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Clancy's Cabinby Margaret Mahy
The prospect of a surprise camping trip to Clancy's Cabin, their father's favorite boyhood retreat, leaves the three Harriman children enthusiastic but odd occurrences at the abandoned hut soon lead them into a mysterious adventure.
Clandestineby James Ellroy
A murder investigation nearly drives a beat cop to madnessDespite the sunshine, high necklines, and demure purity of its silver-screen goddesses, Los Angeles in the 1950s is not a gentle place. Even as a young cop, Freddy Underhill knows this. Patrolling one of L.A.'s roughest districts, he sees the lust, rage, and madness that permeate the city--and stands in wonder and dismay at it all. He covers the beat with his partner Wacky Walker, a World War II veteran with a Medal of Honor, a drinking problem, and a serious obsession with death. When an old flame of Freddy's is murdered, the investigation takes them deep into the shadiest part of the city, where Freddy will have to embrace the darkness if he wants to emerge with his life.
A Clandestine Affairby Joanna Wayne
A CASE GONE COLD...AND AN UNEXPECTED ROMANCE HEATING UPJaci Matlock went to Cape Diablo to solve the thirty-year-old Santiago murders. And though the remote island had a haunting reputation, the forensics novice was determined to expose the reality behind the mysterious events that plagued her arrival.Now in order to uncover an age-old murderous conspiracy, Jaci had to team up with her only ally: Raoul Lazario. But trusting the ruggedly sensual adventure seeker proved to be a distraction she couldn't afford....Solving the cold case would secure Jaci's lifelong dreams, but with Raoul she faced an even more confounding mystery.... Would falling in love have life threatening implications?
The Clandestine Cake Club: A Year of Cakeby Lynn Hill
Following the success of their first recipe collection, the Clandestine Cake Club is back with a second delicious helping. Inspired by the most cake-worthy moments throughout the year, founder Lynn Hill and her army of Cake Club members have compiled 100 gorgeous recipes to whet your appetite and get you celebrating.Arranged month by month, you'll find cakes to suit all the best-known dates in the calendar - such as Christmas, Mother's Day, Easter and Halloween - plus countless other occasions that deserve to be celebrated, from international holidays (Chinese New Year, Thanksgiving) and religious festivals (Diwali, Mardi Gras) to major sporting events (Wimbledon, the London Marathon) and the birthdays of iconic figures, including Shakespeare, Elvis Presley and the Queen - not forgetting the queen of baking, Mary Berry! Whether you fancy rocking out at Glastonbury, shaking your stuff at the Notting Hill Carnival, tapping your feet to the Last Night of the Proms, or smelling the roses at the Chelsea Flower Show, there's a recipe here to get the party started.The cakes themselves hail from far and wide: some feel homegrown - such as Toffee Apple Gingerbread, Rhubarb Crumble & Custard Cake, and Strawberry Pimm's Cake - while others promise a taste of the exotic - Chocolate Key Lime Cake, Persimmon, Yogurt & Pecan Cake, and Matcha Chiffon Cake. Club members love to innovate, offering up such temptations as Sea Salted Caramel Cake, Passionfruit Caipirinha Cake, and Canadian Maple Syrup & Bacon Cake. Each recipe is served up with a little slice of history, revealing the curious traditions behind the cakes and intriguing stories about the occasions that inspired them. Accompanied by gorgeously styled photographs, this book gives every cake-lover a reason to celebrate.
The Clandestine Cake Club Cookbookby Lynn Hill
Secret venues. Inspired themes. Fabulous cakes. Across the UK and beyond, thousands of home bakers have been meeting covertly in hidden locations with the same simple mission: bake, eat and gossip about cake. These are the members of the phenomenally popular Clandestine Cake Club - and now, for the first time, they share their baking secrets with you. The rules are quite clear: no cupcakes, no muffins, no brownies, pies or tarts. It's all about cake! With each event organised around a creative theme, the results are some of the most loved and inventive baked delights you'll ever eat. From classic teatime treats and chocolatey indulgences to global bakes and spectacular cake extravaganzas, you'll find inspiring recipes such as: Scrumptious Sticky Toffee Cake; Smoked Chilli Chocolate Cake; Blood Orange and Rosemary Loaf; Raspberry Cakewell; Rose, Rhubarb & Cardamom Cake; Chai-soaked Vanilla Sponge; a giant Lemon Fondant Fancy; and the unmissable five-tier Rainbow Cake; plus stunning photography and sneak-peek snaps from club events. At last, the secret is out and everyone is invited to join the Club.
Clandestine Cover-Upby Pamela Tracy
YOU'RE NOT WANTED HEREThe warning is painted bloodred on Tamara Jacoby's door. Who wants the newcomer out of the small Nebraska town? Is the vandal connected to the stalker who drove her away from her big-city life? Tamara reluctantly turns to handsome contractor Vince Frenci, her brother-in-law's best friend. His protective instincts ignited, Vince is ready to battle an unknown enemy and uncover the threat to Tamara's life. But as the truth emerges, it becomes clear that someone wants certain secrets to stay buried....
The Clandestine History of the Kovno Jewish Ghetto Policeby Samuel D. Kassow Anonymous members of the Kovno Jewish Ghetto Police Samuel Schalkowsky
As a force that had to serve two masters, both the Jewish population of the Kovno ghetto in Lithuania and its German occupiers, the Kovno Jewish ghetto police walked a fine line between helping Jews survive and meeting Nazi orders. In 1942 and 1943 some of its members secretly composed this history and buried it in tin boxes. The book offers a rare glimpse into the complex situation faced by the ghetto leadership and the Jewish policemen, caught between carrying out the demands of the Germans and mollifying the anger and frustration of their own people. It details the creation and organization of the ghetto, the violent German attacks on the population in the summer of 1941, the periodic selections of Jews to be deported and killed, the labor required of the surviving Jewish population, and the efforts of the police to provide a semblance of stability. The secret history tells a dramatic and complicated story, defending the actions of the police force on one page and berating its leadership on the next. A substantial introduction by distinguished historian Samuel D. Kassow places this powerful work within the context of the history of the Kovno Jewish community and its experience and fate at the hands of the Nazis.
Clans of the Alphane Moonby Philip K. Dick
On a planet run by escapees from a mental institution, the doctors who arrive to restore order may be the craziest of all. For years, the third moon in the Alphane system was used as a psychiatric hospital. But when war broke out between Earth and the Alphanes, the hospital was left unguarded and the inmates set up their own society, made up of competing factions based around each mental illness. When Earth sends a delegation to take back the colony, they find enclaves of depressives, schizophrenics, paranoiacs, and other mentally ill people coming together to repel what they see as a foreign invasion. Meanwhile, back on Earth, CIA agent Chuck Rittersdorf and his wife Mary are going through a bitter divorce, with Chuck losing everything. But when Chuck is assigned to clandestinely control an android accompanying Mary to the Alphane moon, he sees an opportunity to get his revenge.
Clanton's Womanby Patricia Knoll
Kisses at high noon! Tombstone, Arizona. The smoky Western town had a rich history: it was here that Wyatt Earp had finally faced down the notorious Clanton gang. But now Jack Clanton was back! With his tough features shaded by his cowboy hat and the threeday stubble on his jaw, he could have passed for a gunslinger. And Mallory Earp was the woman who had to face him down. Her ancestors might have found the original Clantons dangerous, but she doubted that those oldtime outlaws had anything on Jack. He didn't carry a gun. He'd never broken a law, but her reaction to him told her he was bad just the same...And his kisses could be just as lethal as bullets from a sixshooter!
Clara and Mr. Tiffanyby Susan Vreeland
NATIONAL BESTSELLERIt's 1893, and at the Chicago World's Fair, Louis Comfort Tiffany makes his debut with a luminous exhibition of innovative stained-glass windows that he hopes will earn him a place on the international artistic stage. But behind the scenes in his New York studio is the freethinking Clara Driscoll, head of his women's division, who conceives of and designs nearly all of the iconic leaded-glass lamps for which Tiffany will long be remembered. Never publicly acknowledged, Clara struggles with her desire for artistic recognition and the seemingly insurmountable challenges that she faces as a professional woman. She also yearns for love and companionship, and is devoted in different ways to five men, including Tiffany, who enforces a strict policy: He does not employ married women. Ultimately, Clara must decide what makes her happiest--the professional world of her hands or the personal world of her heart.Look for special features inside.Join the Circle for author chats and more.RandomHouseReadersCircle.com
Clara and Mr. Tiffanyby Susan Vreeland
Against the unforgettable backdrop of New York near the turn of the twentieth century, from the Gilded Age world of formal balls and opera to the immigrant poverty of the Lower East Side, bestselling author Susan Vreeland again breathes life into a work of art in this extraordinary novel, which brings a woman once lost in the shadows into vivid color. It's 1893, and at the Chicago World's Fair, Louis Comfort Tiffany makes his debut with a luminous exhibition of innovative stained-glass windows, which he hopes will honor his family business and earn him a place on the international artistic stage. But behind the scenes in his New York studio is the freethinking Clara Driscoll, head of his women's division. Publicly unrecognized by Tiffany, Clara conceives of and designs nearly all of the iconic leaded-glass lamps for which he is long remembered. Clara struggles with her desire for artistic recognition and the seemingly insurmountable challenges that she faces as a professional woman, which ultimately force her to protest against the company she has worked so hard to cultivate. She also yearns for love and companionship, and is devoted in different ways to five men, including Tiffany, who enforces to a strict policy: he does not hire married women, and any who do marry while under his employ must resign immediately. Eventually, like many women, Clara must decide what makes her happiest--the professional world of her hands or the personal world of her heart.From the Hardcover edition.
