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Closely monitor student use of tech tools
Q. My daughter is in fifth grade and we are very uncomfortable with a situation the school is still handling. The school is great, so our concern is not with them, it is with a trend that is happening at many schools we have learned after talking to friends and family from different areas.
The dawn of these Bring Your Own Device programs means more and more kids are coming to school with smartphones and iPads with the permission and prompting of the school. The kids sign promises to behave and the parents sign releases of liability. We are one of those parents and we sent our child to school with an iPad with our permission and waivers happily in hand.
The problem began right away with the children's ability to message each other on teacher approved boards and sites. It has grown in just under two months to complete chaos and hurt feelings and quite frankly dangerous situations we didn't see coming. What are your thoughts on these programs and have you heard of problems like these? We feared what would happen if our daughter was one of the ones who did not have an iPad, but now we are wondering if this would have been the wiser choice.
A. The Bring Your Own Device programs are very popular as schools are trying to update the technology used to teach students. This is a program where parents agree to buy and send an approved device to school for the student to use for educational purposes. Schools usually only approve a limited amount of options for devices that can be used for these programs.
It is voluntary to participate in a BYOD program and never required when it is labeled this way. If kids opt not to participate, those children should not be penalized or denied access to lessons. This can be a delicate balancing act for teachers as they find ways to utilize the tools with some, while helping all children gain access to lessons. Oftentimes, there are some devices at school to be used in some lessons or the devices are used in place of other methods that can still be done with paper and pencil for those without devices.
Usually, teachers have to receive training on managing these programs, but not all districts run things this way. It is best to provide training on how to prevent problems like those you are describing here.
The problems that arise with kids on devices are seen more and more in schools and in public life today. Dangers are most often found in the children's ability to communicate in a digitally removed way with each other or strangers. The dangers are very real.
When kids are hiding behind a device, they tend to write things and do things they would never say or do in person. The problem is, those words and actions are then etched in stone when posted anywhere and shared easily. When kids also seek out approval of peers or strangers, they make themselves vulnerable and can become the target of predators as well.
You have not given the details of what has happened, but it sounds like the kids are passing comments amongst one another that are hurting the feelings of kids in your school.
That is something that can happen without devices, too. I am glad you trust your school, and I hope you can find a solution together. My first step would be to advise no device for a time frame until you find a comfortable solution. Your daughter may feel penalized, but if you are uncomfortable, go with your instincts.
Contact the teacher at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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having a lot trouble balancing my bmpcc on single handed gimbal I have an external battery attached to the top of it - it's not a very substantialbattery ( just a Sony l type fp550 attached with a plastic mounting plate)but this seems to make it top heavy and hard to balance. since my gimbal (and others I've tried) block access to the bmpccinternal battery door and we all know how unbelievably short the bmpccinternal battery life is, it seems an external battery is necessary. for a lens I was...
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 23, 1980
|Filing date
|Sep 29, 1978
|Priority date
|Sep 29, 1978
|Publication number
|Thomas J. Lugaresi
|Original Assignee
|Timex Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (15), Classifications (12), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to touch type electrical switches in which a flexible membrane is utilized as a switching member and, more particularly to touch type switches having minimal dimensions, especially in the thickness direction, and having a sealed construction to prevent entry of dust or moisture.
With the widespread use of electronic calculators, watches and other similar apparatus, the development of compact electrical switches has been accelerated and has produced a wide variety of so-called touch-type switches which generally are single-pole, single-throw switches and comprise a stationary contact mounted for example on a circuit board or other substrate and a movable contact in the form of a flexible member, typically a thin electrically conductive plastic, metallic or composite membrane, spaced above the stationary contact and adapted to be depressed directly or indirectly by finger pressure to effect the momentary electrical contact desired in programming or activating such electronic apparatus. In the Larson patents, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,995,126 and 4,034,176, issued Nov. 30, 1976 and July 5, 1977, respectively, the flexible member comprises a flat sheet of insulating material such as "MYLAR" plastic film and a flat conductive metallic foil laminated together. In the first issued Larson patent, plastic bubbles are mounted above the flexible member in registry with stationary contacts below the flexible member and are depressed by finger pressure to in turn depress the flexible contact member against a particular stationary contact. In the flexible contact member against a particular stationary contact. In the Boulanger U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,293 issued Jan. 25, 1977, a plastic film and thin metallic sheet in which dome-shaped contacts are struck are adhered together to form the flexible contact. This composite flexible contact is supported in spaced relation above and in registry with an array of stationary contacts by means of an insulating layer. In the Johnson U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,981 issued Sept. 6, 1977 and Kaminski U.S. Pat. No. 4,068,369 issued Jan. 17, 1978, a flexible metallic disc is held by an insulating film in position to act as an intermediate bridging contact between a conductive stationary ring and conductive center button. Overlying the metallic disc is a "MYLAR" plastic film for sealing purposes.
