground electrode 110 is printed and on the top side of the sheet 108 to the areas 116, 117 is printed a signal electrode and by grounding both ground electrodes 111, 113 to the case of the signal processing device in the manner explained above, none of said ground electrodes 111, 113 extending to the connectors 124, 128, a differential transducer is obtained.
In the embodiment of FIG. 3e a differential transducer of the invention is implemented by screen-printing signal electrode 129 on the top side of sheet 130 and connecting this signal electrode 129 to the signal electrode 131 using electrically conductive glue between sheets 130 and 132. This signal electrode 129 is made somewhat shorter than the sheet 130 itself. The signal electrode 133 screen-printed on the top side of sheet 134, which is electrically connected to the underside of the bottommost sheet 121 of the element 118, extends to the end of the sheet 134. The ground electrode 135 printed on the top side of sheet 132 is somewhat shorter than the sheet 132. At the transducer end 136, the film sheet lengths are such that sheet 132 is the shortest one of the sheets. Sheet 130 is somewhat longer and sheet 134 is the longest one. At the other end 117 of the transducer is a connector 106 which connects ground electrodes 135, 137, 138, 139 together. It is to be noted again that ground electrodes 138, 139 are not essential to the structure. In this way, an arrangement is achieved in which all signal and ground electrodes of the differential transducer needed to connect to a signal processing device are located sequentially at one end 136 of the transducer and on the same side of it (ref. FIG. 3e), enabling it to be connected to the circuit board of a signal processing device by pressing it onto the circuit board at a position provided with corresponding electrodes in sequence. If desired, grounding can also be effected via a connection between the halves of the casing as described above. By replacing the signal electrode 133 with an electrode which is printed in the shape of an ground electrode and has a length such that it is shorter at the transducer end 136 than sheet 130 and extends correspondingly to the other end 117 of the transducer, a non-differential transducer is obtained in which the electrodes for connecting the transducer to a signal processing device are on the same side in sequence at one end of the transducer.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 5a-5 d. If desired, the signal and ground electrodes can also be printed so that they are placed side by side at the transducer end 114 as illustrated by FIGS. 5a-5 c. In FIG. 5a there is signal electrodes screen-printed on a dielectric sheet 139 of an embodiment of the invention in which there is a separate signal electrode 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 for each string of the guitar, in this case an electric guitar. The vibration of each string of the instrument is transformed into electric signal by the means of having a separate saddle-like piece under each string against disposed signal electrode of the transducer, the charge-signal generated to each electrode being processed separately in the signal processing device. This type of hex-microphone is needed e.g. for making a stereo image or in midi equipment, where the electronics converts the tone pitch into a voltage value controlling a synthesizer. In this embodiment too, the dielectric cellular electret film is placed on the area 116, an insulation is provided in the area 115 and metallic connectors 124 are mechanically pressed through the electrodes in the transducers end 114. In FIG. 5b there is the ground electrode 146 screen-printed on a dielectric sheet 138, e.g. polyester of the embodiment described above. In FIGS. 5c, 5 d the pattern for printing the signal and ground electrodes of another embodiment of the invention where the transducer, in this case a differential transducer is obtained having the electrodes side by side at the connector end 114. In that embodiment the pattern shown in FIG. 5c shows signal electrodes 148 and around them ground electrodes 149. This pattern is screen-printed say on top side of the dielectric sheet 147 and on bottom side is screen-printed the ground electrodes, as illustrated in FIG. 5d. The pattern for screen-printing the dielectric insulation 151 over the electrodes shown in FIG. 5c is showed in FIG. 7.
Referring now to FIGS. 3a, 3 c, 4 a, 4 b, the transducers of the two embodiments of the invention as shown in FIGS. 3a, 3 c are fabricated by first applying suitable glue on the dielectric film 125 on the side where the signal and ground electrodes are screen-printed with silver or graphite paste as shown in FIG. 4a. To the other side of this film 125, there is ground electrodes screen-printed as shown in FIG. 4b. After this, dielectric sheet cut to suitable size is glued into the area 117. An element 118 size large enough, consisting a laminate of dielectric cellular electret films, preferably swelled, is glued on area 116 and sheet 122 on areas 114, 115. Then glue is applied in the sheet 126 as shown FIG. 4b, where there is same ground electrode pattern screen-printed on the both sides of this sheet. The side with glue applied is then glued opposite to the above mentioned laminate, with the register marks 152 in corners in alignment. In this way, a laminate is obtained, from which the transducers can be punched off with a tool as shown in FIG. 6a. The transducers can also be cut out from the sheet using e.g. a laser or water jet or some other technique suited for the purpose. This procedure allows a considerably larger number of thin, flexible stringed musical instrument transducers of desired length and width and having a continuous structure without joints than by conventional methods, to be fabricated by the same amount of work while the manufacturing costs remain low.
The transducers of invention in FIGS. 8a and 8 b consists of a connector part 114 including connectors connecting the transducer to a preamplifier, a connection part 115 corresponding to a connection cable in a conventional transducer and a transducer part 116 for converting the string vibrations into electric signals. As may be noted the transducers in FIGS. 8a and 8 b have no separate transducer part and no separate conductor for connecting it to a signal processing device, but are of a unitary, flexible and laminated structure extending from the end of transducer part 116 unitary as a connection part 115 up to the connector part 114 and in which the connections for connecting it to a preamplifier can be disposed in sequentially or side by side.
Referring now to FIG. 8a, signal electrode 209 is a thin metal film, for example tin-bronze-alloy or tinned copper or aluminium with thickness of preferably 0,035 mm. It is to be noted that many thin metal films and thickness are suitable for the application. On both sides of the signal electrode 209 there are swelled dielectric cellular electret films 119, 120, and on the outer sides of the cellular electret films 119, 120, ground electrodes 211, 212. Signal electrode 209 has a form where the electrode is broad in the transducer part and narrow in the connection part. In the connector part the signal electrode has an area corresponding the connection area of the connector 124. Ground electrodes 211, 212 each comprises of thin metal film. Both the ground electrodes 211, 212 are connected together with a connector 124 in the connector part 114.
