text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 1999
|Filing date
|Nov 12, 1997
|Priority date
|Nov 12, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jay A. Muse, Brian Schick, Shane Nowell
|Original Assignee
|Iomega Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (13), Classifications (10), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a cartridge based data storage system in which a flexible magnetic disk is disposed within a cartridge shell. More particularly, the invention relates to a double shelled cartridge for controlling access to the disk media.
Microprocessors and supporting computer technologies are rapidly increasing in speed and computing power while decreasing in cost and size. These factors have led to the broad application of microprocessors to an array of electronic products, such as hand-held computers, digital cameras, cellular phones and the like. All of these devices have, in effect, become computers with particular application-specific attributes. For this new breed of computer products, enormous flexibility is gained by the ability to exchange data files and store computer software.
A variety of proprietary storage devices have been used in computer products. For example, hand-held computers have used integrated circuit memory cards ("memory cards") as the primary information storage media. Memory cards include memory storage elements, such as static random access memory (SRAM), or programmable and erasable non-volatile memory, such as "flash" memory. Memory cards each are typically the size of a conventional credit card and are used in portable computers in place of hard disk drives and floppy disk drives. Furthermore, memory cards enhance the significant advantages of the size, weight, and battery lifetime attributes of the portable computer and increase portability of the storage media. However, because of the limited memory density attainable in each memory card and the high cost of the specialized memory chips, using memory cards in hand-held computers imposes limitations not encountered in less portable computers, which typically use more power-consuming and heavier hard and floppy disk drives as their primary storage media.
Other of these computer products, such as the digital camera, have employed miniature video disks as the storage media. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,553,175 issued Nov. 12, 1985 to Baumeister discloses a digital camera configured to store information on a magnetic disk. In Baumeister, a signal processor receives signals representative of a picture from a photo sensor. Those signals are recorded on a magnetic disk for later processing. Unfortunately, the video disk storage product provides limited storage capacity. For that and other reasons (e.g., power consumption and cost), the video disk has not been used in other computer products. As a result, interchanging data from one of these digital cameras with other computer products, such as a hand-held computer, is not readily achieved.
Miniature hard disk drives have also been suggested for use in portable computer products. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,469,314 issued Nov. 21, 1995 to Morehouse et al. discloses a miniature hard drive for use in portable computer applications. In Morehouse, a hard disk drive is described that is approximately 50 mm in diameter. While addressing many of the problems presented by storage requirements in portable computers, the obvious problem of removability of the storage media is still present.
Similar to a standard size cartridge, the miniature cartridge contains a flexible magnetic disk disposed within a hard outer shell. Such a standard size cartridge is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,157 (Takahashi). The Takahashi patent is generally directed to a disk cassette that contains a flexible magnetic disk having a center core (i.e., a hub) and an apparatus for reading and recording information on the flexible magnetic disk. The disk cassette comprises a flexible disk attached to a hub. The disk and hub assembly are sandwiched between an upper cover and a lower cover. The shutter slides over the outside of the cartridge to cover a head access opening.
A similar standard size cartridge is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. Re, 32,876 (Wakabayashi et al.). The Wakabayashi patent is also generally directed to a disk cassette that contains a flexible magnetic disk having a center core (i.e., a hub) and for storing information. The disk cassette comprises a flexible disk attached to a hub. The disk and hub assembly are sandwiched between an upper cover and a lower cover. The Wakabayashi shutter rotates on the interior of the cartridge and comprises a metal sheet that slides over a disk access opening to cover a head access opening. This interior shutter works okay for disk that have low revolution speed in which aero dynamics of the disk are not an issue. However, in a cartridge wherein the disk rotates at relatively high velocities, the shutter could change the aerodynamics of the disk rotation and effect performance.
Thus, there is a need for an improved shutter mechanism.
In accordance with the present invention a mini-cartridge is provided for mini drives in a plurality of hand-held devices which generate signals representing different functions performed by different classes of the devices. For example, the devices include digital cameras, electronic books, global positioning systems, personal digital systems, portable games and cellular phones. Each of these devices has a mini drive for writing signals and reading signals representing the functions to and from a magnetic medium in the mini-cartridge. In this way, signals representing the diverse functions performed by the different classes of devices are recorded on the mini-cartridge. The hand-held devices incorporating the present invention provide and create a single means of capturing, moving and storing information across multiple products.
The present invention is directed to a data storage device that comprises a disk drive and removable cartridge. The cartridge for use with the drive comprises an outer shell having a spindle access opening, a substantially circular magnetic medium rotatably disposed within the outer shell, and a hub connected to the magnetic medium proximate the center of the medium. The cartridge also comprises an inner shell having a spindle access opening and a head access opening. The inner shell is rotatably coupled to the outer shell between first and second positions, and the spindle access openings of the inner and outer shells are substantially aligned. The inner shell is selectively rotatable to the first position so that the head access openings of the inner and outer shells substantially align and the second position so that the head access openings are substantially misaligned. The circular medium is rotatably disposed within the inner shell.
The inner shell preferably comprises upper and lower inner shell halves having raised outer edges. The two shell halves are brought together so that their edges overlap in frictional engagement to form a single inner shell. The inner shell is substantially disc shape and has a hollow interior wherein the disk media is rotatably disposed. The disk access opening in the outer shell and the inner shell are substantially wedge shaped. The inner shell comprises a sheet metal, preferably aluminum.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings an embodiment that is presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the interchangeable mini-cartridge of the present invention, including a plurality of devices each having a mini disk drive, and including a caddy to adapt the mini-cartridge to a full-size drive of a host computer;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a disk drive according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a cartridge for use with the drive of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the cartridge of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view of the cartridge of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a side elevation view of the cartridge of FIG. 2;
FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the cartridge of FIG. 2;
FIG. 8 is a partially exploded view of the cartridge of FIG. 2 showing an internal shutter shell subsystem;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the cartridge of FIG. 2 with the upper shell half removed to reveal the operation of the shutter shell;
FIG. 10 is another top plan view of the cartridge of FIG. 2 with the upper shell half removed to reveal the operation of the shutter shell;
FIG. 11A-11E are illustration of the operation of shutter shell 16 in conjunction with the drive of FIG. 2;
FIG. 12 is a bottom isometric view of the cartridge of FIG. 2 showing the lateral freedom of movement of the hub;
FIG. 13 is a cross section of the disk of FIG. 12 along the lines 13--13;
FIGS. 14A-14D show cross sections of the cartridge and drive of FIGS. 11A-11D along the lines 14--14 in various stages of insertion the cartridge into a disk drive;
FIG. 15A shows an isometric view of the load ramp of the present invention;
FIG. 15B shows the arms opened during media insertion to prevent damage to the media;
FIG. 15C shows the arms closed after media is fully inserted into the drive;
FIG. 15D shows the heads loaded onto the load ramp and compressing a bias spring;
FIG. 16 is an isometric view of the interior of a shutter shell and liner assembly showing the relative location of a media distortion neutralizer.
The present invention provides a data storage cartridge for use with a removable media type of disk drive. Throughout the description, a preferred embodiment of the invention is described in connection with a particular sized and shaped disk cartridge. However, the disk cartridge dimensions and shape are presented for exemplary purposes only. Accordingly, the mechanism should not be limited to the particular cartridge embodiment shown as the invention contemplates the application to other cartridge and drive types and configurations.
FIG. 1 shows a plurality of devices 100a-100g, hereinafter collectively designated as devices 100 which generate signals representing different functions performed by different classes of the devices. For example, the global positioning system 100a can generate signals representing navigational position. Electronic book 100b, digital camera 100c, personal digital assistant (PDA/ Palmtop) 100d, portable game 100e, cellular phone 100f, and laptop computer 100g each generate signals representing the function performed by that particular device. Each of these devices has a miniature disk drive 50 for writing the signals and reading the signals from a magnetic recording medium so that diverse functions performed by different classes are recorded on the devices, i.e. a drive 50a for global positioning system 100a, a drive 50b for electronic book 100 b, a drive 50c for digital camera 100c, a drive 50d for PDA/palmtop 100d, a drive 50e for portable game 100e, a drive 50f for cellular phone 100f, and a drive 50g for laptop computer 100g.
