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A portrait of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg made up of pictures of Chinese people is part of an exhibition titled "The Face of Facebook" by Chinese artist Zhu Jia on display yesterday at the ShanghART gallery in Singapore. Zhu invited more than 50 artists and friends from different professions to re-enact the iconic Zuckerberg portrait featured on the Sept. 20, 2010, issue of the "New Yorker" magazine. The exhibition features 67 portraits of Zuckerberg in mediums ranging from oil paintings to digital prints, to be sold as a single artwork.Oct 30, 2013
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Clare Rojas' exhibition Through the Woods at the ACA Gallery of SCAD is a delicious conundrum. Five years worth of Rojas' prints, paintings, and drawings deftly relate a series of fables with messages as varied as her influences. The mythology extends to the artist herself: Rojas will close the show Thurs., April 1 at 6 p.m. with a performance by her banjo-picking alter ego, Peggy Honeywell.
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(Photo Courtesy Clare Rojas)
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The Northern Ireland Phytophthora infestans population 1998–2002 characterized by genotypic and phenotypic markers
Version of Record online: 17 JAN 2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01335.x
Plant Pathology
Volume 55, Issue 3, pages 320–330, June 2006
Additional Information
How to Cite
Cooke, L. R., Carlisle, D. J., Donaghy, C., Quinn, M., Perez, F. M. and Deahl, K. L. (2006), The Northern Ireland Phytophthora infestans population 1998–2002 characterized by genotypic and phenotypic markers. Plant Pathology, 55: 320–330. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01335.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 17 JAN 2006
- Version of Record online: 17 JAN 2006
- Accepted 27 September 2005
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- allozymes;
- mating type;
- metalaxyl sensitivity;
- mitochondrial DNA haplotype;
- potato-late blight;
- RG57 analysis
A total of 204 isolates of Phytophthora infestans from Northern Ireland, almost all from commercial potato crops, were collected over 5 years (1998–2002). Phenotypic diversity was assessed using mating type and metalaxyl resistance; genotypic diversity was assessed using two allozyme loci (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Gpi, and peptidase, Pep), mitochondrial DNA haplotype and the multilocus RFLP probe RG57. All isolates were A1 mating type and Gpi 100/100. The majority were Pep 100/100, but four Pep 83/100 and six Pep 96/100 isolates were identified. Three mtDNA haplotypes were detected; haplotype IIa was the most common, but each year up to 2001 its frequency declined, with a concomitant increase in Ia isolates. Three isolates had the rare haplotype IIb, but this was only detected in 1998. Metalaxyl resistance and mtDNA haplotype were markedly associated: most haplotype Ia isolates were metalaxyl-resistant, whereas haplotype IIa was more commonly associated with metalaxyl sensitivity. Analysis of a subsample of 91 isolates revealed nine RG57 genotypes, three associated exclusively with haplotype IIa and six exclusively with haplotype Ia. The most common RG57 genotype (51% of isolates) comprised both metalaxyl-resistant and -sensitive haplotype IIa isolates. However, of haplotype Ia isolates, all metalaxyl-resistant phenotypes belonged to one of four RG57 types, one of which was the second most frequent overall (29% of isolates), while all metalaxyl-sensitive isolates belonged to one of two other types. The P. infestans population in Northern Ireland appears to consist of a limited number of clones related to, but differentiated from, the populations in mainland Britain and elsewhere in Europe.
In the past 25 years, worldwide changes in populations of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans have been associated with increased problems in controlling late blight on both potatoes and tomatoes. In Northern Ireland, the potential impact of late blight on commercial potato production is reflected in the fact that most seed crops receive eight or nine applications of foliar fungicides and some receive as many as 14 sprays to protect them from foliar and tuber infection by P. infestans (L. R. Cooke, unpublished data).
Phytophthora infestans is a diploid, heterothallic organism believed to have originated and evolved in the central highlands of Mexico (Niederhauser, 1991), although a South American origin has also been proposed (Abad & Abad, 1997). Before the 1970s, European populations of this pathogen appear to have consisted exclusively of a single clonal lineage of the A1 mating type, known as US-1, which has the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype Ib, an allozyme genotype [based on glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) and peptidase (Pep) allozyme loci], Gpi 86/100, Pep 92/100 and a characteristic fingerprint based on the multilocus RFLP probe RG57 (Goodwin et al., 1994). In recent years, analyses of P. infestans isolates from many European countries have generally failed to detect this 'old' clonal lineage of P. infestans, and have shown the presence of more diverse, new populations, often containing both A1 and A2 mating type strains.
In a study of the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of P. infestans in Northern Ireland in 1995 and 1996 (Carlisle et al., 2001), all of the 223 isolates characterized belonged to the 'new population' (as defined by allozyme genotypes and mtDNA haplotypes), but the A2 mating type was not detected, although A2 mating-type strains had previously been found in surveys in Northern Ireland between 1987 and 1995 (Cooke et al., 1995). All isolates from 1995 and 1996 were monomorphic and homozygous at the loci coding for allozymes of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase (Gpi 100/100, Pep 100/100) and 96% were mtDNA haplotype IIa. RAPD-PCR analysis of selected isolates revealed relatively little diversity among the Northern Ireland isolates, which clustered separately from isolates from Great Britain and the European mainland. It was concluded that the Northern Ireland population probably consisted of a series of closely related clonal lineages and that, since the A2 mating type was not detected, sexual recombination was unlikely.
In the Republic of Ireland, the A2 mating type was first isolated in 1988 (O'Sullivan & Dowley, 1991); 35% of 26 isolates from 1988–1989 were A2. Between 1988 and 1994, 249 isolates from the Republic of Ireland were characterized, but A2 isolates were only obtained from cvs Cara, Kerr's Pink and Golden Wonder (O'Sullivan et al., 1995) and the majority were obtained from tubers of cv. Cara. Subsequently, Griffin et al. (1998) failed to detect the A2 mating type among 114 isolates from 1995 and found that only four (3%) out of 153 isolates from 1996 were A2 mating type; all of these A2 isolates had been obtained from differential blight indicators grown at the Crops Research Centre, Carlow. Griffin et al. (2002) further investigated the P. infestans population in the Republic of Ireland using mating type, metalaxyl resistance, mtDNA haplotyping and RFLP fingerprinting with the multilocus nuclear DNA probe RG57 (Goodwin et al., 1992) to characterize 163 isolates collected between 1995 and 1999, of which 90% were collected in 1996. Their study indicated a low level of diversity in the Irish population of P. infestans; only 12 genotypes were detected using RG57, and the four A2 mating-type isolates from 1996 referred to above (the only A2 isolates included) all had the same RG57 fingerprint. They concluded that their results strongly suggested that sexual recombination of P. infestans does not occur in Ireland.
