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April Heath
Updated Oct. 30, 2006
At SIU:
Competed in seven meets between the 2006 indoor and outdoor seasons...top finish was a sixth-place showing in the 400-meter at the Vanderbilt Invitational...earned all-conference indoor honors as part of the second-place distance medley relay in 2005...posted 11 top-10 finishes in the 2005 indoor and outdoor seasons...member of the second and third-best distance medley relay teams in school history.
Four-time state qualifier at Leavenworth High School...state champion in both the 200-meter and 400-meter dash as a senior...three-time all-state honorable mention pick and was named all-state as a senior...regional champion in the 100, 200 and 400-meter events in three of her four prep years...also played volleyball and basketball.
Major is undecided...born Apr. 19, 1985...daughter of John and Mary Heath.


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If Hello Kitty can have her own amusement park, then it wouldn't be too much to ask for a Hayao Miyazaki theme park, right?
With about 26 animations under his belt, Miyazaki has been countlessly recognized and praised for his animation style. Sure, there's the Ghibli Museum in Tokyo which Miyazaki had a hand in designing, but why not continue to expand it?
Japanese artist TAKUMI (@takumitoxin) melded together the different worlds of Miyazaki's films including My Neighbor Totoro, Spirited Away, Princess Mononoke, Howl's Moving Castle and others to create "Ghibli Land" (modeled after Tokyo's Disneyland). Imagine how fun it would be to venture into Totoro's treehouse, to step inside Howl's magical castle, or even to watch the little kodamas' heads tick and rattle right before your eyes.
As much as I hope that Ghibli Land will manifest and become a reality, my wishes will remain unanswered for now. But hey, a girl can dream.
Below you can see the map's before and after designs:
Here are close ups of the map's details:
All photos courtesy of TAKUMI.

subset: commoncrawl


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Bulk Up for the Recession; Rachael Ray's Suggestive Video
Tainted Chinese candy shows up in Connecticut, and a woman gets saved by the staff of the River Café, from our glance at the morning headlines.
• In these tough economic times, New Yorkers are turning to comfort foods like burgers, cupcakes, and chocolate. [NYDN]
• What would Anthony Bourdain's fantasy party be like? "Chef Marco Pierre White and Keith Richards would be throwing something on the barbie in a back yard in Red Hook." [NYP]
• More melamine-tainted Chinese candy has been found in the U.S., this time in Connecticut. [NYT]
• Employees at the River Café saved a "very disoriented" woman who was swimming near the restaurant for reasons that are unclear. [Brooklyn Eagle]
• If Bobby Flay likes his competitors on Throwdown, he won't really try to best them in the cooking challenge. [Life Vicarious]
• Four words: Rachael Ray corn porn. [HuffPo]


text: I have a nokia E5-00 and a few days ago I had upgraded my phone and after upgrading my phone with the latest firmware the torchlight of this particular phone seems to be not working at all, now why is that so? I have heard that the firmware upgrade does solves all the issues of the phone but that is not the case here, it has invited more such problems, so I need a help from you all. How can I regain back the TorchLight which was functioning really very good in my present mobile. Solutions urgently needed from your side,.


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Eastwood 13650B - Eastwood Hot Stapler Plastic Repair System
Eastwood 13650B Details
Constructed of stainless steel and designed to work with most Hot Staplers. The heated staple is "buried" half way into the plastic creating a reinforced bridge between the two halves. Perfect for automotive interior panels, broken tabs, grills, trim, urethane bumpers, ATVs, motorcycles, snowmobiles, crafts and so much more.
Eastwood Hot Stapler Plastic Repair System
Now you can easily and effectively repair plastics with Eastwood's Hot Stapler System. The Hot Stapler heats up a stainless steel staple that is inserted into damaged, broken or cracked plastics. The heated staple is "buried" half way into the plastic creating a reinforced bridge between the two halves. The three heat settings allow you to use the stapler in different materials and at different depths. This tool will pay for itself the first time you use it. There are 3 types of stainless steel staples (flat, wave and corner) for wide, tight or corner applications. The Hot Stapler wand holds the staple at 45°, 90°, or 180° angles.


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English Dictionary
Pioneers in dictionary publishing since 1819
English Dictionary
⇒ I was grateful for those unclouded skies from which the light shone so radiantly.
⇒ His eyes were blue and unclouded.
⇒ It should have been a day of unclouded happiness for everybody.,
⇒ The future was unclouded then.
⇒ It is very important that those who practise divination have clear, unclouded minds and emotions.
View usage over:
In the East, which had remained unclouded , the sky was beginning to grow pale.THE LORD OF THE RINGS (2004)
As we drove along Mumbles Road the sun was high in an unclouded sky, the tide was halfway in and the sea was blue.Goodbye Curate
She was a wonderment, when he saw her like this, with unclouded eyes.SACRAMENT (2001)


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James Franco's Neighbors Hate Him
By Mack Rawden 3 years ago
Living next door to James Franco might sound like a glamorous existence on paper, but in reality, its a trashy nightmare. At least thats what several of the actors neighbors have told the Los Angeles Housing Department in multiple formalized complaints.
According to TMZ, Franco lives on a pretty small and secluded street. Prior to his arrival, there wasnt a whole lot of traffic, but thanks to the steady stream of film crews and other people he brings in and out, the street is now always busy. More importantly, his guests frequently block other peoples driveways and make way too much noise. Because of all the foot traffic and film project work being done inside Francos house, the actor allegedly generates an unusual amount of trash too, which he leaves outside and regularly blows onto other peoples properties. As you can imagine, thats also caused quite a stir.
Hollywood is filled with plenty of bad neighbors. More often than not, the bad neighboring has to do with excessive partying or flat-out obnoxious behavior. This mess, however, just sounds like Franco has been treating his house as an office and working constantly, which, because of its location, is hard for everyone to deal with. If so, thats just a bad situation and one without an easy answer.
Heres to hoping Franco and his neighbors can get on the same page and work out their differences.


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Roxy Maple Full-Zip Hoodie - Women'sView Larger Image
- Detail Images
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
for women with no shoulders
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
- Fit: Runs small
I thought this was the right hoodie, just what I was looking for in fact, but a terrible fit. I can't believe that Roxy bills itself as a clothing line for 'surfer' types. There is no way anyone who surfs, paddleboards, swims, or otherwise uses their upper body could wear this hoodie (I don't even do those things, I just have some muscle). I tried a med and a large, the med would have been perfect fit overall if not for the tight shoulders, the large was only slightly better in the shoulders, but the arms and body were longer and wider so made for a weird fit. Also the fabric doesn't really have much stretch to it, so that adds to the tight shoulder difficulties.


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Children's app creator Night & Day Studios has licensed the Care Bears brand from American Greetings Properties.
Children's app maker Night & Day Studios will design, develop and launch the first-ever "Octonauts" apps under a license from Silvergate Media.
Night & Day Studios has launched an Eric Carle-inspired sticker book app today in honor of the annual Very Hungry Caterpillar Day.
©2016 UBM. All rights reserved. A UBM Company.