Cellular electret films 119, 120 in the transducer area may each comprise of several film layers. Each film 119, 120 is charged. Preferably positive charges are injected onto the underside of sheet 119 and onto the top side of sheet 120. Negative charges may be injected onto the top side of sheet 119 and onto the underside of sheet 120 but it is not essential. The films 127, 128 in the connection part are preferably uncharged operating thus as isolating film layers between the electrodes. It is also possible to extend the cellular electret films 119, 120 all the way to the connector part 114 but preferably use only partially charged film so that there is no charges in the connection part 115, to avoid the connection part become microphonic picking sounds from inside the instrument and handling noises. The ground electrodes 211, 212 can also be sputtered, evaporated or chemically metallized to the outer sides of the bubble films 119, 120. It is also possible to arrange the signal electrode 209 directly on the face of bubble film 119 or 120 by for example chemical metallizing process. In this embodiment, to increase the output voltage and improve the string-to-string balance, it is also possible to use two, or even more, signal electrodes 209 by using three or more transducer elements 119-120 and in between each said element having one signal electrode 209 and at the outermost faces of the outermost transducer elements having the ground electrodes 211-212. Further, by using two signal electrodes, two ground electrodes and three transducer elements, and having the two signal electrodes in connection part arranged side-by-side, an differential transducer can be obtained.
The outermost film layers 221, 223, are uncharged cellular film layers, preferably less than 100 microns in thickness, which due their elastic structure even out the possible roughness and unevenness at the instruments saddle slot and saddle and therefore improve the string-to-string balance but do not change the instruments original acoustic sound. However, these film layers 221, 223 are not essential for the transducers operation. Rubber layers have been used to improve string-to-string balance, but using them effects more in instruments original acoustic sound and playing "touch".
FIG. 11 shows how the ground electrode 211 may have an extension 224 on the side to form shielding against electrical interference in the connector end 114. Because the connector area in the signal electrode is open for electromagnetic interference, it must be shielded. Typically this is taken care by metal housing of the preamplifier circuitry, but by this way, an very small preamplifier circuitry can be integrated into the connector end. The components of the circuitry, preferably one field-effect (FET) transistor and one resistor, are connected to the transducers electrodes 209, 211, 212 and the screening extension 224 is folded around the connector end 114 by using double sided tape 226, which also forms the necessary insulating in between the components and extension 224. Leads are connected to the circuitry for taking the signals to the amplifier and sound system. By having the preamplifier circuitry as close as possible to the transducer unit, the capacitance of the connection part is lowest possible and the signal-to-noise ratio becomes significantly better.
The transducers in FIGS. 8a and 8 b and 11 are fabricated as follows:
Referring to FIG. 9 signal electrodes 209 and ground electrodes 211, 212 are made of a thin metal film 231, 232, 233. Firstly the thin metal film 231, 232, 233 is coated both sides with an insulating material in the areas to form the electrodes. Secondly the metal films 231, 232, 233 are taken into chemical corrode process where all metal except the areas coated with insulating material, is corroded away. Thirdly, the metal film is taken into next chemical process, where the insulating material is removed. After this, a metal film 231, 232, 233, where the wanted electrodes are connected to each others and frame surrounding them with very narrow keepers 234, is remained. In the corners of each metal film 231, 232, 233 there is a hole 235 to ease the assembly. It is to be noted that there is other ways too to make similar metal film 231, 232, 233. One way is to laser cut the same pattern to the metal film, other way is die-cutting the metal film with suitable tool having the same pattern. Water cutting can also be used. By using laser or water cutting, several films can be manufactured simultaneously.
Cellular electret film elements 119, 120 size large enough, consisting typically a laminate of 1-3 dielectric cellular electret films, preferably swelled, and metal films 231, 232, 233 are glued together so that first against metal film 232 with ground electrodes, transducer element 119 and insulating layer 127 are glued, and next, on the other side of the transducer element 119 and insulating layer 127, the metal film 231 with signal electrodes is glued, and next, to the other side of metal film 231, second transducer element 120 and second insulating layer 128 are glued, and next, on the other sides of the transducer element 120 and insulating substrate 128, metal film 233 with second ground layers is glued. In this way a laminate is obtained from which the transducers can be cut away by for example by die-cutting, laser cutting or water cutting. Further the connectors 124 are connected by pressing them to connector end 114.
This procedure allows a considerably larger number of thin, flexible stringed musical instrument transducers of desired length and width and having a continuous structure without joints than by conventional methods to be fabricated by the same amount of work while the manufacturing costs remain low. Further, referred to the FIGS. 8a and 8 b, the transducers can be manufactured very thin without any extra flexible firm insulating substrates to carry the electrodes. Because there is thickness saved due no extra firm insulating substrates, there can be more of active layers, easily 4 layers, which further improves the output voltage and thus also the signal-to-noise ratio.
It is also possible to arrange the electrodes 209, 211, 212 directly onto the cellular electret films 119, 120 by using for example screen-printing, evaporating, sputtering or chemical metallising. Further, cellular film strips 221, 223 may be arranged to the outer faces or ground electrodes 211, 212, to even out the possible roughness of saddle and saddle slot and thus improve the string-to-string balance.
