text:
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zhong guo mei
U kno it's funny how racism kicks in every few couple of videos when it's a black guy doing a sex scene with a girl of another race n why is that everytime i come on her it's some white guy or asian guy sayin dogging black guys over a couple porn scenes with a pornstar ppl need 2 grow fuck up out here..n im not the type of guy 2 point out racism so u kno it's bad especially if u dont like a black guy doing then why watch come on now ppl jst commented 2 be assholes n 2 shut the other guy up i kno a chinese girl n a korean girl that want my dick so owwww
Silverhart generalize much? you're a hypocrite for calling asians racists and hating them without even getting to know them and generalizing them into one big category on how you think they act.. when you don't even take the time to talk to them and see what they are really like, because you blindly hate them so much.
reallyy cause I have been with plenty asian women and they didn't care that i was black, so get that dumb shit out of your heads. Sad how far we are as a humanity and you can find bs like this on a porn site of all things.
the hell is wrong with you people
Thats funny cause i met like 5 oriental girls at university that dont beg to differ, loved the dick i gave em
she's a certified porn star named evelyn lin. i just love her
dude is making more noise than her. shut the fuck up we dont want to here you guy
Man you guys are cool! You anonymously spit venom online, oh my god you spelt deviant with a 1 instead of an i! im guessing that chronic masturbation has lost its edge in relieving the stress of being a droplet in a sea of mediocrity.
black dudes have weak cumshots, just saying.
Its amazing, how much racism is on this one site, while 3/4of the idiots are too scared to say half the shit in real life.
at least she likes it!!
lolz yea right like all black guys have big dicks that real big bullshit :P
silverhart, u know that cracker ass trailer trash like yourself are the most poor, non self sufficient, uneducated, incest having ppl in america so wtf are YOU complaining about? not to mention you'd probably like to fuck the shit out of a cute asian girl suck as this anyway. why else are you watching the video you moron?
you're calling other ppl smelly? well you should know that ur ancestors are european which ARE the smelliest white ppl around u dumb ass. go take a shower if u have one u ignorant redneck.
Lol @ the title, hot vid tho 5/5
zhong guo mei just means "chinese girl" in chinese, lol
zhong guo mei? wtf? this is evelyn lin. unless thats how you say her name in chinese.
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Make Room for Kids Billy Joel Ticket Giveaway WHAAAT!
- February 17, 2016
- 34 comments
- Category: Make Room for Kids
"…Joe McCarthy, Richard Nixon, Studebaker, television …"
Is it weird I still remember every single word to We Didn't Start the Fire? Shut up.
Each year I try to have a nice giveaway to show you how much I appreciate the donations you give and have given to Make Room for Kids at the Mario Lemieux Foundation over the years.
This year is no different!
Thanks to a good friend, I have two tickets to the sold out Billy Joel concert at PNC Park to give away to a lucky winner!
And not only that, the seats are AMAZING.
The deets:
What: Two field level tickets to Billy Joel at PNC Park
When: Friday, July 1, 2016 at 8:00 p.m.
Where: Section 20 seats with a face value of $135 each (see below for seating chart):
Those are CRAZY GOOD SEATS.
How to enter: Donate to Make Room for Kids and you're automatically entered to win (if you've already donated, you're in). Do you have to donate to win? No. That would be illegal. You can also leave a comment to this post to be entered, but maybe you can spare $5, $10 or $20 bucks so that we can bring in-room gaming to sick kids at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh?
Click the Donate button under the thermometer in the sidebar to be taken to the PayPal page. Donations go directly to Mario Lemieux Foundation. You can read more about this year's efforts here where I outline which units we are helping this year (cystic fibrosis, cardiac, colitis, Crohn's, etc.).
Also: I'll pick a winner next Friday, February 26 at noon using Random.org to select the winning donation/comment. Tickets are on hand and will be mailed to the winner.
Milo would like to thank you in advance for your support of Make Room for Kids!
Year Seven. Here we go.
Growing up in a religious household (don't stop reading, you jags; I'm going somewhere with this!) with a minister father meant lots of bible instruction, and one thing me and my four sisters learned quite often was about the number seven.
Seven is the number of completion.
Anyway. Every time I see the number seven I think …
Year. Seven. For Make Room for Kids.
Do you remember how this started? This whole thing where you and I work to raise money to put XBOXs in patient rooms at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh via the Make Room for Kids program at Mario Lemieux Foundation?
(This little dude was the happiest you've ever seen a little dude … and he was in the transplant unit at the time.)
Let me refresh your memory. It started right here with this post.
If I fail in my efforts on behalf of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh to win this prize, guess what? You're not off the hook because then I'm going to hold a fundraiser to raise the $10,000 and guess who I'm coming to begging for three dollars? That's right, YOU. And now that I'm not anonymous I can actually show up at your door with my hand out, my eyes in their best sad-puppy look, and I will weep and beg and gnash my teeth until you fork over your three hard-earned bucks.
We failed because the voting site failed, and we succeeded because you forked over your three dollars so I didn't show up at your house with the fire of the sun in my eyes and the doom of a thousand demons in my scream. (I think I just wrote a heavy metal song. Gimme a pigeon and I'll bite its head off.)
200 XBOXs later.
$125,000 later. Here we are. Here's all the kids we helped:
- Year one: Transplant Unit
- Year two: Adolescent Medicine Unit
- Year three: Cancer Unit
- Year four: The Children's Home and Lemieux Family Center
- Year five: Cardiac Unit, cardiac step-down unit, and Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
- Year six: Infusion/dialysis unit
That's a lot of rooms, a lot of beds, a lot of smiles on sick kids' faces.
(That's Haley. We follow each other on Twitter now because I am a hip young cool person.)
Year seven. Can there possibly be sick children left who we haven't taken care of?
Yes. There are.
What about the kids with Cystic Fibrosis, a disease that will allow them to live to see 40 if they're lucky?
Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening, genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections and progressively limits the ability to breathe.
What about the kids suffering from Crohn's and colitis, diseases they'll fight their entire lives?
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract.
That's our unit this year. It's called the GI unit and these are children who are regularly readmitted to the hospital for treatment and maintenance. Chronic. They will live with their conditions their whole lives. They know the hospital like the backs of their tiny hands, they've been there so much.
Children of all ages are cared for in this unit, but many are teens. Kidney and liver transplant children are also housed in this unit at times. The children in this unit stay for a week at a time, or months at a time, and they have to keep coming back due to their conditions when flare-ups happen.
Transplant kids can wait in this unit indefinitely until an organ becomes available. The kidney transplant children go from this unit down to dialysis and back.
This unit has three sleep-study beds. Children have a very hard time sitting still as all the wires and machines are hooked up to their bodies. Hospital staff has let us know that having in-room gaming would go a long way to helping the children stay still and occupied while being set up for their sleep studies.
Many of the children in this unit cannot move about freely to visit the general playroom area because it is vital they are near their restrooms due to their chronic GI conditions. For this reason, they would be ecstatic with in-room gaming.
Right now, this unit is sharing three XBOXs between 23 beds.
That. Won't. Do.
Now, you'll notice the thermometer is only set for $5,200. That's much less than our usual goal of $10,000. Why?
Because Pittsburgh is awesome.
- Regional Microsoft employees have donated a huge chunk of cash as they do every year, which was matched by the Microsoft corporation.
- The Holiday Park Volunteer Fire Department donated over $4,200 to Make Room for Kids via their bingo night proceeds.
- The ScareHouse Shake at Burgatory provides an influx of maintenance dollars.
- And this year, Genre's Kids with Cancer Fund will be covering our cost of maintenance of machines already installed in the oncology unit, and will also cover the cost of outfitting a planned expansion that will add more beds. We can't let some of the cancer kids not have in-room gaming. They must all have this diversion from their awful disease.
That leaves you and I to make up the remainder needed. $5,200.
Here's where your money is going:
- Maintenance on all previous units installed. XBOXs break, controllers get lost, games get broken or lost, new games are released, new movies as well, and the children make new requests. We ask Child Life in each unit to let us know what they need, what the kids are begging for, and we get take their lists and we use your donations and we get those things for them.
- This year we will be doing maintenance on the pediatric unit at Allegheny General Hospital as well, as you recall we did a little side project to outfit that unit one year. Time to give them new games and movies and to replace any broken equipment.
- We will be putting an XBOX One with a Kinect in the play area of the GI unit, and we would like to upgrade their current small TV to a much much larger one so that the Cystic Fibrosis kids, who need activity to stay on top of their disease, can get some FUN exercise with plenty of room to move and a big TV to do it on. We will get them lots and lots of Kinect games for every age. We will make them thrilled to move their little bodies in defense of Cystic Fibrosis.
- This unit has requested lots of scrapbooking equipment, as the children like to pass the time that way as well. As for units in the past, we will be providing a Cricut machine, cameras, photo printers, and all the fun fixings needed for scrapbooking.
- Mounts and locks for the XBOXs are important
- Games and movies GALORE for the GI unit, as well as extra controllers.
