text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 5, 2010
|Filing date
|Feb 26, 2003
|Priority date
|Feb 27, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Aleksandar Milosavljevic
|Original Assignee
|Ip Genesis, Inc.
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|Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (3), Classifications (9), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This non-provisional application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/359,833 filed Feb. 27, 2002, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to methods of detecting similarities between nucleic acid sequences, amino acid sequences, and other sequences of symbols over finite alphabets, including texts written in natural language. In a particular embodiment DNA sequences are compared on a cluster of computer nodes where hashing, inversion, and collation steps of the method are performed in parallel, thus significantly increasing the speed of comparison.
In this section, we first survey utility of comparative DNA sequence analysis, and then we survey the comparison methods in the prior art, pointing out the problems inherent in the prior art.
Utility of Large-Scale DNA Sequence Comparisons
The utility of large-scale DNA sequencing and comparative analysis is such that the scientific debate is turning away from the question of whether to sequence genomes of additional organisms to the question of which organism should be next selected for sequencing (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Cross-species comparisons of large genomic regions (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13), chromosomes (14), and whole genomes (15) provide a clear demonstration of the power of genome comparison tools in detecting coding exons in genomic DNA sequences of higher organisms and for comparative sequence assembly (16). Recent discoveries (17, 18) further validate early proposals (19, 3) to use the comparative approach for the discovery of up-stream regulatory elements.
Comparative studies at different evolutionary distances reveal biological systems of different degrees of evolutionary age and conservation. For example, intra-mammalian comparisons such as that between human and mouse reveal the evolution and structure of the olfactory system (14) and of imprinting (20), and are generally considered to be one of the main sources of biomedical discoveries in the post-genome era (21). Intra-vertebrate comparisons help us understand the system of chromosomal sex determination (22), while the comparisons across a variety of eukaryotes, such as that between D. melanogaster, C. elegans, and S. cerevisiae, shed light on mechanisms involved in even more basic cellular and developmental processes (15). These comparative studies reveal that a significant number of human genes involved in disease have homologues even in unicellular eukaryotes such as S. cerevisiae (15), thus underscoring the power of the comparative method even when it is applied across large evolutionary distances. Comparative sequence analyses have also proven very fruitful in the understanding of microbes. Recent comparative analyses further reinforce the picture of very plastic genomes that readily take up foreign DNA thus acquiring properties such as antibiotic resistance and virulence (23).
Comparative studies do not only include sequence-level comparisons, but also mapping of large-scale genomic rearrangements. Such comparisons use not only finished genomic sequences, but also a variety of other comparative mapping techniques (24, 25, 26). Recent sequencing of the human genome and comparative analyses of whole chromosomal sequences (14, 27) reveal a rich structure of intra- and inter-chromosomal and repetitive rearrangements. Complex repetitive structures appear to play a significant role in genomic rearrangements of significant clinical relevance (28).
Large-scale sequence comparisons are used in the overlap-detection stage of the standard sequence assembly method (29). Moreover, comparison of unassembled reads from one species (e.g., rat) against an assembled genome of another species (e.g., human) can facilitate comparative assembly, thus significantly reducing the total number of sequencing reads and reducing the time to cross-species comparison (16). The computational resources required for comparative assembly (i.e., the multi-CPU-year time required for comparison of multiple mammalian genomes by present methods) have been the main obstacle to implementing this advanced method.
New methods for exchanging annotation and comparative information are based on the Distributed Annotation System (DAS (30)) and are now increasingly used. A major emerging problem is that different assemblies of genomic sequences of the same organism are typically annotated; such assemblies must be compared in order to integrate the annotation information around the assembly of highest quality. Thus, effective methods for large-scale sequence comparison are becoming a bottleneck in the process of utilizing and sharing annotation information.
Problems With Current DNA Sequence Comparison Methods
While the programs such as BLAST (31) and FASTA are well-suited for querying large databases using a limited number of query sequences, they are too slow to handle whole-genome comparisons such as that between complete genomic sequences of human, mouse, rat. They are even less suited to comparing assembled genomes against a rapidly growing database of unassembled reads in publicly available trace archives.
In order to speed the performance of the standard methods, computer clusters and computer farms, often employing thousands of CPUs have been employed. Among most widely used are farms of Intel machines under Linux operating system that utilize the PBS job scheduling system.
The mere addition of hardware does not, however, solve the crucial problem of standard methods: the time requirement that grows quadratically with the number of sequences that are compared in an all-against-all fashion. By multiplying CPUs, the quadratic time is simply divided by a larger number of machines, thus only partially ameliorating the problem at a significant computer hardware cost.
Another approach to solving the problem is pursued by projects such as SSAHA at EBI/Sanger Centre, BLAT at UCSC, and ATLAS at Baylor College of Medicine. These new approaches are all based on constructing an in-memory hash table that serves as a quick lookup index for constant-time similarity search. The main problem with such hashing-based approaches is that the whole hash table must reside in Random Access Memory (RAM) of a single computer. This implies lack of parallelism and requirement for very large RAM.
Two solutions to this problem are typically attempted. The first is to simply employ a single machine with large RAM (>20 GB). The main problem with this solution is that it does not utilize parallelism available on computer clusters, and thus does not scale well to multi-genome comparison problems.
A second solution that is often attempted is to break the sequence database into a number of subsets and to construct hash tables for each subset. The problem with this solution is a time requirement that grows quadratically with the size of the data set (albeit with a smaller constant factor than that encountered by the standard approaches such as BLAST and FASTA).
Thus, despite considerable effort being focused on this problem, there remains a significant need in the art to provide more efficient methods of data manipulation.
Addressing the limitations of prior art, we here disclose a method for "Positional Hashing," a novel approach to sequence similarity searching. A key to the method is the construction of multiple position-specific hash tables. In the following discussion, we refer to such tables as "positional hash tables".