It is obvious to the person skilled in the art that different embodiments of the invention are not restricted to the examples described above, but that they can be varied within the scope of the claims presented below. The number of films and layers on top of each other can be chosen in accordance with the need in each case and the transducer can also have a shape other than rectangular in top view.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|May 10, 1983
|Janszen Arthur A
|Method of making stationary electrodes for electrostatic transducers
|Nov 20, 1984
|Mar 31, 1987
|Kari Kirjavainen
|Electromechanical film and procedure for manufacturing same
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|Jun 23, 1992
|Turner Robert A
|Film piezoelectric pickup for stringed musical instruments
|Sep 17, 1991
|Apr 20, 1993
|Turner Robert A
|High output film piezolelectric pickup for stringed musical instruments
|May 21, 1992
|Jun 7, 1994
|Lawrence Fishman
|Musical instrument transducer assembly having a piezoelectric sheet
|Jun 7, 1995
|Sep 23, 1997
|Fishman; Lawrence R.
|Musical instrument transducer
|Title not available
|Aug 16, 1995
|Mar 7, 1996
|Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus
|Procedure for the manufacture of a foamed plastic product
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 8, 2001
|Feb 10, 2004
|B-Band Oy
|Transducer and method for forming a transducer
|Jun 18, 2003
|Jul 12, 2005
|Emfitech Oy
|Electromechanical transducer and method for manufacturing an electromechanical transducer
|Jan 16, 2004
|Apr 3, 2007
|B-Band Oy
|Transducer and method for forming a transducer
|Oct 21, 2008
|Apr 3, 2012
|B-Band Oy
|Acoustic guitar control unit
|May 28, 2010
|Mar 3, 2015
|Yamaha Corporation
|Pickup unit of electric stringed instrument
|Jun 18, 2003
|Mar 18, 2004
|Heikki Raisanen
|Electromechanical transducer and method for manufacturing an electromechanical transducer
|Jan 16, 2004
|Aug 19, 2004
|Raisanen Heikki Eero
|Transducer and method for forming a transducer
|Jul 7, 2005
|Oct 4, 2007
|Heikki Raisanen
|Electrical Coupling of an Electromechanical Control Unit
|Feb 23, 2005
|Dec 27, 2007
|Heikki Raisanen
|Acoustic Guitar Control Unit
|Oct 21, 2008
|Jun 4, 2009
|B-Band Oy
|Acoustic guitar control unit
|May 28, 2010
|Dec 9, 2010
|Yamaha Corporation
|Pickup unit of electric stringed instrument
|U.S. Classification
|84/733, 84/723
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 17, 2000
Owner name: EMF ACOUSTICS OY LTD., FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RAISANEN, HEIKKI;RAISANEN, LASSE;REEL/FRAME:010924/0763
Effective date: 20000407
|Jun 20, 2001
Owner name: B-BAND OY, FINLAND
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:EMF ACOUSTICS OY LTD.;REEL/FRAME:011923/0280
Effective date: 20010330
|Nov 26, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 4, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 29, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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12 Beautiful Tote Purse Patterns Plus How to Make a Clutch for Everyday
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Easy to Make Pin Cushion
By: Claire for blah to TADA!
We are adding the pattern to your Sewing Patterns.
The pattern was added to your Sewing Patterns.
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One of the best easy sewing projects you can create for yourself is a DIY pin cushion pattern. Whether you are an experience sewists or brand new to the art, you are going to be in dire need of a pin cushion. The Easy to Make Pin Cushion is a necessity for any sewing kid. Use this free pincushion pattern to make a classic tomato pincushion to hold all of your spare pins. It is about as easy to make as it is adorable!
Project Type: Make a Project
Time to complete: Under an hour
Sewn by: Either Hand or Machine
For more, check out 25 of the Cutest Pin Cushion Patterns You've Ever Seen.
Find this project and more in our collection of beginner sewing projects, Simple Sewing Projects: 16 Easy Sewing Projects for Beginners free eBook.
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nancywalker81 6556 316
Mar 18, 2015
Patterns won't download---frustrating!
Editor Kaylee
Mar 18, 2015
Hi nancywalker81 6556316! Please click on the link above that says "Click here for Sewing Project" and that will take you to the full tutorial.
Chef 19129
Jan 23, 2012
kimmeee511 9021621
Jan 20, 2012
I would love to make this pin cushion but cannot bring up the pattern...
gramchek2001 47768 12
Oct 10, 2011
Hi, New to your website,love it so far especially your pin cushion. It looks like the pumpkins i saw and loved at a recent craft fair. I'm going to try making it in orange print with a branch for a stem to see how it comes out. Thanks for the great ideas and patterns.
StewiesMama 768505 4
Jun 04, 2011
This pincushion made my day! When I was a little girl my grandmother had a pincushion just like this one made up to look like a blueberry. The leaves were the giveaway - I remembered the shape. Hers were made out of satin blanket edging. I never knew what happened to that berry- now I will make my own. Thanks!!
Linda L
May 28, 2011
After I had my first child my sister gave me a set of no. 2 knitting needles and I still use the pink and yellow ball I knit for the baby as a pincushion. Thanks, Linda
Jan 21, 2011
Hi Member, It seems to be working on our end- if you are still having issues please contact us through customer service and we may be able to further assist you with this. -Editor
Member 1359260
Jan 20, 2011
I can't pull up the pattern for the retro vintage pin cushion. How do I get the instructions. I clicked on "Click Here for Sewing Pattern" but it doesn't give you the sewing pattern. It directs one to another site. Help!!!!!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Home to more than 12,000 animals, this world-class theme park is one of the largest zoos in North America. Busch Gardens® Tampa is one of Florida's leaders in thrill rides and family entertainment, offering state-of-the-art shows, animal habitats, bird gardens, water rides, zookeeper-for-a-day experiences, behind-the-scenes tours, safari-themed dining and shopping, and more.
|from Ashley, one of our Tampa Travel Experts
Good To Know
|from Rosemarie, our Tampa Market Manager
Tampa Fl
Great time. A couple of the female s in my party commented that the womens bathrooms were not up to there normal standards ( not very clean)
Orlando, Florida
Bush Garden is the best! I really enjoyed the park. Friendly staff, great prices, great food, navigating around the park is a breeze. Everything about Tampa Bush Garden is promising.
