text:
|Numķro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numķro de demande
|Date de publication
|3 nov. 2009
|Date de dķp¶t
|30 sept. 2002
|Date de prioritķ
|5 juin 2001
|╔tat de paiement des frais
|Autre rķfķrence de publication
|Numķro de publication
|Robert K. Rowe
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Lumidigm, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (103), Citations hors brevets (81), Rķfķrencķ par (12), Classifications (27), ╔vķnements juridiques (4)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/874,740, filed Jun. 5, 2001, entitled "Apparatus And Method Of Biometric Determination Using Specialized Optical Spectroscopy Systems," which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/415,594, filed Oct. 8, 1999, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared Spectrum"; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/832,534, filed Apr. 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or Verification of Individuals Using Optical Spectroscopy"; which are all incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This invention generally relates to the field of optical measurements of tissue for applications including spectral biometrics and noninvasive analyte measurements.
Optical systems are applied to measure biological media for a variety of purposes. Some of these systems are used for biometric purposes, for example, to read fingerprints or perform retinal scans. There are also medical uses for optical systems such as measuring the pulse or blood oxygenation of a patient. Biological media is difficult to measure accurately.
Some of the optical systems attempt to mitigate the adverse effects of various artifacts at the optical interface to more accurately measure the biological media. Artifacts in biometric applications can result in false positive or negative results. Medical applications may have unacceptable error margins where the artifacts cannot be overcome.
The present invention is described in conjunction with the appended figures:
In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.
The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the invention. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferred exemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
In some embodiments, optical systems are applied to measure biological media for a variety of purposes. Optical spectrometers are used to make a variety of measurements on skin and underlying tissue. Spectroscopic systems are used for performing in vivo noninvasive measurements of a variety of analytes such as glucose, alcohol, blood gases, oxygen saturation and tissue hemoglobin, as well as the use of similar technology for disease screening and determination for cancer, diabetes and other such medical conditions.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method and apparatus that reduce the effects of artifacts from, for example, tissue heterogeneity, tissue topology, topical contamination, and sampler defects. Reducing these effects may result in: improved spectroscopic measurements of biological media for applications such as noninvasive analyte measurements, for example, glucose, oxygen saturation, tissue hemoglobin, alcohol, blood gases etc.; improved disease screening for medical conditions such as cancer and diabetes; and improved performance of spectral biometric systems carrying out biometric tasks such as identification, identity verification, and determination of age, gender, liveness and/or authenticity of the sample of biological media.
In one embodiment, the present invention includes illumination points and detection points. The illumination and detection points are arranged to provide a well-conditioned pathlength distribution matrix through the sample, and a means to measure the intensity of each wavelength of light for each of source-detector pair.
An embodiment of a method for improved spectroscopic sampling of biological media according to the present invention includes acquiring data from a sampler with illumination points and detection points. The illumination and detection points are arranged to provide a well-conditioned pathlength distribution matrix through the sample. The intensity of each wavelength of light is measured for each of the source-detector pairs and record the resulting data. Operations are preformed on the resulting data with a mathematical algorithm that can compensate for artifacts in the optical interface with the biological media.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a sampling system for spectroscopic measurements of a biological sample. The sampling system includes a plurality of illumination points, a plurality of detection points, a memory, and a processor. Each of the plurality of illumination points is involved in at least two measurements of illumination through the biological sample. Each of the plurality of detection points is involved in at least two measurements of illumination through the biological sample. The memory stores a plurality of measurements. The processor determines a value from the plurality of measurements that is related to the biological sample.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of performing spectroscopic determinations on a biological sample. Included in a sampling system are a plurality of illumination points and a plurality of detection points. In one step, illumination produced by each of the plurality of illumination points is measured a plurality of times. Illumination incident on each of the plurality of detection points is also measured a plurality of times. A value for the biological sample from data can be determined from these measurements.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a sampler for spectroscopic measurements of a biological sample. The sampler includes a first illumination point, a second illumination point, a first detection point, and a second detection point. The first illumination point illuminates at least two detection points with measurable radiation. The second illumination point illuminates at least two detection points with measurable radiation. The first detection point receives measurable radiation from at least two illumination points. The second detection point receives measurable radiation from at least two illumination points. The first illumination point, the second illumination point, the first detection point, the second detection point are configured to operatively engage the biological sample.
To perform optical spectroscopic measurements of tissue absorbance, scatter, fluorescence, etc. for optical spectroscopic measurement of tissue, illumination light passes through the surface of the tissue. For purposes of this invention, the term "light" is used to refer to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength range from 350 nm to 10 μm, spanning the very near ultraviolet, the visible, the near infrared and the mid-infrared spectral regions. Once the illumination light passes into the tissue, a portion of the illumination light can then be collected by a spectroscopic system after it passes through the tissue in a transmission configuration or is scattered back out of the tissue in a diffuse reflectance configuration. In either configuration, the light passes through the surface of the tissue a second time before being detected, measured and recorded by the spectroscopic system. In general, such measurements can be made in vivo on living tissue, in which case the light has to pass into or through the skin to get to the underlying tissue, or the measurements can be made ex vivo on extracted or excised samples or other forms of biological media. For simplicity, this document will describe aspects of the invention as they relate to in vivo spectroscopic measurements but those skilled in the art will appreciate the extension to ex vivo and other biological measurements are within the scope of the invention.
The term "sampler" is used in this document to refer to an apparatus that transmits light into the skin and collects the light after passing through the skin, regardless of how these functions are implemented (e.g., by separate components or apparatuses, or using a single apparatus). The sampler can be in physical contact with the skin surface or it might be physically separated with an air gap or another medium occupying the space between the skin and the sampler. In either case, the region in close proximity to the illuminated skin surface as well as the region around the skin surface over which light is appreciably collected, as well as the corresponding regions of the sampler apparatus, will collectively be referred to as the "optical interface" between the skin or surface of the biological sample and the sampler.
