text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|11 Mar 1997
|Fecha de presentación
|19 Sep 1995
|Fecha de prioridad
|19 Sep 1995
|Número de publicación
|Tibor Nappholz
|Cesionario original
|Telectronics Pacing Systems, Inc.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (12), Citada por (29), Clasificaciones (10), Eventos legales (6)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
A. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to dual chamber pacemakers, and more particularly to a mode of operation which automatically determines whether an intrinsic atrial event occurring prematurely is physiological and pathological, and adapts its operation accordingly.
B. Background of the Invention
Conventional pacemakers which employ the automatic mode switching in upper rate response may induce pacemaker mediated tachycardia after an atrial arrhythmia has been terminated, when switching from the VVI or VVIR mode to the DDD or DDDR mode. During the first cardiac cycle after the mode switch, the origin of the first A-sense is unknown. It Could be either of atrial origin, i.e., a P-wave, or a retrograde P-wave caused by the previous V-pace. Also, with a Wenckebach response the AV delay is prolonged and thus the atrium has a longer period in which to repolarize and thereby provide a retrograde pathway for conduction, which may permit pacemaker mediated tachycardia. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 226,654, filed Apr. 17, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,523 by Tibor Nappholz, incorporated herein by reference, hereinafter the Nappholz application a forced synchrony function is provided which inserts an A-pace if it is required, and thereby the retrograde pathway is made refractory so that a pacemaker mediated tachycardia cannot be induced by retrograde conduction.
However, another problem with existing pacemakers is that with the continued variability of the patient's physiology even the forced synchrony approach disclosed in the Nappholz application may become ineffective. In addition there is the ever present possibility of extraneous noise precipitating pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT). More specifically, during the initialization of a prior art dual chamber system, the physician must use a compromise in selecting the PVARP (Post Ventricular Atrial Refractory Protection) interval. On one hand, the physician must allow a sufficiently fast synchronized atrial rate tracking. On the other hand the patient's heart must be protected from pacer mediated tachycardia. In the Nappholz application, this is accomplished by adjusting the PVARP interval in accordance with the metabolic indicated rate. This approach provides effective protection at low metabolic rates however, the protection is lessened at higher rates. Another disadvantage of this approach is that, in younger patients the onset of normal sinus rhythm could be very fast and could exceed the shortening effect of the metabolic rate on the PVARP interval, resulting in loss of synchrony and the possible induction of PMT.
An objective of this invention is to provide a dual chamber pacemaker with a forced synchrony function which constantly monitors where in the cardiac cycle atrial events occur, with automatic adjustments being made in the PVARP to accommodate the changes in conduction patterns and physiology.
A further objective is to provide an improved dual pacemaker wherein the length if the PVARP interval is automatically optimized thereby increasing the protection against PMT's, and decreasing the chance of correct atrial events hitting the PVARP.
Briefly, a pacemaker constructed in accordance with this invention includes means for sensing and pacing both the atrium and the ventricle. The ventricle and atrium are paced and sensed by these means in accordance with the following rules. The A--A intervals are partitioned into four windows or sections. The first section is the A-V delay. The second section is an atrial blanking period. The third section is the PVARP interval. The fourth and last section is the Alert period. The A--A interval is inversely proportional to the metabolic rate indicated rate. The various sections making up the A--A intervals may likewise changed with the metabolic indicated rate. If an atrial event occurs within the Alert period, then it is considered to be a P-wave of sinoatrial origin. All such events are followed by an appropriate A-V delay and a V-pace.
If the atrial event occurs before the Alert period, i.e. in the PVARP, it is considered to be a pathological event and forced synchrony is provided. Forced synchrony maintains a stable V--V interval by adjusting the A-V delay through an A-pace after the atrial relative refractory period.
There are two categories of atrial events which may occur outside the Alert window:
(i) An event which is early in the cardiac cycle such that the remainder of the VV interval is greater than the programmed maximum AV delay, which is usually 260 ms--In this case, an API and an AV delay are calculated, and an A-pace is provided at the end of the API. This provides the hemodynamic benefit of AV synchrony. This also makes the atrium and the AV node refractory to preclude a PMT.
