text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|May 13, 1969
|Filing date
|May 6, 1965
|Priority date
|May 6, 1965
|Publication number
|John F Mccormack, Frederick W Schneble Jr
|Original Assignee
|Photocircuits Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (29), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
3,443,988 PRINTED CIRCUITS, WORK HOLDERS AND METHOD OF PREVENTING ELECTROLESS METAL DEPOSITION John F. McCormack, Rosyln Heights, and Frederick W.
Schneble, Jr., Oyster Bay, N.Y., assignors to Photocircuits Corporation, Glen Cove, N.Y., a corporation of New York No Drawing. Filed May 6, 1965, Ser. No. 453,836
Int. Cl. B44d 1/20; C23c 3/02; H05k 3/18 US. Cl. 117-212 24 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method is provided for substantially preventing the extraneous deposition of electroless metal on selected areas of an insulating substrate which comprises providing the insulating substrate in said selected areas with a poison capable of lowering the catalytic activity in the vicinity of surface imperfections which are present in said areas.
The present invention relates to a process for the production of more accurate printed circuits by the electroless deposition of metal on a base.
Objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part hereinafter and in part will be obvious herefrom, or may be learned by practice with the invention, the same being realized and attained by means of the steps, processes, compositions, instrumentalities and combinations pointed out in the appended claims.
The invention consists in the novel steps, processes, compositions, parts, constructions, arrangements, combinations and improvements herein shown and described.
The present invention has for an object the provision of a novel and improved process by 'which the uncontrolled spread of electroless deposited metal into unwanted areas of an insulating base is substantially prevented. A further object of the present invention is the provision of a novel and improved process by which printed circuits are more accurately and reliably produced than has heretofore been customary or possible.
In the past, difficulty had been experienced in accurately depositing electroless metal on closely defined, sensitized areas of insulating surfaces. There is a tendency for non-sensitized areas of such surfaces, following prolonged immersion in or contact with autocatalytic metal solutions to become sensitized and to receive scattered or random spot deposits of electroless metal. As will be readily appreciated, deposition of electroless metal on surface areas where metal is not desired is intolerable in the preparation, for example, of printed circuits. Such undesired, random or scattered deposition of electroless metal on non-sensitized areas of the insulating surface will hereinafter sometimes be referred to as extraneous metal deposition. Extraneous metal deposition constitutes a serious limitation on manufacturing processes wherein controlled metallization of restricted areas of insulating surfaces is desired to be achieved by electroless metal deposition.
Although the invention will be particularly described with reference to electroless copper deposition, it should be understood that the principles of the invention are applicable to electroless metal deposition generally.
According to the present invention, it has been discovered that extraneous electroless metal deposition in non-sensitized areas of insulating material may be avoided or substantially reduced by treating said areas with, or incorporating therein, an agent which poisons the area against reception of electroless metal deposition.
taes Elem C 3,443,988 Patented May 13, 1969 The reason why extraneous electroless metal, e.g., copper deposition occurs is not really understood. Without wishing to be limited to this explanation, one theory to explain this phenomenon is that all insulating surfaces of the type described contain small pores, pits and other surface imperfections. Upon prolonged exposure to the electroless metal bath, these surface imperfections become catalytic, perhaps by entrapment of electrical charges or activated hydrogen or hydrides. The surface imperfections then act as catalytic sites which initiate electroless metal deposition in the undesired areas. Once initiated, the extraneous deposition of metal at these sites becomes autocatalytic.
The poisons of this invention apparently act to prevent entrapment of electrical charges or reducing ions in the imperfections of the non-sensitized insulating areas, or, alternatively, to neutralize such charges immediately upon entrapment or to lower the activity of the surface in general so that such imperfections cannot become catalytic. As will be appreciated, the charges that could be entrapped in the pits or bore holes include charged ions, as well as electrons.
Effective as poisons are those elements and components which lower the catalytic activity in the vicinity of pits, pore holes and other surface imperfections present in non-catalyzed areas of insulating material.
Particularly useful as poisons are sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium and arsenic. Such elements may be used either in elemental or compound form. Preferably, they are incorporated in or coated on the insulating material in the form of organic or inorganic compounds of the elements.
Inorganic compounds in which the described elements are combined with metals of Groups I-A, II-A, VI-B and VII of the Periodic Table of Elements, aluminum and ammonia, may be used. Especially suitable for use are such inorganic compounds in which the active elements are combined with alkali and alkaline earth metals, aluminum and ammonium.
Preferred for use in the practice of this invention are inorganic and organic sulfur compounds.
Among the organic sulfur compounds may be mentioned the following: aliphatic sulfur-nitrogen compounds, such as thiocarbamates, e.g., thiourea; S-membered heterocyclics containing S-N in the 5-membered ring, such as thiazoles and iso-thiazoles, e.g., 2-mercapto benzol thiazole and the like; dithiols, e.g., 1,2-ethanedithiol and the like; 6-membered heterocyclics containing S-N in the ring, such as thiazines, e.g., 1,2-benzisothiazine, benzothiazine, and the like; thioamino acids, such as methinonine, cystine, cysteine, and the like; thio derivatives of alkyl glycols, such as 2,2 thiodiethanol, dithiodiglycol, and thioglycollic acid; and the like. Also useful are polysulfide elastomers, such as by the reaction between alkyl dihalides and alkali sulfides. Among the preferred inorganic sulfur compounds may be mentioned: alkali metal sulfides, e.g., sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, sodium polysulfide, potassium polysulfide; alkali metal thiocyanates, such as sodium and potassium thiocyanates; and alkali metal dithionates, such as sodium and potassium dithionate.
Selenium, tellurium, polonium and arsenic analogs of the described sulfur compounds may be used.
Typical of such compounds are the sulfides, polysul fides, selenides, selenates, tellurides, tellurates, polonides, arsenides, arsenites, and arsenates.
Among the organic arsenicals may also be mentioned arsonic acids and arsinic acids, including salts of such acids, e.g., alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, aluminum, ammonium, and the like, including mixtures of the foregoing.
The poisons described herein may be incorporated into or used to treat insulating materials on which electroless metal deposition is desired in a wide variety of ways.
For example, the poisons may be dissolved in an appropriate solvent, and the insulating material contacted therewith as by immersion or spraying followed by dryin Areas on which electroless copper deposition is desired may be appropriately masked. Alternatively, the entire surface may be treated with the solution of the poison, and then selected areas thereafter sensitized for the reception of electroless metal deposition.
In this embodiment, the poisons could be dissolved in organic solvents. If desired, the solvent could contain an organic resin binder. Here again, the substrata may be dipped into or otherwise suitably contacted with the resulting solution, and then dried. When the system contains a binder, evaporation of the solvent following drying would result in the deposition on the substratum of a resin having the poison incorporated therein. A resin system containing the poison could also be used as an ink to print a negative of a desired pattern on an insulatsurface.
Alternatively, a resin system containing the poison could be used as a coating for the insulating surface, or could itself serve as the substratum on which the electroless metal deposition could occur.
The poisons or solutions thereof may also be incorporated into photoresists, which may then be used in turn to coat a suitable substratum. An image of a desired circuit pattern could then be photoprinted on the resist in such a way as to leave standing on the substratum a negative image of the pattern made up of the poisoned resist.
It will be understood that the active poisons may either be dissolved in the resinous compositions, or may be dispersed therein in the form of finely divided solid particles.
In still a further embodiment of the invention, the poison may be incorporated into a resin system, after which the resin could be molded to form a threedimensional article having the poison dispersed therein. This article could then be used as the substratum to be rnetallized, or a strip thereof could be laminated to the substratum to be metallized.