The optical interface defines a region of the optical path that is particularly prone to artifacts that can affect the resulting spectroscopic measurements. Sources of the artifacts include effects such as the uneven surface topology of the skin and poor optical coupling between the sampler and the skin, which can cause variations in the detected signal. Differences in tissue composition in close proximity to the optical interface can affect the detected signal. If the tissue being sampled moves relative to the sampler while taking measurements, then motion artifacts can be introduced due to changes in the optical interface. Topical contaminants on the skin surface or the sampler surface such as inks, dirt, lotions, etc can affect the optical signal.
Elements of a cross-channel optical sampler 10 are shown in the embodiment of
In general, the light sources 30, 50 are controlled in some manner to ensure that the light from individual sources can be measured separately. This can be accomplished by turning-on each source point 30, 50 individually while separately recording all detector readings or encoding them in some fashion so their individual response functions can be separated out after detection. Encoding schemes such as Hadamard encoding or Fourier encoding or others known to one of skill in the art are suitable for this purpose.
The trajectories of individual photons through the tissue 120 appear random due to optical scattering. However, the mean optical path of the detected photons for any source-detector pair is generally a well-behaved and smooth curve. An example of this curve is a first path 110 relating to the first source 30 and the first detector 20. Also shown is a second path 100 between the first source 30 and the second detector 40, a third path 70 between the second source 50 and the second detector 40, and a fourth path 80 between the second source 50 and the first detector 20.
There are small regions 60, 90, 130, 140 that lie between each source 30, 50 or detector 20, 40 and the biological sample 120. These regions 60, 90, 130, 140 are used in the subsequent analysis to model effects at the optical interface, such as contamination and optical coupling effects, and develop a sampler configuration that allows a compensation for the optical artifacts associated with the small regions 60, 90, 130, 140. The small regions are models for the artifacts for the optical interface.
This embodiment provides a means for cross-measurement between different sources 30, 50 and detectors 20, 40 (i.e. each source is "seen" by multiple detectors and each detector "sees" multiple sources). There are many benefits associated with this sampling characteristic, some of which are shown in the following analysis. For simplicity, assumptions are made that the tissue 120 is homogeneous and the light sources 30, 50 are the same wavelength of light, although the basic concept is easily extended by those skilled in the art to non-homogeneous tissue and sources with a plurality of wavelengths. In this embodiment, the absorbance (log-intensity) value, Mijk, associated with the jth detector seeing the ith source through the kth sample can be approximated by the below Equation 1:
M ijk=σsi +p ij A k+σdj (1)
Each pair of a point light source and a point detector (or a point light source with a concentric ring detector, or a point detector with a concentric ring source, or any other equivalent geometry) will produce measurement data that include interface artifacts from the sampler interface between biological sample 120 and the spectroscopic sampler 10. Thus a particular source-detector pair, where both the source and detector are designated with subscript number 1 in the below Equation 2, produces a measurement, M, for a single wavelength in accordance with Equation 1:
M 11k=σs1 +p 11 A k+σd1 (2)
It is apparent from Equation 2 that the measured data from just a single pair of a first source and a first detector is ambiguous with respect to the portion of the measured signal that originates in the actual tissue, corresponding to the term p11Ak, as opposed to noises at the interface of the source and skin, σs1, or detector and skin, σd1. The measurement corresponds to a single equation with three unknown terms, which is mathematically underdetermined without more information. The goal of most spectral measurements is to measure the tissue absorbance with a minimal amount of interferences, which the optical interface noise at the source and detector represent. In the case of a system that consists solely of a single source-detector pair providing measurement data as in Equation 2, the noise terms are commonly reduced by taking multiple measurements and averaging them together, or by changing the sampling protocol to reduce the magnitude of the noise terms for each measurement, or by examining data for multiple wavelengths each of a form similar to Equation 2, but different (and complimentary) due to the complex interactions of different wavelengths with tissue and at the optical interfaces, or a combination of any of the above. However, these means of generating improved spectral data are usually inadequate, costly, impractical or otherwise difficult to implement for many measurement applications.
The present invention provides for a sampler that has multiple source-detector pairs producing multiple measurements according to Equation 1. The specification for each light source is the same or similar in this embodiment. Often a specification of a light source will give a range of possible wavelengths for a spectral luminescence specification. The actual light sources should emit radiation in the range of wavelengths, but may not be exactly the same wavelengths. The actual light sources could be screened to more closely match each other or could be bought in batches produced similarly so as to likely have closer matching tolerances. In the case of the sampler shown in
M 11k=σs1 +p 11 A k+σd1 (3a)
M 12k=σs1 +p 12 A k+σd2 (3b)
M 21k=σs2 +p 21 A k+σd1 (3c)
M 22k=σs2 +p 22 A k+σd2 (3d)
These measurements are produced with two sources and two detectors, more specifically, Equation 3a represents a measurement between a first source and a first detector, Equation 3b represents a measurement between the first source and a second detector, Equation 3c represents a measurement between a second source and the first detector, and Equation 3d represents a measurement between the first source and the second detector. Equations 3a-d can be algebraically combined to compensate for the interface noise terms and isolate the absorbance, Ak, which is the term of interest, as shown in Equations 4a and 4b below:
M 11k −M 21k=σs1 +p 11 A k+σd1−(σs2 +p 21 A k+σd1)=σs1−σs2+(p 11 −p 21)A k (4a)
M 12k −M 22k=σs1 +p 12 A k+σd2−(σs2 +p 22 A k+σd2)=σs1−σs2+(p 12 p 22)A k (4b)
which leads to Equation 5:
(M 11k −M 21k)−(M 12k −M 22k)=[(p 11 −p 21)−(p 12 −p 22)]A k (5)
Therefore Equation 6:
A k=(M 11k +M 22k −M 21k −M 12k)/(p 11 +p 22 −p 21 −p 12) (6)
has isolated the term of interest, Ak.
