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Clinical Investigations
Implementing an Evidence-Based Fall Prevention Program in an Outpatient Clinical Setting
Version of Record online: 28 OCT 2013
DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12509
© 2013, Copyright the Authors. The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Geriatrics Society.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Volume 61, Issue 12, pages 2142–2149, December 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
J Am Geriatr Soc 61:2142–2149, 2013.
Publication History
- Issue online: 12 DEC 2013
- Version of Record online: 28 OCT 2013
Funded by
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Grant Number: 5R18CE001723
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- dissemination;
- older adults;
- falls;
- Tai Ji Quan
To investigate the dissemination potential of a Tai Ji Quan–based program, previously shown to be efficacious for reducing risk of falls in older adults, through outpatient clinical settings.
A single-group pre/post design in which participants attended a twice-weekly Tai Ji Quan training program for 24 weeks.
Communities in Lane County, Oregon.
Independently living individuals (N = 379) aged 65 and older.
Using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework, the primary outcome was the proportion of participating healthcare providers who made referrals. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of referred individuals agreeing to participate and enrolling in the program, and measures of program implementation, maintenance, and effectiveness (on measures of falls, balance, gait, physical performance, and balance efficacy).
Of the 252 providers invited to participate, 157 made referrals (62% adoption rate). Of 564 individuals referred, 379 (67% reach) enrolled in the program, which was successfully implemented in senior and community centers with good fidelity, 283 completed the program (75% retention), and 212 of these attended 75% or more of the 48 sessions. Participants reported a reduction in falls, with an incidence rate of 0.13 falls per person-month, and showed significant improvement from baseline in all outcome measures. A 3-month postintervention follow-up indicated encouraging levels of program maintenance among providers, participants, and community centers.
Healthcare providers successfully implemented a protocol to refer individuals at risk of falling to a Tai Ji Quan–based program. The evidence-based program appears readily scalable and exportable, with potential for substantial clinical and public health effect.
Public health officials and medical authorities have increasingly recognized falls in older adults in the United States as a significant public health problem.[1-5] Falls, especially injurious falls, can have serious consequences in older adults, leading to loss of functional ability, loss of independence, and early admission to nursing homes.[6-8] Healthcare services and direct medical costs are subsequently affected.[2] Despite the scope of this problem, older adult fall risk is not being adequately addressed in clinical practice.[9] With increasing evidence that exercise-based interventions can prevent falls and reduce fall risk,[10-14] efforts are needed to understand how these effective interventions can be routinely incorporated into clinical settings.
In randomized controlled trials, Tai Ji Quan, a balance training exercise based on martial arts movements, has proven effective at reducing the risk of falling in community-dwelling older adults[15-17] and people with Parkinson's disease who experience postural instability.[18] Subsequently, efforts have been made to put these findings into practice. An initial translational study has shown that this evidence-based program can be effectively implemented in community settings in terms of program adoption, outreach to the target population, and efficacy,[19, 20] but the extent to which referral to an evidence-based fall prevention program can be integrated into standard clinical care of older persons with a history (or a high risk) of falling is unclear. Addressing this question is clinically important if the potential of screening and referral to preventative activities and targeted treatment through clinical care and health services[1, 5] is to be fully realized.
To bridge this research-to–clinical practice gap, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the dissemination potential of Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance (formerly known as Tai Chi: Moving for Better Balance)[19, 20] through healthcare providers in outpatient settings. The secondary aims were to evaluate the reach of the program to older adults, community-based class implementation, effectiveness of Tai Ji Quan–based movement practice in reducing falls, and maintenance of referral (by healthcare providers) and continued (postprogram) practice (by participants). The Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework[21, 22] was used to evaluate the study aims. On the basis of information derived from focus groups involving target healthcare providers, it was predicted that 20% of solicited providers would refer qualified individuals to the program.
Study Area
The study area included six of 12 incorporated cities in Lane County, Oregon (Eugene, Springfield, Junction City, Veneta, Cottage Grove, Florence). In 2011 (U.S. Census estimates), the county had a population of 353,416, of which 54,426 were aged 65 and older living in rural (Junction City, Veneta, Cottage Grove, Florence) and urban (Eugene, Springfield) communities. The study area covered 64% of the county's older adult population. The average annual (unintentional) fall fatality rate between 2000 and 2006 in individuals aged 65 and older in the county was 45.3 per 100,000, compared with the national rate of 38.3 per 100,000.[23] There were 11 local senior and community centers, with a reach of 5,000 to 8,000 people annually, within the study area that provided services for older adults. These centers constituted target locations for implementing the program. The institutional review board of Oregon Research Institute approved the study protocol, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Program Adopters and Study Population
Target adopters were local healthcare providers who worked with older adults (primary care physicians and other medical specialists, including physical therapists and nurse practitioners). In 2010, information on provider names and their specialties was obtained through the Oregon Medical Association (for specialties in family medicine, internal medicine, geriatric medicine, rehabilitation medicine, and general medicine), the Oregon Physical Therapist Licensing Board, and the Oregon State Board of Nursing. Names and status of practicing providers were further verified using e-mail contacts or provider websites throughout the active project period (April 2010 to January 2012). Three hundred twenty-three providers working in 63 clinics (medical, physical therapy, occupational therapy) in the study area were identified and met the inclusion criteria: 194 medical doctors, 109 physical therapists, and 20 nurse practitioners.
The referral population was community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older who were deemed to be at risk of falling (as judged by their healthcare providers using existing guidelines[1]), physically mobile (could walk with or without an assistive device), without severe cognitive deficits,[24] and referred by a healthcare provider to the program.
Recruitment Process for Participants
A member of the investigative team contacted the administrators, managers, or providers of group-based and independent clinics in the study area. For providers who expressed interest, a follow-up meeting was arranged at the provider's clinic to explain the intent of the program and its recruitment and class enrollment procedures in detail. Clinicians who were not available at the group meeting were subsequently reached on an individual basis. Referral forms with eligibility guidelines and materials (program brochures, examination room flyers, prescription and recommendation pads) were provided to participating providers as an initial point of outreach to the target population and supplied throughout the project period.