A mini-cartridge 10 has a magnetic recording medium on which the signals from the devices are recorded. Mini-cartridge 10 is compatible with the mini drives 50. Standard file formats maintain compatibility between devices 100. In the preferred embodiment, drives 50 are sized to fit within a PCMCIA form factor, preferably PCMCIA type II or type III, more preferably type II. These form factors is commonly used in portable personal computers. For example, PCMCIA type II form factor is commonly used for a modem connection of a notebook computer. PCMCIA type II form factor is quite small so that miniature drive 50 readily fits into all of the portable, hand-held devices shown in FIG. 1. The miniature drive 50 is insertable into and removable from the device just as the PCMCIA modem is insertable into and removable from the PCMCIA slot of a notebook computer. Alternatively, the drive 50 could be hard wired, i.e., built-in, to the device. In both cases, the device generates a digital function signal which is connected to the magnetic heads of the drive so that the digital function signal can be written on the magnetic medium of miniature cartridge 10. As an example, a digital function signal representing a picture taken in a digital camera 100c is recorded on a cartridge 10. This digital function signal can then be read by other classes of devices when the cartridge 10 is inserted into the respective other device.
FIG. 2 is a top view of a disk drive 50 with its top cover removed for clarity. Drive 50 accepts a removable disk cartridge 10 (shown in phantom) for reading and storing digital information. Drive 50 comprises a chassis 57, an actuator 56 (preferably a rotary actuator), including an opposing pair of load beams 44 having a read/write head 54 disposed at the end of each load beam, a load ramp 47, a spindle motor 53 and a spindle 40, and a shutter opening arm (not shown). The operation of disk mounting to spindle 40 is described more fully below. A disk cartridge 10 can be inserted into the front of the drive in the direction indicated by the arrow. During insertion, cartridge 10 slides linearly along the top surface of chassis 57 and spindle motor 53 for engagement with the read/write heads 54.
FIGS. 3-6 are isometric, top plan, bottom plan, and side elevation views of a miniature disk cartridge 10 that embodies aspects of the present invention. Miniature disk cartridge 10 has a number of differences from a full-size cartridges, such as the well-known 1.44 megabyte 3.5" floppy disk cartridge and the well-known ZIP disk cartridge) that prevent the miniature disk cartridge 10 from operating directly in a full-size drive. Perhaps, the most obvious of these differences is size. Disk cartridge 10 has a much smaller form factor than a full-size drive cartridge. Whereas a full size drive cartridge is about 4" square and 1/4" high, a mini-cartridge less than about 2" wide square and about 1/10" high. In particular, disk cartridge 10 has a width w preferably in a range of about 49 (1.9") to 51 mm (2"), most preferably about 50.1 mm, a length about 50 to 52.5 mm long, preferably about 51.8 mm, and a thickness h less than about 2 mm (about 1/10") thick, most preferably 1.95 mm. A large wedged shaped disk access opening 418 is disposed in the front portion of disk cartridge 10 to provide selective access to the media of cartridge 10. Disk cartridge 10 comprises a flexible magnetic disk 14 (partially shown in FIG. 5) and a disk media hub 12. A driving access hole 218 provides an opening in cartridge 10 for drive spindle 40 (see FIG. 2) to engage hub 12 and drive flexible disk 14 past opposing read write heads 54 (also shown in FIG. 2). Hub 12 is sized slightly smaller than driving hole 218b, and as best shown in FIG. 4, hub 12 projects downwardly from cartridge 10. Cartridge 10 also has a side cut-out 34 and abutment surface 35. As explained more fully below, cut-out 34 and abutment surface 35 engage a sliding lever during cartridge insertion and ejection. Cut-out 34 functions to retain cartridge 10 in drive 50 and ensure proper cartridge insertion while abutment surface 35 provides a flat surface for engagement and spring loading of sliding lever.
Referring also to FIG. 7, an exploded view of cartridge 10 is provided to more clearly show cartridge 10 interior components. Cartridge 10 comprises top and bottom cartridge shell halves 18a and 18b, respectively, a rotary shutter shell having upper and lower halves 16a and 16b, respectively, upper and lower shutter shell liners 15a and 15b, respectively, a shutter pivot post 20, a shutter spring mechanism 22, and a shell stabilizer 24.
Cartridge 10 is about half the thickness of the well-known 3.5 inch floppy disk. As a result convention removable cartridge shell materials cannot be used to construct cartridge 10. Plastics, such as those used in the well-known 3.5 inch floppy disk, would either be too thick or not strong enough if manufactured with the desired thickness. To manufacture a thin cartridge, such as cartridge 10, all of the component materials must be as thin as possible while providing structural support that will withstand the rigors of everyday use. For example, cartridge shell halves 18a and 18b are formed from a thin sheet material preferably about 0.1854 mm thick. To provide the structural support, the shell is preferably made from a sheet metal. Preferably the metal is sheet steel, more preferably stainless steel, and most preferably series 300 stainless steel. Cartridge shell halves 18a and 18b are preferably cut from a sheet of steel in a stamping operation which forms the turned edge portions 118a and 118b, provides the cutouts such as the driving hole 218b in the bottom cartridge shell half 18b, post hole 218a in the top cartridge shell half 18a, media access openings 418a, 418b, and so on.
Shutter shell halves also must meet strict thickness requirements. As such, shutter shell 16a and 16b are formed from a thin sheet material. The sheet material is preferably a sheet metal. The sheet metal is preferably thin sheet aluminum, preferably 5052 aluminum, more preferably in a half-hard condition. The sheet aluminum is preferably about 0.1854 mm thick. Shutter shell halves are also preferably cut from a sheet of aluminum in a stamping operation which forms upstanding rim 116a in top shutter shell half 16a, upstanding rim 116b in the bottom shutter shell half 16b, and cuts driving hole 316b in the bottom of shutter shell half 16b, pivot hole 316a in the top shutter shell half 16a, and media access openings 416a, 416b in shutter shell halves 16a and 16b.
Upper shutter shell half 16a has a media distortion neutralizer 11 disposed on the inner surface 216a of shutter shell half 16a. Distortion neutralizer 11 is located proximate the apex region of wedge shaped opening 416a. As described in further detail below, distortion neutralizer aids the planarity of media 14 as it approaches head load ramps during disk cartridge 10 insertion into drive 50. Distortion neutralizer provides a raised surface on upper shutter half 16a. Preferably the distortion neutralizer is formed directly on the surface of shutter half 16a, but could also be formed as a separate piece and attached by glue, welding, or the like.
Liners 15a and 15b are attached to shutter shell halves 16a and 16b. Liner 15a is attached to inside surface 216a of shutter shell half 16a; whereas liner 15b is attached to inside surface 216b of shutter shell half 16b. As described in detail below, disk media 14 rotates within the shutter shell and not the cartridge shell. Accordingly, unlike other known cartridges wherein the liners are typically attached to the inside of the cartridge shell, liners 15a, 15b are attached to the inside surface of shutter shells 16a, 16b. Liners 15a and 15b are preferably attached via an adhesive, more preferably a pressure sensitive adhesive. Liners 15a and 15b are cut to the shape of the surface to which they will be attached (i.e., 216a, 216b ) from a sheet of liner material. The liner material is preferably 100% polyester, more preferably Veratec 141-620 available from Data Resources Group in Walpole Mass. The liner material has a thickness preferably in the range of about 3.35 mils to about 3.8 mils, more preferably about 3.35 mils.
Stabilizer 24 is a substantially U-shaped spacer positioned in the rear portion of cartridge 10 and between upper and lower cartridge shell halves 18a and 18b. Rear cartridge shell tabs 318a and 318b extend rearwardly from upper and lower shell halves 18a and 18b and wrap around stabilizer 24. Therefore, when cartridge 10 is assembled, a portion of stabilizer 24 extends into and between the shell halves 18a and 18b and portions of stabilizer 24 protrude from joined upper and lower shell halves 18a and 18b. The protruding portions of stabilizer 24 form portions of the outer contours of cartridge 10. In particular, stabilizer 24 forms cartridge rear comers 24a and 24b and forms rear portion 24c.
Stabilizer 24 is formed of a lightweight rigid material such as plastic. More preferably, stabilizer 24 is formed of high impact polystyrene. It is formed from any one of the well-known plastic forming processes, such as injection molding. Stabilizer 24 provides dimensional stability and rigidity to cartridge 10, thereby minimizing cartridge deformation during mishandling, twisting, and so on.
Shutter spring mechanism 22 comprises a guide wire 23 and a round helical compression spring 21 that is slid over guide wire 23. Shutter spring mechanism 22 is fixed to stabilizer 24 at the ends of guide wire 23. The ends seat in channels 124a and 124b that are formed into the ends of U-shaped stabilizer 24. The operational details of shutter spring mechanism 24 are described in further detail below in connection with the description of cartridge opening and closing.