The resin inks could also be used to impregnate paper, wood, fiberglass cloth, polyester fibers, and other porous materials to be used as base materials for metallization.
In making the poison treating solutions of the type described, any solvent capable of dissolving the poison may be used. Besides water, organic solvents, such as saturated and unsaturated alkyl hydrocarbons, as well as aryl, alkyl aryl and aryl alkyl hydrocarbons may be used. Halogenated forms of such hydrocarbons are also suitable.
Polar organic solvents such as aldehydes, ketones, acids, alcohols, and amines, including mixtures of the foregoing, may also be used.
Typical of the ketones are acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, mesityl oxide, di-isobutyl ketone, ethyl butyl ketone, and isophorone.
The alcohols which may be used as solvents include primary, secondary and tertiary mono-hydric alcohols, and also polyhydric alcohols, Typical are methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, secondary butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl carbinol, and the higher alcohols, such as iso-octyl alcohol.
Typical of the polyhydric alcohols, i.e., alcohols which have more than one hydroxyl group, are ethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, pentamethylene glycol, hexamethylene glycol, hepta'methylene glycol, glycerol and the like.
Carboxylic acids which may be used as the solvent include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n-caproic acid, n-heptoic -acid,
caprylic acid, n-nonylic acid. Also may be used halogen acids such as dichloroacetic acid.
Among the aldehydes may be mentioned acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, nvaleraldehyde, n-capronaldehyde, n-heptaldehyde, and the like.
Also useful as the solvent portion of the system are amines, including primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Typical of the amines are methyl amine, dimethyl amine, trimethyl amine, ethyl amine, and n-propyl amine. Also may be mentioned polyamides having two or more primary nitrogens such as ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, diethylene triamine, dipropylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, tetrapropylene pentamine and mixtures of the foregoing. Also suitable as the solvent are amides, including polyamides, and poly-amido-amines. Typical of the amides are formamide, acetamide, propionamide, and butyramide.
The polyamides, amido-amines and poly-amido-amines which may be used are condensation products of monocarboxylic caids, polycarboxylic acids, or mixtures of mono-carboxylic acid and polycarboxylic acids of the type described with polyamines of the type described.
Also as the solvent may be used heterocyclic nitrogen containing compounds such as pyrrole, pyrrolidone, piperidine, pyrridine and the like; sulfur containing organic compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, and the like; halogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as methylene chloride, propylene chloride; ethers such as ethyl ether, methyl ether and propyl ether; and esters, such as ethyl formate, methyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, n-amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, methyl propionate and the like. As the solvent may also be used substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbons of the alkane, alkene and alkyne series, and also substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbons of the aromatic series. The selection of the solvent will depend of course upon the poison used.
The resins which may constitute the dispersing medium or solvent or one of the dispersing mediums or solvents for the poisons include thermosetting resins, thermoplastic resins, and mixtures of the foregoing.
Among the thermoplastic resins may be mentioned the acetal resins; acrylics, such as methyl methacrylate; cellulosic resins, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, and the like; chlorinated polyethers; nylon; polyethylene; polypropylene; polystyrene; styrene blends, such as acrylonitrile styrene copolymer; and acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymers; polychlorotrifluoroethylene; polytetrafluoroethylene; and vinyl polymers and copolymers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-acetate copolymer; and vinylidene chloride.
Among the thermosetting resins may be mentioned diallyl phthalate; furan; melamine-formaldehyde; phenolformaldehyde and phenol-furfural copolymers, alone or compounded with butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers; polyacrylic esters; silicones; urea formaldehydes; epoxy resins; allyl resins; glyceryl phthalates; polyesters; and the like.
The active poison, it should be clear, may be dissolved into the resinous composition or dispersed therein in the form of finely divided solid particles.
The concentration of the poison in the compositions of the type described will be an amount that is effective to produce results of the type described. Within this limitation, the concentration of poison will vary from about 0.25 percent by weight, to about percent by weight, and preferably between about 1 and 10 weight percent of the composition.
In using those systems which contain an organic solvent alone, it is only necessary to dip the substratum to be seeded in the solution of the poison and permit the substratum to dry, following which selected areas may be seeded and sensitized, and then contacted with the electroless metal deposition solution, to thereby initiate deposition of the electroless metal.
According to the process of the present invention, an insulating base member to be formed into a printed circuit member may be provided with laminated conducting foil on both of its sides or it may be treated by the process of the present invention to provide both sides with adherent conductive layers, and in either instance, the conducting layers on the two faces of the insulating base member may be interconnected at selected points by conductive areas which pass through one or more holes in the base member.
According to a modification of the process of the present invention, the base member is initially a suitable shaped piece of insulating material such as is desired for the base member of the printed circuit. This base member is apertured at the desired places to provide for interconnections between the circuit elements on one side and those on the other side of the base member. The two sides of the base member are then provided with restricted areas of coating material containing the active poison as by coating the entire surfaces of the base member and removal of the coating material from certain of the areas, or more conveniently by applying the active poison containing material to limited areas of the two faces of the base member, as by printing or silk-screen stenciling. Thereafter, the coated base member is subjected to treatment with a seeding or sensitizing bath or both, after which the entire base member is immersed in an electroless plating bath, such as will deposit an adherent layer of a conductive metal, for instance copper, and this step may then be followed by the electrolytic deposition of copper to the desired thickness.
In a preferred embodiment, the entire surface of the insulating substratum may first be rendered sensitive to the reception of electroless copper. The active, poison containing material may then be applied to limited areas of the base material, as by printing or silk-screen stenciling. Thereafter, the base is contacted with an electroless metal deposition solution to deposit electroless metal on the sensitized areas not coated with the poison containing material.
A preferred, poison containing coating material suitable for practicing the aforesaid preferred embodiment, is a water-insoluble, film forming material containing a polysulfide rubber, such as Thiokol LP-3 of the kind described in Thiokol Bulletin LP-4 for May 1961, or a polysulfide containing epoxy resin, or an epoxy resin material containing a small amount of a polysulfide, e.g., Thiokol LP-3, or of thiourea.
One such coating material is formed by mixing thoroughly from about 1 percent to about percent, preferably about 2 percent of Thiokol LP-3 polysulfide resin in an epoxy resin, such as ERL 225 6, which may then be diluted to form either a coating material which may be sprayed or brushed on the surface, or may be prepared in a more viscous form so that it may be applied by conventional silk-screening or ink-roller techniques.
By way of illustration and not of limitation, typical examples of poison containing compositions for use in carrying out the present invention are described below.
Example 1 Epon 1001-X-75 lbs 3.30 QR-455 lbs 4.94 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether lbs .44 Hycar MBTN lbs 0.50
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether monoacetate cc 50 Hycar MBTN from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Co. is a mercaptan terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer containing 24 percent acrylonitrile and 3.9 percent mercaptan.
This is suitable for application by a roller. It is cured in an oven at 325 F. for 30 minutes following application.
The indicated ingredients, with the exception of Thiokol LP-3 and the n-phenylenediamine-4,4' methylenedianiline eutectic are milled together on a three roll paint mill. LP-3 and the npheny1enediamine-4,4 methylenedianiline eutectic are added shortly before use. The resulting composition is suitable for application as an ink, as by silk-screen printing. This composition should be cured at about 130 C. for 2 hours following application.
In Example, 2 Thiokol LP3 was obtained from the Thiokol Chemical Corp. and may be represented as HS C H OCH OC H S-S C H OCH OC H --SH DEN 438 is an epoxy novalac resin obtainable from Dow Chemical Co. Bcntone 27 is an alkyl ammonium bentonite from National Lead Co.