In order to explicitly solve for the absorbance term in Equation 5, the four optical path length terms, pij, should be both known and mathematically well behaved. However, for most spectroscopic applications only the relative path lengths are used since the scale factor, if needed, can be determined experimentally. The optical path lengths are a function of the layout of the sampler as well as the optical properties of the sample being measured. For a particular class of sample, the optical path lengths will be related to the separation between the source and detector. As such, the relative optical paths can be estimated as the linear distance between the associated source-detector pairs. Alternatively, the relative optical paths can be measured by placing a standard sample with a fixed amount of component with a well-defined spectral feature on the sampler. A direct measurement of the size of this feature for each measurement will be proportional to the optical path length for each source-detector pair. Once the configuration of the sampler 10 and the type of biological sample is known, the various path lengths are considered constants.
In general, however, the explicit determination of the absorbance term Ak and the corresponding desire to explicitly determine the optical path lengths, pij, can be eliminated by using standard soft modeling techniques. These techniques are based on the collection of a set of calibration data using a sufficient number of samples with the property of interest (e.g. amount of a spectroscopic analyte in the case of a quantitative estimation task, the disease state in the case of a classification task, or the identity in the case of a biometric task) well-defined as "reference values." The measured calibration data and the associated reference values can then be used to train one or more of a number of different soft-modeling algorithms such as partial least squares, neural networks, principle component regression, linear regression linear or quadratic discriminant analysis, or others as known to one of skill in the art. In this way, the path lengths and other scale factors implicit in the system are estimated by the algorithm and can then be applied to subsequent measurement tasks.
While the example above was based on a sampler consisting of two sources of substantially the same wavelength characteristics and two detectors, additional sources and/or detectors can be included to further enhance the information content of the resulting measurement data. One of skill in the art can appreciate that additional sources of substantially similar wavelength characteristics and/or detectors included in the sampler can generate additional complementary data of the form given in Equation 1. As well, if more than one type of source (i.e. wavelength and/or spectral luminescence specification) is present in the system, then the present invention can be applied to each type of source and the resulting data from each collection of monochromatic sources and detectors can be combined to produce a polychromatic spectrum which can be operated on using the aforementioned algorithms or others know to one of skill in the art. In the polychromatic case, the plurality of detectors may be either the same for each type of source or they may be different.
The present invention provides for an optical measurement capability in which interface noise terms can be better estimated and/or compensated for with a sampler arrangement with multiple sources and detectors incorporating cross-channel measurement ability. This improvement is present in a monochromatic framework but will also augment and improve the performance of a polychromatic spectral system. As well, the resulting measurement data from a cross-channel sampler according to the present invention can be used effectively with a variety of processing methodologies including many hard-modeling and soft-modeling techniques for quantitative measurements and classification tasks as known to one of skill in the art.
In one embodiment of a sampler 10, multiple measurements using the above equation can be collected for a given insertion of the tissue sample 120. The multiple measurements will provide enough information to reduce or remove the effect of artifacts in the optical interface at each of the source and detector locations. The new spectral information is used by standard processing algorithms to improve overall measurement performance of the spectroscopic system.
With reference to
T k =[M 11k ; M 12k ; M 13k ; M 21k ; M 22k ; M 23k] (7)
where the individual monochromatic measurements are defined as in Equation 1 and can be appended together into a vector of measurements. This vector can then be presented to standard processing algorithms such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for classification or partial least squares (PLS) for quantitative measurements, as well as techniques and algorithms such as neural nets, quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), Bayesian estimation, principle component regression (PCR), linear and nonlinear regression, multiple least squares (MLS), and many others also known to one of skill in the art. The maximum number of measurements is equal to the number of sources multiplied by the number of detectors. This maximum number is reduced to eliminate source/detector pairs that don't produce a usable signal for whatever reason.
Referring next to
The method of noninvasive illumination and sensing disclosed in this invention can be implemented using a variety of different hardware implementations. In embodiments where small pseudo-monochromatic point sources are available, they can be directly incorporated in the sampler. Examples of sources in this category include solid-state LED's, organic LED's, polymer LED's, laser diodes, vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL's), quantum dots, and other similar illumination sources. The sources can be bare die as discussed or they can be in other forms such as a variety of packages. Methods of electrically and mechanically attaching the sources can also differ substantially depending on the particular packaging, configuration and intended use of the sensor. As well, rather than using solid-state sources, optical filters can be combined with broadband sources such as incandescent bulbs to provide pseudo-monochromatic point sources.
The detectors of various embodiments can either be discrete elements such as photodiodes, or can be one- or two-dimensional arrays. In either embodiment, detector types include silicon, InGaAs, InSb, germanium, MCT, bolometers, and other choices known to one of skill in the art.
In some embodiments it may not be practical or desirable to have the source and/or detector elements located directly in the sampler. In these embodiments, optics such as optical fibers, lightpipes, lenses and other optical elements can be used to separate the sources and/or detectors from the sampler itself as well as to provide space between the different components. For simplicity, the present description uses the term 'fiber' to refer to this entire set of implementation alternatives.
One embodiment of a fiber-based sampler is shown in
The broad-band light source 410 can be an incandescent source such as a quartz-tungsten-halogen bulb or a glowbar or other heated element, or can be a solid-state element such as white-light LED, or can be a combination of different sources of different types and/or wavelength characteristics. The optical switch 460 can be based on a mirror whose position is controlled by a galvanometer, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) consisting of mirrors or variable apertures, a spatial modulator using liquid crystals or other means, a waveguide-switch, or one of a large number of other methods known to one of skill in the art.
The spectrometer 440 can be one of a large number of alternatives. The spectrometer 440 can be a Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) system, a grating-based system (array or scanning), a Hadamard spectrometer, a mock spectrometer, a Sagnac spectrometer, a refractive spectrometer such as a prism-based system, an optical filter based device, an acousto-optical tunable filter, or other variants as known to one of skill in the art. In addition, a spectrometer such as an FTIR could be separated into the interferometer portion and the detector, and the interferometer could be positioned elsewhere in the system such as before or after the optical switch 460.