Each hash table corresponds to a specific sampling template. A sampling template comprises a set of contiguous or non-contiguous diagonally spaced cells. Each compared sequence is sampled horizontally and vertically by projecting a sampling template to obtain a horizontal and vertical hash key for each sequence. If a horizontally sampled sequence and a second vertically sampled sequence hash to the same key, they are then assigned to the same hash bin. This atomic similarity between two sequences is detected in the inversion step.
In the subsequent collation step, atomic similarities along a diagonal or a number of neighboring diagonals are collated together in order to detect overall similarity between pairs of sequences. Hashing, inversion and collation can all be performed independently and concurrently for one or more neighboring diagonals, thus providing means to distribute computation across a multiplicity of CPUs in a multi-processor computer or across a number of nodes in a computer cluster.
As used herein the specification, "a" or "an" may mean one or more. As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word "comprising", the words "a" or "an" may mean one or more than one. As used herein "another" may mean at least a second or more.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
In contrast to previously proposed hashing-based similarity search methods, where each hash table corresponds to a subset of sequence database, each positional hash table of the present invention corresponds to a sampling template in a two-dimensional matrix, as illustrated in
Consider a situation where a first sequence is sampled horizontally and a second sequence is sampled vertically using the same sampling template. Consider further the situation where the sequence of letters in the horizontal projection of the sampling template onto first sequence is the same as the sequence of letters in the vertical projection of the template onto second sequence. Thus, the similarity of the two sequences defined by the sampling template would cause them to be placed in the same bin in the positional hash table.
In one particular embodiment, as illustrated in
In the pairwise similarity hash table, each bin contains evidence about similarity between a pair of sequence fragments. In one embodiment, the evidence consists of similarities defined by at most a single sampling template. In another embodiment, evidence consists of similarities along multiple sampling templates. In a further specific embodiment, the multiple sampling templates fall within the same diagonal or within a small set of neighboring diagonals. In yet another embodiment, the sampling templates are not restricted to a diagonal or a set of diagonals.
After similarities in sampling templates are detected by inversion of the positional hash table for the specific position, and after the similarities from individual word positions are collated in a bin of a pairwise similarity hash table, a similarity score for pairs of fragments is calculated based on the contents of their respective bins.
Positional Hashing has at least two major advantages over prior art. First, positional hash tables contain only small position-specific subsets of data, and thus do not require large memory, allowing comparison of multiple mammalian-size genome sequences on machines with 1 GB or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Second, because the comparison problem is broken along its natural structure, similarity search can be performed in parallel on any number of available computers without incurring quadratic time penalty characteristic of prior art and without requiring excessive communication complexity (the amount of data that needs to be transferred between nodes of the cluster in the course of computation).
Positional Hashing is not limited to a single algorithm or software—it is rather a widely applicable method for sequence similarity search. It is applicable to searching similarity between DNA sequences, RNA sequences, amino acid sequences, and texts in arbitrary finite alphabets, including texts of scientific abstracts and articles.
Specific embodiment of Positional Hashing may significantly vary from application to application. In one particular application the similarity search performed through Positional Hashing is used in the "filtering" step as part of a two-step DNA sequence similarity search strategy. The filtering is first performed in order to sensitively detect potential similarities (for examples of filtering strategies, see 34) and is followed by a second, "refinement" step, where a more specific, but also more time consuming, similarity search is applied to eliminate false positives that pass the filter. Positional Hashing is useful as part of a variety of filtering procedures and in conjunction with a large variety of "refinement" algorithms such as dynamic programming, Smith-Waterman algorithm, and BLAST algorithm.
While the sampling template illustrated in
The specific embodiment illustrated in
The specific embodiment illustrated in
The specific embodiment illustrated in
While the sequences illustrated in
Positional Hashing is not limited to the comparison of short fragments. Long sequences such as full-genome sequences of mammals may be compared. In one particular embodiment, prior to comparing full genomic sequences of two mammals, the genomic sequences are broken into fragments of length 500 bp, with an overlap of 250 bp. The resulting fragments are then compared via positional hashing to identify regions of similarity. Finally, after the comparison is performed, the regions of similarity are mapped back on the original sequence and the pairwise regional similarities are reported using coordinates of the original unbroken genomic sequences.
In one embodiment, similarity between two distinct nucleic sequences is determined by applying Positional Hashing method. In a further embodiment, similarity between three or more distinct nucleic acid sequences is determined by applying the Positional Hashing method. Note that, due to the fact that Positional Hashing method performs an all-against all comparison of fragments, any number of distinct nucleic acids may be compared in an all-against-all fashion.
In a further embodiment, Positional Hashing is performed in order to detect sequence fragment overlaps for the purpose of sequence assembly. In another embodiment, Positional Hashing is performed in order to detect homologous regions between two nucleic acids. In a still further embodiment, Positional Hashing is performed in order to detect orthologous regions between two nucleic acids.
In a still further embodiment, Positional Hashing is performed of sequence fragments from one nucleic acids and assembled sequence of a related nucleic acid in order to perform comparative sequence assembly, as described in claim 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,562.
Another class of embodiments of Positional Hashing includes, but is not limited to, the clustering of macromolecular sequences. In one such embodiment, EST sequences are clustered to detect groups of ESTs that originate from the same gene or from a group of related genes. In another such embodiment, amino acid sequences are clustered to detect groups of related amino acid sequences. In yet another embodiment, sequences or sequence fragments are first compared via positional hashing and then grouped by mutual similarity and a single element from each group is selected and included in a nonredundant collection. The latter method is especially useful as a tool for selecting nonredundant collections of ESTs and nonredundant collections of text search results, such as the text search results obtained via the Google search engine.
