text:
Time series regression analysis
Theme Co-ordinators: Antonio Gasparrini, Ben Armstrong
Please see here for slides and audio recordings of previous seminars relating to this theme.
This page is split into the following sections:
- Time series analysis for biomedical data
- Methodological issues
- Contributions of LSHTM researchers
- LSHTM people involved in developing or using time series regression methodology
- Publications by LSHTM researchers
- Key references on methods
1. Time series analysis for biomedical data
A time series may be defined as a sequence of measurements taken at (usually equally-spaced) ordered points in time.
Statistical methods applied to time series data were originally developed mainly in econometrics, and then used in many other fields, such as ecology, physics and engineering. In the original application the focus was in prediction, and the aim was to produce an accurate forecast of future measurements given an observed series. The standard statistical approaches adopted for this purpose usually rely on auto-regressive moving average (ARIMA) and related models.
Time series designs are increasingly being exploited in biomedical data, due to the availability of routinely-collected series of administrative or medical data, such as mortality or morbidity counts, environmental measures, changes in socio-economic or demographic indices. Within this research area, time series methods have been subject to intense methodological developments over the last 20 years. In contrast with the original interest on prediction, the main aims of time series analysis in biomedical applications is commonly to assess the association between an outcome and either a predictor series or an intervention: here the focus is instead in estimation, and the models reduce to the more traditional regression framework although possibly non-standard versions.
Two main features characterize time series data from a statistical viewpoint: the correlation displayed by observations and their temporal sequence. Statistical models need to cope with the former, in order to provide accurate inferences, and may exploit the latter, with the intention to strengthen the evidence on the causal nature or clarify details of the association under study.
2. Applications of time series regression
2.1 Time series regression of short-term associations
A topic of intense methodological research and applications of time series analysis is the study of short-term health associations. In particular, time series methods have been hugely applied in environmental epidemiology during the last decades to investigate the acute health effects of air pollution, and more recently outdoor temperature and other weather parameters. This approach exploits well-known decomposition techniques of time series data, which filter out long-term and seasonality trends in the analysis of short-term dependencies between time-varying environmental factors and health outcomes. This method controls by design for time-fixed factors or other confounders that change slowly in time.
Time series studies of short-term associations compare the outcome and exposure series, such as in the example below illustrating the daily variation in mortality counts and outdoor temperature in a 14 years period in New York. The main methodological issues in this approach are selection of smoothing methods for the decomposition of the series, the presence and estimation of delayed effects and the potential confounding by other time-varying factors.
2.2 Interrupted time series for evaluating interventions or events
The importance of robust evaluation of public health interventions is increasingly recognised, yet public health interventions are often complex and evaluation methods used in clinical medicine (such as randomised controlled trials) are not always feasible. Other 'quasi-experimental' designs are therefore needed in order to explore the effect of an intervention on health outcomes, one of the strongest of which is the interrupted time series (ITS) design. ITS requires a series of observations taken repeatedly over time before and after an intervention. The underlying trend in the outcome is established and can be used to estimate the counterfactual, that is, what would have happened if the intervention had not taken place. The impact of the intervention is then assessed by examining any change in the post-intervention period given the trend in the pre-intervention period. The intervention may lead to a change in level, a change in slope or both. This framework is illustrated in the figure below.
Interrupted time series can be used to explore the impact of public health interventions or unplanned events. In the example illustrated in the figure below, an ITS design is adopted to assess the impact of the financial crisis in Spain on suicides. The main methodological issues surrounding the ITS design are represented by assumptions and methods to model trends and control for potential time-varying confounders of the before-after comparison.
Trend in monthly suicide rates for all of Spain before and since the financial crisis (Lopez Bernal et al 2013)
3. Methodological issues
The regression analysis of time series biomedical data poses several methodological problems, which result in an intense research carried out in the last few years. The main research directions are summarized below. References are provided in the related sections.
- Model selection: time series model are usually built with a pre-defined set of potential confounders. However, some criteria are needed to select other model parameters, such as the degree of control for seasonal and long time trends, or the adequacy of assumptions on the shape of the exposure-response relationship of predictors showing potential non-linear effects. Some investigators have tested the comparative performance of selection criteria based on information criteria (Akaike, Bayesian or related), minimization of partial autocorrelation of residuals, (generalized) cross-validation and others. Further research is needed to produce robust and general selection criteria.
- Smoothing methods: the specification of non-linear exposure-response relationship for predictors in the regression model is essential both to determine the association with the exposure of interest and to control for potential confounders. Smoothing techniques based on both parametric and non-parametric methods have been proposed in time series analysis. The former usually rely on regression splines within generalized linear models (GLM), while the latter are specified through smoothing or penalized splines within generalized additive models (GAM).
- Distributed lag (non-linear) models: commonly the effect of an exposure is not limited to the day it occurs, but persists for further days or weeks. This introduces the additional problem of modelling the lag structure of the exposure-response relationship. This issue has been initially addressed by distributed lag models, which allows the linear effect of a single exposure event to be distributed over a specific period of time. More recently, this methodology has been generalized to non-linear exposure-response relationships through distributed lag non-linear models, a modelling framework which can flexibly describe simultaneously non-linear and delayed associations.
- Harvesting effect (mortality displacement): this phenomenon arises when applying an ecological time series analysis to grouped data, for example mortality counts. The conceptual framework is based on the assumption that the exposure can affects mainly a pool of frail individuals, whose events are only brought forward by a brief period of time by the effect of exposure. For non-recurrent outcomes, the depletion of the pool following a high exposure event results in some reduction of cases few days later, thereby reducing the overall long-term impact (see figure below). Specific models are needed to account for this reduction in the overall effect and thereby produce accurate estimates.
- Two-stage analysis: the usual approach to time series studies on environmental factors involves the analysis of series from multiple cities or regions. The complexity of the regression models prevents the specification of a very highly parameterized hierarchical structure in a single multilevel development. The analysis is instead carried out through a two-stage step, with a common city-specific model and then a meta-analysis to pool the results. The specification of complex exposure-response relationships in the first stage requires the development of non-standard meta-analytic techniques, such as meta-smoothing and multivariate meta-analysis.
- Time-varying confounders: Whilst interrupted time series designs are rarely affected by normal confounders, such as differences in socio-economic status or age composition, which typically only change relatively slowly over time, they may be affected by time varying confounders. This is particularly an issue if the confounders are unmeasured and change over the same period as the intervention, for example other concurrent events or policies. Design adaptations may be introduced to address this limitation such as the introduction of a control series, multiple baseline designs (where the intervention is introduced in different locations at different times) and multiple phases (where the intervention is first introduced then removed to test whether the effect is reversed).
4. Contributions of LSHTM researchers
4.1 Methodological innovations:
Statisticians at the LSHTM have made contributions to time series regression methodology either in in explicitly methodological papers or in innovations published in reports of substantive epidemiological studies. A tutorial paper by several LSHTM researchers provides an overview of methods(Bhaskaran et al. 2013). Another paper summarizes several issues as potential candidates for methodological work, focusing in particular on temperature-health associations (Gasparrini and Armstrong 2010).
Distributed lag non-linear models. Several published methodological articles have proposed a new more flexible way to model lagged relationships, through the framework of distributed lag non-linear models (Armstrong 2006; Gasparrini et al. 2010), implemented in the R package dlnm (Gasparrini 2011) – see figure. Later work presents methods for estimating attributable number of deaths from distributed lag non-linear models (Gasparrini and Leone 2014; Gasparrini et al. 2015).
Two stage analyses. Other methodological efforts have explored ways to pool and explore heterogeneity in estimates of non-linear exposure-response relationships in two-stage analyses. The methods are based on multivariate meta-analytical techniques applied to estimates of multi-parameter associations from first-stage models, and implemented in the R package mvmeta (Gasparrini et al. 2011, 2012a) – see figure.
Modifiers of exposure-response associations. The modification of associations by area characteristics has been investigated as meta-regression using the two-stage approach discussed above (Tobías et al. 2014). Modification by individual characteristics (age, SES) varying within areas has been explored using interaction terms in simple models (Hajat et al. 2007). We have also proposed a version of the "case-only" approach designed originally for studying gene-environment interactions in time series context, to study how effects of time-varying risk factors (e.g. weather) might be modified by time-fixed factors, such as age or socio-economic status (Armstrong 2003).
Heat waves. Two other papers have explored models to allow estimation of the extent to which the excess deaths associated with heat waves can be explained by a continuous association between temperature and mortality, or whether rather an additional "wave effect" due to sustained heat is necessary (Gasparrini and Armstrong 2011; Hajat et al. 2006). Other work has developed ways to compare how performance of heat-health warning systems depend on heat wave definitions (Gasparrini et al. 2010).Mortality displacement (harvesting). Approaches have also been developed and applied to identify extent of short term "harvesting" (see above) (Hajat et al. 2005; Rehill et al. 2015).
Interrupted time series (ITS). A tutorial paper introduces the ARIMA and segmented regression approaches to ITS (Lagarde 2011). Other applied research has introduced methods innovations. A paper has evaluated the influence of alternative modelling assumptions on the estimate of the association between the introduction of state-wide smoking bans and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (Gasparrini et al. 2009). Other papers have pioneered the use of conditional Poisson models for multiple ITS designs (Grundy et al. 2009) and methods for controlled ITS (Milojevic et al. 2012).
Other recent and ongoing methodological work. A recent paper introduced the use of conditional Poisson models for the case-crossover and related formulations of time series (Armstrong et al. 2014). Methodological work continues, focused in particular on extending ways of characterising variation in distributed lag non-linear models across cities or sub-populations, and on adapting time series regression methods for infectious diseases (Imai et al. 2014).
4.2 Applied research:
The substantive research using time series regression methods carried out at the LSHTM or in which LSHTM researcher have collaborated has concerned mainly the associations between daily occurrences of health outcomes (such as deaths) and time-varying environmental factors. Earliest examples (Gouveia and Fletcher 2000) concerned associations of daily air pollution on mortality, and this interest continues (Milojevic et al. 2014; Pattenden et al. 2010). But most focus has been on associations of weather and season with health – of particular interest in the context of impending global warming. The most common health outcome has been mortality (Armstrong et al. 2010; Gasparrini et al. 2012b; Hajat et al. 2002; McMichael et al. 2008) but also: hospital admissions (Pudpong and Hajat 2011), GP visits (Hajat and Haines 2002), viral disease (Lopman et al. 2009), food-borne disease (Kovats et al. 2004; Tam et al. 2006), diarrhoea (Hashizume et al. 2007, 2008a; Hashizume et al. 2010), pregnancy outcome (Lee et al. 2008; Wolf and Armstrong 2012), myocardial infarctions (Bhaskaran et al 2010; Bhaskaran et al. 2011; Bhaskaran et al. 2012)); defibrilator activation (McGuinn et al. 2012).
Several studies have focused in particular on which groups are vulnerable to the acute effects identified in time series regression, in particular of weather (Hajat et al. 2007; Hajat and Kosatky 2010; Hashizume et al. 2008b; Wilkinson et al. 2004), but also those of limited daylight on injuries (Steinbach et al. 2014) . Others have predicted, from time series regressions, impact of climate change on deaths due to acute effects of heat and cold (Hajat et al. 2014; Vardoulakis et al. 2014) .
Time series regression methods have also been used to study association of circulating RSV and influenza with hospital admission (Mangtani et al. 2006) and how much vaccination reduces that association with mortality (Armstrong et al. 2004).
Studies applying interrupted time series methods include those exploring the association of the introduction of state-wide smoking bans with the cardiovascular morbidity (Barone-Adesi et al. 2011), the financial crisis with suicides rates in Spain (Lopez Bernal et al. 2013), 20 mph speed limits with road injuries (Grundy et al. 2009), and floods with mortality (Milojevic et al. 2011; Milojevic et al. 2012).