Class Enrollment
Enrollment in this translational program was free to all those referred. Individuals who received a referral from their healthcare provider were asked to call the research office and were then contacted by a research assistant, who conducted a brief telephone screening (verification of age, fall history, mobility status) and scheduled an appointment for an in-office visit. At this visit, details about the program were described, and informed consent procedures and baseline assessments (health survey, balance, gait, physical performance) were conducted. Trained research assistants, who were not blinded to study condition, conducted all assessments according to established protocols.
Once sufficient referrals were received, local senior and community activity facilities were contacted to set up class logistics, followed by the implementation of the program described below.
Tai Ji Quan Program and Community Delivery
The Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance program, derived from the simplified 24-form of Tai Ji Quan,[25] consists of an eight-form core routine with a variety of built-in practice variations and a subroutine of Tai Ji Quan minitherapeutic movements. In contrast to prior training approaches involving Tai Ji Quan in fall prevention,[15, 16, 26-28] this program employed an enhanced protocol in which the Tai Ji Quan movements were transformed into therapeutic training for balance and integrated into the daily functioning and clinical rehabilitation of participants. Specifically, the program involved a set of tailored Tai Ji Quan–based activities that focused on stimulating and integrating musculoskeletal and sensory systems through self-initiated movements such as ankle sways with feet planted; weight-shifting; trunk rotation, flexion, and extension; and coordinated eyes–head–hand movements.[29, 30] The goals of the training were to improve postural stability and orientation, pelvic mobility and stability, control of body positioning, gait initiation and locomotion, gaze stability, and movement symmetry and coordination; to increase range of motion around the ankle joints; and to build lower-extremity strength. Chair-supported progressions, from completely seated through sit-and-stand to chair-assisted, were also included as part of the protocol.
The program was delivered in two 1-hour sessions each week for 24 weeks. Each session consisted of warm-up exercises; core practices, which included a mix of practice of forms, variations of forms, and minitherapeutic movements; and brief cool-down exercises. In terms of core exercises, during the initial 2 to 3 weeks, practice time was spent on learning and drilling on two to three forms in sets of two to three, progressively increasing to three to five sets in later weeks. The protocol required that instructors complete teaching all eight forms within 10 to 14 weeks; teach each session with a mix of exercises that integrated the core components indicated above; and include movements while seated, standing, or stepping, with varying speeds, ranges of motion, sensory inputs, and bases of support. Home practice was encouraged but not monitored.
Community centers were first contacted for availability. The project staff, managers, and supervisors worked together to develop an implementation plan that covered room size, number of participants, instructors, and schedule for class sessions. The first author trained class instructors during a 2-day workshop that covered background on clinical and translation research in Tai Ji Quan; an orientation to falls in older adults and postural control mechanisms; teaching and practicing core program routines, including forms, variations in forms, and minitherapeutic movements; and program instructions and implementation.
This component was evaluated in two ways: the proportion of providers that program personnel approached who agreed to participate and the proportion of participating providers who made referrals during the active referral period (April 2010 to January 2012). The representativeness of specialty care categories was defined as the number of participating providers in each category as a percentage of those who were eligible to practice in the study area.
Reach was evaluated by dividing the number of individuals enrolled by the total number of all referrals made during the entire study period.
Implementation was assessed according to the extent to which instructors successfully implemented the various prespecified program protocol components: delivered twice-weekly 60-minute sessions over a 24-week period, adhered to the teaching and training protocols (as verified using a program fidelity checklist), and achieved participation and retention rates of 75% or better. The components in adherence to the teaching and training protocols focused primarily on delivery (teaching emphases and movement execution), integration (blending of forms, variations of forms, and minitherapeutic movements), and practice time (40–45 minutes spent on core movements). The first author or an experienced peer instructor conducted in-class fidelity checks every 2 months.
The primary endpoint was reduction in monthly falls frequency during the 24-week implementation of the program. Participants reported falls, defined as landing on the floor or the ground or falling and hitting an object such as stairs or a piece of furniture by accident, using falls calendars,[15] and research assistants verified them during a monthly telephone call. Secondary endpoints included change from baseline to 24 weeks in limits of stability (maximum excursion, movement control) measured using computerized dynamic posturography, gait measures of stride length and walking velocity measured using an instrumented walkway system, functional reach,[31] Timed Up and Go,[32] Sit-to-Stand Test,[33] and balance efficacy assessed using a modified Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, which measures confidence in one's ability to avoid falling during the performance of activities of daily living.[34] Trained research assistants conducted baseline and 24-week follow-up assessments in a research laboratory at the Oregon Research Institute. Participants who travelled more than 15 miles to the laboratory were paid $25 to complete the assessment.
Maintenance was defined as clinician willingness to continue to make referrals after the translational study was completed (after 24 weeks) and the percentage of participants who continued their Tai Ji Quan practice during the 12 weeks after the end of the 24-week program.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics are reported as means and standard deviations or percentages for all outcome measures, unless otherwise noted. The difference between the proportion of referrals between medical specialties was evaluated using the independent t-test for proportions. The fall incidence rate was determined as the number of falls that occurred during the study period divided by the total follow-up time in months (person-months of follow-up). Paired t-tests were conducted to examine change in functional outcomes of participants from baseline to program termination at 24 weeks. SPSS version 18 was used for all calculations (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).
Of 323 eligible providers, 252 agreed to participate. Of the remaining 71 providers, 10 did not respond, and 61 could not be reached. Between March 2010 and January 2012, 157 of the participating clinicians referred individuals to the program. Thus, 78% (252/323) of clinicians approached agreed to participate in the program, and 62% (157/252) made referrals (adopted the program). Participation according to specialty and the proportion of each medical specialty that made referrals is summarized in Table 1.
|Qualified Providers, n (n = 323)a
|Providers Accepting, n (n = 252)b
|Representation According to Specialty, %c
|Providers Making Referrals, n (n = 157)
|Providers Making Referrals According to Specialty, %d
|Family medicine
|Internal medicine
|Geriatric medicine
|Physical therapye
|Nurse practitionerf
Physicians (combined specialties of family medicine, internal medicine, and geriatric medicine) were significantly more likely to make referrals than physical therapists (0.69 vs 0.51, P = .004). Internal medicine practitioners had a significantly higher referral proportion than family medicine physicians (0.80 vs 0.63, P = .01). Providers practicing in urban areas (n = 121) had a higher referral rate (71%) than those practicing in rural areas (19%), regardless of specialty.