Positional Hashing may be performed in the context of genomic pooling experiments. In one specific embodiment, Positional Hashing is applied to perform Pooled Genomic Indexing. Specifically, Positional Hashing is applied to compare pool reads against a reference nucleic sequence in the deconvolution step of Pooled Genomic Indexing. In another specific embodiment, Positional Hashing is applied to performed Pooled Genomic Indexing. Specifically, Positional Hashing is applied to assemble pool reads in the deconvolution step of Clone-Array Pooled Shotgun Sequencing.
Results obtained through application of Positional Hashing are stored using a variety of tools and formats. In one specific embodiment, the results of Positional Hashing are stored in a tab-delimited format in the GFF format. In another specific embodiment, the results of Positional Hashing are stored in a tab-delimited GTF format. In yet another embodiment, the results obtained through Positional Hashing are stored in a relational database. In a still further embodiment, the results are communicated through the DAS (Distributed Sequence Annotation System) protocol.
Results obtained through application of Positional Hashing are displayed using a variety of tools and formats. In one embodiment, Positional Hashing results are displayed in the form of local sequence alignments, such as those obtained by application of BLAST or Smith-Waterman algorithms. In another embodiment, Positional Hashing results are displayed in the form of long-range sequence alignments, such as those obtained through the application of the BLASTZ and PIP-maker programs. In yet another embodiment, results of Positional Hashing are displayed through a DAS (Distributed Sequence Annotation System) client program. In a still further embodiment, results of Positional Hashing are displayed through a genome browser (such as Ensembl browser at EBI/Sanger Centre in England or that available at the UC Santa Cruz web site).
Creation and inversion of a positional hash table are illustrated in
The keys are determined by projecting a sampling template horizontally and vertically. Each sequence is sampled both horizontal and vertical sampling positions, thus providing two entries in the template-specific positional hash table.
Note that the same sequence may result in different keys in horizontal and vertical sampling positions. If the sampling template is on the main diagonal, however, then any sequence hashes to the same key (bin) in both the horizontal and vertical sampling positions.
For simplicity, sequence length and the length of the sampling template (8 and 4 respectively) are chosen to be smaller than in usual applications. In a typical embodiment, sequences of length up to 10,000 basepairs are compared, typically of length 500 bp.
In a typical embodiment, length of sampling templates may vary between four and several hundred basepairs. Sample positions may consist of noncontiguous cells (cells that do not occur next to each other in the similarity matrix). In a specific embodiment, a sampling template may consist of 5-50 randomly selected cells within a diagonal segment of length between 5 and 10,000 basepairs.
One should also note that in one embodiment, both sequences and their reverse complements are sampled and compared. For simplicity, we do not include reverse complements in our illustrative examples.
In the example in
Positional hash tables may be constructed sequentially within a single-node computer of limited RAM or in parallel on a Linux cluster. A positional hash table comprises keys obtained by one sampling template. In some instances where enough RAM is available, a single positional hash table may contain sampling information obtained by applying multiple sampling templates. In such cases, the hash key is augmented by the identifier of the sampling template.
Upon construction of positional hash tables, the bins are examined for occurrence of pairs of entries in the same bin such that the entries correspond to two different sequences sampled in two different sampling positions (one sampled horizontally, the other vertically). Each such pair indicates similarity of the two sequences along the respective sampling template. Such similarity is called "atomic similarity". The detection of atomic similarities is referred to as the "inversion step".
Atomic similarities detected in the inversion step are collated into the bins of a pairwise similarity hash table. The keys of a pairwise similarity hash table comprise pairs of sequence identifiers. All atomic similarities detected between two sequences are collated into one bin. The process of building the pairwise similarity table is referred to as the "collation step".
Note that a pairwise similarity hash table contains information from one or more positional hash tables. Thus, while positional hash tables may be created and inverted within a RAM of a single node in a cluster configuration, the collation step may involve significant node-to-node communication. The node-to-node communication topologies are typically close to linear due to the fact that sampling positions that are within a diagonal or within a closely spaced set of diagonals are typically collated together.
In another case, because the positional hash tables and inverted tables have been used (by exploiting inherent parallelism) to produce the much smaller pairwise similarity hash tables, collation is possible on a single, 1-CPU, medium-RAM machine in good time. This is the preferred implementation in the situation where pairwise similarity tables are small. If, on the other hand, pairwise similarity tables are large and require significant time to compute, and if sufficient node-to-node bandwidth is available (such as in a cluster configuration), then pairwise similarity computation itself may be distributed across a number of nodes in a computer cluster.
One or more pairwise similarity tables may be constructed. In one embodiment, a pairwise similarity table is constructed for each diagonal in a comparison matrix and the atomic similarity information from sampling positions within a diagonal is collated into the same pairwise similarity table. In another embodiment, only one pairwise similarity table is constructed and the atomic similarity information from all sampling templates is collated into the same table. In yet another embodiment, a pairwise similarity table is assigned to each diagonal and such table collates atomic similarities obtained from sampling templates within the diagonal and two neighboring diagonals.
The information in individual bins of a pairwise similarity table is used to score the similarity of two sequences. We refer to this process as "similarity scoring". Similarity score is calculated based on the contents of a bin in the pairwise similarity table (comprising atomic similarities collated into the bin) plus, possibly any additional information that may be available.
The similarity scores produced in the scoring step are either used directly or may be used to select pairwise similarities for a subsequent refinement step. The refinement step is aimed at filtering out false similarities that may receive high similarity scores. The refinement step typically employs a more specific but more time-consuming algorithm such as dynamic programming, Smith-Waterman, or BLAST.
If the refinement step is included, then Positional Hashing in effect acts as a filtering step for the more specific refinement algorithm. The filtering step typically must achieve a low false-negative rate (must sensitively detect similarities) while a relatively high false-positive rate (low selectivity) may be acceptable due to the fact that the false positives are eliminated in the refinement step. Of course, a large false positive rate of the filtering step implies more computational effort in the refinement step due to the fact that all putative similarities need to be examined.