Flexible magnetic disk 14 is formed of a thin polymer film, such as MYLAR, and has a thin magnetic layer uniformly dispersed on the top and bottom surfaces thereof. The magnetic layer makes the flexible disk 14 susceptible to magnetic flux and enables the storage of digital data when the disk surface is brought into magnetic communication with a magnetic transducer of the type commonly found in disk drives. Disk 14 is generally circular with a circular hole proximate the center of disk 14. Disk 14 has a radius in a range of about 20 to 25 mm, and preferably about 23.25 mm. Disk 14 has concentric tracks 114 that provide the formatting of disk 14 to store digital information. Disk 14 contains a high density of tracks per inch (TPI), preferably in a range of about 2900 to about 3100 TPI, more preferably disk 14 contains about 3050 TPI. This high track density, which incidentally is much high that the common 1.44 megabyte floppy TPI of about 10 TPI, allows the relatively small disk 14 to store at least 40 megabytes of digital data.
Media hub 12 is essentially donut shaped and comprises a ferrous material such as steel, preferably stainless steel. The surface finish is about 8 micro inches to reduce sliding friction. Hub 12 comprises a bore or hole 12a proximate the center, peripheral outer edge 12b and inner ring surface 12c. Inner ring 12c has an outer angled edge and a substantially flat bottom surface. Outer peripheral edge 12b is also angled. Media hub 12 is firmly secured to disk 14 such that the center of hub 12 is aligned proximate the center of disk 14. Media hub 12 is preferably attached to disk 14 via a well-known adhesive process. The disk and hub assembly are rotatably disposed between upper and lower cartridge shutter shell halves 16a, 16b. Hub 12 is disposed in spindle access hole 316b of lower shutter shell 16b and spindle access hole 218b of lower cartridge shell 18b. As described in further detail below, the protrusion of hub 12 from shutter shell 16 and an cartridge shell 18 enhances coupling to a rotational power source, such as that provided by a drive spindle, when cartridge 10 is within drive 50 and acts a restraint on lateral movement of disk 14 when the cartridge is removed drive 50.
As shown by FIGS. 7 and 8, shutter halves 16a and 16b snap together to form shutter shell 16, which houses media 14 and shutter liners 15a and 15b (not shown in FIG. 5) which are attached to the inner surfaces of shutter shells 16a and 16b respectively. The complete shutter assembly 28 is pivotally attached to top shell 18. Hub 12 is attached to media 14 and protrudes through drive access hole 316b in shutter shell 16b. Accordingly, when cartridge 10 is inserted and operating in drive 50, media 14 rotates within shutter shell 16. As best appreciated from Figure unlike other disk cartridges which do not rotate within the shutter but which rotate within cartridge shell 18. Pivot post 20 attaches shutter assembly 28 to upper shell half 18a by attaching the top portion 20 to pivot hole 218b via shutter pivot hole 316. Pivot post 20 is fixedly attached to top shell cartridge 18a while leaving an offset space between and around post portion 20a and shutter pivot hole 316a.
The use of an internal shutter shell provides several advantages over other internal shutter designs. Among the advantages are improved cartridge 10 rigidity, improved disk 14 aerodynamics, and improved shutter control. The improved rigidity results from cartridge 10 having two layers of shell material (shutter 16 and shell 18) to guard against mishandling. The improved disk 14 aerodynamics result from the fact that space within which disk 14 rotates is completely controlled and free of disturbances caused by other internal mechanical features. For example, in other internal shutter designs, the retracted shutter only covers a portion of the spinning disk thereby increasing the likelihood of air flow disturbances. The final example of the benefits of shutter 16 of the present invention is improved shutter opening control. Shutters typically have a biasing mechanism to close the shutter. In the present shutter design, a spring 21 provides such a bias. Here, spring 21 can be located in the rear of the cartridge 10 and still control the operation of shutter 16.
When shutter assembly 28 is complete, media 14 is exposed at media access opening 416. However, and as described more fully below, media 14 within cartridge 10 is only accessible from outside of cartridge 10 when shutter access opening 416 aligns with cartridge shell access opening 418. In such an alignment, shutter shell 16 moves to a first position so that the openings 416, 418 completely overlap thereby "opening" cartridge 10. When the cartridge shell access opening 416 and cartridge shell access opening 418 are misaligned, shutter shell 16 moves to a second position such that the openings 416, 418 do not over lap thereby "closing" cartridge 10, shielding media 14 from ambient contaminants.
FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate the "opening" and "closing" operation of shutter shell 16 with spring mechanism 22. FIG. 6 is a top plan view of cartridge 10 in the closed position with upper cartridge shell 18a removed for clarity. FIG. 7 is a top plan view of cartridge 10 in the open also with upper cartridge shell 18a removed for clarity. The motive force for biasing shutter 16 toward the closed position is provided by compression spring 21 in an arcuate path. As noted above, compression spring 21 is slid over arcuate guide wire 23, which is attached to the ends of U-shaped stabilizer 24 in slots 124a and 124b. After attachment of compression spring 21 onto guide wire 23, spring 21 follows the arcuate path established by guide wire 23. Other structures are possible for forming an arcuate spring path. For example, an arcuate channel cut into the stabilizer 24 would also provide an arcuate path for spring 21. However, the use of guide wire 23 is preferred because it facilitates construction of cartridge 10 by improving the handling of spring 21. That is, spring 21 easily conform to the shape of wire 23 which is then attached to stabilizer 24.
Shutter shell 16 has an extending tab 17 that couples an translates a force between shutter 16 and spring 21. Tab 17 is preferably formed into shutter 16 but could alternately be attached to shutter shell 16 as a separate part such as by welding. Tab 17 extends outwardly from shutter shell 16 so as to extend into the spring path, overlapping guide wire 23. When cartridge 10 is in the closed position, compression spring 21 engages tab 17 biasing shutter 16 toward the closed position. To open cartridge 10, a counterclockwise rotational force is applied to shutter shell 16 (from the perspective of FIGS. 6 and 7) against the bias of spring 21, thereby compressing spring 21. When the rotational force is removed from shutter shell 16, spring 21 biases shutter shell 16 back to the closed position.
Cartridge 10 has several features (best described with respect to FIGS. 9 and 10) that cooperate in the operation of shutter 16 in conjunction with drive 50. These features include, catch feature 516, flat nose portion 518, and retraction slot 618 (see FIG. 5 for an alternate view of retraction slot 618).
Shutter catch feature 516 protrudes outwardly from the radius of shell 16. Catch feature 516 provides two significant functions in the operation of shutter 16: first, it provides a stop when spring 21 biases shutter 16 toward the closed position; and second, it provides a mechanism for coupling with drive 50 so that shutter 16 can be opened during insertion into drive 50. The stop function of catch 16 operates when shutter 16 rotates toward the clockwise direction. When rotated to the closed position, catch 516 engages the cartridge shell edge and thereby stops the rotation of shell 16.
Referring to FIG. 11A-11E, the operation of shutter shell 16 with drive 50 is further illustrated. Referring to FIG. 11A, cartridge shell 18 also has a flat nose portion 518 which is adjacent to catch feature 516 when shutter shell 16 is in the closed position. Upper cartridge shell 18a has an overhang 718, proximate flat nose portion 518, that shields catch 516 when the cartridge is not in drive 50. Shutter 16 is opened by shutter lever 48. Shutter lever 48 has a hook like portion 48a on its proximal end. Hook like portion 48a has an upstanding tab portion 148 that is adapted to engage shutter shell 16. When a cartridge 10 is inserted into drive 50, upstanding tab 148 engages flat nose portion 518. The relatively flat and wide upstanding tab 148 and flat nose portion 518 provide sufficient area to ensure that lever 48 properly and reliably engages shutter 16. Additionally, flat nose portion 518 enhances the pressure angle to more easily begin the rotation of shutter 16. When properly engaged, an edge of upstanding tab 148 mates with catch 516.
A retraction slot 618 is cut into the lower cartridge shell 18b. Retraction slot 618 permits the upstanding tab to retract, along with catch 516, into cartridge shell 18 and move out of the way of the other drive 50 components. This ability to retract the shutter opening mechanism and catch 516 results in a larger disk access opening. FIG. 11E illustrates cartridge 10 loaded fully into drive 50 with lever 48 and shutter shell 16 fully retracted.
Shutter lever 48 is pivotally mounted at its distal end 48b to drive chassis 57 proximate the front portion of drive 50. Shutter lever 48 is biased by a spring (not shown) in a clockwise direction (as viewed in FIGS. 11B-11E). As a result of the bias, lever 48 pivots to a positioned proximately as shown in FIG. 11B when a cartridge 10 is absent from drive 11.
