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The results, which involve supercomputer simulations of what could happen to specific areas of greater Los Angeles in specific earthquake scenarios, were published in the latest issue of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, the premier scientific journal dedicated to earthquake research.
"This study has brought together state-of-the-art 3-D-simulation tools used in the fields of earthquake engineering and seismology to address important questions that people living in seismically active regions around the world worry about," says Swaminathan Krishnan, a postdoctoral scholar in geophysics at Caltech and lead author of the study.
"What if a large earthquake occurred on a nearby fault? Would a particular building withstand the shaking? This prototype study illustrates how, with the help of high-performance computing, 3-D simulations of earthquakes can be combined with 3-D nonlinear analyses of buildings to provide realistic answers to these questions in a quantitative manner."
The publication of the paper is an ambitious attempt by the researchers to enhance and improve the methodology used to assess building integrity, says Jeroen Tromp, the McMillan Professor of Geophysics and director of the Seismological Laboratory at Caltech. "We are trying to change the way in which seismologists and engineers approach this difficult interdisciplinary problem," Tromp says.
The research simulates the effects that two different 7.9-magnitude San Andreas earthquakes would have on two hypothetical 18-story steel frame buildings located at 636 sites on a grid that covers the Los Angeles and San Fernando basins. An earthquake of this magnitude occurred on the San Andreas on January 9, 1857, and seismologists generally agree that the fault has the potential for such an event every 200 to 300 years. To put this in context, the much smaller January 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake of 6.7 magnitude caused 57 deaths and economic losses of more than $40 billion.
The simulated earthquakes "rupture" a 290-kilometer section of the San Andreas fault between Parkfield in the Central Valley and Southern California, one earthquake with rupture propagating southward and the other with rupture propagating northward. The first building is a model of an actual 18-story, steel moment-frame building located in the San Fernando Valley. It was designed according to the 1982 Uniform Building Code (UBC) standards yet suffered significant damage in the 1994 Northridge earthquake due to fracture of the welds connecting the beams to the columns. The second building is a model of the same San Fernando Valley structure redesigned to the stricter 1997 UBC standards.
Using a high-performance PC cluster, the researchers simulated both earthquakes and the damage each would cause to the two buildings at each of the 636 grid sites. They assessed the damage to each building based on "peak interstory drift."
Interstory drift is the difference between the roof and floor displacements of any given story as the building sways during the earthquake, normalized by the story height. For example, for a 10-foot high story, an interstory drift of 0.10 indicates that the roof is displaced one foot in relation to the floor below.
The greater the drift, the greater the likelihood of damage. Peak interstory drift values larger than 0.06 indicate severe damage, while values larger than 0.025 indicate that the damage could be serious enough to pose a serious threat to human safety. Values in excess of 0.10 indicate probable building collapse.
The study's conclusions include the following:
o A 7.9-magnitude San Andreas rupture from Parkfield to Los Angeles results in greater damage to both buildings than a rupture from Los Angeles to Parkfield. This difference is due to the effects of directivity and slip distribution controlling the ground-motion intensity. In the north-to-south rupture scenario, peak ground displacement is two meters in the San Fernando Valley and one meter in the Los Angeles basin; for the south-to-north rupture scenario, ground displacements are 0.6 meters and 0.4 meters respectively. o In the north-to-south rupture scenario, peak drifts in the model of the existing building far exceed 0.10 in the San Fernando Valley, Santa Monica, and West Los Angeles, Baldwin Park and its neighboring cities, Compton and its neighboring cities, and Seal Beach and its neighboring cities. Peak drifts are in the 0.06-0.08 range in Huntington Beach, Santa Ana, Anaheim, and their neighboring cities, whereas the values are in the 0.04-0.06 range for the remaining areas, including downtown Los Angeles. o The results for the redesigned building are better than for the existing building. Although the peak drifts in some areas in the San Fernando Valley still exceed 0.10, they are in the range of 0.04-0.06 for most cities in the Los Angeles basin. o In the south-to-north rupture, the peak drifts in both the existing and redesigned building models are in the range of 0.02-0.04, suggesting that there is no significant danger of collapse. However, this is indicative of damage significant enough to warrant building closures and compromise human safety in some instances.
Such hazard analyses have numerous applications, Krishnan says. They could be performed on specific existing and proposed buildings in particular areas for a range of types of earthquakes, providing information that developers, building owners, city planners, and emergency managers could use to make better, more informed decisions.
"We have shown that these questions can be answered, and they can be answered in a very quantitative way," Krishnan says.
The research paper is "Case Studies of Damage to Tall Steel Moment-Frame Buildings in Southern California during Large San Andreas Earthquakes," by Swaminathan Krishnan, Chen Ji, Dimitiri Komatitsch, and Jeroen Tromp. Online movies of the earthquakes and building-damage simulations can be viewed at http://www.ce.caltech.edu/krishnan.
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PASADENA, Calif.—It may be surprising that a laser beam, when shot to the moon and returned by one of the mirrors the Apollo astronauts left behind, is a couple of miles in diameter at the end of its half-million-mile round trip. This spread is mostly due to atmospheric distortions, but it nonetheless underscores the problems posed to those who wish to keep laser beams from diverging or focusing to a point as light travels through a medium.
Now a team of physicists, mathematicians, and electrical engineers from the California Institute of Technology and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst has figured out a trick to keep light pulses from diverging or focusing. Using a multi-layer sandwich of glass plates alternating with air, the scientists have provided the first experimental demonstration of a procedure called "nonlinearity management." This technique wouldn't do anything for light traveling all the way to the moon, but could be useful in future generations of devices involving optical switching and optical information processing, for which precise control of laser pulses will be advantageous.
Reporting in the July 21, 2006, issue of Physical Review Letters, the researchers demonstrate that a laser beam passing through multiple layers of glass and air can be made to last much longer than if it had passed through only one type of medium. This procedure exploits a phenomenon known as the "Kerr effect," which causes the refractive index of an individual material to change if the light energy is sufficiently intense.
When light is propagated only through glass, one obtains a focused beam so intense that it generates a plasma in the medium, stripping away its electrons. Using a multi-layer "Kerr sandwich" of light and air, however, keeps the plasma from being created because the different refractive indices of the media cause the light beam to diverge and converge several times.
"The idea is for the beam size on average to stay constant," says team member Mason Porter, a postdoctoral scholar in Caltech's Center for the Physics of Information.
The experimental setup was the work of Martin Centurion, also a postdoctoral researcher in the Center for the Physics of Information. According to Centurion, the laboratory apparatus consists of nine normal microscope slides, each about one millimeter thick, that are aligned parallel to each other at one-millimeter spacings. An intense femtosecond laser pulse is sent into the slides, and the pulse converges while in the glass medium, but then diverges again while traversing through air. The end result is a beam that is the same diameter when it emerges from the apparatus as it was when it entered, although it is slightly weaker due to reflection of a fraction of the energy at each interface.
The researchers say that the setup they used is intended to demonstrate that nonlinearity management can be performed, and it is not by any means the final version of a practical apparatus.
"This is focusing in space," Porter says. "If you could combine both space and time, you'd have a 'light bullet'-that is, a pulse that stays the same all the time."
Various devices in the future could be possible through nonlinearity management, adds Centurion, "but this is a demonstration that is pretty far from any applications."
"There are potential applications of the tight beams provided by the technique such as optical lithography and sensors," says Demetri Psaltis, the Myers Professor of Electrical Engineering at Caltech and another author of the paper.
The other author is Panayotis Kevrekidis, an associate professor of mathematics at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
The title of the paper is "Nonlinearity Management in Optics: Experiment, Theory, and Simulation."
PASADENA, Calif.-When it comes to tiny motors, the flagella used by bacteria to get around their microscopic worlds are hard to beat. Composed of several tens of different types of protein, a flagellum (that's the singular) rotates about in much the same way that a rope would spin if mounted in the chuck of an electric drill, but at much higher speeds-about 300 revolutions per second.
Biologists at the California Institute of Technology have now succeeded for the first time in obtaining a three-dimensional image of the complete flagellum assembly using a new technology called electron cryotomography. Reporting in Nature, the scientists show in unprecedented detail both the rotor of the flagellum and the stator, or protein assembly that not only attaches the rotor to the cell wall, but also generates the torque that serves to rotate it.
The accomplishment is a tour de force within the field of structural biology, through which scientists seek to understand how cells work by determining the shapes and configurations of the proteins that make them up. The results could lead to better-designed nanomachines.
