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John Oliver gives the most awesomely accurate slam against pop science reporting. Why did it come out now, at the end of the term? I'll use this next time I teach introductory biology.
(via Sandwalk)
Spare me the Kurzweil acolytes.
Google's chief futurist, Ray Kurzweil, is known for his wildly-accurate predictions — back in the 1980s, when all of our current technological advancements seemed like sci-fi fantasies, he predicted self-driving cars, prosthetic legs for paraplegics, and wirelessly accessing information via the internet, among many other spot-on forecasts.
Now, his latest prediction is that humans are going to live forever, and he thinks it's going to happen as soon as 2029.
He's like the Amazing Criswell, isn't he?
I lived through the 1980s, too, and those predictions were so mundane I could have made them. That's the thing: he says a lot of trivial stuff that is already accepted knowledge ("Computers will get faster! Medicine will treat diseases in new ways! I will get older!") that allows him to build a baseline of success that encourages people to think his other, wilder predictions will also come true. They won't. Like Criswell, he says a lot of vague bunk, and his failures are just ignored…like those of any common 'psychic'.
His prediction that we'll live forever if we can just make it to 2029 are simply laughable. Modern medicine shows no such trend at work. The basis for his claim is aburd:
"By the 2020s we'll start using nanobots to complete the job of the immune system," he said. "Our immune system is great, but it evolved thousands of years ago when conditions were different."
thousands of years ago? What did our ancestors do a hundred thousand years ago?
He believes that nanobots — microscopic, self-propelled robots — will act as T cells, which are blood cells involved in our immune responses. Using T cells to attack cancer cells is already an idea that researchers are using in some cancer immunotherapy, but Kurzweil wants to take it a step further. Instead of harnessing the body's own T cells, he wants to send in nanobots to do the job.
"They're the size of a blood cell and are quite intelligent," he told Hochman. "I actually watched one of my T cells attack bacteria on a microscope slide. We could have one programmed to deal with all pathogens and could download new software from the internet if a new type of enemy such as a new biological virus emerged."
That is painfully naive. Does he even realize that there are multiple kinds of T cells, that they are part of an integrated network of cooperating cells, that they have to carry out a delicate balancing act of working against some antigens while not triggering on others? He seems to be imagining sending in a robot with a laser to kill 'bad' cells.
Plus, his tiny nanobots are going to be 'programmed' (how?) to deal with 'all pathogens' (is there a list somewhere?) and can 'download new software from the internet'. The ignorance just makes me want to cry. But this is his schtick: he just borrows terms and ideas current in the culture right now, and claims we'll be doing exactly the same thing, only with another tech buzzword, 'nanobots'. He's an idiot. He's a clever idiot, though, who has fooled a lot of gullible people, and has even bamboozled Google.
He also claims this:
Kurzweil is 67 years old, but claims his "biological age" is in the late 40s, courtesy of his "Immortality Diet."
Nope. He looks his age, just as I do. He's had the advantage of the privileged life of a well-off office worker, which does help stave off the worst ravages, the product of a hard life, but there's nothing especially young about his appearance. He looks to be of an age with Richard Dawkins, for instance, who is 75.
But then, religious leaders do get that kind of praise from their followers, no matter how decrepit they get. I've been in a room full of young Mormon women telling me how youthful and virile and sexy Ezra Taft Benson was…when he was in his 90s, feeble and vacant, and doomed to die a few years later. Same thing.
God sees even the sparrow falloozing between the lines
This must be how creationists think a sieve works. The smaller particles see from a distance that they'll fit through the holes, so they make a beeline for them, while the bigger particles that won't fit recognize that fact and get out of their way. Adding more material to be filtered reduces the effectiveness of the sieve because the bulk hampers their ability to find their way to the face of the sieve.
You may laugh, but I have to conclude that this is the inevitable rationale that they'd have to make, given their inability to think statistically and impose teleology on every explanation of natural phenomena. So Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig raises a most peculiar argument against evolution. Populations are too large.
…in the 1950s, French biologists, such as Cuénot, Tétry, and Chauvin, who did not follow the modern synthesis, raised the following objection to this kind of reasoning (summed up according to Litynski, 1961, p. 63):
Out of 120,000 fertilized eggs of the green frog only two individuals survive. Are we to conclude that these two frogs out of 120,000 were selected by nature because they were the fittest ones; or rather — as Cuenot said — that natural selection is nothing but blind mortality which selects nothing at all?
Similar questions may be raised for the 700 billion spores of Lycoperdon, the 114 million eggs multiplied with the number of spawning seasons of the American oyster, for the 28 million eggs of salmon and so on.
He doesn't think evolution can work, because how can it possibly find the two best individuals out of a group of hundreds of thousands or millions? And the problem becomes worse the bigger the population!
This is the most extreme case of polydactyly I've seen — a child in China born with 31 fingers and toes.
They're hoping to carry out a surgical correction, which can cause new problems…but in this case it's necessary, because apparently the child's thumbs have been transformed into other digits, or failed to form, so all they've got is 15 fingers. Opposable thumbs are generally useful.
Oh, and look at those big toes — triphalangeal digits? Developmentally fascinating, personally tragic.
I thought I'd take a different tack on understanding science denialists. Are there any subjects on which I would be called a science denialist?
I can think of a couple of examples immediately. I've been called anti-science because I reject the bigotry of the "human biological diversity" or hbd crowd; I've also got quite a few fuming ranters who hate the fact that I reject evolutionary psychology as an ignorant fraud. I've written about those things before, though, and they also seem to draw in a lot of angry privileged assholes, so let's not go over that again.
Instead, here's something that maybe we can discuss dispassionately, but where I do sneer at the status quo.
I am a Search-For-Extraterrestrial-Intelligence (SETI) denier. I really am. It seems to be a popular topic among pro-science people, but I just roll my eyes whenever it comes up, and I've written a few things where I state my biases against it, but I'll just make it crystal clear: I think it's bad science driven by unrealistic fantasies, I don't think its proponents think rationally about it, and we ought to stop throwing money at it.
Don't get me wrong. It's not because I disbelieve in aliens — I rather suspect that life is relatively common in the universe. It's not because I think it's impossible for us to contact aliens — I just think the odds are prohibitively low. But every time a SETI person opens their mouth (like, for instance, Seth Shostak, who I also think is an extremely nice guy, and also very intelligent), I hear nothing but innumerate babble.
Jimmy Kimmel featured a video of scientists reacting to climate change denialists.
It raises an interesting question. Why? Why do some people think climate scientists are telling the world about anthropogenic climate change? I'd really like to know.
Do they think scientists somehow profit from this? Because they don't. The people with all the money are the oil and coal interests. If a scientist wants to make money, they should be sucking up to Exxon-Mobil.
Is it ideological? Do they think scientists just have an irrational hatred of the rich, or desire to see the end of the world? Because that isn't the case, either. If they were welcoming the apocalypse, the best thing to do would be to advocate for more neglect and more consumption.
You know, we don't have a holy book that revels in an end-of-the-world story. Scientists really don't get much fame and glory, and no money at all, for coming to difficult conclusions.
I can understand why the deniers deny: wishful thinking — like us, they don't want global warming to occur — and ignorance cultivated by the corporations that do profit from burning more oil. But I'm unable to figure out what they think we're thinking.
This is also the case for creationists. I can understand their religious commitments that lead them to deny the evidence, but what do they think scientists gain from supporting evolution? Evolutionary biology is not lucrative. There is no religion of evolutionism. I'm interested in seeing the evidence evaluated rationally, but that's about it: if there were good evidence that the Earth couldn't be more than 10,000 years old, I'd be discussing that.
What do the anti-vaxxers think? Why would doctors be promoting a series of treatments that didn't work? Do they believe that autism is some sort of highly profitable illness, or that doctors are racking up big stacks of bills with low cost vaccinations?
I confess to a total failure of empathy. I can't put myself in their shoes when it comes to putting themselves in my shoes. I've talked to creationists one-on-one about this before, and they can't tell me what I'm thinking at all accurately — it's usually some nonsense about hating God or loving Satan, and it's not at all true. But at the same time, I'm able to explain to them why they're promoting creationism in a way they can agree with.
