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Chapter 8. General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
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By Hanae Armitage Fake fingerprints might sound like just another ploy to fool the feds. But the world's first artificial prints—reported today—have even cooler applications. The electronic material, which mimics the swirling designs imprinted on every finger, can sense pressure, temperature, and even sound. Though the technology has yet to be tested outside the lab, researchers say it could be key to adding sensation to artificial limbs or even enhancing the senses we already have. "It's an interesting piece of work," says John Rogers, materials scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, who was not involved in the study. "It really adds to the toolbox of sensor types that can be integrated with the skin." Electronic skins, known as e-skins, have been in development for years. There are several technologies used to mimic the sensations of real human skin, including sensors that can monitor health factors like pulse or temperature. But previous e-skins have been able to "feel" only two sensations: temperature and pressure. And there are additional challenges when it comes to replicating fingertips, especially when it comes to mimicking their ability to sense even miniscule changes in texture, says Hyunhyub Ko, a chemical engineer at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea. So in the new study, Ko and colleagues started with a thin, flexible material with ridges and grooves much like natural fingerprints. This allowed them to create what they call a "microstructured ferroelectric skin" The e-skin's perception of pressure, texture, and temperature all come from a highly sensitive structure called an interlocked microdome array—the tiny domes sandwiched in the bottom two layers of the e-skin, also shown in the figure below. © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Robotics
Link ID: 21588 - Posted: 10.31.2015
Laura Sanders A fly tickling your arm hair can spark a maddening itch. Now, scientists have spotted nerve cells in mice that curb this light twiddling sensation. If humans possess similar itch-busters, the results, published in the Oct. 30 Science, could lead to treatments for the millions of people who suffer from intractable, chronic itch. For many of these people, there are currently no good options. "This is a major problem," says clinician Gil Yosipovitch of Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia and director of the Temple Itch Center. The new study shows that mice handle an itch caused by a fluttery touch differently than other kinds of itch. This distinction "seems to have clinical applications that clearly open our field," Yosipovitch says. In recent years, scientists have made progress teasing apart the pathways that carry itchy signals from skin to spinal cord to brain (SN: 11/22/2008, p. 16). But those itch signals often originate from chemicals, such as those delivered by mosquitoes. All that's needed to spark a different sort of itch, called mechanical itch, is a light touch on the skin. The existence of this kind of itch is no surprise, Yosipovitch says. Mechanical itch may help explain why clothes or even dry, scaly skin can be itchy. The new finding came from itchy mice engineered to lack a type of nerve cell in their spinal cords. Without prompting, these mice scratched so often that they developed sore bald patches on their skin. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2015
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21587 - Posted: 10.31.2015
Adam Cole Watch a scary movie and your skin crawls. Goose bumps have become so associated with fear that the word is synonymous with thrills and chills. But what on earth does scary have do to with chicken-skin bumps? For a long time, it wasn't well understood. Physiologically, it's fairly simple. Adrenaline stimulates tiny muscles to pull on the roots of our hairs, making them stand out from our skin. That distorts the skin, causing bumps to form. Call it horripilation, and you'll be right — bristling from cold or fear. Charles Darwin once investigated goose bumps by scaring zoo animals with a stuffed snake. He argued for the now accepted theory that goose bumps are a vestige of humanity's ancient past. Our ancestors were hairy. Goose bumps would have fluffed up their hair. When they were scared, that would have made them look bigger — and more intimidating to attackers. When they were cold, that would have trapped an insulating layer of air to keep them warm. We modern humans still get goose bumps when we're scared or cold, even though we've lost the advantage of looking scarier or staying warmer ourselves. And researchers have found that listening to classical music (or Phil Collins), seeing pictures of children or drinking a sour drink can also inspire goose bumps. There's clearly a link with emotion and reward, too. © 2015 npr
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Emotions
Link ID: 21586 - Posted: 10.31.2015
by Helen Thompson Five, six, seven, eight! All together now, let's spread those jazz hands and get moving, because synchronized dancing improves our tolerance of pain and helps us bond as humans, researchers suggest October 28 in Biology Letters. A team of psychologists at the University of Oxford taught high school students varied dance routines — each requiring different levels of exertion and synchronized movement — and then tested their pain tolerance with the sharp squeeze of a blood pressure cuff. Statistically, routines with more coordinated choreography and full body movement produced higher pain thresholds and sunny attitudes toward others in the group. Coordinated dancing with a group and exerting more energy may independently promote the release of pain-blocking endorphins as well as increase social bonding, the team writes. |© Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2015
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21575 - Posted: 10.28.2015
Mr Tickle can't bamboozle a baby. Unlike grown-ups, young infants don't let the positioning of their bodies confuse their sense of touch. If adults who can see are touched on each hand in quick succession while their hands are crossed, they can find it hard to name which hand was touched first. Adults who have been blind from birth don't have this difficulty, but people who become blind later in life have the same trouble as those who can still see. "That suggests that early on in life, something to do with visual experience is crucial in setting up a typical way of perceiving touch," says Andrew Bremner at Goldsmiths, University of London. To investigate how this develops in infancy, Bremner and his colleagues compared how babies reacted to having one foot tickled. With their legs crossed over, babies aged 6 months moved the foot being tickled half of the time. But 4-month-olds did better, moving the tickled foot 70 per cent of the time – as often as they did with their legs uncrossed. The team concludes that at 4 months, babies haven't yet learned to relate what they touch to the physical space that their body occupies. For many adults, the concept might be difficult to envision. "It's like imagining that you feel a touch on your body, but not really knowing how that's related to what you're looking at," says Bremner. "It's almost like you have multiple sensory worlds: a visual world, an auditory world and a tactile world, which are separate and not combined in space." © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 21530 - Posted: 10.20.2015
