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On November 20, 2015, the UN Security Council voted on a resolution to authorize military action against the declared Islamic caliphate operating in Iraq and Syria. The resolution was introduced by France. Russia had drafted a similar resolution on September 30.
Although the vote was unanimous, what is notable is that the United States did not introduce the resolution despite bombing the area for more than a year.
Accordingly, this website will no longer list U.S. military strikes under "Breaking News" unless they commit such war crimes as bombing civilians.
Making war without UN permission is a war crime, according to the UN Charter. So is intervening in a civil war. Yet for months the U.S. Department of Defense has been bombing Iraq and Syria.
The United States could easily obtain permission from members of the UN Security Council for the attacks. But rather than doing so, Washington prefers to violate the UN Charter.
This website, accordingly, has been listing articles posted by the U.S. Department of Defense about the various attacks on "terrorists" in both countries. The essays, in turn, come from a Google listing of articles on Iraq that appears automatically each day.
Over the past week there has been unprecedented hacking of www.uswarcrimes.com. The same thing happened on September 9, 2015. There is no coincidence between the hacking and the listing.
Who are the cowardly hackers? Are they inside the Department of Defense? Or are they members of the CIA? Or perhaps just vigilantes, eager to prevent a website from continuing to list the DOD articles under Breaking News. Whoever is doing so might better ask the DOD to get UN Security Council approval. When they do, the articles will no longer be listed routinely.
If the United States wants law and order in the world, the way to do so is to follow the law—international law. If all countries were to follow DOD's example, countries would routinely bomb other countries. Perhaps taking their cue from the lawless DOD, North and South Korea recently traded fire across their border. Russia has felt no compunction about supporting rebels in the Ukraine. Who will be next?
The essence of the nation-state system, as first developed by international law during 1648, is that one country should not have its sovereignty violated by another. If the DOD does not respect the most fundamental principle of the current nation-state system, then what kind of world order does it promote other than international anarchy that will have no end in sight?
In 1961, Yale Psychology Professor Stanley Milgram sought to determine whether Adolf Eichmann's claim that he was merely following orders was credible. He then began an experiment in which subjects for less than an hour were paid to punish someone in another room with electric shocks if they failed to answer a question correctly, not knowing that the person in the other room was not being shocked. Milgram later concluded, "The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation."
Ten years later, Stanford Psychology Philip Zimbardo got a grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research to study the causes of conflict between military guards and prisoners.
But these important facts are not mentioned when the film "The Stanford Prison Experiment" begins. Nor is there any mention of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1967.
Instead, filmviewers first view Zimbardo (played by Billy Crudup) and colleagues interviewing Stanford undergraduates who need some extra money before classes resume in the fall quarter to select among applicants to participate in a two-week "prison experiment" for $15 per day. Some are then randomly chosen either as guards or as prisoners. Rules of confinement are explained before the experiment, but the guards violate them during the experiment, inflicting extraordinary psychological and even some physical and sexual abuse on the prisoners. Although they believe that they are trying to make their prisoners obedient, the guards end up slave training.
Some prisoners are so devastated psychologically that they are released within a few days. The experiment itself is terminated on the sixth day, when Zimbardo concludes that he can no longer tolerate watching the abuse he watches from a surveillance camera on the monitor in his control room. Indeed, the main person who is experimented upon is Zimbardo himself for undertaking an experiment without apparent knowledge of Milgram's experiment or of actual conditions in military prisons.
Zimbardo perfectly fits the role of the experimenter in Milgram's study, bossing his psychology graduate students and the guards. But the experiment unravels as prisoners rebel, guards overreact, Zimbardo's colleagues object, and his future wife calls him out for being an idiot. An older psychology professor, not part of the experiment, asks him to identify the independent variable of his experiment, which he cannot.
A title at the end–that no permanent damage was done to any of the experimental subjects—is contradicted by one of the former prisoners in a post-experimental conversation with one of his most abusive guards. That guard admits he was experimenting with himself in trying to test his own limits in inflicting abuse and professes surprise that no prisoner specifically objected—although they did.
That conversation is entirely different from debriefings after the Milgram experiment, when subjects were reassured that they caused no pain and were able to rationalize their own behavior.
Zimbardo, in short, proves to be the most naïve person in the film. Clearly, he violates professional ethics so blatantly because he needed the money (and prestige) from the grant more than the students. A title at the end indicates that Zimbardo now gives lectures and has written about abuse of power, including Abu Ghraib, having done so himself far more than any of the guards in his experiment. (The idea of paper bags over the heads of the Stanford prisoners in the film came directly from Abu Ghraib.)
Directed by Kyle Patrick Alvarez, "The Stanford Prison Experiment" went beyond the actual experiment in order to provoke conversation by filmviewers as they leave a cinema because the film is an experiment upon the audience as well.
What is depicted is a paradigm of why Americans and others around the world lack real democracy: They obey authority because they lack moral courage, preferring to worship (or have a taste of) power, even (or perhaps especially) when exercised illegitimately. Thus, learning nothing from the Milgram and Zimbardo experiments, some psychologists provided technical assistance to the torture conducted at Guantánamo, and the American Psychological Association until recently refused to consider condemning them.
The subliminal message of the film is that Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo are re-enactments of the Zimbardo experiments in which the Bush administration informed guards that the Geneva Conventions did not apply, thereby leaving care of prisoners up to the imagination of guards from a country that still seems fascinated with psychological torture as a method for maintaining tyranny.
by J. Wells Dixon
American military doctrine is clear: when a superior officer identifies a lawful strategic objective, forces under his or her command must work to achieve it without delay. When it comes to Guantánamo, however, the Pentagon continues to obstruct President Obama's mandate to close the prison. Their defiance is tantamount to insubordination.
Obama has said repeatedly and without equivocation that closing Guantánamo is a moral imperative and national security priority for the United States. He has further said it serves as a recruiting tool for terrorists. The president started out well on Guantánamo, signing an executive order on his second day in office requiring the prison to be shuttered within one year. He failed to achieve that goal because of missteps early in his administration, but the Pentagon, working closely with the State Department, transferred 67 detainees during his first two years in office.
what has become an all too familiar pattern in recent years, however, momentum was lost and closure efforts stalled when the president lost his nerve in the face of political opposition. By January 2011, he had effectively turned his back on Guantánamo, and only four men left the prison in the two and a half years that followed.
In May 2013, nearly two years ago, the president returned his attention to Guantánamo in response to a mass hunger strike by the men and recommitted to closing the prison. He said Guantánamo is "a symbol around the world for an America that flouts the rule of law," and "there is no justification beyond politics . . . to prevent us from closing a facility that should never have been opened." He warned that "history will cast a harsh judgment on this aspect of our fight against terrorism and those of us who fail to end it." He lifted a self-imposed moratorium on transfers to Yemen, and appointed new envoys at the State and Defense Departments to oversee closure efforts. Transfers resumed, and 11 men were released between August and December 2013.
Then transfers stopped, and momentum was lost again, because Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel refused to sign the paperwork necessary to carry out more transfers. In the first 11 months of 2014, only six detainees left the prison, five of whom were exchanged in a prisoner swap for a U.S. soldier held by the Taliban. In November 2014, Hagel announced his resignation amid conflicts with the president, including his refusal to transfer detainees. Transfers quickly resumed: 22 men were released in November and December 2014, and five more in January 2015. Since then, however, the State Department envoy resigned – and hasn't been replaced – and the momentum for closure has once again ground to a halt. Now, 122 men remain in limbo, half unanimously approved for transfer by all relevant security agencies.
At this point transfers are not expected to resume until May or June, and it looks increasingly likely that Obama will fail to close Guantánamo in the remaining 18 months of his administration. Whether that happens will be determined largely by the Pentagon's willingness to transfer cleared men out of the prison and step up the pace of the Periodic Review Boards so that more men may be cleared. There are reportedly transfers approved in 2014 that have not been executed by the Pentagon. There are also reportedly several transfers awaiting Defense Secretary Ashton Carter's signature. It makes you wonder whether these transfers are hitting his desk, or why they may be collecting dust on the Defense envoy's desk. You also have to wonder why, in the face of continuing congressional opposition to closure, Marine General John Kelly would tout a purported "recidivism" figure of 30 percent when data released by the Director of National Intelligence shows that figure is below 6 percent and falling for men transferred by the current administration. Is the Pentagon working against the closure of Guantánamo?
Obama recently told a seventh-grader that he regrets not closing Guantánamo on his first day in office. His regret pales in comparison to that of our clients who continue to languish there, even though many have been cleared by the government for release for years. Yet despite the obstacles he has had to navigate, the president has never wavered from his stated commitment to closing Guantánamo.
From the ongoing indefinite detention of cleared detainees, to the glacial pace of the Periodic Review Boards, to the collapse of most military commission trials, the dysfunction in Guantánamo military operations is palpable. What remains to be seen is whether Obama, now with his back to the wall on closing Guantánamo, will continue to tolerate the intransigence and clear lack of effectiveness that plague the forces under his command.
by Cliff Sloan
When I began as the State Department's envoy for closing the detention facility at Guantánamo Bay, many people advised me that progress was impossible. They were wrong.
In the two years before I started, on July 1, 2013, only four people were transferred from Guantánamo. Over the past 18 months, we moved 39 people out of there, and more transfers are coming. The population at Guantánamo — 127 — is at its lowest level since the facility opened in January 2002. We also worked with Congress to remove unnecessary obstacles to foreign transfers. We began an administrative process to review the status of detainees not yet approved for transfer or formally charged with crimes.
While there have been zigs and zags, we have made great progress. The path to closing Guantánamo during the Obama administration is clear, but it will take intense and sustained action to finish the job. The government must continue and accelerate the transfers of those approved for release. Administrative review of those not approved for transfer must be expedited. The absolute and irrational ban on transfers to the United States for any purpose, including detention and prosecution, must be changed as the population is reduced to a small core of detainees who cannot safely be transferred overseas. (Ten detainees, for example, face criminal charges before the military commissions that Congress set up in lieu of regular courts.)
The reasons for closing Guantánamo are more compelling than ever. As a high-ranking security official from one of our staunchest allies on counterterrorism (not from Europe) once told me, "The greatest single action the United States can take to fight terrorism is to close Guantánamo." I have seen firsthand the way in which Guantánamo frays and damages vitally important security relationships with countries around the world. The eye-popping cost — around $3 million per detainee last year, compared with roughly $75,000 at a "supermax" prison in the United States — drains vital resources.
Americans from across the spectrum agree on closing Guantánamo. President George W. Bush called it "a propaganda tool for our enemies and a distraction for our allies." Kenneth L. Wainstein, who advised Mr. Bush on homeland security, said keeping the facility open was not "sustainable."
In 18 months at the State Department, I was sometimes frustrated by opposition to closing the facility in Congress and some corners of Washington. It reflects three fundamental misconceptions that have impeded the process.
First, not every person at Guantánamo is a continuing danger. Of the 127 individuals there (from a peak of close to 800), 59 have been "approved for transfer." This means that six agencies — the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Justice and State, as well as the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the director of national intelligence — have unanimously approved the person for release based on everything known about the individual and the risk he presents. For most of those approved, this rigorous decision was made half a decade ago. Almost 90 percent of those approved are from Yemen, where the security situation is perilous. They are not "the worst of the worst," but rather people with the worst luck. (We recently resettled several Yemenis in other countries, the first time any Yemeni had been transferred from Guantánamo in more than four years.)
Second, opponents of closing Guantánamo — including former Vice President Dick Cheney — cite a 30 percent recidivism rate among former detainees. This assertion is deeply flawed. It combines those "confirmed" of having engaged in hostile activities with those "suspected." Focusing on the "confirmed" slashes the percentage nearly in half. Moreover, many of the "confirmed" have been killed or recaptured.
