text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 23, 1999
|Filing date
|Apr 1, 1998
|Priority date
|Apr 2, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Albert R. Prasnikar, Richard C. Carlson, Richard J. Coin, Lynne M. Ernes, Thomas A. Mitchell, Catherine M. Lezan
|Original Assignee
|Eltech Systems Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (30), Classifications (41), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention was made with U.S. Government support under Contract No. N00167-88-C-0025. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/041,948, filed Apr. 2, 1997.
An electrode and electrolytic cell containing same finds particular utility for producing hypochlorite solution to disinfect a supply of freshwater such as produced by desalinators on board ships.
Currently, such as in shipboard use, bromine cartridges are used for water disinfection. The bromine cartridge system is expensive to operate, has low reliability and maintainability. It has been found to be impractical to disinfect water over a wide range of conditions, and produces a hazardous waste product.
Another system used for shipboard water disinfection is batch chlorination with calcium hypochlorite. The batch chlorination method presents numerous safety hazards since the calcium hypochlorite is corrosive, has a limited shelf life, and can cause injury to personnel or damage to equipment if handled incorrectly. It also presents the potential hazard of causing fires and explosions if it comes in contact with any organic, combustible materials.
It would, therefore, be desirable to have a system that includes an electrolytic cell which can generate hypochlorite solution. The cell can assist in providing improved effectiveness of disinfection at reduced cost.
There is now provided an electrode and an electrolytic cell, which cell can be desirably utilized to provide improved effectiveness of disinfection. It can be employed in a system for treating water, which system can provide a safe and effective method of disinfection for a water supply at an economical cost.
In one aspect, the invention is directed to an electrode comprising a metal member having an anodic coating on a surface area of the member, which coating comprises the oxides of tin, antimony, at least one platinum group metal, and at least one valve metal, and having a cathodic coating on a surface area of the member that is not the surface area of the anodic coating, which cathodic coating comprises the oxides of at least one valve metal and at least one platinum group metal.
In a related aspect, the invention is directed to the method of preparing an electrode comprising an anodic coating, a cathodic coating and a substrate metal, with each coating containing metal oxides and being electrochemically active, which coatings coat the metal and are cured thereon, which method comprises:
(a) applying, to the metal for the anodic coating, but without curing applied coating, a composition comprising precursor substituents for oxides of tin, antimony, at least one platinum group metal and at least one valve metal;
(b) applying, to the metal for the cathodic coating, but without curing applied coating, a composition comprising precursor substituents for oxides of at least one valve metal and at least one platinum group metal; and
(c) simultaneously curing the applied anodic coating precursor substituents and the applied cathodic coating precursor substituents on the substrate metal.
Also, the invention pertains to a generally plate-shaped electrode having front and back major faces and an edge, which electrode has an at least substantially rectangular shaped front major face and back major face and which edge has at least one chamfered corner.
A still further aspect of the invention is an improvement in an electrolytic cell comprising a housing for containing a plurality of electrodes maintained in parallel manner to one another and spaced apart from each other, which electrodes are secured within the interior of the housing, wherein liquid electrolyte distributed to the cell passes through the housing and through the spacings between the electrodes, the improvement comprising:
a cell cover member for the housing, the cell cover member having:
an inner surface facing the interior of the housing;
a plurality of slotted apertures through the entire thickness of the cover member, permitting the passage of liquid electrolyte therethrough; and
a series of parallel rib members affixed to the inner surface of the cover member and extending outwardly therefrom, the rib members having spacings therebetween that connect in a liquid flow path to the slotted apertures.
FIG. 1 is a front elevational view, in cross-section, of an electrolytic cell of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of a cell cover member for the top of the cell of FIG. 1 and having, in exploded view, a portion of a representative electrode adjacent to the cover member.
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the bottom face of the cover member of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of a cell cover member for the bottom of the electrolytic cell of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of a terminal full plate electrode, e.g., a cathode, useful in the cell of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of another terminal plate electrode, e.g., an anode, useful in the cell of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a disinfectant generating system incorporating the cell of FIG. 1.
While the present invention will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown, it is to be understood at the outset of the description which follows that persons of skill in the appropriate arts may modify the invention herein described while still achieving the favorable results of this invention. Accordingly, the description which follows is to be understood as being a broad, teaching disclosure directed to persons of skill in the appropriate arts, and not as limiting upon the present invention. The description deals most particularly with electrolytic cell technology and discusses a disinfectant system embodying same.
It is to be understood that words such as "vertical", "upright", "top" and the like are generally only used herein as terms of convenience, usually to provide a better understanding of the orientation of parts, one to another. Such words should not be construed as limiting the invention unless expressly stated herein as such.
It is contemplated that the electrodes utilized in the electrolytic cell will generally be made from metal sheet material. The sheet will have front and back faces and usually at least two sets of opposed parallel edges. Typically, a sheet with rectangular faces will be used, providing one set of short edges, and one set of long edges for the sheet. The sheet is preferably a non-perforate, solid and inflexible sheet made from any of the metals generally used in making electrodes. By being inflexible, it may be bowed, but would not be readily coilable. Although preferably non-perforate, i.e., solid, it may be a punched plate, but would most likely not be a metal mesh. It is advantageous to use a valve metal, particularly such a metal as titanium, tantalum, zirconium, or niobium, or their alloys or intermetallic mixtures. It is preferred that titanium sheet be used. The electrode sheet material used for the electrodes can be readily shaped so as to form electrode sheets that are parallel to one another in the cell. The electrodes will be connected to a current distributor means for the electrodes. This can be at one or more edges of the electrodes or at one or more faces, e.g., a boss connection welded on a face. For the representative parallel electrode arrangement described herein, only the outermost electrodes need be connected.
Referring then to the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts a representative cell 11 utilized for the present invention. The cell 11 contains nine electrodes 10, including seven center electrodes 10A and a pair of outer, or terminal, electrodes 10B, 10B'. The electrodes 10 are elongated, rectangular plate electrodes each having a front major face, a back major face and an edge 79 (FIG. 5). At the center of each of the outer electrodes 10B, 10B', front major face 78, 78' (FIGS. 5 and 6), there is a bus connector receiving member, or electrical connector nut, 48, 48'. The center electrodes 10A are similarly configured but have no electrical connector nut 48, 48'. Additionally, each electrode 10 has a bias cut corner, e.g., the bias cut corner 71 (FIG. 5), or the bias cut corner 71' (FIG. 6). All of the electrodes 10 are housed within an upper cell assembly inner compartment member 49 as well as a lower cell assembly inner compartment member 50. These members 49, 50 may contain slots, not shown. Edges 79 (FIG. 5) of the electrodes 10, usually just the edges 79 at the elongated sides of the electrodes 10, can be inserted in these slots for holding the electrodes 10 in place inside a central aperture of the inner compartment members 49, 50. The central aperture is rectangular in cross-section to conform with the shape of the perimeter of a parallel array of the electrodes 10 at a short edge.
These inner compartment members 49, 50 are housed inside a cell tube 51, which is typically circular in cross-section. Thus, the compartment members 49, 50 are also circular in cross-section at their circumference. The cell tube 51 is generally elongated and positioned in an at least substantially upright position. The cell tube 51 has an upper tube reinforcement band 52 and a lower tube reinforcement band 53. At the top of the cell tube 51 is a cell top end cap 54, having a central aperture 54A, and within this end cap 54, atop the upper cell assembly inner compartment member 49 is a cell cover member 60 (FIG. 2) comprising a top plate, or puck, 55. At the bottom of the cell 11, there is a cell bottom end cap 56, having a central aperture 56A. Inside this end cap 56 there is a cell cover member 70 (FIG. 4) comprising a bottom plate, or puck, 57.