- Portable DVD players. We will be getting half a dozen along with headphones. This is helpful for the children on the spectrum who need visuals to be up close.
- Virtual reality goggles. These are particularly for children on the spectrum as well. This will be the first year we've supplied such a product for an install and I'm excited to see what we can find out there for the kids.
- Every bed will have an XBOX installed and we will be providing Surface units for handheld fun and Skype-ing with friends and families, to keep the kids feeling connected to their outside life while hospitalized.
- We will be installing all new XBOXs in the cardiac step down unit. This unit was relocated after our install a few years ago, so last year we refurbished the transplant XBOXs, gave the transplant unit all new XBOXs, and put the refurbished ones in the relocated cardiac step down. Now, we will replace every XBOX in the cardiac step down unit with a brand new machine.So basically, we are not only doing maintenance on every unit we've installed so far, we are installing new XBOXs in TWO ENTIRE UNITS.
It's a lot. And thank goodness we have the partners we do at Microsoft, Genres Kids with Cancer Fund, Holiday Park VFD, and ScareHouse/Burgatory!
And you. Could you spare a few bucks for these sick kids? These Cystic Fibrosis kids? Crohn's, colitis, transplant, heart, dialysis? Your dollars will touch six units in Children's Hospital this year, and one at Allegheny General Hospital.
All donations go directly to the Mario Lemieux Foundation's PayPal account. I don't touch a penny of your money. It all goes to the sick kids.
It only takes a minute of your time, if even that, to provide these wonderful children with a distraction from their very real, very scary diseases.
We install on April 21. The goal is $5,200. And if I know Pittsburgh, we will get there. Just click the button under the thermometer up there, and give anything you can. Every single dollar helps.
I love you all! Group hug.
Pittsburgh History with Ginny … and cookies.
- January 13, 2016
- 1 comment
- Category: Random
So I says to my kid, I says, "Your popple waffed."
And then I says, "I meant to say your waffle popped. Let me run myself through the stroke tests real quick here while you get your toffle out of the woaster."
How do our brains do that? Switch letters around like that?
And what does that have to do with anything? Nothing. I just wasted twenty seconds of your precious time.
As you know, I am a true crazy person when it comes to Pittsburgh history. The subscription to the Post-Gazette archives is the best money I've spent since Amazon Prime.
I received an email from an editor at Pittsburgh Magazine not too long ago in which she let me know that the History Center had emailed her about another matter and in doing so mentioned they had uncovered evidence that a statue of mythical steelman Joe Magarac was once proposed to be placed at the tip of the Point.
So, you know me … I downed six cookies and two glasses of wine.
And then I spent some time in a shame spiral.
And THEN … I ate more cookies.
And then finally I started researching, and hit paydirt.
Learning about the BATSHIT INSANE OH MAH GAWD IT WAS GOING TO BE AS BIG AS CHRIST THE REDEEMER IN RIO statue of Joe Magarac designed for the Point, and finding a picture of the clay model of it, led me to stumble upon information regarding a 2,500-seat amphitheater that was once at the tip of the Point. And that led me to learn about what Frank Lloyd Wright wanted to put at the Point. And that led me to learn who Stanley Roush was and what HE wanted to put at the Point.
All told, I spent about 12 hours in research and cookies and wine.
Why are cookies so delicious?
Did I just waste ten more seconds of your time talking about cookies? You betcha.
I can't stop laughing at that and I'm not even drunk. The 80s were awful. Really really awful.
Where were we? Right, the confluence! (DRINK!)
So I'm reading and researching and hunting and finally birthed this post over at Pittsburgh Magazine. In that post, you'll notice I acquired rights to an image of the amphitheater (which was SO HARD TO FIND. The damn thing was there for like a year and no one has any pictures of it. Go check all your gram's pictures from 1959 and see if you can find any please.)
While I was zooming around the image provided to me by the Brady Stewart Archive, I noticed this standing at the Point.
What is it?! Where is it?! Why is it?! What does it do?! What is it called?! WHAT IS IT DAMN IT?!?!
Anyway, go read that post and see all the fantastic pictures of crazy shit they used to want to put at the Point.
It's been nice knowing you. I'll be useless until I get to the bottom of this.
Send cookies.
Yinzer Gift Guide Giveaway!
- December 3, 2015
- 138 comments
- Category: Random
If you haven't seen it yet, you'll want to click … … HERE … … to be whisked away to my annual World Famous (not really) Yinzer Gift Guide for Pittsburgh Magazine.
I'm not joking when I say I've spent months researching for this gift guide full of Burghy goodness. As I do that research, I buy stuff. And sometimes I am given stuff. And I always give them away to you, because you're dear to me.
So here's what one lucky winner is getting this year!
1. Four Audra Azoury Pittsburgh ornaments and one Pittsburgh bookmark.
Santa over Pittsburgh:
Fort Pitt Tunnel:
Skating at PPG.
And you're not getting this one, but look at it. LOOK AT IT DAMN IT.
I miss baseball. Check out all her ornaments here.
This is the bookmark you're getting:
2. Even though it didn't make the list because I decided to go with the Mister Rogers Sticky Note Set instead, this fabulous shirt sold at the History Center and made by Commonwealth Press. It's super super soft, girl fit, large. They run small, so it's more like a medium. Again, can't express how soft it is.
You can buy it here and check out the matching tote.
3. HONEY! Michelle Wright was kind enough to send me some of her honey to give away to you. So you're getting her raw dark honey, raw light honey, tea infuser, beeswax/essential oils lotion (it is heaven. I'm not even joking.), and the adorable mug with spoon. Listen to me … any foodie or baker in your life will FLIP over this honey. It's local. Raw. Meaningful. Would you just trust me? Geez.
Here's the mug you're getting in addition to the delicious, local raw honey:
Here's her site if you want to order stuff from her. Local bees, saving the planet. I don't need to explain to you how nature works and that if you don't buy the honey before it all sells out, you have to wait until the bees make more honey. Her light honeycomb is already sold out, but you can snag the dark still.
4. Candles! You're getting my three favorite Sugar Creek Candle Company scents. Waffles N'at (my favorite. It is AMAZING.), Monkey Farts (coconutty!) and butt naked. LOOK AT THE ART WORK.
I'll also throw in the limited edition "Winter Flurry" scent which sort of tips its hat to Mark Andre Fleury. Candles you can give to ANY gender. Perfect.
Also gonna throw in some scented Sugar Creek chapsticks, and they are coconut and Butt Naked flavors. BUTTS. Here are the ingredients list on those.
LOVE them. Don't know what meadowfoam is, other than a possible Sherwin Williams paint color name, but LOVE THEM.
5. The Pittsburgh coloring book for adults that I purchased for you.
Wait until you see the Kennywood page. So awesome.
6. The Yinz Might Be From Picksburgh calendar I purchased for you.
7. The winner will be receiving their choice of shirt from the Pittsburgh Shirt Company.
8. All four prints in the special set Dave Dicello and I put together for the gift guide, including mats for framing them.
I think that's it. I didn't total it up, but that is hundreds of dollars worth of gifts!
If anything else arrives, I'll toss it in the box for you, and yes, I will mail this treasure to you as long as you live in the 48 contiguous states. Sorry, Alaska. Not sorry, Hawaii; you live in HAWAII.
If you're local, it would be cool if you agreed to just swing by Las Velas in Downtown or Madero in Murrysville (our two restaurants) if one of them is convenient to you and pick them up there.
How to enter?
Well, this world is kind of depressing lately, and I'm not going to lie. It's getting to me. It's slowly chipping away at the Sue Heck in me. So how about you cheer me and my readers up? Tell me about the nicest thing a stranger has ever done for you, or the nicest thing you've ever done for a stranger. Help an elderly person cross the street? Carry groceries? Pay for the coffee order of the car behind you? Paid off someone's layaway? ANYTHING. One nice thing. No matter how small. No matter how big. Brag. BRAG ABOUT YOUR AWESOMENESS in this world of turmoil. BRAG about that amazing thing that stranger did for you. Please. And we're going to read them all and we're going to feel better about humans taking the time to help other humans who they DON'T EVEN KNOW, okay? Group hug.
Yes, you can just write anything you want to comment and win, but how about you cheer me up instead? If you don't use a real email address, I won't be able to contact you and tell you that you won.
I want to get this in the mail in time for the holidays in case the winner plans to use them as gifts, so that means we're going to shut this puppy down next Wednesday at noon at which time Random.org will pick the winning comment.
If your comment for some reason goes to spam, flip a table.
Don't flip a table. Be patient and I'll regularly dig them out of spam and publish them.
Good luck and group hug.
Some random stuff
- November 20, 2015
- 3 comments
- Category: Random
1. Let's not call this a "Random n'at" post because it's really just a list of some things I want to tell you. Don't argue with me.
2. If you're downtown tonight for Light Up Night, come say hello to me at Steel City Studios in Fifth Avenue Place around 5:30. I'll be recording a podcast interview with the one and only Ya Jagoff. We'll be chatting about my forthcoming Yinzer Gift Guide for Pittsburgh Magazine and hopefully my new puppy and Fred Rogers.