Five hundred sixty-four individuals were referred during the active referral period, 185 (33%) of whom did not enroll in the program for various reasons (could not commit to the length of the program, n = 105; class time conflict, n = 23; poor health or change in health condition, n = 16; late referral (after the active referral period) n = 25; other, n = 16). One hundred twenty-six of the unenrolled individuals (68%) were living in rural areas. Three hundred seventy-nine individuals agreed to participate, completed the baseline assessment, and subsequently enrolled in classes, resulting in a 67% reach.
Population characteristics of the study sample are shown in Table 2. The mean age was 74 ± 8, 71% were women, and 95% were white, which approximates the population demographics in Lane County (91%). In all, 276 individuals (73%) reported having two or more chronic conditions, 192 (51%) were taking two or more prescribed medications, and 221 (58%) reported having fallen at least once in the previous 3 months, with more than 60% of those having fallen two or more times. Two hundred ninety-eight participants (78%) reported being afraid of falling. Participants' overall physical activity levels before starting the class were below the recommended guidelines for moderate (150 min/wk) and vigorous (75 min/wk) activity.[35]
|Study Estimate
|Female, n (%)
|269 (71)
|Age, mean (SD)
|74 ± 8
|Ethnicity, n (%)
|360 (95)
|6 (2)
|Education, n (%)
|High school diploma or lower
|224 (59)
|College degree or higher
|155 (41)
|Household income, $, n (%)
|14 (3.7)
|52 (13.7)
|64 (16.9)
|101 (26.6)
|148 (39.1)
|Body mass index, kg/m2, n (%)
|91 (24)
|135 (36)
|153 (40)
|Resting blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD
|134 ± 20
|77 ± 11
|Number of falls in past 3 months, n (%)
|158 (42)
|83 (22)
|77 (20)
|31 (8)
|30 (8)
|Afraid of falling, n (%)
|298 (78)
|81 (22)
|Health status, n (%)
|Poor or fair
|49 (13)
|167 (44)
|Very good or excellent
|163 (43)
|Number of chronic medical conditions, n (%)a
|24 (6)
|79 (21)
|81 (21)
|195 (52)
|Number of medications, n (%)
|71 (19)
|116 (31)
|85 (22)
|107 (28)
|Weekly physical activity, min/wk, mean ± SD
|141 ± 154
|22 ± 57
|91 ± 114
The 24-week program was successfully implemented in five senior centers, six community centers, one church, one dance studio, and one rehabilitation center. Each class progressed as designed, and all instructors (n = 6) successfully taught the required program routine.
Two hundred eighty-three participants completed the 24-week program, a 75% retention rate. There were no differences at baseline between those who completed the program and those who did not in gender, age (65–74 vs ≥75), health status, and risk factors of falls or fear of falling. There were also no differences between these two subgroups in falls and physical measures over the 24-week program implementation period.
The program included 48 sessions. Median class attendance, including dropout participants, was 36 sessions (range 1–48). Two hundred twelve participants (75%) attended 36 or more sessions (≥75% of the total).
During the 24-week period, 119 participants (31%) reported 261 falls over 1,995 person-months of follow-up, resulting in a fall incidence rate of 0.13 falls per person-month; 63 fell once, and 56 fell two or more times. Of those reporting one or more falls at baseline (n = 221), 127 (58%) reported no falls during the study period. The average time from baseline to first fall was 0.79 months (interquartile range 1 month). Figure 1 shows fall incidence data over the 24-week study period. Falls shown included all falls that took place during class sessions (three minor falls recorded during warm-ups) or outside classes (all falls were verified as falls occurring in the home). At the end of the 24-week training program participants exhibited significant improvements in all secondary outcome measures (Table 3).
|Outcome Measures
|24 Weeks
|Mean Difference Between Baseline and 6 Months
|Maximum excursion, %b
|63.7 ± 18.9
|70.3 ± 15.7
|6.7 ± 13.4
|Movement control, % c
|62.1 ± 22.7
|69.2 ± 19.8
|7.0 ± 14.1
|Stride length, cmd
|106.1 ± 19.3
|112.3 ± 19.9
|6.2 ± 8.0
|Walking velocity, cm/se
|95.9 ± 23.5
|103.9 ± 23.2
|8.0 ± 10.3
|Functional Reach, cmf
|20.3 ± 6.7
|23.4 ± 6.5
|3.1 ± 5.0
|Timed Up and Go, secondsg
|10.0 ± 4.8
|8.8 ± 2.1
|−1.2 ± 3.8
|Chair stands, secondsh
|14.2 ± 6.6
|12.9 ± 6.1
|−1.2 ± 3.1
|Balance efficacyi
|3.7 ± 0.7
|4.0 ± 0.8
|0.3 ± 0.7
Adverse event
Three falls were reported during warm-up sessions, but the participants sustained no injuries and continued the classes. There were no major adverse events, such as injurious falls or severe muscular pain, resulting from Tai Ji Quan exercises during any class.
A postprogram survey was conducted at the end of the project. Of the 157 providers who referred individuals, 121 (77%) responded, 32 did not respond (20%), three had relocated (2%), and one had retired. Of the respondents, 114 (94%) planned to continue encouraging their patients to participate in Tai Ji Quan. The level of continued interest and support by participating clinicians is demonstrated by the fact that, in the first 8 months after the end of the study, 79 providers referred 179 individuals to the project for placement in a class.
A follow-up participant survey conducted 3 months after the end of the intervention found that 173 participants (61% of those who completed the program) reported continuing weekly Tai Ji Quan practice on their own (n = 20) or by attending a class (n = 153; verified by class attendance sheets), for a median of 104 minutes each week (range 15–315 minutes), which equated to the recommended 20 to 30 minutes of daily practice. All of the community centers where this program was implemented expressed strong interest in continuing to offer classes, and 1 year after the completion of the study, all were still offering the program.