In Scotland, characterization of nearly 500 P. infestans isolates collected between 1995 and 1997 using mating type, metalaxyl resistance and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting indicated considerable diversity (Cooke et al., 2003). Approximately 20% of isolates were of the A2 mating type, but very few of these were metalaxyl-resistant; it was suggested that the A2 population was possibly restricted from becoming more widely established by its sensitivity to phenylamide fungicides. Among a subsample of 292 isolates examined by AFLP, 56% of isolates had unique fingerprints, but the majority of A2 isolates belonged to a single AFLP group. However, the presence of both mating types within sites, an increasing frequency of isolates with intermediate sensitivity to metalaxyl and the extent of AFLP diversity all suggested that sexual recombination occurred occasionally.
A study by Day et al. (2004) of the P. infestans population in Great Britain over a similar period (1995–98), using mating type, metalaxyl resistance, mtDNA haplotype and RG57 fingerprinting, revealed that A2 mating-type isolates were rare (3% of 2691 isolates) and all were metalaxyl-sensitive. In a subset of 1459 isolates, 30 fingerprints were detected by RG57, of which four were frequent (77% of isolates), widespread and found in all years. While circumstantial evidence suggested that sexual recombination occurred at some sites, the authors concluded that it was not possible to determine the extent of sexual recombination or its contribution to the evolving gene pool.
The purpose of this study was to extend the previous characterization of the Northern Ireland P. infestans population to isolates collected between 1998 and 2002. Isolates were derived largely from samples collected from commercial crops for annual surveys of the frequency of metalaxyl resistance and only one isolate was derived from each site, so it was not possible to examine diversity within sites. To provide more detailed data on diversity and to allow comparison with studies elsewhere, a subset of isolates was fingerprinted with probe RG57 in addition to characterizing isolates by mating type, metalaxyl resistance, allozyme genotype (Gpi, Pep) and mtDNA haplotype.
Materials and methods
Collection of isolates
Blighted potato material was collected in the major production areas of Northern Ireland during the growing seasons of 1998–2002 by members of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development's Potato Inspection Service. Each of the 12 area inspectors was requested to collect a sample of infected foliage (and infected tubers if present) from each of four crops of representative cultivars during crop inspection (mainly in July). Each sample consisted of infected leaves and stems (and infected tubers if present) from a single crop. Information on site, fungicide usage, potato cultivar and blight incidence was collected for each sample. Samples were incubated under high humidity for 24–48 h to encourage sporulation, then isolates were obtained by bulking together the sporangia from all infected foliage from a single crop and initially maintained on detached glasshouse-grown potato leaflets of susceptible main crop cultivars free from R-genes (Cooke, 1986). In addition, when possible, isolates were obtained from infected potato dumps, volunteers, garden crops, breeders' clones and from woody nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). Four single-lesion isolates were also obtained from two naturally infected field trial sites in 2002.
After phenylamide-resistance testing (see below), isolates were transferred to rye A agar (Caten & Jinks, 1968) amended with the antibiotics rifampicin (25 mg L−1) and natamycin (25 mg L−1) (Carlisle et al., 2001) by placing excised leaf sections directly onto the agar or by picking sporangia off the sporulating leaflets with agar cubes (∼2 × 2 × 2 mm). Following incubation at 15°C for several days, culture fragments were transferred to unamended rye agar, antibiotic rye agar or pea agar (Hollomon, 1965) amended with vancomycin (50 mg L−1) and incubated in the dark at 15–18°C for routine maintenance.
A random sample of 20 isolates was used to generate single-zoospore isolates by an adaptation of the method of Caten & Jinks (1968). Sterile distilled water was added to 15-day-old cultures grown on rye agar, which were then incubated at 4°C for 3 h followed by 30 min at room temperature. Aliquots (0·5 mL) of the suspensions were spread evenly over the surface of water agar or thinly poured carrot agar (Erselius & Shaw, 1982) and incubated at 20°C for 12 h to encourage germination of the zoospores. After this period the plates were examined microscopically and single germinating zoospores were cut from the agar and transferred to pea agar plates. These were incubated at 20°C and examined daily for 3 weeks. The zoospores which formed colonies were maintained on rye and pea agar plates as above. In each case, at least three progeny isolates were obtained from the parental isolate and characterized as described below to check for any heterogeneity within the parental isolates.
Mating-type determination
Isolates were grown on unamended rye or carrot agar (Erselius & Shaw, 1982) with known reference isolates of the A1 or A2 mating types (Cooke et al., 1995) using two plates for each pairing and placing mycelial plugs (∼4 mm diameter) of the two isolates (unknown and tester) approximately 20 mm apart. The dual cultures were incubated at 15°C in darkness for 5–10 days, then examined microscopically for the presence of oospores where the two colonies interacted.
Metalaxyl sensitivity assessment
The floating potato leaf disc method described by Cooke (1986) was used to determine metalaxyl sensitivity. Isolates were tested on 2 and 100 mg metalaxyl L−1; those unable to sporulate on leaf discs at either concentration (but sporulating on untreated discs) were designated sensitive; isolates sporulating on discs at both metalaxyl concentrations were designated resistant, and those sporulating on discs at 2 but not at 100 mg metalaxyl L−1 were designated intermediate.
Allozyme assays
Genotypes at two polymorphic allozyme loci, Gpi-1 (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, GPI, E.C. 5·3·1·9) and Pep-1 (peptidase, PEP, E.C. 3·4·3·1), were determined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE) using the protocols of Goodwin et al. (1995) as modified by Carlisle et al. (2001). The genotypes of unknown isolates were determined by comparison with reference isolates, including 50·96 (Gpi 90/100, Pep 83/100), PINN-A (Gpi 100/100, Pep 92/100), MT95-RED (US-8, Gpi 100/111/122, Pep 100/100), TW95-024 (US-1, Gpi 86/100, Pep 92/100) and EC1021 (Gpi 90/100, Pep 96/100). Isolate 50·96, used as the Pep 83/100 standard, was originally characterized as such by starch gel electrophoresis by Lebreton & Andrivon (1998), but was also scored as 83/100 in the present study. Isolate EC1021, representative of the EC-1 clonal lineage from Ecuador (Forbes et al., 1997), was used as the Pep 96/100 standard.
Identification of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes of isolates were determined by PCR-RFLP using the method of Griffith & Shaw (1998) as modified by Carlisle et al. (2001). The DNA haplotype of isolates was assigned by determining the molecular weight of the individual restriction fragments of each PCR-RFLP profile (by comparison with molecular size markers) and referring to the published literature (Griffith & Shaw, 1998).
RG57 fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting using the moderately repetitive probe RG57 was carried out on a subset of 91 isolates using the method described by Goodwin et al. (1992), but with the following modifications. The RG57 insert was PCR-amplified with the oligonucleotide primers M13 (forward and reverse). The product was purified with the Wizard DNA Purification kit (Promega) and labelled with the Random Primer Fluorescein Labeling kit (Antifluorescein-AP; NEN). Phytophthora infestans DNA was extracted using GeneElute Plant Genomic DNA Extraction kit (Sigma). The DNA was transferred to Hybond N + Nylon membrane (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The manufacturers' instructions for the above kits were followed for membrane transfer, Southern hybridization and nucleic acid detection.