Here's the last interview I did with him:
3. I just now realized I should have named my puppy Fred Rogers. How perfect is that? He could wear a red cardigan and tiny sneakers. Damn it. But alas, he is Milo Walker Montanez. He is perfect. He will tear your heart out and rip it to pieces like he does everything he can steal and scurry with under our bed.
Also, I haven't peaked under our bed yet, but I'm guessing it looks like some raccoons had a meth-fueled rager under there.
You should follow me on Instagram (Janepitt) for more Milo fuzziliciousness. And because I get asked a lot, he is a broken-coat Jack Russell Shorty and he is five months old.
4. Speaking of Fred Rogers, in a fit of writer's block a few months ago, I decided to read every single Post-Gazette article that has ever mentioned Fred Rogers ever. EVER. That meant starting way back in the 1890s when other people in Pittsburgh dared to be named Fred Rogers. As if. The real stuff started popping up when I got to the 1950s and that's when I hit paydirt.
After around 2,000 articles, I wrote this column for Pittsburgh Magazine.
Isn't that illustration by cartoonist Wayno just PERFECTION? The facial expression is exactly what it needed to be.
I learned so much and I'm going to bet you probably knew ZERO of the things I discovered.
If you did know some of them … no one likes a show off.
One thing I learned that didn't make the column due to space and because some of you probably knew this and I really wanted to give you stuff you didn't know, Mister Rogers' other acting credit was a cameo in Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman!
[praise hands]
5. This is so cool. Last night I headed to the Holiday Park Volunteer Fire Department bingo night with Mario Lemieux Foundation's executive director Nancy Angus to accept a donation from the bingo players.
Thanks to one of their players nominating Make Room for Kids as their charity for the year, and it being selected in a vote, Nancy accepted a more than $4,200 check from the fire department that will go towards the 2016 Make Room for Kids install at Children's Hospital. We will be placing in-room gaming in the GI Unit, which houses Crohn's, colitis, cystic fibrosis, and some transplant kids.
How cool is that?
As we were leaving, we asked a lovely bingo player why she nominated Make Room for Kids as the charity for the year and she looked a bit sheepish and said, "I'm a Mario fan."
6. Have a fabulous Thanksgiving. The next time you hear from me here will be the following week when I give away some of the fantastic items on this year's Yinzer Holiday Gift Guide to one lucky reader.

subset: commoncrawl


text: 000 FXUS63 KUNR 220523 AFDUNR Area Forecast Discussion For Western SD and Northeastern WY National Weather Service Rapid City SD 1123 PM MDT SAT MAY 21 2016 .SHORT TERM...(This Evening Through Sunday Night) Issued at 151 PM MDT Sat May 21 2016 19z surface analysis had surface low over north central WY with frontal boundary north of low into eastern MT and south of low into central CO. Strong southerly flow ahead of low with stratus and stratocumulus clouds over most of the SD CWA. Solar insolation is working on CIN over northeast WY with partial erosion over central WY evidenced by SPC analysis and CU starting to pop near low and boundary. CIN quite strong over SD for surface based convection. 110kt jet streak working into WY which will increase the 0-6km bulk shear to 20m/s over northeast WY. If thunderstorms can develop with around 2KJ/kg MLCAPE available, a couple of supercells are likely across northeast WY through this evening with large hail and damaging winds. Isolated tornado threat in place given subjective pattern recognition with position of surface low, low level southeast flow, and rich boundary layer moisture. Activity will shift east overnight and become elevated reducing severe threat substantially over western SD overnight. Temperatures will be near or slightly above guidance. Sunday, aforementioned jet streak spins up another upper low over southern AB with decent shortwave rotating it around it into WY and western SD Sunday afternoon. Frontal boundary will push east as low pushes northeast and drags feature southeast. 2-3KJ/kg SBCAPE forecast ahead of boundary with 20-30m/s 0-6km bulk shear. A recipe for severe thunderstorms, potentially significant, as long as boundary and synoptic forcing don`t push too far east too fast. Temperatures will be near guidance. Sunday night, thunderstorm activity shifts east and drier air pushes in behind front. Temperatures will be seasonal. .LONG TERM...(Monday Through Saturday) Issued at 151 PM MDT Sat May 21 2016 Mean upper trough will change little next week extending from southwest Canada into the northwest US. Southwest flow aloft will prevail over the CWA with periodic shortwaves and a couple of transient upper lows passing through. Hard to pinpoint timing at this point, so PoPs generally broad brushed. Monday looks to be the only nearly dry day. The weather does look unsettled with daily chances for storms Tuesday through next weekend. Temperatures will be seasonal. && .AVIATION...(For the 06Z TAFS Through 06Z Sunday Night) Issued At 1119 PM MDT Sat May 21 2016 Isold-Sct showers and thunderstorms are possible during the rest of the night through early Sunday morning. Widespread IFR cigs are expected over and near the Black Hills and over parts of swrn and scntrl South Dakota with MVFR cigs over much of the rest of the area overnight. Showers and thunderstorms will redevelop on Sunday afternoon with lcl MVFR cigs possible. && .UNR Watches/Warnings/Advisories... SD...None. WY...None. && $$ SHORT TERM...Helgeson LONG TERM...Helgeson AVIATION...10


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Donald Trump's energy advisor is a climate denier urging the candidate to scrap the Clean Power Plan and pursue more dirty energy policies.
Under Chicago's complicit government, instead of getting fired for killing Rekia Boyd, police officer Dante Servin got away with murder.
Inés Benítez is a contributor to Inter Press Service news.


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Flash vs Umbrella Lights: Difference in image clarity?
Started May 9, 2012 | Discussions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
TotalNeophyte • Forum Member • Posts: 84
Flash vs Umbrella Lights: Difference in image clarity?
Hi all!
I am looking to do a project on a human body. I will be taking daily images of a shirtless individual and I have a lighting question:
Right now, I'm just using the flash on my DSC HX200v; I was wondering if my image would be clearer (like if I zoom in on the individual's face, when I look at the image on my computer) if I lit the subject from both sides with umbrella lights - instead of using the flash.
A. Would the image be clearer?
B. Would the lighting of the image be more consistent (would it look more similar, shot to shot)?
C. What other benefits would I have from lighting the subject instead of just using a basic flash?
Thanks all!
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Keep up to date with the latest events from The Royal Collection
This exclusive Private Guided Morning Tour allows groups the opportunity to experience the charm of the Palace of Holyroodhouse before it is open to the public. ... Read more about Private Guided Morning Tour for groups
This special evening tour for groups of the Palace of Holyroodhouse highlights both the Palace's dramatic past and its important role today. ... Read more about Private Guided Evening Tour for groups
Groups can enjoy a special visit to the Palace of Holyroodhouse where they will be able to see the Historic and State Apartments and enjoy a guided tour of the beautiful gardens. ... Read more about Palace of Holyroodhouse and Garden History Tour for groups
Join us for talks and tea at the Palace in celebration of The Queen's 90th Birthday. ... Read more about Special Event - History in the Making
Celebrate this occasion with a very special family event day of storytelling, dancing, crafts and face painting. Take part in the spot the crown treasure hunt and don't miss a musical performance in the Great Gallery.
... Read more about Family Event Day: The Queen's 90th Birthday
Join us in the splendour of the Great Gallery at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in a celebration of Scottish fashion to complement the Fashioning a Reign exhibition. ... Read more about Special Event - The Height of Fashion Catwalk Event
Explore Holyroodhouse with a range of activity trails, visit our new Family Pavilion in the Palace Gardens and help us celebrate Her Majesty The Queen's 90th Birthday with special actvities and our Royal Explorer backpack. ... Read more about Family Activities: Summer at the Palace
Sign up to our free monthly e-newsletter for the latest exhibitions and exclusive events.
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Slow Food USA Blog
Reflections, insights and news about the food movement and "going Slow"
Eating Alaska
Jun. 2, 2010
by intern Maia Piccagli
Julie Shaffer, Sustainable Food Service Education Coordinator
May. 14, 2010
by Jenna Schweitzer
This article first appeared on Generation Response, one of Emory University's campus publications.
In her office, Julie Shaffer has a life-size cardboard cut-out of a farmer,...
Farmer Jane: some women who are changing the way we eat
May. 10, 2010
Temra Costa knows a thing or two about farming. She has a degree in agriculture from the University of Wisconsin at Madison and has been involved with CAFF (Community Alliance with Family...
Earth Day thoughts
Apr. 22, 2010
As I drove from the Columbus OH airport towards Athens, I passed a billboard that read "Every day is Earth Day for a farmer." A dairy barn on my left, fields on my right. I was headed into the...
Hardwick VT: the town that food saved
Mar. 30, 2010
by intern Valerie Scott
We all know what local, sustainable food can do for the health of our bodies, but could it also be a cure for the health of ailing economies? Ben Hewitt's book The...


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Upcoming Airdates
This movie is not currently scheduled. Check back soon for updates.
