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Issue date: Tuesday, December 27, 1898
Pages available: 7
Previous edition: Saturday, December 24, 1898
Next edition: NA
Publication name: Waukesha Republican Freeman
Location: Waukesha, Wisconsin
Pages available: 659
Years available: 1888 - 1898Learn more about this publication
Republican-Freeman, The (Newspaper) - December 27, 1898, Waukesha, Wisconsin v'-. -A f PUBL t VII. DECEMBER 1898. NO. 68 Awarded Midwinter Fair. Grape Cream of Tartar Powder THE STANDARD. rirt'ivud u uoztjn canary .1 friend in Germany- and ..j for snlo. 1 have already JUKI if you de.-iireone you an at.once. B. St Waukesha. ft COUNTERFEITER kor. inoiii'.v ihul looks utht.-r irionev. i t' n uirn out very n There are f i-'H-riU'rlVit-' iff good t t duos nut to buy i shot-'.jj here means f.-t We have not a M in cur stock. -i jjet. VI.MU- inone.v's a Hl.H't' fo -ii-ui vuu I'nti t got any- hniir Perfumes KVj-ant ttux Stationery Pictures 'OLD'S Day and Night. Irder Order FROM CUT FROM S6 S7 Down to jri pri'sslnir ami Repairing1 MI n-Hrionnltk' prices. 424 Main St. waukcsha.Wis WIS. 550.000. Surplus 1'n-s. w. Vice. Pros Cashier .Safety Deposit Boxes for Rent. I'nfce is the bwtund cheapest ''if imirki-t. I'ouiul for pound heat- than coal. Without Smoke or Gas. or Burns Treely i will jrivo you bettor patisftiui J nii i uu'k I' Htove K tluin coal. Per Bushel. Per Ton. so 9c 4.50 1C 50 r v 1 an'l you bo MI iJAH G-KANP win receive prompt attention. i American Gas Co. man in this vicinity to a small office and handle my Position permanent and good lf Jour record ia O. K. is for you. -Kindly mention 'when d6t N THE twilight of thecentury the New Year like a And the bells com- ing herald with their music near and I can hear'their tuneful echoes In the heart of glade and gentle chimes are on good will to Datvns the New Tear with a beauty that no earthly tongue can Let a great and happy nation evermore the chorus Over plain and o'er the ever restless aea Floats 'neath the bells so musical the ban- ner of the free. From the Orient old in with Its legends fond and Blessed by many an eager come the New Tear's baby And I lose the bells a moment as I turn aside to know with a our newest guest is coming with the snow. On thfc Islands of the on the peopled lands afar Shines with majesty transcendent hoary earth's immortal Anc'v the New Year greets the nations with the music of its chimes As they echo in a thousand dis- tant climea. It greets the sunny southland where the roses bloom and It smiles upon the northland in its garni- ture of It bids the west from its highest mountain And stops to greet the busy east with ever glowing cheek. Methinks that in its coming I can read a wondrous Unlike the advent of those years that made the brave-st For around it seems to like a zephyr from the The beauty and the fervor of the Man of Galilee. The glorious crown of victory we proudly wear Columbia stands erect whe-re fell the gon.- falons of I listen to the New Year's bells and hear in each sweet peal The echoes of the guns that broke the power of Castile. O speed the guest departed into years that are no And greet the New Year's coming from re- motest shore to Like a sunburst on a-mountain dawns the morning of its And the New Year in its glory crowns with promises our clime. Rich and poor can hail Its coming to tbe palace and the Jt brings the day of better the old year Is We weave for tha't a shroud of and In the morning clear With anthems which no sorrow know we greet the glad New Year. O Child of thy dawning let the na- tions hail with us that happiness and peace that never knows 'mid the music of the bells melodious and sweet May every person hear with joy the patter Oft thy The balances of God doth weigh the future vast and But let us to the New Year turn with mind and hftart With the old year behind In the morning bright and Let all the world take hope and greet the Heaven-sent New Year. T. C. iHARBAUGH. NEW YEAR DEATH OF WM. H. THOMAS Accident or 4 Pioneer and Prominent Citi- zen of this County. A TERRITORIAL LEGISLATOR. Was Major of Barstow's Regiment of Cav- alry During the War. Later Served Twice as District Attorney. Hon. Wm. H. Thomas died o'clock Monday morning at his home in the village of Pevvaukee. He was boru in Clinton county. New- Sept. 2o. 1821 and came to Waukesha county in where he settled in tho town of Lisbon on a farm of 820 acres. For years be was one of the must influential citizens of this county. During the civil war he was a major in Governor Barstow's tbe 3rd Wis. Vol which was re- cruited in this vicinity. After the war Major Thomas settled in Wauke- sha and was admitted to the bar by Judge Small on June 1870. He was a leader in Democratic and in 1840 was a member of tho terri- torial legislature and in 1849 and 1861 he was a member the state legis- lature. In 1SS2 he was Bragg's right hand man in his Delaney for the congressional nomiation which neither of them secured. D. B. Sum- ner of this who was a dark received the nomination at thut Lime after a ten days' liijht in which 1001 ballots were taken. In 1879 Thomas was elected district attorney of this county and was re- elected in 3S8I and 1884. About this time he moved to Pewaukee. whore he- has resided ever bince. Mujor Thomas was three times first wife divorced and tho two dead. Thore were twclveehildi several of whom aro dead. He was one of the very few surviv- ing members of the territorial legisla- ture and tbe only surviving member in this county. Samuel H. and Luther Parker are both dead served with Major Thomas. Andrew E. Elmore of Green Hay and Benja- min linnkins of NebM are the only two men living who served in the territorial legislature from tlv's county. The Waukesha County Bar Ast-oc- iation will hold a memorial meeting. The funeral will be held Thursday forenoon and will be conducted by the Odd Fellows of which order tlu- major was a member. MRS. CROSBY ENGAGED. WAS their fint naturally a Ttry -.raportant affair. When they first spoke of.it ihe risked hit opinion as to the menu and then vetoed all his suggestions. neither of us have a relative within hundred so we can just invite people really she finally. I should So should ycu the 1 mention the S wells tyles and the were just about when I in- terrupted you. Isn't it nice that we always think in the matter of the hall carpet even you are wrong sometimes. our little dinner ia forgot the dear. I was at the Jirst Xew Year's dinner they ever l.er me was in the same year in whi. Mrg. Smith got her last new wasn't as yju ve will have them some other didn't say some other I said on Xew Year's day. 1 promised them that they should dine with me on the first New Year's day after I was married. what are you crying w-want you want them because that horrid John.soH girl you uaucl to'go to see when we quarreled lives near and y-you want to ask after her and find out she took cuv marriage to that's had forgotten that the Smiths lived m.-iir Pheelie. Look you write and ask them to dinner on New Year's and not mention Miss John- son to and get you that cut salad bowl you want so Then I'll try to for- ffive and I'll write the invitation. But A CHRISTMAS FOR ALL. bles That Santa Clous Expe enced While in lown. au Sr.-My I was greatly shocked on passing your room this morn- ing to hear you using profane and only the day after you promised me to rear off. Van must have been what I -was doing when you heard Louis G lobe-Democrat. Not a Difficult One. Sorry have yer made any New Year's Lethargic made an' I don't t'infc I'll have any trouble stiekm' to it. Sorry is Lethargic resolved not. to any snow this to Bate. Miss A. R. the president of the City Federation of Women's has been corresponding1 with Mrs. Ellen R. Oos'b.y of Chicago with result that the latter has bei-n ongn for a musical lecture here on Tues- Jan. JTth. The entcrtaiiimeni will be under tbe auspices of the clubs but will be public and tickets wtli be only 25 cents each. Mrs. Crosby is n highly cultured musician and is a fine interpreter of Wagner's music. She explains Warner's ideals and his method of working out those ideals in so plain and interesting a way even a non-musical person finds in it- a great deal of pleasure and profit. MUSIC AT DELAFIELD. Santa Clans has been a busy man in Waukesba for -the past few days. His troubles began Saturday night when he was expected to officiate at nearly every church in town. All had prepared to. give him a hearty wel- come an'd the all c'anae early. The old gentleman was in a but he got out of it quite cleverly. The Baptist Church had prepared an elegant chimney for him to descend and he couldn't resist the temptation so he made his appearance at that but when he found that every church in town was expect.ing him he didn't know what to at last he found one at each of them who was willing1 to act as his then he thought he would take a little pleasure trip of his own and so he up to the north pole where there was better sleighing. In appointing deputies he had over- looked the Methodist Church. No Santa Ciaus appeared and the chil- dren began to get anxious when it was suggested that some one had better telephone and see what was the mat- ter. It was discovered that Santa Claus and Admiral Dewey were hav- ing a celebration of their own on the admiral's flag ship up at the North Pole. As it was too late to appoint a de- puty and the sleisrhing was too poor to bring the the admiral volunteered the use of his ship and it soon made its appearance with tbe .admiral himself on the bridge and the hold chuck full of which Santa distributed with many apologies for so nearly forgetting to come. Every merchant in town was also made a special deputy and kept busy all evening delivering gifts both large and simple and but all bearing a message of loveard good will. There were some funny mistakes made by the delivery men. There was the newly married young naan who selected for his wife a fancy rocker and was astonished when a high chair was delivered to him and his neighbor was equally surprised at receiving the rocker. Tbe young man who bought his best girl a book of poems could riot understand why she was so cool until she handed a little volume of receipts for mixed drinks and asked him what he meant by her a book of that kind. He had a hard time trying to explain to her that a bartender was selecting a present at the same time he was and that the clerk must have made a mis- take. The young man who lives on the same street with his sweetheart was much put out to lind the present he had ordered for her delivered at his home instead of hers and he was obliged to take the bulky package in bis arms and deliver it himself. In spite of mishaps and mistakes it At Del a field village last Wednesday at a school JO. L. Terry was present and rendered several in her most deiiyhtfu'J way. The Washburn Quartette ald'o present and some .iiue mandolin selections. PERSONAL. Titter doesn't seem to amount to much in the He's BO unimportant that nobody even sends him a Star. Good You may and then break Good if you But folks who won't make them Are more still. Daily Ncwr Married. you making any New Year's resolu- j j have my wife 1 m ai Record. 