"Rotors have been isolated and studied in detail," explains lead author Grant Jensen, an assistant professor of biology at Caltech. "But in the past, researchers have been forced to break the motor into pieces and/or rip it out of the cell before they could observe it in the microscope. It was like trying to understand a car engine by looking through salvaged parts. Here we were able to see the whole motor intact, like an engine still under the hood and attached to the drive train."
In terms of basic science, Jensen says, the motor is intrinsically interesting because it is such a marvelous and complex "nanomachine." But the results of studying it may also one day help engineers, who might want to use its structure to design useful things.
"The process of taking science to practical applications goes from the observation of interesting phenomena, to mechanistic understanding, to exploitation," Jensen says. "Right now, we're somewhere between observation and the beginning of mechanistic understanding of this wonderful motor."
The bacterium used in the study was isolated from the hindguts of termites. Although beneficial to the termite host, the bacterium, belonging to a group of organisms known as spirochetes, is closely related to the causative agents of syphilis, Lyme disease, and several organisms thought to play a role in gum disease. In all these cases, swimming motility is implicated as a possible determinant in disease.
The article is titled "In situ structure of the complete Treponema primitia flagellar motor." It is available as an advanced online publication of Nature at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature05015.html.
The other authors are Gavin Murphy, a Caltech graduate student in biochemistry and molecular biophysics, and Jared R. Leadbetter, an associate professor of environmental microbiology at Caltech.
Photo caption: This image shows the three-dimensional reconstruction of the bacterial flagellar motor, as generated by electron cryotomography for the study. The rotor in the center (red) revolves at speeds of up to 300 times per second, driven by the stator assembly (yellow) that is embedded in the cell wall.
Photo by the authors (Gavin Murphy, Jared Leadbetter, and Grant Jensen, Caltech)
PASADENA, Calif.—Although the magnitude 8.7 Nias-Simeulue earthquake of March 28, 2005, was technically an aftershock, the temblor nevertheless killed more than 2,000 people in an area that had been devastated just three months earlier by the December 2004, magnitude 9.1 earthquake. Now, data returned from instruments in the field provide constraints on the behavior of dangerous faults in subduction zones, fueling a new understanding of basic mechanics controlling slip on faults, and in turn, improved estimates of regional seismic risk.
In the June 30 issue of the journal Science, a team including Ya-Ju Hsu, Mark Simons, and others of the California Institute of Technology's new Tectonics Observatory and the University of California, San Diego, report that their analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) data taken at the time of the earthquake and during the following 11 months provide insights into how fault slippage and aftershock production are related.
"In general, the largest earthquakes occur in subduction zones, such as those offshore of Indonesia, Japan, Alaska, Cascadia, and South America," says Hsu, a postdoctoral researcher at the Tectonics Observatory and lead author of the paper. "Of course, these earthquakes can be extremely damaging either directly, or by the resulting tsunami.
"Therefore, understanding what causes the rate of production of aftershocks is clearly important to earthquake physics and disaster response," Hsu adds.
The study finds that the regions on the fault surrounding the area that slipped during the 8.7 earthquake experienced accelerated rates of slip following the March shock. The region dividing the area that slipped during the earthquake, and that which has slipped after the earthquake, is clearly demarcated by a band of intense aftershocks.
A primary conclusion of the paper is that there is a strong relationship between the production of aftershocks and post-earthquake fault slip-in other words, the frequency and location of aftershocks in a subduction megathrust are related to the amount and location of fault slip in the months following the main earthquake. Hsu and her colleagues believe that the aftershocks are controlled by the rate of aseismic fault slip after the earthquake.
"One conjecture is that, if the aseismic fault slip occurs quickly, then lots of aftershocks are produced," says Simons, an associate professor of geophysics at Caltech. "But there are other arguments suggesting that both the aftershocks and the post-earthquake aseismic fault slip are caused by some third underlying process."
In any case, Simons and Hsu say that the study demonstrates that the placing of additional remote sensors in subduction zones leads to better modeling of earthquake hazards. In particular, the study shows that the rheology, or mechanical properties, of the region can be inferred from the accumulation of postseismic data.
A map of the region constructed from the GPS data reveals that certain areas slip in different manners than others because some parts of the fault seem to be more "sticky." Because of the nature of seismic waves, the manner in which the fault slips in the months following a large earthquake has huge implications for human habitation.
"An important question is how slip on a fault varies as a function of time," Simons explains. "The extent to which an area slips is related to the risk, because you have a finite budget. Whether all the stress is released during earthquakes or whether it creeps is important for us to know. We would be very happy if all faults slipped as a slow creep, although I guess seismologists would be out of work."
The fact that the Nias-Simeulue's postseismic slip following the December 28, 2004, earthquake can be modeled so intricately shows that other subduction zones can also be modeled, Hsu says. "In general, understanding the whole seismic cycle is very important. Most of the expected hazards of earthquakes occur in subduction zones."
The Tectonics Observatory is establishing a network of sensors in areas of active plate-boundary deformation such as Chile and Peru, the Kuril Islands off Japan, and Nepal. The observatory is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
The other authors of the paper are Jean-Philippe Avouac, a professor of geology at Caltech and director of the Tectonics Observatory; Kerry Sieh, the Sharp Professor of Geology at Caltech; John Galetzka, a professional staff member at Caltech; Mohamed Chlieh, a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech; Danny Natawidjaja of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences; and Linette Prawfrodirdjo and Yehuda Bock, both of the University of California at San Diego's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences.
PASADENA, Calif.—Scientists at the California Institute of Technology have created a new method of detecting heavy water that is 30 times more sensitive than any other existing method. The detection method could be helpful in the fight against international nuclear proliferation.
In the June 15 issue of the journal Optics Letters, Caltech doctoral student Andrea Armani and her professor Kerry Vahala report that a special type of tiny optical device can be configured to detect heavy water. Called an optical microresonator, the device is shaped something like a mushroom and was originally designed three years ago to store light for future opto-electronic applications. With a diameter smaller than that of a human hair, the microresonator is made of silica and is coupled with a tunable laser.
The technique works because of the difference between the molecular composition of heavy water and regular water. An H2O molecule has two atoms of hydrogen that each are built of a single proton and a single electron. A D2O molecule, by contrast, has two atoms of a hydrogen isotope known as deuterium, which differs in that each atom has a single neutron in addition to a proton and an electron. This makes a heavy-water molecule significantly more massive than a regular water molecule.
"Heavy water isn't a misnomer," says Armani, who is finishing up her doctorate in applied physics and will soon begin a two-year postdoctoral appointment at Caltech. Armani says that heavy water looks just like regular water to the naked eye, but an ice cube made of the stuff will sink if placed in regular water because of its added density. This difference in masses, in fact, is what makes the detection of heavy water possible in Armani and Vahala's new technique. When the microresonator is placed in heavy water, the difference in optical absorption results in a change in the "Q factor," which is a number used to measure how efficiently an optical resonator stores light. If a higher Q factor is detected than one would see for normal water, then more heavy water is present than the typical one-in-6,400 water molecules that exists normally in nature.
The technique is so sensitive that one heavy-water molecule in 10,000 can be detected, Armani says. Furthermore, the Q factor changes steadily as the heavy-water concentrations are varied.
The results are good news for those who worry about the escalation of nuclear weapons, because heavy water is typically found wherever someone is trying to control a nuclear chain reaction. As a nuclear moderator, heavy water can be used to control the way neutrons bounce around in fissionable material, thereby making it possible for a fission reactor to be built.
The ongoing concern with heavy water is exemplified by the fact that Armani and Vahala have received funding for their new technique from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA. The federal agency provides grants to university research that has potential applications for U.S. national defense.
"This technique is 30 times better than the best competing detection technique, and we haven't yet tried to reduce noise sources," says Armani. "We think even greater sensitivities are possible."
The paper is entitled "Heavy Water Detection Using Ultra-High-Q Microcavities" and is available online at http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=90020.
PALOMAR MOUNTAIN, Calif.—Astronomers have recently been enjoying front-row seats to a spectacular cometary show. Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 is in the act of splitting apart as it passes close to Earth. The breakup is providing a firsthand look at the death of a comet.
Eran Ofek of the California Institute of Technology and Bidushi Bhattacharya of Caltech's Spitzer Science Center have been observing the comet's tragic tale with the Palomar Observatory's 200-inch Hale Telescope. Their view is helping them and other scientists learn the secrets of comets and why they break up.