(ii) An event which is late in the cardiac cycle such that the remainder of the VV interval is less than the programmed maximum AV delay--In this case, the remainder of the VV interval is completed by the required AV delay.
The calculation of the remainder of the VV interval is a constant process. Depending on the cardiac rhythm, VV interval may be determined from one of three sources:
(i) the "average atrial rate" [AAR] (usually over the last four cycles);
(ii) the sensor derived "metabolic indicated rate" [MIR] (e.g., minute volume); or
(iii) the programmed minimum rate (in the absence of a sensor).
When switching between these sources, there is a gradual transition to avoid erratic ventricular rates.
Importantly, according to this invention, the heart is closely monitored after each excursion into the PVARP. If every transgression is followed sequentially by A-V prolongation and an increase in the MIR and if this change in the MIR is not transient then a physiological tachycardia is assumed and the demarcation between the Alert period and the PVARP, i.e., the duration of PVARP is decreased with a long time constant. In this manner, the A--A interval gradually and automatically adapts to the physiology of the patient. The decrease in PVARP is conversely monitored by the occurrence of PMTs. These are detected as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,868, by T. Nappholz et al., entitled, A DUAL CHAMBER PACEMAKER WHICH DETECTS, CONFIRMS AND TERMINATES PMT, incorporated herein by reference. PMTs indicate the excessive shortening of PVARP and the need for PVARP lengthening.
Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a pacemaker constructed in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram for the pace and sense circuit for the pacemaker of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram for the microprocessor of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 shows a block diagram for an interval calculator for FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows a graph for the A--A interval and its components;
FIG. 6 shows a flow chart for the interval calculator of FIG. 4; and
FIGS. 7 and 8 shows the partitioning of the A--A interval and the corresponding state diagram.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a pacemaker 10 constructed in accordance with this invention includes an implantable housing 12. The housing holds a pace and sense circuit 14, described in more detail in FIG. 2, and a micro-processor 16, described in more detail in FIG. 3. The pace and sense circuit 14 and the microprocessor 16 are interconnected by a bus 18 for exchanging data, as well as communication and control signals. The pacemaker 10 further includes a memory 20 connected to the microprocessor 16 by a data and address bus 22, and a power supply 24 providing power to the various components of pacemaker 10 via power bus 26.
Once implanted, the pacemaker 10 is connected to a patient's heart 28 by two leads 30, 32. Preferably, these leads 30, 32 are bi-polar leads with lead 30 being connected to the atrial chamber of the heart, and lead 32 being connected to the ventricular chamber. Therefore leads 30 and 32 are known as the atrial cardiac lead and the ventricular cardiac lead, respectively. It should be understood that the arrangement of the pacemaker 10 and leads 30 and 32 do not form a part of this invention. Other arrangements may be used as well, using other types of leads including tri-polar leads, unipolar leads and so on.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the pace and sense control circuit 14 includes a bus interface 36, a telemetry circuit 38 and various other sensing and control circuits for sensing the status of the chambers of heart 28 and to provide appropriate pacing signals thereto. The bus interface 36 provides interfacing with microprocessor 16 via bus 18. The telemetry circuit 38 provides communication with the outside world by, for example, RF, or inductive coupling. Signals with the telemetry circuit are exchanged via telemetering bus 40.
More specifically, signals from the atrium are sensed through lead 30 by the atrial heartbeat sensor 42. This sensor 42 is controlled by the atrial sense control bus 44. Atrial pacing pulses are generated for lead 30 by atrial pacing pulse generator 46. This generator is controlled by the atrial pacing control bus 48. Similarly, the ventricular chamber is sensed through lead 32 by ventricular heartbeat sensor 50, which is controlled by a ventricular sense control bus 52. Pacing pulses for the ventricular chamber are generated by the ventricular pacing pulse generator 54, controlled by the ventricular pacing control bus 56.
