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Distinguishing the "Truly National" from the "Truly Local": Customary Allocation, Commercial Activity, and Collective Action
Siegel, Neil S., Duke Law Journal
We accordingly reject the argument that Congress may regulate noneconomic, violent criminal conduct based solely on that conduct's aggregate effect on interstate commerce. The Constitution requires a distinction between what is truly national and what is truly local. In recognizing this fact we preserve one of the few principles that has been consistent since the Clause was adopted. The regulation and punishment of intrastate violence that is not directed at the instrumentalities, channels, or goods involved in interstate commerce has always been the province of the States.
--Chief Justice Rehnquist (1)
This Essay makes two claims about different methods of defining the expanse and limits of the Commerce Clause.
My first claim is that approaches that privilege traditional subjects of state regulation are unworkable and undesirable. These approaches are unworkable in light of the frequency with which the federal government and the states regulate the same subject matter in our world of largely overlapping federal and state legislative jurisdiction.
The approaches are undesirable because the question of customary allocation is unrelated to the principal reason why Congress possesses the power to regulate interstate commerce: solving collective action problems involving multiple states. These problems are evident in the way that some federal judges invoked regulatory custom in litigation over the constitutionality of the minimum coverage provision in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The areas of "health insurance" and "health care" are not of exclusive state concern, and it is impossible to lose--or to win--a competition requiring skillful lawyers or judges to describe them as more state than federal, or more federal than state. Nor is it most important what the answer is.
More promising are the approaches that view congressional authority as turning on either commercial activity or collective action problems facing the states. My second claim is that these two approaches have advantages and disadvantages, and that the choice between them exemplifies the more general tension between applying rules and applying their background justifications. I have previously defended a collective action approach to Article I, Section 8. My primary purpose in this Essay is to clarify the jurisprudential stakes in adopting one method or the other and to identify the problems that advocates of each approach must address.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction I. Theory: The Primary Justification for the Commerce Clause II. Doctrine: Custom and the Commerce Clause A. The Unworkability of Custom B. The Undesirability of Custom III. Doctrine: Commercial Activity and Collective Action A. Commercial Activity Versus Collective Action B. A Return to Custom? Conclusion
Congress possesses the authority "[t]o regulate Commerce ... among the several States" (2) primarily so that it can solve collective action problems like the ones that the states faced under the Articles of Confederation, when Congress lacked the power to regulate interstate commerce. (3) Most of the eighteen clauses in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution likewise give Congress the authority to solve multistate collective action problems. (4) The commerce power in particular, however, possesses perhaps the greatest potential to collapse the "distinction between what is truly national and what is truly local." (5) There are three main judicial strategies for maintaining such a distinction in Commerce Clause cases. (6)
One historic strategy, which has few adherents today, is to invoke what is asserted to be the customary allocation of regulatory authority between the federal government and the states. Most often, this approach is formulated in a way that is akin to "dual federalism," which died in 1937 because it proved unable to define unique and exclusive spheres of federal and state legislative jurisdiction. …