By Robert F. Service Prosthetic limbs may work wonders for restoring lost function in some amputees, but one thing they can't do is restore an accurate sense of touch. Now, researchers report that one day in the not too distant future, those artificial arms and legs may have a sense of touch closely resembling the real thing. Using a two-ply of flexible, thin plastic, scientists have created novel electronic sensors that send signals to the brain tissue of mice that closely mimic the nerve messages of touch sensors in human skin. Multiple research teams have long worked on restoring touch to people with prosthetic limbs. 2 years ago, for example, a group at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, reported giving people with prosthetic hands a sense of touch by wiring pressure sensors on the hands to peripheral nerves in their arms. Yet although these advances have restored a rudimentary sense of touch, the sensors and signals are very different from those sent by mechanoreceptors, natural touch sensors in the skin. For starters, natural mechanoreceptors put out what amounts to a digital signal. When they sense pressure, they fire a stream of nerve impulses; the more pressure, the higher the frequency of pulses. But previous tactile sensors have been analogue devices, where more pressure produces a stronger electrical signal, rather than a more frequent stream of pulses. The electrical signals must then be sent to another processing chip that converts the strength of the signals to a digital stream of pulses that is only then sent on to peripheral nerves or brain tissue. © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Robotics
Link ID: 21519 - Posted: 10.16.2015
By Nicholas Bakalar Physical therapy may provide little relief for recent-onset low back pain, a small randomized trial has found. The study, published in JAMA, included 207 men and women, average age 37, with a score of 20 or higher on a widely used 100-point scale that quantifies disability from low back pain. The study included people with recent-onset pain who were assigned to one of two groups. The first received four sessions of exercise and manipulation under the guidance of a trained physical therapist. Those in the other group were told that low back pain usually gets better, and were advised to be as active as possible. There were no significant differences at any time in pain intensity, quality of life or the number of visits to health care providers. Compared with the usual care group, the physical therapy group did show significant improvement on the disability scale after three months. But after one year, there was no difference between the two groups in this measure either. "Most treatments that are effective have only modest effects," said the lead author, Julie M. Fritz, a professor in the department of physical therapy at the University of Utah. "The pattern of low back pain is one of recurrence and remission, and changing that pattern is a real challenge. There are no magic answers." © 2015 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21513 - Posted: 10.15.2015
By Gretchen Reynolds Can a shot of salt water make you a faster runner? The answer appears to be a resounding yes, if you believe that the salt water contains something that should make you a faster runner, according to a new study of the power of placebos in athletic performance. Anyone who exercises knows from experience that our minds and mental attitudes affect physical performance. Who hasn't faced a moment when, tiring at the end of a strenuous workout or race, we are about to quit before suddenly being passed on the path or shown up in the gym by someone we know we should outperform, and somehow we find an extra, unexploited gear and spurt on? This phenomenon is familiar to physiologists, many of whom believe that our brains, in order to protect our bodies, send out signals telling those bodies to quit before every single resource in our muscles and other tissues is exhausted. We think we are at the outer limits of our endurance or strength, when, in reality, we may still have a physical reserve available to us, if we can find a way to tap it. Past studies have shown that lying to people is one way to exploit that reserve. Telling athletes that they are moving slower than in fact they are, for instance, often results in their speeding up past the pace that they thought they could maintain. Or give them a sugar pill that they think contains caffeine or steroids and they will run more swiftly or lift more weight than before. But none of these studies tested the effects of placebos and deception in relatively real-world competitive situations, which have their own effects on mental responses. People are almost always faster during competitive races than in training, studies show, even when they are trying to replicate race pace. © 2015 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21509 - Posted: 10.14.2015
By Christopher Intagliata If you're lost, you need a map and a compass. The map pinpoints where you are, and the compass orients you in the right direction. Migratory birds, on the other hand, can traverse entire hemispheres and end up just a couple miles from where they bred last year, using their senses alone. Their compass is the Sun, the stars and the Earth's magnetic field. But their map is a little more mysterious. One theory goes that they use olfactory cues—how a place smells. Another is that they rely on their sense of magnetism. Researchers in Russia investigated the map issue in a past study by capturing Eurasian reed warblers on the Baltic Sea as they flew northeast towards their breeding grounds near Saint Petersburg. They moved the birds 600 miles east, near Moscow. And the birds just reoriented themselves to the northwest—correctly determining their new position. Now the same scientists have repeated that experiment—only this time, they didn't move the birds at all. They just put them in cages that simulated the magnetic field of Moscow, while still allowing the birds to experience the sun, stars and smells of the Baltic. Once again, the birds re-oriented themselves to the northwest—suggesting that the magnetic field alone—regardless of smells or other cues, is enough to alter the birds' mental map. The study is in the journal Current Biology. [Dmitry Kishkinev et al, Eurasian reed warblers compensate for virtual magnetic displacement] And if you're envious of that sixth sense—keep in mind that since the Earth's magnetic field fluctuates, the researchers say magnetic route-finding is best for crude navigation. Meaning for door-to-door directions—you're still better off with your GPS. © 2015 Scientific American,
Keyword: Animal Migration
Link ID: 21508 - Posted: 10.14.2015
By Nancy Szokan Sensory deprivation is Sushma Subramanian's topic in the October issue of Women's Health magazine, and she offers a couple of extreme examples. Julie Malloy, 33, from York, Pa., describes living without the sense of touch: "I was born with a rare sensory illness that leaves me unable to feel pain, temperature, deep pressure, or vibrations in my arms, legs, and the majority of my chest and back. I use vision to compensate as much as I can. . . . "I always wash my face with cold water; I once burned myself without realizing it. . . . When I drive, I can't really tell how hard I'm pushing on the pedals. I watch others really enjoy it when someone kisses their arm or get tingly when someone hugs them, but I can't even feel anything during sex." Erin Napoleone, 31, from Havre de Grace, Md., describes losing her sense of smell: "As a teen, I was in a car accident. A few days later, I watched my father make homemade tomato sauce — but I didn't smell a thing. Then I couldn't detect my mom's familiar perfume. A head CT scan confirmed my sense of smell was gone for good." The magazine points out that some senses naturally deteriorate with age and that taking care of your skin — say, by keeping it moisturized and protecting it from damage — can help preserve the sense of touch. But olfactory nerves facing "prolonged exposure to rank odors (think freeway fumes or curbside trash)" can be permanently damaged.