An Illustrative Example of Positional Hashing
Note that the three sampling templates in
The three sampling templates project horizontally and vertically into 3-letter word positions. In our example, we assume that the three-letter words in the sampled positions are used directly as keys in positional hash tables, each positional hash table corresponding to a sampling template.
While each of the three sequences is sampled both horizontally and vertically, for simplicity,
Positional hash tables corresponding to each of the three sampling templates are illustrated. Note that the following bins in the positional hash tables contain evidence of atomic similarities: "AAG" bin of positional hash table for sampling template (1,2) contains evidence of atomic similarity between sequences X and Y; "TCT" bin of (4,6) contains atomic similarity between X and X; and "AAA" bin of (7,7) contains additional atomic similarity between X and Z.
Atomic similarities are collated into pairwise similarity hash tables. The example in
Implementation and Benchmark Testing of Positional Hashing
Positional Hashing has been implemented in PASH program. PASH program was written using both C and Perl programming languages. For optimal speed, Positional hashing routines themselves were implemented in C. Collation step and ancillary routines were written in Perl.
The performance of the module of PASH that constructs the positional hash table was analyzed on a benchmark consisting of 16 million sequences. Since memory and time usage are based on the number of words and diagonals sampled, sampling of a single word sufficed for benchmark purposes. Our benchmark numbers are based on the hashing of one 13-mer word position on one of the diagonals on a dual-processor Intel Pentium machine with 1 GB of RAM.
Memory usage predicted based on the size of positional hashing table has been compared to actual measured memory usage. Individual steps in the hashing process have been individually timed. The time accounted for by adding the time spent in individual steps is compared to the total measured time. Finally, the results of the benchmark test have been used to estimate RAM and time required to perform comparison of multiple mammalian genomes on a cluster of 100 nodes.
Most of the RAM usage in our benchmark test falls into one of the into following three categories:
1) Read file index: 16 M * 14B =224 MB 2) Fixed hash table: 67 M (413) * 4B =268 MB 3) Bin entries: 16 M * 5B =80 MB (1B counter � 4B entry) Total hash table: =572 MB Total (measured): =768 MB
To perform the comparison between multiple mammalian genomes, each of the genomic sequences would first be broken into 500 bp reads with 250 bp overlaps, a total 6M reads per mammal, assuming typical mammalian genome size of 3 GB. This would result in a total of 12M reads for two mammals, well below the 16M used in our benchmark, thus implying that 1 GB of RAM would be more than sufficient. Moreover, by extrapolating the performance on our benchmark, we may see that even a three-way comparison (say, human, mouse and rat) is possible within 1 GB of RAM.
Most of the CPU usage in our benchmark test falls into one of the following four categories:
1) Disc Input/Output: =86 sec. 2) Creating hash table and computing hash function: =44 sec. 3) Storing entries in hash bins: =48 sec Total accounted for read processing time =178 sec Total measured read processing time: =200 sec 4) Freeing hash table space & post-processing: =12 sec Total accounted for: =190 sec Total measured: =239 sec
Using the results of the benchmark test, we predicted the performance of PASH on other large-scale sequence comparison problems. In order to complete multiple mammalian genomes, one samples on average of around 20 13-mer words in each of the 500 diagonals, a total of around 10,000 words. Assuming that the comparison is performed on a cluster consisting of 100 nodes, a total of 100 words would be hashed on each node, a total of 23,900 seconds, or about 7 hours of CPU time. Thus, under a reasonable assumption that the construction of positional hash tables takes up most of the time in a whole-genome comparison process (which also includes disassembly, inversion collation, refinement, and reassembly steps, as illustrated in
|Buhler, "Efficient large-scale sequence comparison by locality-sensitive hashing," Bioinformatics, vol. 17 (2001) pp. 419-428.
|Ladunga et al., "FAST-SWAP and FASTA-PAT: Pattern Database Searches Using Combinations of Aligned Amino Acids, and a Novel Scoring Theory," J. Mol. Biol., vol. 259 (1996), pp. 840-854.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 4, 2013
|Apr 7, 2015
|The Johns Hopkins University
|Apparatus and method for identifying related code variants in binaries
|Apr 9, 2014
|Aug 18, 2015
|The Johns Hopkins University
|Apparatus and method for identifying similarity via dynamic decimation of token sequence n-grams
|Jul 6, 2011
|Feb 23, 2016
|Life Technologies Corporation
|Systems and methods for sequence data alignment quality assessment
|U.S. Classification
|702/19, 702/22
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 19, 2010
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MILOSAVLJEVIC, ALEKSANDAR;REEL/FRAME:024878/0172
Owner name: IP GENESIS, INC., TEXAS
Effective date: 20100818
|Mar 28, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Bookies gave Chandila Rs 49L for spot-fixing: Delhi Police
New Delhi: Disgraced cricketer Ajit Chandila was allegedly paid at least Rs 49 lakh by bookies for spot- fixing IPL matches this season and of this Rs.15 lakh was given for one over in a match against Sunrisers Hyderabad on May 17 but he was arrested before the game, investigators claimed on Wednesday.
The investigators also voiced suspicion about an arrested bookie Sunil Bhatia fixing matches of the Bangladesh Premier League earlier after interrogating him. The bookie had also claimed that he fixed some matches of the rebel Indian Cricket League, police sources said.
The three arrested players Sreesanth, Chandila and Ankit Chavan over a period of time spoke to some of the bookies, they said.
In another development, sources said, a set of bookies struck a deal with Chandila in early April to fix one of the matches and the player allegedly agreed to do so for the May 17 match between Rajasthan Royals and Sunrisers in Hyderabad. But they could not do so as they were arrested a day before.