Clara and the Bookwagonby Nancy Smiler Levinson
Clara's dream of enriching her rough life on the family farm is fulfilled when a horse-drawn bookwagon visits with the country's first traveling library.
Clara Barton: Angel Of The Battlefieldby Anna Prokos Time for Kids Editors
Take a close-up look at Clara Barton, who bravely nursed soldiers during the Civil War. Interviews with experts and lively writing deliver the accurate reporting you expect from Time For Kids®. Historical and contemporary photographs capture the life of this caring woman and show how her legacy--the American Red Cross--assists people today.
Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Crossby Helen Dore Boylston
A biography for young adults on Civil War nurse and Clara Barton.
Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross (Childhood of Famous Americans Series)by Augusta Stevenson
A fictionalized biography focusing on the youth of the nurse who organized the American Red Cross in Washington, D.C., in 1881.
Clara Barton, Professional Angelby Elizabeth Brown Pryor
Widely known today as the "Angel of the Battlefield," Clara Barton's personal life has always been shrouded in mystery. In Clara Barton, Professional Angel, Elizabeth Brown Pryor presents a biography of Barton that strips away the heroic exterior and reveals a complex and often trying woman.Based on the papers Clara Barton carefully saved over her lifetime, this biography is the first one to draw on these recorded thoughts. Besides her own voluminous correspondence, it reflects the letters and reminiscences of lovers, a grandniece who probed her aunt's venerable facade, and doctors who treated her nervous disorders. She emerges as a vividly human figure. Continually struggling to cope with her insecure family background and a society that offered much less than she had to give, she chose achievement as the vehicle for gaining the love and recognition that frequently eluded her during her long life.Not always altruistic, her accomplishments were nonetheless extraordinary. On the battlefields of the Civil War, in securing American participation in the International Red Cross, in promoting peacetime disaster relief, and in fighting for women's rights, Clara Barton made an unparalleled contribution to American social progress. Yet the true measure of her life must be made from this perspective: she dared to offend a society whose acceptance she treasured, and she put all of her energy into patching up the lives of those around her when her own was rent and frayed.
Clara Barton: Spirit of the American Red Crossby Patricia Lakin Simon Sullivan
Clara Barton was very shy and sensitive, and not always sure of herself. But her fighting spirit and desire to help others drove her to become one of the world's most famous humanitarians. Learn all about the life of the woman who formed the American Red Cross.
The Clara Barton You Never Knewby James Lincoln Collier
Explores the childhood, character, and influential events that shaped the life of the Civil War nurse who went on to found the American Red Cross. Includes bibliographical references and index.
Clara Lee and the Apple Pie Dreamby Jenny Han
Clara Lee likes her best friends, her grandpa, kimchi, candy necklaces (her signature look!), and the idea of winning the Little Miss Apple Pie contest. Clara Lee doesn't like her mom's fish soup, bad dreams (but Grandpa says they mean good luck!), speaking in public, or when her little sister is being annoying. One day, after a bad dream, Clara Lee is thrilled to have a whole day of luck (Like!). But then, bad luck starts to follow (Dislike!). When will Clara Lee's luck change again? Will it change in time for the Little Miss Apple Pie contest?
Clara's Heartby Joseph Olshan
Originally published to international acclaim and the basis for the beloved film starring Whoopi Goldberg, Joseph Olshan's prize-winning novel charts the profound, rare friendship between a wise Jamaican woman named Clara and David, a twelve-year-old boy adrift in the wake of his parents' broken marriage. As the two grow closer, she brings him into her special world of patois and Jamaican beauty parlors and shadowy alliances, and he comes to realize that in her native country Clara has left behind a mystery, which he grows determined to unveil. Heralded as a classic, Clara's Heart is at once a moving and comical tribute to unconventional love.
Clara's Roomby Kimberly Mccreight
Two little girls discover a mystery in the dead of night...An intriguing and exclusive free short story from the New York Times bestselling author of Reconstructing Amelia, publishing in the UK on June 20th 2013.'Like Gone Girl, Reconstructing Amelia seamlessly marries a crime story with a relationship drama. And like Gone Girl, it should be hailed as one of the best books of the year.' - Entertainment Weekly
Clara's Warby Clara Kramer Stephen Glantz
This heart-stopping story of a young girl hiding from the Nazis is based on Clara Kramer's diary of her years surviving in an underground bunker with seventeen other people. Clara Kramer was a typical Polish-Jewish teenager from a small town at the outbreak of the Second World War. When the Germans invaded, Clara's family was taken in by the Becks, a Volksdeutsche (ethnically German) family from their town. Mrs. Beck worked as Clara's family's housekeeper. Mr. Beck was known to be an alcoholic, a womanizer, and a vocal anti-Semite. But on hearing that Jewish families were being led into the woods and shot, Beck sheltered the Kramers and two other Jewish families. Eighteen people in all lived in a bunker dug out of the Becks' basement. Fifteen-year-old Clara kept a diary during the twenty terrifying months she spent in hiding, writing down details of their unpredictable life--from the house's catching fire to Mr. Beck's affair with Clara's neighbor; from the nightly SS drinking sessions in the room above to the small pleasure of a shared Christmas carp. Against all odds, Clara lived to tell her story, and her diary is now part of the permanent col-lection of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.
Clarence Goes to Townby Patricia Lauber
"What on earth would we do with a bouncy dog like Clarence in New York City?" asks Mrs. Logan. That's easy. If you know Clarence, you know he's at home everywhere - even in the biggest city in the world. While Mrs. Logan takes over a dress shop, Brian, Sis, and Clarence take over New York. Who else but Clarence the TV dog could bring fame to an unknown restaurant, capture a wild beast, or trap a ring of thieves?
Clarence Thomas and the Tough Love Crowdby Ronald Suresh Roberts
In recent years, black neoconservatism has captured the national imagination. Clarence Thomas sits on the Supreme Court. Stephen Carter's opinions on topics ranging from religion to the confirmation process are widely quoted. The New Republic has written that black neoconservative Thomas Sowell was having a greater influence on the discussion of matters of race and ethnicity than any other writer of the past ten years. In this compelling and vividly argued book, Ronald Roberts reveals how this attention has turned an eccentricity into a movement. Black neoconservatives, Roberts believes, have no real constituency but, as was the case with Clarence Thomas, are held up-and proclaim themselves-as simply and ruthlessly honest, as above mere self-interest and crude political loyalties. They profess a concern for those they criticize, claiming to possess an objective truth which sets them apart from their critics in the establishment Left. They claim to be outsiders even while sustained by the culture's most powerful institutions. As they level attacks at the activist organizations they perceive as moribund, every significant argument they advance rests on fervent mantras of harsh truths and simple realities. Enlisting the ideal of impartiality as a partisan weapon, this Tough Love Crowd has elevated the familiar wisdom of Spare the rod and spoil the child to the arena of national politics. Turning to their own writings and proclamations, Roberts here serves up a devastating critique of such figures as Clarence Thomas, Shelby Steele, Stephen Carter, and V. S. Naipaul (Tough Love International). Clarence Thomas and the Tough Love Crowd marks the emergence of a provocative and powerful voice on our cultural and political landscape, a voice which holds those who subscribe to this polemically powerful ideology accountable for their opinions and actions.
Clarice Bean Spells Trouble (Pictures described)by Lauren Child
The quirky Clarice Bean is in for a spell of trouble -- and shares a lesson about kindness -- in this hilarious, full-length follow-up to UTTERLY ME, CLARICE BEAN. Clarice Bean seems to be in nonstop trouble these days, almost as much as Karl Wrenbury, who is the naughtiest boy at school. If only she could be more like her favorite book character, Ruby Redfort, girl detective, who is very good at getting out of trouble. The problem is, Mrs. Wilberton is planning a spelling bee, and just thinking about it gives Clarice a stomachache. The good news is that there is also going to be a class performance of THE SOUND OF MUSIC, and Clarice is exceptionordinarily keen on landing a starring role, so she can get discovered by someone who spots child talents and escape spelling-bee humiliation. But when Karl Wrenbury has a family problem and gets into really big trouble, Clarice does something utterly unexpected, altruistically proving Ruby Redfort's maxim "Never let a good pal down. " The superbly talented Lauren Child returns with another fast-paced, full-length adventure full of wacky wit, visual appeal, and a surprisingly heartwarming twist sure to reel in the most reluctant reader -- and the most inventive speller.