During the active enrollment period, the study demonstrated a substantially better than projected adoption rate of 62% by a variety of medical providers in terms of referrals to the Tai Ji Quan program. Internal medicine physicians demonstrated the highest referral rate. Physicians generally had a higher rate than physical therapists, suggesting that, at least from this study, providers with medical degrees tend to be more likely to adopt and refer. With respect to settings of clinical practice, providers with practices in urban areas tended to have a higher referral rate than those in rural areas.
Of the 564 individuals referred, 67% were enrolled in the 24-week community-based Tai Ji Quan class. The fall profiles of the participants indicated that high-risk individuals were referred appropriately. More than half of the participants reported falling in the month before the start of the program; the majority of participants reported multiple falls (60%) and fear of falling (78%).
To maximize program dissemination potential, classes were delivered primarily through senior and community activity centers that provided senior services and could be easily accessed by community-dwelling older adults. Of the 11 centers approached, all expressed interest in offering room space (100% adoption) and willingness to assist in planning and scheduling classes. These findings are consistent with a prior community-based study.[19]
Trained instructors successfully implemented the program, with good fidelity with respect to program compliance and adherence to and completion of the training protocol. As was the case in prior work,[15, 19] at the end of the program, participants demonstrated improved balance, gait, mobility, and falls self-efficacy and fewer falls. Despite the duration of the current study (24 weeks vs 12 weeks in a community center outreach study[19]), rates of class participation (75%) and program retention (75%) using the clinical referral method of recruitment were comparable with those of the community center–based promotion and public advertisement method (75% class participation, 80% class attendance). Data from 3-month follow-up in the present study indicated sustainability in that the majority of participants continued their Tai Ji Quan practice, findings consistent with those of prior studies.[15, 16, 19, 26]
In the exit survey, providers indicated that they intended to continue referring patients and encouraging them to do the Tai Ji Quan exercises. The fact that this project received a significant number of referrals after the active enrollment period ended indicated good sustainability. It also suggested that, once providers are made aware of community fall prevention programs, they are likely to use these avenues to support their patients. Thus, community-based programs can become an integral component of successful clinical falls risk screening, assessment, and referral (implementation).
A challenge to sustainability is keeping providers informed about resources, such as evidence-based classes, that are available in their community so that they can continue referring individuals. Experience with this project suggests that communicating frequently with clinicians and program implementers, offering educational outreach workshops, and even providing training in Tai Ji Quan to clinicians may facilitate the referral process. For example, offering physical and occupational therapists the opportunity to undertake the training program as part of their continuing education helped increase referrals during the study period. These clinicians also applied components of the program, for example, the minitherapeutic movements, in their clinical practice. Nevertheless, the feasibility of training clinicians to improve adoption and sustain evidence-based programs in clinical practice was not explicitly evaluated in this study, although it is important and therefore requires formal evaluation in future studies.
Practical Implications
This study has some clinical implications. First, with national guidelines recommending Tai Ji Quan exercises for falls prevention,[1, 5] results from this study suggest that it is feasible to engage healthcare providers to make recommendations for evidence-based management of falls and balance-related concerns in older adults. Second, it suggests that, in addition to using recruitment resources from the community (e.g., senior centers or aging services), involving clinicians through a simple referral system is likely to maximize older adult participation in community-based fall prevention programs. Last, Tai Ji Quan programs involve little cost (primarily instructor salary and facilities rental) and are easy to implement (i.e., they are non-equipment dependent with simple practice arrangements). A variety of funding models, including self-supporting user fees, grants, and health reimbursement programs,[36, 37] can be used to establish these programs in community and clinical settings. For example, in the United States, the average cost of a self-support-model Tai Ji Quan class is $3 to $5 per person per class,[19, 38] and the Administration on Aging has facilitated state-wide implementation of evidence-based health and prevention programs, including falls prevention,[39] through grants to local area agencies on aging.
Study Limitations
The lack of information about the process that clinicians used to decide whether to refer a patient is a limitation of the current study. This information would be useful for determining how to increase appropriate referrals to fall prevention programs. A second limitation is that there was no mechanism in place to provide participant-specific feedback to individual referring providers, which could be useful to providers in reevaluating an individual's fall-risk. A third limitation is the lack of a comparison group to measure effectiveness. However, it is important to note that the primary purpose of the study was to examine the dissemination potential of an evidence-based program that had demonstrated effectiveness. The results of the secondary outcomes of falls, balance, gait, and physical function further strengthened previous findings of its effectiveness. A fourth limitation is that generalizability of the results may be limited to senior and community activity centers, which were the primary settings for classes in this study, although this program also has been successfully implemented in a variety of other community-based facilities, including YMCAs, YWCAs, and churches. Finally, research assessors were aware of participant intervention status, which was a potential source of bias in the outcome assessments, although none of the research assistants were aware of the study hypotheses, knew any of the participants' previous measurement scores, or were involved in any data entry or analyses.
This study demonstrates that the evidence-based Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance community-based fall prevention program can be successfully disseminated by having clinicians refer individuals at risk of falling directly to the program. Future studies should investigate mechanisms that would enhance the connections and coordination between healthcare providers and community programs and explore the feasibility of implementing the program through healthcare systems.[36, 37] The plausibility of maximizing sustainability by removing barriers and providing incentives for participation within healthcare systems needs to be explored in future studies.[10]
We wish to thank all of the participants for their support and dedication to this research project, as well as the healthcare providers who referred individuals to participate in it. Appreciation is also extended to the project instructors and staff.
Conflict of Interest: The project reported in this manuscript was supported through a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5R18CE001723). The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The authors of this paper reported no financial conflicts of interest.
Author Contributions: F. Li originated the study, supervised all aspects of its implementation, performed data analysis, and wrote the article. P. Harmer assisted with the implementation, analysis, interpretation, and the writing of this article. R. Stock and K. Fitzgerald contributed to the concept and design of the research project. J. Stevens, M. Gladieux, L.-S. Chou, K. Carp, and J. Voit contributed substantively to interpretation of the study outcomes and writing and revisions of the article.