In addition, the impedance of the heart tissues is measured through one of the cardiac leads, such as lead 32, by impedance measurement circuit 58. This circuit is controlled by impedance control bus 60. All the control buses are interconnected between their respective circuits and the bus interface 36 to provide two way communication with the microprocessor 16.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the microprocessor 16 includes a bus interface circuit 62 for interfacing with bus 18, and an internal bus 64 interconnecting the various components of the microprocessor 16. The microprocessor 16 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 66 used for storing programming information, a random access memory (RAM) 68 used as a scratch pad, a pacing calculator 70 and a metabolic indicated rate (MIR) calculator 72.
Except as noted below, the operation of the pacemaker 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 is described in Nappholz application Ser. No. 226,654 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,523. Briefly, the impedance of the tissues of the heart 28 is measured by impedance measurement circuit 58 at regular intervals. These sequential measurements are transmitted via control bus 60, bus. 18 and internal bus 64 (through the interface circuits 36 and 62) to the MIR calculator 72. This calculator 72 converts these impedance measurements into a minute volume corresponding to the patient's metabolic oxygen demand. Such a calculator is disclosed for example in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,725, incorporated herein by reference. Of course, any other physiological rate responsive parameter could be used for the purposes of this application. This minute volume is in turn transformed into a metabolic indicated rate (MIR) and transmitted to the pacing calculator 70. The pacing calculator 70 also receives information regarding the sensing and/or pacing of the atrial and/or ventricular chambers of heart 28 through the respective sensors 42, 50. Based on the received information, the calculator 70generates pacing control signals for pacing the heart in a particular mode. These control signals are transmitted to the pacing pulse generators 46 and 54 which in response generate appropriate pacing pulses to the ventricle and atrium as described above.
Details of the pacing calculator are shown in FIG. 4. This calculator 70 includes a state machine 80, an interval calculator 82 and a sinus rate determinator 84. The normal operation of the pacing calculator 70 is shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. In FIG. 5, the vertical axis represents time and it illustrates how a typical A--A (atrial-to-atrial) interval is partitioned in the calculator 70. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 7, this interval is partitioned into three periods. The first period immediately following an A-pace or an A-sense, is the A-V delay. The A-V delay is followed by a PVARP interval (Post Ventricular Atrial Refractory Period). (The PVARP is normally preceded by an atrial blanking period, which has been omitted in the Figure for the sake of clarity). The PVARP may also include toward its end a fixed or variable length API (Atrial Protection interval), which has also been omitted. The last period of interest is the Alert period. Initially the demarcation between the PVARP and Alert intervals is line 200 obtained as described below.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the vertical axis shows the A--A interval.
The horizontal axis in FIG. 5 represents the MIR min parameter. The lowest value of MIR, corresponds to the minimum or rest pacing rate for the heart. As the MIR parameter increases, the A--A interval decreases linearly from a maximum value A--A MAX towards a minimum value A--A MIN corresponding to the maximum pacing rate MIR max. The three periods making up the A--A interval also similarly decrease with increased MIR, with the Alert period preferably decreasing to zero as shown.
The lengths or durations of these three periods are determined by the interval calculator 70 FIG. 4 and fed as operational constants to the state machine 80. The state machine 80 also receives the A-sense and the V-sense signals as inputs. The operation of the state machine is illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. As seen in these Figures, normally an atrial event (A-sense) is sensed in the Alert period initiates the A--V delay. If there is no A-sense signal sensed at the end of the Alert period than the state machine-80 issues an A-pace. Either an A-sense or an A-pace result in the A-V delay. If no ventricular event is sensed in the A-V delay then at the end of this period a V-Pace is issued. A V-sense or V-pace initiate the PVARP period. The PVARP is followed by the Alert period.
The lengths or durations of the maximum and minimum values of the A--A interval and its components are programming parameters which may be set by the physician. Historically the physician sets the maximum value of the PVARP (PVARP max (HI)) to the maximum levels permissible by the patients cardiac condition. Points PVARP max (HI) and A--A min define in FIG. 5 line 200 which initially separates PVARP from ALERT. The objective of this invention is to eliminate the need for the physician to consider programming PVARP. As previously mentioned, any setting may not be ideal for certain patients, such as relatively young and physically active patients. In these situations, an A-sense may occur in the PVARP as indicated in FIG. 5 at 90. This type of event may be either pathological or physiological. If it is pathological, then it can be handled by using the forced synchrony technique discussed in the Nappholz application. However, if the occurrence is physiological, that is, it is due to sinus rhythm, then the PVARP period is too long and should be recorded so that PVARP may be gradually adjusted.