At the side of the cell tube 51, about midway up the height of such tube 51, there is inserted into the tube 51 and between the upper and lower inner compartment members 49, 50 a cathode bus connector 58. This cathode bus connector 58 is inserted into the electrical connector nut 48 affixed on the outer major face 78 (FIG. 5) of a first outer cathode electrode 10B. This cathode bus connector 58 is held in place by various nuts 59 and washers 61. On the opposite side of the cell tube 51, and inserted through the cell tube 51 and between the upper and lower inner compartment members 49, 50, is an anode bus connector 62. This anode bus connector 62 connects with an electrical connector nut 48' affixed to a second outer anode electrode 10B' (FIG. 6). As with the cathode bus connector 58, the anode bus connector 62 is affixed in place by various nuts 63 and washers 64.
Referring then to FIG. 2, a cell cover member 60 has a top puck 55 containing a keyway 66 notched into the outer perimeter of the puck 55. The puck 55 is circular in shape to conform with the inner circumference of the cell tube 51. The keyway 66 matches with a key, not shown, that is present inside the top of the cell tube 51. The top puck 55 has an inner major face 67 which is at least substantially planar, e.g., a flat and smooth face 67. On this major face 67 are a series of parallel ribs 68. Each rib 68 is of the same size. There is one rib 68 for each electrode 10. That is, for the cell as disclosed in FIG. 1, there will be nine ribs 68. The ribs 68 are positioned parallel to one another, but spaced apart from each other. Also, each rib 68 has a top edge 69. Each rib 68 is long and narrow so that the top edge 69 conforms at least substantially in size with the size of a short edge of an electrode.
For each rib 68 at the top edge 69, at one end, there is an outwardly extending chamfer 70. For matching fit, each electrode 10 has a chamfered corner 71. When an electrode 10 is properly seated on the top edge 69 of a rib 68, the electrode chamfered corner 71 seats on the outwardly extending chamfer 70 of the rib 68. Also on the inner major face 67 of the top puck 55 is a single pin 72 extending outwardly from the face 67 in the manner of a rib 68. This pin 72, upon assembly of the cell 11, is inserted in a corresponding pin hole, not shown, indented within the upper cell assembly inner compartment member 49.
Then, referring to FIG. 3, the top puck 55 with the keyway 66 has, as seen from the outer major face 74 of the puck 55, a series of slots 73. Each slot 73 is of the same size and the slots 73 are parallel to each other, but spaced apart from one another. The slots 73 are thin and narrow, generally conforming in size to the top edge 69 of a rib 68. These slots 73 extend completely through the width dimension of the top puck 55 and open into the spacing between the rib 68. For the cell 11 having nine rib 68, there are eight slots 73. It is contemplated that the cell 11 will generally be made to contain one more rib 68, e.g., nine, than there are slots 73, e.g., eight. Electrolyte flowing through the slots 73 flows against the inner surfaces of the ribs 68 and against the major faces of the electrodes 10.
Referring then to FIG. 4, a cell cover member 70 has a bottom puck 57 for the cell 11 and the cover member 70 has an inner major face 75. Seated on this inner major face 75, projecting in an outward manner, are ribs 76, each having an upper surface 65. As for the top puck 55, the ribs 76 on the bottom puck 57 are parallel to one another, but spaced apart from each other. Also, an electrode 10, at a short section of an electrode edge 79 (FIG. 5), will seat on the upper surface 65 of each rib 76. Thus, for the representative cell of FIG. 1, there will be nine ribs 76 in number. The bottom puck 57 likewise has slots (not shown) extending completely through the width of the bottom puck 57 in the same manner as for the slots 73 of the top puck 55 (FIG. 3). Hence, there will be eight slots in the bottom puck 57. On the inner major face 75 of the bottom puck 57, there are two outwardly extending pins 77 that seat within holes provided for such purpose within the lower cell assembly inner compartment member 50.
Referring then to FIG. 5, an outer electrode 10B, sometimes referred to herein for convenience as the "cathode electrode" 10B, has a major face 78, which in the figure as shown is its front face 78, and an edge 79. The edge comprises both an upper and a lower short section, that each correspond in length to the width of the electrode 10B, as well as including a long section at each side of the electrode 10B. For this generally rectangular outer electrode 10B, the edge 79 generally circumscribes the periphery of a rectangle, except for the electrode chamfered corner 71, i.e., it has two sets of opposed parallel edges. For the generally rectangular outer electrode 10B, the front face 78 is at least substantially planar, usually a flat and smooth front face 78, although other face configurations are contemplated. The electrode 10B is usually thin. All electrodes 10, including the outer electrode 10B depicted in the figure, may be referred to herein as "plate-shaped" or as a "sheet" electrode. Since the outer electrode 10B for the representative cell 11 of FIG. 1 will be in contact with a cathode bus connector 58 on its front face 78, the outer electrode 10B has an electrical connector nut 48. Owing to the cell construction as depicted in FIG. 1, the electrical connector nut 48 will be centrally located on the front face 78 of the outer electrode 10B. In addition to the front face 78, the outer electrode 10B will also have, at the reverse side as depicted in FIG. 5, a major back face (not seen). This back face will also be an at least substantially planar face.
Referring then to FIG. 6, an outer electrode 10B', sometimes referred to herein for convenience as the "anode electrode" 10B', is depicted. It is substantially the mirror image of the outer electrode 10B of FIG. 5. So, virtually all of what has been described hereinabove for the electrode 10B is applicable to the electrode 10B' and will not be repeated herein with regard to the electrode 10B'. Suffice it to say, it has a major face 78', which in the figure as shown is its front face 78', an edge 79' and a chamfered corner 71'. Since it is the outer electrode 10B' that for the representative cell 11 of FIG. 1 will be in contact with the anode bus connector 62 on its front face 78', it has an electrical connector nut 48'.
In assembly, and referring generally now to FIG. 1, electrodes 10, including all center electrodes 10A and the pair of outer electrodes 10B, 10B' can be inserted within, e.g., slid into, slots (not shown) of the upper cell assembly inner compartment member 49. The long sections of the electrode edge 79, 79' are inserted into these slots. In this assembly, the front face 78 of the cathode electrode 10B can be pressed against the inner wall of the cell assembly inner compartment members 49, 50. Because it is against the wall, this is an "inactive" face 78, as the word is used herein. Thus, the back face of this cathode electrode 10B may sometimes be referred to herein as the "active" face. Similarly, the back face of the anode electrode 10B' may also be termed its "active" face. In this assembly, care should be taken that the electrical connector nuts 48, 48' on the outer electrodes 10B, 10B' face outwardly to receive the bus connectors 58, 62. These electrical connector nuts 48, 48' can be previously secured to the outer electrodes 10B in electrical connection, such as by welding, soldering or brazing. All electrodes 10 can initially be made to extend beyond the length of the inner compartment member 49, in both upward and downward directions. The cell assembly top puck 55 can then be brought against an end of the electrodes 10, care being taken to match the outwardly extending chamfer 70 of the top puck ribs 68 with the electrode chamfered corners 71. The top puck 55 with the electrodes 10 in place, can then be pushed against the upper inner compartment member 49 in a manner so as to insert the pin 72 within an aperture (not shown) indented within the inner compartment member 49. This assembly can then be placed within the cell tube 51, care being taken that the keyway 66 of the top puck 55 matches with the key (not shown) contained in the cell tube 51.