Data analysis
Chi-squared analyses were used to test for the significance of associations between fungicide usage and metalaxyl sensitivity, between geographical area and metalaxyl sensitivity, between geographical area and mtDNA haplotype and between mtDNA haplotype and metalaxyl sensitivity. They were also used to test for associations between each of the polymorphic RG57 bands and metalaxyl sensitivity and mtDNA haplotype.
The data were combined and converted to discrete character state format, and phylogenetic trees were generated using the maximum parsimony (MP) option within phylip (Felsenstein, 2004). Consensus trees were constructed from the 100 best trees generated after 500 replications. Dendrograms were drawn using treeview version 4. Bootstrap values greater than 70% (Hillis & Bull, 1993) were indicated at branch points.
Source of isolates
A total of 204 isolates from five of the six counties of Northern Ireland (potatoes are not grown commercially in Co. Fermanagh) was obtained and characterized over the 5-year period, with the number per year ranging from 26 to 58 isolates. Of these, 174 isolates were from foliage and five from tubers of commercial potato crops of 31 different cultivars, the most frequent being Kerr's Pink and Désirée (Table 1). In addition, five isolates were from potato dumps, one from a volunteer, four from breeder's clones, four from naturally infected field trials, four from garden potato crops, one from an outdoor-grown tomato fruit (cv. Gardener's Delight) and six from woody nightshade (S. dulcamara).
|Regionb where cultivar grown
|Number of isolates
|Arran Banner
|British Queen
|Dunbar Standard
|Home Guard
|Kerr's Pink
|Maris Piper
|Pentland Squire
|Sharpe's Express
Single-zoospore isolates
At least three single-zoospore isolates were derived and characterized from each of 22 randomly selected parental isolates. All proved to be identical to their parental isolates in tests used subsequently to analyse the field isolates. This indicated homogeneity within the original bulk sporangial isolates.
Mating type and metalaxyl resistance
All of the P. infestans isolates proved to be of the A1 mating type (Table 2). Over all years, 50% of isolates tested were sensitive to metalaxyl, 47% contained resistant strains and 3% were classified as intermediate (Table 3); within years the percentage of resistant isolates ranged from 32% in 1998 to 68% (71% including isolates with intermediate sensitivity) in 2001. Chi-squared analysis of frequencies indicated that the proportion of resistant isolates differed between years (P < 0·01). Over all years, from crops known to have been sprayed with fungicide formulations containing a phenylamide, 67% of isolates were resistant, whereas from crops which had not been phenylamide-treated, only 37% of isolates were resistant (Table 4). Chi-squared analysis indicated a very highly significant (P < 0·001) association of metalaxyl resistance with sites where a phenylamide fungicide had been applied. Nonetheless, the majority of resistant isolates were obtained from crops which had not received a phenylamide treatment.
|Mating type
|mtDNA haplotype
|Allozyme genotype
|Number of isolates
|Metalaxyl sensitivitya
|Years found
|1998, 2002
|Number of isolates
|Isolates R + I (%)
|Crop management
|Number (and percentage) of isolates
|Treated with phenylamide
|19 (33)
|0 (0)
|39 (67)
|Not phenylamide-treateda
|76 (59)
|5 (4)
|47 (37)
Allozyme genotype and mtDNA haplotype
All isolates tested were homozygous (100/100) at the Gpi locus (Table 2). The vast majority of isolates were also homozygous at the Pep locus (100/100), but four isolates had the Pep 83/100 genotype and six had the Pep 96/100 genotype. The four Pep 83/100 isolates were all recovered from infected plants at the Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Newforge, one from a plant of a Solanum sp. hybrid (S. sanctae-rosae × S. andigena) in 1998 and the other three from field-trial plots of cvs Milagro, Remarka & Santé in 2002. The six Pep 96/100 isolates were obtained from widely disparate commercial crops in 1999, 2000 and 2001.
Three mtDNA haplotypes were detected among the isolates analysed (Table 2). Three isolates of haplotype IIb were identified in 1998, but this haplotype was not found in subsequent years. The majority (67%) of isolates were haplotype IIa, the remainder being Ia. Haplotype IIa predominated in each year except 2001, but whereas in 1998 and 1999 over 80% of isolates were IIa, this fell to 62% in 2000 and 45% in 2001, with a recovery to 61% in 2002. Chi-squared analysis of haplotype frequencies indicated that the proportions of isolates with haplotypes Ia and IIa differed between years (P < 0·001).
RG57 analysis
None of the three haplotype IIb isolates was viable when DNA fingerprinting by the multilocus nuclear DNA probe RG57 (Goodwin et al., 1992) was carried out on a subset of 91 isolates (representative of all years), so it was only possible to include haplotype Ia and IIa isolates. Worldwide RG57 analysis of P. infestans isolates has shown that 25 restriction fragments/bands can be detected. In the Northern Ireland isolates characterized, six of these bands were not detected (bands 4, 11, 12, 15, 18 and 23), while eight were present in all isolates (bands 1, 5, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24 and 25). The remaining 11 bands (bands 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19 and 22) were polymorphic.
In the absence of an internationally agreed system for naming RG57 fingerprints, each type was designated by a code, using NI for Northern Ireland followed by a number. Types differing from the most common types by only one band were designated subtypes, indicated by lower-case suffixes. Thus the most common type was designated NI-1 and its subtype NI-1a.
A total of nine different RG57 fingerprints were detected, of which one (NI-1) occurred in just over 50% of isolates and the second most common (NI-2) in 29% of isolates (Table 5). Of the other seven fingerprints, one was found in 8% and another in 4% of isolates, while the remainder were only represented by one or two isolates.
|RG57 type
|RG57 fingerprint
|mtDNA haplotype
|Allozyme genotype
|Metalaxyl sensitivitya
|Number of isolates
|Year found
|100 010 001 100 110 100 011 001 1
|100 010 000 100 110 100 011 001 1
|1999, 2000
|110 010 000 100 110 010 011 101 1
|110 010 000 100 110 110 011 101 1
|1999, 2002
|110 010 000 100 110 000 011 101 1
|111 010 100 100 110 100 011 101 1
|1998, 1999, 2002
|111 010 100 000 110 010 011 101 1
|1999, 2001
|101 011 110 100 110 100 111 101 1
|101 010 110 100 110 100 111 101 1
Associations between markers
All RG57 types were associated with a single mtDNA haplotype (Table 5). Thus all isolates with RG57 fingerprints NI-1, NI-1a and NI-2a had the mtDNA haplotype IIa, while all NI-2, NI-2b, NI-3, NI-4, NI-5 and NI-5a isolates possessed mtDNA haplotype Ia.
Four isolates with the Pep 96/100 genotype were fingerprinted and these all proved to be RG57 NI-4, mtDNA Ia. Three isolates with the Pep 83/100 genotype were fingerprinted and these had two distinct and unique fingerprints (NI-5 and NI-5a) and were mtDNA Ia.