Example 3 Parts Epon 828 Thiokol LP-3 50 Dimethylaminomethyl phenol l0 Filler 3-10 Epon 828 from Shell Chemical Co. is a bisphenol A based epoxy resin with an epoxide equivalent of 190. Thiokol LP-3 has been described in Example 2.
The composition of Example 3 is particularly suitable for use as a coating on a metal rack used for holding parts to be contacted with an electroless copper solution, especially in those processes wherein the rack and work pieces are first dipped into a seeding and/or sensitizing solution prior to treatment with the electroless copper solutions. Such a composition could be used to coat metal racks which are not naturally catalytic to the reception of electroless copper, but are rendered so by treatment in the seeder and/ or sensitizing solutions.
Such a composition could also be used to good advantage to coat the interior walls of a non-catalytic metal container housing an electroless copper solution, in order to prevent metal deposition on such walls.
The composition of Example 3 is also suitable for coating racks and other Work holders, and electroless metal deposition solution containers and the like, which are made of normally insulating material such as plastic, but which suffer prolonged or repeated exposure to electroless metal solutions.
Typical of the electroless plating baths which may be used to carry out the present invention are electroless copper solutions.
Electroless copper solutions are capable of depositing copper Without the assistance of an external supply of electrons. Such solutions comprise water, a small amount of copper ions, e.g., a water soluble copper salt, a reducing agent for copper ions, a complexing agent for copper ions, and a pH regulator.
The selection of the water soluble copper salt for such baths is chiefly a matter of economics. Copper sulfate is preferred for economic reasons, but the halide, nitrate, acetate and other organic and inorganic acid salts of copper may also be used.
Rochelle salts, the sodium salts (mono-, di-, triand tetrasodium) salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid and its alkali salts, gluconic acid, gluconates, and triethanolarnine are preferred as copper ion complexing agents, but commercially available glucono-6- lactone and modified ethylenediamineacetates are also useful, and in certain instances give even better results than the pure sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetates. One such material is N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate. Other materials suitable for use as cupric complexing agents are disclosed in US. Patents Nos. 2,996,408, 3,- 075,856, 3,075,855 and 2,938,805.
Copper reducing agents which have been used in alkaline electroless metal baths include formaldehyde, and formaldehyde precursors or derivatives, such as paraformaldehyde, trioxane, dimethyl hydantoin, glyoxal, and the like. Also suitable as reducing agents in alkaline baths are borohydrides, such as alkali metal borohydrides, e.g., sodium and potassium borohydride, as Well as substituted borohydrides, e.g., sodium trimethoxyborohydride. There may also be used in such baths, boranes, such as amine boranes, e.g., isopropylamine borane, morpholine borane, and the like.
Typical of the copper reducing agents for use in acid electroless copper solutions are hypophosphites, such as sodium and potassium hypophosphite, and the like.
The pH adjustor or regulator may consists of any acid or base, and here again the selector will depend primarily on economics. For this reason, the pH adjustor on the alkaline side will ordinarily be sodium hydroxide. On the acid side, pH will usually be adjusted with an acid having a common anion with the copper salt. Since the preferred copper salt is the sulfate, the preferred pH adjustor on the acid side is sulfuric acid.
In operation of the bath, the copper salt serves as a source of copper ions, and the reducing agent reduces the copper ions to metallic form. The reducing agent itself is oxidized to provide electrons for the reduction of the copper ions. The complexing agent serves to complex the copper ion so that it Will not be precipitated, e.g., by hydroxyl ions and the like, and at the same time makes the copper ion available as needed to the reducing action of the reducing agent. The pH adjustor serves chiefly to regulate the internal plating voltage (i.e., current density) of the bath.
In addition, both stabilizing radicals such as cyanide, and elements such as vanadium, arsenic and antimony, may be added to enhance the physical properties of the electroless copper deposits, particularly brightness and ductility, and also to improve stability.
A typical electroless copper deposition bath made according to the present invention will comprise:
Electroless metal salt0.002 to 0.60 mole Reducing agent0.03 to 1.3 moles Electroless metal complexing agent0.7 to 2.5 times the moles of copper Stabilizing element or radical0.l to 1000 microgram atoms pH adjustorsufiicient to give desired pH Water-sufiicient to make 1 liter.
Specific embodiments of a high plating potential solution comprise:
Copper salt-0.002 to 0.60 mole Formaldehyde0.03 to 1.3 moles Copper ion complexing agent0.7 to 2.5 times the moles of copper Stabilizing element or radical-0.1 to 1000 microgram atoms Alkali metal hydroxidesufficient to give pH of 10-14 Watersuificient to make 1 liter.
Preferred embodiments of highly active solutions comprise:
A soluble cupric salt, preferably cupric sulfate-0.002
to 0.2 mole Alkali metal hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide, to
give pH of 10-14 Formaldehyde0.06 to 0.50
Cupric ion complexing agent0.00l to 0.60 mole (and usually at least about 10% molar excess based on the amount of cupric salt employed) Sodium cyanide.00005 to 0.01 mole Water--sufticient to make 1 liter.
In considering the general and specific working formulae set forth herein, it should be understood that as the baths are used up in plating, the ingredients will be replenished from time to time. Also, it is advisable to monitor the pH, and the concentration of the stabilizing element or radical, and to adjust them to their optimum value as the bath is used.
For best results, surfactants in an amount of less than about 5 grams per liter may be added to the baths. T ypical of suitable surfactants are organic phosphate esters, and oxyethylated sodium salts.
Electroless copper plating solutions particularly suitable for use are described in US. Patent 3,095,309. In the baths described therein, water soluble cyanide compounds are used as the stabilizing agent.
Conventional sensitizing and seeding solutions, such as an acidic aqueous solution of stannous chloride (SNCl followed by treatment with a dilute acidic aqueous solution of palladium chloride (PdCl may be used to render the insulating base materials catalytic to the reception of electroless metal deposition.
Alternatively, extremely good sensitization is achieved by using an acidic aqueous solution containing a mixture of stannous chloride and precious metal chloride, such as palladium chloride, the stannous chloride being present in stoichiometric excess, based on the amount of precious metal chloride.
Other ways of sensitizing non-metallic surfaces for reception of an electroless metal deposit from baths of the type described herein are the catalytic resinous compositions disclosed in co-pending application Ser. No. 785,703, filed Jan. 8, 1959. Also highly suitable are the resinous sensitizing seeding compositions described in United States Patent No. 3,146,125.
The sensitizer-seeder compositions of the referred to co-pending application and patent comprise an agent catalytic to the reception of electroless copper dispersed throughout an organic system which may be and prefer ably is or contains a resinous composition. The catalytic agents may be dispersed throughout the resin system in the form of finely divided solid particles, or may be dissolved in the system. The catalytic agent may be any of the metals of Groups 4B, 5-B, 6-B, 8, 1-B, 2-B, 3-A and 4A of the Periodic Table of Elements, or oxides or salts of the elements of Groups 2-B, 3-A, 4-B, 5-B and 6-H of the Periodic Table of Elements, including mixtures of the foregoing. Catalytic resin compositions containing such metals and compounds may be printed directly on surfaces coated with, impregnated with or otherwise treated with the poisons of this invention.
Following pre-treatment with the poisons of this invention, and sensitization, the surface to be plated is immersed in the autocatalytic copper baths, and permitted to remain in the bath until a copper deposit of the desired thickness in the desired areas has been built up.
In one embodiment, the present invention comprises the application to a conventional board or other support of a patterned layer of a water-insoluble material which contains a substantial quantity of the active poison, such as obtained by the use of an epoxy resin coating material containing a small percentage of an active sulfur-contaim ing compound, such as a polysulfide rubber. When the poison containing material has been applied to the board, the board is preliminarily sensitized so as to be receptive to electroless metal deposition and is then subjected to the electroless metal solution, whereby metal is securely de posited on those areas of the base which have not been covered with the sulfur-containing material.