The comet was discovered by Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Arthur Wachmann 76 years ago and it broke into four fragments just a decade ago. It has since further split into dozens, if not hundreds, of pieces.
"We've learned that Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 presents a very dynamic system, with many smaller fragments than previously thought," says Bhattacharya. In all, 16 new fragments were discovered as a part of the Palomar observations.
A sequence of images showing the piece of the comet known as fragment R has been assembled into a movie. The movie shows the comet in the foreground against distant stars and galaxies, which appear to streak across the images. Because the comet was moving at a different rate across the sky than the stellar background, the telescope was tracking the comet's motion and not that of the stars. Fragment R and many smaller fragments of the comet are visible as nearly stationary objects in the movie.
"Seeing the many fragments was both an amazing and sobering experience," says a sleepy Eran Ofek, who has been working non-stop to produce these images and a movie of the comet's fragments.
The images used to produce the movie were taken over a period of about an hour and a half when the comet was approximately 17 million kilometers (10.6 million miles) from Earth. Astronomically speaking the comet is making a close approach to Earth this month giving astronomers their front-row seat to the comet's break up. Closest approach for any fragment of the comet occurs on May 12, when a fragment will be just 5.5 million miles from Earth. This is more than 20 times the distance to the moon. There is no chance that the comet will hit Earth.
"It is very impressive that a telescope built more than 50 years ago continues to contribute to forefront astrophysics, often working in tandem with the latest space missions and biggest ground-based facilities," remarks Shri Kulkarni, MacArthur Professor of Astronomy and Planetary Science and director of the Caltech Optical Observatories.
The Palomar observations were coordinated with observations acquired through the Spitzer Space Telescope, which imaged the comet's fragments in the infrared. The infrared images, combined with the visible-light images obtained using the Hale Telescope, will give astronomers a more complete understanding of the comet's break up.
Additional support for the observations and data analysis came from Caltech postdoc Arne Rau and grad student Alicia Soderberg.
Images of the comet and a time-lapse movie can be found at:
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PASADENA, Calif.—There's a time soon after conception when the stem cells in a tiny area of the embryo called the neural crest are working overtime to build such structures as the dorsal root ganglia, various neurons of the nervous system, and the bones and cartilage of the skull. If things go wrong at this stage, deformities such as cleft palates can occur.
In an article in this week's issue of Nature, a team of biologists from the California Institute of Technology announce that they have determined that neural crest precursors can be identified at surprisingly early stages of development. The work could lead to better understanding of molecular mechanisms in embryonic development that could, in turn, lead to therapeutic interventions when prenatal development goes wrong.
According to Marianne Bronner-Fraser, the Ruddock Professor of Biology at Caltech, the findings provide new information about how stem cells eventually form many and diverse cell types in humans and other vertebrates.
"We've always assumed that the precursor cells that form the neural crest arise at a time when the presumptive brain and spinal cord are first visible," she says. "But our work shows that these cells arise much earlier in development than previously thought, and well before overt signs of the other neural structures.
"We also show that a DNA binding protein called Pax7 is essential for formation of the neural crest, since removal of this protein results in absence of neural crest cells."
The work involves chicken embryos, which are especially amenable to the advanced imaging techniques utilized at Caltech's Biological Imaging Center. The results showed that interfering with the Pax7 protein also interfered with normal neural crest development.
"Because neural crest cells are a type of stem cell able to form cell types as diverse as neurons and pigment cells, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation may lead to therapeutic means of generating these precursors," Bronner-Fraser explains. "It may also help treat diseases of neural crest derivatives, like melanocytes, that can become cancerous in the form of melanoma."
The work was funded by the NIH and performed at Caltech by Martin Garcia-Castro, a former postdoctoral researcher who is currently an assistant professor at Yale University, and Martin Basch, a former Caltech graduate student who is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the House Ear Institute.
The paper appears in the May 11 issue of Nature. The title of the article is "Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7."
PASADENA, Calif.—An engineer comparing the human adult heart and the embryo heart might never guess that the former developed from the latter. While the adult heart is a fist-shaped organ with chambers and valves, the embryo heart looks more like tube attached to smaller tubes. Physicians and researchers have assumed for years, in fact, that the embryonic heart pumps through peristaltic movements, much as material flows through the digestive system.
But new results in this week's issue of Science from an international team of biologists and engineers show that the embryonic vertebrate heart tube is indeed a dynamic suction pump. In other words, blood flows by a dynamic suction action (similar to the action of the mature left ventricle) that arises from wave motions in the tube. The findings could lead to new treatments of certain heart diseases that arise from congenital defects.
According to Mory Gharib, the Liepmann Professor of Aeronautics and Bioengineering at the California Institute of Technology, the new results show once and for all that "the embryonic heart doesn't work the way we were taught.
"The morphologies of embryonic and adult hearts look like two different engineers designed them separately," says Gharib, who has worked for years on the mechanical and dynamical nature of the heart. "This study allows you to think about the continuity of the pumping mechanism."
Scott Fraser, the Rosen Professor at Caltech and director of the MRI Center, adds that the study shows the promise of advanced biological imaging techniques for the future of medicine. "The reason this mechanism of pumping has not been noticed in the heart tube is because of the limitations of imaging," he says. "But now we have a device that is 100 times faster than the old microscopes, allowing us to see things that previously would have been a blur. Now we can see the motion of blood and the motions of vascular walls at very high resolutions."
The lead author of the paper is Gharib's graduate student Arian Forouhar. He and the other researchers used confocal microscopes in the Beckman Institute's biological imaging center on campus to do time-lapse photography of embryonic zebrafish. According to Fraser, embryonic zebrafish were chosen because they are essentially transparent, thus allowing for easy viewing, and since they develop completely in only a few days.
The time-lapse photography showed that peristalsis, an action similar to squeezing a tube of toothpaste, was not the pumping mechanism, but rather that valveless pumping known as "hydroelastic impedance pumping" takes place. In this model fewer active cells are required to sustain circulation.
Contraction of a small collection of myocytes, usually situated near the entrance of the heart tube, initiates a series of forward-traveling elastic waves that eventually reflect back after impinging on the end of the heart tube. At a specific range of contraction frequencies, these waves can constructively interact with the preceding reflected waves to generate an efficient dynamic-suction region at the outflow tract of the heart tube.
"Now there is a new paradigm that allows us to reconsider how embryonic cardiac mechanics may lead to anomalies in the adult heart, since impairment of diastolic suction is common in congestive heart-failure patients," says Gharib.
"The heart is one of the only things that makes itself while it's working," Fraser adds. "We often think of the heart as a thing the size of a fist, but it likely began forming its structures when it was a tiny tube with the diameter of a human hair."
"One of the most intriguing features of this model is that only a few contractile cells are necessary to provide mechanical stimuli that may guide later stages of heart development," says Forouhar. According to Gharib, this simplicity in construction will allow us to think of potential biomimicked mechanical counterparts for use in applications where delicate transport of blood, drugs, or other biological fluids are desired.
In addition to Forouhar, Gharib, and Fraser, the authors are Michael Liebling, a postdoctoral scholar in the Beckman Institute's biological imaging center; Anna Hickerson (BS '00; PhD '05) and Abbas Nasiraei Moghaddam, graduate students in bioengineering at Caltech; Huai-Jen Tsai of National Taiwan University's Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Jay Hove of the University of Cincinnati's Genome Research Institute; and Mary Dickinson of the Baylor College of Medicine.
The article is titled "The Embryonic Vertebrate Heart Tube is a Dynamic Suction Pump," and appears in the May 5 issue of Science.
PASADENA, Calif.—If a tree falls in the forest and a caveman sees it lying next to a standing tree, what does he do? New evidence suggests that he may proceed to invent the letter "L."
According to a new study in The American Naturalist, the shapes of letters and symbols used throughout history by the world's many cultures may have arisen to take advantage of the way human vision has evolved to see common structures and shapes in nature. Mark Changizi, a theoretical neurobiologist at the California Institute of Technology, says the evidence suggests that letters and symbols have their particular shapes because "these are what we are good at seeing."
In essence, this means that the letters of all writing systems-Chinese, Latin, Persian, as well as 97 other systems that have been used through the years-are visual repetitions of common sights, just as onomatopoeias such as 'bow wow" are aural repetitions of common sounds.
"Evolution has shaped our visual system to be good at seeing the structures we commonly encounter in nature, and culture has apparently selected our writing systems and visual signs to have these same shapes," says Changizi, the lead author of the paper.