Maybe it's that I can't empathize with someone who is totally lacking an ability to empathize with others.
That is one photogenic jellyfish.
Oh, crap. This is another big loss. Kroto won the Nobel 20 years ago, and most admirably, turned his fame and money towards advancing science education. Somehow, I've been fortunate to have had a number of lengthy conversations with him at meetings, and while one thing we had in common was atheism (he was also a freethinker and humanist and vocal atheist), it seemed we always spent most of our time talking about science education and his work on global educational outreach. He was opinionated and outspoken, but always broad-minded.
He also knew that science is a philosophy.
I always enjoyed talking with Harry. I'm going to miss that.
This morning, I heard a loud thump against our living room window, and thinking that some poor innocent little bird had accidentally hurt itself, I rushed to look out. I was wrong. It was a huge blue jay, its feathers a bit ruffled, clutching some unidentifiable small mammal in its claws. It saw me and flew off into the trees across the road with its victim.
That and all the loud singing and whistling and cooing outside my bedroom window every morning at 5am is getting to be a bit much. Don't these dinosaurs know they're supposed to be extinctified?


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The vote to leave will have overwhelmingly negative consequences for charities
24 Jun 2016
Charities were hugely in favour of remaining in the European Union, and will face mostly negative results...
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Matthew Bowcock was chair of the national Community Foundation Network, a post he took up in November 2008. He stepped down at the end of his two terms in 2013.
A serial entrepreneur, Bowcock has founded technology companies in Australia, the US and the UK. In 2000, he established the Hazelhurst Trust, and later became a trustee of the Surrey Community Foundation.
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Damon Atkinson is best known for his association with Braid and Hey Mercedes. His cleverly composed, crisply executed beats are essential elements of those bands' formulas. He tells Joe about becoming fascinated with drumming while still a toddler; his punk rock roots in the northern suburbs of Milwaukee; how his DIY background served him well when transitioning into the world of music business; and how–at age nineteen–he balanced fatherhood and musical ambition.
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Emily Wagster Pettus, The Associated Press
March 13, 2012 10:46:26 AM
JACKSON -- Mississippi voters are choosing nominees for all four U.S. House seats and one Senate seat, and Republicans are helping select a nominee to face President Barack Obama.
Polls are open today from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Longtime Democratic Rep. Bennie Thompson is challenged by former Greenville Mayor Heather McTeer in the 2nd District.
Freshman Republican Rep. Alan Nunnelee faces tea party favorite Henry Ross in the 1st District. Steven Palazzo in the 4th faces Cindy Burleson.
Republican Rep. Gregg Harper faces one low-budget challenger in the 3rd District.
In the Senate race, Republican Roger Wicker faces two challengers in his primary.
Presidential candidates Newt Gingrich, Mitt Romney and Rick Santorum have made multiple campaign stops in Mississippi during the past several days. The state has 40 Republican delegates.
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'Continuous Delivery at Vodafone Part 2' and 'Architecting for Continuous Delivery'
Part 2 Continuous Delivery at Vodafone - Charles Blaxland. Charles is Principal Consultant and Cloud lead at Dius. He will share a bit more of the story on Vodafone's Continuous Delivery transformation -- we heard Part 1 from Craig Rees last time.
Architecting for Continuous Delivery - Zhamak Dehghani and Sam Newman. Zhamak and Sam are Consultants at Thoughtworks Australia. They will discuss changing the architecture of your systems to enable rapid deployment. How to avoid common pitfalls or anti-patterns and how to refactor your existing code base to suit rapid delivery.
Due to OH&S compliance, CBA requires guests to its premises to be identified to gain entry. Please register upon arrival. You will need to provide your full name and some form of identification. Thank you for your cooperation! :)
There will be food and refreshments from 6:15 pm onwards so please arrive promptly. Talks will commence at 6:45pm.
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Sorry for the late notice all, I have been stuck back at work due to project issues. My apologies.
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Sorry for the late notice all, I have been stuck back at work due to project issues. My apologies.
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Journal of The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
Journal of the Central Society for Veterinary Medicine
The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science
Kozue UCHIO-YAMADA, Yoko MONOBE, Ken-ichi AKAGI, Yoshie YAMAMOTO, Atsuo OGURA, Noboru MANABE
Released: June 01, 2016
[Advance Publication] Released: February 05, 2016
Tensin2 (Tns2) is an essential component for the maintenance of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) structures. Tns2-deficient mice were previously shown to develop mild glomerular injury on a DBA/2 background, but not on a C57BL/6J or a 129/SvJ background, suggesting that glomerular injury by the deletion of Tns2 was strongly dependent on the genetic background. To further understand the mechanisms for the onset and the progression of glomerular injury by the deletion of Tns2, we generated Tns2-deficient mice on an FVB/N (FVB) strain, which is highly sensitive to glomerular disease. Tns2-deficient mice on FVB (FVBGN) developed severe nephrotic syndrome, and female FVBGN mice died within 8 weeks. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that FVBGN mice exhibited severe glomerular defects with mesangial process invasion of glomerular capillary tufts, lamination and thickening of the GBM and subsequent podocyte foot process effacement soon after birth. Aberrant laminin components containing α1, α2 and β1 chains, which are normally expressed in the mesangium, accumulated in the GBM of FVBGN, suggesting that these components originated from mesangial cells that invaded glomerular capillary tufts. Compared to Tns2-deficient mice on the other backgrounds in previous reports, FVBGN mice developed earlier onset of glomerular defects and rapid progression of renal failure. Thus, this study further extended our understanding of the possible genetic background effect on the deterioration of nephrotic syndrome by Tns2 deficiency.
Mohamed Sabry AHMED, Hiroki ONO, Jun SASAKI, Kenji OCHIAI, Masanobu GORYO
[Advance Publication] Released: February 18, 2016
The chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek's disease virus (MDV) infect chickens worldwide; a single or dual infection by these viruses has a great impact on poultry production. In the present study, we examined the existence of CAV antigen and its inclusions in Marek's disease (MD) lymphomas in chickens in the slaughterhouses of Iwate prefecture, Japan. Forty-nine spleens and 13 livers with different degrees of nodular lesions were histopathologically examined at our laboratory. Grossly, the tested organs showed various sizes and anatomical architectures. Based on the cellular morphology and the infiltrative nature of the neoplastic lymphocytes, MD was confirmed in 76% (37/49) of the spleens and 92% (12/13) of the livers. The lesions of MD, according to the pattern of lymphocytic accumulation in the affected organs, were divided into multifocal, coalesced and diffuse. CAV intranuclear inclusion bodies were detected within the small and the large bizarre lymphocytes of the MD lymphomas in 2 livers and 9 spleens, and the immunostaining test for CAV confirmed the persistence of CAV antigens and inclusions in the neoplastic cells. This study demonstrated the persistence of CAV infection within the neoplastic cells of naturally occurring MD lymphomas in chickens.
Mari OTA, Chiharu TOYOFUKU, Chanathip THAMMAKARN, Natthanan SANGSRIRATANAKUL, Masashi YAMADA, Katsuhiro NAKAJIMA, Minori KITAZAWA, Hakimullah HAKIM, Md. Shahin ALAM, Dany SHOHAM, Kazuaki TAKEHARA
Calcinated egg shell (Egg-CaO), of which the main component is calcium oxide, was evaluated in the forms of powder and aqueous solutions for their efficacies as disinfectants against avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli. Egg-CaO powder inactivated these viruses within 3 min in the presence of 33% of fetal bovine serum (FBS). In Egg-CaO solutions, except AIV, all pathogens were inactivated within 1 hr, even in the presence of 5% of FBS. Without FBS, all pathogens, except AIV, were inactivated within 3 min, and AIV within 1 hr. In addition, persistence of virucidal activity against AIV and NDV of Egg-CaO powder was confirmed after exposure to sunlight for 2 weeks or resuspension with water for 7 times, simulating field harsh environments. Chick growth test was conducted to ensure the safety of the use of Egg-CaO powder in chicken cages and showed that it is safe to add Egg-CaO in litter or feed. In conclusion, Egg-CaO can be useful for the enhancement of biosecurity at farms.
