text:
The Woodlands Medicaid Doctors
John Sun MD
11609 Spring Cypress Rd Ste A, Tomball, TX 77377
- (281) 357-8588
Martin Diagnostic Clinic
710 Lawrence St, Tomball, TX 77375
- (281) 378-3503
1. The Women's Centre for Well Being: Gregory Eads MDServices
The rating if for Dr. Eads and the MA that works back office. However, the office manager Michelle is a waste. Unproffesional and unexperianced!
2. Correa Plastic Surgery
4850 W Panther Creek Dr. #105The Woodlands, TX 77381
From Business: I am a fully trained Plastic Surgeon with a special interest in Rhinoplasty, or surgery of the nose. My practice is established in The Woodlands near Houston, TX. A…
3. Eni Health Care
9319 Pinecroft Dr, Suite 120The Woodlands, TX 77380
4. Holly Westmoreland MD
9200 Pinecroft Suite 300The Woodlands, TX 77380
5. The Woodlands Vein & Laser Gregg Reger MDServices
9004 Forest Crossing Drive, Ste D Sutie DThe Woodlands, TX 77381
6. Choose Health Wellness Center, PLLC
1095 Evergreen Circle #200The Woodlands, TX 77380
7. The Woodlands Primary Care Clinic
9006 B Forest XingThe Woodlands, TX 77381
From Business: Family Practice
8. Memorial Hermann Surgery Center The WoodlandsServices
9200 Pinecroft Drive, Suite 200The Woodlands, TX 77380
9. Dr A Family Clinic
920 Medical Plaza Dr. Ste 370The Woodlands, TX 77380
10. Houston Spine & Sports Medicine
25216 Grogans Park Dr, Ste AThe Woodlands, TX 77380
From Business: Sports Injury, Physical Therapy/Rehab, & Regenerative Injection Therapy including PRP
11. Rocky Mountain Medical
25301 Borough Park Dr, Ste 208The Woodlands, TX 77380
From Business: It is our mission at Rocky Mountain Medical to provide our patients with the most appropriate and highest quality medical supplies. Our goal is to educate our patie…
12. Body Benefits IncServices
I have received 2 spray tans & a chemical peel from Hillary. My experiences have been wonderful. The staff is very friendly & knowledgeable. Look…
13. Bosquez, Lourdes R, MD
When it comes to Neuro-Endocrinology Dr. Bosquez absolutely has help me and two of my loved ones. After seeing one of my loved ones suffer from depr…
14. Woodlands Family Practice
Dr. Mabry has been our family doctor since the mid 80's. he is Very knowledgeable & thorough exhibiting a genuine concerned for his patients. We …
15. Dr. Bharksuwan
I honestly cannot say enough good things about Dr. Bharksuwan (pronounced like "Barts the one"). Because I have moved a few times I have h…
16. Cunningham David C
When I was new to the area and looking for a new dentist a co-worker of mine recommended me to Dr. Cunningham. I have never had such a wonderful de…
17. Northwest Oral & Maxillofacial SurgeryServices
I recently had my wisdom teeth removed with Dr. Unterman at this location. Not only is their office clean & welcoming, but their staff is profes…
18. J. Perri, Anthony MDServices
After spending a lifetime as a wound/skin care nurse, I had a short list of Dermatologists I trusted with my patients. A very short list. I retired,…
19. Women's Healthcare AffiliatesServices
We were trying to have a baby with no success. I found Women's Healthcare Affiliates and started to see Dr Behne. Within a few months we were PREGNA…
20. Hometown Pediatrics
They are great with my children and they listen and take the time to answer any questions or concerns I may have. It's a 45 minute drive for us but…
21. Woodlands Sports Medicine Centre Physical Therapy
I would rather be treated by the monkeys at the zoo - enough said.
22. Ent Specialists Texas PA
This is the worse place to come as a patient and to work. Monica the front office coordinator accused me of being late numerous times yet they never…
23. Irvine, Timothy E, MD
Dr. Irvine is nice and may be a good doctor, but his office policies are not in the best interest of patient health. Their policy on prescription p…
24. Chapman, Jack A, MD
Don't waste your time and effort on this Doctor unless you have alot of time to waste. It took me a month to gather information on my sons conditio…
25. Orocofsky, Morris L, MD
99 W Racing Cloud CtSpring, TX 77381
26. Suki Samer
58 E Shore DrSpring, TX 77380
27. Franklin, Peter M, MD
19 W Wedgewood GlnSpring, TX 77381
28. Northeast Spine Ctr P
10507 E Wildwind CirSpring, TX 77380
29. Filley, Mark Jason
10507 E Wildwind CirSpring, TX 77380
30. Orucoglu, Ayten
10 Summer PrtSpring, TX 77381


text:
Graff Dairy, 581 29 Road, will celebrate its grand opening at 10 a.m. Saturday morning.
The first person in line will win one free ice cream cone per day for the next three years. Line-up begins at noon Friday.
There will be free ice cream cones for the first 500 people, a bounce house, prizes, a car show and live animals.
In nine words, the U.S. Supreme Court dashed the dreams of millions of undocumented immigrants last week who were hoping to have a legal way to remain in the country.
The Bureau of Land Management has carried forward in its proposed Roan Plateau … more
A 28-year-old man accused of stealing his girlfriend's checkbook and using … more
Just like two years ago, U.S. Rep. Scott Tipton had no difficulty defeating his … more
Although Brad McCloud is not a Grand Junction native, the 2016 Lion of the Year … more
A number of county commissioner races were contested across the region in … more
Graff Dairy gets ready for grand opening.
Historical marker restored, beating the heat, upgrade for playground.
Watch GJ Rockies win against Idaho Falls with a walk-off home run.
Powderhorn Mountain Resort recently opened three downhill mountain bike trails.
Community Hospital seeks to learn lessons at "Value U."
Annual St. Baldrick's head-shaving fundraiser held at Lincoln Park.
A number of county commissioner races were contested across the region in Tuesday's primary … more
Authorities have been able to identify the middle-aged man whose body was found in the Colorado … more
■ Jerry Roland Hamm, 72, Grand Junction, died June 24, 2016, at his home. … more
■ Alvin L. Cerise, 84, Austin, died June 24, 2016, at Horizon Care Center in Eckert. … more
In nine words, the U.S. Supreme Court dashed the dreams of millions of undocumented immigrants … more
Mesa County Commissioner John Justman won the right to defend his District 1 seat this fall in … more
Ursa project included ample community input and approval from county I'm writing to provide … more
By authorizing the city to play a greater role in developing broadband services, voters have … more
Since the beginning of recorded time, people have been killing each other in large numbers with a … more
If you love drama, you are going to love this election season. There will be something for … more
Buescher's commentary very pertinent to today's issues Thank you for publishing … more
"Voting is like going to the movies. You suspend your disbelief and hope what comes next … more
Monday at Brent Brown Ballpark … more
MATT MEYER … more
College Baseball … more
Orem 6, Grand Junction 5 … more
It's not hype. Riley Pint's fastball doesn't just pop the catcher's mitt … more
Monday at Suplizio Field … more
Yo, bro: Pass the Desert Rat Red. A unique partnership between Colorado Canyons Association and … more
There was a time, not long ago, when hospitals and health care providers wouldn't share … more
■ Neil Okey received his doctor of medicine degree in May from The George Washington School … more
This kind of fire is usually reserved for the solid oak pulpit of a tent revival, accompanied by … more
Approaching the entrance to the post office the other day, I stopped to hold the door open for a … more
Off the Shelf highlights two authors … more
Pharmacy Support TechnicianSupport the Pharmacy Department by working...