The cell top end cap 54 can then be secured to the cell tube 51 in a manner aligning the end cap central aperture 54A with the slots 73 of the top puck 55. By this manner of assembly, the electrodes 10 are placed within the upper inner compartment member 49 so that an anode face of one electrode 10A is spaced apart and faces, in an opposing manner, a cathode face of an adjoining electrode 10A. Furthermore, the front faces 78, 78' of the outer electrodes 10B, 10B' are placed against the inner wall of the inner compartment members 49, 50. Moreover, by the combination of the keyway 66 and pin 72, the electrodes 10 are correctly inserted within the cell tube 51 in a manner insuring that the cathode bus connector 58 will connect with the appropriate electrical connector nut 48 on an front cathode face 78 of an outer electrode 10B. In the same manner, the anode bus connector 62 will connect with the electrical connector nut 48' on the front anode face 78' of the other outer electrode 10B.
The lower cell assembly inner compartment member 50 can then be slipped within the cell tube 51, insuring in the process that the electrodes 10 fit within any slots (not shown) contained on the inside surface of the inner compartment member 50. Thereafter, the cell assembly bottom puck 57 can be inserted into the cell tube 51 in a manner insuring that the two pins 77 are inserted within corresponding holes (not shown) contained within this lower inner compartment member 50. In this manner, each electrode 10 at its bottom edge, will seat against an upper surface 65 of the ribs 76 which themselves are seated on the inner major face 75 of the bottom puck 57. In a preferred embodiment, an elastomeric gasket, not shown, can be placed between the ribs 76 and the puck 57 on the face 75 of the puck 57. This can provide some resilience of the ribs 76 against the puck 57. In this manner, any slight variations in lengths for the electrodes 10 can be accommodated with all electrodes 10 retained in snug fit between both sets of the ribs 68, 76. After this part of the assembly has been completed, the cell bottom end cap 56 can be inserted over the bottom end of the cell tube 51 in a manner to align the end cap central aperture 56A with slots (not shown) in the bottom puck 57. To finish the assembly, cathode bus connector 58 and the anode bus connector 62 are inserted within the electrical connector nuts 48, 48'. The various nuts 59, 63 and washers 61, 64 are then secured, and connection can be made from these bus connectors 58, 62 to a power supply (not shown).
For the electrolytic cell 11, the cell tube 51 and end caps 54, 56 as well as the reinforcement bands 52, 53 can all be of a rigid polymeric material such as chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) or the like, e.g., polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide or polycarbonates. Within the electrolytic cell 11, where the electrodes 10 may, at least in part, be held in place by inserting edges of the electrodes 10 into slots of the inner compartment members 49, 50, a suitable material of construction for these members 49, 50 can be a material such as Kynar™, i.e., polyvinylidene fluoride, or the like. Such material is also serviceable for the pucks 55, 57 and their associated elements, e.g., the ribs 68, 76. Where nuts and washers have been shown, these may be of conventional metal materials for these elements, such as a valve metal, as represented by titanium. A valve metal such as titanium can also be a metal of choice for the bus connectors 58, 62 and the electrical connector nuts 48, 48'. Where such a metal is selected, it can be desirable to coat the metal before placing it in service. A suitable coating can be achieved by plating, e.g., platinum plating of titanium. Thus, there may be utilized items such as platinum plated titanium bus connectors 58, 62 and electrical connector nuts 48, 48'.
Although the electrodes 10 have been depicted in the figures as rectangular and in plate, or sheet, form, it will be understood that such shape and form are especially suitable where the electrodes 10 are to be used in the particular cell 11. However, other shapes and forms for the electrodes 10 may be useful, as where differing cell configurations are desired. Even for a cell such as the cell 11, electrodes 10 may be tapered, rather than rectangular, or square, and the shape of the cell 11 adjusted accordingly. Where electrodes 10 have rectangular or similar faces, e.g., square faces, or where they may be tapered so as not having long parallel edges, or the like, all such electrodes 10 are referred to herein for convenience as "substantially rectangular shaped", or as having faces of substantially rectangular shape. Other suitable forms may also, however, include cylindrical electrodes, such as having circular or oval cross-sections. Hence, other shapes and forms are contemplated for providing serviceable electrodes 10.
The electrodes 10 are coated with an electrically conductive, electrocatalytic coating. In general, coatings of this type have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,265,526, 3,632,498, 3,711,385 and 4,528,084. These coatings can contain at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of platinum group metal oxides, magnetite, ferrite, cobalt oxide spinel, and tin oxide, and/or contain a mixed crystal material of at least one oxide of a valve metal and at least one oxide of a platinum group metal, and/or contain one or more of manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, platinate substituent, nickel-nickel oxide or a mixture of nickel plus lanthanum oxides. More typically, such coatings for consideration herein can be those as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,776,834, 3,875,043, or 3,878,083.
AdvantageousLy, a coating is applied to one face of the electrode 10, which coating is referred to herein as the "anode" coating. The anode coating is one that, in general, is a mixed oxide coating of stannic oxide, antimony oxide, at least one platinum group metal oxide, and valve metal oxide. Such coatings may usually contain from about 30 to about 90 weight percent stannic oxide, about 1.0 to about 25 weight percent antimony oxide, about 1.0 to about 50 weight percent of at least one platinum group metal oxide, preferably iridium, and from about 0.5 to about 30 weight percent of a valve metal oxide, preferably titanium, with the proviso that the mole ratio of tin to antimony oxides is between about 99:1 and about 70:30. A mixed oxide coating of this type, but of more limited ratios, as well as of more limited amounts for at least one constituent, and thus being only representative of a suitable anode coating, has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,875,043 and 3,917,518.
The other face of the electrode 10 then has applied thereto a coating that is referred to herein as the "cathode" coating. The cathode coating is advantageously one that contains a mixed oxide coating of at least one platinum group metal oxide. The platinum group metal oxide, as a single oxide, will generally be present in an amount within the range of from about 10 mole percent to about 45 mole percent, with a balance to 100 mole percent of valve metal oxide. Preferably, when ruthenium oxide is present, e.g., with another platinum group metal oxide, it will contribute at least about 5 mole percent of ruthenium oxide. Similarly, when iridium oxide is present in a platinum group metal oxide mix, it will generally contribute at least about 5 mole percent of iridium oxide. The balance of at least one valve metal oxide is preferably of titanium. The coating can be applied to the electrode 10 in any conventional manner. Reference in this regard can be made to the manner as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,875,043.
The resulting electrode 10 with the anode coating on one face and the cathode coating on the other face, will be referred to herein for convenience as the "bipolar" electrode. Preferably, the electrodes used in the cell 11 are bipolar electrodes 10 although it is contemplated that the invention is also applicable to electrodes that might be utilized as monopolar electrodes.
Initially, the coatings are prepared, typically as solutions from predominantly chloride or sulfate salts. Thus, the advantageous anode coating may be prepared as a solution such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,917,518, with the solution containing the chloride salts of tin, antimony and ruthenium, along with orthobutyl titanate, with the solution being provided in a medium of butanol containing hydrochloric acid. However, other alcohol based solutions can be used, e.g., those based on ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. Also, water based solutions can be useful. For these, TiCl3 or TiCl4 may replace the titanate substituent. It can be serviceable to coat the substrate metal, e.g., titanium, such as by brush application of the coating solution onto a substrate surface, and then dry the solution followed by baking. Conventionally, this procedure is repeated to provide a more elevated coating weight than achieved by just a first coating. Where a current connection means for the electrode 10 includes an element secured to the electrode 10, e.g., an electrical connection nut 48 welded to the outer electrode 10B, such connection means can also be coated. However, generally, where a front face 78 of an outer electrode 10B will be against a wall, e.g., an inner wall of the inner compartment members 49, 50, such front face may not be coated. Hence, outer electrodes 10B, 10B' may only have one active face, i.e., the back face for these electrodes, although it is contemplated that both front and back faces could be coated.