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Hunt for treasure or discover a new favorite knickknack at the ninth annual Clark County Antique and Collectible Show. With 400 booths filled with items ranging from large pieces of furniture to vintage Matchbox cars, visitors can also bring things from home for the five antique appraisers to evaluate. The Clark County Historical Museum will display its exhibit, "Vet Ink," featuring the stories of 11 Clark County veterans.
When: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. today; 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sunday.
Where: Clark County Event Center at the Fairgrounds, 17402 N.E. Delfel Road, Ridgefield.
Admission: $6; $5 for item appraisal. $6 parking.
Web: http://christinepalmer.net
The antique show is among several options for getting out and about this weekend.
2. A little local Broadway
Union Theatre Players presents the classic Broadway musical "Fiddler on the Roof," about Tevye, who attempts to maintain family traditions with his five daughters, as outside influences and his daughters' strong-willed choices in husbands throw the family into conflict.
When: 7 tonight.
Where: Union High School, 6201 N.W. Friberg St., Camas.
Admission: $10, $7 for students, children and seniors.
Telephone: 360-604-6250, ext. 7466.
3. Sundance in Camas
The Camas Independent Film Festival opens, featuring three weeks of independent films from around the world. This weekend's showings are the animated "Approved for Adoption," suitable for ages 8 and older, following a Korean child adopted by a Western family, at 4:15 p.m. today and Sunday.
The Sundance Film Festival's Short Films, not rated, including "Whiplash," which follows an aspiring drummer entering an elite jazz orchestra, at 2:15 p.m. and 6 p.m. today and Sunday.
"Muscle Shoals," rated PG, a documentary about hitmaker FAME Studios, at 11:45 a.m. and 8 p.m. today and Sunday.
Every film will be shown in the theater's Granada Studio, which after 5:30 p.m. is limited to those 21 and older.
Where: Liberty Theatre, 315 N.E. Fourth Ave., Camas.
Admission: $4.
Telephone: 360-859-9555.
4. A symphony of talent
Two renowned names in classical music will perform with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, as guest conductor and guest soloist. Internationally recognized conductor Gerard Schwarz is the music director of the All-Star Orchestra and conductor laureate of the Seattle Symphony. Violinist Ryu Goto began performing when he was 7, and has performed with the National Symphony Orchestra and the London Philharmonic. The concert will feature pieces by French composers Emmanuel Chabrier and Edouard Lalo, and "Symphony No. 4" by Felix Mendelssohn.
When: 3 p.m. today and 7 p.m. Sunday.
Where: Skyview Concert Hall, 1300 N.W. 139th St., Vancouver.
Admission: $35 to $50, $30 for seniors, $10 for students.
Telephone: 360-735-7278.Web: http://vancouversymphony.org
5. Take an action-comedy 'Ride Along'
Kevin Hart stars as Ben, an aspiring police officer who hopes to marry his girlfriend (Tika Sumpter) but must seek the approval of her brother James (Ice Cube), one of Atlanta's top detectives. James decides to invite Ben on a ride along to the dangerous parts of town, and see what the fast-talking trainee is made of. "Ride Along" is rated PG-13.
Where: Battle Ground Cinema, 1700 S.W. Ninth Ave., Battle Ground; Cinetopia Mill Plain, 11700 S.E. Seventh St.; Cinetopia Vancouver Mall 23, 8700 N.E. Vancouver Mall Drive; Regal Cinema locations.
Cost: Varies by location.
Telephone: Battle Ground Cinema, 360-666-7200;Cinetopia, 360-213-2800; Cinetopia Vancouver Mall 23, 360-448-4100; Regal Cinemas, 800-326-3264.
Web: www.battlegroundcinema.com, www.cinetopia.com, www.regmovies.com


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Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
Lines That Wiggle
by Candace Whitman
No current Talk conversations about this book.
Intriguing as soon as I picked it up, because the cover is textured the same way as the pages. Cute illustrations.
44 months - This is a great book, talks about different types and shapes of lines using rhyme, I wish I had discovered this about a year or so ago when O was a bit younger. She still greatly enjoyed it especially it's tactile quality of the embossed and glittered lines.
"lines that wiggle, lines that bend, wavy lines from end to end. lines that tickle, lines that sprout, bugs have lines that stick right out." And so begins Candace Whitman's Lines that Wiggle, a rhyming picture-book with a sparkly blue thread running through it. Whether it's the curly line of a tail, or the zigzag lines of a lightning bolt, the line itself is the focus of both text and illustration.
A brightly colored little book, with a jaunty rhythm and quirky artwork, this is less of a story than it is a nonsense-rhyme, and would be an ideal choice for reading out loud. The sparkling embellishments and thick pages make it a tactile pleasure as well. Well worth the time of any young reader with a taste for Seuss-like wordplay, or a weakness for sparkles.
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English
No descriptions found.
A variety of monsters and other creatures demonstrate some of the different things that lines can do, from curve and curl to zig-zag.
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FROM the time of the admission of Mr. Adams to the bar, he resided at his father's house, in Braintree; and, after the decease of his father, which happened on the 25th of May, 1761, he remained with his mother, until his marriage, in 1764. The earlier part of this time was a period of intense anxiety to him with regard to his prospects in life. An obscure village of New England, in a family alike unknown to fortune and to fame, was a scene little adapted to promote his advancement in either. In the following extracts from his journal, the reader will find an exposition of the thoughts which occupied his leisure; of the studies that he pursued; of hit; constant observation upon men and manners within the contracted circle of acquaintance with whom he habitually associated, and of that severe and rigorous self-examination and censure to which he had accustomed himself, and in which he reduced to effective practice the precept of Pythagoras.
" Æt. xxiii. 1759. The other night, the choice of Hercules came into my mind, and left impressions there which I hope will never be effaced, nor long unheeded. I thought of writing a fable on the same plan, but accommodated, by omitting some circumstances and inserting others, to my own case. Let virtue address me.
"Which, dear youth, will you prefer, a life of effeminacy, indolence, and obscurity, or a life of industry, temperance, and honor? Take my advice; rise and mount your horse by the morning's dawn, and shake away, amidst the great and beautiful scenes of nature that appear at that time of the day, all the crudities that are left in your stomach, and all the obstructions that are left in your brains. Then return to your studies, and bend your whole soul to the institutes of the law and the