9 Mrs. George Stoltz is visiting wh her daughter. J. M. a.t Ky. Mr. and Mrs. S. G. Smith visited relatives at Manitowoc Christmas. Chas. Reid spent Chrisuuas with his brother at Madison. Mrs. A. P. formerly of this now of who mar- ried Mr. Howell of Madison sometime has secmred a divorce on tlie ground of cruel and inhuman treat- ment. Mr. and Mrs. Fred Rawley of Chi- cago are guests of R-L. Gove and family. t Miss Ella Whitney is spending the holidays with relatives ai Mazomanie. L. B. Riblett and family spent Christmas with friends and relatives afc Green Bay. Miss Mary Leonard Is the guest of her parents'at Whitewater. Prof. H. b. Terry and family spent Christmas with friends at Lake Mills. Miss Tda Edwards is entertaining a friend from bake Geneva. Miss Cora Armin was the guest of her cousin at Fond du Lac Christ-mas. D C. Kelly of panied by his is spending his Christmas vacation with his Mrs. D. C. Bar-stow street. __________ DEATHS. her home near Chip- pewa Mrs. Catherine Fisher died Nov. Interment in the Lisbon cemetery Dec. JS9S. E. R. a patient at Waldheim Ocouomowoc. died Dec. 16. Remains taken to Fur- for interment. FAY Otis street com- missioner of the city of Ococomowoc. died at-his home there Dec. 22 a-ed '38 years. He had resided all his hie 'in this cart of the state. He leaves a wife ana four children.. ARE YCU CRYING you must not forget to buy the you know how forgetful you Half an hour as he was going she you going to wear that ehab- snowing. You can give it to a tramp of these dear. And will you mail these letters i'or One is to the asking her the amount of her bill and say- ins that '1 want another new gown. The other is to I want her to run over fin a few days and help me to select you some neckties that will wear. The right. I'll take After ho was gone his wife sent the house- maid out to post two other then she sat smiling into space. it was Xew Year's day at and the dinner table was all the new cut glass howl reflecting Mrs. De Witt's smiling face. 1-lveri the oolc was in good and it seemed that marriage was a great success. Just as Mr. De Witt was ready to come down his wife came into his room. 1 give your old to a Mr. Witt burst out laughing ten min- utes after his wife had taken the garment n way. letters to her mother and the dressmaker were in the to himself. a an licur later the Swellstyles and the I-Jtuitions had and Mr. De Witt began to grow A little nervous about the nonappearaiu-e of the Smiths. isn't like them to be he said. Mrs. Smith has a new and it took her a long time to put it sug- gested his wife. They waited 20 then Mrs. De Witt they haven't come. You mailed my of Rod- asked her turning pale. evening we planned our whispered his wife. They were in the bailer's pantry at the and the flat was so modern thut a whisper was necessary lest the pucsts in the parlor hear. remember that you were going and 1 asked you to mail my One was to i one to the dressmaker and the third to the Smiths. look at ycu mail those ar. absurd Per- haps the Smiths were detained by a street car blockade. At any we might aa well have dinner said his can join us if they come in And not until the dessert was on the table did Mr. De Witt notice that the table was only set for six. That evening after the guests had left Mrs. De Witt must go over to see Smith to-morrow and find out why they did not come to dinner Mr. De Witt made no reply. He was busy writing a line in his note Always to look at the addresses on my wife's letters before I forget to post ELISA ARMSTRONG. were not forgotten and there was not a home in Waukesha that was not visited by some reminder of him who was born on Christmas Day. THE NLW YEAR'S SERMON. The qualities of circulation are al- ways taken into consideration by the man who has made a success busi- ness through advertising. We are of- ten asked by general 'Does The Freeman gro into the horaee of prominent families in its fche people who are liberal buyers and have the We answer to most yes. Ask the mail carriers where they leave copies every ask them how many they carry. Ask them if they don't dread the Thursday morning delivery. In making- your appropriation for ad- vertising for the coming year let us- figure with you. Call us by telephone and will be on hand directly. HAPPENINGS IN A LINE. OUR COUNTY MIRROR. BLODGETT. George who has been employed on the Rubin fell recently while carrying a heavy timber and broke one of his legs. He is recovering who has traveled far and having crossed.the Atlantic and the continent spveral is entertaining the vil- lagers these loitg winter evepings. Last Monday theme was the Yosemite valley and very interesting- was his Chywin- ski of Milwaukee was the village calling upon old time who left here last spring for has been through France and Switzer- tie spent several weeks in. Lucerne. He is now in where he will remain one Geb- hardt threshing company are at Gran- ville with their .hulling seed of the farmers are improving the good roads hauling off their which brings 48 cents in of our wide- awake farmers are buying gasoline engines with which to do their wood- cutting Mierow has purchased the harmess and wagon belonging- to Duenkel's milk transfer and willg on the road town officer met at the town hall last week to audit bills and and Mrs. George Russell will spend the winter at Myrtle Ries is home again from where she has been spending several months with Mrs. Dr. Mr. and Mrs'. John Schaeffer of Wauwatosa called on their Mrs. Jacob one day last number of our farmers are marketing their wheat at Menomonee Falls this week at 61 cents per tbe miller at John Rheinder's while adjust- ing a belt was caught by his clothing and revolved around a shaft hair a hundred times before the belt could cut to release he escaped withotvtj serious hauling cij stove wood Wm. Schultss had a was thrown from the wagon. He suffered a broken arm and fractur- ed one of the horses was also1 night recently a hun- dred of the sporting fraternity came Way but Landlord Wm. Ent- ers would not let them have the Solman celebrated her 96th birthday last week. She was born in the beautiful city of Strass- burg near the river Doga did considerable damage to sheep owned by John Bolster Riley Blodgett. Bellinghausen of Aug. Grou- lich Co. of Milwaukee was in town re- cently visiting his customers. Friend Peter is an old traveling for fche same house for over twenty Uncle Franz who spent the summer tho guest of Mr. OCONOMOWOC. Miss Agnes Wing lost a pocket book in Milwaukee one day last con- taining and trip ticket to and from Milwaukee. She of courte had no hopes of ever recovering but package came through the mail con- taining the pocket book and a note stating. return it as we it on un.nd and hope you will be more careful next Wing is very and would have been still more so had the bill accompanied the a young fellow living at was 'taken before J-jdge Rogan in the municipal court .day charged with eon cea led weapons he was found guilty and sentenced to 60 davs at Wauke- Louisa C. Williams will take a trip Califor- nia this winter starting about the of next month. The lady may spend a few weeks or even nionths in the Golden of the mem- bers of the local order of Catholic Cnights went to Waukesha Wednes- day to attend the funeral of Wm. Carroll. Among those who attended were Messrs. Wm. A. B. A. J. Wm. James Kog-au and E. Francis infant son of and Mrs.-Frank Prosser died last Satur- day night. He had beea very ill with pneumonia for the paat The funeral was held and Mrs. A. A. who have lived in Summit for have moved into town and will make thoir home with Mr. Eastman's mother on West Ave. Dupee and Charley Lester making arrangements and will '.ave on Dec. 20 for an extended trip west. They will be absent until spring and will visit in Honolulu during a great portion of the re- of Mrs. Nathan who died in Wiunebago iate last were brought here Tuesday for interment in La Belle cemetery. Deceased was a former resident here and had many Vred formerly of while attempting to board a freight train at Woodland Monday fell under the train and had a foot cut off. 3e was taken to Hartford to be treated. of Oconomowoc have esta- blished a cooking club with the follow- ing Mrs. GiiDtar MefHtmcr. President. Mrs. George 1'. Vice-President. Miss Klora Secretary Treasurer. The first demonstration is to be given on January 7 at p. m. and tea will be served at all Officers of the W. R. C. elected last week Mrs. L. Mrs. D. S. Mrs. Nancy J. Mrs. Andrew Mrs. Jphu E. Mrs. J. F. Mrs. War- Mrs. D. B. organ- ist. Try Gertnos the new health bread made only at Craig's Candy Kitcheu.tf SUSSEX. Fn v v Ine annual Insurance Co. will be held at the town hall in the village of Sussex on Tues- the'3d day of 1899 at 1 o'clock p. m. WM. 2nd Prea. R AINS Secy. .Finest assortment of Christmas can- dies etc. Special prices. to churches. W. H. 706-708 Clinton street. Order early. tf Those II Those who want useful Christmas. presents should examine our line want useful i Christmas presents i i Tea and Coffee Pots i you going to make any New Year inquired Willie Wishintfton's friend. It's not don't mean to imply that you hare attained perfection at all. I intend to use my