MP dendrograms were constructed using the RG57 data alone and using the RG57 data combined with mtDNA haplotype and Pep genotype and also with these characters plus metalaxyl resistance. The MP dendrogram constructed with the RG57 data alone had a very similar structure to ones constructed using the other polymorphic characters. Adding metalaxyl resistance did not add significant substructuring and, since as a selectable character the value of its inclusion is debatable, only the dendrogram based on RG57 data, mtDNA haplotype and Pep genotype is presented (Fig. 1). This dendrogram showed significant grouping of the isolates into four main clusters with significant subclustering. Cluster 1 comprised RG57 types NI-1 and NI-1a, i.e. it included all mtDNA IIa isolates except for those with the NI-2a fingerprint. Cluster 2 comprised RG57 types NI-2 and NI-2b. Cluster 3 comprised RG57 types NI-3, NI-4, NI-5 and NI-5a and was separated into three significant subclusters, one of NI-4, one of NI-3 and one of NI-5 and NI-5a. The final cluster contained only NI-2a. Thus, the mtDNA IIa genotypes were clearly separated from the mtDNA Ia types, which were further subdivided into several genotypes that did not appear to be closely related.
Metalaxyl resistance tended to be associated with mtDNA haplotype Ia (Fig. 2), 85% of Ia isolates being metalaxyl-resistant (Table 2). Chi-squared analysis showed that there was a very highly significant association (P < 0·001) between metalaxyl resistance and haplotype (the three haplotype IIb isolates were excluded from the analysis). Among the Ia haplotype isolates, metalaxyl resistance was strongly associated with specific genotypes; thus all isolates with the RG57 fingerprint NI-2 were metalaxyl-resistant and all the Pep 96/100 and Pep 83/100 isolates were haplotype Ia and metalaxyl-resistant (Table 5). Metalaxyl-sensitive isolates with haplotype Ia were relatively infrequent (15% of Ia isolates); when eight of these were fingerprinted, seven were the only isolates with the RG57 fingerprint NI-3 and the eighth had a unique fingerprint (NI-2b).
In contrast, the majority (66%) of haplotype IIa isolates were metalaxyl-sensitive, but there was no association between metalaxyl sensitivity and specific genotypes (Table 2). Each of the three RG57 mtDNA IIa genotypes included both metalaxyl-resistant and -sensitive isolates, 65% of NI-1 isolates being sensitive and 35% resistant.
Of the 11 polymorphic RG57 bands, three were very highly significantly (P < 0·001) associated with resistance and two with sensitivity to metalaxyl, while four were very highly significantly (P < 0·001) associated with mtDNA haplotype Ia and two with haplotype IIa (data not presented).
Variation in markers over time and geographical area
The proportion of mtDNA haplotype Ia isolates increased over the years 1998–2001, but declined in 2002 (Fig. 2). Similarly the proportion of metalaxyl-resistant isolates followed this same pattern.
The number of RG57 genotypes detected within years varied from three in 2000 to seven in 1999 and 2002; with such a small number of genotypes it was not considered appropriate to carry out a statistical comparison of diversity over time.
For geographical comparisons, three regions were defined within Northern Ireland, the northeast (Co. Antrim), the northwest (Counties Londonderry and Tyrone) and the south (Counties Down and Armagh). All three regions had very similar proportions of metalaxyl-resistant isolates over the 5-year period (52, 51 and 48% in the northeast, northwest and south, respectively). There was no significant association between metalaxyl sensitivity and region, nor between haplotype and region (P > 0·05). The two most common RG57 types (NI-1 and NI-2) occurred in all regions and the two other types which comprised more than two isolates also occurred in widely dispersed locations.
Except for a few single-lesion or single-tuber isolates, the isolates of P. infestans used in the present study were derived from sporangia from a sample of several foliar lesions collected at random within each crop. In a previous study (Carlisle et al., 2001), more detailed sampling within crops revealed that isolates with more than one haplotype were detected in three of 29 sites and these were ones where at least two cultivars were growing in close proximity. In the present study, where more than one cultivar was grown in the same field, these were treated as separate samples to reduce the likelihood that multiple infections were sampled. Single-zoospore isolates established from 22 randomly selected isolates indicated that the parental isolates were homogenous for the markers used. In addition, detailed sampling of a naturally infected trial at Greenmount Agricultural College was carried out in 2002 and 80 single-lesion isolates were established from plots of five different potato cultivars. These proved to be identical in terms of mating type, Gpi and Pep allozyme genotype, mtDNA haplotype and metalaxyl sensitivity, and a subset of 40 were shown to be identical using six microsatellite markers (G. K. Young, personal communication). On this basis, while the possibility of multiple genotypes within a single isolate cannot be excluded, it was considered unlikely. However, caution should be exercised in using multiple-lesion isolates in other studies, since it is only appropriate for a highly clonal population.
No A2 mating-type isolates were found in Northern Ireland in the present study, confirming the results of Carlisle et al. (2001) and agreeing with the conclusion of Griffin et al. (2002) that the A2 mating type now occurs very rarely, if at all, on the island of Ireland.
Comparison of data from the present study with earlier data (Cooke et al., 2000; Carlisle et al., 2001) indicated that the proportion of metalaxyl-resistant strains increased in Northern Ireland over the period 1995–2001. For the 2002 season, the anti-resistance strategy endorsed by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development in Northern Ireland was modified and growers were advised to use no more than two, rather than three, sprays of products containing phenylamide fungicides during the early part of the season only (Cooke, 2003). The proportion of isolates containing metalaxyl-resistant strains was lower in 2002 than in 2001, and this decline continued in 2003 and 2004 (L. R. Cooke, unpublished data).
Only a small number of isolates from Northern Ireland were classified as having intermediate sensitivity to metalaxyl; this was in contrast to the situation in Scotland, where the proportion of intermediate isolates increased from 2% in 1995 to 29% in 1997, and Cooke et al. (2003) suggested that they arose from recombination between resistant and sensitive strains. The small number of intermediate strains in the Northern Ireland population may reflect the lack of recombinant types. In Scotland, none of the intermediate isolates was obtained from a crop known to have been treated with phenylamide fungicides (Cooke et al., 2003) and this was also the case in the present study.
In a further comparison between the earlier study (Carlisle et al., 2001) and the present one, it was observed that, while in both cases all isolates were monomorphic and homozygous at the Gpi locus, in the earlier study all isolates were Pep 100/100, whereas three Pep alleles (83, 96 and 100) were identified in the present study. This is the first time that isolates with Pep 83/100 or Pep 96/100 have been found in Northern Ireland, although Tooley et al. (1993) found that a small number of Republic of Ireland isolates from 1989 were Pep 83/100. Pep 83/100 has been reported elsewhere in Europe, in isolates from Great Britain (Carlisle et al., 2001), East Germany (Daggett et al., 1993), Poland (Sujkowski et al., 1994) and France, where it was the most common Pep genotype among potato isolates (Lebreton & Andrivon, 1998). Isolates with the allozyme genotype Pep 96/100 have been reported from Poland (Sujkowski et al., 1994) and Hungary (Bakonyi et al., 2002b), but are rare in western Europe; the only previous report apparently being of a single isolate collected from Flanders in 1998 (Bakonyi et al., 2002a).