As best illustrated in FIG. 11C, when cartridge 10 is inserted into drive 50, the nose 518 of cartridge 10 engages shutter lever 48. At the point of engagement, hook end 48 of shutter lever 48 mates with catch 516. After the shutter lever 48 has engaged shutter catch 516, the force of insertion (supplied by the user) of cartridge 10 further into drive 50 will cause shutter 16 to rotate in tandem with lever 48 in the counter-clockwise direction. The rotation of lever 48 against the clockwise spring bias loads the spring of lever 48. Similarly, the rotation of shutter 16 against the bias of spring 21 loads shutter spring 21. Accordingly, when cartridge 10 ejects from drive 50, spring 21 causes shutter 16 to snap shut and lever 48 to return to a position proximate the position shown in FIG. 11B. FIG. 11D shows the first stages of shutter 16 rotation as cartridge 10 moves further into drive 50. FIG. 11E shows the complete insertion of cartridge 10.
Shutter 16 and lever 48 disengage in essentially the reverse sequence from that described above in connection with FIGS. 11A-11E. However, the ejection of cartridge 10 from drive 11 is aided by spring 21 of cartridge 10. In particular, as cartridge 10 ejects from drive 50, the force of spring 21 rotates shutter 16 in the clockwise direction. The force of spring 21 causes catch 516 to impinge upon upstanding tab 148. This force also causes cartridge 10 to move outwardly from drive 10. Of course, this force to move the cartridge outwardly diminishes as the shutter lever moves clockwise toward its pre-loaded position. Further details of a disk drive insertion and ejection mechanism are described in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 08/968,561 entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARTRIDGE EJECTION AND OVERWRITE PROTECTION " filed Nov. 12, 1997, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIG. 12 shows an isometric view of the underside of cartridge 10. Hub 12 is disposed in spindle access hole 218b of cartridge 10. Hub 12 comprises a substantially flat bottom surface 12e, and an inner ring 12c, and an outer peripheral edge 12b. Also shown in FIG. 12, bottom shell half 18b has a rounded edge 218c around drive access hole 218b. Hub 12 and rounded edge 218c interact to restrain lateral movement of disk 14 within cartridge shell 18.
Unconstrained lateral movement of disk 14 within cartridge 10 could cause the edges of disk 14 to impinge upon the inner circumference of shutter 16. Such impingement could damage disk 14 causing data loss or worse. Referring also to FIG. 13 (a cross section of FIG. 12 along the line 13--13), hub 12 and attached disk 14 are free to move laterally (in the x and y plane) within cartridge 10 by the distance indicated by line 112. However, hub 12 projects outwardly from drive access hole 218b (see also FIG. 6). This projection of hub 12 is much more pronounced than with conventional floppy disk cartridges. The projection is so pronounced that even if hub 12 is pushed up (in the z direction) into cartridge 10, hub 12 still projects out from drive access hole 21 8b. The overall effect of the hub projection is to prevent disk 14 from moving laterally so that its edges contact the inner circumference of shutter 16.
During insertion of cartridge 10 into drive 50, spindle 40 remains fixed and cartridge 10 slides in a fixed plane relative to spindle 40. In other words, unlike typical cartridge insertion mechanisms used in other disk drive systems, in present drive 50 and cartridge 10 there is no translation of either cartridge 10 or 40 in the z-axis. Accordingly, to mount hub 12 to spindle 40, hub 12 undergoes z-axis translation as it slides along the top surface of spindle motor 53 and over spindle 40. This z-axis translation of hub 12 is best illustrated with reference to FIGS. 14A-14C, which present cut-away side views of cartridge 10 and drive 50 that loosely correspond in relative position to cartridge 10 and drive 50 in FIGS. 11, along lines 14--14.
Peripheral edge 12b preferably forms angled outer surface that is adapted to engage with a rounded edge of the spindle access opening during upward translation into shell 18. The preferred angle a for the outer edge is about 45 degrees. More preferably peripheral outer edge 12b substantially forms a ring around the circumference of hub 12. However, other configurations could accomplish a similar function, such as spoke-like or fingers of angled surfaces rather than a solid annular surface depicted in the figure. Similarly, inner ring surface 12c, preferably substantially ring shaped, could also comprises a different form, for example a series of fingers. Inner ring surface 12c also has a preferred angle, β, of about 45 degrees.
As shown by the cut-away side views, hub 12 has a stepped side profile. Disk 14 is attached to the hub along a topmost surface 12h of hub 12. A step down from top surface 12h is a surface 12j , which forms the top of peripheral outer edge 12b. The step provides a gap 13 between the hub 12 and disk 14. As is described more fully below, gap 13 provides additional flexibility for vertical translation of hub 12 within cartridge 10.
Spindle motor 40 has several features that are adapted to interact with hub 12. In particular, spindle 40 includes the "z" datum 40a (provided by a raised ring), a round boss surface 40b and a conical lead-in groove 40c. All of these features cooperate to enable engagement and disengagement of hub 12 from spindle 40. In addition, the top of spindle 40 is magnetically sensitized to attract and magnetically couple hub 12 to spindle 40.
Significantly, hub 12 engagement and disengagement from spindle 40 occurs without translating the plane of cartridge 10 vertically (i.e. in the z-axis direction) relative to the plane of the drive or without translating the spindle motor. Consequently, the height of drive 10 can be thinner than is possible in either a spindle or cartridge translation method. Instead of translating either the spindle or the cartridge, hub 12 and media 14 are translated along the z-axis within shell 18 as the cartridge is translated linearly (i.e., along a plane substantially parallel to the x-axis) into and out of drive 50. No additional space is required within cartridge shell 18 to accommodate the z-axis translation of hub 12, other than space which is already available to allow disk 14 to spin freely within shell 18. The present invention can even function properly with less interior cartridge space than that provided in a common 3.5 inch disk cartridge.
During insertion of cartridge 10 into drive 50, as depicted in FIG. 4A, hub 12 slides on inner ring surface 12c over the relatively planar profile of the bottom of chassis 57 and over the top of spindle 40. The ring surface provided by inner ring 12c provides a relatively large surface area for hub 12 to slide upon during insertion into drive 50. This large surface area ensures that the hub slides smoothly into drive 50. Downwardly projecting pin 20 is coupled proximate the center of cartridge 10 to top shell portion 18a. The downwardly projecting pin 20, engages sidewall 12a of hub 20 urging it into chassis 57.
A force applied to cartridge 10 during insertion causes pin 20 to push against the sidewall of bore 12a. This pushing provides a force to overcome the friction between inner ring surface 12c and chassis 57 and top of spindle 40. As cartridge 10 reaches far enough into drive 50, inner ring surface 12c aligns with conical lead-in groove 40c. At that point, the magnetic force provided by spindle 40 attracts and pulls hub 12 into engagement with spindle 40, resulting in inner ring surface 12c extending into conical lead-in groove 40c. As best shown in FIG. 4B, the angles of lead-in groove 40c and inner ring surface 12c, preferably proximately 45 degrees, are such that hub 12 properly aligns on center with spindle 40 as hub 12 is pulled into a seated position. In particular, inner ring 12c forms a cone-like male surface that corresponds with the cone-like female opening of lead-in groove 40c. As the two cone-like surfaces engage, inner ring 12c is guided by conical lead-in groove 40c. Moreover, the relatively large diameter of inner ring surface 12c (as measured across hub 12) and conical lead-in groove 40c ensures a highly accurate alignment of hub 12 to spindle 40.
As cartridge 10 ejects from drive 50, hub 12 disengages from spindle 40, again, without vertical translation of cartridge 10 with respect to drive 50 (only hub 12 and media 14 translate in the z-axis). As best shown in FIG. 4C, when cartridge 10 starts ejection from drive 50, cartridge shell 18 moves outwardly from drive 50. During this outward movement of cartridge shell 18, hub 12 initially remains seated on spindle 40. A force is required to cause disengagement of hub 12. The required force is provided by the movement of cartridge shell 18 relative to hub 12. Cartridge shell 18 has downwardly projecting pin 20 and rounded edge 18c that cooperate with hub 12 to facilitate disengagement.
Disengagement begins when pin 20 impinges on the sidewall of bore 12a. Substantially simultaneously, rounded edge portion 18c contacts the angled peripheral outer edge 12b. As shell 18 continues to move outwardly, rounded edge 18c slides against angled peripheral edge 12b. The horizontal movement (along the x-axis) of rounded edge 18c relative to angled edge peripheral edge 12b urges a lifting hub 12. The combined impingement of pin 20 and lifting of shell 18b cause hub 12 to tilt about datum 40a. As hub 12 tilts, inner ring surface 12c also tilts. When the bottom surface 12f of inner ring 12c clears the top 40d of spindle 40 hub 12 can also move begin moving outwardly with cartridge 10. As hub 12 moves outwardly, angled inner ring surface 12g engages angled spindle lead-in groove surface 40c. Because both surface are angled, hub 12 slides up the side of lead-in groove surface 40c.