last year's resolutions all over again. They're just as good as Star. The Wrong1 Season. The north wind blew through forett i drear j And whistled to his For could npt'greet glad New Yew I By new leaf. T. i J A- Chas. Trakel and A. C. Austin have returned from a three fishing trip on Pewaikee lake bring1 with them a fine catch of pickerel and pike. local chapter of Eastern Star will instal officers at their next meet- ing-. They will celebrate their fifth anniversary at fche first meeting of the Jan. 10th. of Schools J. K. Lowry now has the best appointed office in the court house. It has been newly papered and carpeted and looks as spick and span as any lady's parlor. --The annual meeting of the Farm- ers1 Mutual Fire Insurance Co. of the town of Waukesha will be held in Yanke's hall in .the city of Waukesha January 1899 at 1 o'clock in the afternoon. A. V. B. Secy. anniversary of the consolida- tion of the two Knights of Pythias Lodges of this city a year ago will be celebrated Jan. at the K. P. Hall. It is expected that pasfc Grand Chan- Schrader of Racine will be in attendance. Invitations will be ex- tended to friends of the Benedict so- licitors of Old Insurance report patents is- sued to Wisconsin inventors on Dec. as Franz Mil- sled J. E. Alfred Mil- apparatus for making Henry ice A. K. Mat- veneer C. Kiegler and L. J. Blue washing ma- Wm. whif- fle P. M. Leonardj com- bined hay lock and P. P. threshing ma- chine Amand Pleasant E. E. Wm. M. Boscobelj bagtic A. D. chair J. B. Gebhardtj stove- polish palmist and phrenolo- gist at 407 Center up stairs. Mrs. A. Howes. Will give informa- tion as to best occupations in etc. Cafjpet SvSeepets Pocket blade Phone 162. LECLE 333 BKOADWAY. A man can't look in your face without seeing- your hat. If it is a neat and becoming- he notices it. If it is you look seedy to rip matter how brightly-.ybur shine and how f i j i natty your clothes are. New block rand latest r ._ '''Style just received. .'C We have a fine line of gents furnishings appropriate for holiday gifts. Look them over. O. 427 MAIN ST. All the world loves a All lovers love good Craig has the tf 706-708 Clinton street. t H V .v J. v VV L ..J J. i. 1 i t V-J I v ;


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 2007
|Filing date
|Nov 24, 2003
|Priority date
|Nov 24, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hayden C. Cranford, Jr., Marcel A. Kossel, Vernon R. Norman, Martin L. Schmatz
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (31), Classifications (10), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a high speed serial link and to a method for determining jitter of a signal in the high speed serial link.
A general definition of jitter means that jitter is a measure of the time deviation that the waveform exhibits at its significant instants from a ideal reference. In a digital signal, the significant instants are the transition points. The reference can be generated from the sampled data or is externally provided.
In the upper part of
The sources of jitter can be grouped into three categories. The first category includes all random noise processes including the shot noise, thermal noise, and pink noise found in electronic components and subsystems such as oscillators and phase locked loops (PLL). The second group includes systematic effects such as crosstalk and spurious from adjacent lines and circuitry, and duty cycle distortion which is a measure of the symmetry of the high and low driving functions. The third category comprises all sources that exhibit data dependency including mechanisms such as intersymbol interference (ISI), dispersion, and word synchronized distortion.
Jitter is decomposed to two characteristic components which are termed "deterministic" and "random." The former is caused by systematic and data dependent sources, and the latter caused by noise mechanisms assumed to be Gaussian. Thus the phase error function φ(t), is the sum of two composite functions:
φ(t)D, the deterministic component, is the addition of all functions of phase (or jitter) that will achieve their maximums and minimums in a defined time period—it follows that they are known as "bounded" sources, and
φ(t)R is the sum of all Gaussian noise sources. Since Gaussian noise can be arbitrarily large it is considered "unbounded".
High-speed serial (HSS) link I/O ASIC cores frequently need to be compliant with standards, e.g. XAUI, FiberChannel, OIF SxI-5, or Infiniband, that specify the jitter by means of jitter numbers. These jitter numbers are termed DJ for deterministic jitter number, RJ for random jitter number and TJ for total jitter number and refer to a certain bit error rate (BER) boundary, e.g. BER=10−12. Furthermore, test chips of the HSS cores need to be tested for compliance with jitter tolerance or jitter transfer masks. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine or capture the jitter.
The following methods are commonly applied for jitter measurements in serial links.
A first commonly used jitter characterization method is to analyze the eye diagram on an oscilloscope. How this can be done is described in Tektronix Datasheet, "RT-Eye Serial Data Compliance and Analysis Software, TDSRT-Eye", 2003 or Anritsu Datasheet, "MX176400A: Q and Eye Analysis Software", 2001. This method allows to measure the peak-to-peak jitter of the eye crossings by means of histogram functions. However, there is no direct relationship between the peak-to-peak jitter and a specific bit error rate BER. Furthermore, the method is not applicable for being used at runtime, this means during user data are transferred.
A second commonly used method for jitter characterization is the bit error rate test (BERT) scan method described in "Jitter and the new digital regime", Brian Fetz, Agilent Technologies or "Relationship between eye diagram and bathtub curves", Wavecrest Corporation, Technical Bulletin #13, 2003. A dedicated bit error rate tester is used to perform jitter bathtub curve measurements and to fit a jitter model for the extraction of the required jitter numbers. This method yields very accurate results but it is not applicable for a large number of links and cannot be used at runtime.
Finally, a third method for jitter characterization is known by which build in self test (BIST) functions are used. It is illustrated in the International Business Machines patent application EP 03405341.3 "Adjusting parameters of a serial link" filed on May 19, 2003. The built-in-self-test functions of a serializer/deserializer (SERDES) chip contain a pseudo random bit sequence generator and an error detector used for 'spot' BER measurements. As shown in this patent application an extension of the BIST concept also allows to perform bit error rate test scan measurements. The advantage of this concept is that the desired jitter numbers for a specific BER boundary can be determined even for a large number of serial links. However, the disadvantage is that this measurement method fails at asynchronous operation and the SERDES cannot be operated with user data.
Therefore, none of the above mentioned methods is perfectly suited to meet the requirements specified for an asynchronous serial link and which is applicable for being used at runtime.
Therefor, one object of the invention is to provide a high speed serial link and a method for determining the jitter of a signal in a serial link at runtime with user data. Advantageously, the invention is applicable for synchronous operation as well as for asynchronous operation.
Furthermore, the method according to the invention is simple to implement and independent of how jitter was produced.
According to one aspect of the invention, the object is achieved by a method for determining the jitter of a signal in a serial link with the features of the independent claim 1.
The method for determining jitter of a signal in a serial link according to the invention comprising the following steps:
First, a section of the signal transmitted via a transmission channel is sampled at different sampling times. In another step, the total number of edges in the section is determined. Then, the neighboring sample values are analyzed to determine the locations of the data edges and from that a statistical value is formed From the statistical value and the total number of edges in turn a figure of merit is determined. Finally, by means of a look-up table or a jitter-versus-figure of merit curve the jitter corresponding to the figure of merit derived.
According to another aspect of the invention, the object is achieved by an apparatus for generating a signal with random jitter with the features of the independent claim 19.
The apparatus for generating a signal with random jitter according to the invention comprises a phase shifter whose phase shift is provided by an adjustable capacitance. The adjustable capacitance in turn is adjusted by an arbitrary waveform generator. The apparatus further comprises a pulse pattern generator which is controlled by the output of the phase shifter.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the object is achieved by a serial link for signal transmission with the features of the independent claim 21.
The serial link for transmitting and receiving a signal via a transmission channel according to the invention comprises a transmitter and a receiver having a sampling unit for sampling the received signal. The serial link further comprises an analyzing unit for determining the total number of edges in a sampled section of the received signal, for determining a statistical value from neighboring sample values, for determining from the statistical value and the total number of edges a figure of merit, and for deriving a jitter number corresponding to the figure of merit by means of a look-up table or a jitter-versus-figure of merit curve.
Advantageous further developments of the invention arise from the characteristics indicated in the dependent patent claims.
Preferably, the transmitted signal is at least two fold oversampled.
In another embodiment of the method according to the invention the figure of merit is defined as the ratio between the statistical value and the total number of edges.