For other and in particular more recent relevant papers check out the personal web pages of the staff members, accessible from the list below.
5. LSHTM researchers involved in developing or using time series regression methodology
Antonio Gasparrini; Ben Armstrong; Clarence Tam; Jamie Lopez Bernal; Katherine Arbuthnott; Krishnan Bhaskaran; Mike Kenward; Mylene Lagarde; Paul Wilkinson; Punam Mangtani; Rebecca Steinbach; Sam Pattenden; Sari Kovats; Shakoor Hajat ; Zaid Chalabi
6. Publications by LSHTM researchers
Armstrong B. 2006. Models for the relationship between ambient temperature and daily mortality. Epidemiology 17:624-631.
Armstrong B, Chalabi Z, Fenn B, Hajat S, Kovats RS, Milojevic A, et al. 2010. The association of mortality with high temperatures in a temperate climate: England and wales. J Epidemiol Community Health [Epub ahead of print].
Armstrong BG. 2003. Fixed factors that modify the effects of time-varying factors: Applying the case-only approach. Epidemiology 14:467-472.
Armstrong BG, Mangtani P, Fletcher A, Kovats S, McMichael A, Pattenden S, et al. 2004. Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: Cohort study in elderly people. BMJ 329:660.
Armstrong BG, Gasparrini A, Tobias A. 2014. Conditional poisson models: A flexible alternative to conditional logistic case cross-over analysis. BMC medical research methodology 14:122.
Barone-Adesi F, Gasparrini A, Vizzini L, Merletti F, Richiardi L. 2011. Effects of italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute coronary events: A country-wide study. PLoS One 6:e17419.
*Bhaskaran K, Hajat S, Haines A, Herrett E, Wilkinson P, Smeeth L. 2010. Short term effects of temperature on risk of myocardial infarction in england and wales: Time series regression analysis of the myocardial ischaemia national audit project (minap) registry. British Medical Journal 341:c3823.
*Bhaskaran K, Hajat S, Armstrong B, Haines A, Herrett E, Wilkinson P, et al. 2011. The effects of hourly differences in air pollution on the risk of myocardial infarction: Case crossover analysis of the minap database. BMJ 343:d5531.
*Bhaskaran K, Armstrong B, Hajat S, Haines A, Wilkinson P, Smeeth L. 2012. Heat and risk of myocardial infarction: Hourly level case-crossover analysis of minap database. BMJ 345:e8050.
*Bhaskaran K, Gasparrini A, Hajat S, Smeeth L, Armstrong B. 2013. Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology. International journal of epidemiology 42:1187-1195.
Gasparrini A, Gorini G, Barchielli A. 2009. On the relationship between smoking bans and incidence of acute myocardial infarction. European Journal of Epidemiology 24:597-602.
*Gasparrini A, Armstrong B. 2010. Time series analysis on the health effects of temperature: Advancements and limitations. Environmental Research.
*Gasparrini A, Armstrong B, Kenward M. 2010. Distributed lag non-linear models. Statistics in Medicine 29(21): 2224-34.
*Gasparrini A. 2011. Distributed lag linear and non-linear models in r: The package dlnm. Journal of Statistical Software 43:1-20.
*Gasparrini A, Armstrong B. 2011. The impact of heat waves on mortality. Epidemiology 22:68.
*Gasparrini A, Armstrong B, Kenward MG. 2011. Multivariate meta-analysis: A method to summarize non-linear associations. Statistics in Medicine 30:2504–-2506.
*Gasparrini A, Armstrong B, Kenward MG. 2012a. Multivariate meta-analysis for non-linear and other multi-parameter associations. Statistics in Medicine 31:3821-3839.
*Gasparrini A, Armstrong B, Kovats S, Wilkinson P. 2012b. The effect of high temperatures on cause-specific mortality in england and wales. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 69:56-61.
Gasparrini A, Leone M. 2014. Attributable risk from distributed lag models. BMC Medical Research Methodology 14:55.
Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Lavigne E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, et al. 2015. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: A multicountry observational study. The Lancet. In Press
*Gouveia N, Fletcher T. 2000. Time series analysis of air pollution and mortality: Effects by cause, age and socioeconomic status. Journal of epidemiology and community health 54:750.
Grundy C, Steinbach R, Edwards P, Green J, Armstrong B, Wilkinson P. 2009. Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in london, 1986-2006: Controlled interrupted time series analysis. BMJ 339:b4469.
Hajat S, Haines A. 2002. Associations of cold temperatures with gp consultations for respiratory and cardiovascular disease amongst the elderly in london. Int J Epidemiol 31:825-830.
Hajat S, Kovats RS, Atkinson RW, Haines A. 2002. Impact of hot temperatures on death in london: A time series approach. J Epidemiol Community Health 56:367-372.
Hajat S, Armstrong BG, Gouveia N, Wilkinson P. 2005. Mortality displacement of heat-related deaths: A comparison of delhi, sao paulo, and london. Epidemiology 16:613-620.
Hajat S, Armstrong B, Baccini M, Biggeri A, Bisanti L, Russo A, et al. 2006. Impact of high temperatures on mortality: Is there an added heat wave effect? Epidemiology 17:632-638.
Hajat S, Kovats RS, Lachowycz K. 2007. Heat-related and cold-related deaths in england and wales: Who is at risk? Occup Environ Med 64:93-100.
Hajat S, Kosatky T. 2010. Heat-related mortality: A review and exploration of heterogeneity. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 64:753-760.
Hajat S, Vardoulakis S, Heaviside C, Eggen B. 2014. Climate change effects on human health: Projections of temperature-related mortality for the uk during the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Journal of epidemiology and community health 68:641-648.
*Hashizume M, Armstrong B, Hajat S, Wagatsuma Y, Faruque AS, Hayashi T, et al. 2007. Association between climate variability and hospital visits for non-cholera diarrhoea in bangladesh: Effects and vulnerable groups. Int J Epidemiol 36:1030-1037.
*Hashizume M, Armstrong B, Hajat S, Wagatsuma Y, Faruque AS, Hayashi T, et al. 2008a. The effect of rainfall on the incidence of cholera in bangladesh. Epidemiology 19:103-110.
*Hashizume M, Wagatsuma Y, Faruque AS, Hayashi T, Hunter PR, Armstrong B, et al. 2008b. Factors determining vulnerability to diarrhoea during and after severe floods in bangladesh. J Water Health 6:323-332.
*Hashizume M, Faruque ASG, Wagatsuma Y, Hayashi T, Armstrong B. 2010. Cholera in bangladesh: Climatic components of seasonal variation. Epidemiology 21:706-710.
Imai C, Armstrong B, Chalabi Z, Hashizume M, Mangtani P. 2014. Application of traditional time- series regression models for study of environmental determinants of infectious diseases. In: ISEE.
Kovats RS, Edwards SJ, Hajat S, Armstrong BG, Ebi KL, Menne B. 2004. The effect of temperature on food poisoning: A time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten european countries. Epidemiol Infect 132:443-453.
Lagarde M. 2011. How to do (or not to do)… assessing the impact of a policy change with routine longitudinal data. Health policy and planning:czr004.
*Lee SJ, Hajat S, Steer PJ, Filippi V. 2008. A time-series analysis of any short-term effects of meteorological and air pollution factors on preterm births in london, uk. Environ Res 106:185-194.
*Lopez Bernal JA, Gasparrini A, Artundo CM, McKee M. 2013. The effect of the late 2000s financial crisis on suicides in spain: An interrupted time-series analysis. European Journal of Public Health 23:732-736.
Lopman B, Armstrong B, Atchison C, Gray JJ. 2009. Host, weather and virological factors drive norovirus epidemiology: Time-series analysis of laboratory surveillance data in england and wales. PLoS One 4:e6671.
Mangtani P, Hajat S, Kovats S, Wilkinson P, Armstrong B. 2006. The association of respiratory syncytial virus infection and influenza with emergency admissions for respiratory disease in london: An analysis of routine surveillance data. Clin Infect Dis 42:640-646.
*McGuinn L, Hajat S, Wilkinson P, Armstrong B, Anderson HR, Monk V, et al. 2012. Ambient temperature and activation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Int J Biometeorol.
McMichael AJ, Wilkinson P, Kovats RS, Pattenden S, Hajat S, Armstrong B, et al. 2008. International study of temperature, heat and urban mortality: The 'isothurm' project. Int J Epidemiol.
Milojevic A, Armstrong B, Kovats S, Butler B, Hayes E, Leonardi G, et al. 2011. Long-term effects of flooding on mortality in england and wales, 1994-2005: Controlled interrupted time-series analysis. Environ Health 10:11.
Milojevic A, Armstrong B, Hashizume M, McAllister K, Faruque A, Yunus M, et al. 2012. Health effects of flooding in rural bangladesh. Epidemiology 23:107-115.
Milojevic A, Wilkinson P, Armstrong B, Bhaskaran K, Smeeth L, Hajat S. 2014. Short-term effects of air pollution on a range of cardiovascular events in england and wales: Case-crossover analysis of the minap database, hospital admissions and mortality. Heart:heartjnl-2013-304963.
Pattenden S, Armstrong B, Milojevic A, Barratt B, Chalabi Z, Doherty R, et al. 2010. Ozone, heat and mortality in fifteen british conurbations. Occup Environ Med.
*Pudpong N, Hajat S. 2011. High temperature effects on out-patient visits and hospital admissions in chiang mai, thailand. Science of the Total Environment 409:5260-5267.
*Rehill N, Armstrong B, Wilkinson P. 2015. Clarifying life lost due to cold and heat: A new approach. BMJ Open In Press.
*Steinbach R, Edwards P, Green J, Armstrong B. 2014. The contribution of light levels to ethnic differences in child pedestrian injury risk: A case-only analysis. Journal of Transport & Health 1:33-39.
*Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, O'Brien SJ, Hajat S. 2006. Temperature dependence of reported campylobacter infection in england, 1989-1999. Epidemiol Infect 134:119-125.
Tobías A, Armstrong B, Gasparrini A, Diaz J. 2014. Effects of high summer temperatures on mortality in 50 spanish cities. Environmental Health 13:48.
Vardoulakis S, Dear K, Hajat S, Heaviside C, Eggen B. 2014. Comparative assessment of the effects of climate change on heat- and cold-related mortality in the united kingdom and australia. Environmental Health Perspectives 122:1285–-1292.
Wilkinson P, Pattenden S, Armstrong B, Fletcher A, Kovats RS, Mangtani P, et al. 2004. Vulnerability to winter mortality in elderly people in britain: Population based study. Bmj 329:647.
*Wolf J, Armstrong B. 2012. The association of season and temperature with adverse pregnancy outcome in two german states, a time-series analysis. PLoS One 7:e40228.
* Research undertaken while the first author was a student at the LSHTM.
Last updated 1 April 2015. For more up to date publications refer to researchers' personal web pages
7. Key references on methods
Bhaskaran K, Gasparrini A, Hajat S, Smeeth L, Armstrong B. Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2013;42(4):1187-1195
Peng, R. D. and F. Dominici (2008). Statistical Methods for Environmental Epidemiology with R – A Case Study in Air Pollutioon and Health. New York, Springer.
Zeger, S. L., R. Irizarry and R. D. Peng (2006). On time series analysis of public health and biomedical data. Annual Review of Public Health 27: 57-79.
Armstrong, B. (2006). Models for the relationship between ambient temperature and daily mortality. Epidemiology 17(6): 624-31.
Dominici, F. (2004). Time-series analysis of air pollution and mortality: a statistical review. Research report – Health Effects Institute 123: 3-27; discussion 9-33.
Dominici, F., A. McDermott and T. J. Hastie (2004). Improved semiparametric time series models of air pollution and mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association 99(468): 938-49.
Touloumi, G., R. Atkinson, A. Le Tertre, et al. (2004). Analysis of health outcome time series data in epidemiological studies. EnvironMetrics 15(2): 101-17.
On model selection:
Dominici, F., C. Wang, C. Crainiceanu, et al. (2008). Model selection and health effect estimation in environmental epidemiology. Epidemiology 19(4): 558-60.
Crainiceanu, C. M., F. Dominici and G. Parmigiani (2008). Adjustment uncertainty in effect estimation. Biometrika 95(3): 635.
Baccini, M., A. Biggeri, C. Lagazio, et al. (2007). Parametric and semi-parametric approaches in the analysis of short-term effects of air pollution on health. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 51(9): 4324-36.
He, S., S. Mazumdar and V. C. Arena (2006). A comparative study of the use of GAM and GLM in air pollution research. EnvironMetrics 17(1): 81-93.
Peng, R. D., F. Dominici and T. A. Louis (2006). Model choice in time series studies of air pollution and mortality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A 169(2): 179-203.
On smoothing methods:
Marra, G. and R. Radice (2010). Penalised regression splines: theory and application to medical research. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 19(2): 107-25.
Schimek, M. G. (2009). Semiparametric penalized generalized additive models for environmental research and epidemiology. EnvironMetrics 20(6): 699-717.
Wood, S. N. (2006). Generalized Additive Models: an Introduction with R, Chapman \& Hall/CRC.
Dominici, F., M. J. Daniels, S. L. Zeger, et al. (2002a). Air pollution and mortality: estimating regional and national dose-response relationships. Journal of the American Statistical Association 97: 100-11.
Dominici, F., A. McDermott, S. L. Zeger, et al. (2002b). On the use of generalized additive models in time-series studies of air pollution and health. American Journal of Epidemiology 156(3): 193-203.
On harvesting effect:
Rabl, A. (2005). Air pollution mortality: harvesting and loss of life expectancy. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Part A 68(13-14): 1175-80.
Schwartz, J. (2001). Is there harvesting in the association of airborne particles with daily deaths and hospital admissions? Epidemiology 12(1): 55-61.
Schwartz, J. (2000b). Harvesting and long term exposure effects in the relation between air pollution and mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology 151(5): 440-8.
On distributed lag (non-linear) models:
Gasparrini A. Modeling exposure-lag-response associations with distributed lag non-linear models. Statistics in Medicine. 2014;33(5):881-899
Gasparrini, A. (2011). Distributed Lag Linear and Non-Linear Models in R: The Package dlnm. J Stat Softw 43(8): 1-20.
Gasparrini, A., B. Armstrong and M. G. Kenward (2010). Distributed lag non-linear models. Statistics in Medicine 29(21): 2224-34.
Muggeo, V. M. (2008). Modeling temperature effects on mortality: multiple segmented relationships with common break points. Biostatistics 9(4): 613-20.
Schwartz, J. (2000a). The distributed lag between air pollution and daily deaths. Epidemiology 11(3): 320-6.
On meta-analytic techniques:
Gasparrini, A., B. Armstrong, et al. (2012). Multivariate meta-analysis for non-linear and other multi-parameter associations. Statistics in Medicine. 31:3821-3839.
Dominici, F., J. M. Samet and S. L. Zeger (2000). Combining evidence on air pollution and daily mortality from the 20 largest US cities: a hierarchical modelling strategy. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A 163(3): 263-302.
Schwartz, J. and A. Zanobetti (2000). Using meta-smoothing to estimate dose-response trends across multiple studies, with application to air pollution and daily death. Epidemiology 11(6): 666-72.
On interrupted time series:
Wagner, A. K., S. B. Soumerai, F. Zhang, et al. (2002). Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 27(4): 299-309.
Shadish WR, Cook TD, et al. (2002) Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference
Last updated 1 April 2015