Most important, there is a vast difference between those transferred before 2009, when President Obama ordered the intensive review process by the six agencies, and those transferred after that review. Of the detainees transferred during this administration, more than 90 percent have not been suspected, much less confirmed, of committing any hostile activities after their release. The percentage of detainees who were transferred after the Obama-era review and then found to have engaged in terrorist or insurgent activities is 6.8 percent. While we want that number to be zero, that small percentage does not justify holding in perpetuity the overwhelming majority of detainees, who do not subsequently engage in wrongdoing.
Third, a common impression is that we cannot find countries that will accept detainees from Guantánamo. One of the happiest surprises of my tenure was that this is not the case. Many countries, from Slovakia and Georgia to Uruguay, have been willing to provide homes for individuals who cannot return to their own countries. Support from the Organization of American States, the Vatican and other religious and human rights organizations has also been helpful.
I don't question the motives of those who oppose the efforts to close Guantánamo. Some are constrained by an overabundance of caution, refusing to trust the extensive security reviews that are in place. Others are hampered by an outdated view of the risk posed by many of the remaining detainees. A third group fails to recognize that the deep stain on our standing in the world is more dangerous than any individual approved for transfer. These concerns, however well-intentioned, collapse in the glare of a careful examination of the facts.
The road to closing Guantánamo is clear and well lit. We are now approaching the 13th anniversary of the opening of the Guantánamo detention facility. Imprisoning men without charges for this long — many of whom have been approved for transfer for almost half the period of their incarceration — is not in line with the country we aspire to be.
New York Times, January 5, 2015
Among discussion about Senator Dianne Feinstein's release of a 528– page summary of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Committee's Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program (www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/09/world/cia-torture-report-document.html?_r=0), the most egregious defense has been penned by John Yoo, Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, during the Bush administration.
The following should serve to refute each of the claims made by Yoo in a recent op-ed in the Los Angeles Times (www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-yoo-torture-feinstein-20141214-story.html#page=1):
1. Feinstein released the report without Republicans, so the claims cannot be trusted.
The fact is that the full report had bipartisan cooperation. The Republicans objected to the report's release for partisan reasons, not inaccuracies. Moreover, one prominent Republican—John McCain—approved.
2. The report was not based on interviews of witnesses, so the claims cannot be trusted.
Feinstein's bipartisan committee agreed to review existing documents of witnesses. There was no need to re-interview or cross-examine.
3. CIA officials "have rejected many of the report's factual findings and its central claim that the CIA systematically misled the White House and the present and covered up the abuse of terrorists."
If anything motivated Feinstein and the rest of her committee, it was that CIA intelligence briefings were lies. Secretary of State Colin Powell was also kept out of the loop—and resigned.
4. American law banning torture during interrogation only criminalizes those who apply methods with "specific intent" to cause "severe physical or mental pain and suffering."
According to the law, "severe physical or mental pain and suffering" is defined as including the following: "(A) the intentional infliction or threatened infliction of severe physical pain or suffering;
(B) the administration or application, or threatened administration or application, of mind-altering substances or other procedures calculated to disrupt profoundly the senses or the personality;
(C) the threat of imminent death; or (D) the threat that another person will imminently be subjected to death, severe physical pain or suffering, or the administration or application of mind-altering substances or other procedures calculated to disrupt profoundly the senses or personality"
The record shows that signs of pain and suffering as well as blood were ignored by those who continued to torture. Further, when the methods were applied, members of the FBI exited the rooms to avoid any association with the torture. There have been sufficient whistleblowers to attest that the torture continued after evidence of suffering was clearly present. The torturers knew what they were doing.
Besides, international law also applied, including measures short of torture that constitute "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment." The United States has ratified the appropriate international treaty, which has been interpreted in European courts to ban such practices as sleep deprivation.
5. Only waterboarding was "close to the line" as an illegal method of torture.
Waterboarding was conducted against American soldiers during World War II in Japan, and those who did so were convicted in the Tokyo War Crimes Trials under the supervision of the U.S. military. Accordingly, the Geneva Conventions banned torture, and American law was written in full cognizance of that experience. But the Feinstein report and other sources indicate other methods as well that have been banned. The most common were routine beatings for several minutes resulting in bleeding, broken bones, unconsciousness, and even death. Others include making incisions on the skin of a penis three times, hanging from handcuffs, chaining prisoners to the floor in a cold room naked in fetal positions, sleep deprivation, forcible removal from one cell to another as many as 112 times in a period of two weeks, subjection to freezing temperatures without adequate cover, requiring a prisoner to stand for 24 hours for 20 days, forcing prisoners to squat naked for hours while chains cut into their flesh, stuffing prisoners head first into sleeping bags to induce claustrophobia, the threat to kill a prisoner's 9-year-old daughter, telling a prisoner that the voice he heard screaming outside his cell was that of his wife, threatening to rape the wives and children of prisoners, and deprivation of clothing and food. Torture can be inferred when several techniques are applied in tandem.
6. The Geneva Conventions did not apply to Al Qaeda terrorists because they fought for no nation.
In fact, many of those detained were captured during wartime—the war in Afghanistan against the government. Some were caught while fighting against forces of the United States and its allies.
Others were turned in by Afghans and Pakistanis for a variety of reasons—for the bounty paid by the United States, because they spoke Arabic, or because Afghans wanted to get rid of political rivals. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which bans torture during interrogation of prisoners, applied to those who were not captured on the battlefield. The United States has also ratified that treaty.
Moveover, to establish that someone is a terrorist means to find that person either planning or committing a specific act. When torture was used to force prisoners to confess to terrorism or plots of terrorism, there clearly there was no advance proof that they were terrorists.
How can Yoo explain the detention of 64 children at Guantánamo, some as young as 10, to be among the "worst of the worst"? Why were they hooded without the ability to see and chained to the bottom of aircraft en route from Afghanistan along with the others? What intelligence were they supposed to provide? There were still 21 children at Guantánamo in May 2008 while Bush was still in office.
7. US. Soldiers had been trained on the same methods without physical or mental injury.
Experiments were indeed conducted on American soldiers, but they stopped short of inflicting injury.
8. "We knew little about Al Qaeda, and intelligence indicated that more attacks were coming."
Aside from the obvious contradiction in Yoo's sentence, the fact is that the Clinton administration knew about Al Qaeda, and the Bush administration heard warnings from Richard Clarke, National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-Terrorism, but did not want to know more from him.
9. "If some CIA interrogators went beyond these methods [of harsh interrogation], they would not have received Justice Department approval."
Yoo was the one who wrote in approval on behalf of the Justice Department, so his statement is one of self-incrimination.
10. Standard interrogation methods could take "weeks, months, years—or never" to yield intelligence.
In other words, the end justified the means. Yet the evidence presented in the Feinstein report indicates that valuable intelligence was obtained by standard methods, whereas torture produced phony information.
11. There has been no "second large-scale terrorist attack for the last 13 years." Ergo, the CIA's interrogation methods were effective.
Here, Yoo discredits the effectiveness of national security surveillance and local law enforcement for preventing terrorist attacks without proof that the CIA made any contribution.
Yoo's qualifier "large" in "large-scale attacks" is a recognition of the fact that small-scale attacks have occurred. Yet in all those cases, the reason for the attacks was retaliation against the United States for breaking international law, as Faisal Shahzad said in court when he was convicted of putting a bomb in Times Square on May 1, 2010. An American citizen, he was reacting to indiscriminate drone strikes in Pakistan that had killed hundreds of innocent civilians.
12. The CIA could only have found out the name of the courier to track down Osama Bin Laden through torture. "The Feinstein report cannot explain how the CIA brought down Al Qaeda's leadership."
Feinstein has replied that the names of the courier and others were already in CIA files and were discovered through normal interrogation methods. The leaders were located through normal intelligence and brought down by drone strikes.
13. Yoo justifies American "practical" wartime measures by pointing out indiscriminate killing by Union Army troops under General William Sherman during the Civil War, massive bombings of Germans during World War II, and President Harry Truman's unleashing of the atom bomb on Japan.
Yet none of these measures were at the time in violation of domestic or international law. The Geneva Conventions came later. Not until 1949 did international law place restrictions on aerial warfare. Besides, Yoo's point is irrelevant: The examples are not about interrogation methods. Yoo accuses Obama (though not Bush) of impropriety involving drone strikes, and on this point he is correct: Interrogations would result in fewer deaths if those killed by drone strikes would be captured instead.
14. A "large majority of Americans support tough interrogation methods."
In 2007, only 27 percent of Americans surveyed in a poll said the United States should torture prisoners captured in the war against terrorism, but in 2012 41 percent said they approved of torture. In 2005, a poll reported that 82 percent thought waterboarding was wrong, though the percentage slipped to 55 percent in 2012. Chaining of prisoners naked in cold rooms was disapproved by 79 percent in 2005 but was by 51 percent in 2012. Americans also have strongly opposed threatening prisoners with dogs and religious humiliation.
Conclusion. Feinstein's report was in the mode of a "truth commission." But the report does not articulate specific crimes that could be prosecuted from the evidence, as Yoo notes. That was the task of my book well-documented George W. Bush, War Criminal? The Bush Administration's Liability for 269 War Crimes, which I gave to NBC journalist Chuck Todd to be delivered to Barack Obama just before his inauguration in 2009, with a recommendation to close Guantánamo on which he acted soon after taking office. The importance of the information is underscored by the words of Benjamin Ferencz, Nuremberg Chief Prosecutor, who wrote the Foreword to the book.
Such "truth commissions" and war crimes trials are usually served upon those no longer in power, so the question has arisen why the report was released, even in a redacted form. She has been accused of endangering American lives by bringing the subject into the public arena. But the publication only brings the matter into the American public discourse. Two television journalists (Jack Cafferty and John Stewart) were forced to recant accusations that American public officials (Donald Rumsfeld and Harry Truman) have been war criminals, so the subject has been taboo for decades. The rest of the world has known about the facts for years, and those particularly incensed continue to act upon those facts. For Obama to pardon those responsible, as some urge him, would further fan the flames of international hostility.
There will come a time in the future when an American president and Congress will join in admitting that serious, illegal wrongdoing occurred during the misguided "war on terror" in order to recover whatever is left of the moral authority of the United States.
There are two ways of reviewing Camp X-Ray, a dramatic film directed by Peter Sattler on behalf of a production company in Karachi. One is to watch Private First Class Cole (played by Kristen Stewart) as she is assigned to the maximum security prison at Guantánamo, learns the routine, but finds more sincerity on the part of prisoner Ali Amir (Peyman Maadi) than her fellow soldiers. Ali has finally found in Cole, whom he calls "Blondie," an interlocutor who is civil enough to engage him in conversation, not just about his confinement but about a Harry Potter volume that he would like to read and her state of mind as she guards him and even prevents him from committing suicide.
The other way is to count the number of war crimes being committed: (1) The denial that they are war criminals, as the euphemism "detainees" is used to pretend that the Geneva Conventions do not apply. (2) Violating medical ethics by forced feeding. (3) Cruel treatment in the form of forced movement from cell to cell. (4) Outrages upon personal dignity, which prompts Cole to file a complaint. (5) Reprisals for refusal to eat. (6) Systematic insults. (7) Cramped housing in a single cell. (8) Solitary confinement. (9) Prisoners disallowed from food preparation. (10) Prisoners not allowed to eat together. (11) Lack of a prison canteen. (12) Inadequate recreational opportunities. (13) Inhumane transfer of prisoners to Guantánamo. (14) Failure to allow prisoners to elect representatives for negotiation with prison management. (15) Repeated punishment. (16) Punishment beyond the 30-day maximum. (17) Corporal punishment evidenced by scars on Ali's body. (18) Confinement without daylight. (19) Inhumane treatment, notably lights left on for 24 hours. (20) Failure to try accused prisoners. (21). Lack of speedy trials. (22) Failure to have a public list of Geneva Convention provisions. (23) Failure to disseminate Geneva Convention provisions to military personnel. (24) Failure to allow visits between prisoners and their attorneys. (25) Failure to allow United Nations personnel to visit prisoners. (26) Failure to allow the Red Cross or other nongovernmental organizations to visit prisoners. (27) Failure of commanding officers to report offenses against prisoners to their superiors. (28) Failure of commanding officers to discipline or prosecute soldiers committing offenses against prisoners. (29) Attempting to justify torture. (30) Failure to repatriate prisoners promptly. (31) Failure to allow prisoners to correspond with families.
But these are only a subset of 165 war crimes against prisoners committed by the United States since 9/11, as documented in George W. Bush, War Criminal?, a book for sale in a Karachi bookstore that is only available online in the USA (2009).