For this purpose, the calculator 70 includes a sinus rate determinator 84. This determinator makes a determination on whether an A-sense signal is caused by a sinus rate or not. If a sinus rate detected, the determinator sends an appropriate signal to the interval calculator. In response, the calculator 82 reduces the PVARP max by an incremental amount such as for example, 5%. Since the minimum value of the A--A interval remains unchanged, the result of this last operation is to move the demarcation line between PVARP and the Alert period slightly downward.
The sinus rate determination may be performed using various criteria. One criteria is to monitor the MIR signal using MIR monitor 86. This involves a "look back corrolator". This detection scheme tracks the changes in MIR with respect to changes in atrial rate. If the MIR tracks the average atrial rate (even with a time delay), the atrial response is assumed to be physiologically induced.
Another method of determining sinus rate is to monitor the intrinsic atrial heart beat using atrial rate detection 88. A gradual increase in atrial rate prior to the suspect A-sense is also indication of a sinus rate. This is the "onset criteria" used in defibrillators.
Finally, the cardiac functions may also be monitored to determine, if heart is undergoing a PMT (Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia) condition using a PMT detector 90. Obviously a PMT condition indicates a pathological condition rather than a sinus rate. A PMT detector is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,868 mentioned above.
The optimum PVARP duration is the shortest duration which does not result in PMT. However, an A-sense falling in the Alert interval during PMT is indicative of a PVARP which is too short. Therefore, under these conditions the interval calculator increments-the value of PVARP max by 5% thereby shifting the demarcation line upwards.
In this manner, the operation of the pacing calculator is adaptively optimized for the proper PVARP to a position such as the one indicated by line 200A.
Details of the operation of the calculator 70 are shown in the flow chart of FIG. 6. The operation of the calculator starts with an A-sense signal, step S100. In step S102 a determination is made of whether the patient's heart is in a PMT condition. The determination of step S102 may be performed for each atrial event sensed in step S100. Alternatively, an X of 7 approach could be incorporated into steps S100 and S102 wherein X atrial events of a total of 7 atrial events must be related to PMT in an affirmative determination. For example, if 4 out of 6 or 6 out of 10 consecutive atrial events can be classified as being indicative of PMT, then the determination of step S102 is "yes".
If the determination in step S102 is `NO` than in step S104, a determination is made as to whether the A-sense is within the Alert interval. If in step S104 it is determined that the A-sense is in the Alert interval than in step S106 the normal pacing sequence is provided as shown in FIG. 7.
If in step S104 it is determined that the A-sense is suspect because it is outside the Alert interval, then in step S108 a determination is made as to whether the heart beat is occurring at a sinus rate. As previously mentioned, this determination can be made using one or more of three different techniques. If in step S108 it is determined that the atrium is beating at a sinus rate then in step S110 a determination is made as to whether the PVARP max level has reached a preselected minimum threshold level TL. The PVARP max will not be decremented below this level. If in step S110 the determination is negative, then in step S112 the PVARP max level is decremented by a preset value, such as for example 5% . Otherwise the normal pacing sequence is continued in step S214.
Going back to step S102, if a PMT condition is detected, then PMT therapy is provided in step S214. Next, again in step S216 a determination is made as to whether the A-sense is in the Alert interval. If this determination is positive, this is an indication that the PVARP duration is too low. Therefore in step S218 the PVARP max is increased by a preselected incremental value such as 5% . Next, the subroutine is terminated in step S200. PMT therapy may be applied. If the determination in step S216 is negative, then step S218 is skipped.