With reference to
The processor 804 manages operation of the sampling system 800. A memory 808 is used by the processor 804 to store software and data. The memory could include volatile and non-volatile portions. Configuration data is sent by the processor 804 to the illuminator interface 812 to cause the illumination. The measurable radiation is read back from the detector interface 816 by the processor 804.
The processor 804 could also do processing on the information from the detector interface 816 for a variety of purposes. The measurements could be used in a biometric determination such a one-to-many identification and/or a one-to-one verification. Additionally, the measurements could be used in a sample liveness verification, a sample authenticity verification, a gender estimation, an age estimation, and/or to otherwise classify the physiological state of the tissue. In one example, the measurements could be used to detect or confirm the presence of cancer. Measurements could also be used to estimate the amount of analytes present in the tissue such as glucose, alcohol and/or hemoglobin.
The measurements from the detector interface 816 could be analyzed by the processor 804 in a number of ways. A classification algorithm or a quantitative estimation algorithm could be used, for example. Examples of classification algorithms include a discriminant analysis, a clustering analysis, a partial least squares calculation, a regression, a neural network, a classification tree, and/or a support vector machine. Examples of quantitative estimation algorithms include a partial least squares calculation, a multiple least squares, a regression, and/or a neural network. The measurement values could be matched against predetermined values or could be checked against a threshold value.
The illuminator interface 812 configures the illuminators 820 under the command of the processor 804. Digital information from the processor 804 is converted by the illuminator interface to activate the illuminators. The processor 804 can activate the individual illuminators 820 through this interface 812. For example, the processor could activate the illuminators sequentially without overlap, sequentially with overlap, or according to some other encoding sequence. In some cases, the illuminators 820 are sufficiently separated from each other such that two or more can be illuminated simultaneously. Different wavelength illuminators can be combined with detectors that have different wavelength response characteristics to differentiate illuminators that are active at the same time.
In some embodiments, the illuminator interface 812 could include a light source with optical fibers coupled to the illumination points 820. Light valves or other switches could be used to activate individual illumination points 820. Filters could be used to divide a broadband light source into different wavelengths for the various illumination points 820. In some cases, different wavelengths could be sequentially sent down the fibers to allow an illumination point 820 to operate at different wavelengths. Filters could be integrated into the illumination points 820 of other embodiments. The illuminators 820 could include solid-state electro-optical components such as a light emitting diode, a laser diode, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser, and/or a quantum dot laser.
The detector interface 816 does any biasing or configuration to the detectors 824 and converts measurement signals from the detectors 824 into digital form. Those digital values are read by the processor 804. The detector interface 816 can deactivate the detectors 824 when not in use. The detectors 824 may be tunable to a given wavelength using filters, for example, to only read wavelengths from a particular illuminator 820. The detector could be optically coupled to detection points 824 in some embodiments such that the radiation is actually read at the detector interface 816. The detectors 820 could be arranged as part of a one or two dimensional array of detectors.
A number of variations and modifications of the invention can also be used. For example, some embodiments could eliminate the absorbance value when outside a predetermined range of values. If there was excessive optical interference noise or inadequate biologic sample, a particular reading from a source/detector pair could be ignored. This could compensate for the sampler being too dirty or the tissue not properly contacting the sampler. Some embodiments use separate die that are bonded together to form the sampler. Other embodiments could use a sampler that is formed homogeneously on the same substrate.
While the principles of the invention have been described above in connection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation on the scope of the invention.
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|3 janv. 2003
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Wednesday, June 11, 2014
109 Comments | Copyright: india-forums.com/tellybuzz
As the viewers are enjoying the Mumbai sequence in Sphere Origins' popular show Saraswatichandra but the makers of the show are leaving no stone unturned to make the show gripping due to its twists and turns. As Kumud (Jennifer Singh Grover) and Saras (Gautam Rode) are seen settling in the new city Mumbai they will spend some peaceful moments together.
As seen in the previous episodes Saras and Kumud have come down to Mumbai and have purchased a house on rent. The land lord Prashant who pretends to be quite friendly with the couple will soon show his real face. Prashant's character is being played by Rahul Ram who is also seen in Ek Nayi Pehchan on Sony TV as Prateek who is Latika's (Ankita Bhargava) husband.
We got in touch with the actor Rahul Ram who is playing the character of Prashant and he said, "Yes I am playing a grey shaded character which will be known as Prashant. He loves Kumud a lot. He will get obsessed about Kumud. Basically there is mystery that he loves a girl with whom somehow I get separated. The Chundana (four dots) which Kumud inks on her neck reminds him of his girlfriend as she also used to ink the same Chundana on her neck. He will create lots of problems in the life of Kumud and Saras and will also create misunderstandings between Saras and Kumud. Prashant's character is very different because though he has grey shade but still he doesn't have any intention to hurt Kumud. He gets nervous whenever he talks to Kumud."
"Prashant's character is a very important character. It's a cameo
and will last for 3 to 4 months. I have started shooting from last week and I hope
people like my character," he ended.
Neha Jain
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How to Buy Tickets to a Concert
Have you ever badly wanted to get tickets to a concert and they've been sold out? Well here is how to get tickets before they're sold out.
This article has been tagged as a stub.
That means it's off to a good start, but still has room to grow into a more helpful resource. Until the article reaches its full potential, it will be hidden from search results. Can you help it flourish? If you think the article offers complete and accurate instructions, feel free to remove this tag.
1Find out the exact date, time and location of the concert. This will help you to find out if the concert suits your schedule.
2Find out when the tickets for the concert go on sale. Make sure you find the exact time and date they go on sale.
3It is best to try to buy tickets online at http://www.ticketmaster.com/ as it is one of the best places to buy them.
4Be online at least five minutes before the tickets go on sale and have your mouse ready to click the 'find tickets' button. This may seem a bit boring while you are waiting but if you do get tickets it will be worth the wait.