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The Dark Knight (US - DVD R1 | BD RA)
We now have a shot of the 2-disc DVD back cover confirming the IMAX Scenes
Starring: Christian Bale
Released: 9th December 2008
SRP: $34.99 (2-Disc DVD)
Further Details:
Warner Home Video has announced 1-disc ($28.98), 2-disc ($34.99) and Blu-ray ($35.99) releases of The Dark Knight for the 9th December. As far as we know, no extra material will be included on the 1-disc release. The DVD and Blu-ray releases will include 6 action-packed IMAX Scenes (Prologue, Hong Kong, Armoured Car Chase, Lamborghini Crash, Prewitt Building, Final Montage) a Gotham Uncovered documentary, featurettes (Batman Tech: The Incredible Gadgets and Tools, Batman Unmasked: The Psychology of The Dark Knight), 6 episodes of Gotham Cable's Premier News Program, galleries (The Joker Cards, Concept Art, Poster Art, Production Stills), trailers and TV spots. A limited edition set with Batpod will also be available. We've attached the official package artwork for each release below:
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TM Talent Management's #FBRelay For Music Day With Hariharan, ...| News TM Talent Management- 'Truly Musical' as the name represents, manages and represents musical talents exclusively from the Bollywood playback and LIVE entertainment industry. On the occasion of World Music Day, TM Talent Management ... EventFAQs, 4 days ago
#FBLive Relay for World Music Day by TM Talent Management - EventFAQs, 5 days ago
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Arijit Singh, Rekha Bhardwaj, Hariharan To Jam For World Music Day
Mumbai : Popular Bollywood playback singers including Arijit Singh, Rekha Bhardwaj, Sajid-Wajid and Hariharan besides 18 other artists will unite for a jamming session as a treat for their fans ahead of the World Music Day. The musicians will ...News18.com, 6 days ago
Bollywood has been adapting jazz to their songs for long: Louiz Banks
Picture this: You are at the recording studio of the veteran jazz musician Louiz Banks, who is playing My favourite things and Nature Boy on the keyboard. Accompanying him is his son, drummer Gino Banks, and popular singer and jazz vocalist Joe ...Hindustan Times, 1 month ago
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jun 3, 1952
|Filing date
|Nov 29, 1948
|Priority date
|Nov 29, 1948
|Publication number
|Zareh Hadidian
|Original Assignee
|Searle & Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (14), Classifications (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Patented June 3, 1952 ES PATENT OFFICE SULFURIC ACID ESTERS' OF HYALURONIC ACID AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUC- TION THEREOF Zareh Hadidiam Needham, Mass., assignor to G. D. Searle & 00., Chicago, Ill., a corporation of Illinois No Drawing. Application November 29, 1948, Serial No. 62,597
6 Claims. 1
This invention relates to sulfuric acid esters,
of hyaluronic acid and to processes for the preparation thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to new products obtained by 'esterification with chlorosulionic acid and fuming sulfuric acid, particularly at low temperature, of hyaluronic acid obtained from mammalian tissues.
I have discovered that the. sulfuric acid esters of hyaluronic acid from mammalian tissue have certain properties which may make them useful agents in the preparation of medicinal, therapeutic, and pharmaceutica1 compositions. For example, these esters of hyaluronic acid are useful as inhibitors for the enzyme hyaluronidase. Furthermore, certain of the substances of this invention are useful in preventing coagulation of whole blood and possibly in the prevention of anaphylaxis.
Hyaluronic acid is a mucopolysaccharidewhich constitutes part of the connective tissue of cells of animals and humans. It is composed for the most part of glucuronic acid and acetylglucosamine. A specific enzyme, hyaluronidase, exists in certain bacteria, venoms, spermatazoa, and other sources and may play a role in the proce s of invasion of cells and tissues by depolymerization of hyaluronic acid, the ground substance of connective tissue. Hyaluronic acid has been isolated with varying properties from umbilical cords, skin, vitreou humor, synovial fluid, tumors and haemolytic streptococci.
Hyaluronidase is believed to take part in a number of important processes, including con ception, and invasion by pathogenic organisms. It is also believed to be a factor in rheumatoid arthritis, causing reduction in viscosity by hydrolysis or depolymerization of the ground substance of the human mesenchyme in which rheumatic processes are predominantly manifested. Inhibitors of the enzyme hyaluronidase are of possible value as contraceptives and for the prevention of invasion by micro-organisms, and also as therapeutic agents in the treatment of arthritis. It is the object of this invention to provide such enzyme inhibitors and also efficient methods for their production.
The formation of sulfuric acid esters of hyaluronic acid from mammalian tissues can be carried out under a variety of conditions. It is possible to react hyaluronic acid in pyridine with chloro sulfonic acid at elevated temperatures in the range of 50-100 Centigrade. More preferably the reaction is conducted at about 50 C. in formamide and pyridine with chlorosulfonic acid. A
more simple and eflicient method involves the reaction with chlorosulfonic acid or with fuming sulfuric acid at low temperatures in the range of 20 to 10 C. After the esterification reaction has been completed (usually within a few minutes) the reaction mixture is poured into ice water, neutralized with alkali, and the resulting aqueous solution is dialyzed to remove salts and then concentrated under high vacuum at low temperature to produce a fine white, or nearly white, dry powder of the alkali metal salt of the sulfuric acid ester of hyaluronic acid. The alkali metal salts of the hyaluronic acid sulfuric acid esters may also be precipitated from aqueous alkaline solutions by the addition of several volumes of alcohol or other precipitant.
The alkali metal and alkaline earth salts of the hyaluronic acid sulfuric acid esters are preferred forms of my invention. Such salts are light-colored, fine powders which are readily soluble in water and suitable for medicinal application. The free acid form of the sulfuric acid esters of derivatives of hyaluronic acid can be prepared by dialyzing solutions of the metal salts after acidification with mineral acid, and evaporation at low temperature under high vacuum. The sulfuric acid esters of hyaluronic acid from mammalian tissue, which comprise my invention, have low relative viscosities in the range of 1.01 to 1.2. These derivatives are all soluble in water, in saturated ammonium sulfate, and alcohol, but are insoluble in the presence of excess cations in alcoholic solutions of greater than 40% strength. They are soluble in 1 N acid and in 1 N alkali. They are inhibitors of the enzyme hyaluronidase, having an activity factor of about 2 at a concentration of 0.1 g./l. The alkali metal salts of compounds of this invention show on analysis nitrogen values ranging from 1.5 to 2.1%, acetyl values of 3 to 6%,
glucosamine values of 12 to 22%, and sulfur values of 6 to 15 The sodium salts having sulfur contents of 10-15% are preferred embodiments of my invention. The free acid esters have sulfur contents in the range of 12-16%.
The relative viscosities of the products of this invention are determined by the method of the Hadidian and Pirie application Serial No. 6,014, filed February 3, 1948. The inhibition factors, that is, the relative abilities to inhibit hyaluronidase, are measured by the procedures of the same application. The hyaluronic acid preparations are produced according to the Hadidian and Pirie application Serial No. 6,015, filed February 3, 1948, now Patent No. 2,585,546.
The following examples indicate in detail the methods of preparing compounds of this invention, and illustrate the properties of representative compounds. These examples are provided solely for the purpose of illustration and are intendedfin'no wa to limit the 'inventionin spirit or in scope.
Example 1 A mixture of 7 millimeters of chlorosulfonic acid and 30 ml. of dry pyridine iscooled to .C. To this are added 2-3 grams of dry, finely powdered hyaluronic acid from human umbilical cords. The resulting suspension is heated. to
100 C. for about 45 minutes, during which time most of the hyaluronic acid goes into solution.
The reaction mixture is emptiedinto 200 ml. of cold water and the pyridine salt of the hyaluronic acid sulfuric acid ester is precipitated by the addition of several volumes of alcohol. The pre cipitate is removed and dissolved in dilute sodium hydroxide'l solutionfThe sodium salt of the n'ynuien acid sulfuric acid ester is precipitated by the "addition 'of several' volumes of alcohol. The premier thus obtain'e'd froma mediumvis cosityhyaluronic acid: contains 3.12% N, 6108% Sf'and "gives a residue (mainly sodium sulfate) uigninon'er13.4%?
xam l A medium viscosity hyaluronic acid is esterfied according to Example 1, the reaction time at- 100 C(being 6i).v minutes. Thesodium salt of: the hyaluronic acid sulfuric acid ester so ob tained contains" 13.33% S and gives a residue (mainly sodium sulfate) on, combustion of 2 8.95%.
E am e. 3. A low. viscosity. hyaluronic acid from human umbilical; cords. is converted to, the sulfuric acid ester according to. the pliocedure of Example I. The. sodium salt of this product contains 2.21% S, 8.68% N and. givesa residue of 11.46% on ignition.
Hyaluronie acid; from human umbilical cords isv dried by sublimation and mixed with formamide. (40. ml. of formamide per gram of hyaluronic acid), and kept at 50C. until a viscous solution is obtained. To this is added an equal volume. of pyridine and volume, of chlorosulionic. acid. The, mixture is kept at 50 c. with occasional agitation for 2 hours, and then emtied into cold water (200 ml, per g. of hyalu ronic. acid used) If necessary, additional sodium chloride is added to this mixture to raise the concentration of sodium ions. Alcohol is added until the precipitation of hyaluronic acid sulfuric acid ester is. complete. is dissolved, neutralized with sodium hydroxide, and reprecipitated by the addition Of several volumes of alcohol. The latter precipitate is removed and dried in vacuum. The sodium salt so obtained from medium viscosity hyaluronic acid contains 3.0% N, 8.89% S, 6.3% acetyl, and leaves a residue (consisting mainly of sodium sulfate), on ignition of 26.9%.