The results of the procedure of FIG. 6. Is shown in FIG. 5. In this figure the attending physician sets the PVARP max (HI) and PVARP min levels and the other parameters. These levels of PVARP (max or min) will be set as a result of maximum allowed ventricular rate (max rate) set by the physician, where max rate =60/(AV+PVARP (min)). As a result, the A--A interval is partitioned into the three time dependent intervals: A-V delay, PVARP and Alert by lines 202 and 200. The minimum allowable level for PVARP max is shown in FIG. 5 as TL. At a certain time after the pacemaker has been put in service, the PVARP max has been adaptively adjusted by the process of FIG. 6 resulting in demarcation line 200A. At this time an A-sense sequence is received indicated in FIG. 5 by point 300. After a determination is made that this A-sense sequence point 300 has occurred under sinus rate conditions, the demarcation line is adjusted by reducing it slightly, as indicated by line 200B.
Suppose instead of point 300, another A-sense sequence is received, indicated by point 302 during a PMT condition. Since point 302 is in the Alert interval, the demarcation line is shifted upward slightly resulting in line 200D.
Although the invention has been described with reference to several particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Accordingly, the embodiments described in particular should be considered exemplary, not limiting, with respect to the following claims.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|607/9, 607/17, 607/25
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|19 Sep 1995
Owner name: TELECTRONIC PACING SYSTEMS, INC., COLORADO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NAPPHOLZ, TIBOR;REEL/FRAME:007683/0949
Effective date: 19950829
|21 Mar 1997
Owner name: PACESETTER, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TELECTRONICS PACING SYSTEMS;REEL/FRAME:008454/0461
Effective date: 19961129
|8 Sep 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|13 Sep 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|11 Sep 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|15 Sep 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


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Four Rivers All Conference Selections have been released...
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Rockwood Summit and Pacific tied 1-1 after 100 minutes, then... more
Results of the Four Rivers Conference Meet Tuesday...
Owensville took first, Pacific was second and New Haven third followed by St. Clair, Union and Hermann.
Volleyball Districts...
Class 3 District 8 at Union...
Borgia beat Sullivan in the championship game 25-7 25-10. The Knights will advance to... more
Madison Bumgarner tossed seven innings of one-run ball to lead the Giants in a 7-1 victory over the Royals in Game One of the World Series from Kauffman Stadium.
Former Rams defensive end Michael Sam is out of a job again. The Cowboys cut the rookie defensive end from their practice squad yesterday.
Class 3 District 8 at Union
Borgia vs. St. Clair at 5:00
Sullivan vs. Owensville at 6:15.
Championship at 7:30-... more
The 110th edition of the World Series commences Tuesday after a long break, as
the Kansas City Royals host the San Francisco Giants at Kauffman... more
The KLPW Radio Athlete of the Week is Junior Mikayla Espowe with the Union Track and Field Team.
She was 15 years old--an accomplished student-athlete from a loving home, the kind of kid of whom it is said "she has the world going for her."
In November of 2015, her father went in to her room to discover she had taken her own life.
Back in their days, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft were known for trust-busting. In an era of price-fixing, crony capitalism and corruption their actions helped to create more opportunities in the marketplace by creating competition.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Usually Ships in 1-5 Days
For use in schools and libraries only. A family of porcelain dolls, that has lived in the same house for 100 years, is taken aback when a new family of plastic dolls arrives and doesn't follow The Doll Code of Honor.
About the Author
Laura Godwin grew up in Alberta, Canada. She has written many well-loved books for children, including "Barnyard Prayers, Little White Dog, Happy & Honey, "and co-authored "The Doll People, The Meanest Doll in the World, " and "The Runaway Dolls." She lives in New York City.
Brian Selznick is the author and illustrator of the bestselling "The Invention of Hugo Cabret, " which was awarded the Caldecott Medal and was a National Book Award finalist. He is also the illustrator of many books for children, including "Frindle" and "Lunch Money" by Andrew Clements, as well as the "Doll People" trilogy by Ann M. Martin and Laura Godwin, and "The Dinosaurs of Waterhouse Hawkins" by Barbara Kerley, which was a Caldecott Honor Book. Mr. Selznick divides his time between Brooklyn, New York, and San Diego, California.