Other patents which are relevant to touch-type switches include the Shimoho U.S. Pat. No. 3,761,944 issued Sept. 25, 1973; Shimojo U.S. Pat. No. 3,728,509 issued Apr. 17, 1973; Yanaga U.S. Pat. No. 3,735,068 issued May 22, 1973; Webb et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,749,859 issued July 31, 1973; Shimojo et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,137 issued Sept. 18, 1973; Lynn et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,771 issued Jan. 14, 1975; DuRocher et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,586 issued Apr. 22, 1975; Suzumura U.S. Pat. No. 3,898,421 issued Aug. 5, 1975; Obata et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,722 issued Jan. 13, 1976; Larson U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,551 issued Oct. 26, 1976 and Zurcher U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,509 issued June 17, 1977.
In spite of these developments in touch type switches, there continues to be a need in the particular field of electronic watches, especially wristwatches, for a touch type switch which is not only small in diameter but also is of minimal thickness. In addition, the switch must provide an effective seal with the watch case to prevent ingress of dust or moisture. One touch type switch especially adapted for use in an electronic wristwatch is illustrated in the Schneikart et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,767,875 issued Oct. 23, 1973.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a touch type switch especially useful in electronic watch applications as a result of its minimal dimensions, especially thickness dimension, and sealed construction.
Typically, the touch type switch is used with electrical apparatus having an enclosure inside of which electrical circuitry is housed. The switch generally involves a sandwich construction of a stationary contact means, an insultating and spacing member and a flexible contact membrane in a recess in the enclosure of the electrical apparatus, the recess having an aperture at the periphery thereof providing access through the enclsoure to the internal circuitry. Typically, the recess is circular in outline and the stationary contact means comprises a metallic disc electrically bonded in the recess (the enclosure being the ground of the electrical circuitry). An important feature of the invention is that the insulating and spacing member comprises an annular portion disposed on the stationary contact means in sealed relation against the enclosure and a stem portion depending from the annular portion through the aperture. Another important feature of the invention is that the flexible contact membrane comprises an inner conductive layer, typically copper foil, and a resilient outer nonconductive layer bonded together, the membrane having a depressible contact portion, typically disc-shaped, supported on the annular portion of the insulating and spacing member in spaced relation above the stationary contact so that the inner conductive layer faces the stationary contact and can be brought into contact therewith by depressing the flexible member, and having a stem portion depending from the depressible portion through the aperture adjacent and bonded to the stem portion of the insulating and spacing member so that the inner conductive layer is sandwiched between insulating and nonconductive stem portions. In this way, the stem portions provide lead means by which the flexible contact membrane is connected to the internal circuitry. The stem portions are adapted to be bent at a preselected location for precise assembly of the switch in the electrical apparatus.
Typically, in assembling the touch type switch of the invention, the stationary contact disc, insulating and spacing member and flexible contact membrane are bonded together in a planar configuration and the bonded stem portions are thereafter bent in a preselected location and fashion to pass through the aperture into the interior of the enclosure. The inventive touch type switch provides a sealed single pole, single throw switch which can be as thin as 0.010 inch and can have a diameter as small as 0.100-0.200 inch.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will be better understood by reference to the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial cross-section of the touch type switch of the invention
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the stationary contact plate or disc
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the insulating and spacing member
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the flexible contact membrane
FIG. 5 is a cross-section of stationary contact plate, insulating and spacing member and flexible contact membrane bonded together prior to bending of the stem portions and insertion in the recess of the watch case.
Although the touch type switch of the invention is described in detail hereinbelow with reference to an electronic wristwatch, it will be apparent that this is merely for purposes of illustration, rather than limitation, and that the inventive switch may find use in a wide variety of electronic apparatus where a single pole, single throw switch of minimal dimensions and sealed construction would be desirable.
FIG. 1 shows a watch case 2 having a wall 2a which defines circular recess 4 and aperture 6 through the case. Aperture 6 is disposed at the periphery of the recess and provides access to the internal watch circuitry (not shown). Typically, the recess 4 is 0.150 inch in diameter and 0.012 inch in depth while the aperture 6 has a diameter of about 0.030 inch. The watch case generally is made of a metal such as stainless steel, brass or the like and provides the ground for the watch circuitry. The switch includes a sandwich construction of a stationary contact plate 8 having a raised contact surface 8a, an insulating and spacing member 10 having an annular portion 10a and a stem portion 10b and a flexible contact membrane 11 having a resilient outer nonconductive layer 12 and inner conductive layer 13. As explained hereinbelow, these switch components are bonded together by thermoplastic adhesive to form a unit which is then inserted into recess 4.
Stationary contact means in the form of a beryllium-copper disc 8 is shown in FIG. 2. The disc 8 and raised contact surface 8a are generally circular in cross-section, the disc having a truncated side 8b so that the aperture 6 is not completely covered when the disc is placed in the recess as shown in FIG. 1. Typically, the disc is 0.137 inch in diameter and is 0.002 inch in thickness. The raised contact surface 8a is 0.030 inch in diameter and is raised 0.002 inch above the major disc surface.