The poison containing, water-insoluble material, e.g., resin, may be applied to the base member by a process such as silk-screening, or it may be applied over the entire surface and removed from all of those areas where a deposit of copper is desired.
In this embodiment, seeding and sensitizing may be most conveniently accomplished by treatment with the aqueous or organic seeding solutions described supra. The areas coated with the poison containing coating or sub are not affected by these seeding and sensitizing solutions, and remain completely inert to electroless metal deposition.
The process of the present invention may also be applied to the production of a printed circuit member by the print and etch technique, starting with an insulating base member which is provided on one or two faces with relatively thin adherent foils of conductive metal, such as copper foil. After etching in any conventional manner to provide the desired circuit elements on one or two faces of the base member, the sheet of laminated stock is drilled or punched to provide the apertures through which the circuit elements on one side of the base member are to be electrically connected to circuit elements on the other side of the base member. The walls surrounding the apertnres are then rendered sensitive to electroless copper deposition by immersing the prepared base member in seeding and sensitizing solutions of the type described above. Following seeding, the two sides of the laminated stock are covered with a relatively thin, substantially uniform coating of an insulating, water-insoluble film which preferably comprises a colloidal suspension of an elastomeric film forming material such as rubber, synthetic rubber, or a polyester resin, containing a substantial amount of the active poisons described herein preferably in a water-insoluble form, thus protecting the coated areas against electroless metal deposition.
Next, the panel is transferred to an electroless depositing solution which deposits conductive metal, such as copper, on those areas of the base member which have not been coated with a layer of the poison containing material. Thus, each of the apertures interconnecting with the circuit elements on the two sides of the base member may be provided with an adherent layer of copper making good circuit contact with the circuit elements.
When the original base material is not provided with laminated copper or other metal foils on its opposite faces, and merely comprises a base member of insulating material such as a sheet of epoxy resin, melamine resin, phenolformaldehyde resin, or other suitable insulating material, the base member may be initially provided with the apertures through which connections are to be made from the circuit elements on one side of the base member, and the entire base member, including the walls surrounding the apertures are appropriately seeded to render it catalytic to the reception of electroless copper. The two faces of the base member are then coated in appropriate areas with a resinous composition containing the active poisons described herein. These areas may be coated, for example, by silk-screen stenciling.
Thereafter, the member bearing areas of a poison containing coating conforming to the eventual areas to be left free of any electroless deposit of metal, is immersed in a bath for the electroless deposition of copper or other adherent conductive metal, of which examples have been given above.
The poisons of the present invention are remarkable in that they prevent extraneous electroless metal deposition on any surface on which or in which they are present, even though that surface may be exposed to electroless metal baths for prolonged periods of time.
Where electroless metal deposition is desired on a metallic member rather than an insulating surface, the metal should be degreased, and then treated with acid, such as hydrochloric or phosphoric acid, to free the surface of oxides. The portion of the metal surface on which electroless metal is not desired will then be coated with the poison containing components described. In treating metal, it is of course not necessary to seed or sensitize.
As already mentioned, the poisons of this invention may be incorporated into or used as coatings for the work holders, such as racks, used in electroless metal deposition, as well as the containers housing such solutions, so as to prevent electroless metal deposition on the container walls and on the work piece holders.
Thus, the containers or work piece holders may be made out of resinous compositions containing the active poisons of this invention. Alternatively, resinous compositions containing the active poisons could be used to coat or otherwise treat the containers and work holders.
Heretofore, commercialization of processes utilizing electroless deposition has been impeded by extraneous deposition of electroless metal on the work holders and containers for such solutions.
For example, where non-conductive parts are to be electroplated, e.g., with copper, nickel or chromium, after electroless metallizing, it has previously been necessary to remove the parts from the work holders used in electroless metallizing and re-position them on electroplating racks for electroplating. One rack or work holder could not previously be used for both processes because the insulating rack coating would be sensitized and metallized simultaneously with the non-conductive parts during the electroless metal sensitization and deposition portions of the cycle. The poison compositions of this invention, when used to coat the rack in such an operation, prevent electroless metal deposition on the racks, thereby permitting utilization of the same racks during electroplating, thereby effecting considerable economy of operation.
The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific steps, processes and compositions shown and described but departures may be made therefrom Within the scope of the accompanying claims without departing from the principles of the invention and Without sacrificing its chief advantages.
What is claimed:
1. In a method of plating metal from electroless metal deposition solutions, the improvement for substantially preventing extraneous deposition of electroless metal on areas of insulating material exposed to said solutions but on which electroless metal deposition is not desired, which comprises, providing the insulating material in said areas with a poison capable of lowering the catalytic activity in the vicinity of surface imperfections which are present in said areas.
2. A method for substantially preventin extraneous deposition of metal from electroless metal deposition solutions on areas of insulating surfaces which are exposed to said solutions for relatively long periods of time but on which electroless metal deposition is not desired, which comprises, incorporating into said areas a poison which is capable of lowering the catalytic activity in the vicinity of surface imperfections present in said areas.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the poison comprises an element selected from the group consisting of sulfur, tellurium, selenium, polonium, arsenic and mixtures of the foregoing.
4. A method for electrolessly metallizing designated areas of an insulating member while preventing extraneous metallization on insulating areas contiguous thereto, which comprises, providing the surface of the contiguous areas with a poison capable of lowering the catalytic activity in the vicinity of surface imperfections present in said areas, and the surface of said designated areas with an agent capable of catalyzing the deposition of electroless metal, and then contacting the insulating member with an electroless metal deposition solution to thereby deposit electroless metal on the designated areas while preventing electroless metal deposition in the contiguous areas thereto.
5. The method according to claim 4 in which the poison is applied to said contiguous areas by coating said areas with a resinous composition containing the poison.
6. The method according to claim 4 in which a coating composition containing the poison is applied over the entire surface of the insulating member, and areas of the poison containing coating thereafter removed from the insulating member to form said designated areas on which metallization is desired.
7. The process according to claim 4 in which the entire surface of the insulating member is covered with a coating material containing the poison, after which said designated areas are provided by bonding to the poison containing coating, an agent catalytic to the reception of electroless metal.
8. The method of claim 4 wherein said member has the poison dispersed therein, and wherein said designated areas on which electroless metal is desired are provided by bonding thereto a resinous composition containing an agent catalytic to the reception of electroless metal.
9. The method of claim 4 wherein the entire surface of the insulating member is rendered catalytic to the reception of electroless metal, following which said contiguous areas are provided by printing with a resinous composition containing the poison.
10. As a new article of manufacture, an insulating base member having a coating of electroless metal on designated areas of the surface, and surface areas which are free of metal and which comprise a poison which is capable of lowering the catalytic activity in the vicinity of surface imperfections present in said metal free areas when the base member is contacted with an electroless metal deposition solution.
11. The new article of manufacture of claim Wherein said poison comprises an element selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, arsenic and mixtures of the foregoing.
12. Work holders for use in electroless deposition solutions having exposed surfaces subject to contact with such solutions, such surface being non-catalytic to the reception of electroless metal deposition and containing a poison which is capable of lowering the catalytic activity of the surface in the vicinity of surface imperfections present in said surface when the surface is in contact with an electroless metal solution, to thereby prevent electroless deposition of metal on the surface in the vicinity of said imperfections.