Must be able to coordinate and manage nursing care to residents, prov...
Chief Engineerfor Limelight Hotel, Aspen.This role will oversee all phys...
Join us as anAre you a highly organized people person who ...
Reporting to the Director of Advising and Academic Services,the ...
CMU Athletics Bus Drivers: CMU Athletics is establishing a pool of quali...
DENVER (AP) — Aaron Sanchez allowed one run in eight innings and Josh Donaldson homered to lead the Toronto Blue Jays to a 5-3 victory over the Colorado Rockies.
DENVER (AP) — A hospital surgery technician accused of stealing painkiller syringes in Colorado, possibly exposing patients to HIV, plans to plead guilty.
DENVER (AP) — A man who killed his estranged wife and himself at a busy downtown Denver office building had become increasingly mentally unstable and was banned from a local airport after he threatened to fly a plane into a building, authorities said Wednesday.
DENVER (AP) — Donald Trump's break with conservative economic thinking on free trade comes as Republicans are increasingly relying on older, struggling white voters who are the most skeptical of trade deals and have lost out during an age of globalization.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK, Colo. (AP) — A scenic road that served as the original motor route into Rocky Mountain National Park's alpine tundra is open for the season.
NEWARK, N.J. (AP) — A judge sentenced a career criminal to life in prison Wednesday for a brutal home invasion beating caught on a nanny cam after listening to the victim describe how the attack left her with physical and psychological scars.
OTTAWA, Ontario (AP) — The Latest on U.S. President Barack Obama's summit Wednesday with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto (all times local):
OTTAWA, Ontario (AP) — President Barack Obama and the leaders of Mexico and Canada pushed back forcefully on Wednesday against the isolationist and anti-immigrant sentiments that have roiled Britain and been championed by GOP presidential candidate Donald Trump. The leaders warned against easy solutions peddled by "demagogues" who feed on economic anxiety.
HOUSTON (AP) — The poorest parts of Houston remind Dr. Peter Hotez of some of the neighborhoods in Latin America hardest hit by Zika.
ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — Facing a multibillion-dollar deficit, Alaska's governor on Wednesday cut in half the annual checks that give all residents a share of the state's oil wealth, but he kept enough money in place to award everyone a $1,000 payout.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The THIS OLD HOUSE New Orleans Project, a ten episode series which premiered on WGBH on February 28, will tell in-depth stories about the road to recovery in New Orleans. Read more »
News posts that reference events.
Marsalis Music Radio
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- RT @ITnewsMI: Branford Marsalis e Kurt Elling al Festival del Jazz di Milano - askanews https://t.co/c44ASQOsjX #Milano #news — 2 days 9 hours ago MarsalisMusic


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RATINGS: 582 WEIGHTED AVG: 4.07/5 SEASONAL: Special EST. CALORIES: 153 ABV: 5.1%
Happy Accident Fruit Ale Severe Drought, we shared the farmers horror as Wisconsins cherry crop failed! Dan bought what cherries he could. The apple crop fared better. Then joy! A grand Wisconsin cranberry harvest. What will Dan brew with Apples, Cranberries and Cherries? Oh my! You hold the happy accident of Wisconsins favorite fruit aged in oak with an almost magical wild fermentation. Serendipity is a wondrous celebration that sparkles your senses and dances across your palate. A kaleidoscope of flavors discovered by accident in a sour ale! Cheers to the unexpected. Vielen Dank!
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Feb 14, 1995
|Filing date
|Jun 4, 1991
|Priority date
|Jun 28, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Luciana Coppero, Franco Maloberti, Giuseppe Palmisano
|Original Assignee
|Italtel Societa Italiana Communicazioni, S.P.A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (21), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention concerns a procedure for the conversion of digital codes, and more in particular of signed binary codes, that is codes where the word is made of N bits, one of which constitutes the sign bit.
The invention concerns also a digital-to-analog converter having high resolution and operation frequency higher than one MHz, in particular a two-phase converter where the more significant bits of the code word are converted first, and the less significant ones thereafter.
This converter is preferably of the single supply type and suitable to integration in CMOS technology.
A two-phase or two-step digital-to-analog converter using a mixed technique (resistive-capacitive) is known, where the decoding of the more significant M bits is made through a voltage demultiplexing or a "potentiometric" conversion, while the remaining less significant K bits are decoded with a charge switching technique.
Generally, a fully potentiometric converter employs a resistive network (or resistor string) consisting of 2N elements (where N is the number of bits) operating as a stepping potentiometer, supplied at the ends by two reference voltages Vref+ and Vref-, whose different voltage levels are selected by a switch decoding matrix, controlled by the bits to be decoded.
Such an architecture enables one to obtain a very high conversion speed, but is practicable only for low resolutions. For the number of bits equal to 8 it presents, in fact, some drawbacks due to the complexity of the voltage divider and of the switching logic needed. With 8 bits it is necessary to employ a resistive string consisting of 256 definite elements, whose implementation in the integrated form turns out to be difficult since it involves the covering of a large area on the chip, and furthermore the accuracy required for the string elements is critical.
A conversion circuit with a full charge switching topology employs a binary weighted capacitor matrix sequentially injecting, in the virtual ground of an operational amplifier, a charge quantity proportional to a reference voltage and to the digital input word.
Even this conversion technique shows some drawbacks when the resolution increases since, for a comparatively high number of bits (8-10), it requires a great number of capacitive values.
This involves, besides a considerable area increase, a slowing down of the slew rate of the amplifier and a decrease of the gain-bandwidth figure, placing an upper limit on the operation frequency in the range of several hundred MHz.
The mixed architecture represents, therefore, a good compromise for the realization of average resolution converters (9-11 bit) having a conversion speed of several MHz.
The advantage as for resolution arises from the fact that the first M bits are intrinsically monotonic, while the capacitor matrix has to a meet a matching and a monotonic accuracy equal to K bits only to perform an M+K bit conversion. However, as the required resolution increases, that is as the number of bits forming the code increases, this technique is subject to the troubles mentioned above for each one of the two conversion types.
The object of the present invention is to further improve the resolution which can be obtained with this mixed architecture (that is, to increase the total number of bits forming the binary code) while limiting the drawbacks mentioned above for the two conversion techniques, when the bit number increases.
This object is achieved with the present invention, which consists of a process for the conversion of a binary digital signed code made of N bits, one of which represents the sign, characterized by the following steps:
a. constructing two positive voltages (Vo+, Vo-) between the analog ground level and an upper full scale level, the maximum range of each one of these voltages being equal to 1/4 of the peak-to-peak voltage to be reconstructed;
b. shifting downward the second one of these voltages by a quantity equal to its maximum amplitude, so to obtain two voltages, the first of which never has negative polarity, while the second one never has positive polarity, one-half of the amplitude of each being equal to one-half amplitude of the final voltage;
c. obtaining the algebraic difference of these two voltages, with the sign bit determining which one of the two voltages is the minuend versus the subtrahend.