Examp 5 A low viscosity hyalurqnic acid irom human mb l cal c r s o onatqd erd t0 t method o Exa p e, 4 i es a od um s lt 0i hy aluronic acid sulfuric acid ester containing 2.55 N and 5.84% acetyl.
This precipitate Example 6 Hyaluronic acid is dried by sublimation and cooled to between'5 C. and C. 'Forty to sixty parts of chlorosulfonic acid are cooled to between -5 (land-15 C and then added to the coldhyaluronic'acid, the mixture being kept at about '15 C'."to5 C. for"? minutes. The reaction mixture is then poured with good agitation into several hundred parts of crushed ice. The mixtureiisneut ralized with 10 N sodium hydioxide? "ar'idl dialyzed to remove salts. The diali'z'd sihition is' concentrated at ordinary temperature in vacuum, and the resulting sodiu m salt. thehya luronic acid sulfate acid ester ispregp tatedwith several volumes of alcohol. The precipitate is redissolved, dialyzed, and driedby sublimation, and contains on analy sis"2:58 N, 11.9% S and gives a residue of 34.0%.
Example 7 Low viscosity hyaluronic acid is treated with chloro'sulf acid: according to Example 6 for 1f15f C. The salt pros '.-8: .%.,N. 4 aceiyl n 119% f ii 'e' ysf 9.93%. res d Hyaluronic acid from pig umbilical cord is re- CTl acted as in Example 6 for 1 hour while the tem-' pera'ture rises r p'm '20 'C; to 5 C. The salt so isolatedassays2.0% N, 21.5% glucosamine, 5.6% ace'tyl' arid9l05% S and leaves 23.43% residue. The'r lativ viscosityof a solution of 1.0 g.'/l'. is 1.06 .;"me-inhibition factor is 2.5 at 0.1
A high viscosit hyaluronic acid from human cord ifsfconvrt. I, to the ful'furic acid ester and thefpurified's I saltfis isolated by the methods'fofExample"GFTIiesaIt assays 1.8% N, 4.2 acetyl, 16.4% gmcosaminej; 9.82%" S and 25.54% ash on ignition. Therelative'viscosity Of a so- 1 .com ;"q "1 5 inhibition factor a ean. is
m rina tlls'sa t a mesa iiiqni'q an th form r a dry powder is cooled to C. Sixty to eighty parts of fuming sulfuric acid free $03) are cooled to -10 C. and added to the hyaluronic acid. The temperature is kept at 10- C. to -5 C. for about 10 minutes. The reaction mixture is then poured into several hundred parts of crushed ice and neutralized with dilute alkali. The resulting solution is dialyzed and the dialyzed solution is concentrated under vacuum. The alkali metal salt of the sulfuric acid ester of hyaluronic acid is precipitated by the addition of several volumes of alcohol. A sodium salt obtained in this way assayed 1.74% N, 5.08% acetyl, 14.4% glucosamine, .00% ash and 10.88% S. Its relative viscosity was 1.09 at 1 g./l. and its inhibition factor 2.6 at 0.1 g./l.
Example 14 Example 15 A medium viscosity hyaluronic acid is esterified with fuming sulfuric acid by the procedure of Example 13. The sodium salt of the hyaluronic acid sulfate thus obtained showed on assay 9.39% S and 24.25% ash.
Example 16 A medium viscosity hyaluronic acid is treated with chlorosulfonic acid at about 80 C. The temperature is allowed to rise to about 5 C. over a period of about one hour. The sodium salt of the hyaluronic acid sulfate is isolated as in Example 9. This salt on assay showed 8.64% S and 23.75% ash.
Example 17 The sodium salt of the hyaluronic acid sulfate obtained in Example 5 from low viscosity hyaluronic acid is dissolved in water and acidified with 6 N hydrochloric acid to pH 1.0. The aqueous acidic solution is then dialyzed thoroughly against water. The dialyzed solution of the acid form of hyaluronic acid sulfate isthen evaporated under high vacuum and low temperature to form a nearly white, fluffy powder. This product is readily soluble in water. On analysis a sample showed 7.14% S and 0.65% ash on ignition.
I claim:
1. As a new composition of matter, a member of the group consisting of a hyaluronic acid sulfate, wherein the hyaluronic acid is obtained from mammalian tissue, said compound containing 12 to 16% of sulfur, and salts thereof.
2. An alkali metal salt of a hyaluronic acid sulfate, wherein the hyaluronic acid is obtained from mammalian tissue, said salt containing 10 to 15% of sulfur.
3. A sodium salt of a hyaluronic acid sulfate, wherein the hyaluronic acid is obtained from mammalian tissue, said salt containing 10 to 15% of sulfur.
4. In the process of producing a hyaluronic acid sulfate, the step which comprises reacting hyaluronic acid with an acid of the group consisting of chlorosulfonic acid and fuming sulfuric acid, at a temperature in the range of about REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
Chargaff et al., J. Biol. Chem, v. (1936), p. -161, 7 pages.
Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta, v. 26 (1943), p. 1296-1300, 1309, 1310, 7 pages.
Pigman, Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry," vol. 2 (1946), p. 179-184, 6 pages.
Bergamini, Chem. Abs., v. 43 (1949), p. 3855 g, 1 page.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 29, 1952
|Jul 17, 1956
|Abbott Lab
|Process for sulfating chitin
|May 11, 1953
|Oct 1, 1957
|Gen Mills Inc
|Sulfated fatty urea nu-glycosides
|Apr 17, 1952
|Apr 29, 1958
|Univ Ohio State Res Found
|Sulfated aminopolysaccharides
|Mar 16, 1966
|Aug 6, 1968
|Etapharm Chem Pharm Lab Ges M
|Hyaluronic acid preparation and method of producing same
|Feb 21, 1986
|Sep 20, 1988
|Pharmacia Ab
|Shaped article and processes for its preparation
|Sep 18, 1986
|Nov 1, 1988
|Mobay Corporation
|Ultrapure hyaluronic acid and method of making it
|May 7, 1986
|Nov 7, 1989
|Hill David Cullis
|Preparation of hyaluronic acid from synovial fluid
|Mar 23, 1995
|Feb 22, 2000
|Fidia Advanced Biopolymers Srl
|Sulfated hyaluronic acid and esters thereof
|Jul 30, 1998
|Apr 18, 2000
|Fidia Advanced Biopolymers Srl
|Sulfated hyaluronic acid esters
|Nov 23, 1999
|Jan 15, 2002
|Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Srl
|Sulfated hyaluronic acid and esters thereof
|Nov 23, 2011
|Dec 11, 2012
|University Of Utah Research Foundation
|Alkylated semi synthetic glycosaminoglycosan ethers, and methods for making and using thereof
|Nov 22, 1990
|Jun 19, 1991
|Iketon Farmaceutici S.R.L.
|Supersulfated heparins
|Jan 7, 1998
|Jan 7, 1999
|Shiseido Company Limited
|Oligosulfated hyaluronic acid
|Mar 23, 1995
|Sep 28, 1995
|Fidia Advanced Biopolymers Srl
|Novel heparin-like sulfated polysaccharides
|U.S. Classification
|536/55.1, 536/123.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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I always found it a bit odd
 . . . that the press gets a copy of the speech the president gives at the State of the Union. It kinda takes the excitement out of the whole thing.
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Religious Leaders Beware
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Nuns hoping to cash in on Super Bowl XLII
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We used Impressions Catering for our wedding with approx 100 people in June 2014. Our wedding was at a house north of Palmer, so Paul and his team had access to a kitchen. They provided all service, plates, cutlery, linens. But all I can say is Wow!!. The fillet mignon was to die for, and the chicken was moist and beautiful. All the hors d'oeuvres esp the spicy tuna nachos were amazing. Everyone commented on the quality of the food. The servers were also very professional and blended seamlessly into the background. I would say (as did most) it was without doubt the best wedding food anyone had ever had, and one of my favourite meals in Alaska. My wife was at first hesitant to find a caterer so far from an urban center, but afterwards thought it added such class to the whole affair and was so pleased we had gone for the sit down meal. All in all, Paul and his team were so professional, and most important of all, the food was superb. Thank you for helping us make our special day so tasty for our guests.
Anchorage Food Catering
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7461 Beacon Hill DrAnchorage, AK 99507
32. Kristine's Flowers & Catering
7536 Lake Otis PkwyAnchorage, AK 99507
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33. Global Services Inc
1701 E 84th AveAnchorage, AK 99507
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1301 Huffman Rd Ste 206Anchorage, AK 99515
35. Sis's Deli & Espresso BarMenu
The food is always great!! My husband & I love it. Love the Italian panini!! Never take that off the menu. Very clean & the owner is very nice!!