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 21504 - Posted: 10.13.2015
It can start with flashing lights, a tingling sensation and a feeling of unease, followed by excruciating pain. Migraines can be triggered by lack of food or too much stress but their underlying cause has remained a mystery. Now researchers have found that a migraine may be triggered by a protein deep in the brain that stimulates the neurons controlling facial sensations. The discovery creates a potential new target for safer migraine medicines and adds weight to the theory that neurons, not blood vessels, are responsible for migraine attacks. "Where a migraine starts is a key question," says Debbie Hay at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. "There has been a great deal of debate around the mechanisms of migraine. If we can pin this down, we may have better chances of preventing it." To investigate, Simon Akerman at New York University and Peter Goadsby at Kings College London, UK, studied two neuropeptides released by neurons thought to play a role in the pain associated with migraine. These protein-like molecules, called VIP and PACAP, first raised suspicion after they were found to be elevated in blood drained from the brains of people having a migraine attack. When researchers administered these peptides to volunteers, they found that they could cause a headache or migraine about two hours later. Both peptides widen blood vessels, which was thought to be significant in migraine. In fact, the only drugs specifically developed for migraine that are in use today – triptans – were designed to shrink blood vessels in the brain. As a result, they cannot be used by people with cardiovascular disorders. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21489 - Posted: 10.08.2015
Jo Marchant Most new painkiller drugs fail in clinical trials — but a growing placebo response may be to blame. Drug companies have a problem: they are finding it ever harder to get painkillers through clinical trials. But this isn't necessarily because the drugs are getting worse. An extensive analysis of trial data1 has found that responses to sham treatments have become stronger over time, making it harder to prove a drug's advantage over placebo. The change in reponse to placebo treatments for pain, discovered by researchers in Canada, holds true only for US clinical trials. "We were absolutely floored when we found out," says Jeffrey Mogil, who directs the pain-genetics lab at McGill University in Montreal and led the analysis. Simply being in a US trial and receiving sham treatment now seems to relieve pain almost as effectively as many promising new drugs. Mogil thinks that as US trials get longer, larger and more expensive, they may be enhancing participants' expectations of their effectiveness. Stronger placebo responses have already been reported for trials of antidepressants and antipsychotics2, 3, triggering debate over whether growing placebo effects are seen in pain trials too. To find out, Mogil and his colleagues examined 84 clinical trials of drugs for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain (pain which affects the nervous system) published between 1990 and 2013. © 2015 Nature Publishing Group,
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21484 - Posted: 10.07.2015
By Sarah C. P. Williams Looking at photos of starving refugees or earthquake victims can trigger a visceral sense of empathy. But how, exactly, do we feel others' agony as our own? A new study suggests that seeing others in pain engages some of the same neural pathways as when we ourselves are in pain. Moreover, both pain and empathy can be reduced by a placebo effect that acts on the same pathways as opioid painkillers, the researchers found. "This study provides one of the most direct demonstrations to date that first-hand pain and pain empathy are functionally related," says neurobiologist Bernadette Fitzgibbon of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, who was not involved in the new research. "It's very exciting." Previous studies have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans to show that similar areas of the brain are activated when someone is in pain and when they see another person in pain. But overlaps on a brain scan don't necessarily mean the two function through identical pathways—the shared brain areas could relate to attention or emotional arousal, among other things, rather than pain itself. Social neuroscientist Claus Lamm and colleagues at the University of Vienna took a different approach to test whether pain and empathy are driven by the same pathways. The researchers first divided about 100 people into control or placebo groups. They gave the placebo group a pill they claimed to be an expensive, over-the-counter painkiller, when in fact it was inactive. This well-established placebo protocol is known to function similarly to opioid painkillers, while avoiding the drugs' side effects. © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Emotions
Link ID: 21458 - Posted: 09.29.2015
By Jane E. Brody Mark Hammel's hearing was damaged in his 20s by machine gun fire when he served in the Israeli Army. But not until decades later, at 57, did he receive his first hearing aids. "It was very joyful, but also very sad, when I contemplated how much I had missed all those years," Dr. Hammel, a psychologist in Kingston, N.Y., said in an interview. "I could hear well enough sitting face to face with someone in a quiet room, but in public, with background noise, I knew people were talking, but I had no idea what they were saying. I just stood there nodding my head and smiling. "Eventually, I stopped going to social gatherings. Even driving, I couldn't hear what my daughter was saying in the back seat. I live in the country, and I couldn't hear the birds singing. "People with hearing loss often don't realize what they're missing," he said. "So much of what makes us human is social contact, interaction with other human beings. When that's cut off, it comes with a very high cost." And the price people pay is much more than social. As Dr. Hammel now realizes, "the capacity to hear is so essential to overall health." Hearing loss is one of the most common conditions affecting adults, and the most common among older adults. An estimated 30 million to 48 million Americans have hearing loss that significantly diminishes the quality of their lives — academically, professionally and medically as well as socially. One person in three older than 60 has life-diminishing hearing loss, but most older adults wait five to 15 years before they seek help, according to a 2012 report in Healthy Hearing magazine. And the longer the delay, the more one misses of life and the harder it can be to adjust to hearing aids. © 2015 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Hearing; Language
Link ID: 21449 - Posted: 09.28.2015
By Simon Makin Most people associate the term "subliminal conditioning" with dystopian sci-fi tales, but a recent study has used the technique to alter responses to pain. The findings suggest that information that does not register consciously teaches our brain more than scientists previously suspected. The results also offer a novel way to think about the placebo effect. Our perception of pain can depend on expectations, which explains placebo pain relief—and placebo's evil twin, the nocebo effect (if we think something will really hurt, it can hurt more than it should). Researchers have studied these expectation effects using conditioning techniques: they train people to associate specific stimuli, such as certain images, with different levels of pain. The subjects' perception of pain can then be reduced or increased by seeing the images during something painful. Most researchers assumed these pain-modifying effects required conscious expectations, but the new study, from a team at Harvard Medical School and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, led by Karin Jensen, shows that even subliminal input can modify pain—a more cognitively complex process than most that have previously been discovered to be susceptible to subliminal effects (timeline below). The scientists conditioned 47 people to associate two faces with either high or low pain levels from heat applied to their forearm. Some participants saw the faces normally, whereas others were exposed subliminally—the images were flashed so briefly, the participants were not aware of seeing them, as verified by recognition tests. © 2015 Scientific American
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Attention
Link ID: 21438 - Posted: 09.24.2015