5Have as many computers/laptops (or anything else that has internet access) running at the same time and click the 'find tickets' button on all of them at the same time and whichever one has seats closest to the stage (or wherever suits you best) and buy those.
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- Be prepared to take any seats available as bad seats are better than no seats at all!
- Don't get your hopes up too high because you might not get tickets
- Don't brag about getting tickets to anyone. You can tell them, just don't go on about it. People may start to get jealous and then angry so just make sure not to brag.
Things You'll Need
- Internet access.
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McIntosh makes it 6-0
Fri, 10/11/2013 - 5:07pm John Munford
With a 35-15 win tonight, the McIntosh Chiefs bagged the biggest win in recent school history in a home match over Whitewater.
Deadlocked until their first score in the 2nd quarter, the Chiefs controlled the entire game, though Whitewater haas several opportunities to climb back in the hunt.
Stay tuned for more details later tonight as the stat sheet comes in.


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|Hospital Quality
|Patient Satisfaction
|Appointments & Offices
Key things you need to know aboutDr. Venarske:
Dr. Venarske's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Venarske's Specialties
- Allergy & Immunology
Procedures Dr. Venarske Performs
- Allergy Shots
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- See all 7 procedures
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- Allergic Rhinitis
- Allergies
- See all 10 conditions
More About Dr. Venarske's Background
Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- Mississippi Baptist Medical Center
- 1225 N State St
- Jackson, MS 39202
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 87.4% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Venarske
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Venarske to family and friends is 5 out of 5 5 1 4
See More Survey Results
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Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
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- Mississippi Asthma And Allergy
- Mississippi Asthma And Allergy
- 1513 Lakeland Dr Ste 101
- Jackson, MS 39216
- (601) 354-4836
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- Prepare for Your Appointment
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
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"Truth is one; the sages just speak of it in different ways."
I alwasys want to have a lot of gw gold and then i will give my friends some GuildWars Gold to make them strong. I like to earn the Guild Wars Gold and also want to get a lot of GuildWars money,sometimes i will get some cheap gw gold to buy some weapons.


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Perhaps the entertainment systems are still on the planes used for international travel? That would make sense, considering the length of the flight.
The US airlines have jetisoned just about anything not essential for operating the plane in the name of cost savings on domestic routes.
Let's hope that's not the case for the international routes!


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: [Developing]
Pokémon: Hearts of War
View Single Post
December 22nd, 2012 (9:14 AM). Edited December 23rd, 2012 by WinterKirby.
Join Date: Dec 2012
Age: 4
Gender: Male
Nature: Mild
Posts: 152
So I can't change the name of the spoiler?
I also need 15+ posts to post pictures.
I'm using the default tileset right now, but later on I'll probably update it with a custom one. If I can get one. Because I can't make it myself.
Also, updated OP. With Pictures! And Screenshots!
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We offer social bookmarking submission service ,your website will be submitted on famous social bookmarking websites like delicious...
Great move involving Chet in the fantasy side of things. Been following him since his days at Razzball.
How do I change my Avatar?
Is there any way we can see the results of the NBA Mock Draft contest?
are picks today and this weekend good for november Pick em contest?
Should have revived Lenruk
Luv the site. I am new to the forums but have been lurker on your site for years. I will try my best to post the truest and funniest posts on here. I am a Browns fan so they may be more sad and depressing than funny. Well, funny to you all as you laugh at my misery.
You might already know this but Walt Coleman is the referee for the Ravens-Steelers game tonight. Make of that what you will.
Thanks. I got rid of it.
One of the ads is breaking your site
(it covers the main menu)
Sincerely, Obba
Kind of a big deal
I Have Lawyers
Nets Nation!


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Aaron McKenzie Lawyer (almost)
Christopher Toole Senior Associate
Daphne Aung Koffel Senior Associate
Hannah Marshall SENIOR ASSOCIATE
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Murph is part of our irrepressible Workplace Relations team, possessing all the skill and directness for which they are justly famed. She knows all about discrimination, occupational health and safety and the many ways an employee can be unlawfully terminated, and she knows exactly what to do about it.
We suspect Murph knows every song ever written. She hits every social occasion like a tsunami and even Wilde would have deferred to her fast but laconic wit. In short, she isn't very short but she could be if you annoyed her enough.
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text:
Xenoblade Chronicles
Question from chineseboyeah
Does party order affect affinity gaining between party members?
It seems that if i line up shulk as leader and reyn as 2nd in command, every time i do a quest , most of the time these two get affinity raise, but not the sharla.
i switch reyn as leader and out sharla as 2nd in command the same thing happens, but not all the time.
Please advise. Thanks.
5 years ago
I've noticed the same thing happening, but it doesn't seem to have a huge effect, as the affinity gain from quests seems relatively small in the long run compared to the affinity gain during battles, which is more even... I only used Shulk, Reyn and Sharla to begin with, and when the first reached max affinity, I'm pretty sure the others weren't far behind.
The difference actually comes in handy when you start getting more characters added to your party, as you can finish off the affinity between two existing characters while you start on their affinty with the newest character, so you shouldn't worry about it.
5 years ago
I noticed the party order affects the affinity during quests. First char 1 position will most of the time have affection with the 3rd party char during quest. Some quests might not depends on Character but most of the time is 1st with 3rd char during quest means starting a quest, ending etc. Good luck!
5 years ago
It depends on what your doing. When activating or completing quests, there is a chance of affinity gain between the party leader and one or both of the AI characters. In battle, affinity burst will increase affinity between party leader and another member, though sometimes it will increase affinity universally between members. Activating chain attacks will also increase affinity universally.
Giving presents and heart to heart activities will only increase affinity between the selected party members.
4 years ago
By my observation, party order does not affect who gains affinity during quest dialogue. However, it does effect who gets affinity during battle. Let's say you want to increase the infinity between Sharla and Shulk. You will want Sharla and Shulk as characters 2 and 3 (order makes no difference) and then use a 3rd character as the character you control, lets say Reyn. During battle you will predominantly get chances to encourage either Sharla or Shulk; in either case the character not part of the initial encouragement will then encourage the same character as you. So, whether your encouraging Sharla or Shulk each time they will be encouraging each other. This provides the greatest percentage of opportunities to raise affinity between two characters since the only time they wont gain affinity is when either of those characters are encouraging your character directly.