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Two of the three recipes offered for your Mother's Day celebration come from cookbooks worth owning. The "Baked Ham and Cheese Savory Custard," from Tessa Kiros' strikingly beautiful "Apples for Jam" cookbook, may remind you of a breakfast strata, except this dish does not require the customary overnight stay in your refrigerator before baking. From start to finish, the "light and tasty" casserole, a "variation on ham and cheese sandwiches," is ready to serve in under an hour.
Our legislature will be allowing concealed guns on UA campuses soon. Everything that can help Alaska's students to get A's in college needs to be done right now.
I feel compelled to comment on the "unfortunate" job of refereeing during the Kenai-SoHi soccer game on April 14.
Although there are always calls that we might disagree with in sports, the repeated denial of penalties and injuries inflicted by SoHi against Kenai elevates the seriousness of this situation. These were not a question of degree; they were outright penalties that the ref chose not to assess against SoHi.
With the 47th annual observance of Earth Day just around the corner, this is a great time to explore more effective ways of slowing climate change and conserving Earth's natural resources for future generations.
A 2010 UN report charged animal agriculture with 19 percent of man-made greenhouse gases — more than all transport — and recommended a global shift to a vegan diet. A subsequent World Watch study placed that contribution closer to 50 percent.
Congratulations to Robert Ruffner on his fish board appointment. Talk about a reversal of fortune compared to all the flap a year ago. Alan Cain, from Anchorage, made a comment about "evenly distributing fish," whatever that means. Israel Payton, former Mat-Su AC member, wrote specifically antagonistic proposals against the commercial fishery in the past. Mr. Ruffner will be one of seven, but hopefully he can carry on with some stewardship actions on the Kenai River and elsewhere.
I have lived, worked and raised a family in Kenai for over 47 years. I, like many of you love our state and the beauty and opportunities that it has to offer. Unfortunately, we've gotten ourselves into quite a fiscal mess and those opportunities are disappearing. I would think all of us have played some part in creating this debt over the years. I visited the web site "www.plan4alaska.com" as suggested by many of our legislators. Once you begin manipulating the numbers it won't take long before you'll be sick to your stomach. So, what now?
Kenai High School Senior/Junior After Prom Committee would like to thank the follow business for supporting the Kenai Central High School Students with their generous donations: Kenai Senior Center for the wonderful breakfast; IBEW, Peterkin Distributors; Big Daddy's Pizza; Alaska Sea Life Center; Alaska Wild Life Adventures; Tesoro Alaska; Kenai Veterinary Hospital; Arby's and the Navarre Family; Alaska Wild Gear; Gamas Designs; Denali Federal Credit Union; Homer Electric Association; Odies; Kenai Golf Course; Kenai Vison Center; Golden Tan; Kenai River Sports Fishing Association; Kelsey's
During my last command tour in the Marine Corps, I had a young Marine invite some of his buddies over to his house, get drunk, and accidentally put a .45 round through his own leg. The round cut the artery and he almost bled out before his friends got the bleeding under control. He lost the leg. The irony was that he had survived multiple combat tours and then, by his own hand, ended a promising career.
Dear Peninsula Clarion readers:
Helen Rodgers will be 93 years young on April 21. She doesn't get out and kick up her heels like she used to. Therefore, as a birthday celebration, Helen's family is asking anyone who knows Helen or knows of her, to please send her birthday wishes via a card. A card shower will perfect for her.
Helen Rodgers
48343 Grant Ave.
Kenai, AK 99611
Thank you in advance for those who choose to participate.
"I didn't have the money for my Senior Prom." Those tearful and heartfelt words I was recently told during Cinderella's Closet. This program is where we collect gently used prom dresses, shoes, and accessories for area high school students in need.
This year, we provided 67 students with items. Since our program started in 2010, we have helped a total of 521 young ladies. Each year, our numbers expand even more. This year's students were from Kenai Central High School, Connections, Soldotna High, Nikiski High School, Ninilchik and Homer High.
Peninsula Clarion ©2016. All Rights Reserved.


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- Healthy Relationships
- GLBTQ and Staying Well at URI
- Birth Control
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Pregnancy
- Sexual Help
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality and sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.
Helpful Links
"You don't eliminate sexuality, so do you want to treat it with a sense of respect and a sense of purpose and responsibility or not? And I think most people want to treat it better, they just don't know how." – Quoted from "Let's Talk about Sex" Movie


text: I am having Windows 2008 Server x64 OS. Now in some of the system that are in network Office 2007 is not working. It suddenly stopped. I did not made any recent changes in the system and I am still not able to figure out how this happened. I tried to remove it, so that I can put it back together. While removing the error I receive setup has stopped working. I cannot get rid of it now.The error was about some packages that are used for Office removal. I tried to run the setup over it and got error 1402. About some unknown registry key. How can I get this install back again.


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Taken as a whole, Yum! Brands (NYSE:YUM) is still an exceptional global restaurant concept. You could argue that the company has "out-McDonald's (NYSE:MCD)" McDonald's, with its exceptional success and excellent growth platforms in Southeast Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. All of that said, Yum! Brands has long carried a premium valuation due to that Chinese growth kicker and while the company is likely to continue to be quite successful, valuation may be an issue with the shares.
Investopedia Broker Guides: Enhance your trading with the tools from today's top online brokers.
Profitability a Bigger Challenge in Second Quarter
Although Yum! Brands barely missed at the bottom line (and beat on the top line), the moving parts may worry some investors - particularly as they relate to the prime growth engine of China.
Overall, company-wide revenue was up more than 12%. On a same store basis, China continues to lead, but the 10% growth this quarter was down 400 basis points (BPS) from the first quarter. On the flip side, United States comps were up 7% (up 200 BPS sequentially) due to a strong recovery at Taco Bell. International (which is pretty much everything outside of the U.S. that isn't China) saw a 4% comp growth (down 100 BPS from the first quarter), with emerging markets up 9%.
The profit picture was not quite as bright, despite a strong improvement in U.S. operations. Gross margin declined nearly a full point and restaurant-level operating margins fell 60 BPS. Margins in China plunged 410 BPS due to wage and food cost pressures, while U.S. margins improved almost six points. The International segment saw a modest 110 BPS decline.
SEE: Analyzing Operating Margins
China Wobbles, but Won't Fall down
I'm pretty confident that the biggest discussion point around Yum! Brands coming out of this quarter will be China, and that makes sense given how much of the company's future growth is tied to this country.
Unlike other American restaurant concepts like McDonald's or Starbucks (Nasdaq:SBUX), Yum! Brands has located many of its units in smaller cities where there is arguably more pent up demand for QSR concepts. While that may be better news for comp-store sales, it doesn't shield the company from the wage and food inflation that is occurring throughout China.
The fact is, though, that this is just part of the maturation process of a large emerging market. There is still enormous store growth potential for Yum! Brands in China, and wage inflation will likely work itself out before long. If nothing else, the Chinese government realizes that it walks a fine line with wage costs - knowing that there's a balance between improving wages for citizens but not letting the inflation genie out of the bottle, nor spoiling the company's labor cost advantages.
SEE: Timeless Ways To Protect Yourself From Inflation
U.S. Ops Spin Reliable Cash
In the U.S., Taco Bell seems to have regained some momentum ((helped in part by the Doritos taco it launched with PepsiCo (NYSE:PEP) )as comps grew more about 13%. While a 4% growth at Pizza Hut doesn't sound great, it is better than the recent performance of Papa John's (Nasdaq:PZZA) and Domino's Pizza (NYSE:DPZ). KFC continues to be more of a challenge, with a sluggish 1% comp growth.
While Yum! Brands would seem to have more work to do with KFC (perhaps including a bigger emphasis on value pricing), the overall U.S. operations are doing what management needs them to do - spinning off solid free cash flow streams to help finance global expansion. With that in mind, I wouldn't be surprised to see management take a "don't fix what really isn't broken" approach - adding concepts like A&W and Long John Silver's didn't really help much at all, so it probably makes sense to play things conservatively.
The Bottom Line
Yum! Brands is yet another example where I see a big difference between the quality of the company and the quality of the stock. Although I think many sell-side analysts are too starry-eyed about China (it's not going to grow 15% forever with no inflation), there is still very real growth potential here. Likewise, growth opportunities in markets like Indonesia, Russia and India are not trivial.
SEE: The Risks Of Investing In Emerging Markets
But how much do you want to pay for that growth? Yum! may not carry the same valuation as Panera (Nasdaq:PNRA) or Chipotle (NYSE:CMG), but it also doesn't have the same growth momentum and while multiples are similar to McDonald's, Mickey D's produces more free cash flow from its revenue base.
Even with low teens free cash flow growth over the next decade, fair value on these shares looks to be only slightly more than the current stock price. I'd happily consider these shares on a real pullback, but the risk of multiple compression (and/or further economic issues in China) and the high growth expectations already in the stock make it look like more of a hold than a buy to me today.
At the time of writing, Stephen D. Simpson did not own shares in any of the companies mentioned in this article.