It has been found that where the advantageous anode coating and the advantageous cathode coating are used, these coatings may be both applied to the same substrate material as anode and cathode coatings, without first drying, or drying and curing, the one coating before the application of the other coating. As an example, there may be employed a metal sheet wherein the faces of the sheet utilized for the bipolar electrode are both the front and back faces of the sheet. The anode coating may be applied on the front face of the sheet and, without more, the cathode coating applied to the back face of the sheet. Then, the two coatings can proceed concurrently through the same drying and baking conditions. Thus, these advantageous coatings have been found to be desirable for most efficiently providing fast, concomitant formation of both the anode coating and the cathode coating on the metal substrate.
In such simultaneous application procedure, both coatings for efficiency and economy are usually applied to the substrate metal in the same manner, e.g., by brushing or roller coating or the like, and then typically dried, such as at a temperature within the range from about 90� C. to about 120� C. for a time of about one to about ten minutes. The dried coatings can then proceed to baking, such as at a temperature on the order of from about 450� C. up to about 650� C. for a time from about five minutes to about thirty minutes. It is, however, contemplated that the drying step can be eliminated after each coating application and that the applied coatings can proceed directly to the baking step. For this concomitant application procedure, such could be useful for bipolar electrodes 10 not usually contemplated for use in the cell 11. These electrodes 10 would include perforate, as well as cylindrical-shaped or other shaped electrodes.
In addition to the application of these coatings on differing faces, e.g., front and back faces, of a substrate material, it is contemplated that they could be applied to different areas of a single face of a substrate. Such a type of bipolar electrode has been disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,246. Therein, the anode coating can be present on a first zone of the one face, e.g., on the lower half of the front face 78 of the electrode 10, and the cathode coating on a second zone of the same face, in this case on the upper half of the front face 78 of the electrode. It will be understood that these electrodes may find use outside of hypochlorite generation. For example, it is contemplated that they may be employed in such applications as organic destruction or other similar electro-oxidation processes. For other disinfecting applications, the electrodes are contemplated for use in generating ions such as of cobalt, silver, iron and cerium.
It will be understood that the coatings may not be applied directly to the metallic surface of the substrate metal for the electrode 10, as the surface may proceed through various operations, including pretreatment before coating. For example, the surface may be subjected to an etching or hydriding or nitriding treatment. Prior to coating with an electrochemically active material, it has been proposed to provide an oxide layer. Thus, the coating may be applied to an intermediate layer, e.g., an oxide layer, on the substrate metal of the electrode 10. The oxide layer can be provided by heating the substrate in air or by anodic oxidation of the substrate as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,234,110. European patent application No. 0,090,425 proposes to platinum electroplate the substrate to which then an oxide of ruthenium, palladium or iridium is chemideposited. Various proposals have also been made in which an outer layer of electrochemically active material is deposited on a sublayer which primarily serves as a protective and conductive intermediate. U.K. Patent No. 1,344,540 discloses utilizing an electrodeposited layer of cobalt or lead oxide under a ruthenium-titanium oxide or similar active outer layer. Various intermediate oxide layers, including tin oxide based underlayers, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,272,354, 3,882,002, 3,950,240 and 5,672,394. The intermediate layer may be a thermally spray applied layer of a metal, or metal oxide, or both, with or without doping agent. The layer may be a suboxide layer and may be established by chemical vapor deposition. The layer can have a desirable surface roughness. These various considerations have been discussed in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,324,407 plus 5,672,394.
The cell 11 containing the bipolar electrodes 10 is particularly useful for generating hypochlorite in a system adapted for treating water, such as in providing potable water from a freshwater supply. The system might be put to use in maritime application, such as an offshore application. This would be an application such as on board a ship, or at an offshore drilling rig. However, it is to be understood that the system may find use outside of maritime application, such as in a land based installation. Although such a water source may be freshwater, i.e., desalinated, or other source of non-salty water, the water can still need to be disinfected, and may then be suitable to serve as a potable water supply. Such a system has been disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/041,948.
To better provide an understanding of how a cell 11 might be utilized in a representative system, reference is now made to FIG. 7. As depicted therein, a disinfecting unit 1 receives water, feeding from a source not shown, that passes to a briner tank 4 through a tank water inlet line 5. Also, salt is supplied to the briner tank 4, entering through a salt inlet 6, for dissolution in the briner tank. The salt for addition to the briner tank 4 can be sodium chloride. However, it is to be understood that the cell is contemplated for use with other salts and these may include other chloride salts such as lithium chloride and potassium chloride. The salt may be in a purified form, or it may be in other form, e.g., iodized table salt. The tank 4 is usually an elongated, upright tank 4. Where sodium chloride is used, this salt will be so readily soluble in even unheated water, that agitation generally need not be used in the tank 4. Most typically, the tank 4 will be filled with a packed bed of the salt. The briner tank 4 is equipped with a disposal line 7 connecting to brine disposal means 8. Brine disposal from the briner tank 4 can be useful such as when the system is shut down.
Brine electrolyte is discharged from the briner tank 4 through an electrolyte line 9 feeding brine electrolyte to the electrolytic cell 11 containing the electrodes 10. The system of FIG. 7 is representative of batch operation, whereby product from the electrolytic cell 11 exits through a product discharge line 14 to a hypochlorite storage means, e.g., a tank 15. For a continuously operating system, a short length or coil of tubing could be used to store hypochlorite for continuous use without needing tank 15. The hypochlorite storage tank 15, which serves to store a supply of hypochlorite, has a hypochlorite feed line 16 for feeding hypochlorite to a source of freshwater (not shown) for disinfection. The hypochlorite tank 15 is also equipped with a hypochlorite tank disposal line 26 connecting to hypochlorite disposal means 27, e.g., a tank 27, which may be the same tank as for the brine disposal means 8. Equipping the hypochlorite storage tank 15 with such disposal apparatus can be useful in the same manner as for the disposal means 8 of the briner tank 4.
There will now be discussed a representative operation by referring to FIG. 7. Intake water flows through the tank water inlet line 5 to the briner tank 4. Also provided to the briner tank 4 is salt, usually in particulate form, e.g., granular, iodized table salt. Within the briner tank 4, salt and water mix, typically to prepare a concentrated brine solution. The brine solution then feeds through the electrolyte line 9 to the cell 11.
The cell 11 will be equipped with electrodes 10, i.e., the bipolar electrodes in plate form as described hereinabove, and electrical current will be provided to the electrodes 10 from a source not shown. The cell 11 may be the elongated, upright and unseparated cell 11 as shown in FIG. 1. For this representative operation, the cell 11 can be utilized to have a bottom inlet and top outlet so that electrolyte flows upwardly within the cell 11.
More particularly, and referring to the FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, electrolyte flows into the central aperture 56A of the cell bottom end cap 56 and flows upwardly through slots, not shown, extending through the cell assembly bottom puck 57. The electrolyte continues flowing upwardly against the bottom puck ribs 76 in the spacing between the bottom puck ribs 76 and thus between the electrodes 10 and against each front major face 78 and back major face of the center electrodes 10A, as well as along the active back faces of the outer electrodes 10B, 10B', i.e., the faces of the outer electrodes 10B, 10B' which are not connected through the electrical connector nuts 48, 48'. Reaching the top of the cell 11, the electrolyte flows between and against the ribs 68 of the top puck 55 and upwardly through the slots 73 that extend through the top puck 55. Thereafter, the electrolyte flows through the central aperture 54A contained in the cell top end cap 54, and exits the cell 11.