Cheng-Ta TSAI, Hsin-Fu TSAI, Ching-Ho WANG
[Advance Publication] Released: January 29, 2016
A total of 1,320 tracheal samples from 66 broiler flocks sent to slaughterhouses and 42 tracheal samples from 42 flocks of local chickens in the field were collected for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) gene detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using nucleocapsid-specific primers and spike-specific primers. Prevalence in broiler flocks was 39.4% (26/66) and in local chicken flocks was 11.9% (5/42). Several IBVs similar to Japan were detected in Taiwan. One-direction neutralization revealed that the reference antisera did not offer protection against the IBVs similar to those from Japan.
Yusuke KIMURA, Ryuji FUKUSHIMA, Atsushi HIRAKAWA, Masayuki KOBAYASHI, Noboru MACHIDA
[Advance Publication] Released: January 28, 2016
Examination of our necropsy records for the period 2005 to 2014 yielded 41 cases of the endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy among 327 cats with evidence of heart disease, and here, we reviewed their epidemiological and clinical features. The medical data obtained retrospectively included signalment, presenting complaints, findings of physical examination, results of various diagnostic tests, methods of treatment and survival times. Except for one Chinchilla Persian cat, all were domestic short-haired cats. The mean age at death was 7.3 ± 4.5 years (median, 6 years; range, 4 months to 19 years), and males accounted for 61% (25/41) of the total. Dyspnea was the most common clinical sign, being evident in 83% (35/41) of the cats. Hind limb paresis or paralysis due to aortic thromboembolism was evident in 41% (17/41). Arrhythmias of atrial origin were common. Echocardiography commonly revealed left atrial or biatrial enlargement with severe endocardial thickening of the left ventricle. Most of the affected cats had a poor outcome; the disease duration ranged from 1 to 977 days, and the median survival period was 30 days.
Kanako SAKAEDA, Miki SHIMIZU
[Advance Publication] Released: January 30, 2016
Assessment of muscle mass is important for evaluating muscle function and rehabilitation outcomes. Ultrasound has recently been successfully used to estimate muscle mass in humans by measuring muscle thickness. This study attempted to standardize procedures for measuring femoral muscle thickness ultrasonographically, as well as quantify the reliability and validity of ultrasound evaluations of muscle thickness compared to measurements made by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in dogs. We evaluated the quadriceps femoris (QF), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles of 10 clinically healthy Beagle dogs. Scans were taken in 5 different sections divided equally between the greater trochanter and proximal patella. MRI was performed, followed by T1-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured with MRI, and muscle thickness was measured with MRI and ultrasonography. The thickness of the QF, BF and ST muscles as measured by ultrasound at slices 1–3 (from the proximal end to the middle of the femur), 2–4 (middle of the femur) and 2 (more proximal than the middle of the femur), respectively, was correlated with muscle thickness and CSA as measured by MRI. These sites showed a flat interface between muscle and transducer and were situated over belly muscle. No correlation between measurement types was seen in SM muscle. We must confirm this assessment method for various breeds, sizes, ages and muscle pathologies in dogs, thereby confirming that muscle thickness as measured ultrasonographically can reflect muscle function.
Elisabetta TREGGIARI, Jessica Pauline GRANT, Susan Margaret NORTH
[Advance Publication] Released: January 15, 2016
A xenogeneic DNA vaccination has been licensed for use in dogs with locally controlled stage II and III oral malignant melanoma (OMM). At present, there are limited outcome data for dogs with OMM treated with surgery and immunotherapy. The aim of this study is to retrospectively review the outcome and survival of 32 dogs affected by OMM that were treated with a combination of surgery and the xenogeneic DNA vaccination (with the addition of radiotherapy in some cases) and to determine the influence of surgical margins and delay in receiving vaccination. The overall median survival time (MST) was 335 days (95% CI: 301–540 days), and the overall median progression-free survival (PFS) was 160 days (mean 182 days, 95% CI: 132–232 days). Stage, completeness of surgical margins and delay in administration of the vaccine did not appear to statistically influence survival or PFS, although these results may reflect the low statistical power of the study due to small numbers. Further studies are required to assess whether the addition of any adjuvant treatment to surgery, including immunotherapy, is able to significantly prolong survival in cases of canine oral melanoma.
Hitomi ODA, Akihiro MORI, Saori SHONO, Eri ONOZAWA, Toshinori SAKO
[Advance Publication] Released: January 17, 2016
This study investigated the changes in lymphocyte subsets during the trilostane medication of Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) dogs. The cortisol level and lymphocyte subsets of eight dogs with PDH were monitored 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the initiation of trilostane treatment. White blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, CD3+ (T lymphocyte), CD4+ (helper T lymphocyte), CD8+ (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and CD21+ (B lymphocyte) cells were measured. Although the post-ACTH stimulation test cortisol level was significantly lower during trilostane treatment, changes in the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+ counts were not observed. Meanwhile, significant decrease was observed in WBC counts during trilostane treatment. These indicate that long-term trilostane treatment has little effect on the lymphocyte subsets in PDH dogs.
Saaya HIYOSHI-KANEMOTO, Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO, Kenjiro FUKUSHIMA, Masashi TAKAHASHI, Hideyuki KANEMOTO, Kazuyuki UCHIDA, Yasuhito FUJINO, Koichi OHNO, Hajime TSUJIMOTO
The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) serves as a prognostic marker and indicator of disease relapse, as well as a means of evaluating treatment efficacy in human and canine lymphoma patients. As an extension of our previous study for the construction of clinically useful GeneScan system, we utilized the GeneScan system for detecting CTCs in canine lymphoma patients. Samples from the primary lesion and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from 32 dogs with lymphoma at initial diagnosis. All samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor gene rearrangements (PARR) followed by GeneScan analysis. Common clonal rearrangements with identical amplified fragments were detected in both the primary lesion and PBMCs in 19 of the 32 dogs (59.4%). However, the detection rate of CTCs varied among the anatomical classification of lymphoma studied. GeneScan analysis following PARR would facilitate studies on determining the clinical significance of CTCs in canine lymphoma patients.
Seiichi HAGIWARA, Kouichiro MORI, Hajime NAGAHATA
[Advance Publication] Released: February 11, 2016
To evaluate the prognostic criteria for identifying cows at an increased risk of a fatal outcome from acute Escherichia coli mastitis, the potential cut-off values for five diagnostic parameters associated with a high mortality were determined by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. These criteria were hematocrit value >32%, blood non-esterified fatty acid concentration >0.4 mEq/l, antithrombin activity <120%, platelet count <15 × 104/ml and presence of dysstasia. Exceeding the cut-off values for at least three parameters on day 2 after onset predicted fatality (predictive value 87.5). When these prognostic criteria were applied to 34 clinical cases, cows that met three criteria were seven times more likely to die than cows that met fewer than three criteria.
Daigo AZAKAMI, Eri ONOZAWA, Masahiro MIYABE, Kazuhiko OCHIAI, Masaki MICHISHITA, Taichi HIRANO, Yutaka MOMOTA, Katsumi ISHIOKA, Toshinori SAKO
[Advance Publication] Released: February 09, 2016
A 12-year-old female American shorthair cat presented with a one-month history of hematuria and general lethargy. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed complete thickening of the left uterine wall. At a diagnostic laparotomy, a large mass arising from the left uterine horn was discovered, and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Histological diagnosis revealed a T-cell high-grade lymphoma of the uterus. After the ovariohysterectomy, the patient achieved complete remission and was maintained by combination chemotherapy from 14 days after surgery. However, relapse occurred in the urinary bladder wall on day 287, and the patient died of postrenal acute renal failure on day 310. This is the first report of a feline case of primary uterine lymphoma that was treated with ovariohysterectomy followed by systemic chemotherapy.