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Whether you are looking for employment or Jobs, Hotfrog is the place to go to. Browse the businesses below in Mumbai, Maharashtra or extend your search to nearby suburbs by using the left navigation menu. Hotfrog makes your search easier.
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Mumbai, Maharashtra
International Employment Bureau is a professionally managed organization engaged in manpower recruitment from India, Nepal and Bangladesh for overseas assignments. We congratulate you on your organization's continued pr…
Recruitment AgencyHead HuntingManpower RecruitmentPlacement Agents
mumbai, Maharashtra
We are global recruitment consultant
agency, offering Local / International Jobs and Employment - Vacancies Project
Manager, Technical Architect, Partner & Director recruitment
Employment VacanciesJob OpportunityEMPLOYMENT SERVICESCareer
We are different from your stereotypical "headhunter" or "employment agency"
Naavex Marine Services is Registered with Seamen's Employment Office, under Director General Shipping Of India
Kelly Services provides staffing services and employment opportunities globally.
Temp JobsJob Onlineemployment opportunitiesjob search
There are N number of reasons for rising unemployment in our country
Incidentally the birth of FOSMA, on November 3, 1989, was the culmination of the efforts of seven major foreign Shipowners representatives / Ship Managers in Mumbai to address issues relating to employment of India…
We cater to diverse industries viz., IT, Banking & Finance, Pharmaceuticals, Biotech, Oil & Gas, Chemicals, Consumer goods and Retail Our objective is to provide employment services for all industries at all l…
We provide training in housekeeping and building maintenance as also cleaning and maintenance of industrial plants to prepare the youth as a most sought after industrial cleaner with great employment opportunities …
employment opportunities
Washington DC immigration lawyer working with corporate and individual clients on temporary and permanent visas, green cards, h-1b visas, and more
temporary employmentImmigration SolutionsPermImmigration Lawyer
iChek Services-For clients who would like to check basic details of its employees, iChek provides entry level services for pre employment screening
background checkEmployment ScreeningBackground ScreeningPre Employment Screening
A security Organisation with 30 years of service to its credit, approved by the State Government of Maharashtra under Section 23 of Maharashtra Private Security Guard (Regulation of Employment & Welfare) Act, 1981,…
…industries seeking jobs for young blinds Unite Blind Uplift CharitableTrust's Main vision is to provide employment through Our Home Industries Project & to supply their daily needs of every Blind Person in India …
HR People is a human resources recruitment services firm that specializes in serving the employment needs of Human Resource professionals and the HR-specific personnel requirements of client companies, across industry s…
Human Resources JobsJobsHuman ResourcesRecruitment
The Renovo Consulting Group is an upcoming provider of Talent Management & HR consulting services for today's Fortune 500 global enterprises From workforce planning to employment branding, organizational desig…
HR consultingRecruitment Process OutsourcingTalent Management
Mumbai Paravar Sangam is a social organisation dedicated for the upliftment of the paravar community people in Education, Employment and Social service
We are professional custom web design company providing php web development, web design, outsource web development, offshore staffing, temporary staffing, custom software development services based out of Mumbai, India
Banking Jobsjob searchJobsTemporary Staffing
MUMBAI, Maharashtra
Overseas Employment Services - Backer Associates is a professionally managed organization in the field providing task force for any type of business whether it is at the executive level professionals, skilled, semi-skil…
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Distributor of furniture fittings, hardware and architectural ironmongery. Supplier to domestic, kitchen, bedroom, bathroom and office furniture manufacturers, shopfitters, contracts, designers and architects. All produ…
JobStreet.com - Top job search site for career minded professionals seeking employment in Asia. Search for work in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Vietnam. Employers, advertise jobs an…
Job OnlineJob OpportunityOnline Job SearchResume
AJEET'S an Overseas manpower job consultancy in India is a rapid paced and fast growing organization rendering service in the fields of Human Resources and Marketing across the globe from the countries like Philippine…
Manpower ConsultantsRecruitment AgentsRecruitment ConsultantsHr Solutions
Mumbai , Maharashtra
Working from home is only for people who can apply discipline and practice to their daily habits. If you find yourself resenting the office workplace, it may be because you've gotten too comfortable just getting by at h…
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…and career The thousands of students and professionals guided by our counselors individually, to educational and employment opportunities in India and abroad stand testimony to their experience and expertise
We value all job seekers, who apply for openings with our clients and offer our professional advise at no cost, including feedback on their resume, guidance on employment opportunities, career counseling and coachi…
employment opportunitiesTalent Acquisition
Midland Management Services is a Government Approved Overseas Recruitment Agency and has a Recruiting License Issued by the Ministry of Labour, Government of India, with Registration No. 002216/BOM/PER 1000+/3/3582…
Recruitment AgencyRecruitment
Effective Management Consultants are one of the most reputed HR solutions providers under one roof. Effective Management Consultants are specialized in Staffing solutions, Training & Development, Compensation Manag…
EMPLOYMENT SERVICESJobjob searchPlacement
Tiger Security Services is a nodal agency for providing security guards and comprehensive security cover. The company was founded in 1994 by Mustaqeem Shaikh
.In this ten years, the company has grown from its humble beg…
background checkContract LawLaw Enforcement
Allcargo Logistics is provides integrated logistics solutions like Container Freight Station Operations, NVOCC and Project Engineering and Equipment Solutions
International TransportFreight StationIntegrated Logistics Solutions
2Soft Solutions is an HR Consulting, IT Recruitment & Staffing
Solutions services providing company having exposure into multi-industry
and across small, medium & large organizations. 2Soft
Solutions has …
Job OnlineJob OpportunityOnline Job SearchManagement Jobs
Mumbai, MAHARASHTRA
Shella Consultants, one of the unparalleled overseas placement bureau helps organisations recruit quality manpower, without having to go through the cumbersome recruitment process
Employment AgencyInternational RecruitmentManpower Recruitment Firmoverseas placement
Today, Riskcare Hospital has its own 30 beds Hospital in Thane, also owns Prakruti Hospital that has 40 Beds in Kalva and also manages another 60 beds at City Life Hospital in Manpada, Thane All three Hospitals viz…
View Jobs in Shodh Consulting. View Job Openings in Shodh Consulting and build a successful career in Shodh Consulting. Apply to Shodh Consulting Jobs Now
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1997 Ford Expedition Reviews
1997 Ford Expedition Reviews and Owner Comments
Login to Review This Car
1997 Ford Expedition (7 Reviews)
I am only 17 and this is my 6th vehicle and this is by the the best one I've had, I love it, I just got it two days ago, but the people let their kid draw on the leather seats and so I have to get that off, but other then that it's great. It has 176,xxx miles on it I am kind of worried about, but as long as it gets me to CA and OR state I am fine with it :) I would recommend this suv to anyone and everyone!
Best vehicle ever... purchase in 1998 with 18k miles on it, just sold it with 265k miles on it, never had any problems other than changing out several ignition coils. I bought a 1999 with 78K miles and it has been great so far...
Great car, fun to drive. Not so easy on the gas.
1997 Expedition EB White - Bought at 23k sold at 176k. Love the car 18MPG overall. very comfortable Replaced: 1. engine under warranty at 90k due to piston slap. Manufacturing fluke. 2. Replaced air suspension bladders at 130k $800 but the ride is worth it. 3. Never replaced the muffler it was good to the end. 4. replaced shocks once, front end ball joints at 110k 5. Replaced radio with oem from Ebay $50 was $800 from Ford 6. third row seat was manual and hard to fold or remove. Overall loved the car and have bought two expeditions since.
This was our first Expedition...A 1997 XLT model. We had planned on keeping it 5 yrs and trading into something new however this SUV was just so dependable we did not want to get rid of it. We kept the 97 and bought a 2002...we kept the 2002 until 2006 and bought another new one... We still have our 1997 which I'll add runs and drives great. Other then normal maintenance items it has needed nothing... It currently has 198,000 on it and you'd never know by looking at it or driving it. We actually prefer to take it on long trips and leave the new one home. I'd rather put the miles on the old one. lol. Will I buy another...ABSOLUTELY! unless of course Ford's quality drops... But if they remain so dependable, I'll keep buying them.
One of the best SUV around any year!
IBought this Big Ford with 200,000. Did brakes, Oil, shift handel, rear wheel bearings, shocks and o-2 sensors.... Alls good I love this Ford