AboutThe story of Heidi Fleiss, known as "The Hollywood Madam", who was the daughter of a prominent Los Angeles...Read more
Starring: Jamie-Lynn Sigler, Saul Rubinek, Emmanuelle Vaugier
Genre: True Crime, True Story
SEE MORE True Crime Movies


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Welcome to Our Home: Knit and Crochet Ideas from Red Heart
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Rose Dishcloth and Potholder
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Crochet a gingham dishcloth with pretty rose embellishment to match a lovely cross-stitch potholder. This rose set from Lily Sugar n' Cream brings a bright and feminine touch to any kitchen. For the matching bouquet in the top left corner of this photo, please see Pink Rose Bouquet Crochet Pattern.
- Yarn: Lily® Sugar 'n Cream
(Solids: 70.9 g/2.5 oz/109 m/120 yds) (Ombres: 56.7g/2 oz/86 m/95 yds)
Main Color (MC) (01740 Hot Pink) 1 ball
Contrast A (00046 Rose Pink) 1 ball
Contrast B (01004 Soft Ecru) 1 ball
Contrast C (00144 Strawberry) 1 ball
Contrast D (01712 Hot Green) 1 ball
Main Color (MC) (01004 Soft Ecru) 1 ball
Contrast A (00046 Rose Pink) 1 ball
Contrast B (01740 Hot Pink) 1 ball
Contrast C (00084 Sage Green) 1 ball
Contrast D (01712 Hot Green) 1 ball
- Crochet Hook: Size 4 mm (U.S. G or 6) crochet hook or size needed to obtain gauge
- 10 ins [25.5 cm] square of flame retardant lining
- blunt ended tapestry needle
- Pattern with Cross-Stitch Chart [pdf]
Dishcloth: Approx 10 ins [25.5 cm] square.
Pot Holder: Approx 11 ins [28 cm] square.
Gauge: 15 sc and 16 rows = 4 ins [10 cm].
Note: To change colors, work to last 2 loops on hook of last st. Yoh with new color and complete st. When working with 2 colors within a row, lay unused color along previous row and work over unused color.
With A, ch 37.
1st row: (RS). With A, 1 sc in 2nd ch from hook. 1 sc in each of next 3 ch. *With B, 1 sc in each of next 4 ch. With A, 1 sc in each of next 4 ch. Rep from * to end of ch. 36 sc. Turn.
2nd row: With A, ch 1. 1 sc in each of first 4 sc. *With B, 1 sc in each of next 4 sc. With A, 1 sc in each of next 4 sc. Rep from * to end of row. Turn.
3rd and 4th rows: As 2nd row, joining MC at end of last row.
5th row: With MC, ch 1. 1 sc in each of first 4 sc. *With A, 1 sc in each of next 4 sc. With MC, 1 sc in each of next 4 sc. Rep from * to end of row. Turn.
6th to 8th rows: As 5th row, joining A at end of last row.
9th row: As 2nd row.
Rep 2nd to 9th rows 3 times more, then 2nd to 8th rows once. Fasten off.
Edging: Join MC with sl st in bottom right corner. Ch 1. 3 sc in same sp. Work sc evenly up side of Dish Cloth to next corner. (2 sc. Ch 9 for hanging loop. Sl st back into last sc. 1 sc) all in next corner. Work sc evenly around rem of Dish Cloth, working 3 sc in each corner. Join with sl st to first sc. Fasten off.
With C, ch 11.
1st row: 3 dc in 4th ch from hook (counts as 4 dc). 4 dc in each ch to end of ch. Fasten off. Coil foundation row into rose shape and sew through all thicknesses to secure.
Leaves (make 2): With D, ch 5.
1st rnd: 1 sc in 2nd ch from hook. 1 hdc in next ch. 1 dc in next ch. 5 dc in last ch. Working into opposite side of ch into rem loops, 1 dc in next ch. 1 hdc in next ch. 1 sc in last ch. Join with sl st to first sc. Fasten off.
Sew Rose and Leaves in position as shown in picture.
With MC, ch 41.
1st row: (RS). 1 sc in 2nd ch from hook. 1 sc in each ch to end of ch. 40 sc. Turn.
2nd row: Ch 1. 1 sc in each sc across. Turn.
Rep 2nd row 39 times more. Fasten off.
With A, work as for Front.
Using cross st, embroider Chart on Front.
Trim flame retardant lining to fit Back. With lining between pieces and WS facing each other, place Back and Front tog.
Edging: 1st rnd: Working through both thicknesses and with Front facing, join MC with sl st in bottom left corner. Ch 1. 3 sc in same sp. Work 1 rnd of sc evenly around outer edges to join pieces, working 3 sc in each corner. Join B with sl st to first sc. Break MC.
2nd rnd: With B, ch 1. Work 1 sc in each sc around working 3 sc in each corner sc. Join A with sl st to first sc. Break B.
3rd rnd: With A, ch 1. 1 sc in first sc. *Miss next sc. (1 dc. Ch 1. 1 dc) in next sc. Miss next sc. 1 sc in next sc. Rep from * around to last 3 sc. Miss next sc. (1 dc. Ch 1. 1 dc) in next sc. Miss last sc. Join with sl st to first sc.
4th rnd: Ch 5 (counts as dc and ch 2). *1 sc in next ch-1 sp. Ch 2. 1 dc in next sc. Ch 2. Rep from * around working (1 sc. Ch 2. 1 dc. Ch 2. 1 sc) in each corner ch-1 sp. Join with sl st to 3rd ch of ch 5. Fasten off.
Loop: With Back facing, join B with sl st to 2nd rnd of Edging in top right corner. Ch 12. Join with sl st in same sp.
Fasten off.
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Nov 30, 2011
http://www.favecrafts.com/master_images/Crochet/Rose-Dishcloth-and-Potholder-Pattern.pdf has complete instructions with the cross-stitch design
Sep 06, 2010
I can't get the cross stitch pattern. All I get is an error when I try the link and it won't connect. Please help. I don't know what to do, and would very much like this pattern.
Jun 12, 2010
This is so very lovely. It's going to be the perfect gift for my sister, whose favourite colour is pink! Thank you for sharing it.
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Awesome Future: Stories of Victorious Action
by Robert Wildwood
In Awesome Future: Stories of Victorious Action, Weed, CA-based zinester Robnoxious wants you to come in from the cold. This beautifully-drawn comix collection says, "Welcome friend; rest your feet. Things are going to be okay." Awesome Future is positivity incarnate—but it's not a mindless feel-good trip. This is a positivity that knows things are kind of effed, that we're up against a wall most days, and that fighting the good fight is a noble, important thing—even if you don't always come out on top. (And it's a zine that says, In the end the realistic get what they want but it doesn't hurt to be a dreamer.) Comics include a beautifully-drawn look at a day in the life of Maxx the dog, a run-in with a bear, and, in the spirit of his last Microcosm zine, Shut Up and Love the Rain, a piece on keeping an open dialog about sexual desire. The mantra we get in these pages is "Punks Win," that singing loud in the midst of fear and making the best of darkness will have you reaping the rewards. Whether he's going in for a vasectomy, singing the praises of the sinus-clearing neti pot, or preaching healthy poopin' practices, Robnoxious does it all with a goodhearted sense of humor, an inclusive tone, and a constructive eye towards survival and a better world. So, come in from the cold and meet the latest Robnoxious zine. You are welcome here; this place is yours.
- Hex Records 2/21/2012
The last thing this fella released was some pretty weird stories/comics and this is no different. You get some fairly entertaining tales of his family moving to Alaska via school bus when he was a kid, to the story of a dog's day as seen through the eyes of the dog, to a spiritual Buddhist retreat to relieve stress. On the more bizarre end of things we get a brief how-to on taking a proper shit (squat, don't sit). Honestly, the strangest part of this zine is the artwork. It's like pre-adolescent kids drawings mixed with sociopathic prison dweller. I'm not sure what to make of it all.
- Poopsheetfoundation 11/28/2011
If you have the mental fortitude to think that "fighting the good fight" is its own reward, then Awesome Future will be right up your alley. Robnoxious' latest book is largely about unabashed existence in the world. It's about enjoying life's journey. In terms of packaging, there's a lot of content here for a reasonable price, a digest-sized book wrapped in a beautiful full color cover. There are many different shorts and a couple of longer pieces housed in this project, but the pervading craft is consistent. There are emotive expressions, plenty of caricature, and Robnoxious lights up most of the panels with motion lines and lively touches like inanimate objects, such as houses, taking on life.
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Coors Field20th and Blake StreetsDenver, Colorado
We have 50 tickets reserved in the lower outfield. Ticket price is $25 each. Please reserve your seats by July 30, 2007, by responding to Amy Gresh at firstname.lastname@example.com. Checks should be made payable to "The University of Chicago" and mailed to Amy at 558 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206.