David Cyranoski A dispute has broken out at two of China's most prestigious universities over a potentially groundbreaking discovery: the identification of a protein that may allow organisms to sense magnetic fields. On 14 September, Zhang Sheng-jia, a neuroscientist at Tsinghua University in Beijing, and his colleagues published a paper1 in Science Bulletin claiming to use magnetic fields to remotely control neurons and muscle cells in worms, by employing a particular magnetism-sensing protein. But Xie Can, a biophysicist at neighbouring Peking University, says that Zhang's publication draws on a discovery made in his laboratory, currently under review for publication, and violates a collaboration agreement the two had reached. Administrators at Tsinghua and Peking universities, siding with Xie, have jointly requested that the journal retract Zhang's paper, and Tsinghua has launched an investigation into Zhang's actions. The dispute revolves around an answer to the mystery of how organisms as diverse as worms, butterflies, sea turtles and wolves are capable of sensing Earth's magnetic field to help them navigate. Researchers have postulated that structures in biological cells must be responsible, and dubbed these structures magnetoreceptors. But they have never been found. In research starting in 2009, Xie says that he used a painstaking whole-genome screen to identify a protein containing iron and sulfur that seems, according to his experiments, to have the properties of a magnetoreceptor. He called it MagR, to note its purported properties, and has since been examining its function and structure to determine how it senses magnetic fields. © 2015 Nature Publishing Group,
Keyword: Animal Migration
Link ID: 21431 - Posted: 09.22.2015
By Larry Greenemeier Advanced prosthetics have for the past few years begun tapping into brain signals to provide amputees with impressive new levels of control. Patients think, and a limb moves. But getting a robotic arm or hand to sense what it's touching, and send that feeling back to the brain, has been a harder task. The U.S. Defense Department's research division last week claimed a breakthrough in this area, issuing a press release touting a 28-year-old paralyzed person's ability to "feel" physical sensations through a prosthetic hand. Researchers have directly connected the artificial appendage to his brain, giving him the ability to even identify which mechanical finger is being gently touched, according to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In 2013, other scientists at Case Western Reserve University also gave touch to amputees, giving patients precise-enough feeling of pressure in their fingertips to allow them to twist the stems off cherries. The government isn't providing much detail at this time about its achievement other than to say that researchers ran wires from arrays connected to the volunteer's sensory and motor cortices—which identify tactile sensations and control body movements, respectively—to a mechanical hand developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) at Johns Hopkins University. The APL hand's torque sensors can convert pressure applied to any of its fingers into electrical signals routed back to the volunteer's brain. © 2015 Scientific American
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Robotics
Link ID: 21411 - Posted: 09.15.2015
By Olivia Campbell Leave it to childbirth to cause a woman who's never felt pain in her life to now experience persistent discomfort. When a 37-year-old woman with a condition known as congenital insensitivity to pain gave birth, her labor was as painless as expected. But during the delivery, she sustained pelvic fractures and an epidural hematoma that impinged on a nerve in her lower spine. Since then, she has added an unfortunate variety of words to her vocabulary: Her hips "hurt" and "ache;" she feels a "continuous buzzing in both legs and a vice-like squeezing in the pelvis." When resting, she is left with "tingling" and "electric shocks." She now has headaches, backaches, period pains, and stomach cramps; and even describes "the sting" of a graze and "the sharpness" of an exposed gum. According to doctors who treated her, the woman's sensitivity to pain -- tested on the tops of her feet -- is 10 times higher than it was before she gave birth. Congenital insensitivity to pain is an incredibly rare genetic disorder — there are only 20 recorded cases — that causes individuals to be totally unaware of pain. Co-author of the paper Michael Lee explained how pain pathways start with specialized nerves, called nociceptors, that sense damaging temperatures or pressure and then fire off signals to the brain. Those signals make us feel pain to prevent further damage. In people with CIP, a defective gene prevents these signals from going through. But pain can also arise when nociceptors or nerves are damaged, as was the case when this woman's lumbar nerve was pinched during childbirth.
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21379 - Posted: 09.03.2015
A placebo can make you feel a little better – and now we know how to boost the effect. Drugs based on hormones that make us more cooperative seem to enhance the placebo effect. The finding could lead to changes in the way some trials are performed. Sometimes a sugar pill can be all you need, even when you know it doesn't contain any medicine. We're still not entirely sure why. The brain's natural painkillers, such as dopamine and opioids, seem to be involved, but other factors may be at work too. Evidence that a compassionate, trustworthy carer can speed recovery suggests that there is also a social dimension to the placebo effect. "This interaction between the patient and care provider seems to be based on a more complex system," says Luana Colloca at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. Hormones that modulate our social behaviour might play a role. Last year, a team led by Ulrike Bingel of the University Duisburg-Essen in Germany, found that oxytocin – the so-called "cuddle chemical" that is thought to help us trust, bond and form relationships – seems to boost the placebo effect, at least in men. In the study, Bingel's team applied an inert ointment to the arms of male volunteers. Half of them were told that the cream would reduce the degree of pain caused by the painfully hot stimulus subsequently applied. Men who were told that they were receiving pain relief said that the heat was less painful than those who knew that the cream was inert. When oxytocin was squirted up volunteers' noses, the men reported being in even less pain. The team didn't test oxytocin in women. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Keyword: Pain & Touch; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 21336 - Posted: 08.25.2015
By Robert F. Service Move over, poppies. In one of the most elaborate feats of synthetic biology to date, a research team has engineered yeast with a medley of plant, bacterial, and rodent genes to turn sugar into thebaine, the key opiate precursor to morphine and other powerful painkilling drugs that have been harvested for thousands of years from poppy plants. The team also showed that with further tweaks, the yeast could make hydrocodone, a widely used painkiller that is now made chemically from thebaine. "This is a major milestone," says Jens Nielsen, a synthetic biologist at Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg, Sweden. The work, he adds, demonstrates synthetic biology's increasing sophistication at transferring complex metabolic pathways into microbes. By tweaking the yeast pathways, medicinal chemists may be able to produce more effective, less addictive versions of opiate painkillers. But some biopolicy experts worry that morphinemaking yeast strains could also allow illicit drugmakers to brew heroin as easily as beer enthusiasts home brew today—the drug is a simple chemical conversion from morphine. That concern is one reason the research team, led by Christina Smolke, a synthetic biologist at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, stopped short of making a yeast strain with the complete morphine pathway; medicinal drug makers also primarily use thebaine to make new compounds. Synthetic biologists had previously engineered yeast to produce artemisinin, an antimalarial compound, but that required inserting just a handful of plant genes. To get yeast to make thebaine, © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Keyword: Drug Abuse; Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21297 - Posted: 08.15.2015


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Jury finds Apple did not infringe on 'patent troll' WiLAN's wireless techA Texas jury on Wednesday found Apple, the lone holdout in a patent infringement case asserted by WiLAN, to not have infringed on a wireless technology property owned by the patent holdings company, capping off a two-year trial.