Changizi says he got the initial insight for the hypothesis after reviewing the history of computer vision. Engineers have known for some time that the best way to create a system to allow for object recognition is to focus on the junctions of objects. In other words, a robot navigating a room sees the conglomeration of contours in a corner by its "Y" shape, and sees a wall because of its "L" junction with the floor.
"It struck me that these junctions are typically named with letters, such as 'L,' 'T,' 'Y,' 'K,' and 'X,' and that it may not be a coincidence that the shapes of these letters look like the things they really are in nature."
Changizi then proceeded to an ecological hypothesis of why the letters have their shapes, and decided to apply the basic contours of letters in various writing systems and symbols in symbolic systems to their basic topological contours. By this he means that a basic shape like an "L" can be turned into a "V," for example, and any other form that can be bent around so long as you don't cut the object.
He ended up with a catalog of 36 shapes employing two or three contours, and then ranked them according to how frequently they occur in the objects that primitive people would have seen millions of years ago, in pictures across many cultures that he took from National Geographic, and in computer-generated architectural forms.
It turns out that the common contours conglomerations are precisely those forms that frequently show up in the letters of various writing systems, as well as in company logos and in symbolic systems such as musical notations and the like. The forms not found as frequently in nature, by contrast, do not show up so often in writing systems or symbolic representations.
"We tested the hypothesis of whether cultures have selected visual signs and letter shapes to possess the shapes occurring in nature, and the answer is yes," Changizi says. "It's also striking that the systems that are intended to be seen have high correlations to natural forms. Company logos, for example, are meant to be recognized, and we found that logos have a high correlation. Shorthand systems, which are meant to give a note-taker speed at the expense of a commonly recognizable system of symbols, do not.
"So the figures we use in symbolic systems and writing systems seem to be selected because they are easy to see rather than easy to write," he concludes. "They're for the eye."
In addition to Changizi, the authors are Shinsuke Shimojo, a professor of biology at Caltech who specializes in psychobiology; and Qiong Zhang and Hao Ye, both undergraduate students at Caltech.
The title of the paper is "Structures of Letters and Symbols Throughout Human History Are Selected to Match Those Found in Objects in Natural Scenes." The paper is downloadable on the journal's webpage at http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AN/journal/issues/v167n5/41010/41010.html.
PASADENA, Calif.—An ongoing challenge in biochemistry is getting a handle on protein folding-that is, the way that DNA sequences determine the unique structure and functions of proteins, which then act as "biology's workhorses." Gaining mastery over the construction of proteins will someday lead to breakthroughs in medicine and pharmaceuticals.
One method for studying the determinants of a protein's structure and function is to analyze numerous proteins with similar structure and function-a protein family-as a group. By studying families of natural proteins, researchers can tease out many of the fundamental interactions responsible for a given property.
A team of chemical engineers, chemists, and biochemists at the California Institute of Technology have now managed to create a large number of proteins that are very different in sequence yet retain similar structures. The scientists use computational tools to analyze protein structures and pinpoint locations at which they can break them apart and then reassemble them, like Lego pieces. Each new construction is a protein with new functions and new potential enzyme actions.
Reporting in the April 10 issue of the Public Library of Science Biology, Caltech graduate student Christopher Otey and his colleagues show that they have successfully taken three proteins from nature, broken them each into eight pieces, and successfully reconstructed the pieces to form many new proteins. According to Otey, the potential number of new proteins from just three proteins is three raised to the eighth power, or 6,561, assuming that each protein is divided into eight segments. "The result is an artificial protein family," Otey explains. "In this single experiment, we've been able to make about 3,000 new proteins."
About half of the 6,561 proteins are viable, having an average of about 72 sequence changes. "The benefit is that you can use the new proteins and new sequence information to learn new things about the original proteins," Otey adds. "For example, if a certain protein function depends on one amino acid that never changes, then the protein apparently must have that particular amino acid."
The proteins the team has been using are called cytochromes P450, which play critical roles in drug metabolism, hormone synthesis, and the biodegradation of many chemicals. Using computational techniques, the researchers predict how to break up this roughly 460-amino-acid protein into individual blocks of about 60 to 70 amino acids.
Otey says that this is an important result when considering the old-fashioned way of obtaining protein sequences. Whereas, over the past 40 years, researchers have fully determined 4,500 natural P450 sequences, the Caltech team required only a few months to create 3,000 additional new sequences.
"Our goal in the lab is to be able to create a bunch of proteins very quickly," Otey says, "but the overall benefit is an understanding of what makes a protein do what it does and potentially the production of new pharmaceuticals, new antibiotics, and such.
"During evolution, nature conserves protein structure, which we do with the computational tools, while changing protein sequence which can lead to proteins with new functions," he says. "And new functions can ultimately result in new treatments."
In addition to Otey, the other authors of the paper are Frances Arnold (the corresponding author), who is Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering and Biochemistry at Caltech, and Otey's supervising professor; Marco Landwehr, a postdoctoral scholar in biochemistry; Jeffrey B. Endelman, a recently graduated Caltech graduate student in bioengineering; Jesse Bloom, a graduate student in chemistry; and Kaori Hiraga, a Caltech postdoctoral scholar who is now at the New York State Department of Health.
The title of the article is "Structure-Guided Recombination Creates an Artificial Family of Cytochromes P450."


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This company called, asking for my 13-year-old son. Then asked if I was his wife. Then asked me to verify my address. When I told them they needed to state their business, they refused and said they needed to verify the information. I told them they needed to state their purpose first and he simply said they would note the account and hung up.

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England's rising stars aim to wrap up season in style against old rivals Germany
England's under-18 team will round off their season with a tough assignment against Germany at Rotherham's New York Stadium on Wednesday night.
After two wins and two defeats from their fixtures this term, Neil Dewsnip's side are hoping to wrap things up on a positive note and the manager will field plenty of rising stars in South Yorkshire.
The Under-18 age group provides an important stepping stone between the Under-17 and the Under-19 cohorts, who compete in European Championship competitions.
Final outing: England Under 18s coach Neil Dewsnip will take charge of his last game of the season when they take on Germany at Rotherham's New York Stadium on Wednesday night
Last time out: England celebrate Emmanuel Sonupe's (right) opening goal in the friendly match against Croatia at St George's Park back in March. The match ended in a 2-1 defeat
ENGLAND SQUAD vs GERMANY
Goalkeepers: Callum Burton (Shrewsbury Town), Ted Smith (Southend United)
Defenders: Robert Dickie (Reading), Brendan Galloway (MK Dons), Reece Burke (West Ham), Ashley Smith-Brown (Manchester City), Arlen Birch (Everton)
Midfielders: Alex Gilliead (Newcastle United), Bryn Morris (Middlesbrough), Harry Winks (Tottenham Hotspur), Will Miller (Tottenham), Reece Brown (Birmingham)
Forwards: Brandon Barker (Manchester City), Bradley Fewster (Middlesbrough), Ryan Kent (Liverpool), Nathan Oduwa (Tottenham Hotspur), Dean Rittenberg (Blackburn Rovers)
With more and more nations coming to realise the benefits of continuous international football for young players, England are planning even more outings at this level next year.
Dewsnip said: 'This season has seen a real re-introduction of a campaign for the under-18s and we're working towards forming a full team programme for this age group in future campaigns.
'After previously playing one or two games per season at under-18 level, it has been a real step forward for us with all the games that we've had this season.
'It plugs the gap between the under-17s and the under-19s squads, so the players don't miss a year of international football ahead of a competitive European Championship campaign with the under-19s.
'That keeps the culture of international football alive for the players and it's been extremely positive this season, so we hope that the players will see the rewards.'
Ready for action: Manchester City defender Ashley Smith Brown during the match with Croatia
On target: Emmanuel Sonupe celebrates his goal against Croatia with teammate Ashley Smith Brown (No 2)
The Young Lions started the season in top form, brushing aside Hungary 4-0 at St George's Park back in October as Middlesbrough's Bradley Fewster and Liverpool's Ryan Kent scored two apiece.
Both have been selected in the 17-man squad for the Germany fixture and completing England's forward line are Nathan Oduwa of Tottenham, Branden Barker of Manchester City and Dean Rittenburg of Blackburn Rovers.
Oduwa won the penalty that started another England goal rush in their second match of the campaign, a 4-0 rout of Belgium at the Staffordshire training base in February.
Fewster scored a hat-trick that afternoon, with the handsome win capped off by Rittenberg in the last 10 minutes.
Unfortunately, a double-header with Croatia at the start of March resulted in a couple of 2-1 defeats to stall that free-scoring momentum.