Tampa, Florida
My daughter has her season pass and so does her friend. I'm about to purchase mine and we will go there as much as we can over the Summer and various times throughout the year until the expiration (December 31). Love the Florida Resident Discount, pay for one day and go all year!! They make plenty of money off parking and food/beverage they can do this. Plus, its great fun for the girls!! Take in a show or two, ride the rides or just stroll and enjoy the birds and landscape - lazy days of Summer or something fun to do over the weekend. Always a great time!
Some of the best rollercoasters in Florida! I also love how affordable this theme park is compared to many other Florida theme parks.
Busch Gardens is a fantastic park,we had a good day. We went with friends and did enjoyed as well. My little one loved the animals they have.
|Hotels & Lodging
How much is parking at Busch Gardens?
$18 - General parking for cars, motorcycles, trucks and recreation vehicles
$24 - Preferred parking
Preferred parking are subject to availability. Tour buses may park for free.
Do Busch Gardens tickets expire?
Tickets expire within one year of purchase date.
Are coolers or picnic baskets allowed inside Busch Gardens?
Picnic baskets and coolers are not allowed inside the park. (Exception: Baby food and medicine are permitted, but not in glass containers.)
What options are available if I want to bring my pet to the park?
On-site kennels are located at the front of the main parking lot across from the first tram stop. The air-conditioned facility is staffed from park open until one-half hour before park close, and the cost is $10.00 per day ($9.00 for Passport members, excluding Fun Card holders). Park guests are required to bring pet food and to walk their pets during the day. You may bring a blanket for the pet's comfort, and a current shot record and rabies tag is required.
Where can I rent a stroller or wheelchair at Busch Gardens?
Strollers, Wheelchairs & Electric Carts - Available for a nominal fee at the Stroller and Wheelchair Rental Shop in Morocco. You must be 18 years of age to rent electric carts and wheelchairs.
Where can I rent a locker?
Single-use lockers are located near Congo River Rapids, Gwazi, Kumba, Land of the Dragons, Montu, Scorpion, Stanley Falls and Tanganyika Tidal Wave. All-day lockers are available at the Marrakesh Theater and the Stroller and Wheelchair Rental Shop. You can rent an all day locker for $5, which allows you to switch the locker throughout the park.
Is smoking allowed at Busch Gardens?
Busch Gardens is committed to a safe and friendly environment. Therefore we have provided designated smoking stations throughout the park. All indoor areas will remain smoke-free environments. Outdoor smoking stations are designated in guest areas by smoking urns, benches and "Designated Smoking Area" signs, which are situated near most restrooms. These signs are marked on the park maps.
I have a hard cast from a recent accident. Will this effect which rides I can board?
Guests with hard casts are not allowed on Kumba, Montu, or SheiKra.
What shows are available at Busch Gardens?
Critter Castaways, Dance to the Music, KaTonga, Mystic Sheiks of Morocco, Pirates 4-D, Rock a Doo Wop and Darren Romeo (seasonally).
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If you want to live a healthier life, you can try some of the most effective methods for healing your body naturally. Although taking any prescribed medications and consulting with your doctor are always important, you can also try incorporating methods that are known to elicit a healing effect if you want to enjoy even greater results. Here are 10 ways to heal your body naturally.
Consume Foods Rich in Antioxidants
Foods with high levels of antioxidants have the ability to prevent inflammation and free radicals from causing damage to cells and tissues. Scientific evidence suggests that eating antioxidant-rich foods regularly may even help prevent the onset of certain types of cancer. Some of the best foods include blueberries, pecans and red kidney beans.
Try Products with Shilajit Resin
Shilajit is a thick tar-like substance that comes from certain regions in Asia. Shilajit benefits include anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties along with its ability to improve certain cognitive functions and energy levels. Pürblack is just one example of the many products on the market that contain pure shilajit resin.
Drink Green Tea
This form of tea has been shown to lower blood pressure and regulate blood sugar levels. Green tea can also help lower cholesterol and improve memory and concentration. Some people even claim that drinking green tea helps with weight loss.
Apply Aloe to Skin
Derived from the aloe vera cactus plant, aloe is a creamy substance that can help soothe and eradicate certain skin problems. Aloe is great to apply to apply if you have a sunburn or chronically dry skin. Some people even use allow on scrapes and cuts to facilitate the healing process. Acne is another skin condition that can sometimes be treated with aloe. You can either use aloe in pure form or try one of the moisturizers or sunscreens containing aloe that are sold in stores.
Practice Yoga
Yoga allows you to stretch and place your body in poses that you may have never thought were possible. This form of exercise is known to improve flexibility and promote healthier breathing. Many people do yoga to help manage chronic pain and lower blood pressure.
Adopt an Organic Food Diet
Organic foods are grown naturally and are not treated with many of the pesticides that are linked to certain health hazards. Organic foods are also not processed with additives, preservatives and other potentially harmful agents. Most meats, fruits and vegetables are available in organic form and even sold in many major grocery stores.
Go for a Walk
Simply going for a walk is one of the best ways to heal your body naturally. If you walk on a frequent basis, you will likely notice a reduction in weight and body fat. Walking can also help control blood pressure levels and promote healthier breathing without putting a lot of strain on your joints and muscles.
Use Natural Hair Treatments
If you have hair that is brittle or has lost its buoyancy, you can concoct a hair mask using natural ingredients to get the fast results you want. Many hair masks use ingredients such as eggs, honey and milk and are easy to make in your kitchen.
Combat Digestive Issues with Natural Supplements
If you suffer from frequent constipation or other digestive issues, there are many natural supplements you can try to resolve the situation. Cocoa, lavender and magnesium are just a few of the top supplements that many people use to relieve their constipation. Ginger, peppermint and apple cider vinegar often work wonders for generalized upset stomachs.
Protect Teeth Naturally
In addition to regular brushing, flossing and dental checkups, there are other things you can do to protect your teeth. One of the best ways to protect your teeth and prevent cavities naturally is to mix a teaspoon of baking soda with a small cup of water and use the solution as a natural mouth rinse to reduce acid levels in your mouth. Vitamin A, vitamin D and calcium supplements are also good to take to make your teeth stronger.