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Very very pretty <3
This is the most beautiful Celestia I've seen yet. Great job with the textures and coordination of colors.
this is so beautiful
Qué lindo! me encantan los detalles del collar y el cincho
Beautifully done! I think you've really captured her here. I especially love the ingenious way you worked in her tail colors.
princess celestia is so perty!
Love the ornate jewelry, the iridescent tresses of hair and petticoat, the lovely draping of the skirt's bottom (and the embroidered hemline), the lovely princess cut of the dress with vertical lines emphasizing her slenderness (especially love how it is a nice, modest cut with sleeves), and , the bronze detailed
wow its really pretty!
That. Is absolutely beautiful!
Wonderful as always.
so cutee
this is amazing
Wow, Awesome work!
A truly beautiful rendition of the princess as a human. I love the smooth color blends.
Very Greek; I think my sister would get a kick out of this (she's into Greek mythology, and the ponies as well )
BTW, what model/make is the office scanner?
BTW, what model/make is the office scanner?
Wow it's really amazing Good job
She's go beautiful hair. I love the style of this. ^^ You did an awesome job!
I love the way the colors blend in the bottom of her dress She's so beautiful
this is soooo beautifullll :"D I love her dress design c:
Yowza! What a lovely picture of Celestia in human form, Amaltea. I can tell you put a good bit of time into this and it shows with how elegant she looks in the long run. ^^ I love it! Keep it up with these and continue to wow me and others out there!