13. Work holders for use in holding insulating parts sequentially in electroless metal seeding solutions and then in electroless metal deposition solutions, during a process for metallizing such insulating parts electrolessly, said work holders having a poison which is capable of lowering the catalytic activity of the surface in the vicinity of surface imperfections present in said surface when the surface is in contact with an electroless metal solution, to thereby prevent electroless deposition of metal on the surface in the vicinity of said imperfections.
14. Containers for electroless deposition solutions having surfaces subject to contact with such solutions which are normally non-catalytic to the reception of electroless metal, such surfaces being provided with a poison which is capable of lowering the catalytic activity of the surface in the vicinity of imperfections in the surface When the surface is in contact wit-h an electroless metal solution, to thereby prevent electroless deposition of metal on the surface in the vicinity of said imperfections.
15. In an electrical circuit, an insulating base having electroless metal bonded to designated areas of the surface thereof, said surface having metal free areas which are provided with a poison which is capable of lowering the catalytic activity of the surface in the vicinity of imperfections present in the surface when the surface is in contact with an electroless metal solution, to thereby prevent electroless deposition of metal on the surface in the vicinity of said imperfections.
16. The circuit of claim 15, wherein said poison comprises a member selected from the group consisting of sulfur, tellurium, selenium, polonium, arsenic and mixtures of the foregoing.
17. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the electroless metal is electroless copper.
18. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the eelctroless copper is bonded to the base by an adhesive material which contains an agent catalytic to the deposition of electroless metal.
19. The circuit of claim 15, wherein holes are provided in the member, said holes having surrounding metallized walls providing an electrical interconnection between areas of conducting metal on separated surfaces of the insulating member.
20. A process of limiting the areas of the metal deposited from an electroless metal plating bath on a base member, which comprises applying to areas of the base which are to receive no deposit of electroless metal, a thin layer of a water-insoluble material containing a poison comprising an element selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, arsenic, and mixtures of the foregoing, and depositing metal on other areas of the base from the electroless metal plating bath.
21. A process according to claim 20 in which the poison containing material is applied only to those areas which are to be free of electroless metal.
22. A process according to claim 20 in which the poison containing material is applied over the surface of the entire base member and areas of the poison containing material are thereafter rendered catalytic to the reception of electroless copper.
23. The process of claim 20 wherein said base member is a metal.
24. A process of limiting the areas of the metal deposited from an electroless copper plating bath on an insulating base member, which comprises applying to areas of base member a thin layer of a carrier containing at least about 2 percent by weight of a polysulfide rubber material, rendering areas of the base catalytic to the reception of electroless metal, and thereafter metallizing the catalytic areas by immersion in an electroless copper plating bath.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,762,723 9/1956 Talmey et a1 1l7130 2,884,344 4/ 1959 Ramirez 117-130 3,075,856 1/1963 Lukes 117-47 OTHER REFERENCES Brenner et al.: Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau of Standards, vol. 39, November 1947 (RP 1835), p. 389.
Saubestre: Metal Finishing, June 1962, p. 70.
RALPH S. KENDALL, Primary Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 3, 1953
|Sep 11, 1956
|Gen American Transporation Cor
|Processes of chemical nickel plating and baths therefor
|Oct 7, 1957
|Apr 28, 1959
|Reynolds Metals Co
|Nickel plating
|Mar 31, 1958
|Jan 29, 1963
|Gen Electric
|Copper plating process and solution
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 17, 1970
|Nov 9, 1971
|No rerack metal plating of electrically nonconductive articles
|Aug 6, 1969
|Feb 8, 1972
|Rca Corp
|Selective deposition of metal
|Jul 13, 1971
|Nov 27, 1973
|Siemens Ag
|Process for selective metallization of insulating material bodies
|Aug 20, 1969
|Dec 10, 1974
|Crown City Plating Co
|Electroless plating solution and process
|Mar 8, 1978
|Apr 24, 1979
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method for production of printed circuits by electroless metal plating employing a solid solution of metal oxides of titanium, nickel, and antimony as a masking material
|Sep 15, 1976
|May 19, 1981
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Process for the production of printed circuits with solder rejecting sub-zones
|Dec 10, 1979
|Jul 21, 1981
|Rca Corporation
|Method for releasing printed wiring boards from printed wiring board racks
|Dec 6, 1976
|Oct 6, 1981
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method for production of printed circuits by electroless metal plating
|Feb 24, 1983
|Jul 17, 1984
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Epoxy resin composition
|Sep 28, 1984
|Sep 9, 1986
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Printed circuit board, process for preparing the same and resist ink used therefor
|Sep 4, 1984
|May 26, 1987
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|System for selective metallization of electronic interconnection boards
|Nov 21, 1985
|Jul 28, 1987
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Method for electroplating non-metallic surfaces
|Mar 11, 1991
|Dec 1, 1992
|Microelectronics And Computer Technology Corporation
|Selective electroless plating process for metal conductors
|Feb 8, 2006
|May 29, 2012
|Fujifilm Corporation
|Metallic pattern forming method, metallic pattern obtained thereby, printed wiring board using the same, and TFT wiring board using the same
|Jun 19, 2009
|Mar 10, 2015
|Robert Hamilton
|Selective deposition of metal on plastic substrates
|Apr 15, 2004
|Oct 28, 2004
|Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd.
|Electroless plating method
|Aug 16, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|Helmut Horsthemke
|Non-reactive coatings for inertization
|Feb 8, 2006
|Jan 22, 2009
|Fujifilm Corporation
|Metallic pattern forming method, metallic pattern obtained thereby, printed wiring board using the same, and tft wiring board using the same
|Mar 18, 2008
|Sep 24, 2009
|Mark Wojtaszek
|Process for Preventing Plating on a Portion of a Molded Plastic Part
|Jun 19, 2009
|Dec 23, 2010
|Robert Hamilton
|Selective Deposition of Metal on Plastic Substrates
|Feb 19, 2014
|Aug 20, 2015
|Macdermid Acumen, Inc.
|Treatment for Electroplating Racks to Avoid Rack Metallization
|Mar 9, 1978
|Sep 21, 1978
|Hitachi Ltd
|Verfahren zur herstellung von gedruckten schaltungen durch stromlose metallplattierung
|Oct 1, 1984
|Apr 18, 1985
|Hitachi Ltd
|Gedruckte schaltungsplatte, verfahren zu deren herstellung und dazu verwendete abdecklacktinte
|Oct 28, 1985
|Apr 30, 1986
|Kollmorgen Tech Corp
|Verfahren zum herstellen eines mit einem aus metall bestehenden muster versehenen traegers aus isolierstoff
|Aug 14, 2003
|Feb 16, 2005
|Enthone Inc.
|Process for selective or complete inertisation of workpieces and system parts by means of non-reactive platings
|Feb 8, 2006
|Dec 5, 2007
|FUJIFILM Corporation
|Metallic pattern forming method, metallic pattern obtained thereby, printed wiring board using the same, and tft wiring board using the same
|Feb 10, 2009
|Dec 29, 2010
|MacDermid, Incorporated
|Process for preventing plating on a portion of a molded plastic part
|Feb 10, 2009
|Nov 5, 2014
|Macdermid Inc
|Process for preventing plating on a portion of a molded plastic part
|Oct 9, 2015
|Apr 20, 2016
|Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC
|Metallization inhibitors for plastisol coated plating tools
|U.S. Classification
|428/209, 118/500, 427/258
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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University of Texas Arlington
UTA In The News — Thursday, November 29, 2012
Spaniolo introduces the Texas Tribune TribCast
UT Arlington President James Spaniolo provides a lighthearted introduction for this week's Texas Tribune TribCast, a roundup of statewide news.