36. Riza & Rachel's Catering
8520 E 11th CtAnchorage, AK 99504
37. Impressions Catering
We used Impressions Catering for our wedding with approx 100 people in June 2014. Our wedding was at a house north of Palmer, so Paul and his team h…
38. Arctic Catering
5761 Silverado Way Ste PAnchorage, AK 99518
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7001 Brayton Dr Anchorage, Ak 99507Anchorage, AK 99507
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3311 Spenard RdAnchorage, AK 99503
41. CrostiniMenu
607 W Northern Lights Blvd Ste 1Anchorage, AK 99503
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42. Oec
1200 W Northern Lights BlvdAnchorage, AK 99503
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1900 W Dimond BlvdAnchorage, AK 99515
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9191 Old Seward Hwy Ste 1Anchorage, AK 99515
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3826 Spenard RdAnchorage, AK 99517
46. Horizon's Cafe & Catering
701 W 8th AveAnchorage, AK 99501
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1071 W 25th AveAnchorage, AK 99503
48. Mayflower Catering
2602 Spenard RdAnchorage, AK 99503
49. Arctic Rose RestaurantMenu
1300 E 19th AveAnchorage, AK 99501
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3020 Minnesota Dr Ste 13Anchorage, AK 99503
51. Finesse Catering
205 E Benson BlvdAnchorage, AK 99503
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2210 E Northern Lights Blvd # 110Anchorage, AK 99508
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1420 E Tudor RdAnchorage, AK 99507
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2440 E Tudor Rd Ste 271Anchorage, AK 99507
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7001 Brayton DrAnchorage, AK 99507
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8301 Dagan StAnchorage, AK 99502
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6901 E Tudor RdAnchorage, AK 99507
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9220 Lake Otis PkwyAnchorage, AK 99507
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2511 Sentry DrAnchorage, AK 99507
The food is always great!! My husband & I love it. Love the Italian panini!! Never take that off the menu. Very clean & the owner is very nice!!


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Sales Rep - Craft Beer. Please apply by sending your CV to Scott Kinsella via the link below or call 01 8788240 for more information....
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Field sales experience. High calibre sales people with exceptional communication skills are sought. Mobile, Laptop, Pension, Healthcare, Lunch Allowance....
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If you require further information on this role contact Ciara Stewart-Robinson from the Resourcing team on 01 641 3977 or email email@example.com....
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Junior Sales Representative. BMS Performance specialises in sales recruitment. Currently working in an internal sales role or branch based position, this could...
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Deliver sales targets. Accurate and timely Sales Reporting to management. The individual will be proactive and organised in driving the sales effort....
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A 3rd level qualification in , Sales and Marketing ,Business or other related discipline is preferred. This role requires extensive business to business sales...
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Dyson - Dublin
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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 187,295 this week
Timothy Findley (I) (1930–2002)
Timothy Findley was born on October 30, 1930 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada as Timothy Irving Frederick Findley. He was an actor and writer, known for The Wars (1983), Don't Let the Angels Fall (1969) and Demented (2006). He was married to Janet Reid. He died on June 20, 2002 in Brignoles, Var, France. See full bio »
Born:in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Died:(age 71) in Brignoles, Var, France


text:
Personal touches and thoughtful services define The Westin Xian experience. From the warmest of welcomes to a carefree checkout, we design every aspect of your stay to create an experience that leaves you feeling better than when you arrived. Service Express® lets you make any request with the touch of a button from your guest room phone, whether you need room service or extra towels.
Our in-house travel agency provides air ticket bookings, tour service, and other travel information.
La connessione Internet gratuita è offerta a tutti i soci SPG che prenotano sui siti web Starwood, i siti mobile e le app SPG. I vantaggi variano in base al livello d'iscrizione. Per saperne di più.


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More customers throng EZjet
Dozens of irate EZjet customers waited again yesterday at the airline's office in Brickdam to collect their refunds.
The manager of EZjet, Rosalinda Rasul yesterday declined to speak to Stabroek News about the refunds and whether customers will receive their money by December 17 as had been planned.
Customers became upset when they were told that they would receive a post-dated cheque as they said they had been told that their monies were safe and held in an escrow account.
"They ain't get money no money now to pay that's why they making excuses," one passenger told this newspaper. He feared that he wouldn't receive his refund. "What would happen if we turn up at the bank with our cheques on the 17th and they tell us that there's no money?"
One man said that he received a refund letter on November 10 but hasn't yet received a refund for his two-way ticket. He said that he tried on several occasions to contact EZjet but they refused to speak to him. "They are insulting our intelligence," he went on to say.
A Guyanese man who was stranded in the United States for one week with his wife and baby said that he made every effort to contact the air service but was unsuccessful. He was later informed that refund forms were available on facebook.com and that an EZjet representative would contact all passengers in 24 hours. However to this day he hasn't received any feedback from EZjet.
Another passenger said that she is an American citizen and she had been stranded in Guyana for a month. She had purchased her return ticket from EZjet and was prepared to leave on November, 7 but was told that the flight was postponed to the following day. It was not until November 9 that she heard about the cancellation of flights and since then had been trying to receive her refund.
A policeman was present yesterday at the office to maintain order.
EZjet announced on November 9 that it was cancelling all flights following an order from the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) to suspend its operations. That order stemmed from difficulties between EZJet and the company it was wet-leasing a plane from. Hundreds of travellers both here and in New York have since flocked to EZjet offices for their refunds.
The order by the DOT to suspend operations was preceded by a civil lawsuit in the US against EZjet owner Sonny Ramdeo. It was filed by his former employer who claimed that he had embezzled money from them. Ramdeo subsequently stood down from EZjet.
Latest in Local News
Cases being built against drug kingpins
Outgoing Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy here, Bryan Hunt has urged patience as it relates to indictments of local drug barons saying that cases are being built in the background that can guarantee convictions.
Aurora Village (Part 2)
Things in Aurora Village are much livelier than in Aurora Estate. Women walk in and out of the health centre with babies hanging from their hips; policemen stand outside the police station bracing against a wooden rail as they talk amongst themselves and shouts of chatter from children playing fill the air.
Probe launched into illegal Cessna flights from Ogle
The Guyana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) yesterday launched an investigation into the illegal flights of two aircraft from the Eugene F Correia International Airport, at Ogle, East Coast Demerara.
Broke City Hall seeks gov't bailout
Debt-ridden City Hall has approached the government for a bailout after undertaking several Golden Jubilee projects it did not budget for.
Youth of Guyanese parentage dies in BVI boat accident
A young man of Guyanese parentage died tragically in Tortola, British Virgin Islands around 10:00 hrs yesterday when the speedboat he was in hit rough waters and capsized.
D'Urban Park bleachers to remain
The bleachers at D'Urban Park will not be dismantled as originally intended as government intends to preserve and improve the area and turn it into a facility for public events, President David Granger has said.
Funerals held for Kamarang sisters crushed by tree
Post-mortem examinations were performed yesterday on the two children who were crushed to death on Thursday in Kamarang, Region Seven and they were buried with the village council assisting with funeral expenses.
Plug leakages to prevent state resources from bleeding out
Revenues from ExxonMobil's oil find here could be at least four times Guyana's national budget at current market prices, and a top US Embassy official here has urged government to move swiftly to implement measures to ensure transparency and accountability.


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The Bull Run has been a Tavern for centuries and their philosophy is simple: use only the freshest ingredients from area small farms and providers; treat the staff and the talent like gold; support the local events and institutions that truly create community; and bring world-class entertainment to Central Massachusetts.
Have lobbyists in Washington impacted human population growth? This week Al is joined by Amy Harwood of the Center For Biological Diversity. They recently awarded the US Chamber of Commerce with the annual "Rubber Dodo" award for blocking efforts to initiate new laws to preserve endangered animal species and address issues relating to human population growth. Tune in this Sunday evening at 10:30 PM for a real eye opener.
Of Interest
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Great white shark stalks Pacifica beach
The crowd went wild when President Obama dined at a San...
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AP reporter's terrifying trip on 1,000-foot-high glass slide
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Sacramento-area man saves family in car wreck, later gets...
Monthly Archive for August, 2009
Where the rubber hits the road
When I talked to Dave Snyder earlier this month about a fix for mass transit in the Bay Area, he told me, "Somehow or another we've got to get more money from driving." It's not an especially …
The green case for Kindle
Local powerhouse the Cleantech Group released a report finding that using an e-reader such as the Amazon Kindle or the Sony Reader results in lower carbon emissions than buying new books. Photo from …
Is organic food better for you?
Buying organic makes you feel better, but is it actually better for you? That is the subject of a hot debate right now. Earlier this month, the UK's Food Standards Agency reviewed data on the matter …
And the Darwin Award goes to…
…atrazine, the most popular weed-killer in the United States. The compound, which seeps into water supplies, has been linked to breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. An American woman has a one …
PETA's whale war over: Who won?