text:
Now that wev'e seen Xiao Liwu, the San Diego Zoo's giant panda cub, it's time to look forward to the magic of marsupials.
In May, the zoo will open its new koala habitat, called the Conrad Prebys Australian Outback.
The enclosure will resemble a Queenslander house surrounded by a eucalyptus grove. It will provide a glimpse inside the animals' care facility.
According to the zoo, its koala colony is the largest outside of Australia.
The zoo is still seeking donations for the project. Click here to find out more.


text:
You limited your search to:
Year: 1883
Month: May
Day: 23rd
Serial/Series Title: The San Antonio Light
Collection: San Antonio Light
The San Antonio Light (San Antonio, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 44, Ed. 1, Wednesday, May 23, 1883
Date: May 23, 1883
Creator: unknown
Description: Daily newspaper (except Sunday) from San Antonio, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with extensive advertising.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


text:
Index of content:
Volume 48, Issue 18, 05 May 1986
X 2Σ→B 2Σ absorption band of HgBr: Optically pumped 502‐nm laser48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96460View Description Hide Description
The X 2Σ+ 1/2→B 2Σ+ 1/2absorption band of HgBr has been observed in the afterglow of a pulsed Ne‐N2‐HgBr2 discharge. Peaking in the ultraviolet (UV) near 350 nm, this continuum degrades slowly to the red and at 410 nm the absorption coefficient is 30% of its maximum value. Upon exciting the X→B band with an XeF (351 nm) or frequency tripled Nd:YAG (355 nm) laser, intense lasing is observed in the blue‐green (λ∼502 nm). For λpump=351 nm, the energy conversion efficiency (UV to green) is 22% which corresponds to a p h o t o n conversion efficiency of 32%. The quantum efficiency for this four level system is 71%.
77 K cw operation of distributed Bragg reflector Pb1−x Sn x Se/ Pb1−x−y Eu y Sn x Se diode lasers48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96461View Description Hide Description
Distributed Bragg reflectorPb1−x Sn x Se/ Pb1−x−y Eu y Sn x Se double heterostructure stripe geometry diode lasers were fabricated using molecular beam epitaxy. We observed cw single mode operation between the heat‐sink temperatures 66 and 81 K at λ≊7.8 μm with an average tuning rate of 0.8 cm− 1/K. Single mode continuous tuning over a relatively wide range of 6 cm− 1, with an average tuning rate of 0.026 cm− 1/mA, was obtained at 77 K.
Phase sensitive detection of persistent spectral holes using synchronous ultrasonic modulation48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96462View Description Hide Description
We present a new technique for the detection of spectral holes or other strain‐sensitive spectral features using phase‐sensitive ultrasonic modulation. The spectral feature is directly modulated at MHz rates in synchrony with an applied rf ultrasonic field, hence the method offers zero background and the potential for high‐speed detection with sensitivity near the quantum limit. The technique is demonstrated for a model color center system, and the characteristic line shape is analyzed in detail. The method is more sensitive than laser FM(frequency modulation)spectroscopy for low modulation frequencies, and should be generally useful for the detection of strain‐sensitive spectral features.
Interferometric measurement of the nonlinear index of refraction, n 2, of CdS x Se1−x ‐doped glasses48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96463View Description Hide Description
A novel technique, which employs a modified Twyman–Green interferometer, is used to measure the nonlinear index of a CdS0.9Se0.1‐doped glass at different wavelengths in the vicinity of the band gap at room temperature. The measuredn 2 values for the doped glass are compared with calculated values obtained by Kramers–Kronig transformation of the measured Δα(λ)=α(I 1,λ)−α(I 2,λ). A good agreement is achieved between the measured nonlinear dispersion and that obtained through the Kramers–Kronig relations.
Third order nonlinear optical interactions in thin films of poly‐p‐phenylenebenzobisthiazole polymer investigated by picosecond and subpicosecond degenerate four wave mixing48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96464View Description Hide Description
The third order nonlinear optical susceptibility has been measured by degenerate four wave mixing in a 33‐μm‐thick biaxial film of a conjugated aromatic heterocyclic polymer, poly‐p‐phenylenebenzobisthiazole, commonly known as PBT, which has a very high mechanical strength due to its rigid rod conformation as well as environmental stability and a high laser damage threshold. For the first time, the response of the optical nonlinearity in the π‐electron conjugated system has been experimentally verified to be in subpicoseconds. The value of χ( 3 ) is found to be about an order of magnitude larger than that of CS2. The measurement at two different wavelengths suggests that they are nonresonant χ( 3 ) values. The measured anisotropy of χ( 3 ) as a function of angular orientation at two different sets of laser polarization is explained by using the tensor properties of χ( 3 ) in an anisotropic medium.
Continuous tunability in three‐terminal coupled‐cavity lasers48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96465View Description Hide Description
The continuous tunability of various coupled‐cavity semiconductor lasers has been investigated. Monolithic etched groove and cleaved coupled cavity (C 3) geometries are included. Using a special method of modulating the laser currents, appreciable tuning ranges have been achieved (∼8 Å) without mode hops. Also, electronic tuning of a laser with no amplitude variation is illustrated. A tuning range of 4 Å with <5% AM depth is observed. Review of the theory and a comparison of the different laser geometries are included.
A simple method for computing the relativistic Compton scattering kernel for radiative transfer48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96466View Description Hide Description
The Klein–Nishina differential cross section averaged over a relativistic Maxwellian electron distribution is analytically reduced to a single integral, which can then be rapidly evaluated in a variety of ways. This is, to our knowledge, the first correct computation of the Compton scattering kernel.
Anode‐temperature dependence of ion beam turn‐on time in magnetically insulated pulsed ion diodes48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96467View Description Hide Description
The temperature effect of anodedielectric materials on ion beam turn‐on time is examined in a magnetically insulated pulsed ion diode. It is observed that the turn‐on time decreased with temperature increase. This effect may be explained by a simple model in which electrons bombard the anode surface to generate desorbed and evaporated gas and trigger surface flashover to produce an anodeplasma.
Epitaxial growth of LiInSe2 on {111}A oriented GaP by a hot wall technique48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.97010View Description Hide Description
LiInSe2films were grown on GaP substrates using a hot wall technique. Reflection high‐energy electron diffraction analysis showed that LiInSe2, having a β‐NaFeO2 (wurtzitelike) structure,grows epitaxially on a 〈111〉A oriented GaP at substrate temperatures ranging from 360 to 400 °C and at the wall temperature of 650 °C with the compensation of Se. The crystalline quality of the epitaxial layers on substrates was investigated by Rutherford backscattering(RBS). The depth profile of RBS‐aligned spectrum showed the relative low minimum yield of backscattered particles except for that near the interface. Auger electron spectroscopy measurements showed that the atomic concentration ratio of Se and In in films was 2.
Artifacts in transmission electron microscope images of artificially layered metallic superlattices48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96468View Description Hide Description
Both uniform and irregular artificially layered superlattice structures can exhibit a variety of misleading image artifacts in transmission electron microscopy when the layer normal is not perpendicular to the beam direction. These include apparent ''layer dislocations,'' and the origins of these and other artifacts, as observed in Cu/NiPd superlattices, are discussed.
p‐n junction formation using laser induced donors in silicon48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96982View Description Hide Description
The generation of high concentration defect‐related donor states during laser annealing of silicon with surface melting is found. Using these donors, p‐n junctions are fabricated on p‐type silicon substrate and good diode characteristics are obtained. Oxygen concentration increase in the laser annealed region is observed and suggests that the laser induced donors may be oxygen related. However, these donors are not oxygen thermal donors generally produced at moderate temperatures (<500 °C), because they are not annihilated by annealing at 650 °C. The present method provides for simple, low‐temperature p‐n junction formation without the addition of dopants. This method will be applicable to device fabrication on processed wafers without disturbing pre‐existing device characteristics.
Hot‐electron induced interface traps in metal/SiO2/Si capacitors: The effect of gate‐induced strain48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96983View Description Hide Description
It is shown that the generation of interface traps by Fowler–Nordheim injection, like those generated by ionizing radiation, is a function of the mechanical strain at the silicon‐silicon dioxide interface. However, because of the current enhancement at the edge of a metal‐oxide‐semiconductor gate when the gate serves as the hot‐electron injector, this phenomenon may only be evident when the device is stressed with the gate biased positively. It is also shown that the capture rate of electrons in the silicon dioxide depends on the strain in the film.
High pressure dry oxidation kinetics of silicon—evidence of a highly stressed SiO2 structure48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96984View Description Hide Description
The kinetics of monocrystalline siliconoxidation using dry oxygen have been investigated over a wide range of pressure (14<P<1000 bars) within a low‐temperature domain (600<T <780 °C). In this unexplored domain, the linear and parabolic rate constants are dependent on the pressure as B/A∼P 0.7 and B∼P. The activation energy of B/A (1.70 eV) is lower than the experimental values observed in conventional thermal oxidation. Very high residual stress values have been found for these oxides together with high values of refractive index suggesting that the oxidation proceeded under compressive in‐grown stresses.
Charge‐density fluctuations and spatial modulation of heavy‐ and light‐hole‐like character in GaAs‐AlGaAs(001) superlattices48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96985View Description Hide Description
We have used local pseudopotentials with spin‐orbit coupling to illustrate some of the effects occurring in GaAs‐AlGaAs (001) superlattices as a result of fluctuations in the widths of the layers. Full account is taken of the microscopic superlattice potential, and states associated with the principal as well as secondary band minima are presented. It is shown that fluctuations of only one monolayer can lead to a c o m p l e t e transfer of probability density into the lowest Γ‐related symmetry‐induced state. This also applies to states associated with the secondary band minima confined in the hot‐electron range of energies. We also show that small fluctuations in layer width can be used to achieve a tunable spatial modulation of heavy‐ and light‐hole‐like character within the s a m esuperlattice state. We discuss some of the implications of our results for band structure engineering.
Vapor phase epitaxial growth and characterization of InP on GaAs48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96986View Description Hide Description
Crystal growth of InP on GaAs by vapor phase epitaxy is reported. It is demonstrated that good quality InPepitaxial layers with featureless surface morphology can be grown on GaAs substrate. Carrier concentration profile and Hall mobility measurements from as‐grown n‐type InP layers show that its doping behavior and mobility are similar to those grown on InP substrates. The results are encouraging for the development of devices utilizing InP/GaAs heterojunctions and the use of bulk GaAs as an alternative substrate to bulk InP for the epitaxialgrowth of InP and related compounds.
Transistor action in novel GaAs/W/GaAs structures48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96987View Description Hide Description
Structures containing thin polycrystalline layers of W embedded in essentially single crystal GaAs have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The W layers exhibit resistivities of 90–300 μΩ cm and Schottky barriers to both substrate and overgrown GaAs. The structures can act as metal gate transistors with β of 0.2–1.4 and α of 0.4–0.6. These are the first reported metal gate transistors in the III‐V materials and the first using a nonepitaxial base and laterally seeded overgrowth. The use of a nonepitaxial base represents a degree of freedom which may be usefully exploited in a wide class of materials systems and may be important for the development of future metal gate transistors, especially in III‐V materials.
Dislocation reduction in epitaxial GaAs on Si(100)48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96988View Description Hide Description
We have studied the nucleation and propagation of threading dislocations in GaAs on Si epitaxial layers, and have found several techniques which are effective in reducing their density. The use of substrates properly tilted off (100) reduces the dislocation density as the presence of steps helps create perfect edge dislocations with their Burgers vector parallel to the interface and thus do not propagate into the bulk epitaxial layer. Cross sections by transmission electron microscopy show that the incorporation of an InGaAs/GaAs strained‐layer superlattice reduces the density of threading dislocations above it by a factor of 10, clearly demonstrating the effectiveness of this technique. These methods lead to a dislocation density of 103 cm− 2 near the surface of 2 μm layers which is five orders of magnitude lower than what has been obtained previously. We have also found that the density of oval defects is much lower for GaAs on Si than for GaAs on GaAs.
Pulsed CO2 laser etching of polyimide48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96989View Description Hide Description
Etching of thin polyimide films in air was investigated using a line tunable, pulsed CO2 laser. The threshold fluence for etching at a wavelength of 944 cm− 1 (10.6 μm) exceeds that at 1087 cm− 1 (9.2 μm) by a factor of 4. This is consistent with the infrared absorptionspectrum which shows polyimide to be significantly more absorbing at 1087 cm− 1. As a result, etching at 1087 cm− 1 produces a cleaner, more precisely defined region. Analysis of the vapors generated during laser etching shows the simple gases CO2, H2O, and CO to be present.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy on surface oxidation of silicon by some cleaning procedures48(1986); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96990View Description Hide Description
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyzesiliconsurfaces after some standard cleaning procedures. Buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF), RCA clean, and back door etch (BDE) result in less than one monolayer of suboxide coverage. RCA clean without BHF, heat treatment in nitrogen ambience, and prolonged explosure to air at room temperature all result in thicker self‐passivating suboxides. Wafers with arsenic ion implantation yield thicker oxides even immediately after BHF or BDE clean. Arsenic ion implantation also causes an additional chemical shift of 0.3 eV on the Si 2p peak. The possible causes for these observations are discussed.