text:
Odense Off The Beaten Path Tips by ATLC Top 5 Page for this destination
Odense Off The Beaten Path: 31 reviews and 66 photos
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- 1
St. Knud's church - vault
It seems the clergy do not like people to come close to the remains of King Knud or make photo's. An amusing story is told here.
I did not make a photo of the remains of King Knud but you can find a photo here.
St. Knud's church
There's much more to see in St. Knud's church. Paintings, vaults and even one colourful modern stained window.
3 photo's here!
St. Knud's church
I had to search quite a bit for some more info on the main organ in St. Knud's church.
The organ has 56 stops and was rebuilt in 1965 by the organ builder Marcussen.
I found the following text on the internet:
I 1750erne fik Skt. Knuds Kirke sit store orgel, hvis rokokofacade er bevaret, mens orgelværket er ombygget flere gange. Det er et arbejde af orgelbygger Amdi Worm.
What I can make of this is that it has a roccoco facade and that it was probably built by Amdi Worm? (Danish friends, help me out here, please!).
My interest in organs is usually not very technical. I used to play church organ and was happy to hear it play when I visited the church.
St. Knud's church
To the left of the alter is this modern choir organ, built in 1999 by Carsten Lund. It has 22 organi stops.
St. Knud's church
The large pulpit dominates the south side of the church.
St. Knud's church
This altarpiece was finished just before The Reformation in 1521 and was made by one Claus Berg, commissioned by the then reigning queen. In 1881 it came to St. Knud's church and is covered in 23 krt. gold leaf.
It is a showcase of medieval theological composition with of course a Catholic origin. Christ on the cross, Mary and the infant, teh Tree of Life from where more biblical scenes are depicted. Also the figures of two Danish kings and their queens.
St. Knud's church
First thing that strikes you inside the church is the high, white interior. The Bishop of Odense began converting the church (the original one was burned down in 1247) to its present day Gothic splendour.
The second thing that strikes you is the raised altar, unusual for its significant height.
St. Knud's church
One of the most beautiful examples of gothic architecture in Denmark must be St. Knud's Church. Saint Knud was a king of Denmark who was killed in 1086 AC. ANd was canonized already in 1101 AC. His remains are still in the church's crypt.
This and the following tips will each contain several photos.
To be honest, it didn't look very remarkable on the outside. Just a church, built out of red bricks.
Opening hours are 10-16 hrs on weekdays and 12-16 hrs Sundays.
Entrance is free.
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More Reviews (37)
Local Customs (15)See All More museum photo's
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text:
Federal Grand Jury Indicts Man for Robbing Wells Fargo Bank
|U.S. Attorney's Office December 15, 2011
LUBBOCK, TX—A federal grand jury returned an indictment late yesterday charging Allen Azaryan, 40, most recently of Burbank, California, with one count of bank robbery in connection with the Wells Fargo Bank robbery last week, announced U.S. Attorney Sarah R. Saldaña of the Northern District of Texas.
The indictment alleges that on December 8, 2011, Azaryan robbed the Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., located at 1500 Broadway, in Lubbock, Texas. Azaryan, who was arrested by officers with the Lubbock Police Department within minutes of the robbery, remains in custody. It is expected that he will appear in federal court in Lubbock next week for an initial appearance before a U.S. Magistrate Judge.
An indictment is an accusation by a federal grand jury and a defendant is entitled to the presumption of innocence unless proven guilty. However, if convicted, Azaryan faces a maximum statutory sentence of 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine.
The case is being investigated by the FBI and the Lubbock Police Department. Assistant U.S. Attorney Jeffrey R. Haag, of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Lubbock, is in charge of the prosecution.


text: Hi friends I have Dell XPS 17 Laptop, and this my Favorite Laptop. But recently while I was trying to connect the power connector it come out of it's socket. So I have seen that it is slightly loose from the back of the laptop, so I just want to know what is this problems that socket fail to connect with the Power Connector. So I want to know is this is normal for this Dell XPS 17, do you guys have seen this kind of connection problems in Dell XPS 17 socket. So if you guys have any of the information or any of the ideas or suggestion for this thing, then please do the reply.