As best shown in FIG. 14D, when bottom surface 12f of inner ring 12c clear datum 40a of spindle 40, hub 12 is free to move with cartridge 10. Thereafter, pin 20 urges hub 12 to travel in tandem with cartridge shell 18. The force of pin 20 continues to drag hub 12 over the surface of spindle motor 53 and chassis 57 until cartridge 10 has ejected from drive 50.
The stepped profile of hub 12 allows for additional headroom as hub 12 tilts within cartridge 10. That is, without a stepped hub, the tilting could cause the top of hub 12 to impinge upon the inner top surface of shell 18a and interfere with the disengagement of hub 12 from spindle 40. Moreover, the stepped hub allows the disk 14 to flex as hub 12 is tilted during disengagement.
A best illustrated in 14A, hub 12 is translated in the z-axis direction during cartridge 10 insertion into drive 50. As a result, disk 14 is push upward to the inner surface of upper shutter shell 16a an against liner 15a (not shown in this Figure for clarity). This upward translation of hub 12 allows it to clear the top of spindle 40.
However, as a side effect of the upward location of disk 14, the edge of disk 14 must be adjusted downwardly to thread the head loading ramps 47 as described more fully below.
FIG. 15A shows an isometric view of the load ramp in accordance with the present invention. Load ramp 47 comprises a base 67, head guard 61, pivoting arms 60a and 60b, abutments 66a and 66b, pivot pin 65, and compression spring 69. Each arm 60a, 60b comprises a ramped end portion 64a, 60b and a tail portion 63a, 63b. Pivoting arms 60a and 60b are arranged to pivot about pivot pin 65 in opposing fashion between an open position, in which the ramped ends pivot away from each other, and a closed position in which the ramped ends pivot toward each other. Spring 69 is disposed between the arms 60a and 60b such that the arms 60a and 60b are biased toward the closed position. Tail portions 63a and 63b of arms 60a and 60b, respectively, engage the corresponding abutments 66a and 66b to restrain the rotational travel of arms 60a and 60b when they are biased toward the closed position. Base 67 also comprises a hole 70 for attachment to the drive chassis 57 by means of a screw or other common attachment means. Head guard 61 extends out from the base 67 and provides opposing surfaces 61a and 61b. Each surface 61a and 61b has a ramped front portion 62a and 62b, respectively. Each of these surfaces 61a and 61b provides a surface for heads 54 to rest when the actuator 56 is in the parked position.
Referring now to FIG. 15B and 15C, side views of load ramp 47 are shown. In FIG. 15B, pivot arms 60a and 60b are in the open position, with spring 69 compressed (by load beams 44, which are not shown for clarity). Accordingly, the distance between ramped end portions 64a and 64b is maximized. With the distance thus maximized, media 14 entering between the end portions 64a and 64b has sufficient space to fluctuate during loading without a collision between media 14 and load ramp 47. In FIG. 15C, the pivot arms 60a and 60b are in the closed position. Once the media is fully inserted into drive 50, pivoting arms 60a and 60b can safely close over media 14 without damage to media 14. With arms 60a and 60b in the closed position, heads 54 can safely move between media 14 and load ramps 47.
Because hub 12 and disk 14 are translated upwardly from hub 12 sliding over chassis 57, when hub 12 is compressed into liner 15a, disk 14 is forced out of plane. Forcing disk 14 out of plane in this way causes a large distortion at outer peripheral edges of disk 14. The edge distortion, in turn, could cause disk 14 to travel over the top of load ramp end portions 64a, 64b rather than properly threading between end portions 64a, 64b. An adjustment to the disk 14 at the disk access opening is necessary to ensure that disk 14 properly threads between load ramps end portions 64a and 64b.
Accordingly, referring now to FIG. 16, an isometric bottom view of upper shutter shell half 16a with attached liner 15a is shown. Liner 15a is attached to the inner surface 216a of shutter half 16a. Liner 15a is cut around post hole 316a exposing a portion of inner surface 16a (about the size of drive access hole 316b ). Distortion neutralizer 11 is disposed on surface 216a of shutter half 216a proximate the apex of wedge-shaped disk access opening 416a. (See also FIG. 7). Media distortion neutralizer 11 comprises a raised surface on inner surface 216a. The raised surface can be formed by attaching material to surface 216a. The thickness of the distortion neutralizer is at least one thickness of liner 15a and no thicker than about half the thickness of the space between shutter shell halves 16. Most preferably, it is about 0.2 mm thick. The width of distortion neutralizer 11 is limited by the relatively small size of the present cartridge 10. That said, it is further limited by the distance between the edge of disk access opening 416a and hub 12. Accordingly, the width is between about 1 and 2 mm, preferably about 1.5 mm. Preferably, the raised surface is formed by stamping the distortion neutralizer directly into upper shell half 16a. Moreover, shell liner 15a is preferably attached over the top of the raised surface to protect disk 14 from direct metal contact on media distortion neutralizer 11. Media distortion neutralizer 11 is preferably arced, more preferably the arc is a portion of a circle so as to be concentric with disk 14; however, it could also be substantially straight. Thus, when cartridge 10 is assembled, media distortion neutralizer provides a ridge of material projecting downwardly from an upper surface of cartridge 10. This projecting surface ensures that disk 14 is forced downwardly toward the a plane proximately more centered between upper and lower cartridge halves 18a, 18b. The more centered disk 14, therefore, more reliably threads between head load ramp ends 64a, 64b during cartridge insertion into drive 50.
The above description of preferred embodiments is not intended to impliedly limit the scope of protection of the following claims. Thus, for example, except where they are expressly so limited, the following claims are n-t limited to applications involving cartridges for disk drive systems.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 23, 1861
|Coffee and tea pot
|Aug 13, 1981
|Apr 24, 1984
|Sony Corporation
|Flexible magnetic disk cassette
|Jul 28, 1983
|Sep 11, 1984
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Magnetic disk cartridge
|Jan 16, 1984
|Nov 12, 1985
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method/apparatus for playback of color video still pictures from a magnetic disk
|Aug 4, 1983
|Apr 29, 1986
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Track number indicator
|Sep 27, 1984
|Mar 24, 1987
|Dysan Corporation
|Micro-floppy diskette with inner containment system
|Oct 1, 1991
|Jan 11, 1994
|Tdk Corporation
|Disk cartridge
|Jul 7, 1993
|Jan 10, 1995
|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Removable disk cartridge for use with a rotary actuated disk drive
|Aug 24, 1993
|Nov 21, 1995
|Integral Peripherals, Inc.
|Miniature disk drive with dynamic head loading
|Nov 9, 1992
|Jan 2, 1996
|Cardona; Joseph C.
|Data storage device with removable cartridge having shutter unlocking and disk unrestraining arrangements
|Apr 11, 1994
|Jun 3, 1997
|Avatar Systems Corp.
|Removable disk to drive engagement
|Title not available
|May 18, 1988
|Dec 1, 1988
|Ameur Hanafi
|Cover for a disc-shaped information storage medium
|Jan 25, 1989
|Sep 8, 1989
|Syquest Technology
|Removable cartridge for radial arm voice coil actuated disc drive
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 16, 1998
|Jun 20, 2000
|Imation Corp.
|Data storage cartridge with releasable shutter assembly
|Apr 28, 1998
|Aug 29, 2000
|Imation Corp.
|Data storage cartridge with rotary shutter
|Jan 12, 1999
|Jun 19, 2001
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Medium attaching device and disk drive apparatus
|Oct 30, 1998
|Jul 3, 2001
|Iomega Corporation
|Shutter liner for a disk cartridge
|Feb 15, 2000
|Sep 17, 2002
|Iomega Corporation
|Magnetic recording device with deformation-proof element
|Aug 18, 1999
|Nov 26, 2002
|Sony Corporation
|Disc cartridge
|Sep 12, 2001
|Jan 20, 2004
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Medium attaching device and disk drive apparatus
|Mar 18, 1999
|Jul 13, 2004
|Iomega Corporation
|Disk drive for removable disk cartridges and receivable into a PCMCIA port of a computer
|Aug 11, 2003
|Jul 25, 2006
|Sony Corp
|Disk cartridge and disk drive apparatus
|Feb 23, 2005
|May 13, 2008
|Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.
|Disk cartridge
|Jan 5, 2001
|Mar 7, 2002
|Douglas Mayne
|Slim digital audio player and recorder with cradle
|Aug 11, 2003
|Apr 22, 2004
|Masami Miike
|Disk cartridge and disk drive apparatus
|Feb 23, 2005
|Sep 15, 2005
|Atsushi Sato
|Disk cartridge
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 7, 1998
Owner name: IOMEGA CORPORATION, UTAH
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|Aug 29, 2000
|Certificate of correction
|Jun 23, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 5, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
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Effective date: 20071221
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Owner name: EMC CORPORATION,MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IOMEGA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:023950/0391
Effective date: 20100211
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Effective date: 20100211


text: I am facing a situation in my system, that the network performance is very low after upgradation to Windows 7. I was using Windows Vista operating system previously. During any transfer on the LAN, I used to get a speed of about 30 MBPS, but now the speed does not increment more than 300 KBPS. So, this is very slow as compared to the previous speed that I was getting. Please help me soon and thanks for any help.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
<< Back - 2004 > Land Rover > Range Rover > Engine Mechanical > Oil Pan > Genuine
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Genuine W0133-1652284
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Oil Pan Reviews - 2004 Land Rover Range Rover
Genuine | W0133-1652284
Very satisfied with the part received and service. Definitely will buy from you again. Thanks.