FIG. 3 shows that the insulating and spacing member 10 comprises an annular portion 10a and laterally extending stem portion 10b. As illustrated in FIG. 1, annular portion 10a is adapted to rest on the periphery of stationary contact disc 8 in sealed relation against wall 2a which defines recess 4. In addition to providing the sealing function, annular portion 10a also acts to space the flexible contact membrane 11 the desired distance above the stationary contact disc and to insulate the contacts from one another. To this end, the insulating and spacing member is constructed of polyester material of 0.005 inch thickness. Of course, the outer diameter of annular portion 10a is selected to provide the desired sealing action against wall 2a whereas the inner diameter is selected to provide sufficient space into which flexible membrane 11 can be depressed to effect electrical contact. Outer and inner diameters of 0.137 inch and 0.090 inch are satisfactory for the embodiment described herein. Coated on both sides of the insulating and sealing member is a 0.001 inch thick layer of thermoplastic adhesive (partly shown) for bonding purposes also to be described in greater detail hereafter.
The flexible contact membrane 11 is shown in FIG. 4 as comprising a planar disc-shaped portion 12a and laterally extending stem portion 12b, typically formed of a resilient outer nonconductive layer 12, such as "MYLAR" film of 0.003 inch thickness. The depressible portion 12a is 0.137 inch in diameter so that it completely spans recess 4, as shown in FIG. 1. Laminated to the resilient outer layer is an inner conductive layer 13 of for example copper foil of about 0.001 inch thickness. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the copper layer defines a depressible contact surface 13a of 0.050 inch diameter and stem portion 13b. Layers 12 and 13 are laminated by thermoplastic adhesive, although other means can of course be employed. Of course, it is apparent that, in FIG. 1, depressible portion 12a of membrane 11 is depressed to bring circular contact surface 13a into momentary contact with contact surface 8a, thereby performing the switching function.
As shown most clearly in FIG. 5, the stationary contact disc 8, insulating and sealing member 10 and flexible membrane 11 are preferably bonded together by means of the thermoplastic adhesive 15 on opposite sides of the member 10 to form a subassembly 14 for insertion into recess 4. However, prior to insertion, bonded stem portions 10b, 12b, and 13b are bent as a unit in a preselected location to the depending configuration illustrated in FIG. 1. In this way, when the subassembly is inserted in recess 4, the stem portions will pass through aperture 6 at the proper location into the interior of the watch case 2 for connection to the internal watch circuitry. The stem portions thus serve the function of a lead connecting the flexible contact to the circuitry. The stationary contact disc 8 is bonded to the bottom of recess 4 by conductive epoxy or the like to complete the circuit through the grounded watch case.
Thus it can be seen that a touch type switch of minimal dimensions and sealed construction is provided by the present invention. Such a switch will find special use in electronic wristwatches which have only limited space available for switches and also which must withstand moisture and dust penetration.
Although the stationary contact means has been described hereinabove with respect to a metallic disc bonded to the bottom of recess 4, other embodiments are of course possible. For example, the stationary contact means may comprise a planar disc-shaped portion and laterally extending stem portion similar to the flexible contact membrane 11, FIG. 4, with an outer conductive layer and inner nonconductive layer. Such a contact could be bonded to the subassembly of FIG. 5 such that the conductive layer faces the conductive layer 13 of the flexible contact membrane and the stem portions comprise a sandwich of two conductive layers, each between insulating and nonconductive stem portions. When inserted into recess 4 with the stem portions bent through the aperture 6, the two conductive layers insulated electrically from one another and from the case provide leads for connection to the internal circuit means. Of course, the stationary conductive layer on the bottom of the sandwich would be electrically insulated from the watch case by the inner nonconductive layer in contact therewith. In another embodiment, the stationary contact means may comprise the watch wall defining the bottom of the recess 4 and preferably a raised contact surface to mate with circular contact surface 13a.
Further, although the inventive switch has been described as having a circular or disc configuration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that non-circular shapes, such as oval, rectangular and the like can also be used. In these situations, the insulating and spacing member will have an annular portion in the particular noncircular shape selected. Of course, other modifications will occur to those skilled in the art and it is desired to cover in the appended claims all such modification as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 19, 1972
|Oct 23, 1973
|Texas Instruments Inc
|Diaphragm type pushbutton setting switch with fixed contact semiconductor substrate support
|Jun 26, 1978
|Jun 12, 1979
|W. H. Brady Co.
|Internally connecting flexible switch
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 13, 1980
|Sep 6, 1983
|Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.
|Electronic timepiece assembly
|Jan 3, 1984
|Jun 2, 1987
|Magnetic Peripherals Inc.