Masakatsu NOHARA, Atsushi TOHEI, Takumi SATO, Hiromi AMAO
[Advance Publication] Released: February 08, 2016
Saliva as a sampling method is a low invasive technique for the detection of physiologically active substances, as opposed to sampling the plasma or serum. In this study, we obtained glucocorticoids transferred from the blood to the saliva from mice treated with 2.0 mg/kg via an intraperitoneal injection of cortisol. Next, to evaluate the effect of restraint stress using mouse saliva—collected under anesthesia by mixed anesthetic agents—we measured plasma and salivary corticosterone levels at 60 min after restraint stress. Moreover, to evaluate salivary corticosterone response to stress in the same individual mouse, an adequate recovery period (1, 3 and 7 days) after anesthesia was examined. The results demonstrate that exogenous cortisol was detected in the saliva and the plasma, in mice treated with cortisol. Restraint stress significantly increased corticosterone levels in both the plasma and saliva (P<0.001). Monitoring the results of individual mice showed that restraint stress significantly increased salivary corticosterone levels in all three groups (1-, 3- and 7-day recovery). However, the statistical evidence of corticosterone increase is stronger in the 7-day recovery group (P<0.001) than in the others (P<0.05). These results suggest that the corticosterone levels in saliva reflect its levels in the plasma, and salivary corticosterone is a useful, less-invasive biomarker of physical stress in mice. The present study may contribute to concepts of Reduction and Refinement of the three Rs in small animal experiments.
Takuro YOSHIMOTO, Kimie NIIMI, Eiki TAKAHASHI
[Advance Publication] Released: February 12, 2016
Use of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a non-human primate experimental animal has increased in recent years. Although wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS) is one of the biggest problems in captive marmoset colonies, the molecular mechanisms, biochemical markers for accurate diagnosis and a reliable treatment remain unknown. In this study, as a first step to finding biochemical marker(s) for the accurate diagnosis of WMS, we conducted blood cell counts, including hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelets, and examined serum chemistry values, including albumin, calcium and levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), using a colony of marmosets with and without weight loss. MMP9 is thought to be an enzyme responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix components and participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions, such as human and murine inflammatory bowel disease, which, like WMS, are characterized histologically by inflammatory cell infiltrations in the intestines. The values of hematocrit and hemoglobin and levels of serum albumin and calcium in the WMS group were significantly decreased versus the control group. The platelet values and serum MMP9 concentrations were increased significantly in the WMS group compared with the control group. MMP9 could be a new and useful marker for the diagnosis of WMS in addition to hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum albumin and calcium. Our results also indicate that MMP9 could be a useful molecular candidate for treatment.
Suchitra MATSUKURA, Yuji NAKAMURA, Hiroshi OHARA, Xin CAO, Takeshi WADA, Hiroko IZUMI-NAKASEKO, Kentaro ANDO, Yoshikiyo AKASAKA, Atsushi SUGIYAMA
[Advance Publication] Released: January 23, 2016
A 14 month-old intact microminipig, weighing 8 kg, showed ST-segment elevation in A-B lead electrocardiogram during cardiac catheterization followed by ventricular tachycardia, which degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Although a direct current defibrillation of 360 J was applied, ventricular tachycardia re-occurred for another 2 times and the direct defibrillation was repeated. After returning to normal sinus rhythm, a marked ST-segment elevation was still observed on leads II, III and aVF together with a remarkable decrease in contractility of inferior wall. The heart was excised for precise macroscopic and histological examinations, but there was no dissection, embolus or thrombus in the coronary arteries. These findings suggest that right coronary artery vasospasm could have caused the ischemic attack, leading to lethal arrhythmias.
Takehiro OCHI, Azusa YAMADA, Yuki NAGANUMA, Noriko NISHINA, Hironari KOYAMA
[Advance Publication] Released: February 01, 2016
To determine the effect of long-distance (approximately 600 km) road transportation on the blood biochemistry of laboratory animals, we investigated the changes in serum biochemical parameters in healthy cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs transported by truck from Osaka to Tsukuba, Japan. The concentrations of serum cortisol, total bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase in monkeys increased during transportation. Serum cortisol and total bilirubin levels in dogs also increased during transportation, but serum triglyceride decreased. Serum parameter values in truck-transported monkeys and dogs returned to baseline levels within two weeks following arrival. Taken together, these results suggest that a two-week acclimation period is the minimum duration required for adaptation following road transportation.
Jungo OKAJIMA, Kazuhiko SHIBATA, Eiichi TAKAHASHI, Tsuneyuki NAGAFUCHI, Kazue OKAJIMA, Nariaki NONAKA
To elucidate current status of fasciolosis and eurytremosis in beef cattle of Japan, inspection data of Tokyo Metropolitan Shibaura Slaughterhouse where beef cattle were shipped from all over Japan were analyzed, and questionnaire to farmers was conducted to assess the relationship between recognition of the disease occurrence in one's own farm and attention to the diseases. The occurrence of fasciolosis and eurytremosis in beef cattle gradually decreased from 18.6% to 0.06% and from 0.58% to 0.02% during the period of 1964 to 2010, respectively. When the current data from 2009 to 2012 were analyzed, the occurrence of fasciolosis was recognized in cattle produced and fattened all over Japan, indicating the disease was prevalent nationwide. While, 97.5% of Eurytrema infection were detected in cattle produced in Okinawa, Shimane and Kagoshima, indicating the disease was endemic in these regions. Higher occurrence (>0.7%) of fasciolosis was observed in minor breeds, such as Japanese Shorthorn. Japanese Black showed 0.09% and 0.05% of occurrence for fasciolosis and eurytremosis, respectively, but F1 crossbred with Japanese Black showed lower occurrence (0.007% and 0.002%, respectively). No tendency of occurrence in the age of cattle at slaughter was recognized, indicating the infections may have occurred at the growing and early fattening stage of cattle. The questionnaire survey revealed that farmers experiencing fasciolosis had more knowledge about the disease, however, factors, such as testing parasite infections and use of anti-Fasciola dewormers, were not affected by the recognition of occurrence.
Mingming LIU, Shinuo CAO, Patrick VUDRIKO, Hiroshi SUZUKI, Takehisa SOMA, Xuenan XUAN
[Advance Publication] Released: January 22, 2016
Babesia gibsoni is a tick-borne apicomplexan parasite of dogs that often causes fever and hemolytic anemia with highly variable clinical outcome. In this study, we sequenced the 254bp Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 region (ITS1) of 54 B. gibsoni isolates from 14 different geographical regions of Japan. The 54 isolates shared high sequence identity with each other and with B. gibsoni isolates reported in GenBank database (97.2–100%). Consistent with previous reports, phylogenetic analysis showed that B. gibsoni isolates from Japan formed the same clade with those from U.S.A., Australia, India and Taiwan. Our finding indicates that B. gibsoni ITS1 region is highly conserved among isolates from dogs in Japan, making it a useful genetic marker for molecular epidemiology of the parasite.
Yuko SHIMADA, Toshinori YOSHIDA, Naofumi TAKAHASHI, Satoshi AKEMA, Katsumi SOMA, Aya OHNUMA-KOYAMA, Akira SATO, Maki KUWAHARA, Takanori HARADA
[Advance Publication] Released: January 18, 2016
A subcutaneous pale brown-colored mass was observed macroscopically in the ventral neck of a 16-week-old Wistar rat on day 18 of gestation. The mass was well demarcated from the adjacent tissues with partial invasion into connective tissues. Necrosis and hemorrhage were evident throughout the mass. The mass comprised a diffuse sheet and a nest-like structure of epithelial cells with prominent squamous metaplasia. The neoplastic cells tested immunopositive for keratin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and p63. A portion of the neoplastic cells exhibited a similar immunoreaction of prominin-1 to the ductal and acinar cells in normal submandibular and parotid glands. Collectively, the tumor was diagnosed as a poorly differentiated carcinoma derived from epithelial/myoepithelial lineages in the submandibular and/or parotid glands.