text:
Sanger Learning Center
Beauford H Jester Center, Room A332
201 E. 21st St. D7300
Austin, TX 78705-5695
Phone: 512-471-3614 | Fax: 512-475-6838
The staff of the Supplemental Instruction program is just as focused on your professional development as an instructor as we are on the intellectual and skills development of our undergraduates.
Supplemental Instruction lets you get into the classroom, engage undergraduates in active learning, and begin developing your own teaching philosophy and portfolio for the job market. As an SI leader, you will
Graduate coordinators and departmental SI supervisors recruit graduate-level SI leaders through each department's email list. Sanger Learning Center solicits interested applicants when spring and fall TA assignments are made. In some departments, supervisors recruit qualified undergraduates directly. SI leaders typically receive an additional $1450.00 per semester in addition to their base TA salaries.


text:
External Web sites
Britannica Web sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- Jessica Ennis - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(born 1986). British track and field athlete Jessica Ennis won the heptathlon at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, England. In the first of the seven events, the 100-meter hurdles, Ennis sprang from the blocks last but passed the field to win in 12.54 seconds, a world heptathlon record and a British 100-meter hurdles record. She lost the lead only once-when Lithuania's Austra Skujyte set a heptathlon shot put record to move into first place-but she responded with a personal-best time of 22.83 seconds in the 200-meter race to finish the first day with a lead she never again relinquished. In the final heat of the 800 meters, the last event, Ennis crossed the finish line with the best time of the day and a gold-medal-winning score of 6,955 points.


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To the Editor.—
In the editorial (222:827-828, 1972), "Cardiac Toxicity of Aerosol Propellants," Silverglade defended the safety of fluorocarbon propellants when used properly in asthmatic patients. Statements that failure to reproduce the cardiac toxicity in animals as originally reported by Taylor and Harris (214:81, 1970) have been criticized by Harris (223:1508, 1973). This communication supplements Harris' comments and points to potential danger of these propellants in susceptible individuals.An important and excellent study by Flowers and Horan (219:33, 1972) showed the cardiac toxicity of the propellants to be prolonged and lethal. Eight dogs, despite the stopping of exposure to the propellants at the earliest detectable moment of sinus slowing and the reinstitution of artificial ventilation, died once the cardiac abnormal sequence began. This, of course, supports many investigations from the Harris' laboratory.The rapid elimination, short halflives, and hence the unlikelihood of accumulation of the propellants in animals and humans
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All reconditioned tools are inspected, tested, and cleaned by manufacturer trained technicians. They are then repackaged and distributed to our warehouse ready for sale – just like new!
Enjoy an average savings of 20-30% compared to new tools. Reconditioned tools are distributed to dealers like CPO after passing multiple inspections – allowing us to sell to you at amazing prices!
Along with the full manufacturer warranty, CPO backs all reconditioned tool purchases with a 60 day money back guarantee. We want you to have peace of mind with every order.
|14.25 in.
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|1.8 lbs.
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|2 lbs.
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First Look at DC Rebirth Designs For Bizarro, Red Robin, Batman Beyond & More
Comic Books
All-Day Event!
Cartoonist, writer, and editor Harvey Kurtzman (1924-1993) was the founding editor and creator of the most important comics satire magazine in twentieth century America - MAD. He later founded the satire publications TRUMP, HUMBUG, and HELP!, and co-created Little Annie Fanny for PLAYBOY, considered the most lavish comic strip ever published. Kurtzman was described by The New York Times as having been "one of the most important figures in postwar America."
Society of Illustrators
128 East 63rd St
New York, NY 10065
More Info: http://www.societyillustrators.org/The-Museum/2013/Harvey-Kurtzman/The-Art-of-Harvey-Kurtzman.aspx
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H.S. TENNIS: Scranton and Delaware Valley advance to District 2 Class AAA semifinals
Scranton continued its run to the District 2-4 Class AAA boys tennis subregional semifinals.
With wins by Dhruv Patel in three sets and Kanish Amin in singles the fifth-seeded Knights defeated No. 4 Pittston Area, 4-1, on Monday in the first round of the playoffs.
Scranton (12-4), which posted a win over Wallenpaupack in a play-in match last week, advances to face top-seeded Abington Heights (14-0) this morning in a Class AAA semifinal at 11 a.m. at Kirby Park.
In the win over Pittston Area, the Knights also got wins from Prerack Patel-Harsh R. Patel and Akash Patel-Sam Shah, who swept the doubles matches.
Scranton 4, Pittston Area 1
Singles: Trent Woodriff (PA) over Dipam Shah, 6-4, 6-7 (6), 6-3; Dhruv Patel (SCR) over Tyler Woodruff, 6-1, 4-6, 7-6 (3); Kanish Amin (SCR) over Jeremy Homschek, 7-5, 6-4.
Doubles: Prerack Patel-Harsh R. Patel (SCR) over Suraj Pursnani-Terry Bringgs, 3-6, 6-2, 6-2; Akash Patel-Sam Shah (SCR) over Christian Charney-Jonathan Durling, 6-1, 6-0.
Records: SCR 12-4, PA 9-3.
Del. Valley 4, Williamsport 0
At Delaware Valley, Andrew Neidig, Carl Pallini and Dan Kurtzman won their singles matches in straight sets to lead the Warriors to the victory in the District 2-4 Class AAA first round, eliminating Williamsport, the District 4 representative.
Delaware Valley (13-2), the defending champion, will play Crestwood (10-1) today at 11 a.m. at Kirby Park in the semifinals.
The championship final is scheduled for today at 2 p.m.
Singles: Andrew Neidig (DV) over Nick Mecle, 6-2, 6-0; Carl Pallini (DV) over Justin Smith, 6-0, 6-4; Dan Kurtzman (DV) over Ben Jennsen, 6-0, 6-0.
Doubles: Devin Paulinson-Mauricio Cuartero (DV) vs. Tanner Ettinger-Richard He (WIL), 6-1, 4-2 (retired); Tyler Casey-Alex Smashnov (DV) over Israel Temple-Jon Lubokosky, 6-1, 6-3.
Records: DV 13-2, WIL 8-7.
Class AA
On Monday, Dallas defeated Berwick, 4-1, to advance to this afternoon's semifinals.
Dallas (8-4) will play top-seeded Wyoming Seminary (12-0) at 12:30 p.m. in one semifinal.
Third-seeded Holy Cross (10-5) will play No. 2 Scranton Prep (13-1) at 12:30 p.m.
Both semifinal matches will be played at Kirby Park following the Class AAA semifinals. The championship final will be played at 3 p.m.
Contact the writer: firstname.lastname@example.com @sportsTT on Twitter
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Black Veil Brides No Gods Wristband
Official Band Merch
(approx. $6.59 or €5.86)
- Out of Stock - Product Discontinued
- Product Type: Wristband
- Product Code: 70412
Fast Delivery by Royal Mail (3-5 Days)
Product Info
Inverted crosses and bright green font make up this awesome wristband from Black Veil Brides. A great accessory for any fan of the 'In The End' hit makers, this wristband will go with any outfit and make the perfect addition to your gig wardrobe! 100% Official.
Why Our Customers Love Us:
"Excellent quality and delivered within a few days"
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First time I've shopped with Grindstore... won't be the last. Great choice of products, the item I purchased was excellent quality and delivered within a few days. I will definitely be buying from this company again and I would happily recommend them to anyone.
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Fast reliable service top quality goods at a nice price. Easy to use Web page will be using again and recommend to family and friends.
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Betterman - Metamorphosis (DVD 2 of 6)
Title: Betterman - Metamorphosis
Volume: DVD 2 / 6
Running time: 125
Distributor: Bandai Entertainment
Release date: 2004-04-13
Suggested retail price: $19.98
Age rating: 13+
Reunited with his childhood friend Hinoki, Keita has joined the battle against Algernon as a Head Diver in the Kakuseijin No. 1, a multi-purpose state-of-the-art mecha. Danger abounds as the Akamatsu team travel around the world in search of Algernon. Meanwhile, Betterman continues to monitor the Akamatsu team's progress and comes to the rescue on more than one occasion. But Betterman has secrets that no one has even guessed. Will discovering them cost the Akamatsu team their lives?
Contains 5 episodes.
DVD Features: Textless Ending, Mode Warp File 2, Production Art Gallery, reversable foil cover, Previews.
Spoken Languages: English, Japanese, English subtitles.
(added on 2002-04-12, modified on 2013-05-21)
- Encyclopedia information about Betterman (TV)