In the representative cell 11, the seven vertically oriented bipolar electrodes 10, as well as the two outer electrodes 10B, 10B', are all in plate form and can measure, in inches, 17/8�93/8�0.60, for their width, height and thickness, respectively. The amount of edge removal for the chamfer 71 of each electrode 10 is generally in the proportion as shown in FIG. 5. These electrodes 10 will be closely spaced to one another, e.g., 0.04 inch apart, and positioned parallel to each other as well as parallel to the flow of electrolyte through the cell 11. In the electrolytic cell 11, in an electrolytic process that passes the electric current through the brine electrolyte, and where sodium chloride is the salt employed, the cell 11 generates a sodium hypochlorite solution in an aqueous medium, usually referred to herein simply as "hypochlorite" or "hypochlorite solution". In a typical operation, the representative cell 11 will generate an amount of hypochlorite equivalent to from 0.67 pound to 3 pounds of chlorine, as chlorine, per day. Product from the electrolytic cell 11, including hypochlorite solution and any gaseous products generated in the cell 11, e.g., oxygen and hydrogen, are then passed through the product discharge line 14 into the hypochlorite storage tank 15. For some installations, the gases may be simply vented to the atmosphere from the storage tank 15, or they may be otherwise disposed of. Hypochlorite can then be fed through the hypochlorite feed line 16 for use, e.g., to a source of water to be disinfected.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 19, 1987
|May 28, 1991
|Moltech Invent S.A.
|Molten salt electrowinning electrode, method and cell
|Jan 10, 1990
|Feb 23, 1993
|Eltech Systems Corporation
|Plate anode having bias cut edges
|Dec 3, 1990
|Apr 20, 1993
|Ensci, Inc.
|Process for coating a substrate with tin oxide
|Feb 26, 1993
|Jun 28, 1994
|Eltech Systems Corporation
|Substrate of improved plasma sprayed surface morphology and its use as an electrode in an electrolytic cell
|Feb 10, 1994
|May 30, 1995
|Weres; Oleh
|Electrode, electrode manufacturing process and electrochemical cell
|Nov 30, 1994
|Apr 2, 1996
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Sable coating solutions for coating valve metal anodes
|Dec 15, 1994
|Apr 23, 1996
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, A Ma Corp.
|Method for making an electrochemical cell
|Aug 16, 1994
|Nov 26, 1996
|National Science Council
|Process for manufacturing iridium and palladium oxides-coated titanium electrode and the electrode produced thereby
|May 15, 1995
|Nov 26, 1996
|Eltech Systems Corporation
|Method of preparing electrodes of improved service life
|Feb 6, 1995
|Jan 14, 1997
|Daiki Engineering Co., Ltd.
|Highly durable electrodes for electrolysis and a method for preparation thereof
|Aug 2, 1996
|Sep 30, 1997
|Eltech Systems Corporation
|Electrodes of improved service life
|Oct 10, 1995
|Oct 21, 1997
|Solvay (Societe Anonyme)
|Electrode for an electrochemical process and use of the said electrode
|Feb 10, 1997
|Jul 21, 1998
|Eltech Systems Corporation
|Combination inner plate and outer envelope electrode
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 25, 1999
|Jul 17, 2001
|Miox Corporation
|Portable water disinfection system
|May 24, 2000
|Feb 25, 2003
|Miox Corporation
|Portable water disinfection system
|Oct 10, 2000
|May 6, 2003
|Miox Corporation
|Portable hydration system
|Jul 16, 2001
|May 18, 2004
|Miox Corporation
|Portable water disinfection system
|Feb 23, 2004
|Feb 28, 2006
|Miox Corporation
|Gas drive electrolytic cell
|Feb 23, 2004
|Mar 7, 2006
|Miox Corporation
|Electrolytic cell for surface and point of use disinfection
|Jan 16, 2004
|Jul 17, 2007
|Miox Corporation
|Pumps for filtration systems
|Jan 16, 2004
|Nov 20, 2007
|Miox Corporation
|Dual head pump driven filtration system
|Jun 22, 2010
|Miox Corporation
|Gas drive electrolytic cell
|May 31, 2011
|S & N Pump Company
|Anti-fouling system for offshore drilling structures
|Oct 18, 2011
|Freeport-Mcmoran Corporation
|Anode structure for copper electrowinning
|Sep 29, 2011
|Feb 12, 2013
|Freeport-Mcmoran Corporation
|Anode structure for copper electrowinning
|Dec 9, 2008
|Jun 4, 2013
|Bayer Healthcare Llc
|Systems for forming reagent with reduced background current
|Nov 24, 2009
|Jun 4, 2013
|Reoxcyn Discoveries Group, Inc
|Product and method for producing an immune system supplement and performance enhancer
|Dec 28, 2012
|Mar 4, 2014
|Reoxcyn Discoveries Group, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for producing a stabilized antimicrobial non-toxic electrolyzed saline solution exhibiting potential as a therapeutic
|Apr 29, 2013
|Jul 14, 2015
|Bayer Healthcare Llc
|Method for forming a test sensor
|Jun 14, 2013
|Dec 29, 2015
|Simple Science Limited
|Electrochemical activation device
|Dec 28, 2012
|Feb 9, 2016
|Reoxcyn Discoveries Group, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for producing a stabilized antimicrobial non-toxic electrolyzed saline solution exhibiting potential as a therapeutic
|Jan 16, 2004
|Sep 9, 2004
|Miox Corporation
|Pumps for filtration systems
|Feb 23, 2004
|Oct 28, 2004
|Miox Corporation
|Electrolytic cell for surface and point of use disinfection
|Feb 23, 2004
|Nov 18, 2004
|Miox Corporation
|Gas drive electrolytic cell
|Feb 13, 2006
|Jul 20, 2006
|Miox Corporation
|Gas drive electrolytic cell
|Oct 31, 2006
|May 3, 2007
|Jeff Lutz
|Anti-fouling system for offshore drilling structures
|Jul 27, 2007
|Nov 15, 2007
|Carlson Richard C
|High efficiency hypochlorite anode coating
|Dec 9, 2008
|Jun 11, 2009
|Bayer Healthcare Llc
|Methods and systems for forming reagent with reduced background current
|Dec 19, 2008
|Jun 25, 2009
|Mikuni Corporation
|Electrolyzed water generating and spraying device
|May 19, 2009
|Nov 19, 2009
|Miox Corporation
|Electrolytic Cell with Gas Driven Pumping
|Nov 4, 2010
|Phelps Dodge Corporation
|Anode structure for copper electrowinning
|Oct 13, 2006
|Aug 20, 2008
|Technological method for treating carbolic acid waste water by electrochemical oxidation
|Jan 27, 2005
|Aug 3, 2006
|Industrie De Nora S.P.A.
|High efficiency hypochlorite anode coating
|U.S. Classification
|204/252, 427/126.3, 204/290.08, 205/229, 205/333, 205/322, 204/290.04, 204/290.1, 204/290.13, 205/225, 205/220, 427/126.5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 1, 1998
Owner name: ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PRASNIKAR, ALBERT R.;CARLSON, RICHARD C.;COIN, RICHARD J.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009128/0093;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980319 TO 19980330
|Jun 13, 2000
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 4, 2000
Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A., AS AGENT, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION;ELTECH SYSTEMS FOREIGN SALES CORPORATION;ELTECH SYSTEMS, L.P., L.L.L.P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011442/0165
Effective date: 20001129
|Apr 2, 2003
Owner name: ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION, OHIO
Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:MELLON BANK, N.A., AS AGENT;REEL/FRAME:013922/0792
Effective date: 20030324
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Owner name: LASALLE BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, ILLINOIS
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013907/0595
Effective date: 20030324
|Jun 11, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 24, 2003
|Reinstatement after maintenance fee payment confirmed
|Jan 20, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20031123
|Feb 26, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 26, 2004
|Surcharge for late payment
|Mar 8, 2004
|Patent reinstated due to the acceptance of a late maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040312
|Sep 20, 2005
Owner name: ELTECHSYSTEMS CORPORATION, OHIO
Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LASALLE BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:016814/0091
Effective date: 20050906
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Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Art: Keng Lye's incredible 3D paintings made using painted layers of resin
There are only so many times a parent can use the "having a pet is hard work" line before they cave in to the beseeching eyes (or screaming mouth) of their young child – that's when they resort to a goldfish and so ensues the tragic flushing of hundreds of goldfish all over the world. It's an epidemic, but we've found the perfect solution: Keng Lye.