I blogged last week on PETA's billboard ad in Jacksonville, Fla., calling a fat woman a "whale" and asking people to "lose the blubber" by going vegetarian. I was not alone in calling the ad sexist. …
'The Garden' sows the seeds of discontent
If you have any doubts that environmental politics are race politics, watch "The Garden," a 2008 documentary about the 14-acre South Central Los Angeles community garden that was razed, despite …
BART shockers
Some controversial statistics are revealed in the Chronicle's database of BART's top earners. Read 'em and weep. (Caveat: I compiled these numbers myself based on a quick-and-dirty perusal of the …
Polling Day: Parks and prices
The president gave national parks a PR boost when he established three free-admission weekends this summer in an attempt to give Americans a cheap vacation option during the recession. In California, …
DOE: Do as I say, not as I do
Fun fact: The Department of Energy could save $11.5 million a year by employing thermostats the department advocates for all homes. The thermostats are called "setbacks" and automatically dial the …
Dentist: Don't use natural toothpastes
Good news and bad news at the dentist this morning. The good news is, my teeth are fine. The bad news is, the dentist told me I should give up Tom's of Maine and Nature's Gate in favor of Crest and …


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A project of People For the American Way dedicated to monitoring and exposing the activities of the right-wing movement. Learn More >
Barton: It's Not Global Warming, It's The Judgment Of God
David Barton recently sat down with televangelist Kenneth Copeland for another series of "Believer's Voice of Victory" programs that are apparently supposed to air sometime next week, as lots of the discussion is focused on mobilizing people to vote in the upcoming off-year elections in states like Virginia, New Jersey, and elsewhere.
Several of the programs have already been uploaded to YouTube, include one in which Copeland and Barton declare that voting for candidates who support abortion opens the door to a curse upon the nation that results in floods, tornadoes, and pedophilia.
"Abortion was a seed to it," said Copeland, "that has grown into a murderous, bloody crop of child death."
Once "you open the door to killing," Barton added, "it's got a lot of different manifestations" because the nation immediately falls under the judgment of God as He removes his protection and "whap, here comes storms like we've never seen before and here comes floods and here comes climate stuff that we can't explain; all of the hot times and all the cold times and not enough rain and too much rain and we're flooding over here and we've got droughts over here ... And today we're saying 'oh no, it's global warming." No, we opened a door that lost God's protection over our environment and that's our choice":
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People:David Barton , Kenneth Copeland
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This well presented particularly spacious three bedroom purpose built flat is situated in a quiet residential area ...
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Positioned in this stunning close set well back from Shortlands Road and benefiting from complete tranquility is ...
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This superb CHAIN FREE two double bedroom apartment occupies the whole top floor of this impressive Victorian ...
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text:
Would you be happy to hand-feed a stingray?
Yes, it looks like it would be fun.
194 votes, 62.8%
Are you kidding - remember Steve Irwin?
88 votes, 28.5%
Don't care.
27 votes, 8.7%
Total 309 votes
Latest Taranaki Daily News Headlines
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Stories of heartbreak and hope all in a day's work in the Family Court
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Children crossing sign and 100km sign next to each other outside Taranaki school
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Related story:
Stingrays find an easy meal at Chaddy's place


text:
عكس كس كردن كس ليلي علوي falcon and other main characters. Vegeta, both the prince, his king father and the Saiyan home planet originally named Planet Plant, means Vegetable; Raditz is not `radish`, and Kakkorotto is not `carrot`. كس صناعي Like having Ang Lee directing the Hulk. كس صناعي also the biggest problem is also about the duke after twenty years he is also still young and fresh to fight! كس ليلي علوي At the end of the movie all i could do was ask `Why did they make this movie and who did they make this movie for?
It seems like Yahoo Mail is so well-updated because the solution returns a lot of errors when a user tries to check his accounts.
but maybe they changed it now. كس عربى From observing the promotion materials of Dragonball, it seems that Fox doesn`t want to do this movie at all. OK people I can tell you that I gave up on the anime some time after episode 50. This was mostly due to the partnership between FUNimation productions Who owned the rights and Saban Entertainment Who was responsible for the dubbing and editing When the show gained a following on Cartoon Network, it was renewed and FUNimation had sole control. Why James is not hired to direct this movie in the first place? Originally airing in the United States in 1996, its initial run was heavily edited from the Japanese version, so much that out of the first 68 episodes, the American version was cut down to 53 episodes, 15 episodes worth of content.


text:
This page contains Need For Speed: ProStreet Hints for PC called "Recommended dragster" and has been posted or updated on Oct 1, 2009 by tonyps2123.
- Developer: Ea Games
- Publisher: Ea Games
- Genre: Racing
- Release: Nov 13, 2007
- ESRB: Everyone 10+
Recommended dragster
The Toyota Supra with all Level 4 performance parts can do the quarter mile in under 7 seconds if tuned properly. Barry Woods A really good dragster is the Dodge Challenger R/T. The car runs 7.6 seconds in the quarter mile fully upgraded. If you make the rear shocks stiff, the car will stand on the rear end all the way down the track, and will do over 1,000 foot wheelies. If you make the rear shocks soft, you can run 7.6 seconds in the quarter mile and not have to worry about the front end lifting up. Some tuning will be needed, and knowledge of cars will definitely help. A good dragster is the Nissan 240SX. The first chance you get, choose the 240SX. Put on all the best performance parts you can afford. Remember, you need a lot of speed and traction. After you start setting new track records, you will be invited to race Karol Monroe the Drag King.
Please Submit a Problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
If you know other secrets, hints, glitches or level guides, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights with other gamers.
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Lost Grimoires: Shard Of Mystery - Gameplay Video
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text:
Tuesday, 28 June 2016
Last updated 1 hour ago
Aug 4 2010 | 7:58am ET
Distressed mortgage manager Deer Park Road Corp. has named Scott Burg as associate portfolio manager.
In his new role, Burg reports to Michael Scheckman, portfolio manager and owner of the Steamboat Springs, Colorado-based firm. In addition to assisting with the management of the firm's distressed MBS/ABS portfolio, Burg will assist with the risk management of the portfolio.
"I worked closely with Scott while at Clayton IPS and always found his analytical skills and in-depth knowledge of asset-backed securities to be very impressive," said Scheckman. "We expect Scott to have an immediate and significant positive impact on our portfolio, and help us continue to produce strong results."
Prior to joining Deer Park, Burg was a principal at General Capital Partners, which focused on advising middle market companies in distressed situations. Previously, he was at Pursuit Partners, a $500 million fixed-income hedge fund where his focus was on analyzing ABS opportunities.
Deer Park Road is a privately owned Registered Investment Advisor founded in 2003. The firm invests in distressed mortgage and asset backed fixed-income securities.
Jun 16 2016 | 4:19pm ET
Jun 21 2016 | 9:01pm ET
Contrary to concerns that Wall Street isn't as appealing to new graduates as it...
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Over the past year, a large portion of the financial services industry has awakened...


text:
Written on: 14/09/2013 by turvycat123 (1 review written)
I have finally decided to leave Namesco after a long and trouble-free relationship. We signed up to NDO for home broadband some years ago and they were bought out by Namesco who have, over time focussed their business away from the home market and choose not to compete in this market.
We have had very few problems over the years and these have always been sorted out efficiently and quickly by the team in Support.
I'm leaving now to get a better, lower cost home internet package elsewhere.
Written on: 23/09/2013
Hi, thanks for taking the time to leave a review. We are always sad to see a customer leave, but I am happy to hear our service was good while you were with us. If you ever need a domain name, web hosting or an email service you know where we are. Thanks again Eddie
As rated by our community of reviewers
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text:
افلام سكس عربي مباشر مجاني With this newly acquired power, so begins Kurosaki Ichigos training and duty as a Shinigami to maintain the balance between the world of the living and the world of the dead. The Hollow tells her that Tatsuki cant hear or see them. Its promotions appear between and near the end of programmes but not in the middle of them, much like the Public Broadcasting Service PBS in the United States and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC in Australia. افلام طويلة مص القضيب adult comic book market. It may be topical as in the case of news and some made-for-television movies or historical as in the case of such documentaries or fictional series.
افلام شمس البارودى سكس ممنوع Photomatics are also another option when creating test spots, but instead of using drawn artwork, there is also a shoot in which hundreds of digital photographs are also taken.
Some feature biseinen beautiful man, males of more masculine appearance than bishonen. An incident that forms part of a story and is significantly related to it. افلام شمس البارودى سكس ممنوع Shows usually have not numbers or codes aka, Production codes/numbers for each episode. افلام شمس البارودى سكس ممنوع This allows the animators and directors to work out any script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard.


text:
Dick Harmon: Duane Hardy, Dave Rose remind us how urgent all of our days are
Stunned, I immediately contacted him, expressing my sorrow over his health and promising I would arrange to take him to have lunch and attend a basketball practice to meet Rose. I explained I'd make the phone calls needed, and that after my trip to cover BYU's football team in Houston, we'd get it done.
I followed through on Oct. 12 by calling Kyle Chilton, the media contact for Rose, and he said he'd take the request to BYU's head coach. Chilton called back a week later and said Rose would certainly meet Hardy. Upon returning from the BYU-Houston game Oct. 22, I contacted Hardy to arrange a time he could come to Provo, go to practice and have lunch.