Chelsea forward Alex Kiwomya gave England the lead in the first encounter, only for Croatia to hit back with two second-half goals.
Forward charge: Chelsea's Alex Kiwomya carries the ball on during the Croatia match. He has been left out this time to play for Chelsea in Thursday night's FA Youth Cup semi-final against Arsenal
Test of strength: England's Jermaine Anderson battles for the ball with Nikola Vlasic of Croatia
And it was a case of deja-vu 48 hours later as the visiting team turned the game on its head after Emmanuel Sonupe had scored on half-time.
Reflecting on those results, Dewsnip added: 'Regardless of any of the scorelines, we feel as though we've done really well.
'In terms of possession of the ball, which we're keen to do, we've done particularly well so that's been very encouraging.
'We've scored quite a few goals in the games too and so we hope we can do more of the same against the Germans.
'It's a fixture that's on your wish list as a young player. You want to play for England, you want to win the FA Cup and win the Premier League, but to play for your country against Germany is another popular ambition.'
In the kisser: Ben Chilwell gets a blow to the mouth
Among other Premier League talents named by Dewsnip are West Ham defender Reece Burke, Man City's Ashley Smith Brown, Everton's Arlen Birch and Tottenham duo Will Miller and Harry Winks.
The team will be led out by Middlesbrough's Bryn Morris and he is anticipating the standard tough assignment against the Germans.
'I expect them to be strong and physical but also technical as well,' Morris said.
'But I think with the players in our team, we have the ability to beat anyone so if we turn up on the day we can match them and beat them I think.
'I don't think we should be afraid of them or go into the game thinking that we can't get a result.'
A large crowd is expected at the New York Stadium for the match, which kicks off at 7.30pm.
Tickets for the game are on sale now and priced at just £3 for adults, £1 for children/OAPs and for groups of 15 or more [bookable in advance only], it is just 50p admission.
Call Rotherham on 08444 140754, or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Agreed The Denver Nuggets have agreed to a five-year deal with restricted free agent Arron Afflalo. The Denver Post first reported Monday night that the guard agreed to a contract that could be worth up to $43 million.
Waived Seventeen-year NBA veteran big man Antonio McDyess was waived by the San Antonio Spurs, clearing a path to retirement. The 37-year-old McDyess indicated at the end of last season that his playing days were over, but the Spurs didn't rule out his return after the lockout ended. The move clears $2.6 million from the team payroll.
Traded The Golden State Warriors have completed a trade sending forward Lou Amundson to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for guard Brandon Rush.
Signed The New York Knicks have signed point guard Baron Davis, adding another piece to their backcourt. Financial terms were not made immediately available. Davis joins the Knicks after the Cleveland Cavaliers waived him last week.
Denied In a rare and wide-ranging discussion with reporters in Portland, Blazers billionaire owner Paul Allen shot down recent talk that he is planning to sell the team in the near future. He would not, however, say how long he will keep the Blazers. He said numerous factors would play into that decision, including his health. Allen, who co-founded Microsoft, has owned the Blazers since 1988.
Voided The Sacramento Kings voided Chuck Hayes' $21.3 million, four-year contract, saying the forward-center failed a team physical that forced his release. The team announced last week that a stress echocardiogram test revealed an abnormality. A call and email seeking comment from Hayes' agent, Calvin Andrews, were not immediately returned.
Died Former Detroit Lions offensive lineman Harley Sewell has died. He was 80. The team said Sewell died Saturday after an extended illness. Funeral services are set for Wednesday in Arlington, Texas.
Awarded Michigan State offensive lineman Arthur Ray won the Courage Award given by the Football Writers Association of America for his comeback from cancer. The award, sponsored by the Orange Bowl, will be presented Jan. 4 in Miami.
Interviewed Penn State interim coach Tom Bradley interviewed to keep the job on a permanent basis but doesn't know when the school might reach a decision. School president Rodney Erickson has said he would prefer to have a coach in place by the time No. 24 Penn State plays Houston in the TicketCity Bowl on Jan. 2.


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Womens Mountain Bike Tops - Road Bike Shop
Road Bike Shop
Shop > Women's Apparel Clothing > Women's Apparel Mountain Bike Clothing >
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Women's Apparel Mountain Bike Tops
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When you head out to ride in the winter months the last thing you want to worry about is "did I put on enough layers"? The Giordana Women's Silverline Jacket ensures that you have three layers the moment you step out the door. It'll leave you wondering why you ever wore any other jacket? The body...
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The Giro Frisco Jacket's design owes less to the neon, garish inclement weather kit you see in the pro peloton and more to the military tradition that brought the iconic trench coat out of the trenches and onto metropolitan streets. The Frisco's DWR cotton shell is a marriage of that classic...
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The Alaska Marine Highway System Manager says the first of two day boats will be sailing Lynn Canal even before the summer of 2016.
Captain John Falvey and other state transportation officials are holding meetings on the new ferry design this week. The first was in Juneau last night.
"The purpose of this was to have a lunch box boat."
Will Nickum is an engineer for Elliott Bay Design Group in Seattle, architects for the day boats and other Alaska Marine Highway ships.
But the paradigm of state ferries is changing; instead of operating 24-hours a day, the proposed 280-foot shuttles would be tied up at the end of 12-hours, like the fast ferries Fairweather and Chenega.
"At the end of the day, the crew would go home and then come back the next morning and start all over again."
The current design of the ferries show a closed car deck – but state officials originally said it would be open. That drew a lot of criticism from passengers who are familiar with Lynn Canal's rough seas and spray. Boat architects Elliott Bay have advised against it. Nickum says it would cost slightly more.
"But the weather protection and the potential for lower maintenance, the recommendation was pretty strong back to the state and state's accepted that recommendation and the design you see now has a closed car deck."
The day boats would first serve Juneau, Skagway and Haines, carry 53 standard-size vehicles and 300 passengers, and travel at about 15 and a half knots.
There wouldn't be much time in port.
"Rapid unload and load of the passengers and vehicles is important to meet this day boat concept," Nickum said. "For rapid turnaround, need to drive through loading and unloading; not too much monkey motion around through side doors and what not. Really want to come on the bow, go off the stern or come on the stern and go off the bow."
Juneau resident Bob Millard wonders how realistic that turnaround is. He rides the Alaska Marine Highway often, and also Washington State ferries, which are day boats.
"You know I'm concerned about crew fatigue and the time it takes to load in ports, like Haines, (where) you have a lot of tourists. The turnaround time I s probably a factor given all the traffic and inexperience of people loading and unloading."
Millard says the potential delays would make that 12-hour day a very tight schedule.
The preliminary design study for the shuttle ferries came out last month and a public comment period is underway. This week's meetings in Juneau, Skagway and Haines are strictly informational.
Marine Highway manager Falvey believes both ships will be operational by the middle of 2016. The funding comes from a previous Alaska Class Ferry project.
"We have approximately $118 million to work with and we feel very confident we can deliver both of these boats all said and done for that price."
Falvey says the design team is now working detailed scenarios:
"What would the system look like when the first Alaska Class Ferry comes on. What would it look like when the second one comes on and there will still be mainliners running up through the canal."
The public comment period on the preliminary design ends August 30. Comments should be made online through the Department of Transportation website.
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thewrap.com – Betty White has just raised the average age of the Twitter community considerably. The "Golden Girls" icon, who turned 90 years young in January, launched her official Twitter account Tuesday, offering an adoring public a glimpse into the still-spry actress' fertile mind, 140 characters at a time. Related Articles: Betty White Blows Off Marine Date Request Betty White Still a Cougar in SNL Promo (Video)
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Lake Wainamu, Bethells
Larnach Castle is an imposing building which stands on the Otago Peninsula
The 2.5km stroll around the lake takes about 1.5 hrs and there are bird hides to watch the birdlife along the way.
Situated in the south western corner – Lake Te Anau is the South Islands largest lake and New Zealand's second. Lake Te Anau covers 344 square km and has a depth of 417 m, with much of its bed below sea level.
Sam and Chris Ludbrook introduce you to the farm's 150 year history and to the special relationship created by the Ludbrook family to this land.
Phone: view phone+6494059846
Website: http://ludbrook.co.nz
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Lower Huia Dam was opened in 1929 and forms part of the water supply for Auckland.
Discover the amazing scenery around Lake Taupo. This area of New Zealand blends forests, geothermal activity and fascinating volcanic landscapes.