Healthy living can be easy if you know how to heal certain ailments naturally. These natural healing methods may also be effective in preventing certain health problems from developing in the first place.


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Mirador de la Franca, Gijon - Asturias Coast (area)
- Free WiFi and free parking
Main amenities
- 61 guestrooms
- On the beach
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Rooftop terrace
- Breakfast available
- 24-hour front desk
- Garden
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Meeting room
- Multilingual staff
- Tour/ticket assistance
What's around
- On the beach
- Franca Beach (0 mi / 0 km)
- Pindal Cave (4.4 mi / 7.1 km)
- Castillo del Rey (10.8 mi / 17.4 km)
- San Vicente de la Baruqera Town Hall (11 mi / 17.7 km)
- Ballota Beach (11 mi / 17.8 km)
For families
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Garden
- Laundry facilities
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Satellite TV service
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
Mirador de la Franca, Gijon - Asturias Coast (area)
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $66
- Single Room
- Double Room Sea View
- Triple Room
- Double Room
- Double Room (Breakfast Excluded)
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 61 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time 2:00 PM-10:00 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
Nearby Three Star Gijon - Asturias Coast (area) hotels
In the hotel
- Buffet breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Tennis on site
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Rooftop terrace
- Garden
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Satellite TV channels
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Phone
Top Gijon - Asturias Coast (area) hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Gijon - Asturias Coast (area)
- Hotel Casa del MarquésFrom
"This is a lovely hotel in the center of a stunningly well preserved medieval city. Wonderfully decorated with courteous and attentive staff. Highly recommended."Jun 2, 2016
- Hotel SantillanaFrom
"An excelente hotel overall in an idyllic town. Great for a weekend."Jun 1, 2016
- Parador De Santillana De Gil BFrom
"wonderful! The hotel was just as I expected. The service at the restaurant so caring! The only thing was that I had to ask at the information desk, how to get there as the way…"Feb 18, 2016
- Hotel Rural CuartamenteruFrom
"Delightful, relaxing, historical, quiet, magical tiny town that time seems to have forgetten with a most charming, intimate hotel and perfect hosts. We reserved for one night en…"Oct 28, 2015
Nearby hotels
Mirador de la Franca, Gijon - Asturias Coast (area)'s small print
Also known as
- Mirador Franca
- Mirador Franca Hotel
- Mirador Franca Hotel Ribadedeva
- Mirador Franca Ribadedeva
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Buffet breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 9.50 for adults and EUR 9.50 for children (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.2 /5 from 5 reviews
Hotel a wee bit shabby and as it was an overnight stop we didn't have time for breakfast , however the dinner menu looked a bit un-inspiring . Any grumbles were forgotten though when we opened our room window to the beach and sea! FANTASTIC location! Nice general areas too.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Examining the MPAA University Toolkit
I learned about the MPAA University Toolkit at Brian Krebs' always-excellent SecurityFix blog. If you want to know more about the user experience, please check out that post. Here I take a look at the monitoring software, focusing on Snort, operating on this application.
I downloaded the 534 MB peerwatch-1.2-RC5.iso and started it in a VMware Server session. I used ctrl-c and then 'sudo bash' to exit from the initial script presented within X, set a root password, then used 'apt-get ssh install' to install OpenSSH and thus enable root access. From this point forward I accessed the system using OpenSSH remotely to facilitate copying information into this blog post.
First, this looks like Ubuntu (Xubuntu, if you really care) Feisty Fawn, or 7.04.
root@ubuntu:~# uname -a
Linux ubuntu 2.6.20-15-generic #2 SMP Sun Apr 15 07:36:31 UTC 2007
i686 GNU/Linux
I was most interested in learning about Snort on this toolkit. I saw this version installed.
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Fedora 22: End Of Life, 2016 July 19
With the recent release of Fedora 24, Fedora 22 will officially enter End Of Life (EOL) status on July 19th, 2016. After July 19th, all packages in the Fedora 22 repositories will no longer receive security, bugfix, or enhancement updates, and no new packages will be added to the Fedora 22 collection.
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Ubuntu 16.10 Alpha 1 Is Out for Opt-in Flavors, Final Release to Land October 13
Believe it or not, the development cycle of the next Ubuntu release has started, and a first Alpha build is now officially released, today, June 30, 2016, as expected based on the release schedule for Ubuntu 16.10 (Yakkety Yak). Also: Ubuntu MATE 16.10 Alpha 1 Arrives with MATE 1.14 Built Entirely Against GTK 3.18 Lubuntu 16.10 Alpha 1 Officially Released with LXDE and Linux Kernel 4.4 LTS Ubuntu Kylin 16.04 Alpha 1 Now Available for Chinese Users with Linux Kernel 4.4
OpenSUSE Asia Summit and HackWeek


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We have been using Jack's Drugs for years and couldn't ask for a better pharmacy!! All the staff there are extremely friendly and personable. They always greet us by name when we walk through the door and go out of their way to ask about us and our family. They really are the definition of "good neighbor pharmacy" and I will never even consider another pharmacy. I commend the owners and manager on a job well done! Keep up the good work!