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The question is why are we smiling in this picture? This is only about 1/10 of the trash we collected on our beautiful reefs in Marathon Florida after a month long Debris clean up. Sad right? We'll be doing many more of these clean ups in the future and in the mean time educating all water people of the impact they are...
Project AWARE's online environmental community working together for ocean protection.
Captain Hooks
User Profile
Since the 1950s, Captain Hook's Marina and Dive Center has been the place to get everything you need for a day on the water. Charters for fishing, diving, snorkeling, dive instruction and certification; bait and tackle; scuba equipment and air tanks; boat rentals; snacks and beverages—we have all the supplies you'll need to enjoy an area celebrated for world-class fishing, diving and all water sports. We are conveniently located oceanside on the Overseas Highway at the Vaca Cut bridge (MM53), which puts us just minutes from Marathon's incredible reef and prime fishing waters.
In this section:
Upcoming Actions
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Dive Buddies SEE ALL
Captain Hooks's Blog
Captain Hooks's Photos
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The views, actions and activities posted by participants on My Ocean are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of Project AWARE Foundation.


text:
Oxygen plays a vital role in all metabolic processes. Oxygen is important to wellness and fighting off disease. In fact, cancer cells actually thrive in an oxygen-deficient environment.
Every time you inhale, oxygen is diffused into red blood cells. This oxygen infused blood circulates throughout your body into your tissues to be used for metabolic processes. Oxygen mixes with sugar inside your cells to produce energy in the mitochondria (energy factories in your cells).
Toxins can be sweated or pooped out, some toxins are oxidized out of the body (burnt up).
Restoring oxygen balance in your body is part of a program of optimal health (cellular rejuvenation and disease prevention).
Restoring oxygen balance can be accomplished by eating an alkalinizing diet of dark, leafy green veggies, and super food supplements like chlorella, spirulina, and wheat grass. Exercise to increase deep breathing. Drink enough water to flush oxygenized cell through your system.
Most of us go through our days breathing shallowly, especially when we are stressed out. One VERY EASY way to oxygenate your system is to take ten deep breaths every hour—or basically whenever you think about it.
Breathing deeply will help you think better, reduce your stress, make you more energetic and increase your chances for healthy longevity.


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PHOTO: Manning, Belichick play AT&T practice round together
John Elway may have had to explain to the media how the Broncos will go about putting their latest Super Bowl beatdown behind them but quarterback Peyton Manning seems to be dealing with the loss by hitting the links.
And not just your leisurely round at the the local country club. Manning's currently in northern California preparing for the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro Am with ... Patriots coach Bill Belichick.
Holy Omaha! Manning and Belichick playing prax round together for@attproam. Love of game trumps rivalry. pic.twitter.com/kHdtJ0KYc1— Todd Lewis (@ToddLewisGC) February 5, 2014
Funny. I just realized who is in Peyton Manning's 4some at Pebble: Bill Belichick. pic.twitter.com/tmofBDKDep— Becky Quick (@BeckyQuick) February 5, 2014
Not to worry, though. Once the tournament starts, Manning will be on his own; Belichick will be in the same foursome as his quarterback, Tom Brady. In fact, according to MassLive.com's Nick Underhill, Belichick will be playing with Massachusetts native James Driscoll, while Brady will partner with Ricky Barnes (who has partnered with Belichick in previous years).


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StartFresh Banking
StartFresh Banking
A large and growing percentage of potential deposit customers are denied accounts because of negative reports on ChexSystems®. Our innovative StartFresh Banking® service allows financial institutions to serve these unbanked and underbanked customers in a way that meets the needs of the market and is safe and profitable for the institution.
Benefits for Your Customers
StartFresh Banking allows your customers to:
- Avoid the embarrassment and inconvenience of not qualifying for a deposit account
- Rebuild their financial reputation and enjoy the convenience and status of having a deposit account
- Feel empowered and more "in control" of their finances
- Get direct deposit for payroll checks
- Avoid costly check cashing fees
- Eventually qualify for more traditional accounts
Benefits for Your Institution
StartFresh Banking allows your institution to:
- Increase customer satisfaction
- Establish longer-lasting and more loyal customers
- Grow deposits and checking accounts
- Expand cross-sell opportunities
- Enhance fee income
- Open accounts more efficiently
- Solve a prevalent financial challenge
StartFresh Banking: A second chance at first class banking!
Contact us today:
Toll-free: (800) 581-1511