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At least 18 people -- three IPL players, four former players and 11 bookies and their assistants -- have been arrested since last Thursday in connection with the scandal that rocked the cricketing world. Chandila, Sreesanth and Ankit Chavan are the three IPL players who were arrested.
Chandila, the official said, received Rs 25 lakh for the May five match from a set of bookies and Rs 15 lakh for the May 17 match from another set. However, this could not be executed as the players and bookies were arrested a day before.
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Civil rights advocates slam Baker bill
In the wake of the shooting death of Auburn police officer Ronald Tarantino, Gov. Charlie Baker is advancing legislation that would elevate the charge of assault and battery on a police officer to a felony, punishable by up to ten years in prison. ...read more


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Date Published:
November 2, 2010
The RZA, founder of the Wu-Tang Clan, imparts the lessons he's learned on his journey from the Staten Island projects to international superstardom. A devout student of knowledge in every form in which he's found it, he distills here the wisdom he's acquired into seven "pillars," each based on a formative event in his life-from the moment he first heard the call of hip-hop to the death of his cousin and Clan- mate, Russell Jones, aka ODB. Delivered in RZA's unmistakable style, at once surprising, profound, and provocative, The Tao of Wu is a spiritual memoir the world has never seen before, and will never see again. A nonfiction Siddhartha for the hip-hop generation, it will enlighten, entertain, and inspire.
Wu Tang Clan founding member the RZA offers a narrative of personal growth, spiritual discovery, thoughtfulness, and profound hard work with his second published book, THE TAO OF WU. Starting from his rough early days in Staten Island projects and following the international hip-hop star and legendarily wise man through to his present-day apex of success, this memoir charts the RZA's best and worst moments, his travels and explorations of everything from martial arts to chess. Every page of this original work--which also looks directly at the Wu Tang Clan's self-constructed mythology--emanates the RZA's voice and personality, elevating THE TAO OF WU from dry memoir to an engagingly personal story.
Genre: Religion + Beliefs, Body + Mind + Spirit, Biography + Autobiography, Self Improvement, Music
Sub-Genre: Spirituality / General, Inspirational, Genres + Styles / Rap + Hip Hop, Spiritual, Spirituality, Composers + Musicians
- Genre: Music, Self Improvement, Biography + Autobiography, Body + Mind + Spirit, Religion + Beliefs
- Subgenre: Composers + Musicians, Spirituality, Spiritual, Genres + Styles / Rap + Hip Hop, Inspirational, Spirituality / General
- Edition: Reprint
- Language: English
- Release Date: November 2, 2010
- Author: Chris Norris , RZA (Rapper)
other Info.
- Online Item #: 12987652
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 248-55-3242
- Item can be gift wrapped.
- Made in the USA or Imported


text:
|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|November 8, 2012 09:01 AM EST
ARMONK, N.Y., Nov. 8, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced that Forrester Research, Inc. has recognized IBM as a market leader in business intelligence (BI) services according to the October 2012 report, The Forrester WaveTM: Business Intelligence Services Providers, Q4 20121. The report, which evaluates the leading BI providers by strategy and technology expertise, cites IBM as leading the market in both areas.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20090416/IBMLOGO)
Based on a 53-criteria evaluation of BI services providers, the report indicates that in addition to having one of the largest business intelligence practices globally, with "capabilities and presence in a broad range of industries, technologies and geographies, IBM has skills in core BI areas (advisory, technology implementation, and outsourcing) and has pioneered some of the most innovative research and offerings in the market today, such as the Watson cognitive computing system."
The report also emphasizes that while IBM has a substantial number of external alliances, with firms like SAP, Oracle and Teradata, it also has expertise in its own analytics products such as InfoSphere, SPSS, and Cognos. Additionally IBM is the only vendor to get a perfect score for the Strategy, as well as the "Use of BI methodology within one's business," categories.
"This recognition is an acknowledgement of the significant results we've been able to deliver to clients and our ability to build a capability to deliver at scale. This has been a priority consulting practice for IBM since we announced it in 2009," said Fred Balboni, Global Business Analytics Optimization Leader, IBM Global Business Services. "With its solid Datawarehousing and BI underpinnings, IBM's Business Analytics and Optimization practice continues to help clients exploit Big Data to target customer-centric outcomes, tap into internal data and build better information ecosystems."
IBM's Business Analytics & Optimization consulting service was founded in 2009 as part of IBM Global Business Services. Within three years, the practice grew from 4,000 to more than 9,000 consultants that specialize in business analytics and information management solutions. IBM currently has analytics solutions centers across the world and has announced it will invest more than $100 million on Big Data research.
To access a copy of The Forrester Wave (TM): Business Intelligence Services Providers Report please visit: http://bit.ly/S11hk5
For more information on IBM, visit www.ibm.com/gbs
1 "The Forrester Wave ™, Business Intelligence Service Providers, Q4 2012", October 2012. Copyright © 2012, Forrester Research, Inc.
Linda Hanson Hunt
IBM Corp.
"We work in the area of Big Data analytics and Big Data analytics is a very crowded space - you have Hadoop, ETL, warehousing, visualization and there's a lot of effort trying to get these tools to talk to each other," explained Mukund Deshpande, head of the Analytics practice at Accelerite, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
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Machine Learning helps make complex systems more efficient. By applying advanced Machine Learning techniques such as Cognitive Fingerprinting, wind project operators can utilize these tools to learn from collected data, detect regular patterns, and optimize their own operations. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Stuart Gillen, Director of Business Development at SparkCognition, discussed how research has demonstrated the value of Machine Learning in delivering next generation analytics to imp...