WiLAN first brought its case against Apple and a number of other large tech firms in 2011, claiming infringement of U.S Patents No. RE37,802 and No. 5,282,222 relating cellular wireless technologies.
As noted by AllThingsD, aside from Apple, all defendants signed license and settlement agreements to resolve the dispute, including Alcatel-Lucent, Dell, Hewlett Packard and HTC, among others.
With Apple being the only company standing, WiLAN proceeded with a jury trial in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas in Tyler, which has a history of siding with plaintiffs in patent cases.
Just over one week after WiLAN's trial against Apple began on Oct. 15, the jury found no infringement and invalidated two claims from the '802 patent. WiLAN was seeking $248 million in damages.
"WiLAN is disappointed with the jury's decision and is currently reviewing its options with trial counsel, McKool Smith," WiLAN said in a litigation update posted to its website. "WiLAN does not believe previous license agreements signed related to the patents are negatively impacted by this decision."
WiLAN was founded in 1992 as a company rooted in developing and commercializing wireless technology. In 2006, after "realizing the value that its intellectual property brought to industry," the firm transformed into a patent holdings entity and holds a large number of properties which are used in litigation against big-name corporations.
In 2007, Wi-LAN sued Apple over its use of Wi-Fi in certain product. The so-called "patent troll" again brought claims against Apple in 2010, claiming infringement of patented Bluetooth technology.
On Topic: General
- Apple reportedly mulling Tidal acquisition for access to exclusive content
- Apple CEO Tim Cook named lead independent director at Nike
- Sling TV splits into 'Orange' and 'Blue' tiers, adds NBC, BBC America & other channels
- NYC Apple reseller and community staple Tekserve to close Manhattan store
- Nancy Pelosi expresses disappointment over Tim Cook's GOP fundraiser


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Charges: Naked man bites dog
WEST VALLEY CITY — A man accused of biting a police service dog on the neck and clawing his face — all while he was naked — was scheduled to appear in court Tuesday.
Erasmo Guadalupe Garcia-Serna, 27, was charged in 3rd District Court on Nov. 14 with injuring a police service animal, a third-degree felony; lewdness and interfering with an arresting officer, class B misdemeanors; and disorderly conduct, a class C misdemeanor.
On Oct. 28, police were called to the parking lot at Costco, 3747 S. Constitution Blvd. (2700 West), on a report of a naked man yelling and screaming while trying to "rip the gas hoses off the pumps."
Garcia-Serna did not obey the officer's commands to stop and get on the ground, then "walked swiftly toward" the officer in a threatening manner, according to the charging documents. That's when police K-9 "Lobo" was released.
But instead of surrendering or being taken to the ground by Lobo, Garcia-Serna "began biting Lobo on the neck and clawing him in the face," the charges state.
The officer kicked Garcia-Serna in the back to get him to stop attacking the dog, "but the kicks had no effect," police wrote. He then used his Taser three times before Garcia-Serna would stop. The man was treated at Pioneer Valley Hospital for minor injuries before being booked in the Salt Lake County Jail.
An initial court hearing was originally scheduled for Nov. 25 but was continued until Tuesday afternoon at the request of Garcia-Serna's attorney "to look into possible mental health issues," according to a court docket.
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Hotels in Luetjenburg, Germany
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Hotels in Luetjenburg
- Most bookedDas Hotel Ostseeblick
41 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"It was a wonderfu hotel. We are on a two month road trip through Europe and this hotel was one of the best values we experienced. Hotel service at the front desk was great! The restaurant, not so much although the food was very good. We would certainly recommend this hotel."
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14 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Hotels within 5 miles of Luetjenburg
11 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
9 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Easy to find and helpful staff. Rooms were clean and spacious. Excellent, quiet location next to the beach and restaurants."
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Hotels within 10 miles of Luetjenburg
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37 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"We had a wonderful experience at this hotel. Our only regret is that we were unable to stay longer. The room was large, comfortable, with a balcony. The garden and surrounds are elegant and a great to sit and relax. The restaurant was first class. The food and wine selection was outstanding. The ..."
A Traveller, Jul 2014, AU
33 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
32 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Very nice hotel with excellent breakfast. Great quiet location but a little way out of town."
A Traveller, Jul 2015, GB
28 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"One night only. This is a very large summer holiday place, right by the sea. Probably great if you have children. Our room was large, clean and bright with a view. Staff friendly."
A Traveller, May 2015, IE
Just booked in Luetjenburg
- Ferienpark Weissenhäuser Strand–Booked 3 hours ago from United Kingdom
- Hotel Gremersdorf - Zum Grünen Jäger–Booked 3 hours ago from United Kingdom
- Das Hotel Ostseeblick–Booked 5 hours ago from United Kingdom
- Ferien Hotel Bad Malente–Booked 6 hours ago from United Kingdom
- Gästehaus Luv und Lee–Booked 7 hours ago from United Kingdom
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Horn Beaker Made by Abbeyhorn in the UK -The same craftsman that makes all the horn products for "Game of Thrones" Measures Approx 12cm x 8cm Volume Approx 250ml 1/2 Pint Plus some Available in two horn finishes - Rough for the more Natural look and polished which really brings out the colour of the horn. The horn beakers are sealed so that they are suitable for use with cool / warm liquids.
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In other news, Australia has had some step forward in the fight for gay marriage! Our Prime Minister Julia Gillard was just ousted from her post by our former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, who seems to have had a change of heart in his absence and wants to see gay marriage move forward. He's now pushing for a conscience vote (or even a referendum) to make it happen!
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text: AdChoices Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide TOP 10 Top 10 Entertainment Gifts For Athletes Share Tweet 0 Shares 3. Gadgets: Jetboil Cooking system Jetboil If you ever find yourself in the unforgiving heart of the arctic, tracking the elusive polar bear that mauled your stepfather to death, make sure you're equipped with the Jetboil Cooking System, which combines a burner and a cooking pot, and allows you to heat your food and eat it too! The pot support and stabilizer allows you to use the system with other cookware, but thanks to this bad boy's ability to boil two cups of water in two minutes, who needs anything more? Next Page TOP 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Comments Share your opinion Your name More Like This Top 10 Dating Sex Can Help You Live Longer, According To Science Read More Top 10 Entertainment Blockbuster Flicks That Sank Worse Than The Titantic Read More Top 10 Dating 10 Qualities All Women Look For In A Guy Read More Top 10 Dating Here's How You're Going To Become A Master Flirter Read More Top 10 Dating 10 Annoying Habits That Will Get You Dumped Read More Top 10 Dating If These 10 Things Are True, You're Totally In Love With Her Read More Around the Web Special Features Dating Tips A Guide To Hooking-Up Online Read More AskMen Deal Alerts Get Daily Deals You Actually Want Read More


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Geneva, IL - It was 39 degrees at game time but the chilly weather didn't stop the LumberKings as they beat Kane County 10-4 on Wednesday afternoon at Fifth Third Bank Ballpark.