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Youthful Lip Retinol Serum is a water-based serum that contains minimal hydrating ingredients, but is fragrance-free. If you're looking for a well-packaged retinol product that doesn't shortchange your skin of this ingredient, here it is. The problem and reason this serum is rated AVERAGE is that it's one-note. As good as retinol is for wrinkles and aging skin, it's not the only ingredient you need. We'd urge you to consider other retinol products that contain a range of beneficial anti-aging ingredients so you get even better results!
(based on 1 review)
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Good for dry lips
By Jane F.
from undisclosed
Comments about Pevonia Botanica Youthful Lip Retinol Serum:
This is the best thing for my dry lips. It is very expensive though which is why I did not rate it higher for value. I never knew it had RETINOL in it. Would have been nice if they had said so I could have been using more SPF block on my lips. If it gets over onto my chin too often I get breakouts so keep it on the lips if you have oily skin.
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Reduce wrinkles and smooth for a more youthful lip contour.
Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Retinol, Polysorbate 20, Sodium Citrate, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Carbomer, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Sodium Chloride.
Pevonia Botanica At-A-Glance
Strengths: One outstanding eye cream and retinol product for lips; a couple of very good cleansers and toners; products don't take everything-but-kitchen-sink approach to ingredients.
Weaknesses: Pervasive use of irritating synthetic and natural ingredients; no sunscreens included as part of daytime skin-care routine; sole sunscreen contains sensitizing preservative; no skin-lightening or BHA options; lack of effective options to manage acne; jar packaging; hokey claims that don't have substantiated proof.
Pevonia is a spa/salon line of skin-care products that has been around since 1991 and, like countless other spa lines, speaks of its unification of natural ingredients with advanced scientific technology. Its vast range of products showcases all manner of gimmicky ingredients, including caviar, numerous essential oils, marine DNA, and products said to oxygenate skin. Many of their products make mention of being triphase and homogenized. Although that may make them sound special, those terms are common to cosmetics chemists involved in mixing various ingredients. For example, many moisturizers (and emulsions in general) have multiple phases as they are being manufactured. One phase gets a certain blend of ingredients, those are mixed, and then the next phase is added. Hardly anything to brag about.
You may hear aestheticians selling Pevonia products speak of the outstanding results the products provide, all due to the company's fastidious selection of holistic, natural ingredients. It can be a spellbinding speech, but the reality is that many of the natural ingredients Pevonia uses (including lemon oil and arnica) are documented problems for skin, and many synthetic ingredients are included and some are also problematic. Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate and methylisothiazolinone aren't the least bit natural, and their inclusion in these products is further proof that Pevonia's self-proclaimed title of skin-care leaders in the spa industry is on par with McDonald's spearheading vegetarianism. Of course, the overall message is to not let yourself get caught up in any cosmetic company's grandstanding until you have examined the proof behind the proclamations.
As expected, not everything is plant-infused smoke and mirrors with Pevonia. They deserve credit for their mostly succinct ingredient lists and do have a handful of remarkable products that are, surprisingly, fragrance-free. This is definitely a line to shop very carefully, and note that none of their routines are recommended because not a single one of them has a group of problem-free products (and all of them omit sunscreen, yet several products claim to offer UV protection, which is dishonest and misleading).
For more information about Pevonia, call (800) 446-3751 or visit www.pevonia.com.
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We offers various courses in Yoga, Ayurveda, Meditation and Intensives..
200 Hrs (AYTTC) Ayur Yoga Teacher Training Course Dates at Rishikesh for 2016 - 17. Admissions open :
200 Hrs Yoga Alliance Yoga Teacher Training Course Dates at Rishikesh for 2016 - 17. Admissions open :
The school also imparts various other Yoga courses by expert trainers & instructors, that include :
Our in-house Ayurveda center; Ayuskama Ayurveda offers various ayurveda courses :
Learn Yoga and Ayurveda with Ayur Yoga School. One of the premium yoga schools offering Yoga Alliance USA registered Yoga Teacher Training Course (YTTC) & Ayur Yoga Teacher Training Course (AYTTC) in Rishikesh, India. To spread the sacred knowledge of Ayurveda and Yoga, we offer Ayurveda Courses, Ayurveda Panchakarma treatments and teach conventional Hatha & Asthanga Yogasans.
We are a registered institute for Yoga teacher training and Ayurveda courses in India. Our courses are delivered by expert yoga gurus and Ayurveda charyas having years of experience in this field. The school has courses designed for novice learners as well as for those seeking advance levels in Yoga and Ayurveda.


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- 169Promote
Art Print
love letterby PandaGunda
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
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Oh it's on the front page again ! Thank you ao much everyone and society6 :)
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This really draws me in. Phenomenal!
Very neat - love the energy in this one. Fantastic work, I'm a big fan!
Amazing design!
elegant piece
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Another Cool from me.
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $0.17 (5% off)
Great baking soda!
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I use for allkalysing the body! Exellent taste and soluble great in water!
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I use with toothpaste for a cleaner clean, to deodorize laundry and with lemon for scouring pans!
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Bob's Red Mill-(Aluminum & Gluten Free)-Baking Soda Customer Review
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I like this baking soda, because it has a very fine texture, and it's not too rough. I also like it, because it's aluminum and gluten free. Over and above, this is a very high quality, product.
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Because I'm taking this to alkalize my system, I wanted a top of the line product, especially one without aluminum.
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Posted by From-the-Inside-Out on Mar 07, 2009
Guaranteed aluminum free...the way to go.


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Artist: X-Perience
Album: Take Me Home
Genre: Pop
Take Me Home
We Are What We Are
I wan´t to play a melody
i want to sing a song
come, sing it with me
a sweet melody
We want to shout it out
that we are going to be free
come sing it with me
we´re going to be free
Open your eyes
and you will realize
we are what we are
we´re going to fight
to fight for our right
we are what we are
we want to feel like beeing free
free as a bird can be
it´s only a dream
but dreams can come true
we want to leave the bad times
we leave everything behind
we leave everything behind
and we sing
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Posted by gerbs
I would like to see/hear that. Coldplay is an interesting choice. I'd like to see them try to do Billie Jean acappella. When I look at acappella as a whole and the "vocalese" style popularized by Manhattan Transfer (which is also the name of their most commercially successful record, earning 12 grammy nods, second only to Thriller for most nominations) it has more or less always felt to me that this style of music was practically invented to play existing music. This is the definition of the vocalese style. I don't think they did much, if any original material, although John Hendricks, who wrote all the lyrics for that album, has written a lot of original stuff, and is one of the masters who has been around a long time. I think it was this record that drew my attention to this music, around 1985. Manhattan Transfer were absolutley brilliant live when the played the Saratoga Jazz festivals.
How much of acappella as a whole is in this style I really have no idea. It's hard for me to name too much original stuff other than "Don't Worry, Be Happy" and Hendricks' work, but I'm sure it's out there. It does seem that it's popularity is growing faster than ever, (how many tv shows can we have?) there are now dozens of acappella groups with insane talent who all want to be on the Sing Off. Since I know I can't sing but have an intense love of playing and listening to music, acappella has a special place for me. This is from someone who's collection is probably 65% instrumental music. It's almost a jealousy. Playing an instrument is one thing. Singing without the accompaniment of instruments is a whole other universe. There is almost nothing cooler than being in public somewhere and at random having a bunch of people who can really sing just bust into song from out of nowhere like they're on a stage or live tv. Gives me goosebumps if they can really belt it out spontaneously. That takes cajones. But, and this is a HUGE but, if you don't already know the song they are singing, do you care? It doesn't resonate, you don't know where it's going, what it means, it's got no context. This is why, IMHO, there isn't much original acapella music that makes the charts or gets any real exposure. Then again, you could say that about any original music at some level.
I never sang in public, anywhere, and for good reason, but I keep trying in the privacy of my own home, and only if no one else is within earshot. I'll have to see if I can find Street Corner Symphony. And maybe I'll have to give sing off another chance. . Maybe I'm crazy, but I think "No Such Thing" by John Mayer would be an excellent choice for the sing off. This is the best live solo version of that song that I know of (it's not acappella) but it's very good. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAS4YnWewG8
What song would you most like to see/hear done acappella (new thread anyone?)