Sponsor's Role: None.
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- 36Translating the fall prevention recommendations into a covered service: Can it be done, and who should do it? Ann Intern Med 2012;157:213–214., .
- 37Promoting prevention through the Affordable Care Act. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1296–1299., .
- 38An evaluation of the effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical function among older persons: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med 2001;2:89–101., , et al.
- 39Administration on Aging. Health, prevention, and wellness program [on-line]. Available at http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/AoA_Programs/HCLTC/Evidence_Based/ Accessed July 5, 2013.


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Baby Names from BabyNames.com
By BabyNames.com
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
From the makers of BabyNames.com, the #1 baby names website. Search over 20,000 names and meanings, create your favorite names list, view the Name of the Day, and more!
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Customer Reviews
It's ok but need some updating
Used the website a lot forum first baby,. Wish I could log into online profile to download favorites. I alps would like to search names by language of origin or other more robust filter features.
Good choices, lots to choose from!
Has the ability to input name or letter or starts with. You can set gender and shake it for a fun random name generator!
You can't refine search parameters, and it might be a good idea to link it to the website so I can update my baby name list. Also it cost buck. Add some more features and I'll readdress my rating.
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NG2 and Olig2 Expression Provides Evidence for Phenotypic Deregulation of Cultured Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Neural Precursor Cells
Version of Record online: 19 OCT 2006
DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0556
Copyright © 2007 AlphaMed Press
Volume 25, Issue 2, pages 340–353, February 2007
Additional Information
How to Cite
Dromard, C., Bartolami, S., Deleyrolle, L., Takebayashi, H., Ripoll, C., Simonneau, L., Prome, S., Puech, S., Tran Van Ba, C., Duperray, C., Valmier, J., Privat, A. and Hugnot, J.-P. (2007), NG2 and Olig2 Expression Provides Evidence for Phenotypic Deregulation of Cultured Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Neural Precursor Cells. STEM CELLS, 25: 340–353. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0556
Publication History
- Issue online: 2 JAN 2009
- Version of Record online: 19 OCT 2006
- Manuscript Accepted: 10 OCT 2006
- Manuscript Received: 10 NOV 2005
- Neural stem cells;
- Oligodendrocytes;
- Proteoglycan;
- Peripheral nervous system;
- Neurospheres;
- Cytometry Plasticity
Neural stem cells cultured with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/epidermal growth factor (EGF) generate clonal expansions called neurospheres (NS), which are widely used for therapy in animal models. However, their cellular composition is still poorly defined. Here, we report that NS derived from several embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS) regions are composed mainly of remarkable cells coexpressing radial glia markers (BLBP, RC2, GLAST), oligodendrogenic/neurogenic factors (Mash1, Olig2, Nkx2.2), and markers that in vivo are typical of the oligodendrocyte lineage (NG2, A2B5, PDGFR-α). On NS differentiation, the latter remain mostly expressed in neurons, together with Olig2 and Mash1. Using cytometry, we show that in growing NS the small population of multipotential self-renewing NS-forming cells are A2B5+ and NG2+. Additionally, we demonstrate that these NS-forming cells in the embryonic spinal cord were initially NG2− and rapidly acquired NG2 in vitro. NG2 and Olig2 were found to be rapidly induced by cell culture conditions in spinal cord neural precursor cells. Olig2 expression was also induced in astrocytes and embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells in culture after EGF/FGF treatment. These data provide new evidence for profound phenotypic modifications in CNS and PNS neural precursor cells induced by culture conditions.


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Agent Orange with In the Whale and El Capitan and the Band with No Name at The Earl 02/20/16
Photos by Hillery Terenzi
Happy Monday everyone! Looks like we just might be heading out of winter and back into the warmth of spring! Thanks to all who came out to Oysterfest this weekend, it was a huge success! Here is what's going on tonight, hope you can make it out to one of these awesome shows! -The Earl […]
Live Review & Picture Book – John Doe with Jesse Dayton at the City Winery 06/20/16
Newcomer to the Atlanta music scene, City Winery, hosted punk rock icon John Doe and his band on Monday June 20th. This was only the fourth show for the Ponce City Market venue which CEO Micheal Dorf describes as catering to "an aging demographic of wine lovers who also love music and want to go […]
Fishbone with Baby Baby at The Masquerade 06/15/16
Photos by Hillery Terenzi
So So Glos with Big Ups, Honduras, Holders and Stringer at The Masquerade 06/14/16
Photos by Hillery Terenzi
Ticket Alternative's Marketing Manager, Jenn Ciccarelli, shares her thoughts on the future of the Masquerade. Photography by Hillery Terenzi of Hillymonster Photography. Whether you've lived in Atlanta for a year or for your entire life, one fact remains irrefutable: Our city is changing. Everywhere we look, cranes dot the skyline, symbolizing the next wave of condo-over-saturation […]
Waxahatchee with Allison Crutchfield at Aisle 5 – 06/10/16
Photos by Hillery Terenzi


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Burning question: Religion is one factor driving cremation trend
Pamay Bassey
Among the knickknacks on the shelves of Pamay Bassey's home office in Chicago is small black urn with a gold motif standing next to a Bible written in Ibibio, a Nigerian language.
The decorative 2-inch container holds some of the cremated remains of her father, a Christian who had the rest of his ashes sprinkled into the Pacific Ocean in a private family service.
"A little part of me knows he wanted to have his ashes spread in his childhood home," Bassey said. "I figure at some point I will go back to Nigeria and kind of grant that last wish."
Bassey's experience represents the changing attitudes among religious Americans toward cremation, which is rising in popularity in the United States and Canada, according to the Cremation Association of North America. The organization's latest figures show a 9 percent increase in cremations from 2007 to 2012, and the trade group projects that by 2016 more than 55 percent of Americans will choose cremation when they die.
"Religion is among the top five trends driving the popularity of cremation," said Barbara Kemmis, executive director of CANA, with cost being the main driver.