After a 54-minute rain delay, Clinton wasted little time getting the bats going. Jabari Henry led off the top of the second inning with a single up the middle and moved to third on back-to-back walks by Taylor Ard and Jordy Lara. With nobody out, Tyler Marlette ripped one into the gap, scoring Henry and Ard to give Clinton a 2-0 lead.
They extended it to 4-0 in the third as three walks issued by Cougars' starter Taylor Scott came back to hurt. Dario Pizzano scored on a wild pitch and Ard delivered another run with a base hit.
While the offense was cooking, Clinton starter Scott DeCecco was cruising. The southpaw allowed one run in five solid innings to earn his first win of the year.
Kane County cut the lead to 4-3 on Trey Martin's two-run double in the sixth inning but Clinton answered back with four in the seventh.
Marlette singled, Brock Hebert walked, Pizzano singled and Guillermo Pimentel brought in two more with another single. Patrick Kivlehan and Ard each brought in a run with a fielder's choice groudout.
Pizzano was 3 for 4 with a double, two runs and an RBI. Marlette was 2 for 4 with a walk, run and two RBI. Ard was 1 for 3 with two runs and two RBI.
The LumberKings have their home opener on Thursday at Ashford University Field. They will send right-hander Matt Anderson to the mound as they welcome the Cedar Rapids Kernels for a four-game set. First pitch is scheduled for 6:30 PM CT.
Today on MiLB.com
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Homeland Security appeals for personnel funding
Agency asks Congress to reverse House vote diverting funds from implementation of new system.
Agency asks Congress to reverse House vote diverting funds from implementation of new system.
Amendment would have opened the Tricare system to all National Guard members and reservists.
Defense Department argues that FDA studies show vaccine is safe and effective in combating all forms of anthrax.
Union commends move as bill awaits Senate action.
A new committee will examine the military pay system and could recommend changes.
Proposals for the management contract are due by July 19 and a decision will be issued by Dec. 1.
Almost 70 percent of employees in the 2004 Federal Human Capital Survey praised the work of their immediate supervisors, and another 70 percent said their performance appraisals were fair.
Measures cover pretax health insurance premiums for retirees, student loan repayments and transportation subsidies.
A group of eight House members is continuing the annual push for equal military and civilian federal pay adjustments.
Passage of the measure would mark the first time the plan was changed over the objections of the TSP board of directors.
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Owego Food Delivery
1. Victory Pizzeria
awesome food and good atmosphere
2. Rail House Restaurant and Tap RoomMenu
366 Broad StWaverly, NY 14892
(607) 565-8830
From Business: Waverly NY'S restaurant and BAR. 14 beers on TAP with a full lunch and dinner menu. Live music every week. Welcome to the southern Tier's HOT spot.
3. 2BOYS Ice Cream Truck
205 Murray Hill Rd.Vestal, NY 13850
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5. Original Italian Pizza
Well apparently they are not affiliated with myoip.c o m as I looked at the menu on-line and then ordered as 12"" pizza for pick-up. They charged me…
Showing1-5 of 5results


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Steeped in history, mystery, and glamour, Morocco's city of Marrakech (or Marrakesh), is a temperate oasis of golden beaches, sprawling desserts, sacred ruins, luxurious spas, challenging golf courses, and charming local souks (or hand-craft markets).
However, in this North African city surrounded by so much mystery, you'd best be in the know prior to visiting. That's why we've put together these ten cool facts about Marrakech, Morocco…
The weather in Marrakech, like in the rest of Morocco, tends to be balmy and sun-soaked all year long—with a particular hot period from June to September when temperatures peak above 30-degrees-celsius.
Choosing where to retire in the US can be very overwhelming – so many great options and factors to consider! Regardless of whether you're seeking an action-packed retirement or looking
Traveling for business or pleasure can easily derail your health and fitness regime.
Sometimes instead of sipping on a margarita watching the wave's crash against the white sand and the sun setting below the horizon, travelers need an epic adventure.
It's one of America's favorite foods.
With a population of a little of 62,000, Santa Cruz is situated on the northern edge of Monterey Bay about 32 miles (51 km) south of San Jose and about
Ireland is nothing short of fulfilling with striking landscapes and visions of natural allure. The Atlantic brings welcome, warm geothermal gusts and the rare geological wealth is astounding.
As the largest state in the U.S., Alaska offers some of the most breathtaking scenery on the planet.
Transylvania is one of Eastern Europe's most captivating regions and although it is often known as the land of bloodthirsty vampires and wolves, it is in fact loaded with incredible
California, Oregon and Washington State – they're all about the beautiful sights and the good times.
The Seychelles islands form an archipelago off the southeastern coast of the African continent.
When you imagine badlands, the mind goes to alien looking formations, minimal vegetations, fascinating colors and other geological forms.
Kent is a home county bordering Greater London to the northwest, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the southwest.
For the ultimate paradise experience, head to theses 10 pristine getaways filled with tropical wonders.
Working as a set scout is one of the most rewarding yet most difficult jobs in the movie industry.
Prague was one of the few cities in Europe to be spared from bombing during WWII, making it one of the most precious and well-preserved historical spots in the world.
Located in Volusia County, Florida, Daytona Beach is a city with a population of a little over 60,000 people.
You know the saying: when in Rome, do as the Romans do. As travelers, we know this is true in any city we visit, including the Windy City.


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Mashups using the same API (112)
Get a Foursquare widget for your site.
MisoTrendy helps you find the most popular places around any location. MisoTrendy uses trending data from foursquare and shows currently checked-in users, tips and mayorships from the most popular...
fitsquare sends users real-time messages in order to encourage them to check in to healthy venues on foursquare. They can also earn exclusive badges, compete against friends and track progress. Plus...