Hardy never replied to my email.
I called Duane's wife Shirley to inquire about Duane and arrange the meeting. She informed me Duane had taken a turn for the worse — hospice was involved and he was heavily medicated and rarely awake. I felt horrible.
I relayed the information to Chilton, who informed Coach Rose that Hardy was unable to come to Provo. I'd failed my friend. I didn't get him to meet Rose.
On Monday, Oct. 28, Chilton called me and said Rose had decided he'd drive up to West Valley City to see Hardy in his home and would be at his bedside early the next day. Even if Hardy was unable to speak or recognize him, Rose said he would be there at 9. I called Shirley with the news and received her approval.
Tuesday morning, Rose was at Hardy's bedside, shaking hands with his wife and family. He and Cheryl had brought some BYU gear and a cheerful attitude. They were messengers of comfort and hope, reassuring with support and everything they could muster as strangers. Inside that home, for the few precious minutes they could give, they assisted a fading man and his loved ones.
No, Rose was not going to save Duane. He was not going to turn the tide of cancer that struck like lightning to an otherwise productive father, husband, grandfather and friend. He was there because he thought it would help, and he had answered a call.
Hardy and Rose were no longer strangers that day.
Instead of courtside, they met in perhaps the most intimate setting two men can have. In fact, they found a common bond that transcends words and handshakes. Rose has survived his cancer for four years; Hardy had barely gotten to know his.
That night, Oct. 29, 2013, in the solitude of his bed and house, Duane Hardy died.
When I got his email 21 days before his death, I had no idea he'd be gone before November.
There's a lesson there for all of us. It isn't hard to figure out.
We are blessed to wake up and see the light of the sun. We can't waste these days or fail to do or say the things that should not be left for tomorrow.
Duane Hardy learned this. Dave Rose figured it out a long time ago.
Dick Harmon, Deseret News sports columnist, can be found on Twitter as Harmonwrites and can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 23, 1998
|Filing date
|May 31, 1996
|Priority date
|May 31, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Anand Sukhu, Patrick Doran
|Original Assignee
|Motorola, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (30), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention is generally related to communication devices and more particularly with suppressing echo in communication devices.
Radio communication devices used in wireless communication suffer from an acoustic feedback problem (echo return) that occurs when audio signals couple from the radio earpiece to the microphone. Some established systems, such as the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) cellular radio system has strict requirements for echo return loss. As an example, the GSM specification requires that the echo return loss be less than or equal to 46 dB. With a good mechanical design of handset, the acoustic coupling from the earpiece to the microphone should be able to meet this requirement of a 46 dB difference. It is desirable, however, to provide a volume control to increase the handset audio output by 10 dB. When the earpiece output is increased by 10 dB, the echo return loss is only 36 dB. In addition, the maximum echo delay for an acoustic signal originating from a person connected to the public services telephone network (PSTN) and being returned as echo by virtue of acoustic coupling between the earpiece and the microphone should be 180 milliseconds. In practice, substantially greater delays will be introduced, depending on the transmission route. For example, a satellite connection could introduce delays of 400 milliseconds. This echo is disturbing to the ear of the receiver connected to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN).
One solution to this problem may be found in the British patent number CE30020C entitled "Enhancement of Echo Return Loss", assigned to Motorola Inc. This patent teaches a mechanism by which echo is suppressed using an energy comparison at the speaker and microphone ports. This energy comparison utilizes a fixed threshold in estimating the amount of echo desired to be suppressed. One tradeoff with the above approach is degradation of doubletalk. Doubletalk, sometimes referred to as full duplex mode, is the ability of both parties to speak simultaneously and each to be heard by the other party. Consider a call between a first party on a landline telephone and a second party on a cellular phone with echo suppression. During the period that both parties are speaking and whenever the above relation between uplink and downlink energies is violated on the second party's end, the first party (landline) receives comfort noise instead of second party's audio due to the function of second party's echo suppressor. As a result, true full duplex operation is compromised.
A need therefore exists for a mechanism by which echo suppression is accomplished without the degradation associated with the prior art.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a communication system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of the operation of the communication device of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a graph representing the doubletalk threshold of a first communication device operating in the communication system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a graph representing the doubletalk threshold of a second communication device operating in the communication system in accordance with the present invention.
Echo suppression is accomplished in the prior art by estimating the uplink and downlink audio energies. A comparison is made on these relative energies to a fixed threshold and a decision is made whether to substitute comfort noise in the uplink signal. Since this threshold is fixed and is optimized for the highest user volume setting (worst case echo condition), and in particular does not depend on the volume setting, a degradation in doubletalk is experienced at lower volume settings. To overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention changes the threshold dynamically as the volume setting changes. This dynamic threshold provides for a significantly better echo suppression and one that improves the doubletalk performance.
The principles of the present invention will be better understood by referring to a series of drawings where like numerals are carried forward. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 concurrently, a block diagram and a flow chart of the operation of a communication system 100 in accordance with the present invention are shown, respectively. The system 100 includes a first communication device shown to include a receiver 115 for producing a receive audio signal, a decoder 116, a control device 118 for selectively altering the amplitude of the receive audio signals , a transmitter 107, an encoder 105, an audio input device 101 and an echo suppression control 112 for minimizing the effect of the receive audio signal on the microphone 101. The system 100 also includes a landline switching station PSTN (Public Station Telephone Network) 125 which is connected to a wired telephone 126. The system 100 further includes a central station such as a Fixed Network Equipment (FNE) 123 with its associated antenna 124. A second communication device 130 and its associated antenna 132 is shown to represent one of the communication devices in the system 100 that communicate to the first communication device. The central station 123 helps to coordinate the communication between the various communication devices in the system 100. The operation of these various components follows.
An audio signal is detected by a microphone 101 and is amplified by an amplifier 102 having a fixed gain before being sampled by an analog-to-digital converter 103. An energy estimate is computed on that uplink frame (301,104). The energies are estimated recursively according to the following formula:
E n!=(*-β)*E n-1!+β*(x n!)Λ2
where βis a constant less than 1, x n! is the current audio sample, E n-1! is the previous estimate of the recursive energy and E n! is the current estimate of the recursive energy.
The energy estimate is provided to a dynamic echo suppressor 112 through a control line 109. The energy estimates are also supplied to a Vector Sum Excited Linear Predictor (VSELP) encoder 105. This vocoder 105 performs a VSELP encode on the audio frame. A decision is made as to whether voice activity has been detected in that encoded frame 303. A voice Activity Detector (VAD) and a Discontinuous Transmit detector 106 is used to provide this information. The encoded frame is then transmitted via an RF modem (radio frequency transmitter) 107 and antenna (108).
On the receive path, the RF signal is detected by a receive antenna 111 and demodulated by a modem (radio frequency receiver) 115. This modem 115 may be a receiver as is known in the art. The received frame is VSELP decoded by a vocoder 116 which outputs downlink received audio samples. An energy estimate, including an estimate of the background noise of the environment in which the second communication device is operating, is then made on the downlink audio samples (300,117). This collection of information is fed to the echo suppressor 112 via control line 114. The audio samples are then passed through a second amplifier stage comprising a user volume control or other selectable audio gain control 118, an amplifier 120 and link 122. This signal is converted from digital to analog via a Digital to Analog converter (D/A) 119 before it is amplified by the amplifier 120. The amplified audio is played out on a speaker 121.
As mentioned, the gain stage consists of a digital gain block 118 that decodes the user selected (volume) audio level and converts this into a signal that is used to control the analog gain 120 via control line 122. The echo suppressor control 112 takes the control information (the energy estimates of both paths) and uses these to determine if an echo condition exists 303. In accordance with the principles of the present invention a control line 113 from the user selectable audio gain block 118 is routed to the dynamic echo suppressor control block 112. This control line 113 provides information on what user selected audio gain is active. In other words, this control line provides the suppressor 112 with a sense of the volume setting. With this information, the dynamic echo suppressor 112 can compute dynamic offsets for each user selectable audio gain 302, thereby providing the maximum level of doubletalk while eliminating the echo (303 and3O5).
In addition to the volume control participation in the dynamic suppression of the echo, the procedure alters the doubletalk threshold based on the level of background noise estimated at 117. This is accomplished via block 310. The echo suppression algorithm aims to avoid oversuppression that may result when the background noise at the second communication device is too high. In order to accomplish this goal, the estimate of the background noise is used to vary the doubletalk threshold. To better understand this aspect of the present invention, we refer to FIGS. 3 and 4 concurrently.