The three mtDNA haplotypes, Ia, IIa and IIb, found among the Northern Ireland P. infestans isolates, are all characteristic of the new population (Griffith & Shaw, 1998). Isolates of the IIb haplotype (Griffith & Shaw, 1998), which is rare in Europe, occurred in Northern Ireland isolates from 1996 (Carlisle et al., 2001), but were found only in 1998 in the present study. The predominance of mtDNA haplotype IIa, which occurred in 96% of isolates in the previous study (Carlisle et al., 2001), was much less marked in the years 1998–2002, and in 2001 there were more isolates with the Ia than the IIa haplotype, suggesting that changes in the population were occurring.
Comparison of results of this study with other European studies indicated apparent similarities in the genotypes detected, particularly in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. Thus Griffin et al. (2002) found their type IE-1 to be the most common among Irish isolates (65%) from 1995 to 1999; this is identical to the most common Northern Ireland RG57 type, NI-1 (51% of isolates), in terms of RG57 fingerprint, mating type and mtDNA haplotype (IIa). The same RG57 fingerprint, named as RF06 and associated only with haplotype IIa, was found by Purvis et al. (2001) to be one of the most common among isolates from England and Wales. Cooke et al. (2003) reported this fingerprint (their type b) in mtDNA IIa isolates from Scotland. Day et al. (2004), who fingerprinted 1459 isolates collected from England, Scotland and Wales in 1995–98, found that their fingerprint RF006, which is identical to NI-1, comprised 9% of the isolates; most of these had the mtDNA haplotype IIa, but a small number had mtDNA Ia. The same fingerprint was also reported as the most common in Norway (N-1) and one of the most common (F-2) in Finland (Brurberg et al., 1999). The most frequent RG57 fingerprint found among isolates from Poland collected in 1989–91 by Sujkowski et al. (1994) differs from NI-1 only in having band 4 present and, since band 4 is not reproducibly detected by RG57 (Koh et al., 1994), these fingerprints are probably the same. While convergent evolution can result in isolates having the same RG57 fingerprint on differing genetic backgrounds (Purvis et al., 2001), the widespread occurrence of this fingerprint in northern European P. infestans populations and its strong association with a single mtDNA haplotype and mating type suggest that it may represent a widely distributed clonal lineage. The two NI-1a isolates had an identical fingerprint to the IE-1b of Griffin et al. (2002), which represented 7% of isolates from the Republic of Ireland in their study. This fingerprint was reported by Day et al. (2004) as RF008, but occurred in under 1% of their isolates.
The second major RG57 type, NI-2 (29% of isolates), was initially thought to represent a new RG57 genotype. However, comparison of its fingerprint with others published from European populations revealed that it differed only in bands 16 and 17 from the IE-2 of Griffin et al. (2002), which is identical to the RF002 of Day et al. (2004). IE-2 and RF002 were both scored as having band 16 and lacking band 17, whereas NI-2 lacked band 16 and has band 17. To clarify the situation, seven isolates identified as RF002 and reported in Day et al. (2004) were kindly supplied by Dr D. E. L. Cooke (Scottish Crop Research Institute) and fingerprinted alongside three NI-2 Northern Ireland isolates, one NI-2a isolate (scored as having both bands 16 and 17) and one NI-1 isolate. This showed NI-2 to be identical to RF002 and indicated that the band scored as 16 by Griffin et al. (2002) and Day et al. (2004) is the one scored as 17 in the present study. The absence of any isolates possessing both bands 16 and 17 from previous studies of isolates from the UK and Ireland may have led to this confusion, which emphasizes the desirability of international collaboration and exchange of standard isolates.
Griffin et al. (2002) found IE-2 to be their second most frequent type (11% of isolates) and, as with NI-2, all isolates of this type were metalaxyl-resistant and had the mtDNA haplotype Ia. Day et al. (2004) found their RF002 to be the second most common type (18% of isolates) in Great Britain in 1995–98; almost all their RF002 isolates were mtDNA Ia, but a small percentage (0·8%) were IIa. Thus NI-2, like NI-1, appears to represent a European clonal lineage. Two single-band variants of NI-2 with fingerprints which have not been reported elsewhere were found in the present study (NI-2a and NI-2b). Both differed from NI-2 in other characters: the two NI-2a isolates were haplotype IIa and one was metalaxyl-sensitive, while the single NI-2b isolate was haplotype Ia but metalaxyl-sensitive. It is thus unclear if these genotypes are closely related to NI-2.
The third most frequent RG57 type, NI-3, consisted exclusively of metalaxyl-sensitive mtDNA Ia isolates. Griffin et al. (2002) identified this fingerprint (designated IE-7) in one of 14 isolates from Northern Ireland supplied for inclusion in their study by the present authors; it was obtained from woody nightshade (S. dulcamara) in Northern Ireland in 1999. Interestingly, of the seven NI-3 isolates, four were obtained from potato crops in disparate locations in 1998 and 2002, but three were from natural infections of the same woody nightshade plant, one obtained in 1999 and two in 2002. No sign of infection of this plant by P. infestans was observed in 2000 or 2001. The finding of this genotype on S. dulcamara in two separate years 3 years apart suggests that it may be particularly able to infect woody nightshade and that a degree of host adaptation may be involved. Day et al. (2004) reported this fingerprint as RF042, associated with mtDNA Ia and occurring in 0·5% of isolates.
Of the remaining RG57 fingerprints, NI-4, NI-5 and NI-5a, which were associated with the unusual Pep genotypes, NI-4 and NI-5a do not appear to have been reported previously. NI-5 may be the same fingerprint as NL-39 reported by Zwankhuizen et al. (2000), which was associated with a single isolate obtained from the Netherlands in 1994, but differences in band scoring complicate the comparison. Surprisingly, the most common fingerprint (RF039, 47% of isolates) found in England, Scotland and Wales by Day et al. (2004) was not found in Northern Ireland in the present study and occurred only in a single isolate (IE-6) in that of Griffin et al. (2002). However, NI-5 differs from RF039 only in one RG57 band and, although allozyme genotype was not determined by Day et al. (2004), isolates with this fingerprint obtained from the Channel Island of Jersey all had the Pep genotype 83/100 (K. L. Deahl & L. R. Cooke, unpublished data), as did NI-5, so they probably represent related genotypes.
In contrast to the similarities with other European genotypes, comparison of Northern Ireland genotypes with US clonal lineages revealed differences in terms of RG57 fingerprints and dilocus allozyme genotypes. Only the A1 Gpi 100/100 clonal lineage US-6 appears superficially similar to Northern Ireland genotypes, but its Pep allozyme genotype is 92/100, which was not found in any Northern Ireland isolate, and its RG57 fingerprint is quite different. The most common clonal lineage in the US, US-8, is a metalaxyl-resistant A2 type with the Gpi genotype 100/111/122, which has never been reported from Europe. This supports the view that, while both the new European and new US P. infestans populations originated from Mexico, they represent separate migrations (Fry et al., 1993).