|Switching laser beam apparatus with recombined beam for recording
|May 30, 1990
|Feb 16, 1993
|The Cherry Corporation
|Switch assembly with transfer actuator
|Sep 7, 2000
|Aug 20, 2002
|Duke University
|Intensity controllable hand-held surgical light
|Apr 17, 2002
|Apr 1, 2003
|Duke University
|Intensity controllable hand-held surgical light
|Feb 3, 2006
|Sep 15, 2009
|Coactive Technologies, Inc
|Thin contactor
|Sep 11, 2004
|Mar 16, 2006
|Bursett Jeffrey M
|Attachable informational appliance
|Feb 3, 2006
|Jun 15, 2006
|Sylvain Rochon
|Thin contactor
|Jul 27, 2007
|Nov 22, 2007
|Bouncing Brain Innovations Season Two Subsidiary 13, Llc
|Attachable informational appliance
|Jul 27, 2007
|Nov 22, 2007
|Bouncing Brain Innovations Season Two Subsidiary 13, Llc
|Attachable informational appliance
|Jul 27, 2007
|Jan 24, 2008
|Bouncing Brain Innovations Season Two Subsidiary 13, Llc
|Attachable informational appliance
|Jul 27, 2007
|Jan 24, 2008
|Bouncing Brain Innovations Season Two Subsidiary 13, Llc
|Attachable informational appliance
|Jul 27, 2007
|Jan 24, 2008
|Bouncing Brain Innovations Season Two Subsidiary 13, Llc
|Attachable informational appliance
|Jan 13, 1990
|Jun 13, 1991
|Merit-Werk Merten & Co Kg, 5270 Gummersbach, De
|Reversing or gear change indicator switch - has foil membrane of high molecular resin composition between plunger and contact space to prevent oil reaching contacts
|Sep 14, 2004
|Mar 24, 2005
|Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc.
|Thin contactor
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 28, 1983
Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, N.A., THE
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TIMEX CORPORATION, A DE CORP.;TIMEX COMPUTERS LTD., A DE CORP.;TIMEX CLOCK COMPANY, A DE CORP.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004181/0596
Effective date: 19830331


text:
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Axel-In-Charge: Facing the 'Divided' Marvel NOW! Future
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A Palestinian suicide bomber on a bicycle wounded three Israeli soldiers. The terrorist struck Tuesday morning at the Habla checkpoint near the West Bank city of Kalkilya. Palestinian farmers use the checkpoint to reach their land. One of the three soldiers, who were sitting in a military jeep when the bomb went off, was moderately wounded while the other two were hospitalized in good condition.
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ECHO readers stand shoulder-to-shoulder with Merseyside's Polish community in wake of Brexit
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Incidents, complaints and seizures highlight how the whole of Merseyside is being affected by reckless off-road bikers
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Round up of the latest Merseyside criminals locked up over past seven days
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Michael Williams, 29, admits the manslaughter of sex worker Maxine Showers, 42, but denies her murder
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text:
The Role of the Thalamus and Basal Ganglia in Parkinsonian Tremor
Version of Record online: 20 OCT 2008
DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131307
Copyright © 1998 Movement Disorders Society
Movement Disorders
Volume 13, Issue S3, pages 40–42, 1998
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hua, S., Reich, S. G., Zirh, A. T., Perry, V., Dougherty, P. M. and Lenz, F. A. (1998), The Role of the Thalamus and Basal Ganglia in Parkinsonian Tremor. Mov. Disord., 13: 40–42. doi: 10.1002/mds.870131307
Publication History
- Issue online: 20 OCT 2008
- Version of Record online: 20 OCT 2008
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
- Thalamus;
- Parkinson's disease;
- Tremor;
- Basal ganglia;
- Neuronal oscillators;
- Feedback processes
The mechanism of parkinsonian tremor may involve a central oscillator, peripheral feedback to the central nervous system (CNS), or both. The thalamus or the globus pallidus is the most likely site for a central oscillator and would be predicted to generate thalamic tremor-related activity characterized, respectively, by calcium spike-associated bursts and by maximal tremor-related activity in the pallidal relay nucleus of thalamus. Thalamic spike trains demonstrate neither of these characteristics. However, cross-correlation, latency, and transfer function analysis indicate that sensory feedback is a critical element in the relationship between thalamic activity and parkinsonian tremor. Therefore, thalamic spike train activity is most consistent with parkinsonian tremor being mediated by peripheral inputs involved in either an unstable reflex loop or sensory modulation of a central oscillator.


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Will Jeff Gordon be Kelly Ripa's next co-host?SONOMA, Calif. — Could Live with Kelly become Live with Kelly and Jeff? Jeff Gordon certainly didn't shoot down the possibility Saturday at Sonoma Raceway, where he's preparing to wrap up his first season as a NASCAR analyst for Fox Sports. The ... USA Today, 7 hours ago
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text:
In a statement, the regulator said Sarah Busteed has been charged with three counts of dishonestly obtaining a financial advantage by deception and one count of dealing with more than $100,000 that were the proceeds of crime.
Ms Busteed was charged after ASIC held an investigation into her conduct in dealing with members of SMSFs, which were undertaking property purchases.
ASIC alleges Ms Busteed dishonestly obtained monies from those SMSFs and, separately, dealt with monies obtained from an SMSF believed to be proceeds of crime.
Ms Busteed was not required to enter a plea and was granted conditional bail. The matter is listed for return at the Downing Centre Local Court on 12 April. The Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions is prosecuting these matters.
Ms Busteed has also been charged with various other offences involving dishonestly obtaining financial advantage by NSW Police and those matters are being prosecuted by the NSW Director of Public Prosecutions.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 23, 1999
|Filing date
|Oct 27, 1997
|Priority date
|Nov 22, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David John DiGiovanni
|Original Assignee
|Lucent Technologies Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (41), Classifications (30), Legal Events (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/561,682 filed Nov. 22, 1995 now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
Cladding-pumped fiber structures such as lasers and amplifiers.