This Singapore-based artist has managed to use a combination of acrylic paint and resin to effectively 3D print any water-dwelling creature imaginable. The process to create them, however, is complex. Based on the techniques of Japanese artist Riusuke Fukahori, the creatures are built slowly by painting different sections of their bodies onto multiple layers of resin, this layering gives them a depth flat images can only dream of.
Keng adds a further step to this process by involving more components. The curve of the turtles' shells are formed over eggshells and pebbles are the base for the octopus' head. This way, he says, his aquarium of critters maintain their 3D impact from any angle. If things keep going at this rate, he'll have them swimming around soon!
- "Run towards the noise" – MINI contemplates the future of mobility and personalisation in London
- Photographer Benedetta Ristori documents cultural juxtapositions on the Balkan peninsula
- June Korea's photographic fantasy: one man's relationship with his sex doll
- Smart, funny and expertly executed party posters from German designer Mark Bohle
- Vice, despair and a bafflingly fertile imagination from Brooklyn-based Milton Melvin Croissant III
- A focus on typography in Ghent-based designer Corbin Mahieu's updated portfolio
- Don't Hug Me I'm Scared - an exclusive interview with Duck, Red Guy and Yellow Guy
- World's "ugliest" Pantone colour 448C is being used to deter smokers
- North evolves Tate identity to be more adaptable
- Babak Ganjei paints 90s sitcom sitting rooms. But which one's which?
- More bonkers and surreal selfies from Izumi Miyazaki
- Reactions to the referendum and our weekly Best of the Web

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Get the Rams newsletter
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The Rams have won two of their opening three games under the new coaching set-up - and Ward's eager to keep the good run going.
Derby County have confirmed the latest set of Season Ticket prices....
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Upcoming Events
- Falls Fireworks Illuminations and CocaCola ConcertMay 1 - August 31
- Summer EntertainmentMay 20 - October 10
- Regal Geranium ShowJune 11 - June 30
Niagara Parks Hotels & Accommodations
Whether you're looking to spend your nights in the great outdoors or lounge in luxury at a five-star resort, your ideal accommodations are waiting at Niagara Falls!
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Campgrounds, hostels and trailer parks located in the Niagara Falls region.


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The Finance Bill 2016: List of amendmentsCLAUSE 1: 1. Senator Mohammad Ishaq Dar, Minister for Finance, Revenue, Economic Affairs, Statistics and Privatization to move that in the Finance Bill, 2016 as introduced in the National Assembly, in clause 1, for sub-clause (3), the following ... Business Recorder, 5 days ago
NAB set to file reference against Pervaiz Ashraf, others
ISLAMABAD - The National Accountability Bureau is all set to file a corruption reference against former prime minister Raja Pervaiz Ahsraf and others after completion of the investigation for the award of rental power plants contract to M/s Young ...The Nation Pakistan, 6 days ago
Faithful obsessions !
Recently, while on a flight to Dubai, from where I was to take a connecting flight to Germany, I had a short but rather telling encounter with another passenger. A group of three women and two men entered the plane. Two of the women were in black ...Kashmir Observer, 1 week ago Faithful obsessions DAWN Group, 3 weeks ago
IHC turns down alleged key financer Moazzam's bail plea
Home Islamabad IHC turns down alleged key financer Moazzam's bail plea Jun 14, 2016 Islamabad Like Imran Farooq murder case Zubair Qureshi Islamabad—The Islamabad High Court (IHC) on Monday dismissed bail plea filed by one of the ...Pakistan Observer, 2 weeks ago
Nawaz bestowed more than one plot on bureaucracy in housing schemes
ISLAMABAD: The powerful bureaucrats of the federal capital have been allowed by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to get more than one residential plots in the government housing schemes. The prime minister of Pakistan has approved allotment of a ...Daily Times, 1 month ago
Reverse sweeps: Pakistan's crazy cricket controversies
Please note: These do NOT include controversies to do with either match-fixing or spot-fixing that have already been written about on numerous occasions. The Kardar eruptions Abdul Hafeez Kardar was an average batsman and an occasional bowler.DAWN Group, 1 month ago
179 x mega cases
Upcoming SlideShare Loading in … 5 1. 179 x Mega Cases 1. On the directions of Honble Supreme Court of Pakistan, a list of 179 cases was submitted before the Court. Later on the same list was uploaded on NAB's website. The original breakup ...SlideShare.net, 2 months ago
Foundation day triumph: PTI to hold motor-rally in Islamabad today
The rally will start from Zero Point in the afternoon and end at F-9 Park ISLAMABAD (Dunya News) Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) will hold motor-rally today in the federal capital in connection with its forthcoming foundation day , Dunya News ...Dunya News, 2 months ago
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Student Handbook
How to download and view the Student Handbook
The Student Handbook is a large document. We recommend downloading and viewing this file in the Adobe Acrobat Reader application. This will give you the option of clicking "Bookmarks" for easier content navigation.
- Right-click the "Flagler College Student Handbook" link below.
- Select the option
- for Internet Explorer: "Save Target As..."
- for Chrome or Firefox: "Save Link As..."
- Choose where you would like to save the file.
- Click the "Save" button.
- Navigate to the location on your computer where you saved the file.
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Flagler College Student Handbook
Once the Student Handbook file is opened you should be presented with "Bookmarks" located on the left of the document.
Associate Professor of Law and History Tracy Upchurch is one of Flagler's most active professors, on and off campus.
Jun 29, 2016Summer Term Session A Grades Due
Ponce de Leon Hall


text:
Reader's correspondence: Reply to Libretti on inequality
Even under socialism, doctors and lawyers will receive higher salaries than custodians, postal workers, cashiers, and fast food workers.
Open source socialism: Harnessing innovation for progressive change
The impulse for large-scale, government-led democratic socialist reforms could produce the qualitative transformation Marx counted on.
What Hillary Clinton should learn from Brexit
The stunning British vote to leave the European Union - is a clear and dramatic rebuke of the country's political and economic elites.
Pat Summitt, 64: Gender pioneer
Summitt, if you don't know, was the legendary and beloved women's basketball coach at the University of Tennessee.
Dreaming of Brexit
Globalization is unstoppable. Even war will only produce a pause in the process. But its shape, boundaries, and direction are all subject to initiative.
Widening wealth gap exposes America's cultural commitment to inequality
"I believe these truths to be self-evident: America is committed to inequality."
Brexit, Trump, and the choices we actually have
The Brexit vote shows the pitfalls of acting as if we had ideal choices rather than real ones.
The House sit-in wasn't dumb or great, it was a beginning
One action isn't going to do it. Progressives will have to do much more to break industry's choke hold on Congress.