Mitsuteru OKAWAUCHI, Masaya TSUBOI, Kazumi NIBE, Eiji NAGAMINE, Hideaki IWANE, Kazuyuki UCHIDA
An intraocular mass lesion was found in the left eyeball in a spayed female Pembroke Welsh Corgi dog. The surgically resected left eyeball was pathologically examined. Histologically, the mass lesion consisted of proliferation of the atypical cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells, arranging in papillary, tubular or solid form. In addition, some neoplastic cells showed oncocytic change characterized as large oval cells with numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic granules. Cytoplasm of the oncocytic cells showed dark blue granules by phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin stain. Immunohistochemically, the oncocytic cells were intensely positive for cytochrome C. Based on these findings, the ocular mass was diagnosed as iridociliary adenocarcinoma with oncocytic change. The findings indicate that the oncocytic changes of the neoplastic epithelial cells might be caused by mitochondrial accumulation.
Go SUGAHARA, Junichi KAMIIE, Ryosuke KOBAYASHI, Takayuki MINESHIGE, Kinji SHIROTA
[Advance Publication] Released: February 06, 2016
Phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) expressed in human podocytes has been highlighted as a causative autoantigen of human idiopathic membranous nephropathy. However, its expression was found to be minimal or absent in murine and rat podocytes. In this study, immunofluorescence revealed the expression of PLA2R in the glomerular podocytes in the kidney tissue sections of dogs. We then attempted to culture canine podocytes and investigate the expression of PLA2R in these cells. Glomeruli were isolated from dog kidneys and cultured to obtain podocytes using nylon mesh-based isolation method as followed for isolating rat podocytes. The cultured cells expressed PLA2R mRNA and protein in addition to other podocyte markers (synaptopodin, podocin and nephrin). These results indicate that the canine podocytes express PLA2R.
Masaki MICHISHITA, Makito HORI, Rei NAKAHIRA, Kimimasa TAKAHASHI
During artificial insemination of an 18-year-old female Japanese Black cow, a mass that was of a hen's egg size was found in the vagina. On necropsy, the firm mass, measuring approximately 3.5 × 3.5 × 3.0 cm, was located at the superior region of the vagina. The cut surface of the mass was gray-white in color with occasional necrotic or hemorrhagic areas. Histologically, the mass was composed of tumor cells arranged in solid nests of various sizes with an occasional tubular structure separated by a delicate fibrovascular stroma. The tumor cells had a hypochromatic nucleus and abundant, faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm. The tumor cells contained diastase-sensitive periodic acid-Schiff positive granules. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, CAM5.2 and carcinoembryonic antigen, but not for vimentin, p63, estrogen receptor-α, progesterone receptor, α-smooth muscle actin, neuron-specific enolase, S-100 protein and chromogranin A. On the basis of these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a clear cell carcinoma of the vagina.
Masato OHKUBO, Atsushi MIYAMOTO, Mitsuya SHIRAISHI
Stimulation with heavy metals is known to induce calcium (Ca2+) mobilization in many cell types. Interference with the measurement of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by the heavy metals in cells loaded with Ca2+ indicator fura-2 is an ongoing problem. In this study, we analyzed the effect of heavy metals on the fura-2 fluorescence ratio in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by using TPEN, a specific cell-permeable heavy metal chelator. Manganese chloride (30–300 µM) did not cause significant changes in the fura-2 fluorescence ratio. A high concentration (300 µM) of lead acetate induced a slight elevation in the fura-2 fluorescence ratio. In contrast, stimulation with cadmium chloride, mercury chloride or MeHg (3–30 µM) elicited an apparent elevation of the fura-2 fluorescence ratio in a dose-dependent manner. In cells stimulated with 10 or 30 µM cadmium chloride, the addition of TPEN decreased the elevated fura-2 fluorescence ratio to basal levels. In cells stimulated with mercury or MeHg, the addition of TPEN significantly decreased the elevation of the fura-2 fluorescence ratio induced by lower concentrations (10 µM) of mercury or MeHg, but not by higher concentrations (30 µM). Pretreatment with Ca2+ channel blockers, such as verapamil, 2-APB or lanthanum chloride, resulted in different effects on the fura-2 fluorescence ratio. Our study provides a characterization of the effects of several heavy metals on the mobilization of divalent cations and the toxicity of heavy metals to neuronal cells.
Yan JIA, Ruiguang XU, Yanchun HU, Tianlong ZHU, Tingting MA, Haihong WU, Liwen HU
[Advance Publication] Released: February 20, 2016
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-Newcastle disease virus (NDV) activities of baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis, a Traditional Chinese Medicine in vitro. Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) were infected with NDV, and quantitative analysis of apoptotic cells was performed using flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity and anti-viral activities of baicalin were studied using the MTT method. The results showed that the maximal safe concentrations of baicalin to CEFs was 1 × 2−2 mg/ml. Baicalin could directly kill NDV, inhibit the infectivity of NDV to CEF and block intracellular NDV. It inhibited the apoptosis of NDV-infected CEFs and suppressed the spread of NDV. These results indicate that baicalin has strong anti-NDV activity and has the potential for use as components of an antiviral drug.
Yafen CHENG, ChenShen HUANG, Hsiang-Jung TSAI
[Advance Publication] Released: February 13, 2016
Many studies suggest significant genetic variation in the resistance of cattle and humans to infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the causative agent of zoonotic tuberculosis. TNF-α promotes inflammation and induces apoptosis in response to mycobacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TNF-α gene on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) susceptibility. We genotyped the TNF-α gene in 74 bTB-infected Holstein cows and 90 healthy control animals. The influence in the exon 3 region of TNF-α polymorphisms on bTB susceptibility was subsequently investigated by association analysis. Our finding demonstrated that the g.27534932A>C polymorphism of the TNF-α is associated with bTB in Holstein cattle. The susceptibility of cattle with the g.27534932A>C genotype compared with the CC genotype was 4.11-fold (95% CI, 1.27–13.36; P=0.02) higher. The g.27534932A>C polymorphism located in exon 3 of the TNF-α gene, and the functional consequence was missense. The deduced amino acid sequence for the protein product revealed an arginine to serine conversion at position 159, which may affect initiation of protein synthesis and disrupt normal TNF-α function that protects animals against mycobacterial infection. A significant association was observed with the A allele as a risk factor for bTB susceptibility (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.21–12.17; P=0.02). In conclusion, this is the first report showing that the g.27534932A>C polymorphism may contribute to TNF-α-mediated bTB susceptibility.
Sungho YUN, Hohyun LEE, Jaehyun LIM, Kija LEE, Kwangho JANG, Nozomi SHIWA, Hassadin BOONSRIROJ, Kazunori KIMITSUKI, Chunho PARK, Youngsam KWON
A two-year-old castrated male Pomeranian dog was referred with the chief complaints of coughing and subcutaneous emphysema. On physical examination, the crepitant areas were palpable. When auscultated, the right chest was absent of respiratory sound, while the sound of the opposite side was enhanced. Radiographs presented pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. On computed tomography, hypoattenuated bulla-like lesion at right middle lung lobe and trapped air in mediastinum were shown. After patient stabilization, surgery for excision of affected lobe was performed. During follow-up period, there were no recurrence and complication on radiographic examination. Based on clinical and pathological findings, the dog was diagnosed as congenital lobar emphysema.
Chiho KAWASHIMA, Megumi MUNAKATA, Takashi SHIMIZU, Akio MIYAMOTO, Katsuya KIDA, Motozumi MATSUI
This study aimed to investigate the effects of insulin resistance (IR) during the close-up dry period on the metabolic status and performance of dairy cows as well as to determine the effects on body weight (BW) and metabolic status of their calves. An insulin tolerance test (ITT) was conducted by administering 0.05 IU/kg BW of insulin to 34 multiparous Holstein cows at 3 weeks prepartum. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 45 and 60 min after insulin injection, and cows were divided into two groups based on the time required for glucose to reach the minimum levels [non-IR (NIR), 45 min (n=28); and IR, 60 min (n=6)]. Blood or milk sampling and body condition score (BCS) estimation were performed twice weekly during the experimental period. Blood samples from calves were collected immediately after birth. Cows with IR showed lower BCS (P<0.05) and serum urea nitrogen (P<0.05) and glucose concentration (P=0.05) before calving, and lower serum non-esterified fatty acid concentration (P<0.05) and milk yield (P<0.05) and earlier resumption of luteal activity (P<0.05) after calving; their calves showed lower BW (P<0.05) and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration (P<0.001) and higher plasma insulin concentration (P<0.05). In conclusion, IR at 3 weeks prepartum in dairy cows is related to postpartum metabolic status and performance along with growth and metabolic status of their calves.