At the end of a war, according to Article 20 of the Hague Convention of 1907, as later revised by the Geneva Conventions of 1949, prisoners of war must be either released to go home or put on trial for war crimes. As the American role in the Afghan civil war winds down during 2014, the subject of prisoner release from Guantánamo will inevitably have to be addressed.
Accordingly, the exchange of five members of the Taliban for one American soldier held hostage by the Taliban for four and one-half years on May 31, 2014, has brought the Geneva Conventions back into the limelight, having been ignored ever since January 25, 2002, when Alberto Gonzalez, White House Counsel to President George W. Bush and later attorney general, authored a memorandum stating that the Geneva Conventions did not apply to the "war on terror." For the first time, several members of the media are now using the term "prisoner," rather than the politically correct term "detainee," as they describe the swap, although the American military claims that they always referred to the soldier as a "prisoner of war."
The American is 28-year-old Army Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl, the only known American held as a prisoner of war by the Taliban. Negotiations for his release had been ongoing since December 2013, but the Taliban insisted that he would be released only in exchange for a swap of all five members of the Taliban held at Guantánamo.
Bergdahl was transferred to an American military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany, where he is receiving psychological care and evaluation as well as a debriefing on the circumstances of his capture. According to present plans, he will be further treated at a military hospital in San Antonio, Texas, and later reunited with his parents in Hailey, Idaho, after his treatment at the hospital concludes.
Although his stay in San Antonio was described as "long term," he was reported in good physical condition upon his release, so Bergdahl may suffer from a psychological toll after four and one-half years of captivity. The Taliban may believe that his release is consistent with Article 6 of the Geneva Convention of 1864, which requires repatriation of "unfit" prisoners of war; if so, then he should have been released earlier. But that raises the question why seriously ill prisoners have been held at Guantánamo, including Shaker Aamer and Ibrahim Othman Ibrahim Idris, whose lawyers have petitioned for their release this year.
The five former Taliban prisoners in Guantánamo include Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa, who was associated directly with Osama bin Laden and Mohammad Omar, the Taliban's supreme commander. Another, Mullah Norullah Noori, led troops against American and Coalition forces, was directly subordinate to Taliban Supreme Leader Mullah Omar, is associated with members of al-Qaeda, and is wanted by the UN for possible war crimes. Mullah Mohammad Fazl is the Taliban's deputy former defense minister. Abdul Haq Wasiq, as the Taliban's deputy minister of intelligence, support al-Qaeda and Taliban personnel in eluding capture; he also trained al-Qaeda personnel in intelligence methods. Mullah Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa, former Taliban interior minister, was directly associated with Osama bin Laden and Taliban Supreme Commander Mullah Muhammad Omar. Mohammad Nabi Omari, a senior Taliban official, belonged to a joint al-Qaeda/Taliban ACM cell. All are alleged to have been "cooperative" prisoners, whatever that means.
They were flown to Qatar, where the government is to house them with their families for at least a year after which they presumably will be returned to Afghanistan. During that year, the Qatar government has agreed to place restrictions on the activities and movement of the former Guantánamo prisoners.
Objections have been raised to the prisoner exchange by several parties. A defense of the action has been made inside and outside the Obama administration. But the Geneva Conventions have been left out of the discourse thus far.
In addition, not cited in the press or by the Bush and Obama governments is the fact that the UN Security Council has since December 20, 2001, annually approved of a force supplied by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to stabilize the country. When that annual resolution expires, any outside role in the Afghan civil war might amount to a violation of the Convention on Duties and Rights of States in the Event of Civil Strife of 1928, which prohibits interference in officially recognized civil wars: If the Taliban is officially recognized as a "belligerent," further support to the Afghan government would violate that treaty. And negotiations for the prisoner swap unofficially appear to have recognized the Taliban as a belligerent in a civil war.
Hamid Karzai, lame duck president of Afghanistan, has objected that the deal violates unspecified international law. He also is incensed that his government was not consulted about the secret transfer of the five Afghan citizens, evidently referring to previous agreements between Washington and his government.
Karzai has also protested the pledge of Qatar to place restrictions on the former Taliban prisoners. In his view, perhaps referring to the Geneva Conventions, there should be no restrictions. Despite the restrictions, Afghan Taliban's longtime leader Mullah Omar thanked the government of Qatar for its "tireless efforts."
Republican members of Congress have blasted the swap as a violation of restrictions placed by law on transfers out of Guantánamo. In particular, members of Congress were not consulted before the exchange. Although Obama signed that law every year as a provision within the military appropriations bill, he always did so reluctantly. He has again threatened to veto that bill for fiscal 2014-15 on the ground that the provision is a violation of executive prerogatives. My view, expressed two years ago in the New York Review of Books, is that the restrictions amount to a bill of attainder, as Guantánamo prisoners are in effect prisoners of Congress, which metes out a sentence of indefinite incarceration without a prior trial. When members of Congress objected, Barack Obama apologized for the oversight.
Josh Korder, sergeant within Bergdahl's former platoon in Afghanistan, and other members of his unit have objected that the missing soldier should instead be arrested and tried for desertion because he walked away from his comrades one night in 2009 without a weapon in hand. But their only evidence is that Bergdahl was dissatisfied with his combat assignment. Nevertheless, the Army promoted him to specialist while in captivity. According to letters sent home as reported in a Rolling Stone article of June 2012, he was disgusted by combat conditions. He possibly witnessed war crimes committed in the American military occupation of Afghanistan. However, a Wikileak document states that he was captured while sitting on a makeshift latrine.
General Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has responded that the circumstances surrounding Bergdahl's release were unique and "the last, best opportunity to free him," a pragmatic justification. But Dempsey also opened an inquiry about the facts of Bergdahl's disappearance and said that the Army "will not look away from misconduct if it occurred [though] . . . he is innocent until proven guilty."
Yet another objection is the long-held view that "America does not negotiate with terrorists." But is the Taliban a "terrorist" organization or instead a party in a civil war? In fact, Washington has never declared the Taliban to be a terrorist organization in Afghanistan. The justification for fighting in Afghanistan in 2001 was that the Taliban government supported a terrorist organization, al-Qaeda, but that pretext evaporated when the Taliban was driven out of the country. During the 2012 Republican primary season, candidate Herman Cain even proposed prisoner swaps as a way to close Guantánamo.
Some have argued that the 5-for-1 swap might raise the future cost of ransoms of various sorts. That prediction may be true but is irrelevant to war crimes issues.
One pragmatic consequence, if not a justification, is that the prisoner swap will revive negotiations to end the war. Clearly, the swap occurred because of secret negotiations. But an agreement to end the civil war would have to involve both the Afghan government and the Taliban, and outgoing President Karzai refused to engage in peace negotiations in 2013, when he objected to the opening of an office in Qatar by the Taliban as in effect a "government in exile." He will no longer be president before the end of the year.
As the date for termination of the UN-approved role of the American military in Afghanistan approaches, will Guantánamo finally be closed? December 31, 2014, is that date and may be that watershed if all prisoners are either released or retained for trial. And those put on trial may be moved to the U.S. Mainland for those trials.
Before punishing Syria for using chemical weapons, President Barack Obama must apologize to the people of Afghanistan and Iraq for the use of chemical weapons while President George W. Bush was in office. Otherwise, a military strike on Syria for the use of chemical weapons can only be described as an act of hypocrisy.
Upon receipt of a recently published book (George W. Bush, War Criminal?) from Chuck Todd of MSNBC just before his inauguration in 2009, Obama was informed that three types of chemical weapons were used in Afghanistan and Iraq contrary to international treaties that amount to war crimes:
1. The Use of Napalm
A hill outside Basra was napalmed during the initial invasion of Iraq. So were two bridges south of Baghdad.
Reports are based on an article by Andrew Boncombe ("U.S. Admits It Used Napalm Bombs in Iraq") in The Independent on August 10, 2003, and a second source, Martin Savidge ("Protecting Iraq's Oil Supply) broadcast on CNN on March 22, 2003.
The use of napalm is banned by Article 55(1) of Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions. Adopted in 1977, the provision reads "Care shall be taken in warfare to protect the natural environment against widespread, long-term and severe damage. This protection includes a prohibition of the use of methods or means of warfare which are intended or may be expected to cause such damage to the natural environment and thereby to prejudice the health or survival of the population."
2. Use of White Phosphorous
During November 2004, white phosphorous, a chemical that can cause serious burns, was used as an anti-personnel airborne weapon in Fallujah, according to several American military officers. On the last day of the month, General Peter Pace, who headed the Joint Chiefs of Staff, defended the use of white phosphorous to illuminate targets at night.
Evidence was first reported by Peter Popham ("US Forces Used Chemical Weapons During Assault on City of Fallujah") in The Independent on November 8, 2005, and affirmed as well by Ali A. Allawi in The Occupation of Iraq (Yale University Press, 2007, p. 339).
According to the Article 2 of the Protocol on Prohibition or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons of 1980: "(1) It is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population as such, individual civilians or civilian objects the object of attack by incendiary weapons. (2) It is prohibited in all circumstances to make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by air-delivered incendiary weapons."
3. Use of Depleted Uranium Weapons
Some 2,000 tons of depleted uranium bullets, which can combust into a ball of fire measuring 10,000 Centigrade degrees, were utilized in the invasion of Iraq. At least 200 tons were used after the invasion. Children exposed to the munitions have come down with leukemia.
There are many sources: Dahr Jamail, "What Have We Done?" Iraq Dispatches, August 6, 2005; Neil Mackay, "US Forces' Use of Depleted Uranium Is 'Illegal'," Sunday Morning Herald, March 20, 2003; Angus Stickler, "Depleted Uranium Weapons—A BBC Investigation," BBC Radio, August 21, 2007; Geert Van Moorer, "One Year After the Fall of Baghdad: How Healthy Is Iraq?," Health-Now.com, April 28, 2004; Nao Shimoyachi, "Depleted Uranium Shells Decried: Citizens Find Bush Guilty of Afghan War Crimes," Japan Times, March 14, 2004; World Tribunal on Iraq Declaration of the Jury of Conscience, Istanbul, June 25, 2005.
According to Article 11 of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management of 1997: "Each Contracting Party shall take the appropriate steps to ensure that at all stages of radioactive waste management individuals, society and the environment are adequately protected against radiological and other hazards."
Unilateral military strikes against Syria would be illegal under international law. Eight legal avenues for countermeasures against Syria's use of chemical weapons are being blocked. One, however, may be open.
1) China and Russia will veto the UN Security Council from taking action, although they have allowed a weapons inspection team.
2) Action could be taken at The Hague, headquarters of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), set up by the treaty banning chemical weapons (Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction of 1992), which has been ratified by most countries except for Syria. An OPCW expert team is part of the UN weapons inspection team in Syria. But on July 16, the American delegate complained that the Ukrainian chairing OPCW's Executive Committee refused to place the issue on the agenda for discussion.
3) The treaty empowers the OPCW Conference of all ratifying countries to recommend sanctions against a violation. However, the latest meeting of the Conference was last year. Another meeting will take place in December.
4) The UN General Assembly, which could act under the powers of the Uniting for Peace Resolution of 1950, is not in session but is likely to block action when reconvened in September, as the membership is similar to the OPCW's Conference.
5) Under customary international law, every country has the right of reprisal. That is, any country has the right to retaliate against unfriendly action by another, though the response must be proportional to the unfriendly action. If Britain, France, and the United States contemplate several military strikes against Syria, they must pretend that many of their own citizens were injured or are potentially threatened by the Syrian chemical weapons attack.
6) Regional organizations can take action when the UN cannot, according to some experts. The Arab League disapproves of any military strikes against Syria. The Gulf Cooperation Council has also not encouraged such action.
7) The Responsibility to Protect principle, adopted by the UN, allows action to prevent or stop genocidal action. A few military strikes, not having that aim, would not be consistent with that principle.
8) A new principle could be enunciated unilaterally by the United States. So argues John Bellinger III, who was legal adviser during the administration of George W. Bush. But his suggestion has not been followed by the White House.
9) Bellinger also suggests that the United States recognize a Syrian opposition group as the legal representative of Syria (as has the Gulf Cooperation Council). Then that group could call for military action, and Washington could come to the aid of a recognized government. But the Obama administration has resisted that option.
When President Barack Obama originally announced his "red line" on chemical weapons, the reference was to the possibility that the chemical weapons facility would get into the wrong hands during the civil war. Later, the objection was that the Syrian government would use or has used the weapons. Now the fear is that the United States will unleash further chaos without legal justification.
But we are talking about Mr. Drone Strike. The use of drones is extrajudicial execution, contrary to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and a war crime. So, too, is an American military strike on Syria.