The association's 2011 annual report said surveys have found that many religions are more tolerant today of a practice some once considered open rebellion against tenets that deal with death and the disposal of the body. "In some cases, churches have even begun to plan columbaria (a room or garden area where urns are stored in niches) as part of the church property, so those associated with the church can have their final resting place on church grounds," the report concluded.
Familial feelings
Despite national trends, not everyone is Bassey's family was comfortable with the idea of her father being cremated.
"My uncle is a devout Christian, and he thought it was borderline blasphemous," Bassey recalled. "He actually said a prayer and said, 'I hope no one suffers any mental issues after what's happened,' because I think he was so troubled."
But Bassey said her uncle didn't understand how her father came to his decision to be cremated. She described the decision as a combination of his approach to faith and his definition of home. He was raised Catholic and liked to attend a traditional Latin mass, but he also explored other religious disciplines and encouraged his children, who were raised nondenominational Christians, to do the same.
"I don't remember exactly when he told me he wanted to be cremated, but it was long before he died of cancer," she said of her father who immigrated to the United States in 1960. "I think it had to do with his wide philosophical reach and ... also because he felt, 'Why would I pick an arbitrary cemetery in Atlanta to be buried just because I happened to wander into here as an immigrant? It's not home for me.'"
The CANA report said the ease of transporting remains to where the deceased would want to be interred or scattered is another factor behind the popularity of cremation.
Bassey's father also asked that there not be a memorial service, but she said her mother couldn't accommodate that wish because there were too many family and friends that needed that time as a way to say goodbye.
The morning after the service, Bassey stood alone in sterile crematorium as funeral home staff slid a cardboard box containing the body of her father into a large industrial oven, closed the heavy, insulated steel door and flipped the switch on.
"You can only have the courage to stand in that room because you love that person who made that request of you," she said. "And you want to honor their wishes."
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It would seem to me when screening pine bark 1/8 - 1/4 for the 5--1-1 mix, the material passing thru the 1/8" screen could be combined with some spagnum and pearlite and would make a good seed starting medium. Has anyone tried this? Any problems?
5-1-1- Biproduct
The 5:1:1 mix usually doesn't require screening for fines - only for very large particles in the 3/8+ size range. If you're screening for the gritty mix, which IS best with 1/8-1/4" bark, you can use both the fines & large particles up to 3/8" for the 5:1:1 mix.
For seed starting, I like a very coarse medium. Most often what I do is sow seeds on top of the 5:1:1 or gritty mix, then cover them with peat or Turface fines & keep the surface misted until I see the first sign of a new plant emerging, which means the seed radicle (taproot) is already burrowing it's way downward. I realize that's not the correct physiological term, but it LOOKS like that's what is happening.
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Star Tracks
The couple cruise the Mediterranean. Plus: Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan, Angelina Jolie and more
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12 treehouses that have us dreaming of summer vacation
Treehouses truly epitomize the best of summertime adventure – with their nest-like architecture amidst the familiar surroundings of one's own backyard. Regardless of where your family has decided
We love all things treehouse, and while there are many amazing, larger-than-life creations out there to admire, there's something to be said for going small… really small. The Cottage Town
What do you get when you combine the timeless allure of a treehouse with the bouncy, active fun of a trampoline and the thrill of a tree swing? Welcome to the world of Treepee! This amazing outdoor space
Two tots in Attleboro, Massachusetts got a treehouse right out of Swiss Family Robinson, thanks to their handy grandfather, Jay Hewitt. The three-story abode snakes around a giant old tree on the
Finding decent education options for your kids is no doubt one of the most challenging and frustrating aspects of being a parent in today's society; and we've spent a lot of time on Inhabitots
O2 Treehouse designs stunning treehouses sure to please kids and adults alike. We especially love the breezy geodesic design shown above! With its beautiful curves and open-air qualities, this treehouse
In the quest for the ultimate kids' play cabin, there are options ranging from tents and forts to treehouses and hobbit holes, with a thousand variations in between. My own childhood play house was
Tree houses are excellent places for exploration and play — and for the children of Sendai, Japan, one exquisite tree house is also a site of healing and education. In his film series,
Treehouses of any kind infuse a sense of wonder into kid's and adults alike, so when Juli, the blogger mom behind The Slow Life, saw pictures of a treehouse built indoors, it inspired her to build
Imagine enjoying your very own, one-of-a-kind 575 square foot cottage with huge glass windows, a lovely functional kitchen and bath and a gigantic deck with a breathtaking bird's eye view of the
Building a treehouse for the kiddos doesn't seem so daunting when only six steps are involved. In fact, this flatpak version by Rogier Martens and Sam van Veluw of Aandeboom is practically plug and


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Global Water Forum
The GWF is an online resource publishing concise, open-access articles from leading researchers on water governance, policy, and science. The GWF also provides open access resources, courses, and tools to help to understand water challenges.
- To all #water professionals - @IWAHQ awards open til July 25th: nominate projects, young leaders and companies t.co/zCPKUzwAY3 Time ago 7 Hours via Twitter Web Client
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Water-energy nexus: Understanding the inter-annual water use of power plants
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Natalie Hershlag better known by her stage name Natalie Portman, is an actress with dual American and Israeli citizenship. Her first role was as an orphan taken in by a hitman in the 1994 French action film Léon, but mainstream success came when she was cast as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. In 1999, she enrolled at Harvard University to study psychology while still working as an actress. She completed her bachelor's degree in 2003. In 2005, Portman received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture for the drama Closer. She won a Constellation Award for Best Female Performance, and a Saturn Award for Best Actress for her starring role in V for Vendetta (2006). She played leading roles in the historical dramas
Off the long forgotten hotties, who do you wish should make a comeback in movies?
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Let's meet up at the South Shores boat ramp, which is located just east of Seaworld and we will paddle along side Seaworld and then around Vacation Island and then back to the boat ramp. It should be about 5 miles. Try and be there before 8:30 so we can be on the water by 8:30.
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Flickr, Umberto Salvagnin
Scientists are using pupil measurements to study a wide range of psychological processes and to get a glimpse into the mind.