4 years ago
Not sure if it really matters or not but the best way to raise affinitty is by giving presents.you dont get much from side quest.i got melia and sharla to purple cloud which is one level away from max just with gifts, they were at the first level and it only took me 5 minuets sitting there doing nothing but giving them presents.it also doesnt matter who gives or receives if u want to raise it between two certain people because its a mutual increase.
4 years ago
When accepting or collecting a reward from a quest, the leader can randomly get a 2 or 4 heart bonus to his or her affinity with one of the other allies in the current active party.
4 years ago
The order does not affect who gets the boost. Though it seems some characters more easily gain affinity with certain characters. For instance, Shulk and Reyn often comment on quests that are accepted when one is in the lead and one is in the back. Overall though, it shouldn't take long to raise affinity even with these tendencies.
10 months ago
This question is open with pending answers, but none have been accepted yet
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More Questions from This Game
|Do I have to use the respective characters in battle\in active party to raise affinity between them?
|Which party members should i use?
|What presents (collectables) are most loved by party members?
|Does affinity affect the story? Please, no spoilers.
|Location Affinity not showing up on Affinity Chart?


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Yvonne Hutton (born Mullins) started drawing 'Roy of Rovers' through Colin Page's studio in the 1967-75 period. She drew the strip prior to David Sque and when it appeared in the Tiger comic at the same time as it appeared in the Roy of the Rovers comic (1976-1978). She also drew 'Durrell's Palace' for the magazine, which appeared from 1981 to 1985. Yvonne was the first artist to draw the 'Roy of the Rovers' story when it appeared in the Daily Star Newspaper. It was during this period that Yvonne was tragically killed in a car accident.
Artwork © 1992 Yvonne Hutton
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Double sided board | Dry-erase board on one side and magnetic chalk board on the other side | Includes three sticks of colored chalk and a dry-erase marker | Also Includes 36 magnetic letters and numbers | Recommended age range from 3 years and above
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text: Bookmarks Spider angiomaPrint-Friendly Nevus araneus; Spider veinsPrevious imageEnlargeCloseNext image / NavigatorSpider angioma is an abnormal collection of blood vessels near the surface of the skin.I Would Like to Learn About:Expand All Collapse All Causes Spider angiomas are very common. They often occur in pregnant women and in people with liver disease. They can appear in both children and adults. Symptoms The main symptom is a blood vessel sore (lesion) that:May have a red dot in the center Has reddish extensions that reach out from the center Disappears when pressed on and comes back when pressure is released Is seen most often on the face and neck Exams and Tests Most of the time you do not need tests to diagnose the condition. But sometimes a skin biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. Blood tests may be done if a liver problem is suspected.Skin biopsyA skin lesion biopsy is when a small amount of skin is removed so it can be examined. The skin is tested to look for skin conditions or diseases. A...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Treatment Most of the time you do not need treatment, but burning (electrocautery) or laser treatment is sometimes done.ElectrocauteryElectrocauterization is the process of heating tissue with electricity.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Outlook (Prognosis) Spider angiomas often disappear in children. They tend to last in adults. When to Contact a Medical Professional Let your health care provider know if you have a new spider angioma so that other related medical conditions can be ruled out.Related Information Open ReferencesReferencesHabif TP. Vascular tumors and malformations. In: Habif TP, ed. Clinical Dermatology. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2009:chap 23.Kelly R, Baker C. Other vascular disorders. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, et al, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2012:chap 106.BACK TO TOP Review Date: 11/14/2014 Reviewed By: Richard J. Moskowitz, MD, dermatologist in private practice, Mineola, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.


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[caption id="attachment_62181" align="alignright" width="324"] (Clockwise from top left) Michael Shimmin, Lara Gilman, Ray Pounds and Steven Goldberg[/caption]
Whether through outside consultants or in-house experts, law and accounting firms increasingly are incorporating family counseling and mediation as an integral part of family business succession planning. Leaders in the field said taking that step helps to avoid litigious disputes between heirs and clarifies the company's post-transition leadership.
If family issues are ignored, or if owners fail to plan at all, battles over inherited ownership can not only jeopardize the original owner's intent but also risk the survival of the business itself, according to experts.
"If two succeeding generations are involved, having 30 owners is not impossible," said Michael Shimmin, partner at Novato-based accounting firm Ghirardo CPA. It can be left to heirs to determine the future of the business and its assets. "If they are part of a family that has some deep dysfunctional issues, the problem can become volatile. The economic cost of the resulting legal negotiations often ends in a forced sale of the property and the wasting of massive amounts of family wealth."
While family dynamics have long played a role in succession planning, society has evolved significantly from an era when the eldest son was assumed to inherit the family business, according to Lara Gilman, partner and chair of Farella Braun + Martel's Family Wealth practice in San Francisco.
In that more intricate landscape, Ms. Gilman and others highlighted the importance of early planning and documentation to preserve the original owner's intent. With approaches that include dividing a company into controlling and noncontrolling stock, business owners are able to gift a company's wealth to any number of heirs while isolating management control among true successors, she said.
Yet Ms. Gilman cautioned that enduring family divisions can still derail an otherwise sensible succession plan.
"It's very hard for a family to get everyone together and going in the same direction," she said. "Being a business partner is hard enough. But imagine being a business partner with a sibling, when you remember things like when you were 5 and he pulled on your pigtails."
To help avoid later complications, Ms. Gilman's firm and others bring stakeholders together early. Mediation that can include a team of accountants and lawyers, as well as outside consultants or in-house staff tasked with smoothing the psychology of the transition.