An association of certain RG57 bands with both metalaxyl resistance and mtDNA haplotype was noted within Northern Ireland P. infestans isolates. This is unlikely to indicate that these bands are markers for resistance or haplotype, since comparison with Day et al. (2004) showed that these specific associations are not found within RG57 fingerprints of isolates from other regions. The associations with RG57 bands found among Northern Ireland isolates are considered to be indicative of the clonal structure of the population rather than resulting from any real genetic linkage.
Associations between particular genotypes/haplotypes and metalaxyl resistance or sensitivity have, however, occurred elsewhere. Thus, just as all isolates of the Northern Ireland mtDNA Ia genotype NI-2 were metalaxyl-resistant, all isolates with this genotype from the Republic of Ireland (IE-2) and the vast majority from Great Britain with this genotype (RF002) were also metalaxyl-resistant (Griffin et al., 2002; Day et al., 2004). On the other hand, the genotype NI-1/IE-1/RF006 comprised both metalaxyl-resistant and -sensitive isolates in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, although in Great Britain isolates with this genotype were mainly metalaxyl-sensitive (Griffin et al., 2002; Day et al., 2004). Associations between particular genotypes and metalaxyl resistance may have developed as a result of the clonal population structure. In an asexually reproducing clonal population, the whole genome behaves as though it were effectively linked and selection for one or more characters conferring increased fitness will result in 'hitch-hiking' by others. Thus a character such as metalaxyl resistance may be rapidly disseminated if it is associated in an isolate with increased aggressiveness (Deahl et al., 2002). However, this does not fully explain why metalaxyl-sensitive forms of the genotype NI-2/IE-2/RF002 are so rare, whereas the genotype NI-1/IE-1/RF006 frequently occurs in both metalaxyl-sensitive and -resistant forms. Possibly it may have been occasioned by the difference between migration into the population of an already metalaxyl-resistant genotype compared with in situ selection for metalaxyl resistance on a metalaxyl-sensitive genotype.
The very marked clustering which occurred in the MP dendrogram (Fig. 1) lends further support to the view that in Ireland the P. infestans population is strongly clonal and exclusively asexual. The structure suggests that several distinct genotypes were introduced by migration and that there is little exchange of genetic information between them, although occasional variants occur, presumably originating by mutation.
The P. infestans population in Ireland thus appears to represent a subpopulation of the new European population, containing common European clonal lineages, but clearly differentiated from the populations of Great Britain and mainland Europe in terms of frequencies of mating types (A2 not detected in recent years) and genotypes. Whereas mtDNA Ia is the most frequent haplotype elsewhere in Europe, mtDNA IIa genotypes predominate throughout Ireland, representing 67% of Northern Ireland isolates from 1998 to 2002, 96% of Northern Ireland isolates from 1995 to 1996 (Carlisle et al., 2001) and 78% of isolates characterized by Griffin et al. (2002) from the Republic of Ireland. The reasons for this dominance by mtDNA IIa genotypes and for the failure of A2 mating types to persist in the Irish population are not known. Day et al. (2004) suggested that sexual recombination probably contributed to the diversity of the P. infestans gene pool in Great Britain, but both the present study and that of Griffin et al. (2002) provide no evidence for this in Ireland. More detailed sampling and use of additional markers (Cooke & Lees, 2004) would be required to exclude the possibility of very infrequent sexual recombination within the Irish P. infestans population. The differentiation of the Irish P. infestans population from other European populations may be a result of clonal selection mediated by restricted introduction of new P. infestans genotypes because of controls on importation of seed tubers (Northern Ireland is one of the high-grade seed areas for potato production within the EU and only the higher grades of seed may be planted for either seed or ware) and the distance of Ireland from mainland Europe. However, the drivers of the selection process, be they founder effects or some aspect of pathogenic fitness, remain to be elucidated.
We thank members of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development's Quality Assurance Branch for providing potato blight samples and crop information; Denis Griffin (Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland), David Cooke (Scottish Crop Research Institute) and Roselyne Corbière (INRA, France) for providing isolates; Colin Fleming (Applied Plant Science Division, DARD, Belfast) for his patient help with the data analysis and dendrograms; and Averil Brown (Queen's University, Belfast) for her constructive comments on the manuscript. The provision of a Department of Education for Northern Ireland Quota Award to DJC is acknowledged.
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text:
Comments about 'High school boys basketball: 5 top Utah prep teams travel to Las Vegas to face some of nation's best'
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"These tournaments offer the type of format as a state championship"
I totally disagree with this statement. These tourneys are more like an AAU format, they are nothing like the Utah 4A or 5A state tournaments. Nothing.
- 5:00 p.m. Dec. 18, 2013
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Where is the love for Wasatch Academy? AND, why is it right that 2A schools in Utah have to compete with an International(div.1 players type team)in Wasatch Academy?
- 11:54 a.m. Dec. 19, 2013
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The logic of Wasatch Academy being in the right classification based on size is ludicrous! The schools enrollment is 300 but the schools international enrollment is 250. Who are we kidding when we say they are where they belong? When you have the worlds best playing against 1,2,or 3 small towns best? I would call the deck stacked. Oh and check enrollment when basketball season is over, these WA players are GONE! Checked out and gone.... UHSAA this Jerry Tark Classic should be a wake up call for you! Beating the nations best by 30+.... Move them to 5A and lets see how long the out of country recruiting lasts.
- 3:09 p.m. Dec. 21, 2013
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Joe Dirt you are correct, I agree 100%
- 8:22 p.m. Dec. 21, 2013
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I am so sick of reading these comments. You guys need to quit complaining. you guys are just mad cause you cant beat them. so man up and quit being babies
- 6:31 p.m. Dec. 25, 2013
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Utah Jazz: Tyrone Corbin plans to use same starting lineup as in first two playoff games
SALT LAKE CITY — All the "armchair quarterbacks" as one media member put it — newspaper columnists, radio talking heads and fans on the street, etc., — have been calling for Utah Jazz coach Tyrone Corbin to play a bigger lineup that includes second-year player, Derrick Favors, more.
In the first two games, Favors played 26 and 21 minutes, respectively, which is actually a little more than the 21.3 minutes he averaged during the regular season. However, the Jazz have done better with Favors on the floor during the playoffs
When asked about it after Saturday morning's shootaround, Corbin laughed, joking that he was surrounded by armchair quarterbacks, then addressed the issue.
"We'll see — we've used it in this series so far and we'll continue to see what gives us the best chance," he said. "At times it's good for us and at times it's not."
Corbin explained that the way San Antonio spaces the floor, that the rotations are longer and with two "four" men in the lineup, the Jazz must get out to Spurs' players on the perimeter. How much he might go with the Favors-Al Jefferson-Paul Millsap front line, he wouldn't say.