The chameleon moves its two eyes independently while scanning for prey and but uses both eyes in concert to take aim before grabbing its quarry with its tongue.
May 27, 2013|
Flickr, Umberto Salvagnin
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- Summary: The British electronic artist explores dubstep, industrial, hip-hop, jungle, and techo genres on this double album.
- Record Label: 4AD
- Genre(s): Electronic, Techno, Dubstep, Left-Field Hip-Hop, Jungle/Drum'n'Bass
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 19 out of 27
Mixed: 8 out of 27
Negative: 0 out of 27
Jun 17, 2013Whether dealing out breakbeat punishments like "777," wriggling dubstep like "Ascension," or mystical funk like "Isis," he sounds like no one else, simultaneously street and chic, enticing and elusive.
Aug 7, 2013Even many of his prettiest, most delicate tracks are grounded in thumping bass. As a result, it's a more satisfying listen than Shlohmo's or Nosaj Thing's albums.
Jun 20, 2013If someone compiles their favourite 12 tracks from it, they may well have their album of the year, but in its current state With Love is pretty far from a classic.
Jul 1, 2013Between the two, disc 1 is more memorable than its counterpart, but together they still form a fascinating insight into one of the foremost production talents operating on our shores today.
Jul 11, 2013While With Love is an ambitious and entertainingly composed undertaking, offering glimpses into Zomby's varied inspirations, it can still be frustratingly piecemeal and somewhat self-indulgent.
UncutJul 10, 2013The execution is consistently weak. [Aug 2013, p.79]
Score distribution:
Positive: 1 out of 1
Mixed: 0 out of 1
Negative: 0 out of 1
Jul 7, 2013Zomby has long been one of the most eclectic and buzzed-about producers coming out of the UK, with productions ranging from rave-y acid houseZomby has long been one of the most eclectic and buzzed-about producers coming out of the UK, with productions ranging from rave-y acid house to mournful post-dubstep, and on this 33-track double album he veers wildly from genre to genre in a thrilling showcase of his talents. Time-wise, this album could fit on one disc, but the dichotomy allows for a study in contrasts, his supreme skills in balance and sequencing. One of the year's finest.… Expand
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On Sunday, August 2, Douglas B. Stevenson, Director of the Seamen's Church Institute's (SCI) Center for Seafarers' Rights, embarked on an eight-day aboard the Maersk Idaho traveling from Cairo to Dubai through "Pirate Alley."
The waters off the coast of Somalia drew media attention when, in April, a container ship owned by United States-based Maersk Line Limited was seized. The ship's captain, Richard Phillips, was taken hostage by pirates and held at gunpoint for five days. The attack was one of 80 in the area since the beginning of 2009.
The Director of SCI's Center for Seafarers' Rights, the world's only full-time, free legal aid program for merchant mariners, says that he hopes to draw attention to the professional seafarers themselves and their work, which is vital to the world's prosperity.
To collect data and give exposure to his expedition, Stevenson will make careful observations and share many of them in real-time using Twitter. (To keep an eye on Stevenson's journey, follow dbs5218, http://www.twitter.com/dbs5218)
Maritime Today
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The U.S. Navy has accepted delivery of future USS Montgomery (LCS 8) during a ceremony on June 23 at the Austal USA shipyard in Mobile, Ala.
Marking the official
Singapore Technologies Marine Ltd (ST Marine), the marine arm of Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd (ST Engineering), has held the Interim Acceptance ceremony
China's Foreign Ministry on Thursday brushed off doubts about how many countries have offered support for its position in a case brought by the Philippines over Chinese claims in the South China Sea,


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Alabama starting pitcher Justin Kamplain threw eight innings and the Crimson Tide held on in the ninth inning to defeat the Florida State Seminoles, 6-5, in the Tallahassee Regional elimination game on Saturday afternoon from Dick Howser Stadium.
Click here for the original story.
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Vanessa Hudgens Caught Kissing 'Zoey 101' Actress Alexa Nikolas
Vanessa Hudgens has found herself being entangled in another leaked picture scandal. A number of photos featuring the "Sucker Punch" beauty kissing another girl have recently hit the web. They capture her locking lips with Alexa Nikolas, who is known for her role as Nicole Bristow on Nickelodeon's "Zoey 101".
Drunken Stepfather put up those pictures along with a series of other racy images of a girl who looks like the Gabriella Montez of the "High School Musical" series. Three of the other graphic images see the girl appearing topless. In the pictures, she licks and bites her lips as well as looks seductively at the camera.
This isn't the first time Vanessa was hit with scandalous photos. Back in 2007 and 2009, nude photos of the ex-girlfriend of Zac Efron have been leaked online. About the provocative pictures that were leaked in 2009, a source told E! News, "She hasn't done anything like that since the first ones came out. These new ones are actually old."
Later the same year, Vanessa sued Butter Media for refusing to remove her nude photos from their website MoeJackson.com. In the documents, the actress explained the images were "self-portrait photographs" which were taken by cell phone in her private residence. They were "obtained by unknown methods and posted on the Internet" without her knowledge or consent.
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Febco on Versailles rd termination unfair
Posted in the Frankfort Forum
21 - 27 of 27 Comments Last updated Dec 17, 2012
#21 Dec 7, 2012
My dog that had pups is still alive and kicking and gets her vaccines every year,, and I do that on my own. I don't need someone to go and hold my hand to take my sog to the vet unlike my old boss. You people don't know as much as you think. As far as arguing with a gay man...just like arguing with a child. In the end...I will be the one in heaven. nuff said. See if that person wants to start trouble, then I could let the full truth go. And by the way, she is not my real mother. Know your facts and hate on, apparently you can't do anything else.
#22 Dec 7, 2012
There u go lying sum more....a real Christian doesn't say ignorant stuff like " I will be in heaven.." like he won't b/c he's GAY?? One is judged by your heart.
And ur mom isn't ur real mom?? Why don't u just keep ur business to urself and stop gay bashing, amongst other things.