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The cloud promises new levels of agility and cost-savings for Big Data, data warehousing and analytics. But it's challenging to understand all the options – from IaaS and PaaS to newer services like HaaS (Hadoop as a Service) and BDaaS (Big Data as a Service). In her session at @BigDataExpo at @ThingsExpo, Hannah Smalltree, a director at Cazena, provided an educational overview of emerging "as-a-service" options for Big Data in the cloud. This is critical background for IT and data profession...
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A strange thing is happening along the way to the Internet of Things, namely far too many devices to work with and manage. It has become clear that we'll need much higher efficiency user experiences that can allow us to more easily and scalably work with the thousands of devices that will soon be in each of our lives. Enter the conversational interface revolution, combining bots we can literally talk with, gesture to, and even direct with our thoughts, with embedded artificial intelligence, wh...
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Whether your IoT service is connecting cars, homes, appliances, wearable, cameras or other devices, one question hangs in the balance – how do you actually make money from this service? The ability to turn your IoT service into profit requires the ability to create a monetization strategy that is flexible, scalable and working for you in real-time. It must be a transparent, smoothly implemented strategy that all stakeholders – from customers to the board – will be able to understand and comprehe...
Jun. 30, 2016 02:45 PM EDT Reads: 305
When people aren't talking about VMs and containers, they're talking about serverless architecture. Serverless is about no maintenance. It means you are not worried about low-level infrastructural and operational details. An event-driven serverless platform is a great use case for IoT. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Animesh Singh, an STSM and Lead for IBM Cloud Platform and Infrastructure, will detail how to build a distributed serverless, polyglot, microservices framework using open source tec...
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Connected devices and the industrial internet are growing exponentially every year with Cisco expecting 50 billion devices to be in operation by 2020. In this period of growth, location-based insights are becoming invaluable to many businesses as they adopt new connected technologies. Knowing when and where these devices connect from is critical for a number of scenarios in supply chain management, disaster management, emergency response, M2M, location marketing and more. In his session at @Th...
Jun. 30, 2016 01:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,343
In his keynote at 18th Cloud Expo, Andrew Keys, Co-Founder of ConsenSys Enterprise, provided an overview of the evolution of the Internet and the Database and the future of their combination – the Blockchain. Andrew Keys is Co-Founder of ConsenSys Enterprise. He comes to ConsenSys Enterprise with capital markets, technology and entrepreneurial experience. Previously, he worked for UBS investment bank in equities analysis. Later, he was responsible for the creation and distribution of life sett...
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Cloud Expo, Inc. has announced today that Andi Mann returns to 'DevOps at Cloud Expo 2016' as Conference Chair The @DevOpsSummit at Cloud Expo will take place on November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. "DevOps is set to be one of the most profound disruptions to hit IT in decades," said Andi Mann. "It is a natural extension of cloud computing, and I have seen both firsthand and in independent research the fantastic results DevOps delivers. So I am excited t...
Jun. 30, 2016 12:30 PM EDT Reads: 485
"delaPlex is a software development company. We do team-based outsourcing development," explained Mark Rivers, COO and Co-founder of delaPlex Software, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 18th Cloud Expo, held June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY.
Jun. 30, 2016 11:45 AM EDT Reads: 604
IoT is rapidly changing the way enterprises are using data to improve business decision-making. In order to derive business value, organizations must unlock insights from the data gathered and then act on these. In their session at @ThingsExpo, Eric Hoffman, Vice President at EastBanc Technologies, and Peter Shashkin, Head of Development Department at EastBanc Technologies, discussed how one organization leveraged IoT, cloud technology and data analysis to improve customer experiences and effi...
Jun. 30, 2016 11:30 AM EDT Reads: 636
Basho Technologies has announced the latest release of Basho Riak TS, version 1.3. Riak TS is an enterprise-grade NoSQL database optimized for Internet of Things (IoT). The open source version enables developers to download the software for free and use it in production as well as make contributions to the code and develop applications around Riak TS. Enhancements to Riak TS make it quick, easy and cost-effective to spin up an instance to test new ideas and build IoT applications. In addition to...
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The idea of comparing data in motion (at the sensor level) to data at rest (in a Big Data server warehouse) with predictive analytics in the cloud is very appealing to the industrial IoT sector. The problem Big Data vendors have, however, is access to that data in motion at the sensor location. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Scott Allen, CMO of FreeWave, discussed how as IoT is increasingly adopted by industrial markets, there is going to be an increased demand for sensor data from the outermos...
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CenturyLink has announced that application server solutions from GENBAND are now available as part of CenturyLink's Networx contracts. The General Services Administration (GSA)'s Networx program includes the largest telecommunications contract vehicles ever awarded by the federal government. CenturyLink recently secured an extension through spring 2020 of its offerings available to federal government agencies via GSA's Networx Universal and Enterprise contracts. GENBAND's EXPERiUS™ Application...
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The cloud market growth today is largely in public clouds. While there is a lot of spend in IT departments in virtualization, these aren't yet translating into a true "cloud" experience within the enterprise. What is stopping the growth of the "private cloud" market? In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Nara Rajagopalan, CEO of Accelerite, explored the challenges in deploying, managing, and getting adoption for a private cloud within an enterprise. What are the key differences between wh...
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Presidio has received the 2015 EMC Partner Services Quality Award from EMC Corporation for achieving outstanding service excellence and customer satisfaction as measured by the EMC Partner Services Quality (PSQ) program. Presidio was also honored as the 2015 EMC Americas Marketing Excellence Partner of the Year and 2015 Mid-Market East Partner of the Year. The EMC PSQ program is a project-specific survey program designed for partners with Service Partner designations to solicit customer feedbac...
Jun. 30, 2016 10:45 AM EDT Reads: 689
The IoT is changing the way enterprises conduct business. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Eric Hoffman, Vice President at EastBanc Technologies, discussed how businesses can gain an edge over competitors by empowering consumers to take control through IoT. He cited examples such as a Washington, D.C.-based sports club that leveraged IoT and the cloud to develop a comprehensive booking system. He also highlighted how IoT can revitalize and restore outdated business models, making them profitable ...