The invention consists also in a digital-to-analog converter having a fully differential structure, including a resistive string for the decoding of the more significant M bits and matrix of binary weighted capacitors AC divided into two branches, the common plate of each branch being connected to one of the inputs of a differential amplifier, while the other plates of the capacitors can be alternatively connected either to one constant voltage pair or to a pair of voltages which depend on the configuration of the less significant K bits, characterized by the fact that said resistive string includes 2M /2 resistive elements of equal value, whose ends are connected to an upper reference voltage and to an analog ground voltage which form the previously said constant voltage pair, and by the fact that the capacitor plates of one branch can be selectively connected to a first voltage pair identified by the more significant (M-1) bits on the resistive string, while the plates of the other branch can be selectively connected to a second voltage pair, symmetrical of said first voltage pair, with respect to the middle of the resistive network.
Further advantageous characteristics form the object of the remaining claims.
The invention shall now be described more in detail making reference to the preferred, but not limiting, embodiments shown in the enclosed drawings, where:
FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of a digital-to-analog converter of the fully differential type employing the procedure according to the invention;
FIGS. 2A and 2B show the structure of the resistive string and the structure of the charge switching conversion circuit of the converter of FIG. 1, respectively;
FIGS. 3A and 3B show, for example's sake, the selection of the string voltage levels for two particular input words;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a preferred configuration of the switched capacitor structure according to the invention;
FIG. 5 shows Φ1 and Φ2 phase signals;
FIG. 6 shows the structure of one of the two portions forming the sample and hold (SH) block;
FIGS. 7A to 7C show the conversion procedure referring to an example; and
FIG. 8 shows a schematic variant of the converter employing a single ended circuit.
The conversion procedure shall now be described referring to FIGS. 7A-7C for a preferred application, that is, for a D/A conversion implemented with a differential topology.
Let's assume, for simplicity, that the voltage to be reconstructed at the output end is a sinusoid Vout having peak-to-peak amplitude Vpp (equal to two times the maximum peak value, Vpm) as shown in FIG. 7A. Assuming an input digital word made of N bits, a conventional conversion procedure would require, for the decoding of a signal having such a dynamic range, 2N conversion weights or voltage levels ranging between a negative full scale Vref- and a positive full scale Vref+.
The procedure according to the invention employs, on the contrary, only 2N-1 weights or voltage levels (that is one half that of the conventional procedure), between an analog ground level of the signal, marked Vgnd, and the positive full scale level of the signal, hereafter called Vref.
The first conversion step is the construction of two voltages, labelled Vo+ and Vo- in FIG. 7B ranging between Vgnd and Vref, and therefore always positive, the maximum amplitude of each being equal to Vpp/4.
The second step is the shifting downward of voltage Vo- by an amount equal to Vpp/4, thus obtaining two voltages Vo+, SVo- as shown in FIG. 7C. The first voltage Vo+ never has negative polarity, while the second voltage SVo- never has positive polarity, and each have both amplitudes equal to one-half that of the final voltage to be reconstructed. According to the procedure of the invention, the construction of the two voltages Vo+ and SVo- is independent of the sign bit.
The final output voltage is therefore obtained as the algebraic difference between these two voltages, with the sign bit for the signal to be reconstructed determining which one of the two voltages represents the minuend versus the subtrahend. In the half cycle during which the output sinusoid Vout must be positive, SVo- is subtracted from Vo+, while in the other half cycle the inverse operation is made, that is [(SVo-)-(Vo+)].
The procedure, as better described below, is particularly advantageous when applied to a mixed, two-phase conversion architecture where the more significant M bits are decoded in one of the two phases with a potentiometric arrangement, while the remaining K bits are decoded in the other phase through a switched capacitor structure. In that case, in fact, the number of elements of the resistive string is halved, and the shifting of the waveform Vo- is simply obtained by varying the reference level at which a capacitor matrix is precharged.
The selection of the final voltage polarity is simply made by inverting the connection of two sample and hold blocks placed downstream of the two voltages Vo+ and Vo-, while the difference between these two voltages is intrinsic to the circuit differential structure.
The procedure according to the invention is applicable even to a single-ended circuit structure. In that case the analog voltage is obtained utilizing the conversion weights ranging between Vgnd and Vref, thus obtaining the module of the final sinusoid, that is a waveform having maximum amplitude equal to Vpp/2. When the sign bit is negative, the voltage waveform is shifted by a quantity equal to Vpp/2, obtaining a two-polarity final signal compared to the analog ground level. A schematic structure of this arrangement is shown in FIG. 8 and shall be described later.
Furthermore, the procedure according to the invention is applicable also to an analog-to-digital conversion. In that case, the shifting of the input analog voltage made accordingly to its polarity is performed using a switched capacitor structure. It enables one even in this case to save the silicon area since it halves the number of comparison elements required to code the signal.
Therefore, with the procedure according to the invention, the number of resistive components is reduced on one hand, and on the other hand neither additional components nor is an additional phase signal required for the shifting. Thus, the proposed procedure enables a circuit simplification. While the conventional conversion procedure requires three reference generators: one for the analog ground, one for the positive full scale and one for the negative full scale, the procedure according to the invention enables the negative full scale voltage reference to be completely eliminated.
The invention shall now be further described in detail referring to a preferred embodiment of digital-to-analog converter shown in the figures.
Referring to FIG. 1, the converter according to the invention includes a first portion 10 for the conversion of the more significant bits (MSB), M, and a second portion 12 for the conversion of the less significant bits (LSB), K, of a code word formed of M+K bits.
Portion 10 involves a resistive string arrangement, consisting of a resistive string RSW (called also a resistive ladder), a switch matrix, and a selector SEL controlling the turning on and off of switches accordingly to phases which depend on the values of the bits to be decoded. The resistive string is supplied by a reference voltage Vref and by an analog ground voltage Vgnd, for instance 3.5 and 2.5 V, respectively, in case of 5 V supply and of an output dynamic specification equal to 2 V.
According to the input configuration of the (M-1) MSB, the RSW arrangement produces at the output a voltage level pair identifying the ends of the interval in which the output voltage shall be included. More particularly, due to the differential structure of the converter, voltage pairs Vi+1 and Vi, Vj+1 and Vj shall be supplied at the output, symmetric compared to the middle voltage level VM between Vref and Vgnd.
The second portion 12 for the conversion of the less significant K bits LSB, which takes place in the second clock half-cycle, includes a matrix or array of capacitors AC, supplied by RSW output voltages and controlled at the input by LSB bits and by two phase signals Φ1 and Φ2, shown in FIG. 5.
The outputs of the capacitor matrix are connected to the inputs of an operational amplifier AP. Outputs Vo+ and Vo- of the operational amplifier AP are connected to a sample and hold circuit SH under the control of the Φ2 phase signal, and the converted differential analog signals Vout+ and Vout- are available at the outputs of this last block.
Analog voltages at the outputs of the differential amplifier AP are available only during the useful phase Φ2 and it is therefore necessary to put a circuit in cascade therewith to perform the reading operation of the voltages during the Φ2 phase and to maintain these voltages during the subsequent phase (phase Φ1 of the subsequent conversion cycle). As shall be explained more in detail later, two sample and hold blocks are actually implemented, and the sign bit bs of the word to be decoded controls the connection between the operational amplifier and the circuit SH. FIG. 2A, showing the RSW structure more in detail, shows also some of the resistances forming the ladder according to the invention, made with the resistive elements R1, R2, . . . Rx-2, Rx-1, Rx.
All the ladder resistances have a value equal to R which represents the minimum resistive element and are 2M-1 in number, that is one-half of the resistive strings of the known technique. As a consequence, the ladder shall be called hereafter half-string.
The ends of the half-string are connected to the Vref voltage and to the Vgnd analog ground to which the sign of the output analog voltage is referred, respectively.