Advantageously, the total number of edges is determined as number of pairs of neighboring sample values which are unequal.
In a further embodiment of method according to the invention, the statistical value is derived from the nominal edge distribution.
Preferably, the statistical value is the number of nominal edges within one sample section, wherein a nominal edge is an edge which occurs exactly or nearly in the middle of two sample values indicating data bits.
In a typical application of the method according to the invention, the transmitted signal is three-fold oversampled. In this case each third sample value indicates a data bit.
The statistical value may also be determined as number of early edges within one sample section, wherein an early edge is defined as an edge which occurs nearly after a sample value indicating a data bit.
Alternatively thereto, the statistical value may also be determined as number of late edges within one sample section, wherein a late edge is defined as an edge which occurs nearly before a sample value indicating a data bit.
The statistical value may also be the sum from the number of early edges and the number of late edges.
In another aspect of the invention, during a calibration phase the look-up table or the jitter-versus-FM curve is generated as follows:
For each sampled section of a determined number of sections of the received signal
Finally, the pairs of values are used to form the look-up table or the jitter number-versus-FM curve.
Advantageously, the total jitter number is deviated from a jitter bathtub curve or an eye diagram.
Over and above this, a deterministic jitter number and a random jitter number can be determined by means of the measurement equipment and used for determining the total jitter number.
Preferably, the random jitter number is modified by means of a reflexion phase shifter to validate the jitter number-versus-figure of merit curve.
Finally, the serial link can be operated asynchronously or synchronously.
In a further development of the apparatus for generating a signal with random jitter according to the invention the capacitance is formed by a varactor diode.
Advantageously the analyzing unit of the serial link can also be used for determining an adaptation parameter from the jitter number. Furthermore, the transmitter has an adaptive pre-emphasis unit which can be adapted by the adaptation parameter of the analyzing unit.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
The invention and its embodiments will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of presently preferred but nonetheless illustrative embodiments in accordance with the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The figures are illustrating:
When the serial link works as synchronous serial link the clock clkTX on the transmission side and the clock clkRX on the receiver side are synchronized, this means clkTX=clkRX. However, when the serial link works as asynchronous serial link both clocks clkTX and clkRX are not synchronized, this means clkTX≠clkRX. Independent from the mode—synchronous or asynchronous—in which the serial link is operated the method according to the invention can be used to determine the jitter even during user data are transmitted.
The transmission line or transmission channel 3 used in such a serial link application might be typically a single wire, a differential wire pair or an optical channel including laser driver and photo receiver. All of these channels show frequency dependent loss. If a bit stream is transmitted over a channel with frequency dependent loss, then the signal waveform at the receiver 4 shows inter-symbol interference that can significantly close the eye opening EO. Tight time margins with increased bit error rates are a result of that.
The data bit0 to bitn are the real user data which have to be transmitted in normal operating mode from the transmitter 1 via the transmission line 3 to the receiver 4. However since this data bit0 to bitn are available in parallel, the transmitter 1 comprises a serializer 1.2 which receives the parallel data bit0 to bitn at its parallel inputs and processes these data to a serial data stream SD which can be picked off at its serial output. A phase locked loop (PLL) 1.5 determines the frequency of the serializer 1.2, with which the data bit0 to bitn are serialized, wherein the PLL in turn is clocked by an external transmit reference clock clkTX. The transmit reference clock clkTX is generated by an external reference oscillator 1.7.
The transmitter 1 may further comprise an internal build in self test unit BIST 1.6 which is able to generate a pseudo random bit sequence PRBS. This bit sequence can be used for further tests. In particular, a so called PRBS7 bit pattern sequence can be generated and applied during the initialization phase. The PRBS7 bit pattern sequence comprises a defined sequence of 127 bits with around the same number of "0" digits as the number of "1" digits, and which is transmitted repeatedly. The PRBS7 sequence is generated by means of a feedback shift register, wherein this register is not shown in
With the help of a switching unit 1.3, e.g. an OR gate, either the serialized data SD or the pseudo random bit sequence PRBS is directed to a pre-emphasis unit 1.4 which is also a part of the transmitter 1. The pre-emphasis unit 1.4 should have a frequency dependent gain curve representing the inverse of the loss of the transmission channel 3 for canceling the adverse effects in the transmission channel 3. The expression pre-emphasis unit is used as another term for pre-equalizer unit in the following. If a signal passes through both the pre-emphasis unit 1.4 and the transmission channel 3, the resulting signal shows no frequency dependent loss anymore, and the unwanted inter-symbol interference is reduced to zero in the ideal case. For this purpose, pre-emphasis unit 1.4 comprises a driver and a finite impulse response filter (FIR). The output of the pre-emphasis unit 1.4 forms the output of the integrated transmission chip 1 and is connected to the input of the transmission line 3.
The receiver 4 comprises a digital clock and data recovery (CDR) unit 4.1 whose serial input is connected to the output of the transmission line 3. A PLL 4.3 determines the operating frequency of the digital CDR unit 4.1, wherein the PLL 4.3 in turn is clocked by an external receiver reference clock clkRX. The receiver reference clock clkRX is generated by an external reference oscillator 4.5.
If the data, which have been recovered from the received signal by means of the digital clock and data recovery receiver 4.1, are user data they are directed to a deserializer 4.2. The deserializer 4.2 generates from the received serial data parallel data Rxbit0 to Rxbitn. The received data can also be directed to a build in self test unit 4.4 including a PRBS checker.
With the help of the invention the jitter of the transmitted signal can be characterized at runtime by a figure of merit FM that is derived from sample statistics of the clock data recovery receiver 4.1. The relationship between the figure of merit FM and the jitter at a specific bit error rate is established by a pre-calibrated lookup table or a jitter-versus-FM curve.
For the calibration, the jitter-versus-FM curve is characterized in the lab prior to the 'field application' of the SERDES application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) core or SERDES test chip. The term 'field application' means that this is the normal operating mode of the SERDES chip. The calibration procedure can be done as follows:
After the calibration procedure of the SERDES chip has been finished the so obtained jitter-versus-FM curve can be used in the normal operating mode of the chip as follows.
A periodically updated sample statistic of the serial user data SD which have been transmitted over the transmission line 3 is recorded and the corresponding figure of merit FM is calculated. The horizontal eye opening at BER=10−12 is determined by the jitter-versus-FM curve obtained at step (c). A BER=10−12 is a commonly used measure of the link performance but the determination of the jitter is not restricted thereon. The horizontal eye opening can also be determined at e.g. a BER=10−10 or 10−14.
To assure that the described method works even at asynchronous operation, it is assumed that the CDR receiver 4.1 of the SERDES shows a clock offset tracking capability. Doing this, the early and late overhang in the digital clock-data-recovery loop is exploited for an automatic adaptation to clock offsets. Another implementation might be to use the control information of the CDR loop to push the Rx PLL 4.3 such that it tracks clock offsets. In both implementations it is assumed that the jitter-versus-FM curve obtained at step (c) is valid as long as the clock offset is within the capture range or within the bandwidth of equivalent clock offset adaptation 'facility'. The phase offset tracking capability assures that the edge distribution characteristic at asynchronous operation is similar to that at synchronous operation. Therefore the jitter characterization principle (FM-TJ-curve) outlined above can be applied as well for asynchronous operation. The compensation of the frequency offset is important because otherwise the sampling times of the CDR receiver would always lag or lead the actual data clock and the sample statistics would become 'blurred' after a while owing to the frequency difference between Tx and Rx clock.
The method for determining the figure of merit FM for a 3-fold oversampled digital CDR receiver is illustrated in
Below the timing diagram of the data signal 2 the sampling points and the captured signal states D and E respectively are shown, wherein D corresponds to a data value and E to an edge. After the sample values S0 to S9 have been recorded all pairs of neighboring sample values, i.e. S0 and S1, S1 and S2 etc. are analyzed and from that a statistical value ΣN, ΣE, and/or ΣL is formed. For example the comparison of the neighboring sample values S0 and S1 results in an increasing value ΣE, which is also called number of early edges, whereas the comparison of the next neighboring sample values S1 and S2 results in an increasing value ΣN, which is also called number of nominal edges. The comparison of the third pair of neighboring sample values S2 and S3 results in an increasing value ΣL, which is also called number of late edges. With the help of the statistic value ΣE the early occurring edges #E in the sampled section of the serial data signal 2 are counted. With the help of the statistic value ΣN the nominal occurring edges #N and with ΣL the late occurring edges #L in the sampled section of the serial data signal 2 are counted.
For the method according to the invention it is not necessary to determine all statistic values ΣE, ΣN and ΣL. It suffices, if one of these values ΣE, ΣN and ΣL is determined. At the same time the total number of edges TE occurring in the sampled section of the signal 2 are counted. Now the figure of merit FM can be calculated as ratio between one statistic value, e.g. ΣN, an the total number of edges TE:
Alternatively, the figure of merit FM can also be calculated from:
Furthermore, the figure of merit FM can also be calculated from:
Finally, the figure of merit FM can also be calculated from:
Preferably the figure of merit FM is calculated by means of the statistic value ΣN.