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Have your daughter create her own story at the Disney themed costume party in the Girls Deluxe Toy Story 3 Jessie Costume. This costume, that is a great representation of the character from the Toy Story franchise, includes a jumpsuit, a hat, and a hair bow. The jumpsuit to this costume has a white collared top with yellow cuffs and a yellow piece under the collars. All of these yellow areas have red lining and detailing. The brown belt is attached to the costume and features a large gold buckle with a bulls face on it. The pants of the jumpsuit are blue and feature cowprint chaps. Jessie's signature red cowgirl hat is also included and snugly fits on your daughters head, as well as the yellow hair ribbon. Wear this to a Disney themed party to represent your favorite character this Halloween.
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Beach, pool, ika mata, handy to town
Couldn't work out how to turn down air conditioning; better breakfast selection would be good
We don't like this resort at all. The worst resort I have stayed at! Not recommend to anyone!
Arrived 12.30 pm to check-in, Staff didn't show us where the room is! Walked into the room-it is still in cleaning process! Walked back to reception-no other room available, asked us to go to the restaurant for 30min until the room is ready, tough for us as having a little toddler with us and he was so tired! Went into the room, the shower hadn't been clean properly, soap mark on the shower! very poor hygiene! Emailed and got confirmation from resort - agreed to arrange airport transfer, appearently nothing been arranged! But still charged us admin fee of arranging transport! Day of checking out of the resort,while loading baggages to shuttle, 3 handcarry bags were mistaken away by staff without asking whose the bags belongs to!
the staff were all wonderful, such lovely, helpful people. food and service was amazing. the amount of activities that were offered was very wide and for all ages. it had incredible transport service.i highly recommend this resort
n/a i didnt have any problems or worries whilst i stayed there
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`Kidnap' victim charged after turning up for ransom money
The police say that at about 1545h. on 2014-03-25, relatives of Ramraj Singh, 19 years, of Foulis, Enmore, reported to the police that at about 1915h. on 2014-03-24 they had received a telephone call to the effect that he had been kidnapped and a demand of $3.5M was made for his safe return.
Singh, police say, was reported to have left home earlier during the evening of 2014-03-24 to buy a phone card.
Based on subsequent police investigations, including the tracking of phone calls, it was suspected that the "kidnapping" had been concocted, police said.
As a result, a sting operation was set up and the "kidnap victim" was arrested on 2014-03-26 as he turned up to pick up the "ransom money" at the agreed on location, police added.
Singh has been charged with attempt to commit a felony to wit obtaining money by false pretence and appeared before Magistrate Zamilla. Ally at the Vigilance Magistrate's Court today.
He has been placed on bail in the sum of $200,000.00 to return to court on 2014-04-14.


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Former Rep. Melvin Evans
R U.S. Virgin Islands, 1st (1979-1981) Not In Office, Died, Nov. 27, 1984
PowerBrief gives you all the information you need about members of Congress and their staff in one printable PDF document. It is the perfect solution for getting you and your colleagues prepared to work with Capitol Hill.
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The Pokémon Trainer Academy (T) [Best Veteran 4Q '11]
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August 22nd, 2012 (11:52 AM).
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Dante Redson --- Location-Elizabeth's Classroom
"Sure, I'll help with whatever you need me to do", Dante responded to Elizabeth's question.
With that said, Dante smiled a bit with a slight embarrassed look added into the mix. He then looked down and saw a briefcase on the floor.
"I'll pick the briefcase up for you", Dante said bending over and picking up the briefcase. He then placed the briefcase on the desk that was in front off the classroom.
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Skate It has Nintendo players riding with the skate pros, owning the best spots in San Vanelona and pulling off the sickest tricks using the popular FlickIt controls. Loaded with all-new gameplay features, Skate It breaks new ground by introducing innovative support for the Wii Balance board which gives players a fresh way to create their own signature skateboarding style.
"We knew it would be an exciting challenge to bring the soul and feel of skateboarding to the Wii and Nintendo DS," said Scott Blackwood, Executive Producer - Skate franchise. "With fresh new designs and gameplay components built from scratch, we've been able to, once again, capture the true experience of skateboarding in a completely innovative way."
Skate It unleashes the FlickIt revolution on to the Nintendo platforms, letting gamers use the Wii remote or the Nintendo DS stylus to string together their best tricks for the ultimate skate line. The Wii remote becomes a skateboard and reacts to gestures that mirror actual skate flips and moves. Players can also deepen this experience by planting their feet on the Wii Balance board. Skate It brings the hit Skate franchise to a new level of creative ingenuity and gameplay excellence.
Skate It has no review on Wii's World.
wiiboy101 said:
Graphics don't seem true Wii and ea have a habit of screwing up wiimote but I'll keep an open mind.
Wiipaw said:
Skate Wii Rumor: TRUE! I don't know what to say about the graphics yet.
ToTaLgAmEr said:
Looks pretty kewl, can't wait to see more pics.
Diddy Kong Lover said:
I liked skate, the graphics don't look so bad.
sparko said:
Is it going to use balance board?
the conduit said:
That can't be 480p.
skater dude772 said:
I love skate it. It's so fun, I recommend it. The Wii balance board is fun too.
Nintendo President Satoru Iwata Passes Away at 55
Rest In Peace
Nintendo has detailed the return of its World Championship
Do you have what it takes?
Disney Infinity 3.0 Edition Officially Revealed
The Force is strong with this one...
Rumor: Disney Infinity 3.0 Leaked Early
Straight from a Galaxy Far, Far Away...
Mario Kart 8 DLC Pack 2...OH YEAAAAH!
Nintendo should do this more.
The Nintendo GameCube: An Interesting Legacy
Will The Wii U Have a Similar Fate?
Project Ukulele - Possible Hint at Characters
Could it be?
Free to Play Pokemon Shuffle now available on 3DS eShop
Nintendo offers another micro-transaction based title
Gold Mario Amiibo is a Wal-Mart Exclusive
Get ready to shell out your coins
Area Effect Announces Izle for Wii U
Part action, part adventure, all cel-shaded
Planes: Fire & Rescue
Released on November 6th, 2014
The Voice: I Want You
Released on October 21st, 2014
Skylanders Trap Team
Released on October 5th, 2014
Wipeout: Create & Crash
Angry Birds Star Wars
Released on October 29th, 2013
yoshi said:
jrncn bbmrban ... Controller compatibility chart
yoshi said:
i have a wii ... Controller compatibility chart
Tigerbaby said:
I love resident of 4 ... Resident Evil Revelations 2 is Skipping Nintendo Systems
Andrew Gray said:
Hey Jeremy, just recently started the game myself. Would you mind sending me your gathering hall/hunter info later? If ... Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate review
johnfell said:
sghujd ... iWin supporting Virtual Console
Wii's World is not officially affiliated with Nintendo! (but they wish we were).


text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|24 Ago 2010
|Fecha de prioridad
|20 Dic 2006
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Oleg Zhdaneev
|Cesionario original
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (30), Otras citas (5), Citada por (13), Clasificaciones (8), Eventos legales (2)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to material composition analysis. More specifically, the present invention relates to oil-water-gas analysis using a radiation detection and analysis system operating in a terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Precise and real-time identification of reservoir fluid composition are important for successful evaluation and development of oil-gas-water reservoirs. Reservoir fluid composition influences all aspects of reservoir development including well design, method to improve recovery factor, and production strategy. It is important to evaluate reservoir fluid compositions in real time, or at least near real time. Real-time analysis preferably includes evaluations within the well bore, also referred to as "downhole." It is usually possible, although typically less timely, to evaluate extracted samples in a surface laboratory. To obtain downhole samples, a special tool is lowered into the well and set across points of interest. An example of such a tool is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,747, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. By establishing communication with the reservoir, the reservoir fluids are extracted, or withdrawn from the reservoir towards the tool. The extracted fluids are directed into fluid storage and fluid composition analysis modules.
Methods exist for determining fluid composition. These methods typically include a detection device capable of performing gas and liquid chromatography. Such devices can qualitatively and/or quantitatively respond to analyzable mixtures, including hydrocarbon mixtures encountered in oilfield applications. Some of the most commonly used detectors include thermal conductivity detectors, flame ionization detectors, photometric detectors, and photo ionization detectors.
Techniques exist for determining fluid composition, which inject infrared light into a flowing sample and measure a portion of the injected light to determine an amount of absorption by the sample. These techniques use optical or infrared (IR) absorption detectors to detect the difference in beam intensity before and after its passing through a sample cell, which includes a sample mixture to be analyzed. Atoms and/or molecules within the sample capture some of the photons as they traverse the sample cell through a process referred to as electron excitation—the movement of an electron within an atom or molecule of the sample to a higher energy state. Such techniques generally determine electron excitation of molecules within the sample. Unfortunately, it is often difficult and at times impossible to select wavelengths from within the optical band that will provide substance identification due to overlapping absorption peaks or emission peaks that occur within this range.
it is an object of the invention to provide a solution for determining composition of a fluid sample without suffering from overlapping absorption peaks that occur within the optical and IR spectral range.