With known arrangements, labelled in FIG. 2A as SW switches, the more significant bits MSB select two voltage pairs Vi+1, Vi and Vj+1, Vj on the half-string.
Through a switching circuit MX, including switches of known type and controlled by the bss bit having the more significant weight immediately subsequent to the sign bit, the two voltage pairs Vi+1, Vi and Vj+1, Vj are selected from the string by the selector SEL on the basis of the more significant bits (and therefore independent on the sign bit bs) and are made available to the capacitor matrix which is part of the AC structure.
The MX circuit thus establishes the correct connection with the voltages of the two pairs, which are now indicated by V1+, V2+ and V1- and V2- as shall be discussed later.
FIG. 2B shows more in detail the structure of the capacitor matrix AC including two portions or branches, indicated by CP and CM, whose outputs supply the non-inverting input and the inverting input of the differential amplifier AP, respectively. Outputs Vo+ and SVo- of the differential amplifier AP are connected to the corresponding inputs through capacitors having a capacity of 2K C, where K is the number of LSB bits.
Each one of the CP and CM branches includes a series of capacitors with a value equal to C, C, 2C, 4C . . . 2k-1 C, connected in parallel, each having the common top plate connected to the corresponding input of the operational amplifier AP. The bottom plate of the capacitors is selectively connected, through electronic switches controlled by signals enabled during the phase φ2, to one of the four voltages belonging to the two pairs V1+, V2+ and V1-, V2-.
More particularly, the voltages of the pair V1+, V2+ are supplied to the CP branch of the capacitor matrix, while those of the pair V1-, V2- and supplied to the CM branch of the capacitor matrix following the methods which shall be detailed below.
As it can be seen in FIG. 5 showing a simplified diagram of phases Φ1 and Φ2 within the conversion time T, Φ1 is at high logic level in the first half of the clock cycle during which the MSB conversion takes places through the selection operated by the SEL block and by the MX block of the different voltage levels available on the half-string. The Φ2 phase is at high logic level in the second half of the clock time during which the LSB conversion, described hereafter, occurs.
As it can be seen in FIG. 2B, in the upper branch CP the switches driven by signals during control phase Φ1 connect the CP branch capacitors to the Vref voltage, that is to the positive full-scale voltage, while the switches driven by signals during control phases Φ2, boΦ2, and (bk-1) Φ2 versus boΦ2 and (bk-1)Φ2 (during the time in which Φ2 is high) connect a given capacitor in the CP branch either to V1+ or V2+ voltage, respectively, depending on the logic status of the j-th bit belonging to the less significant K bits set.
A capacitor of minimum value equal to C is always connected during phase Φ2 to the lowest voltage between those selected (that is always to V1+) in order that the minimum voltage output from the amplifier AP is equal to ##EQU1## that is, equal to V1+, whichever is the less significant digital word present at the converter input.
Similarly, in the lower branch CM, the switches driven by the control phase Φ1 connect the capacitors in the CM branch to the Vgnd voltage (that is to the analog ground voltage), while the switches driven by the control phases Φ2, boΦ2, (bk-1) Φ2 versus boΦ2, b(k-1)Φ2 connect the capacitor either to V1- or to V2-, respectively, accordingly to the status of the j-th bit belonging to the set of the less significant bits LSB.
A capacitor of minimum value C is always connected, during the time in which Φ2 is high, to the minimum voltage between V2- and V1- (that is always to V1-) for the same reasons described for the capacitor of minimum value belonging to the upper branch CP, that is, to complete the charge injection proportional to V1- whatever is the input digital word.
The operation of the converter according to the invention shall now be described making reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
FIGS. 3A and 3B better show the selection of the levels on the half-string. Let's assume that the input digital word corresponds to a voltage level included in the voltage interval identified by the two successive taps A and B on the half-string.
This level is higher than Vgnd and lower than the middle voltage Vm of the half-string as indicated in FIG. 3A. During the first half of the clock period, the selector SEL activates the clock controls which turn off switches MA and MB making available the ends Vj and Vj+1 of the voltage interval within which the output voltage shall be included. At the same time SEL activates the turning on of switches MC and MD which make available the voltage levels corresponding to the ends of the voltage interval symmetrical to the previous one compared to level Vm.
In this hypothesis, the bss bit is equal to 0, therefore the block MX closes switches MX1, MX2, MX3 and MX4 and determines the relation Vj=V1-, Vj+1=V2- connecting therefore taps A and B of the half-string to the bottom plates of the capacitors forming the matrix of branch CM.
During the phase Φ2 the capacitors perform the injection of a charge proportional to said voltages, taking Vgnd as reference level (that is the voltage at which they were connected during the previous Φ1 phase).
This injection consists in the flow of positive charge through the feedback capacitor 2k C giving rise to an output voltage Vo- lower than Vgnd, that is, a negative voltage.
At the same time the block MX also performs the connection Vi=V2+ and Vi+1=V1+. The matrix capacitors belonging to the branch CP are so connected during Φ2 to taps D and C of the half-string. Their reference value is equal to Vref (voltage at which they were connected during phase Φ1). Their switching on V1+ and V2+ thus gives rise to the injection of a negative charge which, flowing through the capacitor towards the output Vo+, produces a voltage higher than Vgnd on said output, that is, a positive voltage.
If, letting the other bits remain unchanged, it is assumed that bss=1, the selector SEL activates the same control phases closing the same switches MA, MB, MC and MD.
The block MX receives therefore the same voltage at the input end, however, it turns on the switches MX5, MX6, MX7 and MX8 and establishes a new configuration setting Vi=V1-, Vi+1=V2-, Vj=V2+, Vj+1=V1+. Taps C and D are therefore connected to the capacitors of branch CM and taps A and B to those of the branch CP.
Voltages Vo+ and Vo- have the same polarity as before but higher amplitude, having now to construct an output analog voltage having amplitude ranging between Vc and Vd by subtraction.
This arrangement for the conversion of the MSB allows one to simplify the logic circuitry forming the SEL block in order to minimize the number of phases converging on switches connected to each tap of the half-string and the number of the switches themselves.
Making reference to FIG. 4, structures AC and AP of FIG. 1, performing the LSB conversion shall now be described more in detail. For simplicity sake, we shall describe only the upper branch CP, and the matrix of these capacitors is represented in brief, highlighting a generic capacitor of the matrix itself, indicated by 2j C.
The switched capacitor structure of the previous FIG. 2B described the capacitive elements useful for the injection and integration of the charge, that is the charge proportional to the code and to the reference voltages. FIG. 4 shows now in more detail a preferred structure adopted in the invention, including also the capacitors Cd and Cf, the role of which shall be described later on.
During phase Φ1, the input capacitor 2j C and the feedback capacitor 2k C discharge the charge they stored during the previous conversion cycle.
Thanks to the inverting structure, only the charge required to update the offset voltage present at the input of the operational amplifier flows through the parking capacitor Cf. The input matrix and the feedback capacitor always hold charge with opposite sign and equal value.
During the successive phase the input capacitor 2j C is connected to the higher or to the lower voltage of the available pair V1+ and V2+, the connection being determined by the bit of weight j.
If, for instance, all LSB are equal to zero, then all the capacitors of the upper matrix are connected to V1+ causing a flowing of charge through each capacitor 2j C which originates an output amplitude Vo+ equal to [(Vref)-(V1+)] referred to Vgnd.