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Feeding 9 Billion People and Creating a Healthier, More Resilient Agriculture.
That is the challenge taken up by the faculty, staff and students of the Department of Agronomy. We generate and apply knowledge about plants that feed and benefit humankind. We find and implement answers to problems and opportunities concerning efficiency and sustainability of crop production and in safe and environmentally-sound ways. We generate knowledge on the genetics, biochemistry and physiology of plants. We study the interactions among cropping systems, climate, and the environment. We work to ensure that agricultural systems and products in Wisconsin and the world are able to meet rapidly-changing needs and those of future generations.
PSGSC Journal Club–Fighting Food Waste
Hi Plant Scientists! Please join us in Moore 473 on Monday, March 14 at noon to discuss the role of scientists in reducing food waste. The need to feed a growing population is a common discussion point in the plant sciences. We often focus on the genetic gain aspect of food security, but this is just one piece of a large, complex puzzle, discussed in depth by Foley et al (2011). Recent news has focused extensively on efforts to combat food waste, which comprises an estimated 30% of total agricultural production. In February, the French senate unanimously passed a law requiring supermarkets to donate unsold food to charities or food banks, with plans to extend this law to the rest of the EU. Food waste was also the cover story in the latest issue of National Geographic, titled "Eat me: How ugly food can help feed the planet." Is the precedent in France a good model for other countries? How much do crop yields really need to improve by 2050? As plant scientists, how can we contribute to the fight against ...
March 10, 2016
PSGSC Journal Club–2/22/16
Hi Plant Scientists! Are you interested in conservation biology and/or crowdfunding for research? Please join us Monday, February 22 at noon in Moore 473, where Chris D'Angelo will lead a discussion about parrot conservation and the pursuit of public funding. What if you could sequence every individual in a species? Andrew Digby is doing just that as part of a conservation effort for the kakapo, an unusual, flightless parrot endemic to New Zealand. Because they are a ground-dwelling species, kakapos are particularly susceptible to predation and only an estimated 125 individuals remain. While it's easy to support conservation efforts in spirit, securing funding is a constant challenge. As an alternative to grants, Digby's group has started a crowdfunding campaign to support their research and encourage public interest. Can crowdfunding provide a viable substitute for grants and bridge the gap between scientists and the public? More about the kakapo research effort and fundraising: https://www.geneticrescue.science/projects/genome-sequencing/kakapo Press article about the effort to sequence all known kakapo: http://www.engadget.com/2016/02/05/scientists-want-to-sequence-entire-kakapo-population/ "The Crowdfunding Phenomenon: Can it Work for Biomedical Research?" https://www.aamc.org/newsroom/reporter/april2015/429716/crowdfunding.html Have something interesting you'd like to share with your fellow plant scientists? ...
February 18, 2016
PSGSC Journal Club for 2/15
Hello Plant Scientists! Computational thinking is a widely applicable analytical skill with potential to improve the way we approach scientific inquiries. Jeannette Wing (2006, 2008) presents a case for actively developing this ability, which combines abstract thought processes from mathematics, engineering, and the sciences. Please join us Monday, Feb. 15 at noon in Moore 473, where Schuyler Smith will lead a discussion on the what, how and why of computational thinking. The forecast is intellectually stimulating with a 100% chance of coffee and cookies. We look forward to seeing you there! -PSGSC Wing 2008 Wing 2006
February 9, 2016
Journal Club for 2/8
Hi Plant Scientists, Ever wonder how things work on the animal side? Many of the techniques we use in plant genetics have origins in animal science. Following up on our previous dialogue about MAGIC populations, Matthew Murray will lead a discussion about the mouse Collaborative Cross (Collaborative Cross Consortium, 2012) and Diverse Outbred Populations (Svenson et al., 2012). Please join us Monday, Feb. 8 at noon in Moore 473 for a thought-provoking conversation about the development of genetic resource populations, analytical methods, and how these techniques can be adapted for the plant sciences. ccc 2012 Svenson et al 2012 P(opportunity to consume delicious coffee & cookies | attendance at journal club) = 1.
February 2, 2016
PSGSC Journal Club for 2/1
Welcome back! The temperatures may have dropped, but Journal Club is coming in hot! Do you believe in MAGIC? Please joinus to discuss the use of Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-cross populations in fine mapping, novel QTL identification, and applied breeding. In their 2013 paper, Bandillo et al. describe the development and use of MAGIC populations in rice. These populations offer plant scientists a valuable new tool with advantages over traditional QTL mapping and GWAS, as well as a convenient excuse to justify your results with "magic." Hope to see you there! Bandillo et al. 2013
January 22, 2016
Study Suggests Perennial Crop Yields Can Compete with Corn Stover
A six-year Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) study on the viability of different bioenergy feedstocks recently demonstrated that perennial cropping systems such as switchgrass, giant miscanthus, poplar, native grasses, and prairie can yield as much biomass as corn stover. The study is significant for beginning to address one of the biofuel industry's biggest questions: can environmentally beneficial crops produce enough biomass to make their conversion to ethanol efficient and economical? ... (Continues at: https://www.glbrc.org/news/six-year-study-suggests-perennial-crop-yields-can-compete-corn-stover)
December 22, 2015