Fortunately, problems associated with overlapping peaks within the absorption or emission spectra can be substantially eliminated by using electromagnetic radiation selected from the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This generally includes electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths between about 3 cm and about 3 μm (i.e., 0.01 THz to 100 THz). As an added benefit, terahertz radiation can be used to analyze a sample mixture that has been heated sufficiently to excite one or more of the vibrational and rotational levels of the molecules. Such an analysis is possible at such elevated temperatures, at least in part because 1 THz is equivalent to 0.004 eV photon energy. Thus, the use of terahertz radiation can offer additional flexibility for oilfield application including downhole sample analysis.
Various embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus and method for determining a composition of a fluid sample including a mixture of one or more of oil, water, and gas using a source of electromagnetic radiation operating within the terahertz spectrum.
In one aspect, the invention relates to a sample analyzer for analyzing a sample gas, liquid, or combination of a gas and a liquid. The device includes a sample chamber having a fluid communication port configured to receive the sample. The device also includes a filter in fluid communication with the fluid communication port, such that the sample received by the sample chamber is filtered by the filter. A terahertz radiation detector is provided in electromagnetic communication with the sample. The terahertz detector provides a detected output signal indicative of the terahertz electromagnetic radiation detected from the sample. In some embodiments, the device also includes a terahertz source illuminating the sample, the terahertz detector detecting a portion of the terahertz source illumination as modified by the sample. The detected portion of the spectrum of terahertz radiation can be processed to analyze the composition of the sample.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a borehole apparatus for analyzing a composition of a fluid sample obtained from a formation, for which the fluid sample includes at least one of water, oil, and gas. The borehole apparatus includes at least one sample chamber within the borehole for containing a fluid sample. The at least one sample chamber includes a first window portion substantially transparent to terahertz radiation. The apparatus also includes a terahertz detector in electromagnetic communication with the fluid sample, the terahertz detector generating an output signal indicative of the terahertz electromagnetic radiation detected from the fluid sample. In some embodiments, the device also includes a terahertz source illuminating the fluid sample, the terahertz detector detecting a portion of the terahertz source illumination as modified by the fluid sample. The detected portion of the spectrum of terahertz radiation can be processed to analyze the composition of the fluid sample.
In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a process for analyzing the composition of a fluid sample obtained from a formation, the fluid comprising at least one of water, oil, and gas. A fluid sample is first obtained within a borehole and directed into at least one sample chamber. At least a portion of a spectrum of terahertz radiation is directed from the fluid sample into the at least one sample chamber. The detected portion of the spectrum of terahertz radiation is processed to analyze the composition of the fluid sample.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
In order to provide additional flexibility to fluid/gas identification analysis and thus provide higher quality reservoir evaluations, terahertz radiation is applied in oilfield applications. One example of such an application includes downhole fluid/gas composition analyses, using gas/liquid chromatography and other composition analysis systems.
Performing compositional analysis using terahertz radiation sources and detectors provides additional flexibility by avoiding absorption peak overlaying experienced by optical and near-IR approaches. Terahertz spectroscopy covers in the electromagnetic spectrum the region from at least 0.01 to about 100 terahertz (from 0.3 to 3000 cm−1), when converted to other units, 1 terahertz corresponds to a 300 μm free-space wavelength, which is also equivalent to 33.33 cm−1 (wave numbers), 0.004 eV photon energy, or about ⅙ of the average thermal energy of a degree of freedom at 300 K. Terahertz frequencies are suitable for probing low energy light-matter interactions, such as rotational transitions in molecules, phonons in solids, plasma dynamics, electronic fine structures in atoms, thermal imaging of cold sources, and vibration-rotation tunneling behavior in weakly bonded clusters.
Terahertz radiation can be applied to spectrographic analysis to obtain spectral signatures of a sample material within the terahertz frequency band. The spectral signatures include one or more of absorption, emission, and reflection response versus frequency of a sample. Different samples, yield different spectral responses within this frequency band, referred to as a terahertz signature for the respective sample.
Terahertz signatures resulting from molecular rotations, and vibrations are compound/element specific allowing for selective, safe, marker-free identification of molecules and molecular aggregates in a mixture. Beneficially, the terahertz signatures can be used as a detector for liquid chromatography including gas-liquid mixtures; gas chromatography; and other compositional analysis systems using terahertz emission radiation. In some embodiments, the terahertz analysis systems use one or more of the terahertz excitation and absorption processes. Alternatively or in addition, terahertz radiation can be used to distinguish between samples having different water content, because terahertz radiation is absorbed by water.
Multiple different techniques can be used to perform terahertz analysis. Some of the more important techniques can be arranged into two broad categories: (i) frequency-domain analysis and (ii) time-domain analysis. One or more of these analyses may include a transform from time domain, or delay domain to frequency domain using any one of a number of standard transforms. Such transforms include Fourier transforms, fast-Fourier transforms (FFT), and wavelet transforms.
A Fourier transform technique can be used to analyze a sample placed in an optical interferometer system. The optical interferometer system combines light from multiple sources in an optical instrument to accomplish various precise measurements. Such techniques are well know to those skilled in the art. A Michelson-Morley interferometer is an example of one such optical interferometer. The interferometer has at least two different optical paths, or arms extending from the same optical source. The sample is illuminated with a broadband thermal source such as an arc lamp. The path length of one of the interferometer arms is varied, or scanned, representing a variable optical delay line. A direct detector, such as a bolometer can be used to detect an interference signal resulting from interactions between the two different paths of light from the same source (one through the sample and the other through the variable-length delay line). The Fourier transform of the detected signal can be calculated in real time (e.g., FFT, or during post processing) using standard processing techniques to yield a power spectral density of the sample. The resulting spectrum provides information about the sample mixture composition within terahertz range.
Measurements having a much higher resolution may be made using a narrowband system with a tunable terahertz device. The tunable device includes at least one of a terahertz source and a terahertz detector. In some embodiments, the tunable device includes a terahertz source and a terahertz detector, with at least one of the terahertz source and detector being tunable. In these systems, the wavelength of the source and/or detector is tuned across a desired bandwidth (e.g., terahertz band) allowing a sample's response (e.g., absorptivity, emissivity, and reflectivity) to be measured directly. Both Fourier transform analysis and narrowband analysis can be used in passive systems for monitoring thermal-emission lines of molecules. In this case a terahertz generator is not needed, only a detector, since the sample itself generates emissions within the terahertz spectrum.
Terahertz time-domain analysis using short pulses of broadband terahertz radiation is one example of a time-domain approach. The short pulses can be generated using currently available ultra-fast laser pulses. Pulsewidths are currently available of around 100 femtoseconds or even less. At least one exemplary device capable of providing such a short pulse is a Ti-Sapphire laser.
Preferably, the transmitted terahertz electric field is measured coherently to provide a time-resolved phase information, with a greater sensitivity. Such detection can be accomplished using a photoconductive detector. The terahertz beam passing through the sample chamber interacts with an analyzable sample disposed within the chamber through photon excitation and de-excitation. Interaction of the incident radiation with the sample leads to a corresponding time delay in a response pulse arriving at the detector. By varying the time at which a sample pulse is received and comparing at the detector the response pulse with the delayed sample pulse, a pulse profile within the time domain can be obtained. The time domain spectral results can be recorded and processed by a Fourier or wavelet analysis to obtain a corresponding frequency domain spectrum.
Also included with the tool 10 are a fluid analysis module 25, through which the obtained fluid flows. The fluid may thereafter be expelled through a port (not shown) or it may be sent to one or more fluid collecting chambers 22 and 23. Control of the fluid admitting assembly, the fluid analysis section, and the flow path to the collecting chambers can be maintained by the electrical control systems 16 and 18. Additional details of methods and apparatus for obtaining formation fluid samples may be had by reference to U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,747 to Schroeder et al. and assigned to the assignee herein.
To provide composition analysis of a fluid, a gas, and combinations of a fluid and a gas, a sample from the formation is retrieved into the tool 10 and passes through a composition analysis module 25, where at least one cell with a representative mixture, is exposed to terahertz radiation. A schematic diagram of an exemplary THz sample analysis module is shown in
In the exemplary embodiment, the terahertz radiation source 102 emits a directed beam of terahertz radiation 103 that is split into at least two separate beams 106 a, 106 b using a beam splitter 104. A first one of the split beams 106 a is routed to the detector 108 in a direct manner, through the propagation system including a first mirror 112 a, an optical delay line 114, and a second mirror 112 b, and not through the sample chamber 111. The optical delay system through which the direct beam 106 a is routed is provided to compensate for a delay of the second beam 106 b encountered during propagation through sample cell. The optical delay system is also used to evaluate initial terahertz beam.
A second one of the split beams 106 b is directed through the test sample chamber 111. The test sample chamber 111 defines a cavity including a test sample of material to be analyzed. The second beam 106 b passing through the sample chamber 111 interacts with a sample mixture 122 (
The terahertz radiation sources 107 can include a quantum cascade laser (in this case TE is positioned instead of element 102). Such devices are known for their high optical output power, substantial tunability, and room temperature operation, that together make it well suited for spectroscopic applications like the remote sensing of environmental gases.