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Twenty pounds in 10 years
Tuesday, June 30, 2009
I'm on a weight plateau ---- since February.
Though now I've come to call it "maintaining." It just sounds more positive. I've resolved that maybe my body just needs to "maintain" at this place for a while --- and then we'll move on.
My DH says not to sweat it. He says, "What if you just lose 2 pounds this entire year? In ten years, you'll be 20 pounds later! That's a GREAT thing!"
Hmmmm? Yeah, I guess he's right. I'm still not buying the 10-year-plan, but it helps me to see that this is not the end of the road. I can live with this weight for now, I guess --- even though it's not my ideal weight. I'm still a lot more active than I was. I still get compliments from people right and left. I still fit into clothes I haven't worn in a while. There are good things.
In a way, this relinquishing of control is a good thing. It's a part of "listening to my body" that I admit I don't do very often or well. Until now. Maybe. Let's watch...
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Wow! I really liked this blog. It seems that everyone wants to lose FIFTY POUNDS in TWO MONTHS and other ridiculously unattainable (at least by healthy means) goals. I personally have been stuck in a rut for about a month now where I can't even drum up the motivation to track my weight watchers points, much less exercise. I am, however, still over 10 pounds down from where I was last year, which is a good thing.
I do think you're on to something with the listening to your body thing. I've been very stressed lately, and maybe my body/mind just aren't up for anything right now. I don't know. It's very frustrating, but thanks for helping me focus on the positive!
2395 days ago
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There's nothing at all wrong with maintaining a loss for a while...after all, the whole act of maintenance is going to serve you well once you get to your goal weight, too. So what you're doing is a bit of practicing for that time - all good!
2524 days ago
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Here is my advice for plateaus.
Set some FITNESS GOALS.
run a mile without stopping.
Or walk/run a mile in a certain amount of time (what is your mile time now? now set a new time)
Do a certain amount of push ups/pull ups.
Now- give it everything yuo've got to get to the end of this goal.
and watch your body shape change. and your weight start to drop off again.
im not 100 percent sure on your current program so here are some other recommendations:
give up one thing. Just one thing. Soda (even diet). Fast Food. Mayo. You may have already given up all of these things...but there is probably ONE Thing in your diet that you can give up.
Als0- do you eat every three hours? I have talked to MANY MANY women who have done this, and with in a week of changing their eatting pattern, they are back to shedding pounds. Breakfast snack lunch snack dinner snack.
Either way- KEEP IT UP. DON'T GIVE UP! You've Got this!
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text:
Tilt-Shift by omgooglesWatch
©2009-2016 omgoogles
Messing around with some tilt-shift in photoshop.
Comments and criticism welcomed!
Comments and criticism welcomed!
Love the contrast of vivid blues and greens
I love the green and blue! xD
It looks so alive. good job!
It looks so alive. good job!
Ohhh! I like this. :3
im viewing this image on my phone so i can't tell if you are, so im going to say it anyway: you should use the alien skin bokeh filter plugin
I think it came out a quite interesting job; I love the colours (really vivid and bright!), and as the ~buddha-pest said, it feels like it's a miniature!
Maybe it's a little too much not-focused, on the top of the picture.
Cool work
Maybe it's a little too much not-focused, on the top of the picture.
Cool work
it's meant to be like that, Tilt-Shift is a Photoshop Mod to make photos look like miniature.
wow! looks like a miniature...very interesting!


text:
New Galaxy Skid Steer Tire from Alliance
The Galaxy Muddy Buddy from Alliance Tire Group introduces a super-deep-tread design to the Alliance lineup of skid steer tires. The Muddy Buddy's new extra-deep tread, shallow lug angle and sharp shoulders provide better traction on slick or slushy surfaces, and offer more high-durability rubber for longer service life, according to ATG. Additionally, the Muddy Buddy is ideal for the construction industry, which enhances skid steer performance in muddy conditions and on uneven surfaces.
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text:
Wait is over, Bonsall High now a reality
A vision imagined eight years ago by a handful of Bonsall parents became a reality Monday morning as students arrived for the first day of Bonsall High School.
Only 69 students, all 9th graders, are attending the first year of the school, which doesn't yet have its own campus and is holding classes at Sullivan Middle School.
Enrollment was lower than expected, as a new school with no competitive athletic program can be a hard sell to families. Students who did enroll, however, were excited about being in on the ground floor of an innovative new school they will help shape.
"Everything about this school is going to be great," student Nico Nani, 14, said about Bonsall High.
While admitting to having some mixed feelings about attending a high school with no sports teams, no upper grades and no campus of its own, Nico said he was excited about the school's "New Tech" curiculum, which is built around project-based learning and technology.
Superintendent Justin Cunningham gave some reassuring words to the students who had opted to be pioneers in the new venture.
"You are the explorers, the challengers of the status quo," he told students at the ribbon-cutting ceremony. "You are using technology to gain a greater benefit from your learning and giving that back to your community. Few if any of your peers will be able to say they helped design a high school."
Parents in the K-8 Bonsall Union School District began a movement eight years ago to have their own high school as an alternative to Fallbrook High School. That meant the district had to become a unified district.
After gaining approval from county and state school boards, the proposal went before voters in 2012 as Proposition BB, which passed with about 53 percent.
Parent Jennifer Leung, chairwoman of the Yes on BB Committee, cut the ribbon at Monday's opening ceremony, which attracted about 120 people, including the students.
After the November 2012 election, Cunningham and district trustees began researching what type of curriculum would fit the new high school.
District officials decided on a New Tech model, which focuses on innovation, collaborative, experimentation, project-based learning and team-teaching, all designed to enhance critical thinking skills.
Bonsall High is one of about 150 New Tech schools in the nation, one of 20 in California and the first in the county.
Student Sarah Ward, 14, had attended St. Peter the Apostle Catholic School in Falbrook before her family decided to enroll her in Bonsall High.
"I think they wanted me to go to another small school, and it's different than other high schools," she said about Bonsall High and its emphasis on project-based learning and collaborative teaching.
Cunningham said enrollment is lower than the 100 students initially expected for the first freshman class because some Bonsall students opted to attend Mission Vista High School in the nearby Vista Unified School District or Fallbrook High. Those schools have competitive CIF athletics; Bonsall will have only sports clubs this year.
"We support families being able to make that choice," Cunningham said, adding that the smaller enrollment will make it easier to work on developing the new school.
"We anticipate many will be back when they hear of the deeper learning opportunities available through project-based learning, a culture focused on managing their future and outstanding teachers," he said, touching on some of the components of the new school's curriculum.
Tom Krzmarzick, assistant superintendent of business services in Bonsall Unified, said the district had 169 eighth graders last year. Students had a choice of which high school to attend, and of those who opted not to go to Bonsall High, the majority went to Mission Vista, he said.