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Surrounded by beautiful gardens and ponds and set in a 7-hectare of historic gardens The Longbeach Cookshop is ideal for wedding receptions, special family events and corporate functions, offering a peaceful retreat from the bustle of the city.
Phone: view phone+6433026646
Contact Name: Bill and Penny Thomas
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Lake Hauroko
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The surface is at an altitude of 150 metres above sea level, and the lake is 463 meters deep. It is New Zealand's deepest lake.
This isolated spot is tucked away in the Kaitake Ranges, but that's all part of its special beauty. Bring a picnic and make a day of it exploring the lush native forest and giant redwoods.


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Thomas Bjorn shot a 4-under 67 Saturday to take a two-stroke lead after the second round at the rain-delayed Singapore Open.
Torrential downpours prevented half the field from even taking to the course to start the second round on Friday. The third round was to begin later Saturday.
Bjorn was at 9-under 133 overall, ahead of South Africa's George Coetzee, who reeled off five straight birdies to post the low round of the day at 63, and England's Chris Wood (65) at 7 under.
Francesco Molinari (67) was one stroke back at 6 under, while three-time champion Adam Scott (66) and overnight joint leader Simon Dyson (68) shared fifth at 5 under. Rory McIlroy was at 2 under after carding a 70 on Saturday.
Four-time major winner Phil Mickelson barely made the cut after making a birdie on the 18th hole to salvage a 70.
Stormy weather has caused havoc with the schedule for the second straight year. Last year rain forced organizers to shorten the tournament to 54 holes and a playoff to decide the winner still had to be held on Monday morning.
Bjorn made six birdies to shoot a 66 in the first round Thursday, then had to wait more than 36 hours to start his second round Saturday morning.
The delay didn't throw off his rhythm as he put together four more birdies - sinking a 20-foot putt on the par-3 14th for the last - in a bogey-free round.
"This course can very quickly bite you, especially if you don't drive the ball well. The numbers can run up on this golf course, so you got to stay with what you're doing," he said.
"I've got two good rounds in the bank, but there's ways to go."
Coetzee and Wood are in striking distance of their maiden wins on the European Tour. The pair have had 17 top-10 finishes each, but are yet to win a title.
Coetzee had three straight birdies before play was abandoned Friday afternoon, then two more after he restarted his round on Saturday morning.
"When I was standing on ninth tee, I thought to myself, I lipped out on five, six, eight and nine. If I'd made all them it could have been 10 in a row," he said.
McIlroy was also on a roll Friday before the rain, making birdies on three of his last four holes. He picked up Saturday where he left off with another birdie.
"It's been a bit of a frustrating few days. Obviously it would be nice to play a nice stretch of golf and not have to stop and start all the time, but that's just the way it is and I have to deal with it," he said.
McIlroy is trying to emulate Luke Donald's 2011 feat of winning both the U.S. PGA Tour and European Tour money titles in the same season.
He's already clinched the PGA title and can put more distance between himself and the rest of the field in the
European money chase here and at next week's Hong Kong Open. He leads Swede Peter Hanson by about $1 million, but several golfers remain in striking distance heading to Dubai, including Molinari.
McIlroy's girlfriend, tennis star Caroline Wozniacki, has been by his side on the course this week and will travel with him to Hong Kong.
"This is her off-season. This is sort of a chance to take a break, but getting up at 5 a.m. to watch me play golf isn't exactly my idea of a holiday so hopefully after tomorrow or whenever we're done we can get a couple of days off," he said.
Mickelson needed some heroics just to make the cut. He got into trouble on the par-5 7th hole where he had to hit from behind a stand of trees and then from a bunker before two-putting for double bogey to go to 4 over.
He got two strokes back with a couple of birdies on the back nine, then hit a delicate chip shot between two palm trees from the rough to get on the green on the 18th and sank a 6-footer for another birdie.
"It's a tough course for me to make birdies," he said. "I hit the ball really well on the backside to give myself a lot of opportunities, but struggled getting the ball in the hole."
Troubled two-time major winner John Daly withdrew before play began Saturday, citing fatigue.
Daly, who received a sponsor's invitation to play in the event, was sitting at 11 over through 1 1/2 rounds.
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Burt Munro Challenge
The Burt effect spreads
The Burt Munro Challenge has injected its annual dose of atmosphere and dollars into Southland.
Heartbreak at loss of motorcyclist
Waikato motorcyclist killed en-route to biking event was a passionate inventor.
Crash? What crash?
Doug Wood doesn't like talking about the crash in which he broke 39 bones and punctured a lung.
Man mows Munro message
Riders stopping by for photos
Findlay Collie's four-wheeled ride-on lawn mower has created something special for visitors in Invercargill this weekend.
Reports of 15 crashes after frosty morning
Southland businesses join forces to empower women
Girls' High, St Mary's Men and Ex-High remain unbeaten in Southland-wide netball league
Southland teen into New Zealand Youth Pipe Band
Lightning Jack slips down the ranks at cowboy action shooting championships
New drive-through Subway opening in Invercargill
Deportation order cancelled for Invercargill mum Clarissa Garces
Southland Stags' preseason twist
The tiny South Otago town with the big heart
Motorcyclist in hospital after crash in Otatara
New Zealand under-20 prop Shaun Stodart signs with Southland for three years
Club Rugby: Star and Blues try to avoid wooden spoon
Black ice delays flights in Dunedin
The tiny South Otago town with the big heart
Woosh Wireless internet gets the cut
New drive-through Subway opening in Invercargill
Reports of 15 crashes after frosty morning
Dog derby in Queenstown a 'favorite day' bonding and competing
Redemption for Jason Emery as he starts for Highlanders against the Kings


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About MaryssaJean : uhhh
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MaryssaJean's favorite FMLs
Today, I found out that my contact name in my girlfriend's phone is "Dipshit McFucktard". FML
by Anonymous / 09/26/2015 at 8:08am / United States / Love
Today, I was giving my boyfriend a massage. I guess I hit the spot, because he muttered, "Please marry me" into the pillow. Considering we've been going out for years and had spoken about marriage before, I stopped in my tracks. He stammered, "Oh, I mean... Not like that. Will you keep going?" FML
by Anonymous / 10/06/2014 at 7:41pm / United States (California) / Love
Today, I thought I was finally over my anxiety problem, and confidently went to my first ever job interview. Halfway through, the manager tells me that if I didn't stop being so nervous, he couldn't give me the job. I cried. FML
by rejected / 10/02/2014 at 4:56am / United Kingdom (Essex) / Work
Today, my fiancé and I were having sex in the early hours of the morning. He said "Morning sex is the best thing to wake up to." Without thinking, I responded "Yeah, unless you're in prison." He lost his erection due to laughing so hard and now can't look at me without laughing. FML
by RuinedTheMood / 09/21/2014 at 1:11am / United States (Texas) / Intimacy
Today, I had to sit through yet another one of my mom's, "You need to grow and gain some weight!" rants. I'm 22 and she doesn't believe me when I tell her I'm done growing. I'm pretty sure I'm not getting past 5'2". FML
by Tiny / 07/29/2014 at 4:27am / United States (Nevada) / Health
Today, I went to a bookstore to get "The Grapes of Wrath". I have a problem with controlling the volume of my voice, so once at the counter, I accidentally said quite loudly, "WHERE ARE THE ANGRY GRAPES?" FML
by Face fucking palm / 07/22/2014 at 11:36pm / United States (Georgia) / Miscellaneous
Today, being too poor to buy makeup, I walked into Macy's and "tested" some products out, just so I could look nice for my job interview. FML
by Anonymous / 03/13/2013 at 9:47am / United States (California) / Work
Today, it was my first day back at school. My social anxiety is so bad that I couldn't even raise my hand to use the bathroom because I didn't want people to look at me. FML
by freakingout / 09/04/2012 at 5:55pm / United States (New York) / Health
Today, in health class we were watching a documentary about anxiety. My teacher asked if any of us often feel anxious. I was too anxious to raise my hand, and went into a minor panic attack. FML
by cjd / 03/23/2012 at 10:23am / Canada (Quebec) / Health
Today, my friend sent me an online money transfer. After forgetting the password and locking myself out of my account, I had to phone up the bank and have it reset. I was prompted to answer the security question, which was "What, what?" I had to say "In the butt." to get my money. FML
by notinthebutt / 06/14/2011 at 1:57pm / United States (Minnesota) / Money
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- Today, my boyfriend got a new tattoo. It was a big tattoo of Pikachu on his hip. I told him now I'd… Today, my boyfriend decided it would be funny to record us having sex and me screaming his name. He… Today, after work, I came home to my boyfriend sleeping on the couch. Feeling romantic, I started…
- Today, I was driving in a straight line on a completely deserted road in the open bush. I sneezed… Today, I'm in Thailand and I met a monk. The conversation was so deep and interesting that, without… Today, I'm in Sweden. This morning, I went out to get the mail in my pajamas. Well, it doesn't only…


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Tubing Cache Creek
Get a tube if you dont have one at Big 5. Tube above is 19.99 (Intex River Run Tube). Get a coupon here and get an additional 20% off. https://www.coupons.com/... Learn more
- food 4 less
- 451 Pioneer Ave, woodland, CA (map)
Hosted by: Jennifer (Assistant Organizer)
42 Sexy Steps... Online Webinar
Hey Sacramento Ladies, As the organizer of this group I thought I would take a moment to stop in here and take a look at things. I have deleted a few pesky peeps and... Learn more
- Needs a location
- Coming soon
Hosted by: Traci H. (Organizer)
Plan Bodega Bay
Lets meet up and plan our weekend at Bodega Bay. Bring a note pad and your ideas. Learn more
- Revolution Wines - Winery and Tasting Room
- 2116 P Street , Sacramento, CA (map)
Hosted by: Jennifer (Assistant Organizer)
Raging Waters
I have a 4 person package to go to Raging Waters. I'd like to see if anyone is interested in going. The ticket is $25 per person, and upgrade to a season pass for just... Learn more
- Needs a location
- Coming soon
Hosted by: Jennifer (Assistant Organizer)
PlantniteLets meet and do a plant nite. Make your own terrarium. If you look on groupon, you can find discount vouchers. https://www.plantnite.com/sacramento/buytickets/10001874 Learn more
Hosted by: Jennifer (Assistant Organizer)
- More Meetups
Recent Meetups
May 21 · 6:00 PMJohn Hughes Movie Night to Support Albie Aware Breast Cancer Foundation!