Kouichi TANEMURA, Tadatoshi OHTAKI, Mamiko ONO, Shigehisa TSUMAGARI
[Advance Publication] Released: January 16, 2016
In the present report, the incidence and prognosis of ovarian diseases were evaluated in correlation to the grades of the fatty livers (FL). 233 animals were diagnosed with a FL, based on fat deposition of >10% into the hepatic parenchyma obtained from liver biopsy, and were eventually cured of the FL. These 233 animals were classified into mild group (n=99: hepatic fat deposition rates ranging from 10 to <30%), moderate group (n=56: hepatic fat deposition rates ranging from 30 to <60%) and severe group (n=78: hepatic fat deposition rates of >60%). The incidence of ovarian diseases and the culling rate were, respectively, 40.0% and 10.0% in mild group, 58.3% and 37.5% in moderate group, and 84.9% and 69.7% in severe group. The incidence of ovarian diseases and the culling rates in severe group were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in mild and moderate groups. It was, therefore, concluded that the elevated incidence of ovarian disease and culling rates tend to be dependent on the higher severity scores of the fat deposition rates in dairy cows with FL and that cases with severe FL, with a fat deposition rate of 60% or higher, were greatly associated with death and culling.
Yasunori SHINOZUKA, Sohei KANEKO, Tomoyasu KUROSE, Aiko WATANABE, Kana KURUHARA, Kazuhiro KAWAI
Milk production loss after recovery from acute coliform mastitis causes major economic losses for dairy industries. Declines in milk production and composition are caused by multiple factors, including cow factors, microorganisms and treatments, but the influence of each factor has not been determined. To investigate risk factors for milk loss after treatment for acute coliform mastitis, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted in 53 clinical cases. Systemic administration of fluoroquinolone was significantly associated with recovery of marketable milk production. The time to slaughter was significantly shorter in cows with complete loss of quarter milk production than in cows that produced marketable milk. In this study, we identified factors associated with increased risk of milk production loss.
Hiroki INOUE, Shino KEMANAI, Chie SANO, Seiyu KATO, Hiroshi YOKOTA, Hidetomo IWANO
In isolated hepatocytes, the environmental estrogen bisphenol A (BPA) is metabolized into a mono-glucuronide and a glucuronide/sulfate diconjugate. Little is known about the fate of the diconjugate in the liver. The present study focused on the metabolism and dispostion of BPA diconjugate in the liver using a perfusion method. In Sprague-Dawley rats, BPA (15,150 or 1,500 nmol) was applied into the liver. In male rats, the infused BPA was conjugated to both glucuronide and a diconjugate during passage through the liver. The diconjugate was observed at high-dose application of the substrate. In female rats, the chemical was conjugated almost exclusively to the glucuronide in all doses utilized in this study. In both the male and female rats, the resultant metabolites were preferentially excreted into the bile. These results suggest that BPA is conjugated primarily to mono-glucuronide in rat liver; and that in males, diconjugate production occurs under conditions of high-dose exposure to BPA.
Asami NISHIMORI, Satoru KONNAI, Ryoyo IKEBUCHI, Tomohiro OKAGAWA, Ayako NAKAHARA, Shiro MURATA, Kazuhiko OHASHI
[Advance Publication] Released: February 25, 2016
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection induces bovine leukemia in cattle and causes significant financial harm to farmers and farm management. There is no effective therapy or vaccine; thus, the diagnosis and elimination of BLV-infected cattle are the most effective method to eradicate the infection. Clinical veterinarians need a simpler and more rapid method of diagnosing infection, because both nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR are labor intensive, time-consuming, and require specialized molecular biology techniques and expensive equipment. In this study, we describe a novel PCR method for amplifying the BLV provirus from whole blood, thus eliminating the need for DNA extraction. Although the sensitivity of PCR directly from whole blood (PCR-DB) samples as measured in bovine blood containing BLV-infected cell lines was lower than that of nested PCR, the PCR-DB technique showed high specificity and reproducibility. Among 225 clinical samples, 49 samples were positive by nested PCR, and 37 samples were positive by PCR-DB. There were no false positive samples; thus, PCR-DB sensitivity and specificity were 75.51% and 100%, respectively. However, the provirus loads of the samples detected by nested PCR and not PCR-DB were quite low. Moreover, PCR-DB also stably amplified the BLV provirus from tumor tissue samples. PCR-DB method exhibited good reproducibility and excellent specificity and is suitable for screening of thousands of cattle, thus serving as a viable alternative to nested PCR and real-time PCR.
Marco BOTTINELLI, Elisa RAMPACCI, Valentina STEFANETTI, Maria Luisa MARENZONI, Ashley M MALMLOV, Mauro COLETTI, Fabrizio PASSAMONTI
[Advance Publication] Released: January 04, 2016
Canine herpesvirus-1 (CaHV-1) is a globally distributed pathogen causing reproductive, respiratory, ocular and neurological disorders in adult dogs and neonatal death in puppies. This pathogen is considered poorly immunogenic, and neutralizing antibodies are found for only a short time following exposure. Further, seroprevalence can be affected by several epidemiological factors. A virological survey was conducted in a high-density population breeding kennel in Central Italy. There were several factors predisposing animals to CaHV-1 infection, such as age, number of pregnancies, experience with mating and dog shows, cases of abortion, management and environmental hygiene. Serum neutralization (SN) and nested PCR assays were used to estimate prevalence of CaHV-1. None of the submitted samples tested positive for nested PCR, and none of the sera tested CaHV-1 positive. No association was observed between antibody titers and risk factors, and no sign of viral reactivation was detected in either males or females. These results suggest that CaHV-1 is not circulating within this kennel and that further studies are needed in order to better understand the distribution of the virus within Italy.
Chun-He WAN, Hong-Mei CHEN, Qiu-Ling FU, Shao-Hua SHI, Guang-Hua FU, Long-Fei CHENG, Cui-Teng CHEN, Yu HUANG, Kai-Hui HU
A restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with direct PCR technique to differentiate goose and Muscovy duck parvoviruses (GPV and MDPV) was developed based on comparison of the NS gene of GPV and MDPV. Both GPV and MDPV genomic DNA can be amplified with 641 bp using the specific PCR primers. The PCR fragments can be cut into 463 bp and 178 bp only in the case of MDPV-derived PCR products, whereas the GPV-derived PCR products cannot. The method established in this study can be used to differentiate GPV and MDPV with high specificity and precision, by using a direct PCR kit and QuickCut enzyme, as quickly as conventional PCR.
Zhihe ZHANG, Rong HOU, Jingchao LAN, Hairui WANG, Hiroyuki KUROKAWA, Zenta TAKATSU, Toyokazu KOBAYASHI, Hiroshi KOIE, Hiroshi KAMATA, Kiichi KANAYAMA, Toshi WATANABE
The first milk substitute for giant panda cubs was developed in 1988 based on limited data about giant panda breast milk and that of certain types of bear. Mixtures of other formulas have also been fed to cubs at some facilities. However, they are not of sufficient nutritional quality for promoting growth in panda cubs. Here, we report analysis of giant panda breast milk and propose new milk substitutes for cubs, which were developed based on the results of our analysis. The Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding obtained breast milk samples from three giant pandas. Up to 30 ml of breast milk were collected from each mother by hand. Then, the milk samples were frozen and sent to Nihon University. The levels of protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, moisture, vitamins, minerals, total amino acids, fatty acids, lactose and other carbohydrates in the milk were analyzed. The breast milk samples exhibited the following nutritional values: protein: 6.6–8.5%, fat: 6.9–16.4%, carbohydrates: 2.5–9.1%, ash: 0.9–1.0% and moisture: 67–83%. We designed two kinds of milk substitutes based on the data obtained and the nutritional requirements of dogs, cats and rodents. The nutritional composition of the milk substitutes for the first and second stages was as follows: protein: 38 and 26%, fat: 40 and 40%, carbohydrates: 13 and 25%, ash: 6 and 6% and moisture: 3 and 3%, respectively. In addition, the substitutes contained vitamins, minerals, taurine, docosahexaenoic acid, lactoferrin, nucleotides and other nutrients.