text:
product details-Tab
Dietary Supplement
Nutritional Support for Cardiovascular Healthy Antioxidant Function and Overall Well-Being*
Nature's Plus Beyond CoQ10 provides an astounding 200mg of the world's finest pharmaceutical grade ubiquinol, the most absorbable form of Coenzyme Q10. And Beyond CoQ10 is the world's only CoQ10 supplement supercharged with UbiqiMax Absorption and Utilization Enhancing Matrix. The minerals in UbiquiMax optimize ubiquino absorption by supporting the formation of micelles, the microscopic nutrient structures essential to absorption through the intestinal walls. Cofactors Alpha Lipoic Acid, Pyruvate, P5P and L-Carnitine optimize ubiquinol utilization by supporting enzymatic antioxidant activity and exercise Krebs cycle energy production.
Each easy-to-swallow softgel also supplies essential and non-essential unsaturated fatty acids from high quality sunflower lecithin and safflower oil.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Keep Out of Reach of Children
© Natural Organics®
As a dietary supplement for adults, on softgel daily or as recommended by your health care professional.
Gluten free. Free from artificial colors and preservatives. Free from the common allergens yeast, wheat, corn, soy and milk.
Keep tightly closed in a cool, dry place.


text:
$2,499The Nord Piano 2 HA88 lets you play, split and layer sounds from both the Nord Piano Library and the Nord Sample Library and features a versatile effect section - all in a portable package sporting a premium 88-note Hammer Action keybed. > More
(In most cases, a product is unavailable because it has been discontinued by its manufacturer.)
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Mar 30, 1943
|Filing date
|Oct 21, 1939
|Priority date
|Oct 21, 1939
|Publication number
|Snow Harold A
|Original Assignee
|Snow Harold A
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (35), Classifications (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
March 30,1943. HASNOW 2,315,282
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING CHARACTERISTICS OF- SURFACES Filed 001;. 21, 1959 3 Sheets-Sheet l I @431, 'amh i ATfoRNEYs .95 E92 I Q INVENTOR Harold fl. Snow March 30, 1943.- NOW 2,315,282
I METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACES Filed Oct. 21, 1939- 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 ii I fi m- OPAQUE ATTORNEYS March 30, 1943. I s ow 2,315,282 METHOD OF'AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACES Filed Oct. 21, 1939 3 Sheets-Shefhfi E I F- 5 :2
9; ANGLE mom REFLECTED BEAM .INVENTOR Harold Snow Patented Mah30, 1943 UNIT-ED STATES-PATENT. orrice ml'rnon orm mm'rus ron prima- MINING cnaaac'raarsrrcs or simmers Harold A. Snow, Orange, N. J.
Application October 21, 1989, Serial No. 300,534
4 Claims. (01. as -14') This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for determining the'characteristics of a surface, and more particularly to an apparatus for and method of measuring the smoothness of a surface.
It is among the objects of this invention to provide apparatus for determining certain characteristics of a surface, which is simple in construction and which may readily be employed by an unskilled operator to determine accurately a characteristic such as the smoothness of a surface. It is another object of this invention to provide a method in the practice of which skill is not a prerequisite, and by the practice of which a surface characteristic such as surface smoothness can be rapidly ascertained with a high degree of accuracy. Other objects will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
The invention accordingly consists in the features of construction, combinations of elements, arrangements of parts and in the several steps and relation and order of each of the same to one or more of the others, all as will be illustratively described herein, and the scope of the application of which will be indicated in the following claims.
In the drawings, in which are shown .several embodiments of my invention,
Figure l is a schematic perspective of my surface measuring instrument;
Figure 2 is a schematic view of a modified form of my invention;
Figure 3 is a schematic view of another modification of my invention;
Figure 4 is a perspective view of my surface smoothness measuring apparatus;
Figure 5 is a horizontal section of the viewing head of the instrument shown in Figure 4;
Figure 6 is a vertical section taken along the line 8-8 of Figure 5;
Figures 7 and '8 are respectively diagrammatic views of the viewing head of my instrument in operating position in an interior surface and on an exterior surface;
Figure 9 is a schematic perspective'of an i'cono- -scope and an oscillograph adapted to be used in tion of a beam of light striking the unpolished surface of a bearing or the like; I
Figure 13 schematically represents the reflection of a beam of light striking the polishedlsurface of a hearing or the like;
Figure 14 is a fragmentary schematic view of a portionof the light chopper shown. in Figure 1 on conjunction with the instruments shown in Figures 1,2, 3 and 4;
Figure 10 schematically represents the nature of the reflection of a beam of light striking an optically smooth surface;
Figure 11 schematically represents the effect of the reflection of a beam of light striking a surface which is not optically smooth;
Figure 12 schematically represents the reflecwhich isreflected a beam of light from an optically smooth surface;
Figure 15 is a view similar to Figure 14, the light chopper having reflected thereon a beam of light from a surface whichis not optically smooth;
Figure 16 is a graph of the voltage output of a photoelectric cell resulting from exposure to a scanned reflection of a light beam from an optlcally smooth surface;
- Figure 17 is a graph of the voltage output of a photoelectric cell resulting from exposure to a scanned reflection of a light beam from a surface which is not optically smooth; and,
Figure 18 is a graph of several curves showing relative light intensity plotted against the angle of the light sensitive element with respectto a beam of light reflected from the surface being analyzed. v
Similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the various views of the drawings.
To'clarify certain aspects of this invention, it might first be well to point out that many types of machinery, such as machine tools, internal combustion'engines and other mechanisms which are called upon to operate at substantial rates of speed over extended periods of time, have numerous bearing surfaces subjected to substantial loads and required to support such loads practicall'y indefinitely without failure, and without the necessity of being shopped for resurfacing. For illustrative purposes, a roller bearing race is characterized by such a surface, as are also the rolls which track, about the race. To insure the long and uninterrupted usefulness of these surfaces, they' are usually ground and polished to a hi h degree of accuracy and smoothness.
While bearing surfaces such as those referred to above must be quite smooth, a degree of smoothness approaching optical smoothness is not always necessary, but whatever smoothness is necessary or is attained by lapping or polishing operations is difllcult or impossibl to, measure with any degree of accuracy. Such methods of measuring smoothness as have been available are not of much use under the requisites of high production manufacture and their use results in many cases. in decreasing accuracy under conditions of increasing smoothness of the surface being perfected. This is occasioned by reason of insufficient sensitivity of the instruments employed to surfaces approaching optical smoothness. Most of such instruments also have the inherent weakness of rendering faulty analysis by reason of wear of parts after extended use.
To illustrate certain of the features of my invention. if a beam of light such as a primary beam 20 (Figure is directed against an optically smooth metallic surface H, the reflected or secondary beam 22 is reflected at the angle of reflection and is of substantially the same concentration as theprimary beam, and accordingly would pass through an orifice 23 properly positioned with respect to the secondary beam. Assuming that this same primary beam 20 is directed against a surface 24 (Figure 11) of the same material as that of surface 2! and which is not optically smooth, a certain amount of diffusion will result, as represented by the arrows. and not all of the reflected light will pass through the orifice 23. The light passing through this orifice is a reasonably well defined or secondary beam 22, and is reflected, at the ordinary angle of reflection, from the elements of the reflecting surface that are substantially parallel to the general plane of the surface. The remainder of the reflected light is diffusely reflected at various angles as indicated by the arrows from the remaining elements of the surface which are at an appreciable angle to the plane of the surface, and practically none of this diffused light passes through the orifice. A small amount of the diffusely reflected light may pass through the orifice owin to the finite dimensions of the light beam, as illustrated by the arrows, but for practical purposes this may be neglected. Accordingly, then, the amount of light, or in other words the intensity of light passing through orifice 23 is substantially proportional to the amount or percentage of the smooth area of the surface that is parallel to the general plane of the surface from which the light is reflected, and this percentage for present purposes may be called "mirror reflectance which term is indicative of the proportion of the smooth or mirror surface to the total surface reflecting the light. The ratio of the lightpassing through the orifice of Figure 11 to that of Figure 10 measures directly the proportion of mirror surface in the total surface 24.