"It's been effective for us at times during the year and we need to use it.," he said.
Corbin did say he plans to use the same starting lineup as in the first two playoff games with Josh Howard starting at the small forward spot and joined by Millsap, Jefferson, Gordon Hayward and Devin Harris.
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text:
Tesseract: an Open-Source Optical Character Recognition Engine
I play with open-source OCR (Optical Character Recognition) packages periodically. My last foray was a few years ago when I bought a tablet PC and wanted to scan in some of my course books so I could carry just one thing to school. I tried every package I could find, and none of them worked well enough even to consider using. I ended up using the commercial version of Adobe Acrobat, which allows you to use the scanned page as the visual (preserving things like equations in math books), but it applies OCR to the text so you can search. It ended up being quite handy, and I was a little sad that I was incapable of getting any kind of result with open-source offerings.
Admittedly, the problem is very hard. Font variations, image noise and alignment problems make it extremely difficult to design an algorithm that can translate the image of text into actual text reliably.
Recently, I was looking again and found a project called Tesseract. Tesseract is the product of HP research efforts that occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s. HP and UNLV placed it on SourceForge in 2005, and it is in the process of migrating to Google Code (see Resources).
It currently is lacking features, such as layout recognition and multicolumn support; however, the most difficult part, the actual character recognition, is superb.
Version 1.03 was the latest version at the time of this writing, and the build and install process still needed a little work. Also, integration with libtiff (which would allow you to use compressed TIFF as input) was configured by default, but it was not working properly. You might try configuring it with libtiff, as that would allow compressed TIFF image input:
# ./configure
If you later find that it doesn't recognize text, reconfigure it without libtiff:
# ./configure --without-libtiff
The build is done as expected:
# make
Configure for version 1.03 also indicated that make install was broken. I managed to figure out the basics of installation by trial and error.
First, copy the executable from ccmain/tesseract to a directory on your path (for example, /usr/local/bin):
# cp ccmain/tesseract /usr/local/bin
Then, copy the tessdata directory and all of its contents to the same place as the executable (for example, /usr/local/bin/tessdata/...):
# cp -r tessdata /usr/local/bin/tessdata
Finally, make sure your shell PATH includes the former (/usr/local/bin).
First, you need access to a scanner or scanned pages. Sane is available with most Linux distributions and has a nice GUI interface called xsane. (I discuss more on scanning near the end of this article.)
Tesseract has no layout analysis, so it cannot detect multicolumn formats or figures. Also, the broken libtiff support means it can read only uncompressed TIFF. This means you must do a little work on your scanned document to get the best results. Fortunately, the steps are very simple; the most common ones can be automated, and the results are well worth it.
This is what you need to do:
Use a threshold function to drop lighting variations and convert the image to black and white.
Erase any figures or graphics (optional, but if you skip this step the recognizer will give a bunch of garbled text in those areas).
Break any multicolumn text into smaller, single-column images.
I recommend using a graphics program, such as The GIMP, to get a feel for what needs to be done. The most important step is the first one, as it drastically will improve the accuracy of the OCR.
The GIMP has a great function that easily can remove lighting variations in all but the worst cases.
First, go to the Image→Mode menu and make sure the image is in RGB or Grayscale mode. Thresholding will not work on indexed images. Next, select the menu Tools→Color Tools→Threshold. This tool allows you to drop pixels that are lighter than a specified cutoff value, and it converts all others to black. A pop-up (Figure 1) lets you select the threshold. Make sure image preview is turned on in order to get an idea of how it affects the image. Slide the threshold thumb left and right to choose the cutoff between white and black. You may not be able to get rid of all of the uneven lighting without corrupting the text. Find a good-looking result for the text, then erase the rest of the noise with a paint tool. The transition from the first part to the second part in Figure 2 shows a typical result of this step.
You should experiment and zoom in over a portion of the image while you play with thresholding, so you can see things closer to the pixel level. This lets you see more of what Tesseract will see and gives you a better feeling for how to get the best results. If you can't recognize the characters, Tesseract surely won't.
This page had handwritten notes, underlining and a section of lighting that threshold could not get rid of without compromising the rest of the image. Use a brush to paint over any easy-to-fix areas. I would not recommend spending much time on cases where the extraneous information (figure, noise and so on) has some distance from the text; Tesseract might insert a few garbled characters, but those are usually quicker to fix in a text editor. The resulting image should look something like the third part of Figure 2.
Now, switch the image to indexed mode (using the menu selection Image→Mode→Indexed), and choose black and white (one-bit palette). Also, make sure dithering is off. Save the image as an uncompressed TIFF image, and you are ready to do recognition.
The recognition part is easy:
$ tesseract image.tif result
The third argument is the base name of the output file. Tesseract adds a txt extension automatically, so in this example, the recognized text would be in result.txt.
The underlining in this example ended up significantly affecting the OCR. A few of the lines were recognized moderately well, but two of them were completely unintelligible after processing. This underscores the importance of using a clean source if possible. Manually removing the underlining drastically improved recognition, but it took more time than simply entering the text manually.
The online application Free
The online application Free OCR allows transforming the contents of an image file in a text output format. Though Microsoft Word is not supported currently.
OCR softwares are everywhere
OCR softwares are everywhere nowadays. I prefer online ones they don't need installation and most of them are free, like this one: Free OCR.
Lengthy install?
How to install? Takes about 3 seconds...
apt-get install tesseract-ocr
Tesseract works really well!
I've been using Tesseract
I've been using Tesseract OCR with a C# program I have made to batch OCR hundreds of documents a server we run. Considering it costs nothing, I am very impressed with the accuracy. It is far superior to GOCR which need the image to have the grey scale adjusted before anything can be done.
Submited by : Bajar Libros
Missing links to the images used in the test
I can't find the links to the images used in the test. It seems very strange to me that Ocrad was unable to recognize even a single character on some of them.
What version of Ocrad did you use? Where the characters at least 20 pixels high as requires the manual of Ocrad? If they were smaller, did you use the "--scale" option of Ocrad? Did you even RTFM?
If you want a good review of free OCR software better see this one for example.
Why not try gscan2pdf, which has support for tesseract?
The OCR data is embedded into the pdf as an annotation. It can be indexed with beagle, for example, and viewed with Adobe's pdf reader. Support for annotations is coming to the free pdf readers as well, I believe.
gscan2pdf also supports unpaper, and I find it an excellent all-around tool for my scanner.
would be great if someone could code a program that could take my isight or any usb cam to directly send image to the above mentioned program and convert it into text format, so all i would have to do is hold my text book up against my webcam and get it on my computer. Cheers!
International characters?
I've using tesseract for a while and it works great, but it has a major flaw that I haven't been able to overcome, I can't make it recognize international characters (i.e. á,é,í,ó,ú,ñ,Ñ), for example, it changes ó for 6.
Is there a way to make it support other than standard ASCII characters?
open source rules, seriously.
Great work, it seems like a lengthy installation however.