In a further step the horizontal eye width which is an equivalent to the total jitter number TJ is determined with the help of the above mentioned look-up table or TJ-versus-FM curve. An example of such a TJ-versus-FM curve is illustrated in
The following section reflects a mathematical approach to the invention. It is of interest how jitter affects the bit error rate performance of the serial link. This approach is based on scanning the bit error rate within a data eye. The measured bit error rates result in a curve. This curve is fitted into a mathematical jitter model to obtain the jitter properties.
As already mentioned above, jitter can be split into random and deterministic components. Random jitter is characterized by a Gaussian distribution and stems, for instance, from voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) phase noise or power-supply noise. The probability density function of random jitter PDFRJ is given by:
The standard deviation σRJ is also referred to as random jitter number RJ, and describes the jitter contribution of all random processes in the serial link. Note that random jitter is of Gaussian nature and is not bounded in amplitude. Thus the random jitter number RJ is given as root-mean-square value RJrms.
The deterministic jitter DJ is further subdivided into different categories according to its origin. Predominant kinds of deterministic jitter are sinusoidal and data-dependent jitter as well as jitter arising from duty-cycle distortion. Sinusoidal jitter can stem from slow variations of the supply voltage, the temperature, or the clock reference. It is modeled by a sinusoidal single frequency jitter component, with the jitter number SJ being the jitter amplitude at the given frequency. Deterministic jitter due to intersymbol-interference or duty-cycle distortion is also bounded in amplitude by a peak-to-peak value but shows different density functions. As the true density function is generally not known, the probability density function PDFDJ for these kinds of deterministic jitter is approximated by a dual Dirac function, where the density function is assumed to be comprised only of a pair of delta functions:
Each delta function is offset from the mean crossing position by half the peak value of the jitter number DJ. The kinds of deterministic jitter described differ not only by their PDFs but also by their frequency spectral characteristics. Whereas sinusoidal jitter typically represents low-frequency jitter, all other deterministic jitter is high-frequency. Low-frequency jitter is not that much of a problem in high-speed serial links as the clock-data-recovery receiver is capable of tracking jitter with frequency contents lying within its loop bandwidth. The low-frequency jitter tracking capability of the clock-data-recovery receiver requires that the overlaying protocol function must have sufficient storage capacity to handle the additional delay. As only high-frequency deterministic jitter is detrimental to the link's bit error rate BER performance, sinusoidal jitter will therefore not be considered in the jitter model discussed below.
When adding contributions from different random variables, their density functions will be convoluted. The total probability density function PDFcrossing0 related to the first zero crossing of the eye according to
The same relationship holds for the second zero crossing—but maybe with other values for DJ and RJ. The fact that there could be different values for the jitter numbers of the left- and right-hand-side zero crossings is not allowed for in the following computations but can easily be implemented by introducing a kind of effective jitter number that equals the mean value of the jitter numbers for both zero crossings.
To calculate the probability of error due to jitter, the area under the PDF tail on the error side of the sampling point must be calculated. This yields the cumulative distribution function CDF. For instance, for the left-hand-side zero crossing0, the integration is carried out from the sampling point to +∞:
where erf( ) denotes the error function.
To determine the bit error rate BER, the probability of transition error, which is identical to the CDF function, must be multiplied by the transition probabilities ptrans (e.g. ptrans=0.496 for PRBS7, ptrans=number of ones/(27 bits−1)=63/127). The contributions to the bit error rate from both zero crossings are then added:
BER=p biterror =p trans CDF crossing0+(1−P trans)CDF crossing1 (5)
Equation (5) describes the jitter model used for the bit error rate test scan technique mathematically. In a bit error rate scan, the bit error rate is measured as the sampling point is swept between the two zero crossings. The resulting bit error rate curve is a bathtub curve, and corresponds to the formula given by equation (5). The measured bathtub curve and the bathtub curve obtained from the jitter model can now be fitted to obtain the desired jitter numbers. The curve-fitting procedure is quite simple as deterministic jitter DJ only shifts the bathtub curve in horizontal direction and random jitter RJ only affects the steepness of the bathtub curve edges. With regard to the eye diagram presented in
The accuracy of the bathtub curve fit decreases towards very high and very low bit error rate values. For the former, significant deviations from the assumed curve fit shape can be observed owing to a wrong signal conditioning due to, for instance, overshoot or undershoot effects. For the latter, the accuracy might deteriorate if too short a measurement time is chosen for the bit error rate value targeted.
The bathtub curve fit yields jitter numbers that characterize the properties of jitter appropriately. These jitter numbers also allow the determination of the horizontal eye opening for a specific bit error rate boundary. This is done by calculating the total jitter, which will be discussed in more detail in the following.
Random and deterministic jitter accumulate differently in a serial link. Whereas deterministic jitter is always specified by a peak-to-peak value, random jitter is given by an rms value RJrms, which must first be translated into a peak-to-peak value RJp-p prior to adding random and deterministic jitter values. The translation from RJrms to RJp-p is dependent on the BER boundary considered and can be written as:
RJp-p=kσRJrms (6)
where kσ denotes a factor associated to different bit error rate boundaries given in Table 1.
Multiplication factors for the translation from RJrms to RJp-p
The table entries were computed numerically by solving equation (5) for RJs with different BER values and DJ=0. Table 1 also allows RJp-p to be specified for the bit error rate BER extrapolated to very low values (e.g. <10−14) that could not be measured owing to measurement time restrictions. Once RJp-p has been calculated for a specific bit error rate value, the total jitter TJ associated with this BER is easily determined by
TJ=DJ+RJ p-p =DJ+k σ RJ rms (7)
The total jitter TJ can be expressed in absolute time units, such as ps, or relative to the nominal bit period in units of the unit interval UI. One unit interval UI corresponds to one nominal bit length. If the total jitter number TJ is given in UI, the horizontal eye opening in percent can be stated as
Horizontal Eye Opening [%]=(1−TJ)%*100% (8)
The idea of this proposed equalization embodiment as described in the International Business Machines patent application EP 03405341.3 "Adjusting parameters of a serial link" is to record the fitted RJ and DJ numbers for each setting of the FIR tap weight which determines the level of pre-emphasis for the equalization, and to find the RJ/DJ pair with the largest eye opening which in turn determines the best FIR tap setting. The largest eye opening occurs where the sum of RJ and DJ is lowest. Note that for data transmission over high-speed serial links the horizontal eye opening is more important than the vertical eye opening as the signal power is not an issue.
The jitter characterization method described here can also easily be extended to perform an optimization of the FIR coefficients in the Tx pre-emphasis filter. For this purpose the FIR tap weights are swept across a certain range and for each FIR setting the corresponding FM-TJ pair is recorded. After the sweep of the FIR tap weight has finished the recorded FM-TJ pairs are analyzed to find the FIR tap weight that produced the lowest TJ value. Owing to the fact that inter-symbol interference (ISI) appearing as additional DJ in the signal is contained in the TJ value according to Eq. (7) the optimum FIR tap weight finding method described adjusts the tap weight in a way such that the channel gets optimally equalized.
The following section outlines the analytical derivation of the jitter-versus-figure of merit curve that is used at the operation of the link with user data to monitor how much jitter the channel shows.
It is assumed that the figure of merit FM is defined as FM=ΣN/TE. In the case of 3-fold oversampling a nominal edge #N as defined above is detected if the actual data edge occurs within t=−⅙ UI to t=+⅙ UI or t=−⅚ UI to t=− 7/6 UI. Thus the distribution of the nominal edges #N can be expressed by
In contrast to Eq. (5) it is assumed in Eq. (9) that the two eye crossings show identical CDF functions for the purpose of simplicity. Eq. (9) can then be multiplied by Pans. This yields an equation for the statistical value FM=ΣN/TE
FM=2�p trans�(CDF(RJ, DJ, t=0UI)−CDF(RJ, DJ, t=⅙UI)) (10)
The solutions of Eq. (10) are shown in
For the sake of completeness note that the above analysis can also be performed with the complementary sample statistics that is defined as
with FM′=1−FM.
The evaluation of Eq. (11) yields results that are identical to that shown in
In the following, a method and apparatus for generating random jitter is described. For all these characterization and measurement tasks accurately adjustable and measurable jitter sources are required. Owing to the characteristic of a typical clock-data recovery circuit that tracks low frequency jitter, typically sinusoidal jitter SJ, or wander, but gets affected by high-frequency jitter components, mainly high-frequency RJ and DJ jitter sources are of particular interest. Ideally these jitter sources should be operable independently of each other meaning that a random jitter source should only generate random jitter without affecting the DJ jitter contribution or deteriorating the amplitude of the data signal. Vice versa a DJ jitter source should not generate additional random jitter. This is important because the effect of deterministic jitter can be mitigated by the application of pre-emphasis or equalization and it might be interesting to know for the application of the serial link to what extent the impact of deterministic jitter can be eliminated. In terms of measurement complexity and effort, the generation of a controllable amount of deterministic jitter can easily be done by varying the length of the transmission channel or by introducing additional reflections. Both methods result in a variation of the amount of intersymbol interference, which is the major source of DJ. As mentioned above attention has to be paid to not reduce the signal amplitude too much by the signal attenuation of the transmission channel as only timing jitter and not amplitude jitter is relevant for the characterization of serial links.