Dothan 24 Hour Cvs
1. CVS Pharmacy
1955 E Main StDothan, AL 36301
2. CVS Pharmacy
5730 W Main StDothan, AL 36305
3. CVS Pharmacy
1270 W Main StDothan, AL 36301
4. CVS Pharmacy
176 Andrews AveOzark, AL 36360
5. CVS Pharmacy
850 Boll Weevil CirEnterprise, AL 36330
6. CVS Pharmacy
11685 Columbia StBlakely, GA 39823
7. CVS Pharmacy
4684 Highway 90Marianna, FL 32446
8. CVS Pharmacy
1037 Main StChipley, FL 32428
9. Rite Aid
4030 W Main StDothan, AL 36305
From Business: Rite Aid Corporation is one of the nation's leading drugstore chains, combining its modern store base, strong brand name, modern distribution centers and superior p…
10. Eufaula Drugs Inc
146 E Broad StEufaula, AL 36027
11. Medicine Shoppe The
542 S Eufaula AveEufaula, AL 36027
12. Dothan Diagnostics Inc
2355 Hartford Hwy Ste 6Dothan, AL 36305
13. Publix Super Markets
1620 Ross Clark CirDothan, AL 36301
From Business: Founded in 1930, Publix Super Markets is one of the largest supermarket chains in the United States. With one of its outlets based in Dothan, Ala., the supermarket …
14. Circle Pharmacy
2021 Alexander DrDothan, AL 36301
15. Publix Pharmacy
1620 Ross Clark CirDothan, AL 36301
16. Kmart
2214 Ross Clark CirDothan, AL 36301
From Business: Established in 1962, Kmart is a chain of more than 1,300 stores in over 45 U.S. states, as well as Guam and Puerto Rico. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sears Ho…
17. Kmart Pharmacy
2214 Ross Clark CirDothan, AL 36301
18. Triad Isotopes
2355 Hartford Hwy Ste 6Dothan, AL 36305
From Business: Triad Isotopes is one of the leading radiopharmaceutical companies in the United States. It serves the nuclear medicine industry. The company has partnerships with …
19. Medical Initiatives Inc
2801 Horace Shepard DrDothan, AL 36303
20. Doctors Center Pharmacy
4119 W Main StDothan, AL 36305
21. Westside Pharmacy Inc
Judgmental and shady. Check your meds before you leave! They accidentally gave me the wrong medication. When, I brought it back to them, Instead of …
22. Scott, James L
2021 Alexander DrDothan, AL 36301
23. Walmart - Pharmacy
4310 Montgomery HwyDothan, AL 36303
From Business: Visit your local Walmart pharmacy for your healthcare needs including prescription drugs, refills, flu-shots & immunizations, eye care, walk-in clinics, and pet med…
24. Winn Dixie
1571 Westgate PkwyDothan, AL 36303
25. Walgreens
2041 E Main StDothan, AL 36301
From Business: Refill your prescriptions, shop health and beauty products, print photos and more at Walgreens. Pharmacy Hours: M-F 8am-10pm, Sa 9am-6pm, Su 10am-6pm
26. Daughtry, Susannah C
408 Healthwest DrDothan, AL 36303
27. Champion, Megan
1620 Ross Clark CirDothan, AL 36301
28. Deanhardt, Rhonda P
1233 Westgate PkwyDothan, AL 36303
29. Denton, April R
1571 Westgate PkwyDothan, AL 36303
30. Northcut Drug Health Mart Pharmacy
1774 W Main StDothan, AL 36301
Best pharmacy I've ever used!!! After a few visits they knew my name and even my voice when I called in prescriptions. Always very friendly and extremely professional! They go above and beyond to make you feel like family and have even stayed open past closing to make sure I got my prescription. I would never choose to take my business anywhere else. Definitely give Jacks your business they deserve it.
I love this store! I've had no problems. I've contacted the manage,r and she went way out of her way to help me and my family. In fact, I got in a car wreck and couldn't make it to get my mother's medication and she personally delivered them for me not to mention the other sweet things they do such as free candy bags at holidays and the good price I get on my jewelry. Keep the good work!!!


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Armor-plated cable for increased theft protection. 5-pin brass cylinder. 3 point locking head for added security. Rotating lock head for easy lock-up. Protective vinyl cover.
Our Part #: KRY-132106
This item leaves the warehouse within 2 to 3 days.
Direct Line guarantees low prices. If you see a lower price somewhere else please click here and let us know.
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Kuryakyn Electronic deer alert, Chrome- We recommend purchasing KUR-4044 Motorcycle Wiring Kit. Kuryakyn P-Clamps make installation a snap.
Tour Master Men's Sentinel Rainsuit Pants. Select Size Below.
Visor - UX-10 - (Color:Green/White/Silver Rush)
Honda shaft drive oil. 8 oz SAE80W90. Gold Wings 08208-0080


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Retired Cardinal Mahony to be questioned in abuse lawsuit
LOS ANGELES – Cardinal Roger Mahony, the former Roman Catholic archbishop of Los Angeles, will be deposed this month for a clergy abuse lawsuit set for trial in April.
A lawyer representing a person claiming abuse by a priest said Friday that an agreement will allow him to question Mahony about his handling of the case Feb. 23, before the cardinal leaves for Rome to help select a new pope.
Attorney Anthony De Marco says he can also ask questions about up to 25 other priests accused of child molestation.
Recently released files show that Mahony and other archdiocese officials maneuvered behind the scenes to protect the church from scandal.
Mahony has apologized for those actions and contends he turned the archdiocese into a leader in terms of safeguarding children.
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Surfline: Fun waves this week
Morning low clouds, light/variable to light southerly winds, areas of patchy fog, and a deepening marine layer are in place through Thursday. Skies will partially clear through the afternoons as a light-plus southwest to west sea breeze picks up.
Beach temperature will be in the mid to upper 60s each day. High pressure extends over the coast Friday and into the weekend. That will set up clear skies and a warming trend along the coast with light offshore morning winds and light westerly sea breezes each afternoon. Beach temperatures pick up into the mid to upper 70s as water temperatures are steady in the mid 60s and warmest in the South County.
A fun-zone blend of continued northwest swell-mix and easing south-southwest Southern Hemisphere swell prevail today. The blend is good for more 3-4-feet plus waves at exposures and a few better peaks for combo focal points.
Easing northwest swell-mix and building new long period south-southwest energy set up more 3-4 footers for Thursday, with more size possible late. That new south-southwest swell builds further and peaks Friday into Saturday as old northwest swell-mix eases. The blend offers up 3-5 footers at better breaks, with larger 6 feet peaks for top Southern Hemisphere and combo focal points. Those waves ease heading into next week.
Stay tuned to Surfline.com for updates.