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There are several IoTs: the Industrial Internet, Consumer Wearables, Wearables and Healthcare, Supply Chains, and the movement toward Smart Grids, Cities, Regions, and Nations. There are competing communications standards every step of the way, a bewildering array of sensors and devices, and an entire world of competing data analytics platforms. To some this appears to be chaos. In this power panel at @ThingsExpo, moderated by Conference Chair Roger Strukhoff, Bradley Holt, Developer Advocate a...
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SYS-CON Events has announced today that Roger Strukhoff has been named conference chair of Cloud Expo and @ThingsExpo 2016 Silicon Valley. The 19th Cloud Expo and 6th @ThingsExpo will take place on November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. "The Internet of Things brings trillions of dollars of opportunity to developers and enterprise IT, no matter how you measure it," stated Roger Strukhoff. "More importantly, it leverages the power of devices and the Interne...
Jun. 30, 2016 10:00 AM EDT Reads: 566
In addition to all the benefits, IoT is also bringing new kind of customer experience challenges - cars that unlock themselves, thermostats turning houses into saunas and baby video monitors broadcasting over the internet. This list can only increase because while IoT services should be intuitive and simple to use, the delivery ecosystem is a myriad of potential problems as IoT explodes complexity. So finding a performance issue is like finding the proverbial needle in the haystack.
Jun. 30, 2016 09:00 AM EDT Reads: 459


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Georgia's booming prison population may be leveling off.
Bundled up against the chilly, rainy weather, Maria Consuelo made the trek for her son Sunday afternoon.
Hall County Fire Services were dispatched to a Mount Vernon Road home Sunday evening after an explosion hurt two people and rendered the 1,000-square-foot structure unsafe.
OAKWOOD - No, the circus didn't come to Blackshear Place Baptist Church this weekend.
The Hall County Animal Shelter now has a way for people to donate money without ever spending a penny of their own.
First responders are trained to jump into action during an emergency. Soon, they'll have quicker access to crucial information before they jump.
A 16-year-old was killed and two other teens were injured in a Friday night car wreck on Elizabeth Lane in South Hall.
Hall and surrounding counties are under a tornado watch until 11 p.m., according to the National Weather Service in Peachtree City.
Zipping through the trees while dangling from a thin metal cord is a wild ride, but you might just learn something while you're up there, too.
Russia and Its Neighbors will be the topic of this week's North Georgia College & State University's Great Decisions lecture series, an annual discussion program produced by the Foreign Policy Association.
Ever wonder what it is like to see a Black Hawk helicopter up close?
The cops went up against the kids again on the firing line Saturday, and there was little doubt who would come out on top.
In a move to balance out water and sewer rates in Flowery Branch, longtime users could end up paying a little more and newer residents, a little less.
Five of the seven Virgin of Guadalupe candles still flickered on the stoop of the trailer, protected from an afternoon rain by a sheet of plywood.
Troubled by financial problems, the husband of former state Sen. Nancy Schaefer shot his wife to death as she lay sleeping Friday morning before turning the gun on himself, authorities said Saturday.
Page 1264 of 1831
The controversy over a new building for Enota Multiple Intelligences Academy has extended to minutes of two Gainesville school board meetings.
A suspect was shot and killed after a confrontation with Georgia State Patrol troopers Saturday night in Gainesville that resulted in injuries to three officers.
The shock waves of British voters' decision to leave the European Union began almost immediately after the polling booths closed Thursday night. The British pound ...
The Georgia Department of Transportation's plans to build an interchange connecting Martin Road on the east side of Interstate 985 to H.F. Reed ...
A Flowery Branch man died recently after suffering serious injuries when his motorcycle struck a retaining wall in Flowery Branch, according to Georgia State Patrol.
A Buford man charged with beating his father to death with a crowbar picked up new charges for allegedly punching an officer in the face ...
About 90 citations were issued by Gainesville Police officers Thursday during the first three hours of a traffic operation running through this weekend.
All 182 members of the Gainesville Rotary Club have committed to contributing $1,000 or more to the Rotary Foundation, a first for the club.
Five story-themed stained glass windows were recently installed at the chapel of the Northeast Georgia Medical Center's Braselton campus.
WASHINGTON - An ideologically deadlocked Supreme Court dealt a severe blow Thursday to President Barack Obama's immigration reform plan, casting the November election as a ...
Two people from DeKalb County have been charged with trafficking methamphetamine, according to Hall County authorities.
A truck driver witnessing a crash Thursday afternoon in Gainesville helped three people out of their vehicle before it was engulfed in flames, according to ...
A state educational program designed to increase access to higher education is expanding to 25 new school systems, including Gainesville and Hall County, and launching ...
Donald Trump has named Jentezen Franklin, senior pastor of Gainesville-based Free Chapel, to his evangelical executive advisory board.
A Buford man has been charged with murder in the Wednesday crowbar beating death of his father.
Page 2 of 9
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text:
Grant recipients include Forterra, Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust and Washington Trails Association.
What does WTA stand for?
WTA stands for Washington Trails Association
This definition appears very frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
See other definitions of WTA
Other Resources:
We have 111 other meanings of WTA in our Acronym Attic
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
- « Previous
- Next »
- Written Test
- Wrong Tell (gaming chat)
- Wavelength Translating Optical Cross Connect
- Weapons Technician First Class (Naval Rating)
- Wilms Tumor 1
- Weapons Technician Second Class (Naval Rating)
- Weapons Technician Third Class (Naval Rating)
- Wild-Type 3
- Wales Tourism Alliance
- Warrant to Arrest (New Zealand)
- Washington Trucking Association
- Wataniya Telecom Algerie (Algerian telecommunications operator)
- Wax Thermal Actuator
- We The Accused (band)
- Werewolf: The Apocalypse (a roleplaying game)
- Werewolf: the Apocalypse (game)
- Western Telecommunications Alliance
- Western Trucking Alliance (Upland, CA)
- What the Actual
- What the Ass
Samples in periodicals archive:
Washington Trails Association The work : Through construction, log work, and other physically demanding tasks, volunteers help maintain backcountry trails throughout Washington state.