As outlined in the previous section the availability of a simple and low-cost solution for an accurately adjustable random jitter generator is of particular interest when having to characterize serial links regarding their standard compliance. The jitter generation method described here is a simple yet accurate jitter generation method that shows the advantage that it can easily be integrated into the evaluation board of the SERDES test chips that are shipped to the customers of the HSS ASIC cores.
A schematic of a jitter generator is shown in
An advantage of this jitter generator is that the desired jitter can be simple generated and that the generator is cheap. The generator needs an expensive pulse pattern generator PPG but the pulse pattern generator is needed anyway when having to perform standard compliance measurements where bit error rate tests are required. A further advantage is that with the help of the described generator random jitter and deterministic jitter numbers can be adjusted individually and independently. Furthermore, the described generator meets all of the above stated requirements and can easily be adapted to higher data rates and moreover is not limited to fixed data rates. The generator also shows a higher deviation frequency than PLL-based solutions. Advantageously, the generator is easy to integrate onto a customer test chip evaluation board. Therefore, the customer needs to care less about appropriate jitter generation equipment. Finally owing to its low-cost, the jitter generator can easily be duplicated and used for measuring multiple links in parallel, provided that multiple pulse pattern generators are available, too—e.g. from a parallel bit error rate tester (ParBERT) system. In a ParBERT several BERTs are arranged in parallel.
This section focuses on the design of the random jitter generator and the presentation of the measurement results. The reflection-type phase shifter 16 is coupled with one of its inputs to a CW generator and is composed of a 3 dB/90� hybrid built on FR-4, wherein FR-4 expresses the material of frequently used printed-circuit-boards (PCB). Its other inputs are connected to two identical loads 10 and 11 consisting of two varactor diodes each. The varactor diodes are separated by λ/4 lines to extend the phase adjustment range. The input and output of the phase shifter 16 are AC-coupled and the Gaussian noise signal is fed to the varactor diodes by a bias-T (a serial inductivity L in combination with DC blocks at the input and output). The achieved phase adjustment range and amplitude deviation is shown in
The reflection-type phase shifter 16 is designed on FR-4 using Infineon BB883 varactor diodes. As already mentioned above the integration of the random jitter generator onto the test board can easily be done and may represent a valuable additional test board feature.
The actual "performance" of the jitter generator for generating random jitter and independent thereof deterministic jitter is shown in
Measured random jitter performance of the
phase shifter at a data rate of 2.5 Gbps
Eye width [ps]
The measurements were done by applying a reverse voltage of 2.5 V to the varactor diodes and varying the amplitude of the arbitrary waveform generator AWGN producing Gaussian noise in steps of 100 mV from 0 V to 500 mV. Despite the relatively low modulation amplitude the data eye closes pretty well only due to timing jitter. Verifications made by bathtub curve measurements showed that the increase of timing jitter is solely caused by random jitter whereas the extracted DJ value remains constant.
Moreover, as shown in
Having illustrated and described a preferred embodiment for a novel method and apparatus for, it is noted that variations and modifications in the method and the apparatus can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
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Benefits PG 13 $12.22 per hour
Grant-Funded (National Science Foundation-NSF Grant)
Campus: Logan Campus Responsibilities: Provides administrative and project management support for the NSF Grant and staff. Maintains records, arranges training activities, tracks budget, develop and disseminate material, assists with survey development, deployment, and summation; maintains grant website and answer questions and assist with student needs. Requirements: Associate Degree in Secretarial Science, Business Administration or related field is required. Minimum of two years of experience in an administrative secretarial/assistant position required or any equivalent combination of education and experience may be considered. Candidate must be able to apply judgment, discretion, and initiative; must have excellent computer skills using word processing, spreadsheets, and database applications; must possess excellent verbal and written communication skills; excellent customer service skills are required; and must have evidence of a positive performance history. Prefer candidate with experience in working with MS Office, federal grants, and graphic design programs. Application Deadline: Thursday, May 12, 2016 at 5:00 p.m.
Full-time Non-Classified Position with
Campus: Logan Campus Responsibilities: This position serves as the Chief Academic Officer for the College. This position reports directly to the President, and is a member of the President's Cabinet. The successful candidate will possess a collegial and open management style, effective interpersonal communication skills, and a knowledge of the special challenges of today's community college student. In addition, the successful candidate will demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of: the community college mission; the role of developmental education; diversity of thought; and academic, socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic diversity of community college students. This position will provide overall leadership and direction in the planning, development, implementation and evaluation of the instructional units of the College, including academic divisions, off-campus programs/classes, developmental education, library, professional development, and distance learning; prepare reports to College, district, state, and federal agencies as necessary; provide strategic vision and leadership for curriculum and new program development, academic policy development, assessment, staffing/scheduling for the academic programs of the College and ensure timely and effective instructional program review; responsible for coordinating annual review and revision of the College catalog and schedule with various functional units; coordinate annual review and update of the institution's strategic plan; be accountable for institutional effectiveness related to academic instruction; responsible for the collection and conducting statistical analyses of pertinent student assessment data; facilitate strategic partnerships with K-12 districts, other college and universities, employers, and other stakeholders; and provide leadership for the institutional accreditation process. Requirements: Master's Degree from a regionally accredited college/university. Doctorate Preferred. Must have five (5) or more years of administrative experience in higher education, with three (3) or more years of full-time equivalent college-level teaching experience; significant senior administrative experience in higher education; experience with student assessment, student success, and accreditation processes and requirements; experience that demonstrates resourceful approaches to handling budgetary matters that includes the ability to plan, develop, and manage complex budgets; experience exhibiting the highest standards of personal and professional integrity and credibility; demonstrated ability to extract, analyze, and make decisions based on data; demonstrated expertise in curriculum development, with a commitment to scholarship; demonstrated experience in developing programs for adult learners; demonstrated knowledge of emerging issues and trends in community colleges; demonstrated knowledge of federal and state codes, laws and regulations as they relate to student issues; demonstrated knowledge of strategic enrollment management, student retention, and college completion; and the ability to apply them effectively in a highly competitive market; demonstrated knowledge of the BANNER Student Information System; demonstrated management style that is imaginative, decisive, proactive, and empowers others to take risks; must possess effective listening and communication skills, both oral and written; must possess ability to exercise group leadership skills, which emphasize collaboration, consensus building, conflict resolution, and problem solving; must possess ability and willingness to manage multiple priorities and projects; and must possess ability to be a part of a management team dedicated to collaboration and the College goal of integrating instruction and student services as a way to create and maintain a supportive student-learning environment. Application Process: For full consideration, applications must be received by Wednesday, May 18, 2016 at 5:00 p.m. Applications will be accepted until position is filled. All positions are subject to funding availability. Candidates must sucessfully complete a background screening post-offer of employment. Only applicants who have submitted all required documents and who meet minimum qualifications will be considered. Please see "How to Apply" for complete instructions on applying for this position.
Full-time (9 month) Term Faculty with
Campus: Logan Campus Responsibilities: All faculty positions are full-time "term" faculty appointments with excellent fringe benefits. Southern WV Community & Technical College seeks innovative instructors committed to community college students and their success. The successful applicant will: Utilize Various technologies in the classroom and for distance delivery of instruction; Have all other duties of a full-time instructor such as committee assignments and advising students; Have ability to work effectively with supervisors, colleagues, staff and students as part of an education team; and, Write and update curricula including course outlines and syllabi as required by the institution or industry trends. Requirements: Master's Degree in Nursing required. Must have credentials which verify status as registered professional nurse in West Virginia or the ability to become licensed in West Virginia. Current, unencumbered license as a registered professional nurse or ability to obtain license in the state of West Virginia, a minimum of two years in nursing practice and education sufficient to demonstrate professional competence required. Prior teaching experience preferred. Experience must be in the areas of direct patient care in medical/surgical, obstetrics, psychiatric nursing, pediatrics, and/or nursing education. Must be a team player with the ability to work with diverse groups of individuals. Must have excellent oral and written communication skills and organizational ability. Must have current knowledge in word processing, spreadsheet, and presentation software (preferably Microsoft Office) and willing to use technology. Must have ability to travel to a variety of clinical agencies/sites. Must demonstrate a willingness to develop and teach courses online and use alternative delivery modes. Must be knowledgeable about and embrace associate degree nursing education. Must be open to change. Position open until filled.