Lengthy Installation
You can OCR documents for free using Tesseract at A Billion Billion - Free OCR for Everyone by just uploading your TIFF files and clicking OCR. No installation this way.
Dead Link
The site at abillionbillion.com no longer exists. There is another site, free-ocr.com, that allows one to upload scanned images in a variety of graphics file formats, but it is limited to a maximum of 10 images per hour and there's an upper size limit on the images. The site is supported by ads and donations.
I'm impressed!
Wow - it did a really good job, first try out of the box. I built it without turning off TIFF support, and used tesseract-1.04b. I put it in /usr/local/bin. At first I got this:
Error: Unable to open unicharset!
This was fixed by doing this:
$ sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/tessdata /usr/local/share/tessdata
Then it complained about not recognizing the file format (which was TIFF with no compression). I renamed the file from "text2.tiff" to "text2.tif" and then it was happy. That's just silly, if you ask me.
This is all on Ubuntu Feisty. My original scan was 300 dpi, and I ran it through the GIMP the same as in the article.
Very nice!
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Novak Djokovic warns he is "peaking at the right time" after leading a heavyweight cast into the second week of the US Open at Flushing Meadows.
The world No.1 has continued his romp through the draw with a 6-3 6-2 6-2 dispatch of American Sam Querrey on Saturday (today, NZT).
In a star-studded top half, Australian Open champion Stanislas Wawrinka, former titleholder Andy Murray, fifth seed Milos Raonic and the in-form Jo-Wilfried Tsonga joined Djokovic in the last 16.
But after an unconvincing build-up highlighted by third-round exits in Toronto and Cincinnati, Djokovic has emerged from the opening week as hot favourite once again to see off his challengers and qualify for a sixth final in New York.
"What is supposed to go on in my game? It's peaking at the right time, at the right tournament," the top seed said.
"This is where I want to play my best tennis."
The Serb conceded he didn't know how "emotionally drained" he was from his epic Wimbledon final triumph over Roger Federer and wedding days later to girlfriend Jelena Ristic until slipping up against Tsonga in Toronto.
"I wasn't ready for those tournaments," he said.
"But the upside of me losing early in Cincinnati is that I had more time to prepare for US Open, the last grand slam of the year.
"Over the years I played some of my best tennis on these courts. I feel very comfortable playing on Arthur Ashe stadium.
"The New York crowd give me a lot of energy. It's a pleasure to perform, to play in front of them."
Djokovic said life was good and it could get even better with an eighth career major on Monday week.
"I feel like I can't ask from life anything more than I have in this moment," Djokovic said.
"I got married, going to become father soon, being No.1 in the sport that I love with all my heart.
"I mean, it's pretty awesome moment. So I try to cherish that."
Djokovic will play Philipp Kohlschreiber on Monday, bidding to reach a 22nd consecutive grand slam quarter-final after the German dashed American hopes for another year with a 7-6 (7-4) 4-6 7-6 (7-2) 7-6 (7-4) victory over John Isner.
Murray eased past Russian Andrey Kuznetsov 6-1 7-5 4-6 6-2 to set up a fourth-round blockbuster with Tsonga, a 6-4 6-4 6-4 winner over Spaniard Pablo Carreno.
Tsonga had lost his past 17 matches in total against Djokovic and Murray until beating both plus Federer to reign in Toronto.
The flamboyant Frenchman is now the only player to have toppled each of the so-called Big Four - including Rafael Nadal - at least three times and looks in ominous touch.
"He's obviously playing extremely well just now. I'm aware it's going to be a very tricky match," Murray said.
Wawrinka advanced without picking up a racquet, receiving a walkover from injured Slovenian Blaz Kavcic.
Next up for the Swiss third seed is either Spanish 16th seed Tommy Robredo or Australian teenager Nick Kyrgios, who clash in the feature night match at Arthur Ashe Stadium.
Monday's other fourth-round showdown features young guns Raonic and Japanese 10th seed Kei Nishikori.
Raonic needed three tiebreakers to squeeze past Victor Estrella Burgos of the Dominican Republic 7-6 (7-5) 7-6 (7-5) 7-6 (7-3), while Nishikori outclassed Argentina Leonardo Mayer 6-4 6-2 6-3.
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text:
Browse for words starting with slogs
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...It is worthy improving your signing skills. I have been teaching American Sign Language (ASL) since in my college years. Last year, I was playing a lead role as Juliet and also an ASL master at the same time for the theatre Romeo and Juliet for Hollywood Fringe.
2 Subjects: including sign language, hard of hearing
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...I have extensive work experience in the high school setting as well as university level teaching experience. My subject specialties include Spanish, Language Arts and Writing, Theological Studies, and Basic Math. My B.A. degree is in Theological Studies and Spanish from Loyola Marymount University and my M.Ed. is from Boston College.
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text:
Today's Runes for Harrison Ford
spread is used to plot the arc of your life and the forces acting on it. It is the most popular spread, giving a very complete view of the situation.
Ice Runes
are most commonly used for questions about struggle, conflict, and achievement.
The left rune represents
an important element of the past
is frequently seen as a powerfully negative rune. You have drawn the rune reversed, which will lessen some of its effects. Generally Nyd represents loss, sorrow, and a hard journey with lessons learned. Nyd reversed here might be cautioning that the lessons might go unheeded representing repeated mistakes. The rune here might also be representing a minor loss or a nearly avoided catastrophe. Be careful, things are tricky and require strong attentiveness.
The middle rune represents
a deciding element of the present
is the homeland. Land was the purest form of immovable wealth in Norse civilization, distinct from the movable wealth represented by Fehu. This rune speaks of stability and safety stemming from inheritance, both material and genetic. With respect to the question asked, consider the background of the people and families involved...
The top rune represents
a force that works for you
is the rune symbolizing Ice - cold, stagnant, frozen, and unchanging. This rune suggests heat removed not just from anger or conflict, but from passion as well. Paradoxically, Isa conveys images of slippery slopes and unsure footing, but also of circumstances that have crystallized and become utterly immutable. Remember that in the cold north, ice is not just THE challenge to be overcome, but the very nature of the environment. Be courageous, for you work against this element every day. Will you fight alone or with others against this, our common foe? Is there much worse than lack of change?
The bottom Rune represents
a force that works against you
is the spoken word of God. This rune is reversed, indicating that you are misunderstanding the divine voice or failing to hear it all. The word is always correct, so you must strive, whatever the difficulty, to hear correctly. Be wary of the advice you are given, for it may prove incorrect. Do not attribute infallibility to fallible sources...
The right rune represents
the critical element of the future
, at the core of the final outcome.
is the rune of riding, as in a cart or as cargo. It is seen here reversed, suggesting a disruption of travel or communication. Etiological analysis of this rune has also given it interpretations of advice or justice, and of being in a position of moral correctness. Reversed, there is an indication of the lack of solid council, or the holding of a position that is not morally sound.
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文 : user 日期 : June 25, 2016 in Uncategorized
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