SCHALER PERRY/ surfline.com
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Religion and Government in America: Are they complementary?
By Editorial Staff
Published April 22, 2008
French historian Alexis de Tocqueville discovered the answer
Dr. W. Cleon Skousen
Editor's preface: The French Revolution occurred almost simultaneously with the American Revolution. While sharing many similarities, there was one glaring difference. The French were not Christian and attempted to introduce a godless humanistic government. The result is amply recorded in history books. Instead of the liberty, justice, peace, happiness, and prosperity experienced in America, France suffered chaos and injustice as thousands of heads rolled under the sharp blade of the guillotine.
Alexis de Tocqueville, the renowned French jurist, lived through these bitter years. He felt compelled to come to America to see what caused such a deep contrast between the two nations. What is remarkable about his conclusions is that de Tocqueville was not known to be a Christian. We, the future leaders of China, would do well to learn from the objective work of Alexis de Tocqueville.
- Wang Jiapu
When the French jurist, Alexis de Tocqueville, visited the United States in 1831, he became so impressed with what he saw that he went home and wrote one of the best definitive studies on the American culture and Constitutional system that had been published up to that time. His book was called Democracy in America. Concerning religion in America, de Tocqueville said:
"On my arrival in the United States the religious aspect of the country was the first thing that struck my attention; and the longer I stayed there, the more I perceived the great political consequences resulting from this new state of things" (emphasis added).
He described the situation as follows:
"Religion in America takes no direct part in the government of society, but it must be regarded as the first of their political institutions … I do not know whether all Americans have a sincere faith in their religion – for who can search the human heart? – but I am certain that they hold it to be indispensable to the maintenance of republican institutions. This opinion is not peculiar to a class of citizens or to a party, but it belongs to the whole nation and to every rank of society."
In Europe, it had been popular to teach that religion and liberty were enemies of each other. De Tocqueville saw the very opposite happening in America. He wrote:
"The philosophers of the 18th century explained in a very simple manner the gradual decay of religious faith. Religious zeal, said they, must necessarily fail the more generally liberty is established and knowledge diffused. Unfortunately, the facts by no means accord with their theory. There are certain populations in Europe whose unbelief is only equaled by their ignorance and debasement; while in America, one of the freest and most enlightened nations in the world, the people fulfill with fervor all the outward duties of religion"….
The Greatest Influence
[De Tocqueville] emphasized the fact that this religious undergirding of the political structure was a common denominator of moral teachings in different denominations and not the political pressure of some national church hierarchy. Said he:
"The sects [different denominations] that exist in the United States are innumerable. They all differ in respect to the worship which is due to the Creator; but they all agree in respect to the duties which are due from man to man. Each sect adores the Deity in its own peculiar manner, but all sects preach the same moral law in the name of God…. All the sects of the United States are comprised within the great unity of Christianity, and Christian morality is everywhere the same … There is no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America."
It was astonishing to de Tocqueville that liberty and religion could be combined in such a balanced structure of harmony and good order. He wrote:
"The revolutionists of America are obliged to profess an ostensible respect for Christian morality and equity, which does not permit them to violate wantonly the laws that oppose their designs … Thus while the law permits the Americans to do what they please, religion prevents them from conceiving, and forbids them to commit, what is rash or unjust"….
In one of de Tocqueville's most frequently quoted passages, he stated:
"I sought for the greatness and genius of America in her commodious harbors and her ample rivers, and it was not there; in her fertile fields and boundless prairies, and it was not there; in her rich mines and her vast world commerce, and it was not there. Not until I went to the churches of America and heard her pulpits aflame with righteousness did I understand the secret of her genius and power."
From The 5,000-Year Leap: The 28 Great Ideas That Are Changing the World, by W. Cleon Skousen, National Center for Constitutional Studies, ©1981. Used with permission. Quotes within the excerpted text are from Democracy in America, by Alexis de Tocqueville. Dr. W. Cleon Skousen has a doctorate in law and has taught at the university level. He is the author of more than 40 books, and is currently writing The Majesty of God's Law, tracing the sources of law in different civilizations. He is founder of the National Center for Constitutional Studies.
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Was it Charles Spurgeon who compared the differance between the American revelution & the Frence revelution based on faith in God vs. humanism for the reason of the blood.shed in France? Thank You!
Posted by Joe Lampton on 05/12/2011 06:04 PM #
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Certain to challenge you to greater holiness and a deeper commitment to full-scale revival. Original news and private footage has been included. If you are a student who longs to see a spiritual awakening at your school, you must see this video!
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With "preaching to the lost" being such a basic foundation of Christianity, why do many in the church seem to be apathetic on this issue of preaching in highways and byways of towns and cities?
Is it biblical to stand in the public places of the world and proclaim the gospel, regardless if people want to hear it or not?
Does the Bible really call church pastors, leaders and evangelists to proclaim the gospel in the public square as part of obedience to the Great Commission, or is public preaching something that is outdated and not applicable for our day and age?
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WPNSA Chief Executive to retire this year
by Jessica Francis on 30 Apr 2013
John Tweed Chief Executive of the WPNSA reflects on the venue's success with Lord Seb Coe Dorset Media
Mr. John Tweed, the Chief Executive of the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy (WPNSA), will be retiring later this year. John has been involved in the Academy since its inception and now feels the time is right to be handing over the helm.
John Tweed commented on his time at the WPNSA, 'it has been a privilege to have been working with a team engaged in such a wonderful project. I have been fortunate enough to experience this incredible journey, since the early days of the Academy, including the initial planning and fundraising, through the construction stage and working on the Olympic bid with the London 2012 bid team. I remember vividly the excitement on 6th July, 2005 when the IOC selected London as the host city for the 2012 Games'.
A period of intense activity followed as the further works necessary at the Academy were designed in order to bring the venue up to the specification for an Olympic and Paralympic sailing venue. Working together with the Olympic Development Authority (ODA) the WPNSA then became the first of the 2012 venues to be completed, back in 2008.