Shoko NAKAMUTA, Makoto YOKOSUKA, Kazumi TANIGUCHI, Yoshio YAMAMOTO, Nobuaki NAKAMUTA
In general, the nasal cavity of turtles is divided into two chambers: the upper chamber, lined with the olfactory epithelium containing ciliated olfactory receptor cells, and the lower chamber, lined with the vomeronasal epithelium containing microvillous receptor cells. In the nasal cavity of soft-shelled turtles, however, differences between the upper and lower chamber epithelia are unclear due to the presence of ciliated receptor cells in both epithelia. In the olfactory organ of vertebrates, the surface of sensory epithelium is covered with secretory products of associated glands and supporting cells, playing important roles in the olfaction by dissolving odorants and transporting them to the olfactory receptors. Here, the associated glands and supporting cells in the olfactory organ of soft-shelled turtles were analyzed histochemically and ultrastructurally. The upper chamber epithelium possessed associated glands, constituted by cells containing serous secretory granules; whereas, the lower chamber epithelium did not. In the upper chamber epithelium, secretory granules filled the supranuclear region of supporting cells, while most of the granules were distributed near the free border of supporting cells in the lower chamber epithelium. The secretory granules in the supporting cells of both epithelia were seromucous, but alcian blue stained them differently from each other. In addition, distinct expression of carbohydrates was suggested by the differences in lectin binding. These data indicate the quantitative and qualitative differences in the secretory properties between the upper and lower chamber epithelia, suggesting their distinct roles in the olfaction.
1 - 34 / 34 Articles.
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Edited and published by : Japanese Society of Veterinary Science Produced and listed by : IPEC Co., Ltd.


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Murrieta, CAUSA
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August 13, 2014
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Ashley Greene Snapped Arm-in-Arm With Jackson Rathbone
Ashley Greene is sticking close to her "Twilight Saga" co-star Jackson Rathbone. After being spotted arriving together at the airport in Vancouver on Tuesday night, April 19, the ex-girlfriend of Joe Jonas was caught on camera together again with the actor playing her on-screen love interest the next day.
On Wednesday afternoon, April 20, the 24-year-old beauty was seen heading out for lunch with the 26-year-old. They grabbed some meal at the Cactus Club, before taking a stroll downtown arm-in-arm. Both of them returned to Vancouver to complete the filming of "The Twilight Saga's Breaking Dawn".
Since confirming her break-up from Jonas Brothers' Joe in March, Ashley has been linked romantically to Kings of Leon bassist Jared Followill. While she remained mum regarding the romance speculation, the "LOL: Laughing Out Loud" actress reportedly joined Jared at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival before his band performed on stage.
- Jon Bon Jovi Meets Cancer Patient, Gives Her Guitar, Plays His New Songs
- Diane Kruger Called a 'B***h' for Speaking Up About Gender Inequality in Hollywood
- Lady GaGa Sparks Outrage From Her Chinese Fans After Meeting Dalai Lama
- 'The 9th Life of Louis Drax' First Trailer Is Full of Mysteries
- Stella Maxwell Goes Completely Topless in This NSFW Instagram Photo
- 'Game of Thrones' Showrunner Confirms Shorter Two Final Seasons: We Get Close to the Ending
- Kevin Jonas and Wife Danielle Announce Sex of Their 2nd Baby. Is It a Boy or a Girl?
- Calvin Harris Blames Paparazzo for Another Car Accident, but Then Apologizes


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Thompson says LGBT social movement will bring new strength in push for tighter gun control
Yang says devalued pound will decrease resources for the families of migrant workers in Britain
Work by Brown, Ryan, Jackson cited in brief for UT Supreme Court case on race-conscious college admissions
Overview of Michigan's advanced research computing resources, Monday, June 27, 9-10:30 am, BSRB - Kahn Auditorium
U-M's Data Science Initiative offers expanded consulting services via CSCAR
Elizabeth Bruch promoted to Associate Professor
Susan Murphy elected to the National Academy of Sciences
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will resume fall 2016
Manning, Wendy, M.A. Longmore, and P.C. Giordano. 2007. "The changing institution of marriage: Adolescents' expectations to cohabit and to marry." Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(3): 559-575.
Cohabitation has become part of the pathway toward marriage. Prior work focuses on expectations to marry and has ignored cohabitation. Although most young adults are not replacing marriage with cohabitation, but instead cohabit and then marry, it is important to study adolescents' joint expectations to cohabit as well as marry. Our analyses draw on recently collected data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N = 1,293). We find that adolescents are less certain about their cohabitation than marriage expectations. Dating and sexual experience, traditional values, prosocial activities, and parents influence adolescents' union formation expectations. The findings from this work suggest that adolescents are including cohabitation as part of their future life trajectories but rarely envision cohabitation as substituting for marriage.
DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00392.x (Full Text)
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Near contact recording requires smoother surfaces with ultra-low Ra. Thus, micro-texture features at asperity-level which affect the overall tribological performance should be described by more surface parameters and/or their combinations instead of only those roughness height-dependent parameters. Our studies on sub-micron crystallized glass-ceramic disks indicate that the glide height avalanche for isotropic surfaces decreases with reductions in most parameters related to asperity height and profile shape, but it varies inversely with asperity spacing-related parameters. With proper combination of profile shape and spacing features, low stiction in 1-rpm and CSS tests on low Ra glass-ceramic disks can be achieved over larger ranges of roughness and lubricant thickness compared to cross-hatch textured NiP/Al disks
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Euphorbia obesis and stone bunny in succulent garden in Escondido.
Posted May 26, 2010
Late afternoon cloud formations east of Escondido.
Fallen ripe palm fruit caught in palm leaf.
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Community Policing Organisations host seminars on domestic violence
The Community Policing Organisation of Guyana under the Ministry of Home Affairs in collaboration with Help and Shelter hosted a series of seminars on Domestic Violence between June to December this year.
According to Beverly London, liaison officer to the Minister of Home Affairs, who was responsible for conducting the seminars, they were held in all six policing divisions—A, B, C, D, E&F and G—across Guyana, starting in A Division, which is Georgetown and ending in G Division, which is Essequibo.
It was a way of enhancing the awareness of domestic violence at a time when it is most prevalent in the country. Participants were exposed to awareness sessions on domestic violence, its causes, what to do when it occurs and the Domestic Violence and Sexual Offences acts.
London told this newspaper that the Community Policing Organisation of Guyana is not only attached to the police force but it works with communities in uplifting their everyday lives.
Latest in Local News
Cases being built against drug kingpins
Outgoing Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy here, Bryan Hunt has urged patience as it relates to indictments of local drug barons saying that cases are being built in the background that can guarantee convictions.
Aurora Village (Part 2)
Things in Aurora Village are much livelier than in Aurora Estate. Women walk in and out of the health centre with babies hanging from their hips; policemen stand outside the police station bracing against a wooden rail as they talk amongst themselves and shouts of chatter from children playing fill the air.
Probe launched into illegal Cessna flights from Ogle
The Guyana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) yesterday launched an investigation into the illegal flights of two aircraft from the Eugene F Correia International Airport, at Ogle, East Coast Demerara.
Broke City Hall seeks gov't bailout
Debt-ridden City Hall has approached the government for a bailout after undertaking several Golden Jubilee projects it did not budget for.
Youth of Guyanese parentage dies in BVI boat accident
A young man of Guyanese parentage died tragically in Tortola, British Virgin Islands around 10:00 hrs yesterday when the speedboat he was in hit rough waters and capsized.
D'Urban Park bleachers to remain
The bleachers at D'Urban Park will not be dismantled as originally intended as government intends to preserve and improve the area and turn it into a facility for public events, President David Granger has said.
Funerals held for Kamarang sisters crushed by tree
Post-mortem examinations were performed yesterday on the two children who were crushed to death on Thursday in Kamarang, Region Seven and they were buried with the village council assisting with funeral expenses.