subset: commoncrawl


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The Intern (2015)
The Intern SynopsisIn The Intern, Ben Whittaker (Robert De Niro) is a 70-year-old widower who has discovered that retirement isnt all its cracked up to be. Seizing an opportunity to get back in the game, he becomes a senior intern at an online fashion site, founded and run by Jules Ostin (Anne Hathaway).
The Intern Release Date
In Theaters September 25, 2015
The Intern Credits
Starring: Robert De Niro, Anne Hathaway, Rene Russo, Anders Holm, Adam Devine, Andrew Rannells, Linda Lavin, Christina Scherer, Celia Weston, JoJo Kushner, Zack Pearlman, Jason Orley, and Nat Wolff
Written by: Nancy Meyers
Directed by: Nancy Meyers
Produced by: Nancy Meyers and Suzanne Farwell
MPAA Rating: [ PG-13 ]
Distributor: Warner Bros. Pictures
External Info: The Intern Official Website
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IGN Australia reports that third-person action game Dark Sector has been refused a rating by the Office of Film and Literature Classification. The move is, effectively, a ban on selling the game in Australia.
In rendering the decision, the OFLC offered its impression of Dark Sector:
…a violent and sometimes gruesome game with a sinister storyline and ominous outcome. The violence and aggression inflicted upon the protagonist is of a high level, naturalistic and not stylised at all…
[the level of violence] exceeds strong and as such cannot be accomplished in a MA15+ classification… When Hayden cuts off his opponent's limb with the glaive, large amounts of blood spray forth from the stump and the injured person screams in agony which increases the impact.
IGN writes that Dark Sector, developed by Digital Extremes and publisher D3Publisher, is likely to be edited and re-submitted for a more marketable classification. A rep told the site:
This is (hopefully) not the end of the line for the game however, just a pretty substantial, but temporary, set-back.
Dark Sector is scheduled for release in the North American market on March 25th for Xbox 360 and PS3 and has been rated M (17 and older) by the ESRB.


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28 January, 2014@1:10 pm
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28 January, 2014@1:10 pm
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Schoolboy Q stops by the Whoolywood Shuffle on SHADE 45 with DJ Whoo-Kid to discuss the details of his long awaited debut album, Oxymoron, his relationship and work with artists like Alchemist and A$AP Rocky plus the meaning behind his album cover, the role his daughter played in the whole creative process and influences like Mobb Deep in his early years listening to Hip-Hop.
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Curt 18050 - Curt Bike Racks
Curt Bike Racks
Curt Bike Racks carry up to 4 bikes and are available in 1-1/4" & 2" receiver hitch mounts, as well as a 3/4" hitch ball mount. Rubberized cradles will protect your bikes finish. Durable and long lasting powder-coat finish. Your Curt Bike Rack can carry bikes with up to a 1 1/4" tube diameter. Heavy-duty construction that has a convenient tilt-away feature that allows access to trunks and tailgates. Includes reflectors for safety, is lockable and comes with a limited lifetime warranty.Features:
Curt 18050
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Ohaus 2400-11 Field Test Scale
Compact design, accurate weighing
16 kilogram capacity x 5 gram readability
Weighing Modes
|Mode: Kilogram : Gram
|Capacity: 16 kg
|Resolution: 5 g
Product Details
Great Portability If ya plan on lugging your scale around from place to place to weigh your samples, this is the scale for you. The 2400-11 field test scale is designed with portability and durability in mind, perfect for soil testing, archaeological sampling, lab work and much more!
Epoxy Coated Steel Platform This heavy duty scale has an extra durable, epoxy coated steel platform for weighing your samples.
Slotted Weights The included weights store conveniently at the base of the 2400-11 for compact storage and easy use. These attachment weights allow you to measure more weight than the balance beam alone can handle.
Zero Adjust Knob Before ya start weighing with this mechanical scale, you can make sure it's set to zero by using the zero knob on the side of the balance. This can help assure you're getting the most accurate weights from the Ohaus 2400-11.
5 YEAR MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY! When ya get the 2400-11, ya need to go over to the Ohaus website and register it to receive your five year warranty.
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after changing the battery and really making sure the connections were good, everytime i open the driver door the park lights blink and there's a red light under the dash by indoor fuses that is blinking. the blinking goes on for about a minute or two, then stops, then continues. i pull out the park lamp fuse and it stops. put it back in and it continues. what to do?
by scott226 in Ligonier, PA on September 10, 2009