Come watch two classic movies, Pretty in Pink and The Breakfast Club, and support Albie Aware Breast Cancer Foundation at a great neighborhood theater! Albie Aware... Learn more
May 21 · 9:00 AMKarma Boot Camp
Come join me for a free boot camp class for women only! Women Only Boot Camp training classes are designed to empower women in a supportive atmosphere. Each class is 60... Learn more
May 20 · 6:30 PMA Night out in SF: Dinner and a Show!
A friend from Los Angeles did a kick starter last year to bring her one-woman show on tour across the country. She is an amazing coach, speaker, and performer with an... Learn more
April 27 · 6:30 PMThe Financially Savvy Series - All About Estate Planning
After numerous requests, it's back and open to both MEN and WOMEN! Come join in as we complete our re-vamped Financially Savvy series. We'll be covering a variety of... Learn more
April 20 · 6:30 PMThe Financially Savvy Series- So you want to buy a home? Part 2
So you want to buy a house? Part 2 - Finding and Purchasing Your New Home After numerous requests, it's back and open to both MEN and WOMEN! Come join in as we continue... Learn more
- See all past Meetups


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Vizu API
Vizu, a Nielsen company, allows brands and companies to gather real-time information about their customers and audiences. Vizu offers tools to measure and track digital brand advertising. The Vizu API allows developers to access and integrate the functionality and data of Vizu with other applications. Public documentation is not available; API access comes with account service.
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Related Articles
API Spotlight: Fusebill, Cameratag, and Tito APIs
Of the many APIs we published this week, twelve were highlighted on the blog by our team of writers. In this post, we'll shine a spotlight on those twelve, which included Google's many newly released APIs. Included in Googles recent releases are the Content Experiments, Cloud SQL API, CalDAV, and the CardDAV APIs. To give a background on each, the CalDAV API allows developers to manage their calendar, the CardDAV to manage contacts, the Content Experiments allowing for Google Analytics to be used for A/B testing, and finally the Cloud SQL API to perform certain tasks for MySQL database. To learn more about these APIs, visit the Google page as well as the Google API blog post.
Giving Digital Advertising The Tools To Thrive: Vizu API
With the average person spending a substantial amount of time online everyday and having access to at least one kind of mobile device, the field of digital advertising has an incredible opportunity to meet consumers face to face; on their personal devices. For this kind of advertising to reach its full potential, there needs to be an accurate way to measure its accuracy and effectiveness in order for it to be a lucrative part of a brand advertising budget. That's where Vizu and its Vizu API comes in - a tool for gathering real-time information about online customers and audiences.
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Promoted Listings
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|The Rigor Optimization API serves as a gateway to a suite of analytical tools for measuring and tracking web performance metrics. The RESTful API sends requests in HTTP format and returns either JSON...
|Web Site Management
Metricle Contextual Sentiment
|The Metricle API integrates financial big data alerts in real time. It is available in JSON format with Api Key. As a service, Metricle offers sentiment, user scoring, and event detection. Metricle...
Roq.ad Cross-Device User Identification
|The Roq.ad Cross-Device User Identification API lets users submit a list of device identifiers and get back a list of identifiers that belong to the same users as those on the input list. Roq.ad's...
mNectar Publisher Data Reporting
|The Publisher Data Reporting API is used to request performance data for publishers in hourly or daily summary form. JSON is used for data exchange, and API Keys for authentication. mNectar is an...
mNectar Affiliate Data Reporting
|The Affiliate Data Reporting API is used to request performance information for advertisers in daily summary form. JSON is used for data exchange, and API Keys for authentication. mNectar is an...


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A man will appear in court accused of shouting homophobic abuse at a bus driver.
Police were called to investigate a report that a man had homophobically abused a driver on a bus at Seven Dials in Brighton at 10am on Monday June 2.
David Matthews, of Windlesham Gardens in Brighton, has been charged with using threatening or abusive words or behaviour to cause harassment, alarm or distress.
The 68-year-old will appear at Brighton Magistrates' Court on Thursday August 14.
See the latest crime figures in your area with our street-level crime map
- Father and son beam with pride moments before tragedy
- Brighton restaurant named one of best in the country
- Lucas: Election needed as government has no mandate to negotiate Brexit
- Brexit star takes swipe at 'attention seeking' Farage
- A tale of two High Streets: So much information and not enough facts


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Other stores Clothes, shoes & accessories in Newcastle-under-Lyme
Here you can find all the Schuh stores in Newcastle-under-Lyme. To access the details of the store (location, opening times, website and current offers) click on the location or the store name.
Schuh in Newcastle-under-Lyme - Offers, catalogues and discount codes
Unit 115 The Potteries
ST1 1LT Stoke-on-Trent
View offers, opening times and phones
Distance: 9 mi
Regent Crescent
M17 8AR Manchester (Greater Manchester)
Distance: 42 mi
Market St
M1 1PW Manchester (Greater Manchester)
Distance: 42.2 mi
Golden Square
WA1 1TD Warrington (Cheshire)
Distance: 42.9 mi
10-14 Newgate Row
CH1 1ER Chester (Cheshire)
Distance: 49.7 mi
Grand Arcade
WN1 1BH Wigan (Greater Manchester)
Distance: 58.1 mi
59/61 Church Street
L1 3HD Liverpool (Merseyside)
Distance: 64.2 mi
19 Paradise St
L1 3EU Liverpool (Merseyside)
Distance: 64.3 mi
17 Paradise Street
L1 3BN Liverpool (Merseyside)
Unit 34, Lord Street Mall
BB1 7NQ Blackburn (Lancashire)
Distance: 74.6 mi
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Dotted Lines: The 8-bit Olympic Games
Every evening, the Daily Dot delivers a selection of links worth clicking from around the Web, along with the day's must-see image or video. We call it Dotted Lines.
- Do real name policies actually improve comments? Evidence from South Korea suggests they don't.
- HyperVocal collects the best tweets from the best Olympics parody account, @NBCDelayed.
- Starting Tuesday, you'll be able to video chat via Google+ Hangouts from within Gmail.
- Digg has returned from its hiatus with a brand-new design and a new algorithm that takes other social networks into account.
- Google Street View: now available in ASCII.
- Bieber and Gaga may rule Twitter, but the most-liked human being on Facebook is Eminem. The only things more popular than the rapper are YouTube, Texas Hold 'Em Poker, and Facebook itself.
Above: The animators at Flikli.com present the 8-bit Olympic Games
Top Stories
The trials and tribulations of 'kidnapped' startup founder Mayer Mizrachi
The nightmare, it seemed, was finally coming to an end. Today, Mizrachi's future is anything but certain.