Plug leakages to prevent state resources from bleeding out
Revenues from ExxonMobil's oil find here could be at least four times Guyana's national budget at current market prices, and a top US Embassy official here has urged government to move swiftly to implement measures to ensure transparency and accountability.


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Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: Nothing to report.
Letters: New Observation
Version of Record online: 3 MAY 2011
DOI: 10.1002/mds.23749
Copyright © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Movement Disorders
Volume 26, Issue 10, pages 1964–1966, 15 August 2011
Additional Information
How to Cite
Tremolizzo, L., Bertola, F., Casati, G., Piperno, A., Ferrarese, C. and Appollonio, I. (2011), Progressive supranuclear palsy-like phenotype caused by progranulin p.Thr272fs mutation. Mov. Disord., 26: 1964–1966. doi: 10.1002/mds.23749
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Full financial disclosures and author roles may be found in the online version of this article.
Publication History
- Issue online: 26 AUG 2011
- Version of Record online: 3 MAY 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: 15 MAR 2011
- Manuscript Revised: 11 MAR 2011
- Manuscript Received: 24 DEC 2010
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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Young & Dumb by Quincy Punx. Please check back for more Quincy Punx lyrics.
Young & Dumb Lyrics
Artist: Quincy Punx
Album: We're Not Punx
Well you say my life is going nowhere
Young & dumb and I just don't care
I've got no money and I've got no job
And I lay around like a lazy slob
Walking down the street, kicking up trash
Slashing your tires and smashing your glass
Young & dumb nothing better to do
Then have another beer and another lude
Young & dumb and there's nothing better to do
Young & dumb I'm so bored with you
Young & dumb and I'm high all the time
Young & dumb and I like it just fine
Well I do nothing all day but I got no time
I think I must be losing my mind
I can't relate to reality
I can't believe the things around me
There's never anything going on
Everything I do is wrong
Young & dumb nothing better to do
Then have another beer and another lude
[Repeat Chorus]
Quincy Punx Lyrics
Quincy Punx We're Not Punx Lyrics
More Quincy Punx Music Lyrics:
Quincy Punx - Downtown Lyrics
Quincy Punx - I Hate Coffee Lyrics
Quincy Punx - Murder At The Senior Prom Lyrics
Quincy Punx - Pig Roast Lyrics
Quincy Punx - Punker Than You Lyrics
Quincy Punx - Ugly American Lyrics
Quincy Punx - Under My Wheels Lyrics
Quincy Punx - We Are The Drunks Lyrics


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What animal has the most babies
kgb answers » Science & Technology » Animals » What animal has the most babies
Tags: tasmanian devil, babies
Wednesday, February 01 2012
Source: http://animal.discovery.com/fansites/mostextreme/episode/episode_01.html
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Writing Classes - Click here
June 6-17 - Making Money Through Teaching and Private Writing Coaching - Tracee Lydia Gamer
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Coffee Time Romance Event Calendar | Author & Publisher Events Calendar
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miz shaye
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'I goofed up': Now Obama tries to make a joke out of his debate disaster in front of adoring showbiz donors
- President's admission was acknowledgement that Mitt Romney won debate
President Barack Obama put a brave face on his disastrous debate performance on Sunday night by joking with an audience of celebrity backers that he can't 'perform flawlessly every time'.
Speaking at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, the president took a good-natured shot at his underwhelming debate performance, marveling at how his friends in the entertainment business could turn in perfect showings every time.
'I can't always say the same,' Obama told thousands of supporters, who got the joke right away. It was Obama's most direct acknowledgment yet that his Republican rival, Mitt Romney, won their debate on Wednesday as a tight race rolled into its last month.
Scroll down for video
Making politics sexy: Katy Perry was among the celebrities who performed at the Los Angeles fundraiser in front of a crowd of 6,000
Obama spoke at the start of two-day fundraising swing through California, his final one out West of this election, and one that was expected to raise several millions dollars for advertising efforts to the finish.
He appeared on stage after comments by actor George Clooney and performances by Katy Perry, Stevie Wonder, Jon Bon Jovi and Jennifer Hudson - and before a night-capping dinner for 150 guests at Wolfgang Puck's restaurant at $25,000 per person.
Performance issues: President Obama joked about his debate performance at a celebrity fundraiser in Los Angeles on Sunday
Thanks for coming: The president told supporters at the Nokia Theatre that he had bad days and made mistakes in the 2008 campaign too
The president told about 6,000 supporters at the Nokia Theatre that he had bad days and made mistakes in the 2008 campaign, too, but nobody remembers that because he won.
'We goofed up. I goofed up,' he said of 2008. 'But the American people carried us forward.'
He then moved onto late-night soiree at Puck's WP24 restaurant, which was expected to rake in $3.75 million. Former President Bill Clinton joined Obama earlier Sunday for a more intimate gathering with elite, longtime donors at the home of entertainment mogul Jeffrey Katzenberg.
The Republican presidential nominee, meanwhile, sought to build on the momentum from a debate performance last week that even Democrats conceded was 'masterful.'
The President of Hollywood: George Clooney and Stacy Keibler arriving at the Obama fundraiser, at the Nokia theatre in LA
Famous faces: The pair were seen walking in with Jon Bon Jovi, the trio smiling as they shared a joke
Family affair: Jennifer Hudson performed on stage after bringing along her son, David, and changing into heels
Night cap: The audience were treated to shows by Jon Bon Jovi and Stevie Wonder before 150 who paid $25,000 went on to have dinner with the President at Wolfgang Puck's restaurant
Campaigning in up-for-grabs Florida, Romney told a crowd of about 12,000 in Port St. Lucie that he had enjoyed himself, ticking off a list of Obama shortcomings he said he had exposed during the first debate.
of course, days later, we're hearing his excuses,' Romney said. 'And
next January we'll be watching him leave the White House for the last
Romney ended his
day in Virginia, where on Monday he planned a major foreign policy
address in which he will criticize Obama's handling of unrest in Libya
and elsewhere.
Obama campaign spokeswoman Jennifer Psaki, dismissing what she called Romney's fourth or fifth attempt to explain his global intentions, said the bar is high for Romney to convince voters he's prepared to be commander in chief.
Campaign trail: Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney and wife Ann wave to supporters at a campaign rally in Port St. Lucie, Florida
Debate disaster for Obama: Even Democrats conceded that Romney's performance in the first debate was 'masterful'
'We are not going to be lectured by someone who's been an unmitigated disaster on foreign policy every time he sticks his toe in the foreign policy waters,' Psaki said aboard Air Force One as Obama made his way to California.
Even as Romney sought to reap further rewards from his debate performance, a string of good news for the president threatened to steal the former Massachusetts governor's spotlight.
A jobs report Friday showing
unemployment at the lowest levels of Obama's presidency was quickly
followed Saturday by a fundraising report showing Obama and Democrats
had raised $181 million in September.
It was their best fundraising month of the campaign, but fell short of their record $190 million raised in September 2008 as the president campaigned for his first term.
President Obama waves to the audience as he arrives at a campaign event at the Nokia Theater on Sunday
President Obama appeared on stage after comments by actor George Clooney and performances by Katy Perry, Stevie Wonder and Jon Bon Jovi
Romney's campaign has not released its report for the month, and Republicans sought to downplay Obama's financial advantage.
The party's national chairman, Reince Priebus, said he had been counting all along on being outraised by Obama and Democrats.
'This isn't going to come down to money. This is going to come down to heart,' Priebus said. 'We'll beat them on the ground, and we'll have all the money we need to be competitive.'
After trailing Romney in the money race for most of the summer, Obama is back on top and pulling out all the stops to keep it that way. In what will be his final fundraising trip out West this election, Obama is enlisting his celebrity pals - from actors to singers to chefs - to donate to his campaign and encourage their fans to do the same.
Stevie Wonder was one of the musicians who appeared at the Nokia Theatre in support of President Obama
Obama nails: Katy Perry tweeted this pic after having her nails done especially for Sunday evening's fundraiser in Los Angeles
VIDEO: Even Obama ribs his own debating!
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