Locations: Rock Creek in Boone County, Williamson in Mingo County, Saulsville in Wyoming County, Hamlin in Lincoln County, Logan in Logan County, West Virginia. Responsibilities: Part-time instructors committed to community college students and their success. Masters Degree and 18 hours in field required for most courses. Consideration may also be given for Bachelors Degree and professional certification in career and technical fields. Requirements: Associate Degree plus Certification required for Surveying. Bachelors Degree and/or professional certifications required for Mine Management, Transitional Studies English, Transitional Studies Math, Patient Care Technology, Medical Terminology, Nursing, Business, Accounting, Marketing, Computer Sciences, Criminal Justice. Masters Degree with a minimum of 18 hours in field required for Psychology, English, History, Art, Biology, Natural Science, Literature, Speech, Math, Sociology, Music, Chemistry, Physical Education, and Theater. Applications will be accepted until positions are filled.


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Dave Jorn - Resignation Press Conference
Longtime Arkansas pitching coach Dave Jorn speaks ...
Arkansas coach Bret Bielema works with his team before the start of a football scrimmage Saturday, April 12, 2014 at Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville.
It is never too soon to think about the upcoming SEC football season and how difficult it is to compete in the nation's toughest football conference.
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Bottle, Plate, and Chawan by KCJoker33Watch
©2011-2016 KCJoker33
Here are three of my soda fired pieces from my intermediate ceramics class this past spring semester (2011). The plate was actually lucky enough to get into one of Gail Nichols soda firings while she was up on campus visiting. All of these pieces have such heavy soda accumulation on the surfaces that there wasn't any flashing except for on the bottoms of the pots. The soda looks green and glassy
good luck then, and keep sculpting awesomely!
Wow, these look so professional and perfect! What is soda firing? hahaha I'm in ceramics classes now but I've never heard of that before!
Haha, no worries I didn't know what soda firing or wood firing or anything was until last fall during my intro class... soda firing is a type of atmosphere firing that is fueled by propane to get up to temperature, but during the reduction stage of the firing process a soda mixture (light soda ash, soda ash, and calcium carbonate) is introduced into the kiln through ports into fire boxes. It turns out some pretty great results most of the time
that sounds so cool! well great job then, because that sounds like a rather complicated process and the final product is extra awesome
thanks I actually was able to get these pieces fired in other peoples' kilns, so I didn't personally have to do the whole process that time, but I am getting a plan together to build my own kiln and do a soda firing independently for the first time. I'm kinda nervous... :/


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Editors' Note: The "Download Now" link directs you to the iTunes App Store, where you must continue the download process. You must have iTunes installed in order to open the link, and you must have an active iTunes account to download the application. This download may not be available in some countries.
Publisher's Description+
What's new in this version:
v8.0:===== NEW: Lots of New & improved teentaal lehras: Kirwani (3 lehras now), Chandrakauns, Multani, Yaman, Gorakh Kalyaan, Jogkauns (2 lehras!), Shivranjani, Shyaam Kalyaan FIXED: Other minor fixes and performance improvements


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This dress is my third make for the KNIPster 2016 sewing award. We had to make something in the style of the Dutch Queen Maxima. I decided to make a LBD using VOGUE-pattern 1251 designed by Rebecca Taylor. The dress has some faux leather details and exposed zippers in the cuffs. I've made the matching earrings to complete the look. If you look my dress please vote for me. More details can be found here: http://www.sewingalacarte.nl/rebecca-taylor-vogue-1251-dress-lbd-styled/


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Lasco Bathware, Inc.
|Lasco Bathware, Inc. Patent applications
|Patent application number
|Accessible Bathtub - A bathtub system, including a tub with a bather access opening in one sidewall and a door mounted on that sidewall. In the closed position, the door is adjacent the access opening, and in the open position the door is substantially clear of the access opening. The system includes a gray water reservoir under the tub of approximately the capacity of the tub and which can be connected to a sewer system. A high capacity tub drain conducts water from the tub into the reservoir by gravity alone very quickly.
|Shower receptor installation method - A method of installing a shower receptor with improved control of moisture and trapped water with one or more of the following improvements: the flange is significantly higher above the threshold than prior art receptors so a membrane can overlap the flange without reaching the ledge; the ledge area has multiple steps adapted to meet the subwall and finish wall materials and position the subwall higher than the finish wall; caulk is strategically applied.


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|Brain Tumor
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
American Brain Tumor Association http://www.abta.org
American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org
Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca
Cancer Care Ontario http://www.cancercare.on.ca
Astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated June 9, 2014. Accessed September 5, 2014.
Brain cancer—for patients. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain. Accessed September 5, 2014.
Brain tumors. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Available at: http://www.aans.org/Patient%20Information/Conditions%20and%20Treatments/Brain%20Tumors.aspx. Updated June 2012. Accessed September 5, 2014.
5/28/2008 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Tremont-Lukats IW, Ratilal BO, Armstrong T, Gilbert MR. Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures in people with brain tumors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD004424


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Improving the Science of Arson Detection
John Lentini, an arson expert, tells Scott Simon about changes that have brought into question many convictions based on outdated methods of determining arson. One of this convictions resulted in the execution of a Texas man in 2004.
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It would be too easy to make the just-published developerWorks Tech Trends report our Pick of the Week. (That doesn't mean you shouldn't read it – it's here ). Instead we're giving this week's prize to IBM InfoSphere Master Data Management V10 , which got a...
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Accepts Credit Cards
Price Point
$ $ - Cheap Eats (Under $10)
$$ - Moderate ($11-$25)
$$$ - Expensive ($25-$50)
$$$$ - Very Pricey (Over $50)
Good for Kids
Outdoor Seats
Pete's Burgers & More ($)
American, Burgers, Sandwiches
Farmers Table ($$)
American, Breakfast, Brunch, Burgers, Sandwiches
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American, Seafood
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Accepts Credit Cards
Price Point
$ $ - Cheap Eats (Under $10)
$$ - Moderate ($11-$25)
$$$ - Expensive ($25-$50)
$$$$ - Very Pricey (Over $50)
Good for Kids
Outdoor Seats
02/27/2011 - Jared Griggs
He is back open in downtown Reidsville where the OLD SHORT SUGARS was. GO TRY IT!!!!!!
01/27/2011 - Shannon
Awesome food, but when did he close??? i've been wanting to go back and its gone.
01/10/2011 - charles
I went there this past summer and had the rabbit. Very, very good. I was treated to a sample of James's wings and trust me, you cannot go wrong with his wings. The menu is varied and he is a great cook. His personality is beyond reproach !!
Thanks James.
See ya'll soon !!!
12/15/2009 - TwilightFreak01
James is a great cook, and a great person. My dad took me there for the 1st time a year ago and i tried some wings, it was delicious. Now every time i go, i get either wings bathed in trick sauce or something else that is very delicious. James is a character but he is a great cook!
11/03/2009 - Lady Jay
i live in savannah georgia, with my boyfriend who is originally from north carolina. when he took me up there to meet his family he kept talking about this little restaraunt we had to visit. i must say, of all the beautiful things i saw in north carolina, talk of the town was one of the best. james is a character, and he's so charming. i love that trick sauce too. we bought some of it to take home to my dad. it was a great first expirience to have.
06/19/2009 - Tony and Leslie Talley
This is a great place to eat--the owner, James, is a great guy with a wonderful sense of humor. He prepares excellent food and delivers it hot and delicious!
I can't wait to go back!
06/13/2009 -
Talk of the Town has some of the best wings with that Trick Sauce. I go there often to get Banana Pudding especially since I got what seemed to be a regular serving as a portion to sample. Umm, My mouth is watering for it now!
02/21/2009 - Stoneville Car Care
The food, atmosphere, location, prices, all around greatness is the best I've ever tasted. I'm a very picky eater, but, James will make you a sample of your most unliked dish and turn it into the best tasting dish that you've ever eaten. He is truly a GREAT CHEF in and doesn't get the recognition that he absolutely needs. Tell one, tell all to visit Talk of The Town in Reidsville, North Cack-O-Lack!! Business days are Tuesday-Saturday. Closed on Sunday's to prays and Monday's for rest & layz. Stop by... You will NOT regret one bite.
Love the food and employees ... read more2. King's Inn Pizza Parlor (Eden, NC)
Horrible experience ordered a pizza that was greasy and burnt also ordered order of breadsticks 2 cut in half hard as a brick stuck in box?????? this ... read more3. Wendy's (Reidsville, NC)
Food cold , French fries tasted stale and terrible customer service.... read more4. Mayberry's Restaurant (Reidsville, NC)
My daughter ordered a ice cream cone the lady took her money and proceeded to make her cone. I asked wasn't it nessarsary to wash her hands before ha... read more5. Cook Out (Eden, NC)
My niece and I went to the Cook out in Eden NC. Was excellent! We put order in wrong, and the manager was so wonderful about, she was efficient, and... read more
North Carolina Restaurant Guide: See Menus, Ratings and Reviews for Restaurants in North Carolina


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Roy Moore Allies Seek Greater Voice in Ala. GOP Politics
An organization formed by supporters of ousted Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore is seeking to take over the state's Republican Party.
The League of Christian Voters, formed by Montgomery attorney Jim Zeigler, has endorsed a slate of candidates in the hope of winning a majority of the 48 Alabama delegate seats to the Republican National Convention.