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New Higher CD Rates at Montauk Credit Union in New York City - Local Only
Update 4/8/2011: CD rates have dropped by 25 bps for all terms except the 4-year and 7-year.
Montauk Credit Union did something in March that's rare these days. It raised its CD rates. The short-term CD rates went up by 25 basis points and some of the long-term CD rates went up by 50 basis points. These are now very competitive CD and IRA CD rates. Below is the full list of rates as listed at the credit union's rate table as of 3/15/2011:
- 1.50% 12-month
- 1.75% 18-month
- 2.00% 24-month
- 2.75% 36-month
- 2.75% 48-month
- 3.25% 60-month
- 3.50% 84-month
Note, they only do simple interest, so there's no compounding. A reader reported that they'll deposit the interest in your credit union savings account every quarter. You can also request for them to send you a check. For more details about these CDs and account application process, please refer to my April review.
Credit Union Membership
According to the credit union's About page, anyone is eligible to join:
MCU has an "open charter" which enables us to extend membership to anyone.
A reader reported that she had to go into the branch to join. According to the reader, the office is in a teeny "storefront" on west 26th Street just off 6th Avenue.
The credit union has an overall health score at DepositAccounts.com of 4 stars (out of 5) with a Texas Ratio of 6.15% (excellent) based on December 2010 data. Please refer to our financial overview of Montauk Credit Union for more details. The credit union is federally insured by the NCUA (Certificate # 63231).
Searching for the Best CD Rates
To search for the best nationwide rates and the best rates in your state, please refer to the following tables at DepositAccounts.com:


text:
Mami Moments: Change of Plans
by Sili
I had a super secret plan last week. I was going to drop the frog princess off at school and then head to the beach on my very last day before a new term began.
I saw it in my dreams. Me, on the beach with my book One Thousand Gifts, with a gallon of water to keep me hydrated and nothing but the ocean breeze calling my name. I would come back and today's Mami Moment would be about some fantastic ah-ha! moment I was going to have while sitting there in my purple two-piece bikini and my soft belly holding up my book. It was going to be life changing! For me, for you, for anyone who came across this post.
At 6:30 a.m. the frog princess tells me her tummy hurts. With those words the dream came crumbling down. She promptly threw up her breakfast (into her cereal bowl, by the way) and I cleaned her up and then made her cuddle on the couch with me. Do you do that as well? Cuddle when they're sick? I secretly think that the love I feel will heal her as I hold her. I also pray over her while I cuddle her just in case I need back up healing powers. Alas, that did not work.
A few hours after the puking incident it began to rain. This was even more reason to get under the covers and hang out with my girl. Though I will say I only got a very limited amount of cuddling because while she didn't feel 100%, very little seems to get my baby girl down.
That day reminded me of how we have to go with the flow. I wasn't bummed about the beach, just wished I'd done it sooner instead of waiting for Friday. So the other lesson in that was to not wait until tomorrow (but really, I had things to do before then!).
Also, I think I have lost the sense of spontaneity in my life.
I am going a mile a minute with the blog, trying to get business for my business so that I can, you know? Support us, helping others, going to school, attempting (and by the looks of what I see in front of me, failing) to keep a clean and orderly house along with whatever else I missed on this list.
The beach was the one thing I'd planned for myself all summer. But, my caring for my baby girl was much more important and, while I did miss reading my book and sunning myself while possibly meeting a rich millionaire that's looking for a trophy wife, I didn't feel bad in the way that I would have a year ago if something didn't go as planned.
This year without steady work I am paying more attention to priorities than to what might seem as missed opportunities. The frog princess made me laugh and we got to enjoy an evening at Disney even with her feeling a bit under the weather. All because I learned to go with the flow. How are you at going with the flow when things don't go when there's a change of plans?
You're such an inspiration. These are things that I'm going to have to learn because I am anything but a "go with the flow" kind of gal. I'm a perfectionist who plans things (you know..except items for the arrival of a baby) to a tee and I'm starting to realize that kiddies aren't so predictable. It'll be a tough lesson but one that I'm dedicated on learning. Hopefully you'll get to that beach sooner rather than later! You know I'll babysit! 🙂
Brittany recently posted..Tarte's Glamazon Pure Performance 12-Hour Lipsticks, Part I
gigi Says: September 18, 2012 at 12:30 pm
sometimes, life makes us go with the flow whether we want to or not. Because it's what we need. I believe the more we're able to do it….the more we are open to life's opportunities.
Great outlook, Sili.
Amanda Says: October 4, 2012 at 12:34 pm
Gigi took my rambling response and summed it up beautifully! So…. what she said! 🙂
[…] also surprised myself with going with the flow when I had a Change of Plans. And I fess up to a big mami fail in this Life Happens post. In September I also celebrated my 2 […]