April 26th, 2015 | Posted by 2004 Land Rover Range Rover Genuine Oil Pan - Lower Genuine W0133-1652284


text:
May 30, 2016
The almost 3 year admissions saga concerning Wayne County's Jerrell Powe might soon be over, and the UM he could be wearing on his jersey might not stand for the University of Mississippi.
Canesport.com is reporting that Powe is close to signing with the Miami Hurricanes. Joe Barnett, a family friend of Powe's, is quoted on the website as saying there is a 90 percent chance that Powe will have things sorted out in the next 36 hours.
Powe's attorney, Don Jackson, has not commented on the situation although he has previously stated that he feels as though Ole Miss has been stringing his client along.
Powe signed with the Rebels in 2005 and 2006, but never enrolled because of academic ineligibility.
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text:
No Ebola Panic Despite Media Hysteria
One man has died of Ebola in the U.S. and he came here from Liberia. Two of the nurses that tended him are in intensive care and likely to survive. A third was thought to be infected, but wasn't. That news has been sufficient to keep most Americans calm as the media has done its best to exploit Ebola-related news.


text:
Sagbo will serve the second of a three-match ban for his red card against Norwich, but the likely return of Stephen Quinn (hamstring) to the matchday squad is good news for manager Steve Bruce.
Bruce made 11 changes for the Capital One Cup victory against Leyton Orient in midweek and has not ruled out doing the same again as he recalls his first-choice players to the line-up.
- Sports & Recreation
- Stephen Quinn
- Leyton Orient


text:
Hanabusa is a girl who signed up 5 years ago. She owns some Jpops (323) and was last seen here about 3 years ago
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text:
- Differential Diagnosis
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- Try building your search one term at a time, and be as specific as you can! Search term example: "chronic cough".
- Do not enter multiple findings such as "anemia, chronic cough, weight loss, vomiting" all at the same time.
- After selecting your term from the search results a list of possible diagnoses will be generated. If the list is too long, you will be able to narrow it down by entering additional terms.
- Do not enter values such as "heart rhythm 110" or "sodium 125", instead use "tachycardia" or "hyponatremia".
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Possible Causes For Fungal arthritis - Causes
Available only to registered users.
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- Infectious Disorders (Specific Agent)
- Sporotrichosis
- Actinomycosis/Actinomycosis bovis
- Fungal/Candida endocarditis
- Sporotrichosis, disseminated
- Systemic mycosis/disseminated
- Cryptococcosis, disseminated
- Fungal osteomyelitis
- Blastomycosis
- Histoplasmosis, African
- Arthritis, fungal
- Synonyms
- Arthr.+mycoses-site unspecif., Arthritis due to fungal infect, Arthritis due to fungal infection, Arthritis fungal, ARTHRITIS FUNGOSA, Arthritis in mycoses, Arthritis in mycoses site unspecified, arthritis mycosis (etiology), arthritis mycosis (manifestation), ARTHRITIS MYCOTIC, arthritis mycotic (etiology), arthritis mycotic (manifestation), Arthropathy + fungal infection, Arthropathy + mycoses, Arthropathy associated with a mycosis, Arthropathy associated with a mycosis (disorder), Arthropathy associated with mycoses, Arthropathy associated with mycoses (disorder), Arthropathy associated with mycoses of unspecified site, Arthropathy associated with mycoses of unspecified site (disorder), Arthropathy due to fungal infection, Arthropathy site unspecified associated with mycoses, Fungal arthritis (disorder), mycosis arthritis (etiology), mycosis arthritis (manifestation), mycotic arthritis (etiology), mycotic arthritis (manifestation)
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text:
Need Help with "Linked Shooting" on 5d3 and 600EX-RT
Started Sep 18, 2012 | Discussions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
Bendp OP • New Member • Posts: 10
Re: Problem Solved
Thanks for your help. Got e-mail from Canon support as follows:
"You can set a personal function in the linked shooting flash so that it will fire if that is what you are trying to do. It is Personal Function 07. Please follow these steps:
1. Press the button.
2. Press the same button again, which is now the button.
3. Select [P.Fn-07].
4. Press the button.
5. Select [1: ON (Enabled)]."
I am a little embarrassed that this was in the manual. Probably should have kept reading.
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|Sep 18, 2012
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BBB Accredited Business since
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text:
TACOMA, Wash. (AP) — A Micronesian couple living in Longview pleaded guilty Tuesday in federal court in Tacoma in a human trafficking case.
Prosecutors said the couple, 29-year-old Edk Kenit and 31-year-old Choimina Lukas, forced an 18-year-old woman from their homeland to work for them.
The Daily News of Longview reports (http://bit.ly/nUMK3j ) the two pleaded guilty to document servitude and face up to five years in prison when they are sentenced Oct. 21.
The two admitted they recruited the woman in March 2010 to care for their three children and forced her to cook and clean seven days a week without pay. The also forced her to get a job and took her wages. The servitude lasted until the woman escaped in February.
Information from: The Daily News, http://www.tdn.com


text:
"Bridge Of The Inca" Puente del Inca by cybergenic
Puente del Inca Travel Guide: 18 reviews and 43 photos
Legend has it that many thousands of years ago, before the arrival of the Spaniards. A great Inca elder had a son who suffered from paralysis. He had tried to heal his son in many ways but nothing worked. The Inca heard rumours of a land to the south where thermal waters with miraculous healing powers existed. Without doubting the rumour he prepared his strongest soldiers and headed toward the magical site. On arrival the Inca and his soldiers were divided from the thermal waters by a wide torrent preventing them to cross. Without doubting their dream the soldiers joined arms to create a human bridge. The Inca then walked across the soldiers backs with his son in his arms. When he made it across he turned to thank the soldiers only to find that they had been petrified into stone creating the famous legend of
''Puente del lnca''
- Pros:Mystical, free
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- In a nutshell:Cool place to visit, take some swim shorts
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Just above the Puente del Inca (aprox 30 m) there are some small thermal pools. They were very warm and provided me with... more travel advice
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text:
Dave Jorn - Resignation Press Conference
Longtime Arkansas pitching coach Dave Jorn speaks ...
Arkansas coach Bret Bielema, right, and LSU coach Les Miles talk before a game Nov. 29, 2013 at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, La.
An announcement is expected at the coming SEC meetings in Sandestin, Fla., a lovely place to meet, about whether the league will go to nine conference games before schedules are completed for the 2016 season.
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WWE: A Strong Response
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post #84
Acknowledged by SCOTT STEINER
Join Date: Mar 2005
Posts: 1,214
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Re: WWE: A Strong Response
Raw Review
Opening promo looked very good through the recap. Haven't read this thread before so is very helpful Triple H talking about what has happened recently in his speech. Vinnie comes out and no suprises that he has put the odds against Triple H once again, but i see Triple H getting the better of Vince once again.
Good to see CM Punk going over strong here over Hardcore Holly in what looked a very solid match. However if this is the only bit of action he will be involved with tonight i would be very dissapointed, seeing how much attention Triple H is getting tonight.
Meh Cody Rhodes is bland as hell IRL and looks like the same in here too. Personally i would like to see him turn on his Dad and have them feud but anyway.
Burke v Val was much better than expected as i thought this was going to be a full on squash, but Val gave a pretty good fight. No suprise that Burke gets the victory and looking at the Taboo Tuesday card it looks like he is involved in no feud with anyone at the moment so i presume that your just building up some momentum for him leading to him eventually getting involved in the IC Title scene.
Very good interview here by Kennedy hyping his match with Jeff Hardy. Nice to see him bring up the match stipulations and matches that he won when involved in them.