Further to illustrate this principle, a greatly enlarged profile of a comparatively rough sur face is shown in Figure 12, and a beam of light directed toward th s surface. i. e.. the primary beam, is represented b the parallel lines A. This beam, upo striking the surface is reflected at the angle of reflection by the portions thereof which are substantially parallel to the general plane toward which the light is directed, and this reflected light is represented by the lines B. It now appears that the reflected light B, or secondary beam, comprises li 'ht reflected from the horizontal portions of the high spots or peaks of the reflecting surface. whereas the lower portions or valleys of this surface do not reflect any light in the direction of the secondary beam by reason the general plane of the surface, and thus is not included in the secondary beam.
The amount of light reflected in the secazdary beam is thus substantially proportional to the area of the higher portions of the surface that are parallel to the plane of the surface.
In bearing surfaces, the higher portions of the surface are generally most subject to wear, and the relative amount of such surface may determine the life or the load capability of the hearing, and the measure of light intensity in the secondary beam, or the mirror reflectance, thus giv as a direct measure of the relative amount or percentage of surface useful for bearing purposes.
Illustratively, this surface represents the nature or condition of a roll race, for example, be-
of the angle of the primary beam with respect the surface which are at an appr c angle to fore being polished, and if the mirror reflect ,ance thereof be measured, the necessity of a further operation, such as polishing upon the surface may be determined. In Figure 1'3, I illustrate the same surface as shown in Figure 12 subsequent to a polishing operation, which operation has substantially increased the proportion of smoothness or mirror surface to the total surface so that the mirror reflectance of the surface is increased substantially as the useful bearing surface is increased. Thus, a greater proportion of the light of primary beam A is reflected as indicated by the arrows B, which indicate the secondary or reflected beam. If then the intensity of secondary beam B be measured, it would be found that the mirror reflectance of the surface being measured has increased substantially, and assuming suitable calibration of the measuring instrument, the necessity for further polishing may readily be determined.
":1 the practice of my method, I project a. primary beam of light through a suitable optical system, and form an image of a portion of that system, such as an aperture on the surface being measured or analyzed. The diffused light reflected by the surface is then separated from the secondary beam and the intensity of the secondary beam is measured, as for example, by scanning with a notched disc, the scanned beam then being intercepted by a photocell which results in the creation of a pulsating current. This pulsating current is then amplified and impressed upon a galvanometer or any other suitable instrument capable of measuring its amplitude.
By setting or calibrating the galvanometer or other instrument so that it registers per cent when subjected to a voltage, such as would result from a beam of light reflected from an optically smooth surface, .the galvanometer will then indicate the percentage of mirror refiectance of a surface less than optically smooth. This is by reason'of the fact that the light reflected from the rougher surface is of less intensity, and accordingly will affect the photocell in such a manner that the cell creates a voltage of lower amplitude.
Under certain circumstances, it may be desirable to indicate visibly as by a voltage curve the value of the mirror reflectance of the surface being analyzed. In such a case, the secondary beam may be impressed on a television pickup tube, where it may be scanned in the conventional manner by an electron beam, and the resulting current amplified, and connected between the defiecting plates of a cathode ray tube, which will result in a portrayal on the fluorescent screen of the cathode ray tube of a curve the ordinates of which are amplitude and the abscissae of which are'time. The character or ,is to be analyzed.
dimensions of this curve will accordingly be an indication of the mirrorrefiectance of the surpositioned at a suitable angle to direct beam A against a work piece W, the surface of which Lenses 26 and 29 and apertures 21 and 28, together with reflector 20, constitute an optical system so arranged and focused that an image of aperture 21 is formed on the through a lens 2| of such focal length as to I produce an image of aperture 22 at the surface of a light chopper or scanning disc 32 adapted to be rotated by a suitable motor or the-' like 23. Rotation of disc 22 interrupts secondary beam B so that light passes intermittently therethrough preferably to and through another lens 34 and thence against the sensitive portion of a photocell II.
Photocell 35 is so located that an image of the illuminated area of the work piece W is formed thereon, and the size of the illuminated area of the work piece is controlled by the adjustableaperture 21. It is desirable to control the size of the illuminated area because of the varying curvatures of different surfaces being analyzed, i. e. a surface of small radius of curvature is more accurately analyzed if its area of illumination is quite narrow.
As noted above, at the disc 32, the secondary beam B is forcused to form an image of aperture 2! when the surface being analyzed is opface being analyzed, and thus the operator can in a general sense and is meant to include such current or voltage indicating instruments as may be suitably used. For example, a peak indicating meter may advantageously be employed to indicate heights of voltage impulses such as shown in Figures 16 and 17 which correspond to the intensity of the brightest portion of the images being scanned as shown in Figures 14 and 15.
Preferably galvanometer 21 is calibrated to register 100, when photocell I! is subjected to reflected light from an optically smooth surface. Under these conditions, the galvanometer will measure the relative intensity of light reiiected from a surface less than optically smooth, and this percentage will accordingly be approximately directly proportional to the smoothness of the surface being analyzed.
tically smooth. This image is represented by the to the direction of the scratches. and parallel to the axis of the work piece, and result in an image at the slotted disc 22 such as image 2| (Figure 15) the diffused light being indicated by the shaded regions above and below the central brighter portion of the image,
By reason of the rotation of scanning disc 22. the image of aperture 2! on the disc isscanned,
allowing light to pass through but one disc slot at any one instant, and this light falling on photocell 29 produces an electrical voltagepulse approximately proportional in amplitude to the amount of light passing through the disc slot at any instant. The amplitude of the voltage pulses is amplified by a suitable amplifier 30 which is in turn connected to a galvanometer 3-1 or the like which measures the amplitude of the ampliiled voltage. The term galvanometer is used If the surface being analyzed is less than opti- "cally smooth, secondary beam B will include more or less diffused light. Because of the finite dimensions required in practical apparatus, a certain amount of diffused light is contained within the secondary beam and passes through the aperture, i. for example, aperture 23 (Figure ll) or-through one of the slots in the scanning disc 32 (Figure 1). With a relatively smooth reflecting surface, the amount of diffused light passing through the aperture is quite small as compared to the light in the secondary beam. and thus may be ignored for practical purposes. As the roughness of the surface increases, so does the diffusion of reflected light, and hence less light is contained in the secondary beam, and a greater amount of light is diffused with the result that more diffused light passes through the aperture, resulting, of course, in a greater error of measurement. From this, it will appear that the inherent accuracy is less for rough surfaces, but increases as the smoothness of the surface approaches optical smoothness.
With reference to Figures 14 and 15, it will appear that the position. of the light images may be changing substantially without appreciably affecting the operation of the scanning system, as the images ma be displaced considerably from the positions shown and still be well within the path of the disc slots during their rotation.
Hence, an appreciable change in the angle of the secondary beam produces but a negligible change in operation which, in turn, precludes the necessity of excessive "accuracy in the positioning'of the work piece .being analyzed. Furthermore, the slots in scanning disc 32 are preferably quite narrow, as this reduces the amount of diffused light passing through an individual slot, as it scans the central bright portion of the image, thus minimizing errors resulting from such diffused light.
Figures 16 and 1"! respectively show the voltage curves corresponding to the intensities of the images in Figures 14 and 15. and thus the peak.
amplitudes of the voltage pulses produced by the scanning of the images are substantially proportional to the illumination intensity of the .cen-