Don't u have some suckin to do so u don't have to move??!! LOL!! Sounds like ur getting some karma. Keep sh*t talking, ur only making urself look like what u are.
DEUCES and leaving u talking to yoself!!!
#23 Dec 7, 2012
Did Bonnie's shut down?
#24 Dec 7, 2012
mister lies, your stupid. Her sister is gay, and you sound like you have a guilt complex. If you want her to keep her business to herself, then why are you all up in it? If the people critisizing her have a problem, why not confront her personally? I don't know too many that are big enough to back up their bs when it comes to running their mouth. She put her name so why don't you. Or are you afraid of what might be said about you. That is usually the case. Ginger, yuo are an awesome person, and good people are hard to come by as you can tell by these nosin fags. Keep doin u girl, they just jealous of your wonderful personality and good heart. They losing out on what real friends are. They prolly stab their friends in the back. Don't feed the trolls! lol.
#26 Dec 10, 2012
BEWARE!! That's all I gotta say bout that. Lies so much she believes it all.
#27 Dec 17, 2012
Well smart one, if I'm such the liar, I would have done just that and i'd probably still have that job. But I'm glad I don't. I'm a truthful person and that's why Febco was not good for me. Justin thinks I'm gullable, I just let him think whatever he wants to. It makes him feel important, same as you, by putting in your two cents worth, you feel like you have done something. Yay you.
#28 Dec 17, 2012
Justin-get real...if you want to say I'm gullable, I guess that would make you the liar, for telling me things just to see if I would believe them. Maybe you should grow some and just have told me the truth instead of being a sneaky backstabbing liar. If anyone should be fired, it should be you.At least when I took off, it was for a good reason, not "I have to take my boyfriend to the dr, or I have to help my boyfriend take the dog to the vet." Dang, is he handicapped? No, you just needed an excuse to get off work so you can keep tabs on a bf you don't trust Maybe Jessica and "kiki delegs" should know how you feel about them, but i'm sure you won't be honest with them either. Girls be careful, he acts like he likes you, but really, he just needs something from you, the rest of the time he is bashing you to everyone else. Justin, call me gullable if it makes you feel better, but for the record, you lied to me several times and I knew it. I caught you going through my stuff and hiding around the corner ease dropping on my conversations. Your not as good as what you think, but your life must be pretty sorry if you feel like you have to backstab. I guess you did it for fun, because I've never done anything to you and the only thing I can't figure out is your motive. Guess you just needed someone new to get it over on, you said it was getting boring around there, maybe because I stopped playing your stupid games. I just listened to your gross acts and let it go in one ear and out the other...you were a nice guy, funny, but i'm glad i found out the truth about you, even if I had to be fired from Febco, at least I'm not spending my days with a two faced trouble maker. I was wrong when I said Frank was a coward, at least he tells you how he really feels, you on the other hand do not, and that makes you no better than the people you talk about so badly.
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2011-06-24 16:50:00
A Redmond mom is very grateful for the people who rescued her and her two children after they went over the Colorado Dam Spillway earlier this week. Erin Bell-Taylor who talked with our news partner, News Channel 21, says it happened so fast. "I had these plastic oars and i broke out because i was paddling so hard. No matter what I did, I could not venture to the left. If my baby didn't have a life vest on, she'd be dead." The mom and kids jumped out of the raft when they saw they were going to go over the spillway. The mom was able to hang on to the bridge, but the kids went tumbling through the rocks. Luckily, an off duty Sunriver Firefighter was nearby and jumped in and saved them.
King Solomon Lane closed between Ferguson Road and King David. (7/25)
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Jude Law replaces Michael Fassbender in "Genuis" indie
April 26, 2014 - 12:34 AMT
PanARMENIAN.Net - Jude Law has joined Colin Firth and Nicole Kidman in Michael Grandage's indie "Genuis", Variety reported.
The drama, co-produced and penned by John Logan ("The Aviator"), is based on A. Scott Berg's biography "Max Perkins: Editor of Genius" about the real-life relationship between literary giant Thomas Wolfe (Law) and renowned editor Max Perkins (Firth).
Law replaced Michael Fassbender, who was attached to play Wolfe when the film was announced at the American Film Market in 2012.
"Genius" will also be produced by Grandage and James Bierman from the London-based Michael Grandage Company. Tim Bevan will serve as exec producer.
"We are thrilled to have assembled such an extraordinary team around us as we move forward with this project, and we can't wait to begin filming," Grandage and Bierman said in a statement.
Shooting will take place in the UK and U.S. pre-production will start in August 2014.
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She joins an impressive group of fashion moguls on the list that includes Spanx founder Sara Blakely and bridal tycoon Vera Wang.
It's only the second movie of 2016 to cross the 10-figure threshold, the other being fellow Disney title "Captain America: Civil War."
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15. Johnson, Anthony G, MD
1542 Tulane Ave # 2New Orleans, LA 70112
16. Louisiana State University Med Center
1901 Perdido StNew Orleans, LA 70112
17. New Orleans Culinary & Hospitality Institute
725 Howard AveNew Orleans, LA 70130
18. Alliance Institute Inc
200 S. Broad St., Suite 7,New Orleans, LA 70119
19. School Of Design
2531 S Claiborne AveNew Orleans, LA 70125
20. University Development
2841 S Claiborne AveNew Orleans, LA 70125
21. New Orleans Culinary And Hospitality Institute
1527 3rd StNew Orleans, LA 70130
22. Coastal College
4016 Canal StNew Orleans, LA 70119
23. Radar School Workforce Devmnt
615 City Park AveNew Orleans, LA 70119
24. Tulane University Career Service
6325 Freret StNew Orleans, LA 70118
25. A B Freeman School-Business
7 McAlister DrNew Orleans, LA 70118
26. Beyond Beauty Institute
8040 Crowder BlvdNew Orleans, LA 70127
27. SEA Academy
7391 Read BlvdNew Orleans, LA 70127
28. Becker Professional Review
New Orleans, LA 70130
29. Creative Educational Svc
New Orleans, LA 70181
30. New Orleans Job Corp Ctr
4000 Bienville St # ANew Orleans, LA 70119