At the same time, all the capacitors of the lower matrix CM, the switching of which is driven by the same less significant bits, are connected to V1-, giving rise to a negative output level (compared to Vgnd) equal to [(V1-)-(Vgnd)].
Since V1- and V1+ were symmetrical on the half-string with respect to the middle level Vm, the two differential voltages corresponding to the input code have been constructed. It must be noted that up to now the conversion procedure (and therefore the circuit components implementing it) is independent of the sign bit bs. The information related to bs is processed at this stage of the conversion operation.
As explained before, it is necessary to sample the signals Vo+ and Vo- of the amplifier AP during the phase Φ2 and hold them until the phase Φ2 of the subsequent conversion period is on. This operation is performed through two sample and hold blocks SH1 and SH2 (indicated by SH as a whole in FIG. 1), only one of which is shown in FIG. 6. This block includes an amplifier A1, two capacitors Csh and the switches S1-S4 controlled by signals derived from Φ1 and Φ2 and from the bs sign bit.
If the sign bit is negative, the connections between these two blocks and the outputs Vo+ and Vo- of the differential amplifier AP are reversed, thus performing the inversion of the final analog voltage. In other words the conversion of the sign bit just involves the addition of two switches.
The advantages of the newly proposed conversion procedure are fully applied by the two-phase mixed architecture described, representing the currently preferred realization form of the invention.
The halving of the number of components of the resistive string involves a savings in the silicon area which is particularly manifest when the required linearity is high, and this leads to the use of polysilicon integrated resistors, which present a low specific resistance.
The reduction in the string extension gives rise to a better resistive matching (at equal technological characteristics) and consequently to a better absolute linearity.
The selection logic which results is simpler and the differential topology, in addition to the known intrinsic advantages of better power supply noise rejection, represents a more simple and direct implementation of the proposed conversion procedure.
It must be noted that the selection logic could have been further simplified if, on one of the two branches CP or CM, the role of phases Φ1 and Φ2 were exchanged, performing therefore the connection to the taps of the half-string during phase Φ1, and the reading discharging operation during phase Φ2. According to this possibility, the differential voltages Vout+ and Vout- could be constructed using the same levels on the half-string, that is by selecting one single voltage pair on the string.
However, the configuration here proposed allows one to obtain a great advantage when combined with a compensation procedure of the clockfeedthrough effect, which procedure forms the object of another patent application deposited by the Applicant, under the title "Procedure for the compensation of the clockfeedthrough effect in switched capacitor circuits".
As already known, opening a switch originates a phenomenon of parasitic charge injection which, in high impedance nodes (for instance the virtual ground of an operational amplifier), gives rise to an error voltage or clockfeedthrough voltage.
The proposed inverting configuration enables one to open before the useful phase (phase Φ2) only those switches which are biased at reference voltages and not at signal voltages.
The injection of parasitic charge which arises following this switching is therefore constant for any input digital word. The clockfeedthrough voltage is, moreover, a common mode voltage (even if, in part, due to mismatches between the two paths) and is therefore partially rejected by the common mode rejection in the differential amplifier stage.
The connection of capacitors to the half-string only during the second half of the clock period, when the digital portion (selector SEL, which switches on the half-string sockets, block MX) has completed its transitions, avoids the direct coupling of switching noise coming from the digital portion.
The reduction of the noise from the direct coupling of the switches connecting the outputs Vo+ and SVo- to the two blocks SH, and of the residual clockfeedthrough effect can be accomplished by applying the compensation technique forming the object of the above mentioned patent application, reference to which has to be made for further details.
The switched capacitor structure presents further considerable advantages which shall be described in brief below, with reference to FIG. 4.
The offset voltage (that due to mismatch between the two amplification paths of the differential amplifier), is stored by the input capacitors (2j C) and by the feedback capacitor (2k C) during the phase Φ1, in such a way that the charge injection into virtual ground during the successive phase Φ2 is independent of the offset voltage. Moreover the dc transmission zero so obtained by this configuration allows one to limit the equivalent input noise 1/f of the operational amplifier.
The parasitic capacitances existing between the plates of the integrated capacitors and the substrate do not affect the charge injection since the injection and integration capacitors present one plate which always is connected to the virtual ground, and the other plate is switched between low impedance points.
During the offset reading phase, the operational amplifier is closed in feedback through Cf which is charged at the signal voltage stored during the previous Φ2 phase. This prevents the outputs from going again to the analog ground level, as would happen if the amplifier, during Φ1, were closed in a unit feedback configuration through a switch. Large output swings would bring about a high slew rate.
The Cf capacitor, besides limiting the slew rate time of the operational amplifier, allows one to compensate the incomplete discharge error due to the fact that the operational amplifier gain is of high but finite value.
Finally the capacitor Cd prevents large output fluctuations which could occur during the interval between phases Φ1 and Φ2 (during which time the amplifier would be in open loop but for Cd). These fluctuations could involve an increase in the slew rate time.
FIG. 8 shows the diagram of the arrangement relative to a single-ended conversion which is useful, for instance, when there is no severe S/N ratio requirement. This presents a simpler structure compared to the differential one, and therefore covers a smaller area on the chip.
In this case one input of the operational amplifier AS is connected to the analog ground voltage Vgnd, and the other input is alternatively connected to the signal and to one of Vgnd or Vref voltages, depending on the sign bit of the code word. This is obtained through the switches shown in FIG. 8 which are controlled by the sign bit bs. The output voltage Vo, present on the single terminal and referred to ground, is obtained by using as reference: Vgnd, if it is negative (bs =1 makes the related switch closed during phase Φ1); and Vref, if it is positive. The Vo voltage has module equal to Vpp/2 if Vpp is the peak-to-peak amplitude of the sinusoid to be reconstructed.
Although the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, the scope of the invention should extend to cover implicit variants, modifications and adaptations which would be apparent to the technician in this field.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 27, 1985
|Oct 21, 1986
|Motorola, Inc.
|Monotonic A/D converter which minimizes circuitry for high order bit conversion
|Jul 30, 1985
|Apr 28, 1987
|Nec Corporation
|Digital-to-analog converter
|Jul 15, 1985
|May 12, 1987
|Brooktree Corporation
|Apparatus for converting between digital and analog values
|Dec 20, 1988
|Nov 27, 1990
|Nissan Motor Company, Limited
|Circuit and method for converting digital signal into corresponding analog signal
|Proceedings of the IEEE 1989, Custom Integrated Circuits Conf., May 15 18, 1989, Castello et al., Analog Front End of an ECBM Transceiver for ISDN .
|Proceedings of the IEEE 1989, Custom Integrated Circuits Conf., May 15-18, 1989, Castello et al., "Analog Front-End of an ECBM Transceiver for ISDN".