Great 6 man tag match here building up all three of the feuds involved in the match. Good victory for the faces and with Mickie winning it looks like unfortunatly that Beth Phoenix will win their encounter
Very pumped up for the IC Title match at Taboo Tuesday and good to see that neither of them two lost by pinfall as it makes the result of this match at Taboo Tuesday more unpredictable.
Santino is GOD. Push him for the WWE Championship please
. Looks like your going to have a Santino/DH Smith feud but what the heck does DH stand for lol?
Nice little seg here, pretty obvious that Punk is going to get involved in the main event.
Great to see Dreamer and Richards teaming up in this thread and is a nice asset to the tag division. Suprised that a PPV match has been spoiled the week before the PPV itself. Huge victory for Richards and Dreamer picking up huge momentum for the PPV, but unfortunatly with them winning this match it looks like Cade and Murdoch will win at Taboo Tuesday but personally would love to see Dreamer and Richards with the belts.
No suprises that Triple H went through the first two teams but things really didn't pick up in this match until the third match. Looks like Triple H is going to pull off a shocker when Morrison gets himself disqualified which is the right way to end this match. Good aftermath with CM Punk making the save and he looks very strong going into the PPV.
Overall Rating: Overall was a solid show nothing spectacular but was very realistic compared to Raw shows IRL which is never spectacular itself. 7.75/10
Will pm you my votes now
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To Know Where Biosimilars Are Going,...
RNAi Is Working on Tactics to...
JLL Partners has agreed to acquire PharmaNet Development Group for about $100 million. JLL will pay $5.00 per share, more than three times PharmaNet's closing price on February 2, the day before the transaction was made public. PharmaNet's stock jumped to over $4 during trading yesterday.
The transaction will be financed by a $250 million equity commitment from JLL, which includes the necessary funds to retire the $144 million principal amount of the company's outstanding convertible notes. The parties expect the tender offer to close by the end of this quarter.
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I feel that every passing conversation on the streets here in NYC involves alcohol. It's so common to hear comments like "So he was drunk..." or "I drank so much...", et al. Hell, some co-workers in the office right above me are talking about drinking right now, and if I had to guess, all of them are at least twice as old as I am.
Just sayin'.


text: Benefits Employers Considering Health Care Cost-Control Measures August 6, 2012 (PLANSPONSOR.com) - Employers are eyeing a variety of health care cost-control measures for 2013, according to a new survey by the National Business Group on Health. By Rebecca Moore firstname.lastname@example.com | August 06, 2012 Page 1 of 2 View Full Article Employers expect that health care benefits costs will increase an average of 7% in 2013. That's the same increase they projected for this year, but smaller than employers experienced the previous three years. Despite being able to" hold the line" on increases, six in ten employers (60%) plan to increase the percentage of the premium paid by employees in 2013, although the majority of those employers indicated that the increase would be by a small amount (less than 5%). Additionally, 40% plan to increase in-network deductibles while roughly one-third will increase out-of-network deductibles (33%) and out-of pocket maximums (32%). While many employers continue to adopt cost-sharing provisions, survey respondents now consider consumer-directed health plans (CDHP) and wellness initiatives to be more effective at stemming costs than shifting costs to employees. According to the survey, 43% cited a CDHP as the most effective cost control tactic followed by wellness programs (19%). Less than one in ten (9%) respondents reported increased employee cost-sharing as the most effective tactic. Last year, cost shifting was cited as the most effective measure. The survey found that employers – in their efforts to engage employees in healthy behaviors and lifestyles – continue to experiment with and perfect the best ways to incorporate financial incentives into wellness programs. While nearly half of respondents (48%) use incentives to encourage participation in programs, some employers are basing incentives on specific health outcomes. More than four in ten (44%) provide an incentive based upon tobacco-use status while three in ten (29%) base awards upon achievement of outcomes such as body mass index (BMI) or cholesterol levels. Just under one fourth of respondents (22%) take a different approach – applying surcharges to employees for not participating in certain programs. The survey also reported that employers plan to sharply increase the incentive amount for maintaining a healthy lifestyle or participating in a wellness program. Among employers that offer incentives, the median amount employees can earn will jump 50% from $300 this year to $450 next year. The median incentive amount that dependents can earn is expected to increase from $250 this year to $375 in 2013. Prev1 2Next View Full Article Tagged: Healthcare related articles related research most e-mailed ResearchThe Benefits of HSAs From plansponsor.com Employers Taking More Efforts to Cut Health Benefit CostsPrivate Exchanges Engage Employees More in Health BenefitsEmployers to Increase Focus on Employee Well-BeingEven If Repealed, Employers Would Keep Some ACA ProvisionsRetirement Health Care Costs Could Top $375KWithings Adds to Corporate Wellness Solution ResearchThe Benefits of HSAs From plansponsor.com 2016 Participant Survey2016 PLANSPONSOR Health Savings Account Buyer's Guide 2015 PLANSPONSOR DC Survey: Plan Benchmarking2015 Defined Contribution Survey2015 PLANSPONSOR Managed Account Buyer's Guide2015 PLANSPONSOR TDF Buyer's Guide ResearchThe Benefits of HSAs From plansponsor.com New Excessive Fee Suit Targets Advice and SDBAsRetirement Plan Excessive Fee Suits Move Down MarketBBandT Finds Itself Targeted in Self-Dealing ERISA SuitRetirees Have Advice for Younger WorkersESG Trends go to news topic


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SALEM — Oregon legislators are considering a bill to allow hunters and fishermen to buy licenses good for more than just a year, and perhaps at a discount.
The proposal could mean licenses for up to five years, maybe for 10 percent off the price of five one-year licenses, said Ron Anglin of the state Fish and Wildlife Department.
"It's just a way to give a little break to people who know they will be hunting or fishing," Anglin said. "If folks want to make that kind of investment up front, they'd have some certainty on cost."
A House committee has recommended the bill for passage, the Medford Mail Tribune (http://bit.ly/13ThD80 ) reported.
Currently, a one-year hunting license costs $29.50 and a one-year angling license costs $33. A combination license costs $58.
The Fish and Wildlife Department last sought a fee increase in 2009, saying the rates would last at least six years. "We're on track for that," said Curt Melcher, deputy director of the department.
Licenses are now limited by law to one year. The bill would allow the Fish and Wildlife Commission to sell them for longer periods and to set discounts.
If it passes, the department will start discussions with constituent groups about discounts, Melcher said
Ten states currently offer multiyear licenses, with many states offering a 10 or even 15 percent discount, he said.
Others, such as Idaho, offer multiyear licenses but no discounts, he said.
The Oregon bill also would give active-duty military members the chance to buy hunting and fishing licenses and most tags at resident costs.


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Peace Corps Table at Michigan State University's Psychology, Service, & Intern Fair
Michigan State University
1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m.
Phsycology Building 1st floor
325 W Shaw Lane
East Lansing, MI 48824
Serving in the Peace Corps is a great way to immerse yourself in a new culture, learn a new language, and have the experience of a lifetime. Stop by our table at MSU's Psychology Service & Intern Fair. Have your questions answered by speaking to a returned Peace Corps volunteer. If you can not attend the event please see below and arrange a time to stop by to talk to the Michigan State's Peace Corps recruiter during their office hours.
Michigan State University Peace Corps Office. Meet Marisa Rinkus, who served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Guatemala. She is available to meet with students and community members who are interested in applying and learning more about Peace Corps.
- email@example.com, 517.432.7474
- International Center, Room 202
- Spring 2014 Office Hours: Wednesdays 3:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m. and Thursdays 10:00 a.m. -12:00 p.m.
Become a Fan at www.facebook.com/MSUPeaceCorps and stay updated on monthly events at MSU.
About the Peace Corps: Read more or watch a video about what it's like to be a Volunteer including what Volunteers do, where they go, and the many benefits of Peace Corps service. Or apply now to begin your life-defining experience.
Stay Connected: Sign Up for E-Updates || Facebook || Twitter || YouTube || Flickr || Tumblr || LinkedIn
For questions about this event contact Kera Halvorson
If you require a reasonable accommodation when attending a Peace Corps event, please contact the recruiter identified in the "for questions about this event" section of the event listing. Please provide the details of the reasonable accommodation you are requesting.
Last updated Apr 28 2014
Reference #13430


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CCNY Benefits Forms
CCNY Benefits Forms
Updated Monday, December 14, 2015 10:59 AM
following eligibility requirements:
Teaching Adjunct: Completed two (2) consecutive semesters of at least one or two courses per
week of Adjunct instruction for the full semester at CUNY immediately prior to the current
semester; teaching at least six (6) hours per week for the full semester, which must be
Non-Teaching Adjunct: Completed two (2) consecutive semesters of at least 15 hours per week
for the full semester at CUNY immediately prior to the current semester working at least 15 hours
per week for the full semester;.