Del Carmen comments on officer's rap video
Univision Dallas/KUVN 23 interviewed Alex del Carmen, professor and chair of the UT Arlington Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, about a Dallas police lieutenant placed on administrative leave following a controversial rap video in which she talks about shooting people.
Better Buildings Challenge
The city of Fort Worth has generated $5.9 million in annual cost savings from making energy-efficiency improvements on its buildings since joining President Barack Obama's "Better Buildings Challenge" in May and expects to reap the goal of 20 percent greater efficiency by 2020, the Fort Worth Star-Telegram and NBCDFW.com reported. The Fort Worth mayor made the remarks during the Sustainable Energy Fort Worth Conference at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics in Fort Worth. At the conference, leaders of the aeronautics company, representatives of The University of Texas at Arlington and Baylor All Saints Medical Center officially signed on to the challenge. The story also was carried by Bloomberg Businessweek.
Academic Partnerships
Campus Technology mentioned UT Arlington in a story about Academic Partnerships, which will assist the University of Delaware in its efforts to build an online master's degree in business administration program. Academic Partnerships' client list includes UT Arlington and Texas' Lamar University, among others.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
St Alphonsus de Liguori (1696 - 1787)
"Many words do not satisfy the soul; but a good life eases the mind and a clean conscience inspires great trust in God."
Thomas á Kempis
* * *
"It is vanity to be concerned with the present only and not to make provision for things to come."
Thomas á Kempis
* * *
"God commands not impossibilities, but by commanding he suggests to you to do what you can, to ask for what is beyond your strength; and he helps you, that you may be able."
St Augustine
* * *


text:
افلام سكس اون لاين سكس سورى With the rise of the DVD home video format, box sets containing entire seasons or the complete run of a program have become a significant revenue source as well. It may be a one-off broadcast or, more usually, part of a periodically recurring television series. افلام اباحية كواليس If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, it was usually undone by the end.
U. افلام اباحية كواليس For example Rukia, Rangiku, Hinata, Sakura, Ino naked. سكس رجال كبار السن Common TV program periods include regular broadcasts like TV news, TV series usually seasonal and ongoing with a duration of only a few episodes to many seasons, or TV miniseries which is an extended film, usually with a small pre-determined number of episodes and a set plot and timeline.
افلام سكس اون لاين In the UK, the term miniseries is only usually used in references to imported programmes, and such short-run series are usually called serials.
U. It is usually just references to sexually explicit things sex objects, magazines, etc. سكس رجال كبار السن A television program USA, television programme UK, or television show USA/UK is something that people watch on television. افلام اباحية كواليس It may be a one-off broadcast or, more usually, part of a periodically recurring television series. North Americans call a short run lasting less than a year a season; People of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland call this a series.


text:
DETROIT - After 14 full days of deliberation in the Kwame Kilpatrick federal corruption trial, the jury announced verdicts Monday morning.
Kilpatrick has been found guilty of the most serious charge of racketeering. Bobby Ferguson also was found guilty of racketeering. No verdict was reached on Bernard Kilpatrick for racketeering.
Get top stories and blog posts emailed to me each day. Newsletters may offer personalized content or advertisements.Learn more


text:
It was certainly a surprise for me! I recently had to pay for yellow fever and typhus vaccines and antimalarial medications for my family of four. When I was originally planning our trip, I had naively assumed this would be a minimal cost, but it was over $1000 (not covered by insurance). I used our county travel clinic because I assumed it would be the cheapest, but I may have done better shopping around. A friend in California said hers was free with her insurance, and I don't remember my last typhus vaccine costing an arm and a leg. Anyway, just something to be aware of.
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Cost of immunizations may be higher than you think
Report Abuse
Boy did you get ripped off "churned" by "travel clinic"
Recently did 2 nice weeks in Peru including air for less
than you paid for mostly unneeded jabs.
mdtravelhealth.com for info all you need is Hep A
and YF jab/cert if crossing borders or doing deep jungle
you can get them all cheap free in SA
or at public health clinics if you do not have cover.
Best for me to do careful homework to save.
Report Abuse
few malaria risk areas in SA except for deep jungle.
if I take malaria preventives Doxycyline works great
I pay $12 for #270 at wal mart
malariahotspots.co.uk for risk areas amazingly few
So caveat emptor and do careful research.
Report Abuse
Last YF jab cert other shots for me
lap.com.pe $20 all in a great place to go.
Report Abuse
I am sure that the immunizations we received can be obtained more cheaply. That's why I posted. However, we did not use a private clinic, but the public clinic in our county. Here in Georgia, the public clinic is supposed to be where to go for affordable healthcare, so I assumed that the prices there would be cheapest. Doing a quick google search showed me that most of the private clinics in our area would have charged something comparable.
Also, we only received the vaccines and meds recommended by the CDC for the areas to which we are traveling and I further consulted with my children's pediatrician and a good friend who is a pharmacist. I am aware that you do not need these for most places in Peru.
Report Abuse
I think the county health clinic is probably uses a sliding scale fee system. Because you have an income they nailed you for it. The poor student traveler probably would have been able to get the vaccines for $5.
Boggles my mind that your insurance doesn't cover vaccines. Think how much they would pay out if you came back with a round of malaria or typhus.
Report Abuse
Kaiser covered my Yellow Fever, typhoid and Hep A/B jabs. All I had was a $35 copay for malarone. If you are going to spend time in the jungle around Iquitos they are all recommended at this time.
Because YF and typhoid are not medically necessary in the US you will find insurance may not cover it, and YF can only be had at certified centers. Lucky for me my home Kaiser facility is a YF center.
Report Abuse
I'm about to go on a trip to South Africa. Will only be in Kruger for 3 days. My question is how long Malarone lasts. I have leftovers from a prescription that "technically" expired on 10/10 (Oct last year) and it's now 4/11 (only 6 months later). I leave in 1 day and would rather not scramble to get a doctor's visit + fill new prescription . Thoughts? (I seem to recall seeing somewhere on this Forum from "Chuck" that GSK gives their Malarone a 5 year shelf life, and I filled the prescription at a CVS in Jan 2009. Chances are really good it'll still be good, so I'm tempted to take my chances. HOwever, I DO have insurance so it'd only cost me $50 to get a new prescription filled. Now it's more about time and hassle of having to see a doctor in order for them to write a prescription. I'm staying in a pretty nice place and HATE mosquitoes (and have rather sweet blood, it seems!), so I'll be covering up a ton with clothes those 3 days. Any advice (urgent) would be much appreciated.
Report Abuse
My health insurance paid for my Malarone when I went to India last fall. I paid for typhoid. If I had been able to get my immunizations at my doctor's office, then I would have had to pay only the co-pay for the office visit. But I could get only tetanus and polio boosters from my doctor. You do have to read the fine print of your policy. Many so not cover travel immunizations, but some do. Either way, you did pay far too much.
Report Abuse
My health insurance didn't pay for anything - not typhoid, not Hep A/B. But in any event, I don't think $1000 for a family of four is that much.
Report Abuse
I don't think that you overpaid at all for a family of four.Here in Chicago at a franchise called Passport Health which is all over the country you pay quite a bit for a consultation(mandatory) before you get the pills or shots. Yellow fever shots can sometimes be difficult to find-two years ago I had to wait 5 weeks to get in on a 5 pack shot packet with a family of four for my job.
Doxycycline is cheap but isn't always recommended for women and people who are going to be in the sun.
The airline I fly for has had 7 crew members come down with malaria in the past year and 2 have died so anything you pay is definitely worth it!
Report Abuse
Health insurance should at least pay for Hep A/B. You need it in your home country too. My Blue Cross /blue shield paid for all immunization when I was preparing for the S.E. Asia trip. Insurance company only pays when it's 'medically necessery', there are times you can argue if you get your doctor on your side.