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Welcome to Surrone House. In the centre of Gretna, gateway to Dumfries and Galloway
Surrone House, a former farmhouse, has been in the same family for the past 34years.The house has been carefully converted to provide seven comfortable appointed rooms, all with en-suite facilities, colour televisions, radio, tea & coffee making facilities, and central heating. The cosy residents lounge provides space to meet fellow guests or enjoy a pre-dinner drink. the extensive and cared for gardens a place to wander. There is plenty of free on-site parking.
Situated in the heart of Gretna, yards from the Registration Office and Anvil Hall and a mile from the World Famous Blacksmiths Shop in Gretna Green.
We welcome everyone, hospitality is our speciallity, whether you are coming for a wedding or travelling on holiday.
Walkers and Cyclists are all very welcome we provide secure storage for bicycles and drying facilities.
|Double Room
|£70 Per room per night (breakfast inc.)
|Large Family Room
|£110 Per room per night (breakfast inc.)
|Small Family Room
|£85 Per room per night (breakfast inc.)
|Twin Room
|£70 Per room per night (breakfast inc.)
Note: Prices are a guide only and may change on a daily basis.


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He will never make it as the front runner for the republican candidate. I can't believe they still let him claim to be republican! If that is republican I'm voting independant or Scooby-doo!
This is a discussion on NJ Republican Signs 10 Anti-Gun Bills within the The Second Amendment & Gun Legislation Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; Still think this man is the Republican candidate for 2016? Think again: New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, a likely Republican contender for the White House ...
Still think this man is the Republican candidate for 2016? Think again:New Jersey Gov. Christie Signs Laws Tightening Gun RulesNew Jersey Governor Chris Christie, a likely Republican contender for the White House in 2016, on Thursday signed into law 10 bills tightening restrictions on guns in the state.
The measures including banning the purchase of handguns by people on a federal watch list of potential terrorism suspects, stepping up penalties on some firearms violations and exempting gun records from the state's open public records law.
An Informed Gun Owner Is An Anti-Gunners Worst Nightmare - Stay Informed @ American Gun Owners Alliance
He will never make it as the front runner for the republican candidate. I can't believe they still let him claim to be republican! If that is republican I'm voting independant or Scooby-doo!
I thought Crispie switched over to the Democratic party???
You dont have to believe a train is coming. Itll run over you anyway.
Besides his support for anti-American gun control there are many other reasons I would not support christie for any office.
When you have to shoot, shoot. Don't talk.
"Don't forget, incoming fire has the right of way."
Isn't NJ's homicide rate already high?
Didn't Christie get that memo if you keep doing what you have been doing they you will keep getting what you got?!
United Daughters of the Confederacy member
American by birth
Christian by choice
Southern by the grace of God
You do not need to commit a crime to be on this list. There is NO judicial review to be on this list. It is an important list for our federal government to maintain, but there is zero due process to be put on, or be removed from the list. And there should be; it's only a list to watch...until now....banning the purchase of handguns by people on a federal watch list of potential terrorism suspects,
There is no way this law should pass judicial review. But, we've seen stranger these days.
To think he had such potential when he first got elected and taking on unions and their thuggery...times change real fast in politics, don't they?
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NRA Life Member/GOA Life Member
Don't let the high post count fool you...I'm just part of the welcoming committee.
"Fat and Stupid is no way to go through life, son!" Or something like that.............. Same Difference.......... Vote 'No'!
Socialism Kills! Time proven, with a very large body count! We are a Constitutional Republic....... not a Democracy, get it correct!
Don't be mistaken for a Gecko45: http://lonelymachines.org/mall-ninjas/
ANGLICO Images
Chris Christie should switch parties, he pretty much threw Romney
under the bus during the Sandy hurricane when he went out of his
way to tell everyone how GREAT Obama was doing to help the
people. What happened to the help, it disappeared after the election.
He is a RINO like Lensey Graham, both should be THROWN out of
the Republican Party. He is just a loud mouth FAT MAN.
I'd like to see Ted Cruz from Texas run.
They were not all anti-gun bills. Two were favored by the NRA, two opposed, and the rest were considered "neutral."
That being said, Christie, if he runs in 2016, will not get the party nomination.
-PEF, Refugee from the Island of Misfit Toys
Yeah, like New Jersey is in great shape, gun prohibitions aside.
I'm in favor of gun control -- I think every citizen should have control of a gun.
1 Thess. 5:16-18
Who says that Christie will run "as" a Republican? I did not say "for" the Republicans. There has to be someone else other than Hitlary on the Democratic ticket. Then again, nothing would please the Dems more than Hillary and Cristie both on the ballot in November 2016. The "Cristiecrats" are growing in number, all over the US, not just in NJ. If the Republican powers that be feel that Christie can swing enough democrat and independent voters to vote Republican, you can bet the bank that Christie will be supported by the mainline Republicans. Christie has made it known, not necessarily in his words but in his actions, who he is garnering for support. Christie has made it quite clear, in the past year, who his number one "political" pal is. I don't want to mention any names, but the man's initials are Barak Hussein Obama. I personally feel the conservatives underestimate the power of the Democratic party. Wishful thinking, on the parts of the Republicans, "ain't cutting it."
A wise man once said: "Bugout bag?..What's that? Is that all the junk you sidewalk commandos plan on humping when the SHTF...I'll grab a Nylon 66, a box of 22s and a poncho liner and in less than a week I will have all of your stuff and everything else that I need for the duration."
Khristie Kream.
"The pistol, learn it well, carry it always ..." ~ Jeff Cooper
"Terrorists: They hated you yesterday, they hate you today, and they will hate you tomorrow.
End the cycle of hatred, dont give them a tomorrow.