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 21, 1995
|Nov 18, 1997
|Exar Corporation
|Differental D/A converter with N-bits plus sign
|Aug 22, 2000
|Aug 27, 2002
|Marvell International, Ltd.
|Analog to digital converter with enhanced differential non-linearity
|Jul 5, 2000
|Oct 29, 2002
|Jesper Steensgaard-Madsen
|Serial D/A converter compensating for capacitor mismatch errors
|Jun 19, 2002
|Apr 8, 2003
|Marvell International, Ltd.
|Analog-to-digital converter with enhanced differential non-linearity
|Mar 25, 2002
|Jul 29, 2003
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd,
|D/A converter having capacitances, tone voltage lines, first switches, second switches and third switches
|Nov 21, 2001
|Sep 2, 2003
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|D/A converter circuit and semiconductor device
|Feb 14, 2002
|Oct 28, 2003
|Silicon Laboratories, Inc.
|Digital-to-analog converter switching circuitry
|Sep 23, 2003
|Jun 21, 2005
|Silicon Laboratories, Inc.
|Digital-to-analog converter switching circuitry
|Dec 17, 2003
|Sep 20, 2005
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Differential sampling circuit for generating a differential input signal DC offset
|Jan 10, 2007
|Aug 14, 2007
|Broadcom Corporation
|Resistor ladder interpolation for subranging ADC
|Aug 26, 2004
|Sep 18, 2007
|Broadcom Corporation
|Resistor ladder interpolation for PGA and DAC
|Nov 10, 2009
|Broadcom Corporation
|Resistor ladder interpolation for PGA and DAC
|Jan 28, 2014
|Mar 22, 2016
|Dialog Semiconductor (Uk) Limited
|Method for improving the accuracy of an exponential current digital-to-analog (IDAC) using a binary-weighted MSB
|Sep 23, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Ramin Khoini-Poorfard
|Digital-to-analog converter switching circuitry
|Dec 17, 2003
|Jul 8, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Differential sampling circuit for generating a differential input signal DC offset
|Aug 26, 2004
|Mar 31, 2005
|Broadcom Corporation
|Resistor ladder interpolation for PGA and DAC
|Jan 10, 2007
|May 17, 2007
|Broadcom Corporation
|Resistor ladder interpolation for subranging ADC
|Sep 18, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|Broadcom Corporation
|Resistor Ladder Interpolation for PGA and DAC
|Nov 26, 2001
|Aug 4, 2010
|Display device and drive method of semiconductor device
|Dec 14, 1999
|Jul 6, 2000
|Steensgaard Madsen Jesper
|Serial d/a converter
|Dec 14, 1999
|Feb 22, 2001
|Steensgaard Madsen Jesper
|Serial d/a converter
|U.S. Classification
|341/150, 341/144
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 28, 1992
Owner name: ITALTEL SOCIETA ITALIANA COMMUNICAZIONI, S.P.A., I
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:COPPERO. LUCIANA;MALOBERTI, FRANCO;PALMISANO, GIUSEPPE;REEL/FRAME:006555/0336
Effective date: 19921119
|Aug 4, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 3, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 14, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 15, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20030214


text:
GolfTEC: Launch it higher for more distance
GolfTEC's Nick Clearwater demonstrates a common problem with high handicappers that struggle to get the ball launching in the air.
Bruton: Tips to create scoring opportunities
Golf Channel Academy Lead Coach Justin Bruton explains how to create scoring opportunities. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Hall: Play the hook to get game on track
Martin Hall and Sara Brown show how to get your game back on track to hitting straight.
Stoelting reveals her swing thoughts
Former Big Breaker Jackie Stoelting explains what her swing thoughts are. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Horschel: How to flight a shot down
Billy Horschel shows how to flight a shot down with a 7-iron.to bring you an ocean, I'll bring in cohesive harmony with a golf course and Rhode Island and fishing and- So that's like a little Coy motif, right? Yeah, they're fish. I'm gonna say Coy, but yeah. They're fish. Yeah. All right, let's put you guys to work. You warmed up So you're ready to go. Tony and I are gonna walk over here. Let me ask you a couple weeks ago we were talking about US Open shots. Now you got the Open Championship coming up on Golf Channel and NBC, flighting shots. You've got seven iron in your hand. So what do you think about when you try to flight
Simulated action: No. 18 at Firestone Country Club
Chris DiMarco shows the ways to manage the 18th hole at Firestone Country Club for the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational.So, let's take a look at where the PGA TOUR heads this week, with On The Road, presented by Ship Sticks. It's the 18th edition of the WGC Bridgestone Invitational, since its founding in 1999, and will be at the hands of the South Course, at Firestone Country Club , a Bert Way design. It opened in 1929, with touches by Robert Trent Jones Sr., with the latest redesign coming by the Golden Bear, in 1985, 20 players from the Quicken Loans National. Making that trip from Bethesda Maryland to Akron Ohio to play at Firestone Country Club . Chris DiMarco you know the course very, very known for narrow tight fairways and the 18th hole is a perfect example of this. It
Bruton: Listen to 'whoosh' for swing speed
Justin Bruton, Golf Channel Academy lead instructor at Biltmore Hotel, gives advice on how to generate more swing speed.positions. Positions don't create the motion. And really start to use the golf ball as a cue, just say, okay, I wanna create speed before that. That's the finish line . And make that the intent, we see the body reorganizes itself a lot more efficiently. Fascinating stuff.
Vijay's iron drill with a water bottle
Travis Fulton and Chris DiMarco show off a full swing drill from Vijay Singh using a water bottle. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Chang: Stop the shanks with a headcover
Golf Channel Academy Lead Coach Randy Chang reveals how a headcover can help you avoid the dreaded shank.to swing the golf club, your task is, not to hit the golf ball , but avoid hitting the head cover. If you can think about that as your swing thought, avoid hitting the head cover, you
Chang: Improve your swing tempo
Golf Channel Academy Lead Coach Randy Chang reveals how the golf swing relates to dancing.coach, Randy Chang. Today we're gonna talk about the tempo of your golf swing . I want you to think Of the swing is more like a dance step than a athletic motion today. What that means
Chang: Importance of constant grip pressure
Golf Channel Academy Lead Coach Randy Chang shows how a tube of toothpaste can improve your swing.Take the cap off and pretend that you're going to make this golf swing and not squeeze any toothpaste out of the tube. If you can do that, that's the sense or feel of constant grip pressure. Now, take that to the golf club. And try to feel the same thing. If I can maintain constant grip pressure throughout the golf swing , you'll make better contact. And play more consistently. For more information or to find a coach near you visit GolfChannelAcademy.com.
Switch to Better: How to stop hitting fat shots
School of Golf's Martin Hall helps viewers cure the dreaded fat golf shot in Switch to Better presented by Srixon.Switch to better, is presented by Srixon. Welcome to Golf Channel Academy. I'm your coach Martin Hall. We're here at the Club at Ibis with Srixon, and I'm going to show you how
Ask a Champion: Cook's over-the-top swing fix
10-time PGA Tour Champions winner John Cook answers a twitter question about how to fix an over the top/front shoulder pull.ask a champion this week. Jacob poses this question to ten time PGA Tour champions winner John Cook. John, what's the best drill to fix my over the top/front shoulder pull? Hey Jacob, if you're having
Chang: Focus on finishing like a gymnast
Golf Channel Academy Lead Coach Randy Chang reveals how focusing on the finish leads to better ball-striking results.Thanks for joining me on Golf Channel Academy. I'm your coach Randy Chang. You wanna play like an Olympian? Well, I'm going to teach you how thinking like a gymnast can improve your swing. Okay. Think about that gymnast with trying to stick a landing. You can see them, the ones that get the most points, they get down they land and they hold it there steady. Any movement, any little gyrations there, they get their points taken off. Same thing with the golf swing . Heres what you want to do, as you're making a golf swing I want the only thought in your head to be Holding that finish at the end of the swing, whatever finish that


text:
NSF has been offering auditing, inspection, certification, training, testing and consulting services for 10 years in Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay. Our office, located in Santiago, Chile, provides comprehensive services to companies in the agriculture, livestock, seafood, bottled water, food processing, food distribution, packaging, manufacturing, and retail industries, among others. Our wide range of services includes training and consulting in the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and certification to Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) standards (GLOBALG.A.P., PrimusGFS, SQF, BRC, IFS and FSSC 22000). We also provide testing and certification for food equipment, nonfood compounds, dietary supplements, drinking water system components and drinking water treatment chemicals. Additionally, management systems certification is available.