In general, the principal components of terahertz analysis system can be grouped into at least five broad categories. These categories include: (i) sources that emit terahertz radiation; (ii) propagating components that deliver terahertz signals to a sample that needs to be evaluated; (iii) detectors, that detect a terahertz signal; (iv) signal analyzers; and (v) software that computes detector signals and control communications between system and user.
Continuous wave sources of narrow-band THz radiation are generally used for spectroscopy with very high frequency resolution. Power levels of a few milliwatts are sufficient for many spectroscopy and imaging applications. Such power levels have been achieved in continuous wave (CW) sources in portions of the THz electromagnetic spectrum. One class of narrowband CW terahertz sources use microwave generation followed by frequency multiplication. These are commercially available, compact, all-solid-state devices. Tuning bandwidths are typically 5-10% for highest power devices, up to 40% with some sacrifice of power. Power ranges from 30 milliwatts near 0.2 THz to about 1 microwatt near 1.6 THz. An exemplary device is the 1.26-1.31 THz solid state source, commercially available from Virginia Diodes, Inc., of Charlottesville, Va.
Another class of narrowband CW sources includes backward wave oscillators. Output power levels vary from about 100 milliwatts near 0.1 THz to about 1 milliwatt at 1.2 THz. Current designs output multimode beams. Photocurrent-based photomixers can also be used with a tuning range from about 0.1 to about 3 THz in a single device. Power levels are typically below 1 microwatt at frequencies above 1 THz. Still other devices use photomixers based on nonlinear optical crystals. These devices provide milliwatts of narrow-band THz power using high-power pulsed pump lasers. The conversion efficiency is ultimately limited by ratio of THz to visible photon energy.
CO2 laser-pumped molecular gas lasers are spot tunable (that is, the frequency cannot be continuously varied), but provide substantial power levels of up to 1 Watt at 2.5 THz. This class of sources is generally referred to as optically pumped terahertz lasers (OPTL). One example is Model No. SIFIR-50 pumped laser terahertz source commercially available from Coherent, Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif. Another class of laser sources includes THz quantum cascade lasers. These are very new, and very rapid progress is being made in their development. Quantum cascade lasers in which inter-sub band or inter-miniband transitions in layered semiconductor heterostructures are used to generate light in the THz region of the spectrum. At present, THz quantum cascade lasers preferably are cooled to temperatures below those achievable with thermoelectric coolers. Output powers are typically a few milliwatts. At least one example of a broadband, pulsed terahertz source is the Auston switch.
An Auston switch refers to a broadband, short-pulse source of electromagnetic radiation within the terahertz frequency band. The device essentially consists of a split electrodes fabricated on a semiconductor substrate to create a switch. The electrodes can be in the form of a simple dipole antenna. Suitable semiconductor substrates include low-temperature gallium arsenide (LT-GaAs), semi-insulating gallium arsenide (SI-GaAs), and other semiconductors including InP and ZnTe. A direct-current (DC) bias (e.g., 40 Volts) is applied across the antenna and an ultra-short pump-laser pulse is focused in the gap of the split antenna. Preferably, the pulse width is less than about 100 femtoseconds. The laser pulse in combination with the DC bias, allows electrons to effectively "jump" the gap, resulting in a current within the antenna that produces a terahertz electromagnetic wave.
The low output power of THz sources coupled with the relatively high levels of thermal background radiation in this spectral range has generally necessitated highly sensitive detection methods. For broadband detection, direct detectors based on thermal absorption are commonly used. Most of these generally require cooling to reduce thermal background. The most common systems are helium-cooled silicon, germanium and InSb bolometers. Pyroelectric infrared detectors may also be used at THz frequencies. Superconductor research has yielded extremely sensitive bolometers based on the change of state of a superconductor such as niobium. Interferometric techniques may be used to extract spectral information using direct detectors.
Terahertz radiation detectors 108 include bolometers; pyroelectric detectors; photoacoustic cells; and Auston switches, without the bias (i.e., a dipole antenna). The detector 108 detect a first component of terahertz radiation transmitted through the test sample chamber 111 and a second component of terahertz radiation from the same source, transmitted through a delay line. The detector 108 provides a detector signal output signal responsive to the detected terahertz radiation.
In applications requiring very high spectral resolution of the sensor, heterodyne sensors are preferred. In these systems, a local oscillator source is mixed with the received signal at the THz frequency. The downshifted signal is then amplified and measured. At room temperature semiconductor structures may be used.
For pulsed THz detection in THz-TDS systems, coherent detectors are required. The two most common methods are based on photoconductive sampling (for example based on Auston switch principle THz detector described in more detail below) and free-space electro-optic sampling, both of which rely on ultra fast laser sources. One skilled in the art will readily recognize that numerous alternative sources and detectors exits which may be used in practicing the present invention. The following description of the present invention in view of an Auston switch is solely for illustrative purposes and clarity. One skilled in the art will recognize that various detectors such as, but not limited to, bolometers, pyroelectric detectors, photoacoustic cells and electro-optic detectors may be utilized in practicing the present invention. Additionally, one skilled in the art will recognize that numerous alternative sources, including but not limited to, quantum cascade lasers, backward waves oscillators and OPTL may be utilized in practicing the present invention.
In view of the foregoing, the detector output signal is sent to a signal detection system 116, in which further processing of the test sample can be performed. For example, the signal detector system 116 can be used to compute absorption coefficients for the different wavelengths. Absorption coefficients of the sample can be compared to these from existing database and different components of the analyzable mixture can be identified.
In more detail, an embodiment of the test chamber 111 is shown in cross section in
The chamber 111 includes a second window 130 b also substantially transparent to terahertz radiation, through which a portion of the terahertz radiation exits the chamber 111. In some embodiments, the windows 130 a, 130 b can be made of a plastic that is transparent to terahertz radiation. In some embodiments, the first and second windows 130 a, 130 b are aligned, such that incident terahertz radiation entering the first window 130 a traverses the sample 122 within the chamber 111 and exits the second window 130 b. The windows 130 a, 130 b are in fluid-tight communication with the chamber 111 to retain a fluid sample 122 within the chamber 111. The detector 108 can be optically aligned with the pair of windows 130 a, 130 b to capture terahertz radiation emanating from the chamber 111. In some embodiments, the chamber also includes an exit port 128 through which a sample 122 may exit the chamber 111. In this manner, the test sample 122 can include a flow.
An alternative class of terahertz spectrometer 400 also useful in making a composition analysis of downhole fluid/gas shown in the schematic diagram of
A first optical delay line (ODLI) includes a first angled mirror 412 a and is used to obtain a time profile of the terahertz pulse. A second optical delay line (ODL2) includes a second angled mirror 412 b and is used to compensate for a delay related to propagation through the sample cell 414 and to obtain a time profile. Each of a first and second Glan prism systems 416, 418 includes two or more Glan prisms (GP1 and GP2) together providing a respective power attenuator in each of the TE arm 406 and the TD arm 408. Each of the individual prisms GP1, GP2 used within the Glan prism systems 416, 418 can include a Glan-Taylor prism, a Glan-laser prism, or a combination of both prisms. Generally, Glan-laser prisms are known for their high power capacity in handling laser emissions. Using these power attenuators 416, 418 the amplitude of the laser radiation can be changed without changing its plane of polarization.
Two lenses 420, 422 are provided; a first lens 420 focusing laser radiation onto terahertz emitter (e.g., Auston switch); and a second lens 422 focusing laser radiation onto the terahertz detector 424 (e.g., Auston switch, electro-optic detector).
The terahertz emitter 426 is placed at a focus of a first parabolic mirror 428, directing emitted terahertz radiation toward the parabolic mirror 428. This creates a parallel terahertz beam reflected from the mirror 428, which can be directed along an optical path toward a first side of a sample cell 414. A second parabolic mirror 430 is aligned along an opposite side of the sample cell 414 and in alignment with the parallel beam from the first parabolic mirror 428. The second parabolic mirror 430 focuses terahertz energy received from the sample cell 414 onto the terahertz detector 424 placed at its focus.
Two beam splitters 432, 434 are also provided. The first beam splitter 434 is placed in the detector arm after angled reflector 412 a on the first optical delay line 408 and the second beam splitter 432 is placed before the second optical delay line 406. The beams from both beam splitters 432, 434 are focused by a third lens 440 onto a nonlinear crystal 442. One example of such a crystal 442 is a Potassium DiDeuterium Phosphate crystal (KDP), noted for its non-linear optical properties, used in optical modulators, and in non-linear optics such as second harmonic generation. An output from the nonlinear crystal 442 is detected and as a result autocorrelation function of laser pulse is recorded in correlator 444.
First, the first optical delay line 408 is preferably positioned to yield a maximal signal from the correlator 444. The second optical delay line 406 is subsequently adjusted, such that the terahertz pulse directed through sample cell 414 and optical pulse directed to the terahertz detector 424 through the second arm match in time. Once established, the first optical delay line 406 time profile of terahertz pulse is recorded in signal detection system 446 after amplification in amplifier 448.