2. Description of Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,880, May 23, 1995 is representative of the relevant art. The cladding pumped laser is an answer to the need for a high-power fiber laser. It relies on a multi-mode (pump) cladding for accepting and transferring pump energy to an active core along the length of the device through the core-clad interface. Energy is guided within the pump cladding by a second cladding of lower index of refraction. The configuration is likely to be used in fiber amplifiers as well as in fiber lasers.
The structure was immediately recognized as promising, and attention was soon directed to design optimization. Communication fiber had not been designed for the purpose. The need for more effective introduction of pump energy into the cladding, e.g. from a laser array, led to use of claddings of enlarged cross-section. The usual, circularly symmetrical, design used for communication fiber was no assurance of effective clad-to-core energy transfer, as it produced pump modes of helical paths which did not cross the clad-to-core interface. Reconsideration of fundamental parameters such as index profile were restudied as well. See, Optics Commun., vol. 99, pp. 331-335 (1993).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,815,079, Mar. 21, 1989, improves coupling efficiency by either of two approaches. In the first, the core is placed off-center within an otherwise circularly symmetric structure. The second uses a high aspect-ratio rectangular pump cladding enclosing a centrally-located core. Both increase incidence of interface crossings by pump modes, and improve transfer efficiency. In common with other suggested structures, a second (outer) clad of lower index than that of the first (pump) clad, guides pump energy within the multi-mode pump clad.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,880, largely directed to structures for effectively coupling the output of a diode array into the pump cladding, also considers noncircular inner cladding designs. It proposes any of various polygonally shaped pump claddings--three-, four- and six-sided, some regular, some irregular--within outer claddings of low-index organic polymer. The design objective is uniform distribution of pump energy across the fiber cross section, assuring effective transfer.
Asymmetric structures are difficult to align and to splice to conventional transmission fiber. Rectangular and other irregular polygonal cross-sections also pose a problem. By all accounts, regular polygonal pump claddings deviate least from circularly symmetric structures and are preferred.
The structures of these patents do improve clad-to-core coupling efficiency, but fabrication is problematic. Manufacture of off-center preforms and procedures for drawing from such preforms do not use established technology. Fabrication of polygonal preforms from conventional round preforms by grinding and polishing is costly. Strength may be compromised--incidence of breakage under stress is increased by jagged surface features retained from machining.
High coupling-efficiency cladding-pumped fiber structures, operationally at least equivalent to polygonal-cladding structures of the prior art, are made without need for machining. A longitudinally traversing heat source shapes the still exposed outer surface of the pump cladding. Shaping is, to some extent, due to ablation. Using a flame heat source, shaping may be partly due to melt-induced viscous flow. Fabrication by use of this "melt process" transforms an initially round form into one which resembles the polygonal form of earlier structures.
A typical, regular shape is produced by use of a constant temperature source, traversing at constant speed. Evenly spaced troughs produced under uniform heating conditions produce regular, centrosymmetric shapes. As in earlier work, double and triple clad preforms, with claddings of successively lower index of refraction, yield structures which lessen energy leakage, and contribute to effective energy transfer. Under appropriate deposition conditions, final fibers may have surfaces which approach the smooth circular form of transmission fiber. The triple clad structure better approaches this and results in cleaving properties similar to those of conventional fiber.
Conditions used in melt-process fabrication have yielded interfaces which approach flat-sided structures produced by prior art grinding and polishing. Other conditions replace flats with concave surfaces. Such processing conditions, and resulting curved interface fiber structures, constitute a preferred embodiment. Jagged corners are inherently avoided, and this facilitates cleaving and aids in handling. Operationally, angle of incidence for pump energy at the interface is varied so that uniform energy distribution across the fiber cross-section is assured. This further improves core-to-clad energy transfer. Minimal concavity defining this preferred embodiment is prescribed.
Contemplated uses include cladding-pumping of the enclosed core either to excite to an emitting state--for lasing, for incoherent emission, or for amplification of a lightwave signal--or to introduce energy into a passive core, thereafter to be transferred to a following part of the circuit.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred triple-clad structure.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a double-clad structure.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a cladding-pumped device in fabrication.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a cladding pump structure coupled to a diode array.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a species of the invention in which the cladding pumped structure serves as a laser.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a cladding pumped structure, serving as a pump for a rare earth doped fiber amplifier.
FIG. 7 depicts one form of fabrication of the structure of FIG. 2. The final structure, identical to that of FIG. 2, is shown as core 80 within pump-cladding 81, in turn within outercladding or second cladding 83. Troughs 82, produced, for example, by the method of FIG. 3, are now part of the interface between pump-cladding 81 and overcladding 83. Outercladding 83 is produced from free-standing outercladding tube 84 which is successively collapsed about processed preform 80-81 by rotating while scanning oxyhydrogen torch 85 producing flame 86, thereby resulting in final preform 80-81-83.