NPCA joined with the Student Conservation Association (SCA), Washington Trails Association, The Mountaineers, and Washington's National Park Fund to undo what Mother Nature had done.
This year's winners are: -- Greg Ball, Director of Operations, Washington Trails Association, a volunteer-driven organization that preserves, enhances and promotes hiking opportunities in Washington state -- Gary Banks, President/CEO, Family Restoration House, which assists disadvantaged families overcome obstacles by offering services such as job training, parenting workshops and teen career guidance, San Francisco -- Jane Marie Borger, Director, InVEST, an education program that prepares students for a career in the insurance industry, Alexandria, Va.
CKS, Cole and Weber, DefJam, DealerNet, Fallon McElligott, GFI, Group Bull, Novell, Packard Bell, Hot Coupons, iWorld, Guy Kawasaki, Mediacast, Microtempus, NextLink, PBS, Redhook Brewery, Republican National Committee, Seybold, Silicon Valley Bank, David Strom, Spiegel, Thomas Kemper Soda, The Palace, University of Illinois, Visio, Washington Trails Association, Wireless 800, Inc.


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ID 2016-2553 # of Openings 1 Job Locations US-UT-Salt Lake City Category Information Technology More information about this job: Who We Are: Enjoy what you do while contributing to a company that makes a difference in people?s lives. CHG Healthcare, in Salt Lake City, UT, is5/23/2016 Salt Lake City, UT Save This Job
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Location:United States - Houston Department:Talent Management Description Alert Logic, the leader in security and compliance solutions for the cloud, provides Security-as-a-Service for on-premises, cloud, and hybrid infrastructures, delivering deep security insight and6/15/2016 Houston, TX Save This Job
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Job Description Sr. Technical Support Engineer - (02288) Description Location is for Austin, TX Summary: This is a technical support position, supporting our customs that are software developers and requires programming support for our products. This is NOT a PC / Network6/28/2016 Austin, TX Save This Job


text: By Cristina Arreola • January 8, 2014 • 1:08pm AP Photo previous 1 2 Share this About this author Cristina Arreola, Associate Editor Follow Cristina Mari Arreola on Goodreads, Twitter and Instagram. What We're Reading Kylie Jenner Gets Slammed for Rocking Selena T-Shirt on Instagram Justin Bieber is Spilling the Beans on Trying to Cover Up His Selena Gomez Tattoo 'Orange is the New Black' is Coming Back to Netflix For How Many More Seasons?! Get It Girl! Diane Guerrero is Joining the Voto Latino Power Summit Like this post? Contribute to the discussion! View the discussion thread.


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Dentists in your Area:
Rockville, 20850
Distance: 20.8 Miles
Rockville, 20852
Distance: 22.6 Miles
Falls Church, 22044
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Silver Spring, 20904
Distance: 31.9 Miles
Laurel, 20707-5000
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Alexandria, 22314
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Ellicott City, 21042-3607
Distance: 40.6 Miles
Ellicott City, 21042-2801
Distance: 41.8 Miles
Waldorf, 20603
Distance: 43.5 Miles
Baltimore, 21244-2869
Distance: 47.7 Miles
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text:
And so we're looking at every source of supply for a skimming type of equipment and that's the type of equipment that we'll be bringing in.
What does SOS stand for?
SOS stands for Source Of Supply
This definition appears frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Military and Government
See other definitions of SOS
Other Resources:
We have 837 other meanings of SOS in our Acronym Attic
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
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- Sons of Samoa (gang)
- Sons of Satan
- Sons of Silence (Motorcycle Club)
- Sons of Solomon
- Sons Of Stalin (Quake gaming clan)
- Sophisticated Operating System (Apple /// OS)
- Sound On Sound
- Sounds of Silence
- Sounds of Subterrania
- Source of Strength
- Source Off-Site
- South Okanagan-Similkameen (Canada)
- Southern Ohio Sanitation, LLC
- Southern Oxidants Study (North Carolina State University)
- Space Operations Simulator
- Spares Optimization System (maintenance)
- Spawn of Satan
- Special Operations School
- Special Operations Squadron
- Special Operator Service Traffic
Samples in periodicals archive:
``It is a new source of supply to this valley, which is a very positive thing,'' board member Ed Colley said.
If you use LIDB to submit a price challenge, you need to periodically return to LIDB's Price Challenge to get the source of supply response to your challenge.
This has been accomplished, in part, by locating pulp and paper mills close to the source of raw materials (trees) and away from major population centers which, of course, are now the source of supply for reclaimed waste paper.
From initial production requirements through end-of-life sustainment needs, Sarnoff provides long-term availability and a continuing source of supply long after other sources have exhausted their inventories or discontinued manufacture.
It appears the Army Master Data File (AMDF) is being used to identify the Source of Supply to address SDR.
The Leon cell obtained large loads of cocaine from Higuera-Guerrero and Mario Alberto-Russel, who were smuggling in thousands of kilograms of cocaine from Columbian source of supply Oscar Gomez-Angarita, making millions of dollars in payments to Colombian sources of supply and laundering millions of dollars in U.
From initial production requirements through end-of-life sustainment needs, Sarnoff provides long-term availability and a continuing source of supply long after other sources have exhausted their inventories or discontinued manufacture.