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Friday, February 28, 2014
4 Comments | Copyright: IANS
First she played a glam girl in "Student of The Year", then donned the casual look in "Highway" and now in "2 States" Alia Bhatt says she will sport the Indian fusion look.
"My clothes in the film has been designed by Manish Malhotra, so I didn't have to think about it. Manish gets Indian fusion look so well," Alia told reporters at "2 States" trailer launch.
"The film moves to different cities, it has different looks, so we have played a lot with the look. Her look is simple yet modern," she added.
Alia is playing a Tamil girl in "2 States", a big screen adaptation of Chetan Bhagat's bestseller of the same name. Directed by Abhishek Varman, it features Arjun Kapoor as the male lead.
When asked whether her character will be compared to Deepika Padukone's in "Chennai Express", she said: "It's not the same at all. She is a modern girl and she speaks in Tamil only with her parents."
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May 31, 2016
Your postal carrier delivers your mail in all kinds of weather conditions, and now they are asking something from you.
The United States Postal Service is urging pet owners to keep their animals restrained. Last year, Lansing carriers were bitten by dogs six times, and had 22 'near misses.'
News 10 went to a postal training session to see how mail carriers got advice to deal with aggressive dogs.
The postal training is part of "National Dog Bite Prevention Week."
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Bitcomedy 1.0
Bitcomedy 1.0 is almost an hour of stand up comedy about your favourite cryptocurrency, the problems with fiat, why the NSA sucks, and a whole heap of other hilarity.
It's funnier than anything you'll read in the Trollbox, and you can get it right now for a fraction of a bitcoin (or $5 if you're still using fiat). Click here to buy now.
Class Comedian
Performed live at a high school in Melbourne in front of a couple of hundred students, hear the story of my high school days.
To buy it off iTunes click here.
Long Cloud
Here's my first comedy album which features some of my first jokes. You can buy it online, but why not get if for free by just signing up to my newsletter?


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Last updated: Apr 01, 2008
With so many choices, your doctor can tailor your prescription to fit your needs.
- Diuretics such as Lasix and Diuril work by flushing extra salt and water out of the body.
- Beta-blockers such as Coreg or Lopressor slow down the heart.
- Calcium channel blockers such as Cardizem or Norvasc relax blood vessels.
- ACE inhibitors such as Vasotec and Lotensin also relax blood vessels, using a different mechanism.
A drug that lowers blood pressure in other people might not necessarily work for you. You may also have side effects that are stronger or more bothersome than expected.
His Heart Was at Risk
Meds may have saved him Watch video
Finding the right drug or combination of drugs is often a matter of trial and error. If one treatment doesn't seem to work or causes unpleasant side effects, there are plenty of other options.
One thing that's not an option: giving up on the treatment entirely. High blood pressure is too dangerousand too preventableto ignore.


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Ernie Ball 2148 Super Slinky Phosphor Bronze Acoustic Guitar StringsProduct #100602 Ernie Ball 100602 LAABAB .011 Gauge Acoustic Guitar Strings https://www.esnapw.com/rses/ESnapServlet?MerchantNumberSent=63655
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Lives in Alfonso, Cavite, Philippines
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A Shooter since 1970, Motorsports 71-90, Scenic, Landscape, Street, Portraits and Macro 91- to present. Nikon User 1970-to selling all in July 2008 for a Oly E-520 w/ 12-60 & 70-300 on the way back to Saudi Arabia for another 2 years. Picked up EOS 5D kit in Riyadh a year later + 4 more "L" lenses in the next 18 months. Sold the 5D kit in Manila and got a good deal on a OM-D Kit + added Oly 12, 45, 60 & 40-150II, Pana 20mm, also a Vivitar 100mm f2.8 MF Macro with adapter. Love what I'm getting with my OM-D and may get a EM-1 Body? For All my street portraits during past 18 years I am averaging about 93% in returning prints to my subjects to say Thank You. Favorite Quote:
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kyle_hawkins86 Old school fun ;) 4y
sierralongg Take your time coming home hear the wheels as they roll. Let your lungs fill with smoke. Forgive everyone. I don't think I'd been misled, it was a rocknroll band, I'm standing, take your time coming home. 4y
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Merry Christmas from WOHVA
May the miracle of Christmas bring happiness and joy to you and your loved ones. Please join the Wisconsin Off-Highway Vehicle Association (WOHVA) and take time out to remember those special individuals serving our country who arent able to spend time with their families this year.
Merry Christmas and a joyous holiday season from WOHVA!
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LSU board OKs naming baseball field after Bertman
BATON ROUGE, La. (AP) — The LSU Board of Supervisors has unanimously approved a proposal to name the baseball field at Alex Box Stadium after coach Skip Bertman.
The field will be called "Skip Bertman Field," which will be dedicated the final weekend of the 2013 regular season when the Tigers play Ole Miss in conjunction with a 20-year reunion of Bertman's 1993 national championship team. The board approved the change Wednesday.
In 18 seasons as head coach, Bertman led the Tigers to five National Championships and seven Southeastern Conference titles. He finished his career with a total record of 870-330-3. Bertman also took LSU to 11 College World Series appearances, 16 NCAA Tournament appearances and he coached 31 LSU players who reached Major League Baseball.
Bertman also served as director of athletics from 2001-2008.