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Ayn Rand: A Centennial Appreciation
Sciabarra, Chris Matthew, Freeman
Born in Russia on February 2, 1905, the late novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand would eventually emigrate to the United States and make an indelible mark on intellectual history. (She died in 1982.) As we celebrate the centennial of her birth, it is fitting to recall Rand's unique contribution to the defense of capitalism as expressed in her magnum opus, the best-selling novel Atlas Shrugged.
In 1945, when Rand began outlining that work, she made a self-conscious decision to create a "much more 'social' novel than The Fountainhead."1 She wished to focus not simply on the "soul of the individualist," which The Fountainhead had dramatized so well, but to proceed "from persons, in terms of history, society, and the world." This new "story must be primarily a picture of the whole," she wrote in her journal, making transparent the cluster of relationships that constitute society as such:
Now, it is this relation that must be the theme. Therefore, the personal becomes secondary. That is, the personal is necessary only to the extent needed to make the relationships clear. In The Fountainhead I showed that Roark moves the world-that the Keatings feed upon him and hate him for it, while the Tooheys are consciously out to destroy him. But the theme was Roark-not Roark's relation to the world. Now it will be the relation.2
Atlas Shrugged explores these relations in every dimension of human life. It traces the links between political economy and sex, education and art, metaphysics and psychology, money and moral values. It concentrates on the union of spiritual and physical realms and on the concrete means by which certain productive individuals move the world, and by which others live off of their creations. It shows the social importance of the creative act by documenting what would happen if the prime movers, the "men of the mind," went on strike.
Most important, however, Atlas Shrugged provides a manifesto for a new radicalism-not a political radicalism per se, but a methodological radicalism, a radical way of thinking on which political and social change is built. As we celebrate the Rand centenary, it is fitting to explore the implications of Rand's radicalism.
"To be radical," Karl Marx said, "is to grasp things by the root."3 Unlike Marx, however, Rand repudiated communism and its root, the "basic premises of collectivism" it embodied. Rand's attack was "radical in the proper sense of the word." As she explained: "'Radical' means 'fundamental.' Today, the fighters for capitalism have to be, not bankrupt 'conservatives,' but new radicals, new intellectuals and, above all, new, dedicated moralists."4
The analytical power of Rand's radical framework went beyond a search for roots. In seeking to understand the system of statism, Rand showed how various factors often mutually support one another in sustaining its irrationality. She explores how coercive relations are at war with human beings and with life itself; they are "anti-man, anti-mind, anti-life."5
Mind-Body Integration
Rand's case for capitalism is a metaphysical and moral case built on a total and unequivocal rejection of the mind-body dichotomy and all the false alternatives it engenders. In her philosophic journals, Rand explained how her novel was meant to "[v]indicate the industrialist" as "the author of material production."6 But underlying this vindication was Rand's desire to secularize the spiritual and spiritualize the material:
The material is only the expression of the spiritual; that it can neither be created nor used without the spiritual (thought); that it has no meaning without the spiritual, that it is only the means to a spiritual end-and, therefore, any new achievement in the realm of material production is an act of high spirituality, a great triumph and expression of man's spirit. And show that those who despise "the material" are those who despise man and whose basic premises are aimed at man's destruction. …


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At about US$10,900, you'll be looking to solve a serious photographic challenge of some kind.
Caveat: I am not a long lens shooter. This review captures (mainly) my observations on approaching and using a huge super telephoto for the first time. The previous largest lens I had used (and owned) was the Nikon 200-400mm f/4, which feels only medium size by comparison. The 800/5.6L IS is substantially larger.
Optical construction
With two fluorite lens elements, one UD element and one Super-UD element, control of color fringing is outstanding— I observed no evidence of any.
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Since 2006, Diglloyd Advanced Photography is the authoritative review and reference for DSLRs and their lenses: Canon and Nikon primarily, but also Pentax and some medium format. Reviews of key DSLRs are included, but the primary focus is on lens performance. Also included is a wealth of technique and workflow approaches.
DAP includes thousands of pages of exclusive coverage and high resolution Retina-grade examples detailing Canon and Nikon DSLR bodies and their lenses, with in-depth analysis of sharpness and contrast, color, bokeh, vignetting, distortion, MTF, and flare, behavioral and practical usage.