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A Luxury Train in India – Maharajas' Express
- by Matt Watts
Maharajas' Express is the latest addition in the fleet of luxury trains in India. This is the only luxury train in India which take the guests on a pan-Indian odyssey on board a regal abode. Maharajas' Express, dubbed as Indias equivalent to the Orient Express of Europe, is owned by the Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation. This Indian luxury train offers a royal ride and features state of the art amenities like Wi-Fi internet, Plasma TVs, DVD players and individual climate control. The train also houses 2 restaurants and a bar along with a high-end boutique where guest can buy mementos as a rememberance of one of the most luxurious rail journeys in the world.
- Contemporary Home in Mumbai by Space Dynamix
- Residence in Khandala
- Pool House by 42mm Architecture
- Narnia Residence by Jose Anand
- Villa in Meenakshi Bamboos by MORIQ
- Laucala Island Resort in Fiji
- Mehr House by Krishnan+Parvez+Architects
- House 2413 by Charged Voids
- Luxury Apartment by Callender Howorth
- Coastal Miami by SLC Interiors


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HRPA is committed to keeping its members at the forefront of HR thought leadership through HR Professional magazine, surveys, proprietary research, HR law updates, HR tools, podcasts and much more.
HRPA's powerful online HR knowledge base gives members instant access to the HR information and resources you need to do your job and succeed in your career.
Several times a year we explore ways in which the practice of human resources is changing, whether because of macroeconomic or geopolitical influences, application of new and game-changing technologies, or advancements in our understanding of human behaviour. Here is some of our recent work:
Free book download from the HR Certification Institute. Produced in collaboration with Dave Ulrich, this new anthology features essays from some of the best and most experienced HR leaders who examine how the HR profession has changed over the past decade and assesses how HR practitioners must live up to and extend expectations of our profession's growing and evolving role in the 21st century workplace.
Human capital-related thought leadership from the Chartered Global Management Accountants (CGMA) and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.
As outlined in the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Ontario workplaces are subject to a number of requirements in order to meet their legal obligations. To assist with compliance, we have partnered with the Public Services Health and Safety Association to bring you additional health and safety resources listed below. Should you have any questions in regards to health and safety or the resources on this page, please contact your consultant today.


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MINISTRY OVERVIEW: Margery Link is the pastoral care coordinator and head chaplain at Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital. She provides spiritual and emotional support to patients and their families, and to the hospital staff. On call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, Margery and her staff minister to people in times of crisis. She also conducts prayer meetings for the hospital staff. Her ministry provides comfort to those who suffer, and she is privileged every year to see many patients and their family members turn to Christ.
Saturday - 5:30 & 7:10pm
Sunday - 9:00 & 10:45am*
*Interpreting for the deaf
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Admission: $1 per doll
Meeting Place: Meeting Room
Have you ever wanted to make your own corn husk doll? Park Interpreter Maggie shows you how today in the meeting room.
Explore Village Creek State Park with our helpful maps and brochures! Just click on an icon to view, or right-click on your mouse to save a
copy to your computer.


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text: Ran into a hurdle trying to get the front wheel off to change a flat on my 69 raleigh sports. Loosened the two front bolts but it doesnt want to come off. I spent alot of time looking on how to remove one of theses on google but nothing comes up, just a bunch of tutorials on how to twist off a quick release.. pretty annoying


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Directs and oversees the activities of the engine room regarding the mechanical operations, repair and maintenance functions for the vessel by performing the following duties personally:
Essential Functions:
Additional Responsibilities:
Performs other similar or related duties as requested or assigned.
Extensive seafood of related industry experience preferred. Four to ten years related experience and/or training; or equivalent combination of education and experience.
Certificates, Licenses, Registrations:
Appropriate licenses/permits of trade (e.g., CG license of appropriate horsepower. STCW endorsement, etc.) when required.
Catcher boats and Factory Trawlers:
Processing vessels:
** Subject to random selection drug screens as required by USCG.
Special Training/Skills:
Ability to read, analyze, and interpret general business periodicals, professional journals, technical procedures, or governmental regulations. Ability to write reports, business correspondence, and procedure manuals. Ability to effectively present information and respond to questions from groups of managers, clients, customers, and the general public. Ability to work with mathematical concepts such as probability and statistical inference, and fundamentals of plane and solid geometry and trigonometry. Ability to apply concepts such as fractions, percentages, ratios, and proportions to practical situations. To perform this job successfully, an individual should have knowledge of email, spreadsheet software, word processing software and presentation software.
Work Environment:
While performing the duties of this Job, the employee is regularly exposed to wet and/or humid conditions and moving mechanical parts. The employee is frequently exposed to outside weather conditions. The employee is occasionally exposed to high, precarious places; fumes or airborne particles; toxic or caustic chemicals; extreme cold; risk of electrical shock and vibration. The noise level in the work environment is usually loud.
Physical Demands:
While performing the duties of this Job, the employee is regularly required to stand; walk; use hands to finger, handle, or feel and reach with hands and arms. The employee is frequently required to climb or balance. The employee is occasionally required to sit; stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl and talk or hear. The employee must regularly lift and /or move up to 25 pounds, frequently lift and/or move up to 50 pounds and occasionally lift and/or move up to 75 pounds. Specific vision abilities required by this job include distance vision and peripheral vision.
Mental Activities:
While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to Read, speak, write and understand English and use customer service skills. The employee is frequently required to utilize interpersonal, teamwork, decision making skills, creativity, independent judgment, discretion, problem analysis, and supervision skills.
Trident Seafoods is an Equal Opportunity Employer: Affirmative Action – Minority, Female, Disability, Veteran


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|YMCA MCA 2015 Entrance Exam Date has been announced. Detailed notification will be announced shortly. Often visit this page for regular updates.
YMCA University Entrance Exam 2015
The YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, erstwhile, 'YMCA Institute of Engineering, Faridabad' was established in the year 1969, as a joint venture of the National Council of YMCAs of India, Govt of Haryana and the Central Agencies for Development Aid, Bonn, Germany. It started as an Indo – German project with an aim to impart Technical Education to a developing India on German pattern. YMCA University offers Post Graduate course as Master of Computer Applications ( MCA ).
- YMCA 2015 Exam Date : 21st May, 2015 to 23rd May, 2015
YMCA University Application Form
- YMCA 2015 Application Form
YMCA University Seats Distribution
- YMCA 2015 Seats Distribution
- YMCA 2015 Result Date : 05th & 15th July, 2015
YMCA University MCA Question Paper
- YMCA Sample Question Papers
mca entrance exam - ymca university -