Use of NSF consulting services or attending NSF training sessions does not provide an advantage, nor is it linked in any way to the granting of certification.
NSF International Publishes Consumer Guide to Certified Water Filtration Devices for Lead Reduction
- 5 days ago
ANN ARBOR, Mich. - NSF International has published an easy-to-use consumer guide to water filters that have been tested and...
NSF International Automotive Parts Program Launches New Certification for Fender Liners
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text:
Democrats set up policy committee
Democrat Party's Korn Chatikavanij Monday revealed the setup of a policy committee, consisting of 15 members.
Among the members are former foreign minister Kasit Bhirom and Nipon Wongtrangan, a former president of the Thai rice Millers Association.
According to Korn, they will draw up strategies to address national problems in all front.
The strategies will deal with the problems in the short to long term. They will be completed in four months.
He said that the team would discuss with academics and other parties before drafting the strategies.
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This locally owned furniture store is big on service. Many of their sales are special order (doesn't take too long), and they go out of their way to find what you need, if you let them know what you are looking for. If you like having your furniture customized to just what you want, this is the place, and prices are competitive, too. Many of their products are made in the USA, a nice plus. I have bought several pieces at Havelock Furniture.
Lincoln Furniture Stores
61. The Board Store
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63. Nebraskas Best Carpet CleaningServices
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5000 N 27th StLincoln, NE 68521
65. Lincoln Design Center
6250 S 82nd StLincoln, NE 68516
66. Kelly's Carpet & Furniture
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67. Sears
Absolute worst car-related experience of my life!! It took them weeks to fix a simple AC problem. The original estimate for the work was around $700…
68. Finishing Touches
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69. Office Interiors & Design
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70. Pier 1 Imports
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71. Interiors Joan & Assoc
4131 Pioneer Woods Dr Ste 100Lincoln, NE 68506
72. JCPenneyProducts
68 Gateway MallLincoln, NE 68505
From Business: JCPenney is one of the nation's largest apparel and home furnishing retailers. Since 1902, we've been dedicated to providing our customers with unparalleled style, …
73. Schultz Daniel Furniture Repair & Refinish
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74. Barstool Gallery
2019 Highway 2Lincoln, NE 68502
75. Furniture Row
I bought some expensive sofas but the price was so worth it, I bought them back in 2006 and its now 2014, and I still have not had any problems with…
76. CORT Furniture Rental & Clearance Center
Does not serve any part of Wyoming
77. Adeco Trading USA
Serving the Lincoln Area.
From Business: We sell home goods online at wholesale / discount prices. No Minimum Quantity Required. Dropship available. Visit our website to see our full catalog >> adecotradin…
78. A WaterbedDoctor.Com
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Serving the Lincoln Area.
80. Craftmatic Adjustable Beds
I've had my bed for several years, now and would never buy another one. Mattress is miserable and it never really functioned as was shown on video…
81. Jay's Woods
375 Fir StBennet, NE 68317
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Ernie's is the best!! We've shopped there for years for furniture, floor coverings, and appliances and have always been pleased with the selection …
83. Schweitzer Custom Woodworking
you must experience this amazing gift shop. tastefully decorated. personal gifts like no other. friendly staff. it will warm your heart!
84. Hill Home Furnishings
116 N 5th StBeatrice, NE 68310
From Business: Beatrice, LA-Z Boy, Tempur-pedic, Chromcroft, Broyhill, Furniture Sales
Nice local store with decent selection in a charming neighborhood. The guy I talked to was a little "gruff" but was knowledgeable and helpful. I was looking for a sofa and, while I didn't make my purchase here (I didn't find what I was looking for) I had an overall good experience.
I really enjoy this specialty store!


text:
Fri, Jun 24 2016. 07 31 PM
An analysis of the impact Britain leaving the European Union could have on asset classes and sectors of the Indian economy
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Oman Air CEO says the airline will knock on the doors of the Indian government to request bilateral rights to fly at least 29,000 seats a week from the current 21,147
Fri, Jun 24 2016. 01 03 AM
The government's bet is that the new FDI regime incentivizes investments in India by foreign airlines
Thu, Jun 23 2016. 09 11 AM
As India lifts restriction on flying overseas, Tata-backed Vistara and AirAsia India to benefit
Tue, Jun 21 2016. 12 15 PM
While FDI up to 49% will be permitted under the automatic route, FDI beyond 49% will come through government approval
Tue, Jun 21 2016. 09 50 AM
The S&P BSE Sensex closes 0.20%, or 54.14 points, lower at 26,812.78, while the Nifty 50 closes 0.23%, or 18.60 points, lower at 8,219.90
Tue, Jun 21 2016. 12 34 AM
A look at how the changes in foreign investment rules will impact defence, pharma and aviation sectors, among others
Mon, Jun 20 2016. 04 45 PM
Centre has decided to raise FDI limit to 100%, with FDI up to 49% permitted under automatic route and FDI beyond 49% through government approval
Fri, Jun 17 2016. 09 34 AM
The ministry plans to subsidize airlines that aim to connect cities that have not been connected before
Fri, Jun 17 2016. 01 32 AM
Under its current plan, Vistara expects to acquire a total of 20 aircraft by 2018, while
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Hotels near Ryde Terminal
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- Most bookedRoyal Esplanade Hotel
82 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Great little hotel on the seafront. Staff were very helpful. Room was amazing. Newly refurbished bathroom. Good breakfast."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, GB
24 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Ideal to stay when we are on the island for business "
A Traveller, Jun 2016, GB
22 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Friendly staff. A lively pub selling a good selection of well kept ales. Great locals. Central location. Good value for the price."
A Traveller, Apr 2016, GB
14 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"The hotel is in an excellent location right off the sandy beaches. On low tide it was a pleasure to walk on the hard sand and leisurely stroll the beach. Staff were friendly and the breakfast was good. The pub was understaffed so it was difficult to get a drink. The restaurant had run out of ..."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, CA
11 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Very good .would stay hear again. Value for money great if on foot. 20 yards to sea front breakfast good staff friendly.not suitable for business as breakfast starts @9 am .No free parking @.hotel.but pay parking at back of hotel .good for holiday as pub is open till 2am."
A Traveller, Nov 2015, GB
- Travelodge Ryde Isle Of Wight Hotel
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5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Hotels within 1 mile of Ryde Terminal
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"Great friendly owners and staff .Very relaxing & Clean.Would stay again."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, GB
Hotels within 2 miles of Ryde Terminal
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Location , location , location .. fabulous view , right on the beach . Hotel / bar food best on the island , we tried other gastro pubs this was the best . Rooms nicely decorated , but we had the quatruple room , and was quite small , but bathroom a good size."
A Traveller, Dec 2015, GB
Hotels within 3 miles of Ryde Terminal
12 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"A lovely stay. Peaceful surroundings was spoilt by too many dogs visiting and competing with the dogs across the road. (barking)"
A Traveller, May 2016, GB
12 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"We enjoyed 8 nights at this beautiful location, admittedly enhanced by lovely weather. The staff were friendly and helpful, our room was clean, comfortable and classy. Nice little fruit platter with home made treats as a welcome. The drawing room and dining rooms are lovely places to spend some t..."