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America's approach to the education of children with disabilities is antiquated, costly, and ineffective. "Special education" as we know it is broken—and repainting the surface won't repair it. It cries out for a radical overhaul. Far too many children emerge from our special-ed system without the skills, knowledge, and competencies that they need for a successful life that fully capitalizes on their abilities. This ineffectual system is also very, very expensive. Yet for a host of reasons—inertia, timidity, political gridlock, fear of litigation, fear of interest groups, ignorance, lack of imagination, and so on—neither our education leaders nor our policy leaders have shown any inclination to modernize it. Instead, they settle for "paint jobs"—waivers and the like.
Federal policy is responsible for much of this failure. Even though the education world has changed around it—as have technology, mobility, fiscal conditions, demographics, and so much more—it remains essentially stuck where it was in 1975 when the first major national law in this realm (now known as the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act or IDEA) was passed.
It was much needed at the time. Many children with disabilities (in those days they were called "handicapped") had been denied education or given versions...
During your pre-Turkey trot out of town, you might have missed the big news about the federal School Improvement Grants program. Education Week's Politics K–12 blog, which generously called the results a "mixed picture," put it this way:
While more than two-thirds of schools in the first cohort (which started in 2010-11) saw gains in reading and math after two years in the program, another third of the schools actually declined, despite the major federal investment, which included grants of up to $500,000 a year, the department said Thursday.
While more than two-thirds of schools in the first cohort (which started in 2010-11) saw gains in reading and math after two years in the program, another third of the schools actually declined, despite the major federal investment, which included grants of up to $500,000 a year, the department said Thursday.
Even Arne Duncan himself could muster only faint praise for the schools, acknowledging their "incremental progress."
Andy Smarick, a long-time SIG skeptic, showed a great deal of holiday cheer in not shouting, "I told you so." But neither was he shy in stating the obvious, labeling the results "disappointing but completely predictable." He went a bit further in a Washington Post quote, arguing that "you can't help but look at the results and be discouraged . . . . We didn't spend $5 billion of taxpayer money for incremental...
The Thomas B. Fordham Institute today released Financing the Education of High-Need Students, a policy brief that focuses on three specific challenges that are often encountered when districts—especially small ones—grapple with the costs of serving their highest-need special-education students.
Districts and states could put these recommendations into practice today, without waiting for reforms or help from Washington:
In its release of SIG data, the U.S. Department of Education only provided comparisons between SIG schools and statewide averages. As I mentioned in Friday's post, that's not exactly a revealing comparison since SIG schools are, by definition, extremely low-performing and have much more room for improvement than the average school in the state.
Since Secretary Duncan visited New Jersey for the data release, we decided to do a quick New Jersey analysis of our own—something we thought might be edifying. We compared the performance of SIG schools to the performance of schools that applied for SIG (and were eligible) but didn't receive awards. In other words, we compared schools that were similarly low performing at the start, while one set received the intervention and the other did not. We looked at math scores and focused on schools with an eighth grade (high schools take a much different test in New Jersey).
As you can see, at least based on a quick analysis of one state's data, it's hard to make the case that this massive program had a transformative influence on...
School districts face an enormous financial burden when it comes to educating our highest-need students. Financing the Education of High-Need Students focuses on three specific challenges that are often encountered when districts—especially small ones—grapple with the costs of serving their highest-need special-education students.
There is no doubt in my mind that Secretary of Education Arne Duncan cares deeply about disadvantaged kids. He deserves our admiration and respect for bringing a renewed sense of urgency to addressing America's persistently failing schools.
His devotion to the hope of school turnarounds is rooted in very real and very painful experiences. When he closed a number of underperforming schools during his tenure as CEO of Chicago Public Schools, many displaced students were moved into similarly low-performing schools, and worse, inadvertently exposed to gang violence.
I'm certain this heartrending episode influenced him profoundly. I'm sure he committed himself to finding a better way to help boys and girls assigned to schools that weren't working. I sincerely commend him for that sentiment and the passion behind it.
But this sentiment and passion also blinded him and his team.
Hence the tragedy of SIG.
Mountains of studies had clearly demonstrated over many years that the success rate of school-turnaround efforts was miniscule. The research showed that regardless of the intervention used or the amount of money spent, persistently low-performing schools stubbornly remained that way.
I will never know if the Department of Education simply hadn't done...
Last month, USA Today reported that officials in the Brevard County Schools had broken Florida state law—on purpose. Their offense? Placing more kids in classrooms than Florida's Class Size Reduction statute allows. Officials had done the math and decided that complying with state policy would cost more than the penalty they'd pay for adding a handful of students to each classroom. The estimated fines totaled roughly $170,000, which paled in comparison to the cost of the teachers that the district would have to hire to comply with the size-limiting mandate.
Yet it's unclear how Brevard chose to allocate these additional students. Did administrators give every teacher more students in equal shares? Did they apportion shares to seasoned veterans or, more likely, to seniority-deprived new teachers? Maybe they drew straws?
But what if Brevard officials had chosen another option? What if they had assigned the "extra" students to their most effective teachers, leaving fewer pupils in classrooms presided over by weaker instructors? What would be the impact of such a practice on student achievement?
That's the scenario that this empirical paper models. The idea is straightforward: Give the better teachers more kids and the weaker teachers fewer—then see what...
Michelle and Dara discuss class sizes, the new Youth CareerConnect program, and why the DOJ is backing away from its attack on Louisana's school-voucher program. Amber gets wonky with cross-district effects on teacher-bargaining contracts.
My End of the Bargain: Are There Cross-District Effects in Teacher Contract Provisions?, by Dan Goldhaber, Lesley Lavery, and Roddy Theobald, CEDR Working Paper 2012-2.2 (Seattle, WA: Center for Education Data and Research, 2012).
Fordham released a paper by Michael Hansen projecting the impact on student learning if excellent eighth-grade teachers—those in the top 25 percent—were responsible for six or twelve more students per class. He found that moving six students per class to the most effective eighth-grade science and math teachers would have an impact equivalent to removing the bottom 5 percent of teachers.
We imagine many teachers and parents reading that finding will still fret over the idea of increasing class sizes that much, even with great teachers. So here's some good news: Schools can give a lot more than six more students access to excellent teachers without actually raising class sizes. And they can pay great teachers—or even all teachers—more by doing so.
The key is shifting to new school models that extend the reach of excellent teachers wisely. At Public Impact, we've published many such models on the website www.OpportunityCulture.org, and we've honed them via our work with teams of teachers and administrators now implementing them in schools.
Sure, one way to extend the reach of excellent teachers is to simply increase their class sizes. But none of the pilot schools' design teams—which include...
In the overwhelming majority of American classrooms, pupils are divided roughly equally among teachers of the same grade in the same school. Parceling them out uniformly is viewed as fair to teachers—and doing otherwise might be seen as unfair. Parents might wonder, too. But what if more students were assigned to the most effective teachers, leaving fewer in classrooms presided over by weaker instructors? What would be the impact of such a practice on student achievement? That's the intriguing question that Right-sizing the Classroom: Making the Most of Great Teacherstackles. The idea is straightforward: Give the better teachers more kids and weaker teachers fewer—then see what happens. It's a common-sense option with many supporters (including Arne Duncan, Bill Gates, sundry wonks, most parents, and even teachers themselves). Using data from North Carolina, economist Michael Hansen, a senior researcher at the American Institutes for Research, looks at what right-sizing the classroom can mean for academic achievement. In brief, he found that as the best teachers teach larger classes and the weakest teach progressively smaller ones, the net result is improved student learning—for all students, not just those who moved. At the eighth-grade level,


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Artist: Leonard Cohen
Album: Dear Heather
Genre: Folk
You never liked to get
The letters that I sent.
But now you've got the gist
Of what my letters meant.
You're reading them again,
The ones you didn't burn.
You press them to your lips,
My pages of concern.
I said there'd been a flood.
I said there's nothing left.
I hoped that you would come.
I gave you my address.
Your story was so long,
The plot was so intense,
It took you years to cross
The lines of self-defense.
The wounded forms appear:
The loss, the full extent;
And simple kindness here,
The solitude of strength.
You walk into my room.
You stand there at my desk,
Begin your letter to
The one who's coming next.
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5 Strategies For Beating The Holiday Binge
5 Strategies for Beating the Holiday BingeGet ready folks, Thanksgiving is imminent and holiday party season is just around the corner. Cookies, finger foods, desserts, and more are waiting in ambush. Running the gauntlet of holiday meals and parties can be daunting, but if you prepare correctly, you won't wake up on January 2nd, 2016, filled with regret.Did you know that the average person on Thanksgiving consumes approximately 4,500 calories? Given the quality of many of those calories, that&r


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Home Page
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Dmara Guitars
Doug Frye Luthier
We Are Open!
11041 Reading Rd.
Sharonville, Oh. 45241
(513) 484-8277
Wednesday 1:00 - 7:00
Thursday 1:00 - 7:00
Friday 1:00 - 7:00
Saturday 1:00 - 5:00
My name is Doug Frye. I'm a professional luthier with over 20 years experience and owner of Dmara Guitars.
I've been playing guitar for over 35 years. I offer repair services ranging from restring to restore, handmade guitars and everything in between.
Please join us in our new location the former Chrome Dome Audio.
Only Doug Touches My Guitar!
January 15, 2016
New Year New Additions
The Repair Shop is running smoothly and the store is looking pretty good. Come on in and help yourself to something from the coffee bar.
We have partnered with Electric Sheep Music LTD. and have a few guitars, amps, and pedals for sale. Very soon we will offer Consignment services!
We are also excited to now offer BeccasBlues Jewelry. The silver and copper picks are really cool. Music themed Necklaces, Braclets, Rings, Earrings, and Keychains. Lots of pretty stuff to take home to the wife, after you've bought that twelfth guitar ;)
October 22, 2015
The shop is open!
Doug Frye - Luthier will be resuming regular hours today. We are scrambling to take over ownership of the shop at
11041 Reading Rd.
Sharonville, Oh. 45241
Wednesday - Friday 1:00 - 7:00
Saturday 1:00 - 5:00
Chrome Dome Audio Amp repair has moved to Fairfield.
October 21, 2015
Dmara Guitars does not know anymore than what is posted on Chrome Domes website. We have not been appraised of Adam's situation. Dmara Guitars is working to figure out our next steps and continue to be available for your guitar repair needs. Continue to check our website for details about our business. Check Chrome Domes website for updates about that business.
Doug Frye - Luthier
September 14, 2015
Sam Ash Music
Springdale, Ohio
We are sad to announce that after 12 years Dmara Guitar Repair will be leaving Sam Ash Music. Simply put, Doug is a craftsman and doesn't fit the corporate mold. Doug doesn't believe in the "turn a wrench and call it done" Counter Tech Mentality. Doug is a Luthier and perfectionist. He takes his time with a repair because he wants it done right. Our loyal customers are musicians who know the difference.
We hate leaving our friends at Sam Ash. They've become
family. The decision was based on Sam Ash corporate not the local store. So buy your next guitar at Sam Ash then bring it to Doug in Sharonville to have it setup by a professional.
It's been a blast. Thanks guys.
Doug & Mrs Doug
Dmara Guitar Repair
Doug Frye - Luthier
513 484-8277
Give us a call for all of your guitar repair and maintenance needs our direct line is (513) GUITARS (
Thanks from Doug and Mrs.Doug.
Video by Guitar Virtuoso James D. Gilmore
Thanks for dropping by!
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nice little shooting iron there!
Here she is after trigger replacement, sighting in at 30 yard indoor range. Very happy with how it turned out...
AR Finished.jpg
nice little shooting iron there!
good job .... only 600+ plus to go
just kidding =)
While I am primarily an AK guy, my first AR just whet my appetite, LOL.
i hate to use an old quote from an old indiana jones movie--
"shoot them! shoot them BOTH!"--LOL
I agree, only instead of "both", I woul have to say "shoot 'em ALL"!, both wont cover it...