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$300K in Liens at Texarkana's Arkansas Convention Center
Texarkana City Manager Harold Boldt, whose Arkansas Convention Center project has been hit with $300,000 in liens.
Contractors have filed $300,000 in liens against the Arkansas Convention Center in Texarkana, Ark., owned by Hiren Patel, who's building the project with incentives championed by ousted, then re-hired, City Manager Harold Boldt.
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Across the globe, people have little faith in Donald Trump's ability to handle world affairs, according to a new Pew Research Center poll: http://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/07/01/survey-people-around-the-world-have-little-confidence-in-trump-infographic/?utm_source=GOOGLE_PLUS_PAGE&utm_medium=social&utm_content=507253258&utm_campaign=sprinklrForbes#766b0efe1ae2
'By now you've heard of Benghazi, and what happened there. This is important because Simmons — by presenting himself as a national security expert who spent 27 years working for the CIA — was a major player in the conservative media push for the congressional investigation.
Simmons built a reputation in the right-wing media as a man who looked the part that he claimed to be. Described by the Rolling Stone magazine as, "white mustache, neck bulging out of his dress shirt, a handshake 'so hard, he can crush you with it." Simmons offered his fictional expertise and red meat for the audience by telling them exactly what they wanted to hear: Clinton was guilty of what happened at Benghazi and that it was all Obama's fault. That we were soft on terror. That we needed more war, less peace, and only a manly man can do what needs to be done.'
'In the press release, the DOJ noted that Simmons "falsely claimed he spent 27 years working for the Central Intelligence Agency." It added that he had pleaded guilty to major fraud against the government, a firearms offense, and wire fraud, all of them serious charges.'
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This plan holds the Guinness world records for longest flying paper Airplane flying for ... seconds. This is the airplane that could win you a paper airplane contest.This and more at ... Origami Store: ...
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Felix Robert Burkhart 1916 - 2007 Lawrence
Funeral services for Felix Robert Burkhart, 90, Lawrence, will be at 10 a.m. Wednesday at Warren-McElwain Mortuary. Burial will be in Oak Hill Cemetery.Mr. Burkhart died Monday, Aug. 13, 2007, at Pioneer Ridge Nursing Home.He was born Dec. 23, 1916, in Searcy, Ark., the son of Robert P. and Essie E. Harrison Burkhart. He received a bachelor's degree from Kansas University in 1981.Mr. Burkhart served in the U.S. Army for three years before joining the U.S. Navy in 1940. He served during World War II and the Korean War as an air gunners mate and retired in 1957 as a chief petty officer with 20 years of service. He later worked as an air traffic controller with the Federal Aviation Administration and retired in 1981.He attended Free Methodist Church in Lawrence. He was a member of the U.S. Naval Institute, Fleet Reserve Association of Washington, D.C., and Dorsey-Liberty Post 14 of the American Legion in Lawrence.Mr. Burkhart married Berta Lee Collom on Dec. 14, 1942, in Searcy, Ark. She died in 1969. He married Evelyn Pauline Leigeber May on June 7, 1973, in Lawrence. She survives, of the home.Other survivors include two sons, Robert, Denver, and Scott, Lawrence; three stepsons, David May, Cedar Falls, Iowa, and Daniel and Douglas May, both of Lawrence; a brother, Joe Norton, Boonville, Ark.; a stepsister, Glodeen Stutts, Bonita, La.; and three grandchildren, Sean, Nicole and Nicholas.The family suggests memorials to Free Methodist Building Fund, sent in care of the mortuary.The family will receive friends from 5:30 p.m. to 7 p.m. today at Warren-McElwain Mortuary.Online condolences may be sent at www.warrenmcelwain.com, subject: Burkhart.
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Activist hits parliamentarian Hrant Bagratyan during picket in front of Parliament against Joint Air Defense system with Russia
Ankara: Turkey wants speedy settlement of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which will meet all requirements of Azerbaijan
Turkologist: Ankara has used up all its possibilities to deny Armenian Genocide
Heritage Party: Joint Air Defense with Russia is an attempt to surrender the last elements of Armenia's sovereignty
David Harutyunyan: Next conference of donors will take place in Yerevan on June 29
Frank-Walter Steinmeier to travel to Armenia on June 29
Armenians and Azerbaijanis should take efforts towards peace, Pope Francis says
Opposition MP condemns political persecution against Zhirayr Sefilyan
Ancient Armenian city Ani may become UNESCO World Heritage Site
Tickets for Russian trains can be acquired at Yerevan railway station
"We Are the Owners of Our Country" initiative picketing Parliament building opposing ratification of agreement on joint air defense system with Russia
Pope Francis: "I am happy to have visited Armenia"
Sharmazanov: OSCE MG should react very strongly to Aliyev's refusal to implement arrangements made in Vienna and St. Petersburg
Pope Francis leaves Armenia ending his pastoral visit
Pope Francis and Catholicos of All Armenians visit Khor Virap Monastery at the foot of Ararat and launch doves of peace
Aliyev says Azerbaijani armed forces seized part of Karabakh districts during April aggression
Serzh Sargsyan: Pope Francis' calls for peace and tolerance are a powerful signal for peaceful settlement of regional problems
Serzh Sargsyan: I am sure we will find the best possible option of settlement for Nagorno-Karabakh people
President of Armenia calls on Armenians worldwide to unite to settle the three fundamental issues of the Armenian people
Karekin II and Pope Francis sign Common Declaration: "We express our hope for a peaceful resolution of the issues surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh"
Armenian President: We are grateful to Pope Francis for visiting Armenia and showing warm attitude to Armenian people
Vatican reacts to Turkey's criticism: "Pope has never been on a Crusade, he tries to build peace rather than to wage war"
Pope Francis: "May the Armenian Church walk in peace and may the communion between us be complete."
Karekin II: The processes of secularism are intensifying, spiritual and ethical values and views are distorted, and the family structure, established by God, is being shaken
Pontifical Divine Liturgy underway in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin at the St. Trdat Open Air Altar
Ilham Aliyev: Nagorno-Karabakh will never get independence
Karekin II: More practical steps must be taken by Christian churches on the road to searching for peace
Pope to Armenian people: Your sufferings are our own
Pope Francis participates in ecumenical meeting with Patriarch of Armenian Apostolic Church, Karekin II, in Yerevan
Police make statement over recent detentions in Yerevan
Police confirm reports on detention of activist Shant Haroutiunyan's son
Detentions continue in Yerevan
Pope Francis sends telegram to Turkish president
Pope Francis visits Church visits Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of the Seven Wounds and the Holy Martyrs Armenian Catholic Cathedral in Gyumri.