Don't spy on your kids and other social media lessons from VidCon
Building trust in the age of a million apps.
The KernelHow Romania brought broadband to a whole country—and who got left behind
For more than 30 years, a U.S. government program has helped provide connectivity to the poor. It recently expanded to provide broadband access—but critics want to shut it down.Presented by The Kernel
Artist draws a Rey-a-Day in amazing 'Star Wars' fanart series
There's no end in sight for this stunning fanart project.
What's new in The Division's Underground expansion
This is a make or break moment for The Division.
J.K. Rowling debuts the 4 houses at the American wizarding school Ilvermorny
J.K. Rowling's latest Pottermore post includes a ton of new information about wizarding America.
'Suicide Squad' is more popular than 'Harry Potter' and 'Star Trek' on social media
Who knew fans were more excited about 'Suicide Squad' than the classics?
Hands-on preview: Farpoint may be the virtual reality first person shooter that gets it right
A brand new controller may be the key to proper FPS games in VR.
Petition calls for 'Star Wars' to include LGBT character in memory of Orlando victim
The victim was a huge 'Star Wars' fan.
The secret life of K-pop fans over 30
K-pop thrives on youth, and older fans find it's hard to catch the hallyu wave.
The Daily Dot Bazaar
Save 30 percent on SainSonic's futuristic bone conduction headphones
This gives new meaning to getting a song stuck in your head.
Daily deals: Logitech computer gear, Pebble smartwatches, and more on sale today
Steam isn't the only company offering crazy gaming deals this week.
This looks like a camera lens, but it's actually a self-stirring coffee mug
Let the coffee stir itself, so you can get back to snapping.


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Miley Cyrus Is Pretty In Pink Calvin Klein For Pre-Grammys Gala
Photo: BEImages/Matt Baron.
Miley Cyrus may not have scored any Grammy nominations this year, but she's certainly not sitting at home feeling sorry for herself. Instead, the pint-sized pop star got her own piece of the Grammys pie by looking like a total knockout at Clive Davis' Pre-Grammy Gala and Salute to Industry Icons last night. A freshly tinted platinum pixie — a refreshingly soft and seriously pretty beauty look — and a head-to-toe Calvin Klein Collection ensemble in baby pink (capped off with a Chanel bag) all screamed "winning" to us. Dare we say she looks downright angelic? That pink lipstick is beyond.
Though the fur-clad singer wasn't up for looking the part of a woman scorned (by the Grammy committee), she did sing it. Along with "Wrecking Ball" and "Get It Right," Cyrus performed a cover of godmother Dolly Parton's get-yer-hands-off-my-man classic, "Jolene." Obviously, there's no touching the original, but it's nice to see that Billy Ray's little girl can still, in her words, "country it out." Watch below and see for yourself. Does she do herself justice?
- Entertainment |
- Red-Carpet Spotlight |
- Grammy Awards |
- Miley Cyrus |
- Calvin Klein | Miley Cyrus Style - Clive Davis Pre Grammys Gala Jolene
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Taylor's Surprising Appearance In Kanye's Video
Kanye West's "Famous" video will do little to defuse tensions between him and Taylor Swift. Or between him and George W. Bush. Or between Rihanna and Chris Brown. Or indeed between anyone but Kanye and his fans. The launch of the video was delayed almost an hour to give fans time to fill the Great Western Forum ...
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Jun 24, 2016


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Tatoeba needs help to re-design the website to be mobile-friendly! If you have experience in UI/UX design, please contact Trang at firstname.lastname@example.com.
We are also continuously looking for developers. If you are interested to contribute to a non-profit open source project, please read our guide on how to join the dev team.
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Rail under spotlight again
Federal Member Sophie Mirabella is eagerly awaiting the findings of a report on the north east rail line.February 18, 2013 4:52am
Sophie Mirabella MP (Lib Vic Indi) during Question Time in the House of Reps, Parliament House, Canberra 5 February 2013. Pic David Foote
Member for Indi Sophie Mirabella says she is eagerly anticipating the findings contained in the long awaited Australian Transport Safety Bureau report into the north-east rail line, due to be released this month.
It is expected the report will contain a thorough analysis of the North East Rail Revitalisation Project. The project, which was due to be completed in 2010, is still mired by safety problems, resulting in speed restrictions on large sections of the track between Albury and Melbourne.
''It's been a year and a half in the making, so hopefully this report will be able to provide all of us with some much-needed answers,'' Mrs Mirabella said.
''The obvious question is: how do you spend more than $600
''The Federal Government and the ARTC have continually blamed the rain. Well, I'm sorry, but that just doesn't cut it. Surely a $600
''This whole sorry saga has been a perfect illustration of Gillard Government incompetence. The Victorian Government have done everything within their power to return V/Line services to the north-east, but there is nothing they can do about the state of the track.
''It's about time the Federal Government and the ARTC started pulling their own weight.
''Hopefully, this report will kick them into gear.''
Mrs Mirabella said the Gillard Government would never have commissioned the report had it not been for the relentless pressure applied by herself, local commuters and the local press.
''Having this report commissioned was a small victory in itself, but it will mean very little unless the Federal Government and the ARTC actually read it and act on its recommendations.''
Thankyou for your comment.Your comment will appear once it has been approved by MMG staff.
Cancer nurse's future secured
The Shepparton Biggest Ever Blokes Lunch committee will continue to fund the prostate cancer specialist nurse position at Goulburn Valley Health for the next four-and-a-half years.
Slow start but important win for Lions
Mulwala has overcome a sluggish first half to record an important victory beating Echuca United by 45 points on Saturday.
Promoted: Fighting for the CFA
The brave and selfless women and men of our CFA brigades need our support like never before and I will stand with them all the way.
More than just points on the line
Moama netball coach Clare Shalders knows her side is up against it when it takes on Echuca United at home for the Three Jacks Trophy in round 12 Murray Netball League action tomorrow.
The Australian Sheep and Wool Show
SPONSORED: TAKE a trip to Bendigo this July and enjoy a country-style holiday, plus a jam-packed program of events at the Australian Sheep and Wool Show 2016.
The Australian Sheep and Wool Show
SPONSORED: TAKE a trip to Bendigo this July and enjoy a country-style holiday, plus a jam-packed program of events at the Australian Sheep and Wool Show 2016.
Swans flex muscles
Avenel win easy
Hall offence
Berrigan Shire councillor Daryll Morris says he has been sickened by some of the vitriol and personal attacks to surface since the council's proposal to redevelop Finley's Memorial Hall and School of Arts site was revealed in October last year.
The Australian Sheep and Wool Show
SPONSORED: TAKE a trip to Bendigo this July and enjoy a country-style holiday, plus a jam-packed program of events at the Australian Sheep and Wool Show 2016.
Have a pie for a mate
If you are in the mood for a warm treat next Friday and want to get involved in the recent push to aid struggling dairy farmers, then Ambience Bakery Cafe will have you covered.
Talented Kayla's Canadian tour
Deniliquin's Kayla Smith will travel to Canada on Wednesday to compete in two major athletics meets.
Lawyers arrive to discuss Murray Goulburn claim
About 30 Murray Goulburn suppliers turned out to a Shepparton meeting last week with lawyers proposing legal action against the big processors.
Youngsters give it their all
Benalla Rovers soccer players represent at Country Leagues Football Association Championships.
The News magazines are online - read high quality magazines in your time. Check in regularly for the latest editions.
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Search for published and unpublished photos from McPherson Media Group newspapers and magazines. All our photos are available to purchase.
Place an advertisement in any one of McPherson Media Group's local newspapers.


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Textiles | On 28th Jun 2016
Indian textile and apparel industry has the potential to create over...
Textiles | On 28th Jun 2016
The Telangana government has decided to give Rs 2 per unit subsidy on ...
Apparel/Garments | On 28th Jun 2016
Readymade garment exports from Bangladesh increased by 9.41 per cent...
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Dharmendra Shah
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Frank Gossmann
Rotorcraft AG
'RT3 motto is: Do not check millimetres, check colours.'
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The Indian market has huge potential in technical textiles, and by far,...
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Eamonn Tighe, Fibres and Nonwovens - Business Development Manager of...
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Steve Cole of Xerium Technologies discusses the industry. Xerium is the...
Wendell Rodricks
Wendell Rodricks
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Gildan Activewear, a manufacturer and marketer of branded clothing and...
Textiles | On 28th Jun 2016