Report Abuse
Nice to be able to choose your own insurance! Sorry Americans but I find your system quite strange
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text:
Cash-strapped 'Cash Money' gets bail reduced
Larceny accused Sherwin Benjamin, known as 'Cash Money,' was granted a bail reduction yesterday after telling a city magistrate that he was unable to afford the $10,000 at which it was originally set.
Benjamin, 26, of 100 South Better Hope, East Coast Demerara, on trial for allegedly stealing a portable DVD player from a security hut at the Ministry of Legal Affairs on Carmichael Street, was granted a $1,000 reduction.
Two police witnesses, Corporal Patrick Peters and Corporal Europe, yesterday offered evidence against Benjamin.
Benjamin, after he cross-examined the officers about the details of his arrest, begged Magistrate Geeta Chandan-Edmond for a bail reduction. "I cannot pay the bail…," he said repeatedly. He further mentioned "Your honour I is a father," and that "I see my son one time since he born" as a reason for his inability to produce the bail.
Last week, Constable Carla Lewis, who is attached to the Ministry, told the court that Benjamin had approached her and informed her that their mutual friend Dwayne Young, the owner of the DVD player, had sent him for it. However that turned out to be miles away from the truth, according to her.
After bail was granted to Benjamin the trial was adjourned until tomorrow.
Latest in Local News
UG needs emergency $$ to prevent collapse
A conference of local and diaspora stakeholders of the University of Guyana (UG) has called on the government to provide emergency funding to the institution to reverse its "imminent collapse".
Gafoor's, insurers in 'stalemate' over Houston Complex repairs
There is a "stalemate" between Gafoors and its insurance underwriters over how to proceed on a building that was damaged in the massive fire at the company's Houston Complex last month but some reconstruction has started.
Duo stole over $31M in electronics from Digicel
Two men were yesterday charged with stealing over $31 million in electronics belonging to Digicel Guyana Incorporated. Albert De Freitas, 27, and Basdeo Sackoon, 26, appeared before city magistrate Dylon Bess charged with stealing a total of $31,107,510 in items from the telecoms company.
Driver gets one year in jail for causing boy's death
A man was yesterday sentenced to one year in jail after being found guilty of three offences, including causing the death of an 11-year-old child by dangerous driving.
Gov't support for city's financial measures to hinge on transparency, public interest
President David Granger on Monday said that central government's support for the city's measures to make itself financial sustainable would rest on transparency and the public's interest.
Man arrested over ISIS bomb threat at city bank
A man was yesterday morning arrested after he entered a city bank and demanded $10M under the name of Islamic State (ISIS) before threatening to explode a bomb that he claimed he had on him.
'What's in the cup, stays in the cup'
People's Progressive Party (PPP) General Secretary Clement Rohee says "What's in the cup stays in the cup," in response to a question on whether the matter involving PPP/C Member of Parliament (MP), Nigel Dharamlall over threats he allegedly made, has been explained to the party's satisfaction.
Lethem Council sees agro-processing focus for Industrial Site
The first municipal council of Lethem, Region Nine sees agro-processing as a key focus for the Lethem Industrial Site. Mayor of the recently commissioned township of Lethem, Carlton Beckles told GINA that the completion of the industrial area, with an emphasis on agro-processing is among priorities that the council has set to accomplish before it demits office.


text:
When writing code sometimes those red error icons pop up on the left side. Most of the time they are on point, but sometimes they are wrong. How can I hide them. They annoy me too much.
The red ones are proper errors, I am concerned about that they should actually be "wrong". The yellow (or orange) ones are warnings which can be hidden by using proper AS3 syntax.
By default when you save your code in process of editing Flash Builder performs rebuilding of your project and if you have some errors in file (unfinished lines for example) it shows them as red markers.
If you want to control build process manually you can go to the
Hope this helps!


text:
NMHH: Two bidders won 80 MHz in the 3400-3800 MHz band
DIGI Távközlési és Szolgáltató Kft. and Vodafone Magyarország Zrt, the winners in the upper and lower band, respectively, together offered HUF 896.6 million for the ten user basic blocks in total to utilise the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band.
Frequency management software to support long-term industry predictability
The system makes available an online interface with interactive graphical elements to be used for interpreting the Decree on Frequency Management.
NMHH: Digi and Vodafone applied for the 3400–3800 MHz band
DIGI Távközlési és Szolgáltató Kft. and Vodafone Magyarország Zrt. can compete for the spectrum right.
Presidential consultation between the media authorities of Hungary and Luxembourg
The issue of programmes broadcasted on the RTL channels placed under the jurisdiction of Luxembourg was the focus of the talks.
Publication of auction documents in the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band
Prospective bidders may file their applications to participate in the auction procedure between 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. on 2 May 2016 at the NMIA headquarters.
The draft tender documentation of the national spectrum licences available in the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band is public and may be commented up to 30 March
The finalised announcement and the complete documentation is planned to be published in the middle of April.
The European Parliament has passed new rules on net neutrality
EP and the Council detailed rules on net neutrality, which was previously defined only as a principle.
Roaming Charges to be Abolished Across Europe from Summer 2017
Outgoing calls can be initiated, incoming calls received, sending texts or surfing the Web will be available at no extra cost.
The World in Living Colour: The Carl Peter Goldmark Goldmark Award
Head of Hungarian National Media and Infocommunications Authority presented the Carl Peter Goldmark Award for the first time.
NMHH: Developments in the infocommunications sector usher in a new digital era
In her opening speech, President of NMHH Monika Karas stressed that technology and innovation always go hand-in-hand; however, the link between the two has never been stronger.
The International Children's Safety Service (ICSS) hosts yet another media conference with the Hungarian National Media and Infocommunications Authority as lead sponsor
This year's conference boasts a lineup of some two hundred presentations by media and child protection professionals.
Fact or fiction? Teen viewers of Budapest Night&Day are confused
NMHH-survey of teens following a docu-reality television series.
Hungarian film industry delegation visited China
Delegates of NMHH and Hungarian Academy of Arts screened contemporary Hungarian films in Shanghai and Hangzhou.
Recommended by us
NMIAH's Online Communities
Keresés a rovatban
- "All for Broadband" konferencia ,
- 3400-3800 MHz ,
- broadband data transmission ,
- broadband internet subscriptions ,
- communications market reports ,
- digital television ,
- Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestial (DVB-T) ,
- digitális televízió ,
- DVB-T (földfelszíni digitális televíziózás) ,
- frequency tender ,
- hatósági nyilvántartások ,
- konferencia ,
- landline (wireline) services ,
- landline voice services ,
- Magyar Telekom ,
- market research ,
- Médiatudományi Intézet ,
- mobile broadband services ,
- mobile internet ,
- mobile phone (cell phone) ,
- regulatory bodies ,
- T-Mobile ,
- társhatóságok ,
- Telenor Magyarország ,
- Vodafone


text:
Welcome to the General Entertainment Culture & Media Daily Chit-Chat. A sort-of combination of the many other DCCs that frequent the rest of PC (e.g. Other Chat, Pokémon General, Japanese Entertainment General Chat and Pokemon General, etc.) as well as the previous 'Last _____ you watched' threads, this is the premier destination to talk about entertainment on a day-to-day basis. Pretty much anything goes here, but I do ask that you try and follow these guidelines:
I'll get the ball rolling: this weekend has seen a lot of new family-friendly films at the US box office. Did you see any over the Thanksgiving holiday? (E.g. The Muppets, Arthur Christmas, Hugo etc)


text:
Free after 20 YEARS in jail: Prisoner who was jailed at the age of 16 for drive-by killing after detective 'forced him to confess'
- Daniel Villegas, 35, was convicted in 1995 of gunning down two men in a drive-by shooting
- Villegas recanted his confession, saying that it was obtained by coercion
- There was no physical evidence linking Villegas to the crime
- The murders have since been attributed to two brothers, one of whom has since died
A West Texas man convicted of killing two people as a teenager in 1993 was released on bond Tuesday while he awaits a new trial ordered by the state.