Precursor Preform--The virgin preform, consisting of core and pump cladding, prior to melt processing.
Processed Preform--Preform following melt-processing.
Final Preform--Preform from which fiber is drawn.
Melt-Process--The procedure by which the precursor preform is converted to the processed preform.
Trough--Feature produced by traveling heat source resulting from material removal by viscous flow and ablation. While generally concave, under some processing conditions the "trough" may appear as a flat-sided featureless chord-bounded region.
Concavity--The maximum depth of a trough relative to a planar bridging surface making glancing contact with either side of the trough, with the dimension measured radially within the preform.
Structure--The triple-clad structure of FIG. 1 consists of centrally-positioned single mode core 10 within a multimode pump cladding 11. The pump cladding forms interface 12 with a second cladding 13. Third cladding 14 forms a more nearly circular interface 15 with the second cladding. A triple-clad structure, described in Example 2, was constituted of silica-based glass core, pump clad and second clad, all enveloped by an organic polymeric third clad.
The double-clad structure of FIG. 2 consists of core 20 and first cladding 21, both generally of silica-based glass, and final polymeric cladding 22, forming interface 23 with the inorganic glass structure. The FIG. 1 structure retains the operating characteristics of FIG. 2, but facilitates cleaving.
The advance may be viewed as an extension of earlier work (U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,880). By departing from a smooth featureless circular interface, the probability of non-intersecting mode paths is decreased. Fabrication of that polygonal interface is facilitated by melt processing.
The preferred embodiment replaces the flats of prior art structures with curved surfaces. Operationally, this preferred embodiment expedites energy transfer from the core to the clad by better avoiding large diameter helical energy paths which do not cross the core. Homogenization is assured by continuously varying angle of incidence at the constraining interface of the pump cladding. While the curved surface may not be a simple geometric shape, it is convenient to describe it in terms of the troughs which result in every form of the preferred embodiment regardless of heat source. To satisfy requirements of the preferred embodiment, the trough must have a minimal depth of 3%, or preferably 5% or greater, as measured relative to the radial distance from the center of the preform to a plane making glancing contact with the processed preform on either side of the trough.
As resulting from open flame melt processing, formation of the trough is at least partly due to displacement of molten glass caused by the incoming gas stream. This causes molten material to "overflow" the depression, resulting in protrusions between the troughs, and in a processed peripheral surface constituted of sequential concave and convex surfaces. Such a processed surface is best assurance of energy uniformity. The effect is optimized by flow velocities as high as can be maintained without extinguishing the flame.
If desired, for whatever reason, by maintaining low velocity gas flow to the burner orifice, or by substituting a different form of heat source, ablation may replace viscous flow as the primary or sole mechanism for trough formation, thereby minimizing convex protrusions. In its limit a trough produced under these conditions has a depth of 0%.
Energy transfer effectiveness assured by the preferred embodiment requires a minimum degree of surface curvature defined in terms of a minimum trough width of at least 15%. This is the percentage that the angular extent of the trough bears to that of the angle equal to 360� divided by the number of troughs.
A preferred structural embodiment has an outer surface approaching that of the smooth featureless surface of transmission fiber. The cladding surrounding the pump-cladding (the second cladding) is desirably of sufficient thickness to accommodate undulations in the outer surface of the pump-cladding. To achieve this purpose, this second cladding is necessarily of thickness somewhat greater than the difference between the radially measured minimum and maximum thickness of this cladding. Any polymer cladding serves little purpose beyond guiding. A thickness of 15 μm is adequate.
Large total cross-sectional area of combined glass claddings is always desired for collection efficiency. For the usual single-mode core, and for the total cross-sectional area of a conventional 125-150 μm diameter communication fiber, the clad/core ratio of cross-sectional areas is generally in the range of 100-300. Usually the limiting criterion, splicing expediency is not significantly impaired by same size mismatch. The cladding-pumped structure may be double that of the fiber to be spliced.
Process--FIG. 3 shows a round precursor preform being shaped by the melt process. Initially, a conventional fiber preform constituted of core 30 and cladding 31, a longitudinally traversing heat source 32 is making troughs. At the stage depicted, two complete traversals have been made, one resulting in trough 33, and the second in trough 34. A third trough 35 is in the course of production.
For a silica-rich preform material, a glass surface temperature of 2100� C. or higher is adequate. Experimentally, an oxy-hydrogen flame was effective in construction of a hexagonal structure meeting requirements of the preferred embodiment.
Conventional processing follows preparation of the processed preform. In fabrication of the triple-clad structure, and in some forms of double-clad structure as well, additional cladding material is added. Addition may be by any of the usual vapor-transport processes, e.g. MCVD, OVD, VAD or by other means of deposition. Alternatively, the processed preform may be inserted in a free-standing, overcladding tube, which is then collapsed to produce a "composite" final preform.