tral portion of the images, and as pointed out above. the position of the images may be shifted substantially in any direction without materially varying the amplitude or shape of the voltage be used with its horizontal deflection synchronized to the scanning slots in disc 32, and its vertical deflection operated by the voltage pulses so that a curve will be traced repeatedly, and which will appear constantly on the fluorescent screen of the tube, as long as the work surface being analyzed is in position, thus providing an instantaneous measure of the characteristics of the test surface.
Further in this connection and with reference to Figure 9, the images illustrated on scanning discs 32 in Figures 14 and 15 may be directed on the screen of a television pickup tube 40, such as an iconoscope. Th secondary light beam B falls on the screen ii of the iconoscope, producing an image having a bright central portion 42 and weaker diffused portions 43 and 45. The scanning beam Q of the iconoscope may be moved vertically by any suitable deflecting means to strike screen El over the path indicated by the dotted line D. This scanning produces voltage pulses which ar amplified by an amplifier 46, and the amplified pulses are utilized to deflect vertically the beam 41 of a cathode ray oscillograph generally indicated at-48 in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the amplifled voltage pulses, and simultaneously the cathode ray beam 41 may be moved horizontally in synchronism with the motion of the scanning beam 45 of the iconoscope. Thus, a curve 49 is traced on the cathode ray screen and indicates the relative light intensities along the path D of the scanning beam 45. Repeated reproduction of the curve at a high rate results in an apparently steady visible curve by reason of the persistence of vision.
Referring now to Figure 2, wherein there is shown a modified form of my instrument, light from a suitable source 50 passes through a limiting aperture 5i formed in an opaque plate or the like 52, and thence through a second aperture 55 formedin another opaque plate or the like 54.
From aperture 53 the light next passes through i a lens system 55, 56 to form a primary beam A which is directed onto-a test or work piece 51. Aperture 53 may be located in other suitable positions as, for example, at or below lens element 55. The lens system is so arranged, however, that an image of aperture 5| is brought to a sharp focus at surface 51. N
When surface 51 is comparatively smooth, i. e.
'is less than optically smooth, having for example,
a mirror reflectance of per cent, the primary beam A is so reflected by this surface that the reflected light comprises a relatively well deflned secondary beam B, and, as indicated by the dotted lines in Figure 2, diffused light spreads in various directions from the illuminated area of surface 51.
Apertures 5i and 53, and lens system 55, 56 are so arranged with respect to surface 51 that not only, as pointed out above, is an image of aperture 5| focused at the surface 51, but also an image of aperture 53 is formed at an opaque plate 58 which has formed therein a third aperture 59. Preferably lens element 58 of the lens system is of relatively short focal length with the result that the angle included by secondary beam B is relatively large. Also-aperture 59 is preferably relatively small as compared to the image of aperture 58 which is formed on plate 58, aperture 59 being located near the center of this image. This latter image, i. e. the one formed by secondary beam 3 is reasonably uniform in brightness over substantially all of its area, and
thus substantial displacement of the image in relation to aperture 59, resulting from inaccurate positioning of surface 51, does not materially change the amount of light passing through aperture 59. Thus, an appreciable change in the position of surface 51 can occur without resulting in any appreciable change in the measured light, and hence the measurement of the intensity of light in the image of aperture 53 formed at aperture 59 is for all practical purposes independent of small changes in th position or angle of surface 51.
The light from the image formed at aperture 59 passes therethrough and falls on a photocell 60 connected to an amplifier 6| connected in turn to a galvanometer or the like 62. The voltage resulting from exposure of, photocell to the light passing through aperture 58 is amplified by the amplifier and is measured by the galvanometer, which may be calibrated as in the case of galvanomete (Figure 1) as described above. Thus. from a direct reading of the galvanometer, the character of surface 51 being tested may immediately be determined.
From the above, it may be seen that the instrument shown in Figure 2 is capable of accurately measuring the smoothness of a surface, and is furthermore characterized by simplicity and no necessity for critical adjustment, and does not depend in its operation on? the use of moving parts.
It will now be noted in the methods and mess urlng instruments described hereinabove, that a smooth surface is used for purposes for comparison. In a variation of my method, as described below, comparison with a smooth surface is not a requisite, but the nature of the surface'being tested may be determined directly. In this variation of my method, a primary beam of light is directed toward a point on the surface to be .tested, and this beam may be a usted through any angle around that point depending on the nature 01' the surface being tested and the character of the results desired, always, however, directing the primary beam toward that point. The reflection oi the primary beam from the surface being tested depends on the characteristics of the surface. Thus, in the case of a relatively smooth surface, the secondary beam will be sharply defined and there will be a relatively small amount of diffused light, whereas if the surface'being tested is relatively rough, the secondary beam will not be so sharp and there will be more diflused light. In either event, the secondary beam is intercepted by a plurality of light sensitive elements and measuring elements suitably provided with apertures. These light sensitive and measuring elements are arranged at desired positions so that by a suitable callbration or the measuring portions or the device an accurate measure of the relative light intensities oi the secondary beam and or the diffused light at those positions will be given. Thus, the ratio of or the difference between the light intensities of the secondary beam and the diffused light is a. measure of the relative smoothness or mirror reflectance of the surface being tested.
This variation of my method also contemplates a stationary light source, and accordingly stationary primary and secondary beams. A light sensitive device and a measuring device. however, may be moved across the secondary beam and thus be exposed to the light intensities of the secondary beam and of the diffused reflected light. At different positions through its path 01 travel, the light sensitive device causes the measuring device to indicate the different light intensities, and thus a measure'of the smoothness of the surface being tested may be made,
With reference to .Figure 3, wherein there is schematically shown an instrument capable of carrying out the above-described variation of my method, a light source 63 directs a primary beam of light A toward a point X on a surface 64 being tested. Light source 63 is arranged in any suitable manner for adjustment in an arcuate path about the point X as, for example, to the dotted line position. It should be noted that-the primary beam A is always directed toward the point X on surface 84. This adjustment of the light source B, with relatively weak diffusion from point X,
as indicated by the dotted lines with arrows.
A suitable enclosure 65 is provided with an aperture 66 and this enclosure and aperture are so positioned as to intercept secondary beam B,
or at least a portion thereof. Enclosure 65 has suitably mounted therein a photocell 61 or the like which when exposed tothe light of secondary beam 13 creates a voltage which may be amplified by an amplifier 68 and measured by a galvanometer 69 which, as described above, indicates the intensity of light passing through aperture 66. A second enclosure 1n includes an aperture II and a photocell 12 or the like, all substantially similar to enclosure 65, aperture 66 and photocell Enclosure is located at a suitable angle from secondary beam 3, and is positioned so that a portion of the diffused .light reflected from surface 64 passes through its aperture H to. fall on photocell I2. Photocell I2 is also connected to an amplifier (not shown) in turn connected to a galvanometer (not shown) as in the case of photocell 61, so that the intensity of the diffused light may be measured and indicated.
Thus, the two galvanometers will indicate voltages of different amplitude, which correspond to the light intensities to which their respective photocells are subjected, and thus the ratio of or the difference between these light intensities is a measure of the relative smoothness of surface 88. Fromthe above, it will be clear that a smooth surface reflects a relatively large amount of light at aperture 66 and a small amount at aperture ll, whereas a rougher surface results in a reduced light intensity at aperture 88, and a greater intensity at aperture II.
It should be noted that variation of the posi-' tion of light source 88 necessitates repositioning of photocell 81 so that the photocell is positioned at the angle of the reflected 'or secondary beam. If desired, the position of photocell 12 may be varied also.