Socialism: A once-in-10,000-years opportunity
For the first time since the earliest human societies, people have finally started to practically work toward a social order not based on exploitation.
Envisioning a modern, democratic, peaceful, and green socialism
The American people have been denied the right to discuss socialism in the public arena. Thanks to Bernie, that's changing.


text:
Shine a light on an Australian you admire
Nominations are now open for the Australian of the Year Awards 2013, the search has begun to find the next Australian of the Year, Senior Australian, Young Australian and Australia's Local Hero.
- Print page
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If you know someone who deserves to be recognised for their leadership, dedication or generosity, now is the time to nominate to make sure they are in the running!
At the recent Melbourne launch of the 2013 Awards campaign, Prime Minister Julia Gillard said that the awards remain a salient reminder that it is people who make a nation.
'From young Australians who inspire us with their enthusiasm, to senior Australians who bring such depth of experience and dedication, and local heroes who want nothing more than to make a difference in their own community...they make us want to be better than we are.'
Chair of the National Australia Day Council, Adam Gilchrist, said that every Australian has a say in who should be considered for an award.
'Each good news story that is told through a nomination can inspire and motivate us all to contribute to building an Australia we can all be proud of,' he said.
'Don't leave it to someone else. If there's someone in your family, or someone you know, or someone you admire who inspires you, then tell us about them.'
Nominate online or pick up a nomination form at your nearest ABC shop.
For more information please call 1300 655 193. Nominations close on Friday, 31 August 2012
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- WA Farmers executive policy officer Grady Powell says rural firefighters cannot wait for directions from Perth.
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- Pr Richard Heinberg, Post Carbon Institute, challenges of transitioning to 100 per cent renewables future
- Christos Tsiolkas
- Western Australian grain handler CBH says it is preparing for a potential record harvest between 14 and 16 million tonnes


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Credit: Femi Faminu
Creative #: 133254070
Licence type: Royalty-freeRoyalty-free pricing is based solely on the size of the product you need, not the specific use. You don't have to pay any additional royalties on a use-by-use basis. Once you license a royalty-free product, you may use it multiple times for multiple projects without paying additional fees. (Pornographic, defamatory, libellous or otherwise unlawful use of any image is, of course, prohibited.)
Collection: Moment Open
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Amboseli Stock PhotoAfrican Elephant,Amboseli National Park,Animal,Animal Body Part,Animal Themes,Animals In The Wild,Colour Image,Day,Elephant,Elephant Calf,Four Animals,Grass,Horizontal,Kenya,No People,Outdoors,Photography,Safari Animals,Sky,Tree,Tusk,WildlifePhotographer Femi FaminuCollection: Moment Open © 2004 LivetowanderSafari elephants at Amboseli Reserve.


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Lily Allen Bans Her Fans From Watching Her TV Show
Lily Allen has begged fans not to watch a controversial fly-on-the-wall TV show about her life - insisting she's "embarrassed" by the footage. The "Smile" hitmaker allowed cameras to follow her last year as she prepared to launch her designer clothes hire shop, Lucy In Disguise, with her sister Sarah Owen.
The programme, titled "Lily Allen: From Riches to Rags", shows her confessing to an eating disorder and opening up about her pregnancy last year, which ended in tragedy when she miscarried the baby at six months. But the pop star has now urged her fans not to tune in when the show airs on U.K. network Channel 4 later this month, admitting she was "naive" to agree to take part.
In a series of posts on her Twitter.com blog, Allen writes, "Just a couple of things, some of you may have read about a TV show called 'Riches to Rags' (title not my idea) airing on Tuesday next week. We started filming it a year ago and I feel like a completely different person that (sic) the one that features in the programme."
"I'm inclined to ask you not to watch it cause quite frankly I am embarrassed. On the other hand I want you all to watch it so you can see how the press coverage of it has been totally sensationalized and quotes taken out of context."
"I should probably know better than to write this here but I feel it's the only place that my words don't get minced. That is all... I don't think I got a fee, it was meant to be a show about sisters starting a business. I think I may have been a little naive."
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- Hard Work Pays Off! Kourtney Kardashian Displays Her Rock-Hard Abs in Sexy Bikini
- Jessica Williams Is Leaving 'The Daily Show' to Headline New Comedy Series


text:
Real Castilha Hotel, Sao Paulo
- Free full breakfast and WiFi
Main amenities
- 87 guestrooms
- Room service
- Fitness center
- Valet parking
- Conference center
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Computer station
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Meeting room
- Free newspapers in the lobby
For families
- Laundry facilities
- Hair dryer
- Elevator/lift
- Minibar
- Cable TV service
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
What's around
- In Downtown Sao Paulo
- Municipal Theater (0.5 mi / 0.8 km)
- Sao Bento Monastery (0.6 mi / 0.9 km)
- Banespa Building (0.6 mi / 0.9 km)
- Viaduto do Cha Walkway (0.6 mi / 0.9 km)
- Sala Sao Paulo Concert Hall (0.6 mi / 1 km)
Real Castilha Hotel, Sao Paulo
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $44
- Quarto Quadruplo
- Standard Double Room
- Luxury Double Room
- Standard Twin Room
- Standard Triple Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 87 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 11 floors
- Check-in time 1 PM-3 AM
- Check-out time is Noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Parents must have child's birth certificate and photo ID *
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Valet parking *
Nearby Three Star Sao Paulo hotels
In the hotel
- Free full breakfast daily
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Fitness facilities
- Business center
- Conference space size (feet) - true
- Conference space size (meters) - true
- One meeting room
- Conference center
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Hair dryer
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
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Real Castilha Hotel, Sao Paulo's small print
Also known as
- Castilha
- Hotel Real Castilha
- Real Castilha
- Real Castilha Hotel
- Real Castilha Hotel Sao Paulo
- Real Castilha Sao Paulo
- Real Castilha Hotel Sao Paulo, Brazil
Parents or a legal guardian traveling with children under 18 years must present the child's birth certificate and an identity card with photo (passport, for example) at the check-in. For international travels from Brazil, if just one of the parents is traveling with the child, she/he must present – in addition to the child's certificate of birth and identity card with photo – a letter authorizing the trip signed by the other parent with a notarial certification of signature. In case the parents or the legal guardian, as applicable, cannot or are unwilling to give this authorization, a judicial authorization is required. People who intend to travel to Brazil with children must consult with the Brazilian consulate before traveling for more information.
Parking height restrictions apply.
Optional extras
Valet parking costs BRL 22-38 per day with in/out privileges
Rollaway beds are available for an additional charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


text:
Megan Fox Is Sexy in Red for 'Friends With Kids' Premiere at 2011 TIFF
Megan Fox is sizzling in red when coming to the premiere of "Friends With Kids" at 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. For the event taking place at the Ryerson Theatre, the 25-year-old star donned a Thakoon mini dress, and finished off her look with dalmatian-patterned Brian Atwood heels, a Christian Louboutin clutch and David Webb ring.
Hitting the red carpet on Friday, September 9, Megan was accompanied by her actor husband Brian Austin Green. Sharing her worries, she told Just Jared, "I don't like to watch myself on-screen. I get nauseous from the audience's reaction. Like when a part of the movie is supposed to be funny and the audience doesn't laugh, that's the worst!"
Other cast members spotted in attendance were Jon Hamm and Adam Scott. The two male stars flaunted their masculinities by rocking traditional two-piece suits. Meanwhile, director Jennifer Westfeldt, who also stars in the film, arrived elegantly in a one-sleeved dress.