A Traveller, Jul 2015, GB
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|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. In Chapter 6, the author reveals that Pa becomes a warrior late in his life. For whom does he fight?
2. In the narration, Little Tree says he discovers later on that Granma only read some parts of the stories about George Washington. What reason does Little Tree suggest for this?
3. What is Little Tree learning from the way in which Granma and Granpa deal with any extra money that they get from the whiskey?
4. How does Granma help Little Tree to understand the relationship between nature and human development?
5. What lesson does the author teach the reader in Chapter 6, based on how the Indians responded to the oppression by the soldiers?
Short Essay Questions
1. How is Granpa's approach to his trade different from that of some whiskey traders to whom he objects?
2. How does Granpa use the whiskey trade to give Little Tree a sense of belonging in the family, and how do readers know that it works?
3. How do Granpa and Granma ensure that there is a balance in Little Tree's education?
4. Give an example from Chapter 4 of the author's ability to use vivid description.
5. How does Granpa's attitude to fox hunting make him special and show his regard for nature?
6. What descriptions of the journey to, and arrival at his new home establish that Little Tree is going to be in a strange place?
7. In Chapter 3, how does Granpa explain George Washington's decision to introduce a tax on whiskey? How does Granpa justify this belief?
8. Comment on the title of Chapter 10.
9. Give two important place names and one animal's name that occur in chapter 4. Explain why the names are very appropriate.
10. What does the reader learn in Chapter 3 about the librarian's attitude to lending books to Little Tree and Granpa when they visit the library?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Throughout this novel, there is a constant preoccupation with the theme of man in relationship to nature. Using specific examples, discuss Forrest Carter's exploration of the theme of "man in relationship to nature" in this novel and explain with justification the extent to which this exploration is meant to be a lesson to the reader.
Essay Topic 2
Forrest Carter makes significant use of symbolism in the novel. Using specific examples of different types of symbols, write a detailed analysis of the author's use of symbolism throughout the novel. Where is it seen? How effectively is it used?
Essay Topic 3
The author uses the device of ending certain chapters with a different literary form. With detailed reference to the poems that occur at the end of three chapters in the novel, write a critical analysis of this technique making sure to include comments on the author's purposes and the extent to which they are achieved.
This section contains 1,480 words
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Speeding train kills three elephants in Sri Lanka
Sat, Jun 18, 2011, 12:55 pm SL Time, ColomboPage News Desk, Sri Lanka.
June 18, Ambanpola: Three elephants including a baby elephant were killed when they were hit by a passenger train plying to Colombo Saturday morning from the North Central Province.
The three elephants were crossing rail tracks near the Mee Oya Bridge in Ambanpola, near a forest reserve about 150 kilometers north of Colombo when they were hit by the Anuradhapura-Fort passenger train, the police said.
Sri Lanka Railways General Manager Wije Samarasinghe has told the AFP that the accident is the worst train accident involving elephants.
The passengers on the train were not hurt.
Sri Lanka's wild elephant population has dwindled in the recent years to about 5,000-6,000 elephants according to the Wild Life Department surveys, as their habitats are increasingly encroached by the human population
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Sri Lankan parliamentarian Udaya Gammanpila released on bail


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Edison's Conquest of Marsby Garrett Putman Serviss
It is impossible that the stupendous events which followed the disastrous invasion of the earth by the Martians should go without record, and circumstances having placed the facts at my disposal, I deem it a duty, both to posterity and to those who were witnesses of and participants in the avenging counterstroke that the earth dealt back at its ruthless enemy in the heavens, to write down the story in a connected form.
The Martians had nearly all perished, not through our puny efforts, but in consequence of disease, and the few survivors fled in one of their projectile cars, inflicting their cruelest blow in the act of departure.
Their Mysterious Explosive.
They possessed a mysterious explosive, of unimaginable puissance, with whose aid they set their car in motion for Mars from a point in Bergen County, N. J., just back of the Palisades.
The force of the explosion may be imagined when it is recollected that they had to give the car a velocity of more than seven miles per second in order to overcome the attraction of the earth and the resistance of the atmosphere.
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The Palisades tumbled in vast sheets, starting a tidal wave in the Hudson that drowned the opposite shore.
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Touch of Magic: The Douglas Shuler Sketchbook—Volume 1
Note: This product has been identified as adult content.
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Saturday, 25 June 2016
Last updated 21 hours ago
Nov 19 2012 | 10:21am ET
The son of Bernard Madoff's accountant has committed suicide three years after his father pleaded guilty for his role in the $65 billion Ponzi scheme.
Jeremy Friehling was found dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in his Columbus, Ohio, apartment. There is no indication that his suicide is connected with the Madoff case; friends told police that Friehling's recently-created Facebook account included a number of posts indicating that Friehling was depressed or suicidal.
The Franklin County coroner's office said that Friehling's suicide note expressed his sorrow but did not mention the Madoff case.
Friehling's father, David, was among the first people charged in and to plead guilty to the Madoff fraud. He admitted that he helped conceal Madoff's scam from authorities, and cooperated with the investigation. He is still awaiting sentencing.
Jeremy Friehling's body was found on Thursday evening. Police visited his home after friends reported concern for the 23-year-old, based on his Facebook posts.
The New City, N.Y., native was a second-year medical student at The Ohio State University. He graduated from Duke University last year.
Friehling is the second son of a Madoff-linked conspirator to end his own life. Madoff's own son, Mark, a former executive at his scandal-tarred firm, kill himself in 2010, on the second anniversary of his father's arrest.
Jun 16 2016 | 4:19pm ET
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Badger culling plan could backfire
Bovine tuberculosis has long been a scourge on the cattle farming industry. While there's a low risk of people contracting it nowadays, the disease killed 1,500 people per year in Britain in the 1930s. Thousands of cattle are killed every year in the British Isles to keep bovine TB in check. But such control efforts are thwarted by wild European badgers (Meles meles), who can carry the causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis. Over the years, a variety of plans have been proposed and implemented to cull badgers, but new research suggests this approach may be counterproductive: Culling badgers, they say, actually makes the problem worse.
Following the public's angry response to the Randomized Badger Culling Trial, which removed large numbers between 1998 and 2006, British officials pushed a new small-scale plan to cull only infected badgers and vaccinate healthy ones. Test-Vaccinate/Remove (TVR) will be piloted in Northern Ireland this year. No such plan can catch every badger, though. If some infected animals are missed, or if the vaccine proves less than effective, then the plan would leave behind infected or susceptible badgers.
To predict the impact of those remaining badgers, a U.K. team led by Rosie Woodroffe from the Institute of Zoology analyzed badger movement in 826 social group territories where removal operations of varying kinds occurred between 1986 and 1998. According to their research, four things happened when small numbers of badgers were culled: The remaining badgers expanded their range, badgers immigrated to new social groups more frequently, genetic relatedness within a badger group decreased, and the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis increased.
As it turns out, culling as few as just one badger can perturb the remaining ones, causing them to act in ways that increase the spread of bovine TB among themselves and to cattle. That means that like large-scale culling, selective TVR and ongoing illegal badger kills could exacerbate the problem. Even the best-laid plans can't account for badger behavior. — Janet Fang | 12 June 2014
Source: Bielby, J. et al. Badger responses to small-scale culling may compromise targeted control of bovine tuberculosis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2014). doi:10.1073/pnas.1401503111
Images: Volodymyr Burdiak, shutterstock (top) & Zoological Society of London (collared badger, below)
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