After spending nearly 20 years in prison for the killings of two teenagers in a drive-by shooting, Daniel Villegas stood in the morning sun outside the El Paso County Jail.
'I never thought this day would come and now it's here. It feels like a dream, like I'm going to wake up,' the 37-year-old told a crowd of reporters and sympathizers.
Scroll down for video...
Ready for new life: Daniel Villegas was 16 years old when he confessed to the 1993 drive-by shooting murders of two teens in El Paso. In 1995, he was sentenced to life in prison. Now, he's free
Overcome with emotion: Flanked by his legal team, Villegas had a bond hearing, at which he's was set free, since his case was vacated last month
Free at last: Bond for 37-year-old Daniel Villegas was set at $50,000 during a court hearing Tuesday. Here he is congratulated by his lawyer, Joseph Spencer
Villegas was flanked by his mother, Yolanda Villegas, and local businessman John Mimbela, who has supported his case. Villegas was released Tuesday after posting $1,000 of a $50,000 bond.
'This is too much for me. I get to hold him again. I've waited too long,' Yolanda Villegas said while tears rolled down her cheeks.
Daniel Villegas first trial for the deaths of teenagers Armando Lazo and Robert England ended in a hung jury. He was found guilty in 1995 and sentenced to life in prison.
But at hearings in 2011, Villegas' attorney, John Gates, said he hadn't had enough time to prepare for the second trial. The defense for the first trial had called 18 witnesses; Gates presented just one.
The Texas Court of Appeals in December granted Villegas a new trial due to ineffective counsel.
Villegas has claimed he confessed to the crime after an El Paso Police Department detective told him he would be raped in prison and face the death penalty.
A private investigator hired by his supporters, a team from Northwestern University Law School's Center on Wrongful Convictions of Youth and a pair of men exonerated after serving time for murder have backed up his claims of innocence.
Twenty years lost: Villegas' conviction was based almost entirely on his one-page, dictated confession, which did not match the facts of the case in numerous ways
Happy days: Cheers erupted from the public gallery as Daniel received the news that he was to be set free
Bad reputation: Villegas was a 16-year-old high school dropout with ties to a gang when he signed a confession admitting to the murders
Most importantly, Jesse Hernandez, who survived the 1993 shooting, said that Villegas is not the killer.
'I believe with all my heart he is innocent,' Hernandez told FoxNews.com. 'I always thought I knew who else might have done it from the beginning. I had never heard of Daniel before.'
'Why did it take so long to get a new trial? Money, I didn't have the money,' his mother said. She thanked Mimbela for footing the legal bills and 'for putting up with me, I can be annoying.'
The Villegas lost their house because of the debt they took during the first trial, she added. 'I earn minimum wage. I didn't have the $20,000 to begin (the process of getting a new trial), and even if I did, that was just to start,' Villegas' mother said.
The Texas Court of Appeals in December granted Villegas a new trial due to ineffective counsel.
State District Judge Sam Medrano Jr. set a hearing for next week so the attorneys can tell them what they plan to do next.
Villegas' attorney, Joe Spencer said he believes the prosecution 'has no evidence to go on with this case.'
The judge set bond at half of what Spencer had originally suggested. Prosecutors requested bond be set in the hundreds of thousands of dollars.
The district attorney's office declined to comment after the hearing.
Villegas left jail in a 1960s red convertible provided by Mimbela.
'We're going to go to church real quick, to pray,' Villegas said.
Then, 'it's steak, steak and lobster for my baby,' his mom said.
Grave allegations: Villegas has claimed that a detective obtained his confession by force after hitting and threatening him
For Villegas, the chain of events that landed him behind bars goes back to 1993 when four men, including Hernandez, Juan Carlos Medina and murder victims Armando 'Mando' Lazo, 18, and Robert England, 17, were walking along Electric Avenue in El Paso, Texas.
A car with three people inside pulled up, and one passenger demanded 'Que Barrio?' – a slang term which means 'what gang are you with?' In response, two of the men ran away, and two others were shot dead in a vacant lot.
England suffered a single gunshot wound to the head and died on scene. Lazo was shot once in the abdomen and once in the thigh. His body was found outside a nearby home where he had desperately tried to seek help.
Soon after, police investigating the murders focused on Villegas as a suspect. The 16-year-old boy was a high school dropout and a known gang member who had a reputation for telling tall tales in an effort to boost his street cred.
Crime scene: Villegas was arrested in 1993 after two men were gunned down in El Paso in what appears to be a gang-related shooting
The teen was arrested in connection with the deadly shootings, and just hours later police got a confession penned in a third-grade level of writing. In the document, Villegas noted that a detective offered him a Coke, and he apologized to the families of the victims.
According to Villegas' team, then-detective Al Marquez used physical violence and threatened the frightened teen into signing the confession, which proved crucial during the trial since investigators had no evidence linking the 16-year-old to the scene of the crime.
'I'm not a saint, but even thought I'm not, you know, I'm not a killer either,' Villegas said in an interview with News Channel 9 in November 2011.
The story of a forced confession rang true for Hernandez, who was also questioned following the murders.
'They tried to do that to me, but I kind of put things together,' he told Fox News. 'They pushed him. They had other leads but they just dropped the ball and wanted the easy way out.'
Team effort: Villegas' supporters claim that he had inadequate legal representation during his trial and is innocent
Villegas' first trial ended in hung jury, but in a second trial that took place in 1995, the panel came back with a guilty verdict, and he was sentenced to life in prison.
Freddie Bonilla, the private detective who was hired by Villegas' distant relative, has revealed that court-appointed attorney John Gates failed in his duties as a counselor, spending only 40 hours preparing for his client's murder trial.
Gates even signed an affidavit admitting that he had not done his best to argue Villegas' case.
Family support: Villegas' parents have been fighting to get a retrial for their son where he would have a chance to prove his innocence
Joshua Tepfer, project director at the Center on Wrongful Convictions of Youth, told FoxNews.com evidence shows the murders were committed by brothers Rudy and Javier Flores, who allegedly told a witness Villegas was in jail for a crime they did.
Javier Flores has since died and his surviving sibling is currently serving jail time on drug-related charges.
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Pitroda lauds Nitish for development of Bihar
Last Updated: Monday, May 14, 2012 - 21:08
Patna: Sam Pitroda, advisor to the PM, has praised Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar for his works towards development of the state.
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First Published: Monday, May 14, 2012 - 21:08
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Letters to Cassi and Other Folks
This is a collection of my writing and correspondence with a few bits of poetry and random thoughts mixed in. I started this blog after learning that some of my letters had an uplifting quality. In the pages of this blog you will find my real life trials and tribulations, the nature of what I think is truth, and the dust and grit of my real life.
Saturday, June 25, 2016
Friday, June 24, 2016
Wednesday, June 22, 2016
Monday, June 20, 2016
Sunday, June 19, 2016
Saturday, June 18, 2016
Still All Thespians
Thursday, June 16, 2016
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Struthers Halls
1. The Elm Tree CateringMenu
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From Business: Where It Has Been a Tradition to Provide Affordable, Quality Celebrations in a Neighborhood SettingTired of High Prices? Call Us!You?re Treated Like Family, Not a C…
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