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"The Best Place on Earth!"
Home of the
East York Dragons
Dr. Mary Beth Grove
701 Erlen Drive
York, PA 17402
Office: 717-885-1240
Fax: 717-885-1241
All COMMUNITY FLYERS can be found on the "For Parents" tab of the YSSD website. Please check this page regularly for updates.
October Dragon's EYE 2013
November Dragon's EYE 2013
December Dragon's EYE 2013
January Dragon's EYE 2014
February Dragon's EYE 2014
March Dragon's EYE 2014
April Dragon's EYE 2014
May Dragon's EYE 2014
September Dragon's EYE 2014
October/November Dragon's EYE 2014
December Dragon's EYE 2014
January Dragon's EYE 2015
February Dragon's EYE 2015
May Dragon's EYE 2015
September 2015
October 2015
November 2015
December 2015
January 2016
February 2016
March 2016
April 2016
May 2016
5th Grade Students will be able to bring their own electronic devices to school! Click here for more information.
(click here for details)
Cookie decorating fun
Girls on the Run participated in the "Race Against Racism" on April 30
Miles in the Morning
The students at East York collected pennies during the month of April in our Kindness House to purchase food to donate to our local food bank. With the $100 we collected, we were able to purchase 47 items of food and have Walmart match that with 47 free meals as part of their Fight Hunger, Spark Change campaign!
PA State Representative Stan Saylor visited third grade
Students enjoying their "Red Hot Award" on a sunny Spring day in our courtyard
Our fourth grade ELL class had fun learning about the water cycle and performed a Reader's Theater about it!
Mrs. Biser's class perform at Middle School Multicultural Festival
PTO Family Bingo & Dinner
K'Nex Stem Challenge
THANK YOU Artist Justin Ayala!
Every year, code.org hosts a week-long event called "Hour of Code." The purpose of this event is to foster student interest in computer coding. The events have received much press and media attention, with Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, and even President Obama promoting participation. York Suburban School District hosted its own Hour of CODE event during the week of December 5-12. "The Hour of Code is a global movement reaching tens of millions of students in 180+ countries." Student engagement was at an all-time high while writing code, and they may continue to access coding activities on our For Student Tab at www.yssd.org.
Check out http://hourofcode.com/us for more information.
Extreme Pogo Assembly December 15, 2015, our award for a successful fundraiser
Extreme Pogo Assembly
Click on link below for information on the Family Fun Night/Secret Holiday Gift Shop/Mosaic Mural Dedication Ceremony on Friday, December 18, 2015
Family Fun Night/Mosaic Mural Dedication Flyer
Secret Holiday Gift Shop
Mrs. Biser's class made placemats for the cafeteria tables for our Thanksgiving dinner
Spike "S" Reward "Game Day"
Students collected Box Tops and voted for their favorite song to be played at lunch time. The winner was "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae) by Silento. Dr. Grove had a blast leading the students dancing to the song.
Box Top for Education Reward
Our Mosaic Mural in progress. All students and staff will be placing a tile on the mural.
Officer Altland also placed a tile on our mural.
The mural is expected to be completed in December.
Our students and staff are enjoying getting their turn to put a tile on the mural.
Mosaic Mural Kick Off Assembly
PSBA congratulates the winners of this year's Poster Contest!
Students in grades 2-5 were invited to submit posters responding to the theme "What the future of learning looks like to me." Many of the entries were displayed in the Chocolate Lobby of The Hershey Lodge & Convention Center during the PASA-PSBA School Leadership Conference held Oct. 13-16. Winners Ethan Yon and Sophia Scalet, third-graders, and Daniel Paz and Veronica Mina, fourth-graders, all from East York Elementary School in York Suburban SD (York Co.), each received a certificate and a $100 prize.
East York Students Enter Poster Contest
The East York art room is proud to announce that seven East York students have entered the PA School Board Association Poster contest. Each student created a poster which shows their own vision of the future of education in PA. Artwork will be collected throughout the state and displayed at the upcoming PSBA conference and two students from each grade level will be selected as winners. Good Luck to each of our contestants: Garrett Geib, Ethan Yon, Sophia Scalet , Daniel Paz, Veronica Mina, Carson Lehman, and Charlotte Smith.
Please click on the link below for a Parent information letter regarding 2015 PSSA Assessment.
PSSA Letter
Attention Parents/Guardians: This Online Back-to-School Packet contains important information that all parents/guardians and students need to review and complete prior to the first day of school.
Be sure to scroll to the bottom of this window to complete Sections 1 through 5.
Welcome Back!
1. Update Infinite Campus:
Please go to Infinite Campus and update the contact information for your household and each student's health history information.
2. Please click on each link below to review each document:
Student Handbook (read)
Appendix A
Code of Student Conduct (read)
Appendix B
Acceptable Use Policy (read)
Electronic Device Policy (read)
Appendix C
Supply List
Appendix D
Medication Form (Required if your child needs to take medication at school.)
3. After you have reviewed each document above:
Click here for the Parent Sign-Off Sheet
*Check the appropriate boxes
*Complete the fields at the bottom
*SIGN the form
*Return this form on the first day of school, and NO LATER THAN Friday, August 21, 2015
Please note: If you have multiple children in one building, simply change the student information at the bottom and reprint the form without starting over.
4. Please scroll down for additional documents:
Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIPS) (optional)
Free & Reduced Lunch Information and Application (optional) - A Free & Reduced Lunch Application must be completed each year in order to be eligible for Free & Reduced Lunch.
K12 Payment Center - Online meal payment and purchase monitoring (review) - When you first add your child(ren), the balance will be zero, since the balance is not pulled from our point of sale system until a transaction occurs. The correct balance will appear within 24 hrs.
Elementary School Meal Prices
for 2015-16
Breakfast $1.40
Lunch $2.20
Click here to see what's for lunch on your computer or download the app to your mobile device by scanning the code below.
5. You are finished!
Please remember to turn in all documents that you've printed from Sections 1-4 above on the first day of school and no later than Friday, August 21, 2015.
Thank you.
Please click on the link below for school supplies needed for the 2015-2016 school year.
2016-2017 Supply Lists
May Dragon's EYE
02 PTO Zumba Thon
03 Miles in the Morning 7:50 am
05 Miles in the Morning 7:50 am
06 Gr 5 Field Trip to Gettysburg
09 Grade 5 visit to Middle School AM
Byrnes Health Center visit
Grade 5 PM
Columbia Gas Presentation for
Grade 4
10 Miles in the Morning 7:50 am
Spring Concert 9:15 am
EY T-Shirt Day
Chorus Practice for concert at
MS in the AM
Band/Strings Practice for concert
at MS in the PM
PTO Meeting 6:30 pm
11 Band/Strings Concert Practice
at MS in the AM
Chorus Concert Practice
at MS in the PM
12 Miles in the Morning 7:50 am
Gr 4 Field Trip to Reading Museum
Chorus perform at Eastminster
Church 2:00 pm
EY & IR Combined Spring Concert
7 pm at MS
13 Spirit Day: Wear Orange & Black
Orange & Black Day at HS
Gr 4 AM; Gr 5 PM
Wellness Night at the HS 6 pm
14 May Day 11 am - 3 pm
20 Spirit Day: Silly Socks Day
Orange & Black Raindate
5th Grade Social at MS 6-8 pm
23 Grade 2 to 3 Step-Up Day 9:15 am
Grade 5 Field Trip to Laser Alley
24 Summer Reading Program Assembly
Program/Martin Library
26 Awards Assembly 2 pm
27 Last day for students
Dismissal 1:15 pm
East York Dress Code Reminder
Students are expected to exercise good judgment in the selection of appropriate clothing throughout the school year. *If clothing is deemed inappropriate, the student will be asked to change into acceptable attire. Dress code expectations are as follows:
Thank you for your help in reinforcing the dress code expectations.
Free & Reduced
Meal Information
EAST YORK Back-to-School FAST FACTS
* Parents/Guardians: Be sure to complete the on-line back-to-school packet prior to the first day of school.
First day for Students: Wednesday, August 19, 2015
Do you need to register a student? Please contact Mr. Nick Staab, YSSD Office at 717-885-1131 to schedule an appointment.
Questions regarding student transportation? Please contact Durham Bus Company at 717-843-0520
Educational Trip Reminders:
Students may be excused from school attendance
for up to five (5) school days per year to participate
in educational tours or trips.
*Educational trips will not be approved the first
or last ten days of school or during PSSA testing
Trip forms are available in the office or on the district
website and must be submitted 10 days prior
to the trip.
Lunch Prices 2015-16: Elementary Lunch $2.20 Breakfast $1.40


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Online ISSN 1552-4485; Print ISSN 0033-569X
Laplace transform of products of Bessel functions: A visitation of earlier formulas
Abstract | References | Similar Articles | Additional Information
Abstract: This note deals with the Laplace transforms of integrands of the form , which are found in numerous fields of application. Specifically, we provide herein both a correction and a supplement to the list of integrals given in 1997 by Hanson and Puja, who in turn extended the formulas of Eason, Noble and Sneddon of 1956. The paper concludes with an extensive tabulation for particular cases and range of parameters.
Retrieve articles in Quarterly of Applied Mathematics with MSC (2010): 44-00, 44A10, 74-00
Retrieve articles in all journals with MSC (2010): 44-00, 44A10, 74-00
Additional Information


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Books, Movies, & More
From your favorite classics to the hottest new releases, author updates to award lists - Anythink has everything you need for your next great read.
- Check out ebooks and audiobooks or get help with ebooks and audiobooks
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- Join a book club and see what's being read at your local Anythink.
- Want to see what our Anythinkers are reading? Visit the I Love My Anythink group on Goodreads.com.


text: I have two laptops which are installed with Windows 7 operating system. Both the laptops work properly with internal wireless adapters but do not work with external wireless adapter connected to it. When the external wireless adapter is connected to the laptop, the system gives an error saying "Windows couldn't automatically bind the IP protocol stack to the network adapter". I cannot understand why I am getting such error when the external wireless adapter is connected to both the systems. The external wireless adapter which I am using is Linksys. So if anybody knows why the IP Protocol stack to wireless adapter binding fails on multiple Windows 7 systems


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Padres beats D'backs 4-1 for sixth straight win
It stayed that way until the eighth. Everth Cabrera opened the inning with his third single of the game and Chase Headley walked with two outs before Blanks hit a 1-2 pitch 379 feet into the left-field bleachers.
That gave Richard's his first win as a starter this season. He had a relief win earlier in the season.
"Clayton threw the ball well, look at the results," said Black. "I thought he had good command of his fastball, especially down in the strike zone. And he utilized his two-seam fastball with 89 to 90 velocity and got the good sliders and good sinking fastball."
NOTES: Padres OF Carlos Quentin remained out of the starting lineup with an ailing left shoulder. Black said that team orthopedic surgeon Heinz Hoenecke would evaluate Quentin during a game. ... Padres INF Jedd Gyorko, currently on the DL with a groin strain, will travel with the team to San Francisco on Monday and according to Black will do some hitting on the field and take ground balls. Black is hopeful he'll resume normal baseball activities by the end of the week. ... Arizona INF Aaron Hill (broken left hand) went 1-for-4 with an RBI Saturday in a rehab assignment for Triple-A Reno. ... Gibson said INF Eric Chavez (strained oblique) is a few weeks away from returning. ... RHP Brandon McCarthy will resume light throwing activities Monday. McCarthy has been on the disabled list since June 1 with right shoulder inflammation. Gibson said McCarthy's shoulder "feels good." ... The Padres will send RHP Edinson Volquez (5-5, 5.87 ERA) to the mound Monday against Giants LHP Barry Zito (4-5, 4.79). ... Arizona heads home to face Miami with LHP Patrick Corbin (9-0, 2.28) facing RHP Jacob Turner (1-0, 1.80).
The Associated Press


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Soil Science Teacher Resources
Find Soil Science educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 79 resources
Soil, Designer Soil: From Rainforests to the Prairie
Students explore the role and importance of soil in the ecosystem. In this Science and Social Studies lesson, students complete an experiment using various kinds of soil and clay and then examine how soil has a direct impact on our...
6th - 9th Science
Life Cycle Of Painted Lady Butterflies
The Very Hungry Caterpillar is the inspiration for this project-based learning activity. Kindergartners create a lifecycle chart for a butterfly with four sections: egg, caterpillar, pupa, and butterfly. It is a three-dimensional...
K - 1st English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
"Getting the Dirt" on Soil Use in My Community
In this soil use worksheet, students research soil use in their community and record their observation for 5 different locations. A 3x5 chart is provided to record location, soil use, and comments. Students then complete 10 short answer...
7th - Higher Ed Science