"Friends With Kids" follows a close-knit circle of friends at that moment in life when children arrive and everything changes. There are big laughs and unexpected emotional truths as the last two singles in the group, out of step with their married pals, resolve to have a kid together.
- 'Rogue One' Releases More New Photos. Also Get Detail of Mon Mothma's Bigger Role
- Taylor Swift Flies to U.K. to Meet Tom Hiddleston's Mom. See Picture of Their Happy Outing
- 'Game of Thrones' Season Finale Won't Slow Down the Pace, People Will Die
- Audrina Patridge and Fiance Welcome Baby Girl Kirra Max
- Getting Married? Tyga Calls Kylie Jenner His 'Wifey'
- Christina Aguilera Performs 'Change' on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!' to Support Orlando
- Justin Bieber's Music Video Vixen Xenia Deli, 26, Marries 62-Year-Old Man in Lavish Wedding
- Mariah Carey Reportedly Wants to Withhold Sex Before Her Wedding


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Car Alleviates Asthma Stress
Erica Jordan is a hardworking and motivated mother of a 7-year-old son. Because of her son's asthma, which can worsen due to the stress of heavy and long traveling, he is away at a boarding school for the time being.
With a car, Erica will finally have reliable transportation, and will be able to visit her son more frequently.
On an average commute, getting to work takes Erica about two hours on public transportation. With a car, the commute averages to about 30 minutes.
"A car will help me tremendously. My mom and brother always tell me I need to get a car because I work at night and they're worried, and now I'll finally have one," she says. Erica has just shared the happy news with her son, and he is incredibly excited. With her new car, Erica plans to drive her son to New York for his birthday.
Thanks to John Kennedy Mazda- Conshohoken we are one car closer to 100!Continue Reading
No waiting, No asking
Tamara Miller, a grandmother of 5, starts her day by dropping off her youngest grandchild at daycare. She takes the rest of her grandkids to her daughter's house, before finally heading into work. Without a car that means paying a taxi for each stop she makes, which quickly becomes expensive.
"It's frustrating not being able to just get in a car and do what you need to do," said Tamara.
She looks forward to the freedom of owning a car, "no waiting, no asking," and plans to drive to the beach over the summer.Continue Reading
Ford Fusion Puts Mom on the Road
Charmaine Simms is a motivated mother who envisions great opportunities for her family. The only thing that stopped her was not having reliable transportation, which put a strain on both her and her one-year-old daughter.
Looking for places for her daughter to go to school was difficult, since most schools seemed too far without a car. Taking her daughter to her doctor's appointments was also a huge inconvenience. "It's hard to take my daughter to the doctor at Children's Hospital and having to bring a stroller onto the bus, and also trying to figure out the bus routes to DC," Charmaine says.
Public transportation and its erratic schedules caused her commute to work to be more than one hour. With a car, Charmaine's commute to work could be cut down to 20 minutes. She'll also be able to take her daughter to the doctor without the stresses of public transportation.
Being awarded a 2006 ...Continue Reading
Grateful Man Goes Back to School
James Yates cannot wait to help the people with his car.
James works at a shelter and plans to use his car to help clients with important errands like trips to the doctor and picking prescriptions. He also wants to reach back into his own community to assist those that have supported him in the past.
Education and family are near and dear to James' heart. He looks forward to returning to school and being an awesome uncle now that he can get to Washington, D.C. with ease.
"Everybody has a story. It's important to be thankful," James says. He feels good about being able to pay it forward.Continue Reading
Yazmyne Names the Family Car
Patrina Ravenell walks 90 minutes to take her five-year-old and two-year-old daughters to day care and get to work every morning. "I've walked in all sorts of weather and I can't carry them both," she says about her daily commute. With a car, Patrina's trip would only be 10 minutes.
She's never had a problem getting to work on time, but driving allows Patrina to be more energized and focused on the job. She describes the situation as stressful and is glad to know that she'll have more security for her children.
Patrina's favorite color is pink and her bubbly personality reflects that choice. She looks forward to taking lots of family trips and even hopes to plan a trip to South Carolina.
"My daughter Yazmyne says we should name the car Rosetta. Rosie for short."
Thanks to Mazda's Drive for good, we're that much closer to getting 100 families into 100 cars!Continue Reading
A Young Dad Makes Major Moves
Hayder Khaliq works 12 hours a day as a cook and has to travel at least two hours to get to and from his job.
"I can't wait to see my son more," he says excitedly about being able to visit his girlfriend and 6-month-old son. He's envisioning a fun-filled summer with trips to the park, aquarium and to Ocean City, MD.
Hayder also wants to move forward with his education. He was considering G.E.D. classes in Arundel Mills, but he was unable to travel the distance to make the classes. He wants to be a good example for his son.
Growing up in Pakistan, Hayder had a horse named Naina. Thanks to #MazdaDrive4Good, his Mazda Tribute will bear the same name because he'll be able to "ride around freely."Continue Reading
Making Baseball Dreams Come True
Latisha Curtis leaves her home at night and takes three buses to get to her night job. With her car, the 90 minutes commute can be cut down to a 20 minutes drive. She's looking forward to her night travels being safer and much less unnerving.
Thanks to our partnership with #MazdaDrive4Good program, she will be able to indulge in her seven-year-old son's new found interest in baseball. Latisha hesitated to include Cory in sports and other after-school activities because most activities aren't very accessible without a car. Now, she can even consider a trip to Chuck E. Cheese.
If Latisha could drive anywhere, she'd take a trip back to her hometown of Oklahoma. She hasn't visited in 13 years.
"It's definitely going to be a boy. Maybe Billy," she says when asked about naming her car.Continue Reading
Nurturing New Additions
Denise will be naming her car "H&N" after her the twins girls she recently received custody of, Heaven and Nevaeh.
On an average day, it takes Denise 30 minutes to get the three-month-olds to daycare and another 20 minutes to get herself to work. During the 3 years that she hasn't had a car, she often gets rides from a girlfriend or pays for a cab to get around.
She's excited to gain back her independence, but cares more about nurturing her new additions. "It's really for the kids. I've done my share of living. Now, it's about them," says Denise.
The place she's looking forward to driving to the most is home.Continue Reading
Angel Drives Towards Her Future
Angel Brent is an energetic, young mom that has a vision for her future. She works full-time as a restaurant server while attending school part-time, studying hospitality management, and taking care of her one-year-old son Austyn.
Angel makes a two-hour commute in the mornings: riding the Metro from Landover, getting off to take her son to daycare and getting back on to finally arrive at work in Arlington, Virginia. Schedules can be unpredictable as a server, so she often misses the last train home and has to get a ride. "After a long day at work, the last thing you want to think about is riding the Metro." Owning a car means that her commute is cut down to about 30 minutes. Angel will also have an easier time getting her son to medical appointments to help improve his asthma.
What Angel looks forward to most is spending time with her family, moving forward with her education and...Continue Reading
Patience and Determination Puts Nicole on the Road
Nicole Woodward endured a 45 minute bus commute to work each day. She also struggled to transport her two young children, ages 7 and 6, to school and day care. Nicole works at a foster care facility but did not have enough money saved to buy a car for her commute.
In February 2016, Vehicles for Change, in partnership with Wayne Metro Community Action Agency, awarded Nicole a 2005 Buick Century. Vehicle ownership allows Nicole to take her children to school and drive herself to and from work with ease.
Nicole was awarded her car at a local Belle Tire where the vehicle was made road ready. A Belle Tire customer in the Flint area donated the 2005 Buick Century to Vehicles for Change after learning about the program. "Having a car changes my life in an amazing way. I am blessed and want to say thank you."Continue Reading


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