Enclosure 55 with its aperture and photocell may be used to measure light intensities in different positions by moving this enclosure through an'arcuate path about point X. Under these circumstances, light source 68 is preferably maintained in a stationary position. Thus, in successive steps, enclosure 66 may be moved over a wide angle as from the solid line to the dotted line position shown in Figure 3 and at successive positions of the enclosure, galvanometer 69 will indicate to the light intensities at such different points. These differing light intensities, of course, are
- indicative of the reflection characteristics of survoltages of different amplitude which correspond face smoothness.
characteristics of a highly-polished surface, curve M characterizing a medium smooth surface; and
curve G characterizing a ground surface. Thus, the shape of these curves is a reasonably accurate indication of surface reflection characteristics and the sharpness of the rise ofthe central por: tion of the curve is a practical measure of sur- It should also be noted that the maximum heights of these curves give a relative measure of smoothness, and if in comparison a curve of an optically smooth surface is made, the ratios of the maximum heights of the curve to the height of the curve of the optically smooth surface, give the same measure of smoothness or mirror reflectance as described above in connection with the instruments shown in Figures 1 and 2.
' In connection with the several embodiments of my surface measuring instrument hereinabove described, it will be noted that surface smoothness comparisons are made by the measurement of relative light intensity of the secondary beam for various surfaces placed in the test position. For different surfaces it will be obvious that the secondary light beam intensities vary over a wide range. To the end of making accurate measurements of such different surfaces, a lamp or light source in the instrument shown in Figure 2, for example, capable of modulation, may be used, as the light source 50. Thus, lamp 50 may be a vapor discharge or a fluorescent lamp which may be modulated at a suitable frequency by the application of a suitable alternating orpulsating voltage. Or again, where light source 50 radiates steady illumination, modulation may be eifected by a rotating or vibration shutter (not shown) or by modulating the photocell. Primary beam A, under such circumstances, will then be intermittent, as will also secondary beam B, with the result that photocell 60 will produce a pulsating or varying voltage, in accordance with the modulation of the light source. This varying voltage may, of course, be amplified by simple amplifying means, such as amplifier 6i, and the .amplified voltage may be used in a galvanometer, suchas galvanometer 62, as a measure of the amount of light falling on the photocell. Thus, without the use of moving parts the light intensity of the secondary beam may be accurately measured.
For commercial practice of my method and use of my instrument, as described hereinabove, I have provided the instrument shown in Figure 4, wherein there is shown a work piece 13 having an aperture I4, the surface 15 of which is to be measured.
As more clearly shown in Figures 5 and 6, a housing 16 is divided into two chambers 16a and Nib by a partition 8|. In chamber 16a are mounted a light source 11, a transverse partition 18 having an aperture 18, and a lens 8IL- A viewtion or having an aperture as, and a photocell so or the like. Aperture i9 is so arranged with respect to light source ll, lens 80, reflector 83 and lens 35 that an image thereof is formed on test surface it. Lens 88, aperture 88 and photocell 89 are so arranged in housing chamber 16b with respect to reflector 83 and lens 85, that an intensified area of illumination is formed at aperture A flexible cable 90 (Figure 4) connects housing .76 with a housing 9! which conveniently houses an amplifier and galvanometer such as hereinbefore described. Flexible cable 90 connects the light source ll (Figure 5) to a suitable source of electric current 92 (Figure 4) by way of a cable 93, cable 98 also connecting photocell 89 (Figure 5) to the amplifier in housing 9i (Figure 4).
Thus, in operation, the primary beam of light A from light source 11 (Figure 5) passes through aperture "IQ and lens 88, and is reflected onto test surface 15 by reflector 83 through lens 85, forming on the test surface an image of aperture 19. The reflected light forms secondary beam B, which passes back through lens 85 and is refiected by reflector 83 through lens 86 to form on aperture 88 an intensified area of uniform illu-= mination to which photocell 89 is exposed. The photocell thus excited creates a voltage which may be amplified by the amplifier in housing 9! (Figure 4) and the amplitude of which is indicated by the galvanometer needle 84.
To facilitate the positioning of viewing head 82 against surface 75 (Figure 7) I preferably provide a pair of rails 95 and 86 or the like which properly position the viewing head with respect to surface 15. Thus, viewing head 82 is always in proper position when an interior surface such as the surface of a round hole is being measured. Rails 95am: 98 also properly position viewing head 82 on the exterior surface of a circular work piece such as surface 91, shown in Figure 8.
It will now be clear that I have provided a method of and apparatus for determining the smoothness of a surface characterized not only by practical simplicity but also by a high degree of accuracy of result in practical use.
As many possible embodiments may be made of the mechanical features of the above invention and as the art herein described might be varied invarious parts, all without departing from the scope of the invention, it is to be understood that all matter hereinbefore set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings, is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
I claim:
1. In apparatus for determining the smoothness of a ground or polished metallic surface. the combination of a housing, an elongated viewing head of less width than said housing extending therefrom and adapted to be placed parallel with the surface to be analyzed, means forming a viewing opening in a side of said viewing head at the end thereof remote from said housing. a lens mounted in said opening, a source of light in said housing, a photoelectric device in said housing, and an optical system in said housing and said viewing head in cooperating relationship with said lens and adapted to project a. primary beam .of light on said surface and a reflected beam of light from said surface on said photoelectric device.
2. In apparatus for determining the smoothness of a ground or polished metallic surface, the combination of a housing, elongated viewing head of less width than said housing extending therefrom and adapted to be placed parallel with the surface to be analyzed, means forming a viewing opening in a side of said viewing head at the end thereof remote drom said housing, a lens mounted in said opening, a source of light in said housing, a photoelectric device in said housing, an optical system in said housing and said viewing head in cooperating relationship with said lens and .adapted to project a primary beam of light on said surface and a reflected beam of light from said surface on said photoelectric device, and means on said viewing head adapted to rest against said surface for properly positioning said viewing head against said surface.
3. In apparatus for determining the smoothness of a ground or polished metallic surface, the combination of a housing, an elongated viewing head of less width than said housing extending therefrom and adapted to be placed parallel with the surface to be analyzed, means forming a viewing opening in a side of said viewing head at the end thereof remote from said housing, a lens mounted in said opening, a source of light in said housing, aphotoelectric device in. said housing, an
optical system in said housing and said viewing head in cooperating relationship with said lens and adapted to project a primary beam of light on said surface and a reflected beam of light from said surface on said photoelectric device,
and means for measuring the magnitude of the electrical value generated by said photoelectric device when said reflectedlight beam is impressed thereon.
4. In apparatus for determining the smoothness of a ground or polished metallic surface, the combination of a housing, a narrow elongated viewing head secured to said housing and extending a substantial distance therefrom, means forming an opening in one side of said viewing head at a point thereof remote from said housing, a source of light in said housing, a photoelectric device in said housing, a partition member in said housing separating said light source and said photoelectric device, and an optical system in said housing and said viewing head operatively.
associated with said light source, said photoelectric device and said viewing head opening adapted to project a primary beamof light on said surface and a reflected beam of light from said surface on said photoelectric device, said light beams also being separated by said partition.
|Citing Patent
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Martha Mansfield (I) (1899–1923)
Stunning silent screen actress Martha Mansfield was a musical comedy star in New York City by the time she entered films in 1916 for Max Linder. Before long she advanced to second leads in features, including the role of Millicent Carew in the John Barrymore starrer Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920), which to this day remains her best known. The ... See full bio »
Died:(age 24) in San Antonio, Texas, USA