Fiber drawing of a preform which in its entirety is made of silica-rich glass, may follow conventional practice. See, S. R. Nagel, "Fiber Materials & Fabrication Methods" in Optical Fiber Telecommunications II, S. E. Miller and I. P. Kaminow, Academic Press 1988. Conventional practice, with a view to cost, provides for maximum draw speed generally as limited by coating application/curing. Surface features on the processed preform are not reliably retained under such draw conditions. Retention still with reasonable throughput, is assured by operating at the lower temperature (higher tension) part of the range. Melt-processing does not ordinarily leave jagged corners or other features which might require reduced draw speed. If preform overcladding is of some lower-melting glass material, account must be taken of this variation in prescribing suitable draw conditions.
Examples 1-3 report experimental conditions used in preparation of double-clad and triple-clad structures.
Example 1--A 15 mm diameter round precursor preform constituted of a 0.7 mm core of 0.2 wt. % Nd2 O3, 3% P2 O5, 2% GeO2, remainder SiO2, within an undoped SiO2 clad of length 30 cm was fabricated by MCVD. The precursor preform was mounted on a glassworking lathe and traversed longitudinally by an oxy-hydrogen torch. The burner had a single 3 mm orifice and was spaced at 15 mm from the preform. With traversal speed of 50 mm/min., gas flows were adjusted to attain a glass surface temperature of 2200� C. The resulting trough was 1.5 mm (6%) deep and 50% wide. After each traverse, the preform was rotated 60� so as to develop a hexagonal pattern of concave surfaces.
The processed preform was drawn into fiber of 140 μm od at a draw speed of 0.4 meters/sec., was coated with a fluorine-containing oligomer and was UV-irradiation cross-linked to result in a cured coating of 50 μm thickness. Concavity in the drawn fiber was little changed from that of the preform.
Example 2--A processed preform was prepared as in Example 1, however, starting with a precursor preform of 0.81 mm core and 15 mm clad. Following melt-processing to produce a processed preform of regular six-sided shape, it was fire-polished and inserted in a fluorine down-doped silica overcladding tube of 15.8 mm id and 19 mm od (of 86 mm2 cross-section), a vacuum was pulled between the rod and the tube, and the assemblage was constantly rotated while scanning with an oxy-hydrogen torch to collapse the tube. Fluorine-doping was sufficient to yield a refractive index change of -0.006 relative to underlying undoped silica and to produce an NA of 0.13 between the pump-cladding and the second cladding of the final preform. The outer surface showed vestigial undulations of�0.2 mm. The composite rod, now of the same clad/core ratio of 460 as in Example 1, was drawn into fiber of 140 μm od. It was coated during drawing as in that Example.
Example 3--Desirable use of a high-power rare-earth-doped fiber amplifier, for use at an operating wavelength of 1550 nm, has required substitution of the usual erbium-doped amplifier with one that contains ytturbium as well--with an absorption from 850 to 1100 nm. Such an Er--Yb-doped fiber amplifier may be fabricated in the manner of Example 1. For this purpose, dopant -0.17 mol. % Er+2.6 mol. % Yb is used in lieu of Nd2 O3. Other dopant material in the amount indicated in Example 1 is used. Fabrication is conducted under the same conditions to yield the same structure.
FIG. 4, taken from U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,978, but substituting a preferred trough-containing structure, shows an arrangement for coupling with a diode array. The cladding pump structure 40 is triple-clad and is constituted of core 41, pump clad 42, second clad 43, and third clad 44. The energy source for pumping structure 40 is a diode array 45 consisting of four diodes 46 within a suitable encapsulant 47. Diode radiation is depicted as cones 48, collected by cylindrical lens 49. Focused radiation 50 is made incident on guides 51 which are bundled to yield a cone 52 of emanating radiation, which is focused by convex lens 53 to form beam 54 directed to structure 40.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram for an experimental demonstration in which a cladding-pumped structure operated as a laser 60. The demonstration serves as an operating example:
Example 4--The particular element used was the double-clad, neodymium-doped structure of Example 1. The element was fusion/spliced at 61 and 62 to fibers containing UV-written Bragg gratings 63 and 64. Grating 63 had a high reflectivity (HR) at 1060 nm. Grating 64 had a moderate reflectivity of about 10% at 1060 nm and served as an output coupler (OC). The assemblage was pumped by means of a GaAlAs laser diode 65 fusion/spliced to the HR grating 63 at 66. The laser 65 operated as a pump, emitting 1.2 watt at a wavelength of 800 nm. Lasing threshold was 76 mW and laser emission, measured at full pump power at output 67 was 450 mW at 1060 nm. Coupling efficiency at fusion splices was not measured and the assemblage was not optimized. The measured output represented a lasing efficiency of 39%.