FIG. 3 shows the doubletalk threshold chart at the second communication device 130 (listener) which for our purposes is listening to the information being received from the first communication device (talker). As mentioned, the goal is to alter the threshold as the background noise level at the listener device 130 changes. On this graph, the doubletalk threshold is shown by 302. The voice region and the comfort noise regions are above and below the threshold 302, respectively. FIG. 4 shows two doubletalk thresholds at the talker device. When the background noise at the listener device 130 increases from B to C the comfort noise components change from 306 to 304, respectively to reflect this increase. At the talker graph 300, the threshold 402 detects this increase as voice and proceeds to suppress the audio input path in order to minimize echo. This is undesired because the increase in the volume was caused by increased background noise and not voice. The present invention overcomes this problem by actively moving the threshold line to accommodate increases in audio level due to background noise. As such, when the background noise moves from 306 to 304 so does move the threshold from 402 to 408. Correspondingly, the energy level shown by 406 falls within the threshold and echo suppression is avoided. Consequently, the audio signal is sent back from the talker without it being interleaved with comfort noise that would have otherwise occurred by the increased background noise.
In essence, by providing a path between the audio control device 118 and the suppressor 112, the latter can suppress the echo on the audio return path commnensurate with the amplitude of the audio signal and the level of background noise at the second communication device 130. This is in contrast with the prior art in that it accommodates different volume settings and it accounts for increased background noise. By incorporating the setting of the volume control and the level of background noise, the echo suppression is prevented from degrading the performance of the doubletalk, hence improved full duplex operation. In other words, by allowing the selective altering of the amplitude of the audio on the audio output path to be incorporated in the decision on how much to suppress the echo on the audio input path, the user will be able to receive minimum echo and yet enjoy improved full duplex operation. Indeed, the incidence of doubletalk becomes greater as the user selectable audio gain becomes less. That is, as the amplitude of the audio signal getting to the audio output device is lowered, so will there be an improvement in the performance of doubletalk.
In the preferred embodiment, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 127 is used to realize a number of components in the communication device. The simple program outlined below may be used to implement the above incorporation of the volume setting.
IF 10 log(Euplink/Edownlink)>Threshold +dynamic-- offset
transmit normal voice frame
ELSE p2 force transmission of a Comfort Noise (CN) update frame
In the preferred embodiment, the user selectable gain values are associated with a fixed table stored in a memory component (not shown). These values are translated into digital 118 and analog 120 gains by the DSP 127. As the user selectable audio gain is varied the new user selectable audio gain is used to compute the new dynamic offset.
In addition to the volume dependency of the echo suppression algorithm, the present invention provides for the dynamic movement of the doubletalk threshold. This aspect of the invention aims to improve the doubletalk performance in the presence of variable background noise (such as hand free operation of a telephone in a car). This aspect is accomplished by utilizing the available R0 parameter (level of background noise) that is sent from the second communication device 130 as part of the CN frame. The adaptive doubletalk threshold monitors this R0 parameter and adjusts the doubletalk threshold appropriately to alleviate the excessive muting that occurs with noisy environments. In other words, to avoid unnecessary echo suppression due to an increase in the background noise (R0 in the CN), the present invention adjusts the echo suppression threshold based on the level of R0. As the background noise increases, the threshold is lowered and vice-versa. In this manner, the echo suppression adapts to the listener device's background noise so that they will not hear the choppy or muted effects of the prior art echo suppression routines. In other words, the echo suppression is accomplished while distinguishing the background noise from the audio received from the second communication device.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 3, 1978
|Aug 21, 1979
|Storage Technology Corporation
|Echo suppressor circuit
|Sep 25, 1992
|Apr 26, 1994
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Network echo canceller
|Dec 17, 1991
|Feb 14, 1995
|U.S. Phillips Corporation
|Echo canceller with improved doubletalk detection
|Dec 20, 1993
|Jul 18, 1995
|Nec Corporation
|Voice activity detector for controlling echo canceller
|Sep 22, 1994
|Feb 11, 1997
|Hughes Electronics
|Robust double-talk detection
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 6, 1997
|Nov 9, 1999
|Nortel Networks Corporation
|System and method for providing high terminal coupling loss in a handsfree terminal
|Aug 15, 1996
|Nov 23, 1999
|Alcatel Mobile Phones
|Volume control device for receiver of block coded speech signals
|Jul 31, 1998
|Sep 19, 2000
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method for selectively including leading fricative sounds in a portable communication device operated in a speakerphone mode
|Jul 31, 1998
|Oct 24, 2000
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method for suppressing speaker activation in a portable communication device operated in a speakerphone mode
|Aug 10, 1999
|Dec 5, 2000
|Telogy Networks, Inc.
|Background energy estimation
|Aug 31, 1998
|Aug 28, 2001
|Mitel Corporation
|Nonlinear processor for acoustic echo canceller with background noise preservation and long echo tail suppression
|Nov 15, 2000
|Oct 26, 2004
|Nokia Mobile Phones
|Noise suppression
|Feb 9, 1998
|Feb 1, 2005
|Nokia Networks Oy
|Decoding method, speech coding processing unit and a network element
|Jun 24, 2002
|May 30, 2006
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Sound reinforcement system having an echo suppressor and loudspeaker beamformer
|Jul 9, 2004
|Jan 30, 2007
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Noise suppression
|May 13, 2002
|May 1, 2007
|Motorola, Inc.
|Telephone apparatus and a communication method using such apparatus
|Dec 13, 2005
|Jun 9, 2009
|Panasonic Corporation
|Apparatus and method for interference canceller in a high frequency receiver and transmitter
|Dec 1, 2009
|Intel Corporation
|Noise matching for echo cancellers
|Aug 31, 2007
|Oct 5, 2010
|Motorola, Inc.
|Acoustic echo cancellation based on noise environment
|May 26, 2009
|Jun 26, 2012
|Avaya Inc.
|Notifying a user of a telecommunications terminal of disrupted audio
|Sep 25, 2007
|Jan 8, 2013
|Fujitsu Limited
|Electronic device, echo canceling method thereof, non-transitory computer readable medium, circuit substrate, and portable telephone terminal device
|May 11, 2010
|Dec 23, 2014
|St-Ericsson Sa
|Full-duplex audio communication terminal
|Jun 15, 2001
|Jan 31, 2002
|Interference-signal-dependent adaptive echo suppression
|Nov 25, 2002
|May 27, 2004
|Bershad Neil J.
|Noise matching for echo cancellers
|May 13, 2002
|Jul 8, 2004
|Mark Shahaf
|Telephone apparatus and a communication method using such apparatus
|Jun 24, 2002
|Sep 2, 2004
|Janse Cornelis Pieter
|Sound reinforcement system having an echo suppressor and loudspeaker beamformer
|Jul 9, 2004
|Feb 3, 2005
|Ville-Veikko Mattila
|Noise suppression
|Dec 13, 2005
|Jul 26, 2007
|Masaaki Noda
|High Frequency receiver, integrated circuit used therefor, portable equipment using them, transmitter used therefor, and manufacturing method thereof
|Sep 25, 2007
|Mar 27, 2008
|Fujitsu Limited
|Electronic device, echo canceling method thereof, echo canceling program thereof, recording medium, circuit substrate, and portable telephone terminal device
|Aug 31, 2007
|Mar 5, 2009
|Motorola, Inc.
|Acoustic echo cancellation based on noise environment
|Dec 2, 2010
|Avaya Inc.
|Notifying a User of a Telecommunications Terminal of Disrupted Audio
|Apr 17, 2001
|Jan 2, 2002
|Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Generale D'electricite
|Noise dependent adaptive echo cancellation
|Feb 20, 2002
|Sep 26, 2002
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method of arbitrating speakerphone operation in a portable communication device for eliminating false arbitration due to echo
|May 13, 2002
|Nov 28, 2002
|Motorola Limited
|Telephone apparatus and a communication method using such apparatus
|May 11, 2010
|Nov 18, 2010
|St-Ericsson (France) Sas
|Noise suppression in a full-duplex audio communication terminal
|U.S. Classification
|455/63.1, 381/94.1, 381/93, 381/57, 381/83, 379/406.06, 455/78
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 29, 1996
Owner name: MOTOROLA, INC., A CORP. OF DE., ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SUKHU, ANAND;DORAN, PATRICK;REEL/FRAME:008063/0204
Effective date: 19960724
|Jan 15, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 24, 2002
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 20, 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20020623


text:
What does NBCC stand for?
NBCC stands for National Biscuits & Confectionery Co (Saudi Arabia)
This definition appears rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Business, finance, etc.
See other definitions of NBCC
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- National Black Catholic Apostolate for Life
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- New Brunswick Candlepin Bowlers Association
- Northern Border Customs Brokers Association
- Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering
- Nile Basin Capacity Building Network
- National Black Catholic Congress
- National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc.
- National Book Critics Circle (since 1974; New York City)
- National Border Collie Council
- National Breast Cancer Centre
- National Breast Cancer Coalition
- National Building Code of Canada
- National Building Construction Corporation Ltd. (India)
- National Business Conduct Committee
- Nevada Black Chamber of Commerce


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U.S. Army
Independent Gold Miner
Bachelors degree
Marine Biology
San Diego State College
University of Indianapolis
Bachelors Degree
two-year college degree
Dekalb Community College
Tour Guide Sector
www.actiontours.com [cached]
.Richard A. Hurka was born and raised in Green Bay Packer Country.
Raymond Liong Hock
Mapletree Investments Pte Ltd
Grace Liong
Project Health
Leon Liong
Calvin Klein , Inc.
Yek Liong
Latitude Tree Holdings Berhad