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Crackhead whore on camera sucking and fucking
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Anonymous | 1396 days - 30/07/2012
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Anonymous | 1396 days - 30/07/2012
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text:
In 2005, she started running a retail business selling food products at the local market. She has been renting a stall and purchases a variety of food products such as bread, cookies and candies from Ulaanbaatar, the capital city. Nergui goes to Ulaanbaatar once or twice in every month for her business since food product purchase is cheap and UB city is located 450 kilometres away from the Uvurhangay province.
Her husband Choidorj is a constructor. Choidorj helps his spouse by going to UB city to purchase food products sometimes, when he has time. Nergui's eldest daughter Maidarsuren, 15, also helps her mother's business. Nergui requests a loan to purchase more food products to increase her business inventory.
Additional Information
About XacBankThis loan is being administered through XacBank, a Mongolian for-profit microfinance institution. XacBank is located in every province of Mongolia, reaching some of the most rural micro business clients. With this Kiva loan, there is an opportunity for the entrepreneur to get a savings account including 9% of the interest if they pay back the loan on time. This is a special savings account that XacBank has specifically prepared for the Kiva loan borrowers to promote savings habits.
About Mongolia
0View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 14 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- May 29, 2009
- Listed
- Jun 25, 2009
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Sep 15, 2009


text:
I think that good service from a parts supplier should be recognized.
I ordered two cassettes from Excel Sports on Feb. 6. When they hadn't arrived by Feb. 22, I called Excel and explained the problem. I was promised prompt resolution. On Sunday afternoon (!), Feb. 24, I received an email explaining that my cassettes had mistakenly been combined with another customer's order, and that two new cassettes would be shipped to me the following day via overnight service. Sure enough, by noon on Tuesday, Feb. 26, the cassettes were on my doorstep. Needless to say I'm very pleased with their customer service!
Bob P.


text: In an effort to help companies improve their efficiency through enhanced communication and collaboration, Microsoft recently developed 30 applications for Microsoft Windows® SharePoint® Services. This white paper details three different scenarios showcasing how a company could benefit from integrating these applications with back-end Microsoft Dynamics AX data. The white paper is now available at PartnerSource.


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These gel-like particles are usually sold as dry crystals to mix with potting soil. They go by the names Watersorb, Soil Moist Terra-Sorb, and others. The actual compound is polyacrylamide, a manufactured polymer that absorbs water, then slowly releases it back into the soil as the soil becomes drier. It's pretty much the same stuff put in disposable diapers to absorb extra moisture. It takes only about a teaspoon of the dry polymer to amend the soil in a 6-inch pot.
Industry sources claim that it lasts for 7-9 years in the soil before it breaks down into carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen. The gels are a bit controversial for use in ground beds, but most research shows that they will reduce moisture stress and frequency of watering for container-grown plants. That can be a real bonus during those hot, dry summer days when the pots dry out almost as fast as you water them.


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Helped by wins in two relays, including a meet record in the 200-yard medley relay, the Camas boys swimming team edged Skyview and Mountain View to win the Kelso Invitational on Thursday.
The Papermakers finished with 519 points to Skyview's 476 and Mountain View's 422 in the meet that included 14 teams.
Skyview's Jake Breuer set a meet record and won the 200 individual medley in a state-qualifying time of 2:03.7. Breuer also won the 100 breaststroke (1:05.6).
Mountain View's Chris Xue set a meet and pool record in the 50-yard freestyle with his state-qualifying time of 22.24.
He also won the 100 freestyle (49.99) and was on relay teams that bettered meet records in the 200 medley and 200 freestyle relays Cody Mouw was part of those relays and also qualified for state in the 50 freestyle.
Skyview's Eric Bugna won both the 200 freestyle (1:52.55) and the 100 butterfly (54.98).
David Wallum of Hudson's Bay won the 500 freestyle (5:18.6). Mountain View set a meet record in the 200 free relay (1:32.31).