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every movable part was changed including rotors and bearings. could it be something in the steering shaft? feel it in steering wheel only no vibrating in front seats. i spent a lot of money on vehicle can`t give up on it... Thank you mr confused.
by smitty12345 in Wilmington, MA on January 06, 2013


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Etude House: Nymph Aura!11:35 AM
Can't wait for Nymph Aura product line from Etude House! I've tried the Nymph Aura Volumizer already, and I swear, it really makes the skin glow~
Wonder when will it be out in the market? Nymph Aura line is on its way to our nearest Etude House branches!
1 name tags
- miaaquinoFebruary 11, 2012 at 3:57 PM
I'm really excited for this line to come out! I want to try the volumizer too! :)ReplyDelete


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First, Hughes let us know that he and Serra will be fighting in mid-April, and his wife doesn't want him to start punching until Serra's blood is on the canvas. He also said that he thinks Brock Lesnar will beat Randy Couture, and that B.J. Penn will only beat Georges St. Pierre if Penn is in the best shape of his life.
Hughes also shared his opinions on some non-fight issues. He told us that he doesn't like women's MMA because he doesn't like women getting hit. My thought is that childbirth is more gruesome than anything that can happen in the Octagon, so women can handle a punch or two. After being asked, he also mentioned that he will be voting for McCain.
My favorite point was when he mentioned his lovely two-year-old daughter. He is already planning to be cleaning his gun whenever her first suitors stop by. If that young man isn't intimidated by his name and career, I bet that the guns won't scare him, either.
Photo via Getty Images
- Matt Hughes


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Marc LewkowitzShared publicly -
#bblovessupima - It is great to be able to work with a brand that understands and appreciates making the extra effort to find and use the best quality products to make the best quality apparel. +Brooks Brothers and +Supima Cotton make a great story.
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Hoping to reconstruct King Tut's family tree, Dr. Hawass and his team begin the intricate process of collecting DNA samples from the royal mummy.
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Collecting Royal DNA
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Father and Son Reunited
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Mysterious Maternity
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Search For Tut's Mother
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Maternal DNA Match
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: King Tut's Paternal Line
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Behind the Scenes - DNA Extraction
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Killer Malaria
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UP NEXTHow Mummy Identification Works
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Creating Zahi Cam
UP NEXTKing Tut Unwrapped: Tut's Name Change
Dr. G: Measurement
Everything is weighed and measured in an autopsy. Learn more about the process of weighing the human body in this video from Discovery.
Modern Mummies of Colombia
Modern mummies are emerging from their crypts in Colombia.
Assignment Discovery: The Ice Mummy
In 1991 skiers found a frozen corpse buried in the Ötztal Alps on the border between Austria and Italy. Scientists investigate the ice mummy on Discovery Channel's "Assignment Discovery."
King Tut Unwrapped: Search For Tut's Mother
After successfully identifying King Tut's father, Dr. Hawass pursues leads that just might reveal the identity of his mother.
King Tut Unwrapped: Father and Son Reunited
After extensive DNA analysis, Dr. Hawass and his team confirm that the KV55 mummy is Akhenaton and that he is the father of Tutankhamen.
Moving the Sarcophagus Lid
Using a method practiced by Egyptians a thousand years ago, the Egyptian workers move the lid of a sarcophagus.
King Tut Unwrapped: Collecting Royal DNA
King Tut Unwrapped: Mysterious Maternity
Dr. Hawass and his team take on the daunting challenge of determining the identity of King Tut's mother.
Forensic Examiner Finds Hidden Message
From the archives of Discovery: Watch this forensic investigator use a special method to reveal writing on an otherwise blank piece of paper. Learn more about forensic analysis.
King Tut Unwrapped: Maternal DNA Match
Using the latest DNA analysis methods, the team confirms that an anonymous female mummy in tomb KV35 is Tut's mother.
King Tut Unwrapped: King Tut's Paternal Line
A DNA test confirms that the unidentified mummy from KV55 is a genetic match with Amenhotep III and thus must be his son Akhenaton, the likely father of Tutankhamen.
How Mummy Identification Works
Mummy unwrapping is a team effort: experts gather to examine forensic evidence. Learn more in this video from the Discovery Channel.
Forensic Factor: Total Blood Drainage
Why would a killer take the time to completely drain the blood from a body? Because it makes it nearly impossible to identify the victim.
Forensic Factor: Identifying A Victim
Most are familiar with methods like DNA testing. But trained CSI professional have lots of other less obvious methods of uncovering someone's identity.
Forensic Factor: Skills Of A Surgeon
Surgeons train and study for years to help heal others on the operating table. But what if those talents fall into the wrong hands?
Forensic Factor: A Vicious Crime
What was it about Sonja Larson, an 18-year-old future nursery school teacher, that drove her attacker to commit such a violent and heinous murder?
Forensic Factor: Profiling A Killer
Contrary to popular belief, not all serial killers leave a calling card. How do you profile a killer when each crime is so different?
Forensic Factor: The Gainesville Ripper
How did the Gainesville Ripper manage to wreak havoc on an entire community in under 72 hours? News cameras could have played a bigger role than anything else.
Forensic Factor: Call from a Killer
After a bomb planted by an unknown suspect ripped clean through a family home, with residents still inside, local police get an eerie phone call from the bomber himself. Did he really mean to give himself up?
Forensic Factor: Mystery Bomber
A devastating bomb was planted outside a family home and exploded into flames. How do investigators work backwards from the wreckage to find who's responsible?
Forensic Factor: Targeting the Top
After an unknown suspect detonated a bomb that nearly destroyed a small town family and their home, authorities were confident the bomber was on the run. But actually, he was placing a paper grocery bag on the local police chief's front lawn.
True Crime with Aphrodite Jones: Meet Aphrodite
Aphrodite Jones talks about what inspired her to become a crime writer and why she continues to do what she does.
True Crime with Aphrodite Jones: About True Crime
Aphordite Jones explains the True Crime genre and talks about her approach to reporting that has inspired the new series on Investigation Discovery "True Crime with Aphrodite Jones."
True Crime with Aphrodite Jones: Being a Crime Writer
Aphrodite Jones discusses the rule of three's when it comes to reporting and why you can never simply take someone at their word when it comes to crime.


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45 year old woman | Palm Harbor, FL, United States | Seeking men 32-45 within 50 miles
Here I am...Bring it on!
I'm a single mom of 2 girls ages 14 and 10. I share custody with their dad 50/50 so while there are many days that I am free there are days that I'm a mom. I currently live in the Palm Harbor area and may be moving back to N. Tampa in June. I enjoy a wide variety of indoor and outdoor activities and am always up for trying something new. A few examples are: Boating- My idea of a slice of heaven. Okay, so I don't exactly have a boat yet, but I said...YET. Traveling- I want to get out and see the world or at least get to know my way around my own zip code a little better. Live music at the beach with a frozen drink (me), ice cold beer (you?). I love Caddy's and Shepherds, but also some of the little hole in the wall bars on the beach as well. I used to love the Undertow, but haven't been lately. Bucs- Would like to see at least one game a year. I have even gone to a game by MYSELF. Seriously though, I'm a fan. Feel free to mock, I can defend. And hey, they just won on Monday night!! Dexter, Shameless, Homeland, Walking Dead, Breaking Bad- There isn't a whole lot that interests me on TV anymore, but thank God for Showtime, AMC and Netflix Roller Coasters- I have a pass to Busch Gardens Sushi- YUM...enough said. It would be nice to meet someone who is happy, confident, sometimes silly, sometimes serious and curious about life. Would love to hear from you!! What do you have to lose? Just a couple more things real quick- I make an awesome Caesar salad from scratch and I want to learn to paddleboard. I have a tiny little Dachshund named Becca who is pretty sweet.
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Exploring new areas , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Billiards / Pool, Football, Golf, Hockey, Running
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
Don't display my sign
I have Dogs
I like Cats
I have a miniature dachshund. She's the sweetest little thing in the world. She sleeps under the covers with me at night.
Hard to say here. I'm pretty open minded when it comes to this kind of stuff. Don't really play favorites.
Food/Art festivals, football, baseball or hockey games, Ybor City in the daytime is cool, kayaking to a picnic lunch on Caladesi island
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'4" (162cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 6'3" (190cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
|Dark blonde
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde, Bald
|No Way
|No Way, Cigar aficionado
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|No preference
I'm an RN case manager at an area hospital. I love what I do, it's rewarding and funds my adventures.
|$50,001 to $75,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home (1)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Not sure, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian, Other
|Spiritual but not religious
|Agnostic, Atheist, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
|Associates degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Intensive French Language - Institut Catholique de Paris
Back to Back 2 Summer 2016
IPRB1216Catalog Code:
March 25, 2016Application Due Date:
April 10, 2016Final Forms & Payments Due:
*prices and dates are subject to change
Note: About pricing...
Prices are subject to change.
Hours & Credits
180Contact Hours
12Recommended U.S. Semester Credits
18Recommended U.S. Quarter Units
Sessions Available
This program offers courses at all French language levels. Beginning and intermediate level courses will focus solely on French language and phonetics. Starting at the high intermediate level, course options include French language and phonetics as well as the following specialized courses: Business French, Written French, Teaching French as a Foreign Language (for fully fluent students only), and Improving French Level.
Intensive French Language - Institut Catholique de Paris