The culmination was, of course, seeing the venue host what is widely regarded as one of the most successful Olympic and Paralympic sailing events ever.
John Tweed also noted the on-going environmental and legacy qualities at the Academy, 'I am equally proud, however, of our environmental and community sailing achievements. Particular highlights have been the enormously successful 'Sail for a Fiver' programme run in conjunction with the Chesil Trust and the recent establishment of a local 'Sailability' group, Chesil Sailability, which will increase the opportunities for people with disabilities to go sailing. The work with Weymouth College to provide young people with the opportunities to follow a career in the marine leisure industry has also been very exciting and positive'.
The WPNSA Board will now work to identify the right person to take over and ensure that the Academy has a successful and sustainable future.
The Academy will be advertising nationally for a suitable person to take over as Chief Executive, with a closing date for applications at the end of May 2013. Interviews will be held during June this year and it is hoped that the new appointment will be able to take up the position during the Academy's busy summer months. The ideal candidate will have considerable sailing experience in small boats, combined with considerable financial and management experience and skills.
Details of the post, including a copy of the formal advertisement, job description, person specification and application form can be obtained from the Academy by phoning 01305 866000 or e-mailing John Tweed at email@example.com
WPNSA website
If you want to link to this article then please use this URL: www.sail-world.com/108996
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Million Muslim March Planned in DC on Anniversary of 9-11
Fox Nation: The American Muslim Political Action Committee is planning a one million Muslims march to Washington D.C. on September 11th.
The group claims: We at AMPAC (American Political Action Committee) are planning an historic event for 9.11.13 where one million Muslims will march to Washington D.C. and demand that our civil rights be protected by our government.
We are demanding that laws be enacted protecting our 1st amendment. We are asking President Obama to fulfill his promise from his first campaign for Presidency of a transparent government. Lastly we are asking for the release of the 9/11 commission report to the American people.
One commenter on their site wrote:
The date you've chosen for your march defeats the purpose of your march. The date is antagonistic, you have to know that. Your efforts would be better off used on those Muslims that are giving you the bad name.
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Next, we'll cover tools that can make their little lives easier, while using the computer. We'll discuss how to use the Linux desktop to learn and get things done.
Rob Reilly is a consultant, writer, and commentator. His company serves clients in the areas of business communications and technology integration.
- Skip Ahead
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Videos and Podcasts: Global CompassionBy Paul Ekman | June 17, 2010
Paul Ekman discusses the importance of extending compassion to people of different nations, and even to all living beings.
These are the most recent things on the site for the tag: Globalization. You can view more tags here.
Paul Ekman discusses the importance of extending compassion to people of different nations, and even to all living beings.
Recent books bring empathy out of the lab and into policy debates
A new movement encourages people to eat food that's grown close to where they live. The food may be fresher and taste better, but Peter Singer and Jim Mason ask if it's more ethical to eat locally.
We tend to think of empathy as a uniquely human trait. But it's something apes and other animals demonstrate as well, says primatologist Frans de Waal. He shows how our evolutionary history suggests a deep-rooted propensity for feeling the emotions of others.
An interview with Jan Egeland, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs
An interview with Robert Reich.
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To get happier, you need to develop a personalized, strategic plan.
According to a new study, self-compassion may help us benefit from regret rather than wallowing in it.
A free online course exploring the roots of a happy, meaningful life. Co-taught by the GGSC's Dacher Keltner and Emiliana Simon-Thomas. Up to 16 CE credit hours available.
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Talks by inspiring speakers like Jon Kabat-Zinn, Dacher Keltner, and Barbara Fredrickson.Watch
Finds that feeling gratitude produces kind and helpful behavior, even when that behavior is costly to the individual actor.
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Best-selling author,
Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence
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Market Days is a painting by Michael Swanson which was uploaded on November 1st, 2012.
Time was when most groceries where bought from the Farmer's Market. This acrylic painting is a typical American landscape in many towns until about... more
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Market Days
Michael Swanson
Painting - Oil / Canvs
Time was when most groceries where bought from the Farmer's Market. This acrylic painting is a typical American landscape in many towns until about 1950 when the larger grocery chains began dominating the field. I recall going to the market and bringing home fresh vegetables in baskets, eggs and fresh packed steaks that somehow seemed to taste better than much of today's fast food. Each Wednesday and Saturday local growers, butchers and crafts people would set up their wares from dawn to dusk weather permitting, offering wholesome food and hand made crafts. The market also became the social hub of a town where word spread as fast as any Internet of gossip of local events and happenings.
November 1st, 2012
Viewed 847 Times - Last Visitor from Beverly Hills, CA on 06/26/2016 at 12:13 PM
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Comments (7)
I love the detail and use of light and shadows!
Beautiful work. It drew me right in.
Wow! Love this! The detail in this scene is amazing! Great work Michael with Norman Rockwell feel to it! F/B
Thanks Scott, Rockwell was one of my heroes growing up :)
Splendid v.f.
Congrats! Featured in The Light Painters. Thanks for sharing your wonderful work Michhael. f/v!
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Tom Garrison
Vice President
American Freightways Inc.
Tom GarrisonTom Garrison, the 34-year-old vice president and secretary-treasurer of the board of directors of Harrison-based American Freightways Inc., began working at the company 20 years ago in the maintenance department and on the docks. Since then, he has been involved in every major department of the company.
After graduating from the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville with an bachelor's degree in accounting in 1985, Garrison set up the company's initial accounting system, developed its financial reports and initiated the data processing department. He went on to develop the firm's cost-accounting methods, which led to the pricing department.
In addition, he has worked in the accounts receivable, personnel and administration departments. For the past four years he has headed up American's quality processes.
Garrison also serves on the board of directors of the Harrison Chamber of Commerce.
Garrison sums up his philosophy as realizing the importance of developing and communicating basic business principles in the corporate mission.
"They don't have to be fancy," he says. "In fact, probably the shorter and to the point the better."
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