Founder of the BDA Pony Club


text:
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Starting at:
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Cedar Flute Kit$25.994-6 Weeks. Shipped direct from Supplier.Includes cedar parts, sinew, and instructions. Factory order. Learn More


text:
Need To Further Minority Enterprise Development
Published: Mar 28, 1978. Publicly Released: Mar 28, 1978.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-4800
A review of selected activities of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise (OMBE) and the Small Business Administration (SBA) focused on: (1) OMBE coordinating responsibilities, specifically the Interagency Council for Minority Enterprise (IAC); and (2) the management assistance program of both SBA and OMBE. The IAC's mission appears to be broad enough to allow it to develop a program designed to increase the effectiveness of Federal minority enterprise programs. One problem IAC faces is the lack of information about program effectiveness; current knowledge of program impact is not adequate to permit the most effective management of the minority enterprise program. However, IAC has certain advantages that should enable it to make constructive contributions: IAC is made up of upper echelon Federal agency officials who might be capable of influencing policy direction, and representatives from the White House and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) are IAC members. The role of the coordinating committee should be changed by devoting some of its efforts to identifying specific ways that Federal programs can be more effective. The problem of overlap between OMBE and SBA should not exist, and even though they both provide management and technical assistance to minority businesses, the function of each agency should be mutually exclusive.
May 25, 2016
Workplace Safety and Health:Additional Data Needed to Address Continued Hazards in the Meat and Poultry IndustryGAO-16-337: Published: Apr 25, 2016. Publicly Released: May 25, 2016.
Apr 14, 2016
Workplace Safety and Health:Additional Efforts Needed to Help Protect Health Care Workers from Workplace ViolenceGAO-16-11: Published: Mar 17, 2016. Publicly Released: Apr 14, 2016.
Mar 10, 2016
Energy Employees Compensation:DOL Generally Followed Its Procedures to Process Claims but Could Strengthen Some Internal ControlsGAO-16-74: Published: Mar 10, 2016. Publicly Released: Mar 10, 2016.
Mar 7, 2016
Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act:Information on Planned Changes to State Performance Reporting and Related ChallengesGAO-16-287: Published: Mar 7, 2016. Publicly Released: Mar 7, 2016.
Jan 4, 2016
Corporate Boards:Strategies to Address Representation of Women Include Federal Disclosure RequirementsGAO-16-30: Published: Dec 3, 2015. Publicly Released: Jan 4, 2016.
Sep 23, 2015
Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act:Performance Reporting and Related ChallengesGAO-15-764R: Published: Sep 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 23, 2015.
Aug 31, 2015
Federal Low-Income Programs:Multiple Programs Target Diverse Populations and NeedsGAO-15-516: Published: Jul 30, 2015. Publicly Released: Aug 31, 2015.
Aug 3, 2015
Disability Insurance:Actions Needed to Help Prevent Potential Overpayments to Individuals Receiving Concurrent Federal Workers' CompensationGAO-15-531: Published: Jul 8, 2015. Publicly Released: Aug 3, 2015.
Jul 15, 2015
Federal Workforce:Additional Analysis and Sharing of Promising Practices Could Improve Employee Engagement and PerformanceGAO-15-585: Published: Jul 14, 2015. Publicly Released: Jul 15, 2015.
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Food trucks vs. restaurants in downtown
Gourmet food trucks have become a familiar presence in the county's urban neighborhoods, suburban office parks, even on military bases. But now they've invaded downtown San Diego, and the reception — at least from local restaurateurs — hasn't been exactly welcoming.
A weekly street closure that began this month to accommodate a special gathering of food trucks just steps from the Gaslamp Quarter has prompted cries of foul play from nearby businesses, who regard the mobile vendors as interlopers.
The trucks, they argue, are taking advantage of the extensive investment the historic district has made in marketing the area without making any financial contributions of their own.
Food truck operators counter that downtown represents yet another financially lucrative location where they can ply their mobile trade while satisfying the needs of time-pressed consumers looking for affordable, gourmet cuisine.
"When I came to San Diego in May of last year, I spent a lot of time doing market research and talking to operators down here, and what I heard from them is they got harassed by a lot of the police officers downtown, probably induced by the restaurants," said Christian Murcia, owner of two food trucks and a company, Curbside Bites, which helped launch the downtown gathering.
Before venturing into downtown, Murcia had been content to roam the county's suburbs in his white and red Crepes Bonaparte truck peddling made-to-order caprese, Brie and Nutella crepes.
"In San Diego, we wanted to first test the waters to see if we would have a problem parking our trucks down there, but now we've started these weekly street closures so we'd have an organized way to have food trucks and it wouldn't be a free for all with trucks parking on the streets."
In the last six months, Murcia has gained a toehold in downtown, where he parks his trucks on Friday and Saturday nights, selling food into the early morning hours. And in addition to the Thursday evening gathering on J Street between 3rd and 4th avenues, he's launched a lunchtime food truck assembly on Wednesdays, in downtown, just north of Little Italy.
Food truck events
Downtown, Columbia neighborhood: B Street between India and Columbia streets, Wednesdays, 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Gaslamp Quarter: J Street between Third and Fourth avenues, Thursdays, 5:30 to 9 p.m.
What the Gaslamp restaurant owners say is especially vexing is that they weren't even notified that a weekly street closure was being planned for an area that is typically congested on Thursday nights and where open parking spaces are scarce.
"I think it's unbelievable that the city would block off the street and take away vital parking for the businesses without consulting them first," said Philip Paccione, owner of Jolt'n Joe's, a sports grill and event center, which he believes has suffered a 10 percent loss in sales since the weekly gathering of half a dozen trucks began.
"They don't have the same restrictions and rent and overhead costs I have yet they can park right next door, sell at a cheaper price and steal our customers. They're city-sanctioned squatters."
The city's special events department only requires that applicants notify those surrounding businesses and residents that are "directly impacted," a definition that City Council President Todd Gloria believes may be too narrow.
He and other members of the City Council received emails from the Gaslamp Quarter Association's executive director, Jimmy Parker, who complained that area businesses were unfairly ignored when decisions were made to close J Street for a food truck assembly.
The city, he groused, should recognize the long-standing efforts made by area businesses and residents to revitalize the district and "protect them from those that look only to steal what they have built and continue to try to maintain."