Zeigler's group announced its endorsement of the potential delegates in March. According to an Associated Press report, the League "is endorsing candidates who it believes will support a suggested plank to the Republican platform.
That plank would endorse proposed federal legislation to prohibit federal judges from hearing cases involving acknowledgements of God."
The group endorsed 25 delegate candidates who agreed to back the platform plank.
"This is an attempt to put the Republican Party nationally in favor of that proposal," Zeigler told the Associated Press.
In February, the group sparked controversy when it announced it would screen candidates for state judge positions. Zeigler said the organization would use a 10-point questionnaire asking for details about each potential judge's religious beliefs. Among the questions are: "Are you a born-again Christian? Please give your testimony," "In what church or other Christian ministries are you active? What are your areas of service in each?" and "Would you describe yourself as a conservative Christian? What actions have you taken on conservative issues?"
Through a spokeswoman, Moore said he is not involved in the movement, but he endorsed the idea of removing the federal court's ability to hear challenges to government-sponsored Ten Commandments displays.
Moore spent years battling the federal courts to keep his display of the Decalogue inside the rotunda of the Montgomery Judicial Building. The 11th U.S. Circuit of Appeals ruled that his display of the Commandments monument violated separation of church and state. Moore then refused to abide a federal court order to remove the monument, which cost him his job. …


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Being a Blogger is not only about writing quality content any more, but it's also about implementing best SEO practice, adding more value and social touch and do many more tasks. As all the bloggers have realised recently after the Google Penguin update. The importance for SEO have itself increased. There is an obvious need to change our view to SEO. And why not learn from the only website that ranks 1 for almost 99% queries. Yes, you guessed it. It is Wikipedia, the largest online encyclopedia. Whenever you want to learn some new words. Wikipedia is the (10 comments)
Basic WordPress Plugins for Every WordPress Blog
I believe there is no point repeating Why WordPress is best blogging platform and Benefits of WordPress. Harsh has already shared a handy guide to Install WordPress, or you can follow his WordPress guide for more comprehensive information about WordPress. Here, I'm going to list some of the basic WordPress plugins, which you should consider installing on your blog from day one. Most of these are free basic WP plugins for your blog, and a couple of them at the bottom are bonus one, which will take your blog to next level of optimization. So, (15 comments)


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I am in the middle of building an all-rounder with front and rear racks, and which I can use for commuting, city, touring (not expedition level but more than credit card as well), and even occasional slower club rides. A real all-rounder. It will be based on a 700c cross-frame with all the mounts.
I have been reading up on the pros and cons of running a flatbar as opposed to a dropbar and am 99% certain I will go the flatbar and bar-ends route.
1. I am pretty comfy with a flatbar and bar-ends (Cane Creek Ergo) on my mtb and the number of handpositions seem to be enough for me.
2. I have the option of going internal hub (Rohloff or Nexus)
3. I have most of the parts (mtb) already as opposed to spending more money on STI brifters and a dropbar.
To be honest, between drops and flats, I favour the drops (with a Midge bar) slightly more but the part about spending more makes it negative.
Before I go the flatbar route, I just want to do a last-minute check with you folks. Am I doing the right thing? Will I regret not going drops?


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If you are almost two years old you have routines that are very important in life. You want to do things in a certain order or it will totally mess up the moment. This actually applies to all of us to be truthful. We have routines that we like to follow but for now I'm going to talk about little T who's 22 months old and has the smile of an angel.
She discovered the bathroom which is a big deal when you are her age. Not only did she discover it but she knows what to do in there. We quickly realized though that the only reason she wanted to go to the bathroom was to flush the toilet and then wash her hands. None of that other stuff – that's for diapers after all.
Her bathroom routine at my house consists of opening the door, pulling the stool to the sink, and holding her hands over the basin. She's not much of a talker but she gets her point across. First word she says in there is "froggie" which means "I want to use the froggie soap". She loves that froggie! She rinses her hands after and says "star" which means she must use the star shaped soap next. (The longer this takes, the happier she is.) But is she done? No she wants "pump" and that's when the fun begins.The pump creates a foaming soap which makes her giggle her adorable giggle. What can I do except give in to her need for washing her hands?
This is what I do. I let her use NATURAL HOMELOGIC FOAMING HAND SOAP because I know it's totally safe for her and the rest of us.
I like to use a liquid hand soap and this is one of the best I've tried. It's Triclosan Free and doesn't rely on harsh chemical ingredients to do the job. Natural HomeLogic Foaming Hand Soap is available in two scents, Citrus Grove and Jasmine Mist. It's a natural formula that's gluten free, vegan, and made for people with sensitive skin. Both little T and I have sensitive skin, especially her. I wash my hands dozens of times a day so having this gentle soap that cleans even my greasy hands but washes away without any residue is perfect for all of my family.
Natural HomeLogic was created by Jill Taft so that her family (and all of ours) could use natural, safe and effective products. Besides the Foaming Hand Soap you can find wonderful products for your Tot (TotLogic), pet (BarkLogic), Laundry, dishes, odor eliminator, toilet bowl cleaner and getting rid of lice (LiceLogic) and bedbugs (Natural HomeLogic). She's thought of everything we need.
I received this from the company but I've already ordered another Foaming Hand Soap in Citrus Grove from drugstore.com ($4.95 regular, $4.49 on sale) because I know little T will be using this up and wanting more – just like her grandmother! — Marcia
*send for consideration
Ingredient list: Water, Sodium Methyl 2-Sulfolaurate, Disodium 2-Sulfolaurate, Cetyl Betaine, Sodium Laurylglucosides Hydroxypropylsulfonate, Gluconolactone, Lauryl Lactyl Lactate, Sodium Benzoate, Natural Fragrance (Grapefruit), Glycerin
- Formaldehyde Free
- Sulfate Free
- Chlorine Free
- Bleach Free
- Petroleum Free
- Biodegradable
- Ammonia Free
- Phthalate Free
- Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Free
- Triclosan Free
- DEA Free
- PEG Free
- TEA Free


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Live Now:
Power Play
Winter in Phoenix has been looking a lot like summer. Since February, a heat wave has been breaking records right and left. Instead of sitting outside on a balmy day, visitors in town for spring training baseball games are reclining in sweat-drenched clothes.
Much of southern Ontario is under a heat warning, with temperatures expected to feel as warm as 40 C at the start of the week.
Temperatures are soaring across Ontario, as well as parts of southern Quebec, prompting Environment Canada to issue heat warnings throughout the regions.
Authorities in the Balkan countries say people have been collapsing on the streets amid a heat wave that have seen temperatures in the region reach 40 Celsius (104 Fahrenheit).
Spain's meteorological agency is warning people to brace for high temperatures across much of the country over coming days.
Joggers wheezed, electric wires warped, and Britain sweated through its hottest July day on record as a wide swath of Western Europe sweltered in a heat wave.
Vancouverites could experience record-breaking temperatures this week as a recent heat wave shows no signs of letting up.
Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI is leaving the Vatican for his first sojourn since retiring. He's escaping an impending heat wave by heading to the papal summer residence at Castel Gandolfo.
A mass of hot air moving north from Africa is driving up temperatures in western Europe, with France on Tuesday becoming the latest to endure unusual heat.
Spain and Portugal both issued weather alerts Monday, advising residents to take extra care as temperatures soared above 40 C in some southern areas.
The hot, dry weather that's baking much of Western Canada has reached a point where firefighters in Saskatchewan need to be prepared to escape.


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by Econlife Editor • Feb 11, 2014 • 490 Views
The non-price variables that can change demand, such as income or an opinion of an item.
Why You Should Eat Before You Shop
Beer: An Economic Indicator
Green Elasticity
A Surprising Car Fact
Four Ways to Understand Marijuana Demand
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•First, the Wall Street Journal article
A strange thing happened in Mexico; Mexican drug gangs beat the police.
With enough men and enough guns, the drug gangs resorted to a tactic that sounds totally bizarre to American ears: they shot police for no other reason than that they carried badges.
•This had a surprising, awful effect.
The surviving police simply quit their jobs. It didn't take too many calculated murders of their co-workers to make them think twice about putting on a uniform.
This sounds utterly bizarre, but organized crime can easily shut down a police department. The absolute number of policemen is relatively small, and the deterrent effect of shooting on sight is certain to kill morale.
•And so, for a time, the people of Mexico were terrorized by drug gangs operating with impunity.
Why was this possible? Why didn't the citizens fight back?
Buying a gun in Mexico is very difficult and expensive, and if you do get one, it is probably a .22 single shot that isn't much good against Mexican drug gangs with body armor. Ultimately, in the lawless regions of Mexico the "good guys" got some firepower and started shooting back.
The moral of the story is clear; the police are limited in numbers, and in normal circumstances are adequate.
However, if all that stands between organized crime's ability to operate with impunity are a few good men, those few won't be enough. An armed citizenry is an insurance policy and a deterrent for those who might attempt a similar coup in the United States.
So, when someone asks why someone needs a high-powered semi-automatic rifle with a 30-round clip, one only needs to look to our gun-controlled neighbor to the South, and the mounds of dismembered bodies.