Note: The summer or winter "session" is not considered towards meeting the eligibility
Be Advised:
If you are currently not covered or eligible to be covered by any other health insurance plan by
virtue of employment of self, spouse or through government entitlement, then you may be
eligible to be enrolled in health benefits through the New York City Health Benefits Program
administered through the CUNY University Benefits Office.
The enrollment forms can be obtained from the site below and your Benefits Officer will need to verify that the eligibility
requirements have been met. If eligibility is due to your employment at two campuses, you will be
required to obtain verification from each campus. Some employee health plans are available free of
charge, and dependent health insurance coverage is available through premium payment. For
detailed information, visit the UBO website, under Benefits at a Glance-> Adjuncts
Teaching and Non-Teaching.
Adjunct Health Benefits Forms
Adjunct GHI-CBP Individual Summary of Coverage
PSC-CUNY WELFARE FUND Eligibility for Adjuncts
Adjunct Health Benefits Packet
Alternative Coverage: Insurance Marketplace
Full-Time Faculty and Staff Benefits Forms
Retirement Forms
Full-Time Teaching and Non-Teaching Instructional Staff
Teacher's Retirement System Application
PSC-CUNY Choosing a Retirement Plan Info Sheet
Phased Retirement Program
Phased Retirement Application - Faculty
Phased Retirement Application - Professional Staff
Phased Retirement Signed Agreement
Classified Staff
Voluntary Retirement Forms
CUNY Employee Voluntary Savings Plan - Universal Availability Notice
2015 Salary Reduction Agreement - TIAA-CREF, MetLife and HRC
2016 Salary Reduction Agreement - TIAA-CREF, MetLife and HRC
Full-Time Teaching and Non-Teaching Instructional Staff
Haliday Financial
Dedicated/Catastrophic Sick Leave Policy
Dedicated Annual/Sick Leave Program
Catastrophic Sick Leave Bank Program (CSLB)
(Application to Donate and Application to Receive)
Transit Benefit Forms
Effective March 22, 2015, an MTA approved fare hike of 25 cents, will go into effect. This will increase the base fare from $2.50 to $2.75 per ride, for the bus, subway and MTA Staten Island Railway. These increases will also affect the MetroCard 30-day unlimited, Pay Per Ride, Access-a-Ride, Long Island Railroad and the Metro-North Railroad. The new rate list can be found on the MTA Website. Please be advised; the monthly pre-tax limit is $130.00. Deductions that exceed this amount will be subject to taxes.
Employees who wish to adjust their deductions accordingly, enroll in the program, suspend their payroll deductions, or cancel their participation in the Commuter Benefits Program, can download, fill out and submit a WageWorks form to the HR Office, Shepard Hall, Room 50. Please be advised that changes to your WageWorks deductions may take up to 2 pay periods to take effect.
If you have any questions, please contact Kim Ferguson at 212-650-7963, or by email at email@example.com.
NEW Health Insurance Marketplace Coverage Options and Your Health Coverage
New Health Insurance Marketplace Coverage Options and Your Health Coverage (Non tax levy)
Other Forms
City Health Plans Dependent Eligibility Verification Audit
Dependent Eligibility Verification Audit FAQs
Important Pension Information – New Tier VI in effect April 1, 2012
COBRA Information/Continued Coverage Application
(Please be advised that this form must be filled out by the Benefits Officer prior to submission. Please call x7963 for assistance with COBRA enrollment.)
Important Phone Numbers
Classified Staff Contact Sheet
Instructional Staff or Non Instructional Staff Contact Sheet


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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Palmon:
Dr. Palmon's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Palmon's Specialties
- Ophthalmology
Procedures Dr. Palmon Performs
- Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (ALK)
- Anterior Vitrectomy
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Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- Cape Coral Hospital
- 636 Del Prado Blvd
- Cape Coral, FL 33990
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 87.4% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Palmon
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Palmon to family and friends is 4 out of 5 5 1 10
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8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
- Southwest Florida Eye Care
- 6850 International Center Blvd
- Fort Myers, FL 33912
- (239) 768-0006
- Directions
- Southwest Florida Eye Care
- Southwest Florida Eye Care
- 11176 Tamiami Trl N
- Naples, FL 34110
- (239) 594-0124
- Directions
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
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Wayne and Norma Fansler of New Whiteland will celebrate their 68th wedding anniversary Aug. 8.
Mr. Fansler and his wife, the former Norma Grubb, were married Aug. 8, 1946, in Shelbyville.
He is a retired guidance counselor.
She is a homemaker.
The couple have three children, Carol Burbank of Tucson, Arizona, Karen Yeager of King Cove, Alaska, and Gary Fansler of Quincy, Illinois; four grandchildren; and two great-granddaughters.
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Cooking (ONLY for areas with no risk of bears, and if you don't mind a little extra weight): Bring along a vacuum thermos for colder months. After cooking dinner, keep your stove out and take the time to cook some old-fashioned oatmeal with raisins and cinnamon sugar while you admire the stars & stretch out. Put it the thermos and leave it in the foot of your sleeping bag for the night. As soon as you wake up, breakfast is hot & ready, you don't have to fire up the stove for a second time, and the raisins are incredible after an entire night of slow cooking.
Tent Poles: If they're too long to fit in your panniers, sling them under your top tube (be careful of their width to keep them out of the way of your knees.)


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Greg Louganis back in US diving fold on own terms
Greg Louganis knows what it's like to be perfect. And he's concerned that kind of pressure will be the undoing of a lot of athletes at the London Olympics.
He's trying to make sure the stress of winning medals isn't heaped on the shoulders of American divers, who have been chasing his standard of excellence since Louganis became the sport's icon in the 1980s. The U.S. has been blanked in diving in two consecutive Olympics, and hasn't won a gold since 2000.
The man who won four Olympic gold medals and resembled a Greek god while spinning off the 3-meter springboard and 10-meter platform is back in the fold at his first games with USA Diving working as an athlete mentor.
"I'm hoping it's not too little, too late," Louganis said at last month's U.S. diving trials near Seattle.
He came on board last year - late in the four-year Olympic cycle - after being invited by Steve Foley, an Australian who had taken over as USA Diving's high performance director from Ron O'Brien, Louganis' former coach.
It marked a reunion between Louganis and the sport's U.S. governing body after years of separation, which he attributes to not being invited and not feeling welcome.
Louganis thinks it was made possible because he stopped coaching after briefly working with a diving club in Fullerton, Calif., last year. Not coaching meant he wasn't a threat to other coaches, who feared Louganis' reputation would lure their divers away. He thought doing both would be a conflict of interest.
"I'm not coaching dives, I'm observing and making recommendations of what I see, of what they may be able to add to enhance their training programs," he said.
More important to Louganis, and what he most enjoys, is being able to share his experiences, including successes and failures, with the current generation of U.S. divers. He will be in London during the games and afterward he'll attend a camp for young British divers.
"I make myself available to kids to be able to talk about their home life, their school, their boyfriends, girlfriends, their potential professional life after diving, agents," he said. "I have those experiences that some of the other kids might be going through that I can share; it opens the door to say I'm a safe place because I've been there."
Where he's been was about as low as a person can go. Louganis revealed much of his personal turmoil in his 1995 autobiography, "Breaking the Surface." There was emotional abuse by his father, physical and sexual abuse by a partner, depression, addiction to alcohol and painkillers, and the most shocking details of all - he was gay and HIV positive, something he chose not to disclose to the U.S. Olympic Committee before the 1988 Seoul Olympics and was later harshly criticized for.
"I've been to those dark places, but I came up on the other side," he said. "It gives an opportunity of realizing that there might be something else."
Most of today's divers weren't born when Louganis was making history as the only male diver to win consecutive Olympic gold medals in both springboard and platform diving.
"They know me from YouTube. They're impressed with that," he said, smiling. "Not that they read a whole lot, but you can read it in the record books."
The topic most of them ask about is when Louganis hit his head on the springboard while leading the preliminaries in Seoul. Barely 30 minutes later, he returned to compete and notched the highest score ever in a qualifying round. He went on to win the gold.


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IBM press release: "More Americans anticipate falling victim to a cyber attack rather than a physical crime, reports a recent IBM survey of U.S. adults. And, despite the convenience and flexibility that online transactions offer, 37 percent of Americans will not provide credit card information online…Based on the survey, 70 percent of online shoppers will buy from a trusted Web site, while more than half of Americans are "very concerned" or "concerned" to buy from an unknown online retailer."
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