Example 5--FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a demonstration in which the laser of Example 4 was used to pump a rare-earth-doped fiber amplifier. The signal 70 to be amplified was a modulated carrier of wavelength 1543 introduced into coupler ("WDM") 71, and thence through fusion/splice 72 into erbium-ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier 73. The cladding-pumped laser structure 74 was used as a counter-propagating pump with emission introduced into amplifier 73 via fiber 75, WDM 76 and fusion/splice 77. The amplified signal, with laser 74 operating at its full pump power of 450 mW, and for an amplifier length of 6 meters, measured at the output of WDM 76, had a power of 160 mW--representing an amplification factor of 26 dB for an input signal of 1 mW.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 19, 1986
|Sep 6, 1988
|Georges Le Noane
|Composite reinforcing elements and processes for producing them
|Dec 29, 1988
|Jul 3, 1990
|Pirelli General Plc
|Optical signal amplification with coupled fibers and optical pumping energy
|Apr 9, 1992
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|Adrian Carter
|Double-clad optical fiber for lasers and amplifiers
|Jul 11, 2003
|May 6, 2004
|Farroni Julia A.
|Optical fiber
|Sep 2, 2003
|Aug 12, 2004
|Hong Po
|Fiber for enhanced energy absorption
|Jun 24, 2004
|Jan 13, 2005
|Kanishka Tankala
|Cladding-pumped optical fiber and methods for fabricating
|May 20, 2005
|Sep 22, 2005
|Benda John A
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|May 20, 2005
|Oct 6, 2005
|Benda John A
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|Apr 8, 2004
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|May 3, 2005
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|U.S. Classification
|65/390, 385/14, 65/404, 65/392, 65/403, 65/412
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 5, 2001
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text:
Hazard Newswire
Comprehensive Real-Time News Feed for Hazard, KY.
Results 1 - 1 of 1 for "u:wbko.com" in Hazard, KY
Rockslide breaks hole through Kentucky Walmart w/Photo
The rockslide slammed into the Jackson Walmart on KY-15 around just after midnight, right as the store was closing for the night. Fortunately, there weren't any customers in the building during the rockslide. Comment?
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Reading mode: Light Dark
Tokina AT-X AF PRO 17mm f/3.5 - first street pics on D600
Started May 29, 2014 | Photos thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
Stomie • Veteran Member • Posts: 3,119
Tokina AT-X AF PRO 17mm f/3.5 - first street pics on D600
May 29, 2014
There are a few of these inexpensive uw walk arounds floating around. This one was a bargain & arrived yesterday. First quick test pics below.
As expected most of the image center very sharp, a little bit ugly at the edges & very far corners. Exc contrast. Very low distortion overall, subtle complex center. Some ca easily corrected. Not bad bokeh. Overall vg performance & exc value.
All shot hand held @ 4.5. Last one wide open.
Test shot #4
Test shot #5
Test shot #8
Test shot #16
Test shot #18
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text:
Amazingly, these are real ads for a real beer, Carlton Dry.
In America (and the UK), beer brands are not allowed to even hint at the state of shitfacedness.
That's apparently not the case in Australia.
Because these Down-Under dudes are hammered.
Carlton has made some funny ads this year, including the best beer commercial of 2012, and these creepy award-winning print ads.
Ad agency: Clemenger BBDO, Melbourne, Australia.
"Snorkeling" in a sea of Handi-Wipes…
- UK voters sent a massive shock through the world, overturning 40 years of British EU membership.
- Prime Minister David Cameron says he will resign by October.
- British banks got hit hard, and their European peers were hit even harder.
- Scottish leader Nicola Sturgeon says a second independence referendum for Scotland is "highly likely."


text:
23 June 2016 – The efforts of women and men engaged in public service are crucial to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said today, paying tribute to public servants on the day set aside by the General Assembly to spotlight their invaluable contributions.
23 June 2016 – With nearly half the world's 259 million widows living poverty, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today urged greater efforts to "make them more visible in our societies" and ensure they are a vital part of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda's pledge to 'leave no one behind.'
23 June 2016 – The number of people suffering from drug use disorders has increased disproportionally for the first time in six years in 2014, while the number of people who used at least one drug stayed at five per cent of the adult population, according to the annual report prepared by the United Nations.
22 June 2016 – United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today rallied corporate leaders and entrepreneurs gathered for a summit in New York to focus on key areas required to reach a new era of sustainability, including responsible practices, transformative partnerships, breakthrough innovation and targeted investment.
22 June 2016 – Climate change is expected to increase the intensity and frequency of droughts in the Caribbean, so countries in the region must enhance their capabilities to deal with this and other extreme weather-related challenges to ensure food security and hunger eradication, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has said in a new report.
21 June 2016 – Progress on the economy and improving security is imperative so that Afghans have confidence in their Government, the United Nations envoy in Afghanistan said today.
21 June 2016 – With the conflict in Syria now well into its fifth year, and the country dealing with a grinding crisis that has brought death, displacement and regional instability, the international community must not lose momentum in attaining a comprehensive and concrete political solution, senior United Nations officials emphasized today.
21 June 2016 – Amid ongoing fighting in the embattled Iraqi city of Fallujah, the United Nations human rights office today warned of continuing allegations of serious rights violations, as the Organization's refugee agency reported a funding crunch to meet the immediate needs of the thousands of civilians who continue to flee the area.
21 June 2016 – United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today urged everyone to embrace healthier choices and lifestyles and to commit to unity with other human beings, regardless of ethnicity, faith, age, gender identity or sexual orientation.
20 June 2016 – With the continued increase in the number and gravity of health emergencies globally, the international community must continue to work towards charting a path for how nations and communities can proactively prepare for and respond to such challenges in the future, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon emphasized today.