To perform downhole chromatography compositional analysis of gaseous mixtures, a sample is first retrieved from the formation into the tool 10 as described above in reference to
To provide additional flexibility of this chromatography system, an additional detector using terahertz radiation is installed in combination (e.g., series, parallel) with a one or several common chromatography detectors like thermal conductivity detector (TCD), flame ionization detector, photo ionization detector. A TCD is an example of a common detector used in chromatography. Beneficially, a TCD detector is non-destructive, such that it can be operated in-series with another detector. The other detector can be any of the terahertz detectors described herein or another gas chromatography detector. Should a destructive detector be utilized, the terahertz detector should be positioned in a location before the destructive detector. For example, the TCD can be connected before a terahertz detector to provide complementary detection of the same eluents. To avoid excessive peak-broadening, the connection between these detectors can be made with a capillary tube. The outlet of such a capillary tube can be connected to the terahertz detector sample cell.
An exemplary process for analyzing the composition of a fluid sample obtained from a formation is shown in
An alternative embodiment of a detector for chromatography and other composition analysis applications is shown in
During compositional analysis, it is advantageous to minimize experimental error introduced by a sample chamber due to its imperfections, or even its mere presence. Such corrections can be accomplished by separately characterizing spectral contributions of an empty sample chamber. In some embodiments, the "empty" chamber may include a compound, such as an inert gas during the separate characterization process. Once obtained, chamber contributions can be effectively removed from spectral results obtained from a sample within the sample chamber.
In an exemplary process for removing contributions of the sample chamber, the spectrum of empty sample chamber is separately recorded as a first spectrum. This may be accomplished as an initial step before a test sample is measured, or subsequently during post processing. The spectrum of sample chamber and reservoir mixture is obtained as a second spectrum. This step can be accomplished using any of the techniques described herein. The first spectrum can be subtracted from the second spectrum to obtain spectrum of reservoir mixture unaffected by sample chamber contamination or degradation.
In particular, a first beam splitter 608 is placed in the optical path between the terahertz source 602 and the sample chamber 604. An incident beam from the terahertz source is split into two different beams. A first one of the beams is directed directly through a window 610 provided on a side of the sample chamber 604 adjacent to the beam splitter 608. The window 610 can be made using a material that is transparent to terahertz radiation, such as a plastic. Preferably, the window material is substantially impervious to the sample environment, such that its properties are not degraded when operating in its intended environment. One such class of materials includes polyetheretherketones (PEEK), also referred to as polyketones. PEEK is an engineered thermoplastic known for its extraordinary mechanical properties and also for exhibiting good chemical resistance in many environments, including aromatic hydrocarbons and oils.
Another part of the split beam can be used to analyze the initial terahertz beam to correct for environmental drift effects in the emitter and detector equipment and circuitry. This second beam (not shown) can be directed to a monitoring detector configured to monitor such performance factors.
In some embodiments, the window 610 defines an aperture that is smaller than an adjacent side 613 of the sample chamber 604. When the incident beam enters the window 610 along an optical path at an angle of incidence, as shown, the incident beam traverses a length of the sample chamber 604 more than twice as a result of multiple internal specular reflections within the chamber 604. Ultimately, the multiply reflected terahertz radiation beam exits the same window 610 along a different optical path, or trajectory than the incident beam. The exit beam is routed to a detector 612 that is adapted to detect terahertz radiation. As shown, the beam that interacted with the sample mixture finally exits the sample chamber 604 through the window 610 and is directed to the detector 612 through a second beam splitter 614. Preferably when split, a significant part of the beam (e.g., more than 50%) is directed to the terahertz detector 612, while a lesser remaining part can be used for feedback monitoring of the terahertz emitter 602.
A fraction of terahertz radiation absorbed in an analyzable mixture is proportional to the beam path length. Thus, sensitivity of the device 600 can be improved by increasing the path length of the terahertz beam within the sample chamber 604. A longer path length corresponds to a greater terahertz radiation absorption. One solution would be to provide an elongated test chamber. A preferred solution, however, is represented by the exemplary device 600 causing the same incident beam to traverse the sample more than twice through multiple internal reflections. Such a shortened device 604 is better suited to the size limitations encountered bore hole testing. In some embodiments, actual reflective surfaces, such as specular mirrors are strategically located along the interior of the sample chamber. The exemplary system 600 includes three mirrors (M1, M2, M3) that reflect the beam as shown. In some embodiments, the sample chamber includes a resonant cavity.
In some embodiments, a heater 614 is added to the sample chamber. The heater 614 can be an electrical heater and is adapted to provide temperature control of the sample chamber 604 to within a specific range, such as ±0.05 degrees-C. range. The heater 614 is primarily provided to avoid condensation of components. The heater 614 can also be useful in establishing and maintaining a substantially uniform temperature field. The heater 614 can be formed using one or more of common electrical filaments and other suitable thin film structure.
The fraction of terahertz radiation absorbed per unit path length in a sample mixture depends on the chemical composition of the sample (i.e., the identity and the concentration, or amount, of the constituent compounds) and the wavelength of the terahertz radiation. Thus, there is an absorption in the terahertz wavelength that can be used for composition analyses.
The terahertz detector 612 detects transmitted terahertz radiation and sends a detected signal to a signal detection system (not shown). Absorption coefficients for the different wavelengths can be computed in the signal detection system. Absorption coefficients of the sample can be compared to these from an existing database and different components of the analyzable mixture can be identified. Such comparisons can be accomplished automatically using a processor to read analysis results and compare them to a database of known stored results. Some exemplary devices that can be used for terahertz detectors include: bolometers; pyroelectric detectors; and photoacoustic cells.
An alternative approach uses terahertz emission spectroscopy without the need for a separate terahertz source. Such a device 700 is shown in
For liquid chromatography systems in which the concentration of an analyzable mixture is higher than in a gas chromatography system, another type of absorption detector can be used. With a high concentration of analyzable mixture, it is possible to perform analyses through a capillary column. An exemplary liquid chromatography system 800 is shown in
A terahertz source 806 provides terahertz radiation that can be routed from any of the terahertz emitters described herein, through a propagation system that can include one or more of lenses, sample cells, filters, and a beam splitter (not shown). A first portion of the split terahertz source beam is routed through a direct channel to a terahertz detector 808 without passing through the sample cell 804. The direct channel (not shown) includes an optical delay system to compensate for delay associated with a second portion of the split terahertz beam propagating through the sample chamber 804. The delayed sample from the terahertz source 806 can be used to evaluate the initial terahertz beam.
Another part of the beam interacts with the sample chamber 804, which in this case, is part of the column 802. The beam passes through the sample chamber 804, within which it interacts with the analyzable mixture. Through photon-molecular interaction processes, a part of the beam (depending on the chemical composition and concentration) is absorbed within the sample mixture within the sample chamber 804.
Thus, the sample mixture within the sample chamber 804 attenuates the beam before reaches the terahertz detector 808. The terahertz detector 808 detects the terahertz radiation transmitted through the sample chamber (the transmitted terahertz radiation approximating the incident radiation, less reflected radiation, less absorbed radiation) and sends a signal to a signal detection system (not shown), in which absorption coefficients for the different wavelengths can be computed.
To increase the path length of the terahertz beam through the sample chamber 804, and to achieve benefits related to increased path length described above, the beam is directed toward the sample chamber 804 at an angle α. Longer path lengths can be achieved for non-perpendicular directed beams. A relationship of the effective path length (leff) to angle of incidence (α) is:
where Dcolumn is the column diameter.
Referring to
In some embodiments, one or more of the terahertz sources, when used with a respective window, can be aligned at a preferred angle, corresponding to the optical path and a normal to the window surface. In some instances, the preferred angle of incidence corresponds to the Brewster angle, such that a terahertz radiation of a preferred polarization is not reflected from the surface. The Brewster angle is a well-known function of the indexes of refraction of the respective media on either side of the window boundary (e.g., glass-air). In other instances, the preferred angle of incidence corresponds to a critical angle, such that a terahertz radiation incident upon one side of the window is subject to total internal reflection. Determination of the critical angle is achieved using a well-known function of the indexes of refraction of the respective media on either side of the window boundary (e.g., glass-air).
Any of the sample analysis chambers described herein can be purged. In some embodiments, the entire sample analysis chamber is purged using a suitable gas, such as nitrogen, helium, or any other noble gas. Alternatively, only those regions through which a terahertz beam passes are purged with a similar gas.
Referring again to
In some embodiments, the source of terahertz radiation is placed on the surface and delivered to a sample analyzer in the logging tool 10 using a means of electromagnetic communication, such as low-loss coaxial cable, or optical fiber. Alternatively or in addition, a source of ultra-short laser pulse is placed on the surface and delivered to a sample analyzer in the logging tool 10 using a means of electromagnetic communication, such as an optical fiber.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
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|5 Feb 2007
Owner name: SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, MASSACHUSETTS
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