Fr. Federico Lombardi, S.J. says Pope Francis speaks about past tragedies not to inflame wounds, but to help create grounds for reconciliation
Federico Lombardi says Pope Francis enjoyed magnificent view of Biblical Mount Ararat
Pope Francis visits Our Lady of Armenia Catholic Educational Center in Gyumri, Armenia
Pope Francis expresses his gratitude to religious and civil authorities of Armenia
Pope Francis talks to the faithful
Pope Francis delivers a homily in Gyumri
Venice Commission experts make remarks about new proposals on Electoral Code of Armenia
Arsen Khojoyan, who was taken captive in Azerbaijan, kills a 17-year-old girl in Armenia
Pope Francis holding his first Mass in Gyumri, Armenia
OSCE MG urges Azerbaijan and Armenia to remove all remaining obstacles to expanding OSCE CiO Personal Representative's mission
Pope Francis and Catholicos of All Armenians arrive in Gyumri
Pope Francis visits Tsitsernakaberd Memorial dedicated to Armenian Genocide victims
Monument to Grigor Narekatsi to be erected in Vatican, Director of Holy See Press Office Federico Lombardi says
OSCE CiO Frank-Walter Steinmeier is expected to travel to South Caucasus
President Serzh Sargsyan and His Holiness Pope Francis had private meeting
Pope quotes Charents: Our turquoise sky, our clear waters, the flood of light, the summer sun and the proud winter borealis... our age-old stones ... our ancient etched books which have become a prayer
Alekper Aliyev: Nothing can justify our protracted fratricidal war
Giorgi Kanashvili: In case Karabakh conflict is settled, Armenia is able to make a U-turn and join NATO even sooner than Georgia will do
Sargis Hatspanyan: Our soldiers carried out their obligations and slapped not only the Azerbaijani but also Armenian authorities in the face
Vladimir Yevseyev: Updated Madrid Principles will not be implemented until the armed conflict is frozen
Polish Ambassador: Armenia is an ancient Christian country with European mentality and quite good prospects for European integration
It is necessary to lay down logical demands to Moscow instead of blaming it for all deadly sins
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Arman Melikyan: Without Aliyev in power in Baku, Moscow will have to forget about its control over South Caucasus
Zardusht Alizade: After Ukraine and Syria, Putin wants to play a peacekeeper's role in Karabakh
Head of EU Delegation to Armenia: Both Armenians and Azerbaijanis should prepare for peace
Armenia has displayed high flexibility and constructivism in participation in Eurasian integration project, Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan said during the enlarged meeting of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council in Astana. The heads of the member states of the Council, namely, Russian President Vladimir Putin, President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, as well as the heads of the observer states, namely, the Presidents of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan attended the meeting.
Serzh Sargsyan expressed confidence that the Eurasian Economic Union, whose Agreement was signed on May 29 by the leaders of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, will determine the further development of its member countries. "Undoubtedly, this is the result of the efforts of a big number of experts and officials, who overcame obstacles and discrepancies, found compromise proposals and did everything possible to coordinate a mutually acceptable document. But all this would be impossible without the political will of the Heads of States and without the vision of Eurasianism laid in the basis of this integration model," he said.
Concerning Armenia's joining the Eurasian integration process, Sargsyan said: "In a coordinated effort with the Eurasian Economic Commission and relevant authorities from Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, we have drafted an agreement for Armenia's accession to the Agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union. So, I would like to thank all members of the Customs Union and the Eurasian Commission for their professionalism and efficiency."
According to Sargsyan, one more reason this has become possible is that in the last years Armenia has implemented a number of crucial institutional reforms."
The President said that since Armenia is eager to join the Eurasian integration process as soon as it can, it is trying to be as flexible and constructive as possible.
According to Sargsyan, there are several reasons why Armenia is interested in signing the agreement to join the Eurasian Economic Union as soon as possible: first of all, the relevant road map envisages accession in Jan 2015, and, secondly, once the country signs the agreement, it will have to adopt almost 200 legislative acts and to conduct a number of crucial system reforms, which will take no less than six months.
"Since we have just two-three points to settle and since experts have already suggested compromise solutions to them, I would like to ask you to fix the deadline for Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union for no later than June 15 2014. If you are ready, I am sure that in two-three days we will be able to find mutually acceptable solutions. I hope that our today's meeting will be a starting point for both the Eurasian Economic Union and its enlargement. For my part, I confirm my commitment to take all necessary measures to submit the agreement once it is signed for the Armenian Parliament's consideration within as short a period of time as possible," the President said.
Meanwhile, according to Russian mass media, the signatory states believe that Armenia may sign the agreement no earlier than July 1 2014. Even more, according to Nazarbayev, Azerbaijan insists that Armenia should join the Eurasian Economic Union within the borders it had when joining the WTO. "We have received a letter from the Azerbaijani President saying that Armenia joined the WTO with a proviso that the WTO's requirements should cover the territory recognized by the UN. And think this point should be discussed," RIA Novosti quotes the Kazakh President as saying.
Central Valley Congressmen urge US to follow Pontiff's lead in reaffirming Armenian Genocide
Germany recognizes Armenian Genocide
"We are the Owners of Our Country": Arrested officers of Defense Ministry involved in criminal schemes were instructed by higher echelons
Official Baku comments on Nagorno Karabakh's President visit to Brussels


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Wasim Akram's wife dies in Chennai
Last Updated: Sunday, October 25, 2009 - 11:37
Chennai: Huma Akram, wife of former Pakistani cricketer Wasim Akram, died at the Apollo Hospital here Sunday morning after battling for life for the past five days.
According to hospital officials, Huma breathed her last around 9.45 am.
Huma was suffering from sepsis (an inflammation of several tissues, including blood leading to kidney failure) and was admitted to Apollo Hospital Tuesday after developing complications mid-air while on her way to Mount Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore from Pakistan.
She was accompanied by Wasim Akram.
At Apollo Hospital, she was in the intensive care unit (ICU) since then and died Sunday without regaining consciousness.
Arrangements are being made to take her body back to Pakistan, the sources said.
First Published: Sunday, October 25, 2009 - 11:37
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