text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Numéro PCT
|Date de publication
|18 oct. 1988
|Date de dépôt
|7 mai 1985
|Date de priorité
|4 mai 1984
|État de paiement des frais
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|David R. McMurtry
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Renishaw Plc
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (7), Citations hors brevets (2), Référencé par (36), Classifications (11), Événements juridiques (4)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This invention is for an improvement relating to coordinate positioning apparatus and, more specifically, for a method of and device for checking the accuracy of such apparatus.
It is usually required to determine the accuracy of coordinate positioning apparatus, for example coordinate measuring machines, and manual methods exist for doing so. For example, it is known to provide a test bar, operate the machine to measure the length of the bar in different locations of the bar in the coordinate field, and compare the possibly different results obtained at said different locations thereby to establish a measure of the accuracy of the apparatus. The bar itself has to be placed manually into the respective said positions, use being made of a frame or the line to support the bar in those positions. It is an object of this invention to provide a method of and device for checking coordinate positioning apparatus automatically or substantially automatically.
According to this invention there is provided a method of checking the accuracy of orthogonal coordinate positioning apparatus, the apparatus comprising a support, a head supported for three-dimensional movement relative to the support, and continually operative measuring means for measuring the position of the head in terms of three orthogonal coordinates; the method comprising providing a test bar, universally pivotally connecting the bar at its one end to the support and at its other end to the head, automatically and sequentially moving the head through a plurality of test locations situated about the connection of the bar to the support, the bar undergoing a corresponding angular movement by virtue of its connection to the head, and at each said location measuring the coordinate position of the head as determined by the length of the bar between said ends thereof.
The method according to this invention avoids the need to position the test bar manually and in this way reduces or avoids the difficulties of the known method.
Also according to this invention there is provided a device for checking coordinate positioning apparatus having a support, a head supported for three-dimensional movement relative to the support, and means for measuring the coordinate position of the head; the device comprising a bar, a mounting removeably securable to the support of the apparatus, first pivot means for supporting the bar at one end thereof for universal pivotal motion on said mounting, second pivot means provided at the other end of the bar and adapted for establishing a universal pivotal connection between said other end of the bar and the head of the machine, and means for producing a signal responsive to the head attaining a predetermined location in the coordinate field of the machine.
The device is intended for carrying out the method according to this invention, and said signal is used to effect the reading of said continually operative means for measuring the coordinate position of the head.
In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is an elevation of a coordinate measuring machine and a checking device therefor.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged detail of FIG. 1
FIG. 3 is a view in the direction of the arrow III in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1 in diagrammatic form.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a computer program.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the above drawings. Refering to FIG. 1, the coordinate measuring machine, denoted 10, comprises a support or table 11 and a head 12 supported by slides 13,14,15 for three-dimensional movement in the directions X,Y,Z of the orthogonal coordinate system. The Y,Y,Z coordinates of the movement are measurable by continually operative opto-electronic scales 16,17,18 and cooperating counters 19,20,21. The slide movement is producable by motors eg. a motor 22 acting on the slide 13 through a belt 23. The motors eg. 22 are controlled by a control system 24 using the output of the counters as feedback. The control system 24 is operable by a program stored in a computer 31 to move the head to any given position within the range of the machine. The machine 10 is known per se and is normally used for measuring workpieces supported on the table 11.
A probe 26 (FIG. 2) comprises a housing 27 secured to the head 12 and a stylus 28 extending from the housing and having a spherical sensing element 29. Displacement of the sensing element from a rest position relative to the housing 27 causes separation of contacts 26B,26C provided respectively on the housing 27 and the stylus 28 and constituting a switch 26A in an electric circuit 26D. Separation of the contacts 26B, 26C changes the state of the circuit 26D in the sense of producing a signal 30 (FIG. 1) connected to pass the instantaneous content of the counters 19,20,21 to the computer 31. A spring 28A returns the element 29 to the rest position when the displacing force ceases. The probe 26 is known per se eg. from British Pat. No. 1,445,977.
The checking device, denoted 35, comprises a rigid bar 36 supported for universal pivotal motion by a pivot 37 provided at one end of the bar 36. The pivot 37 comprises a spherical head 38 provided at the upper end of a mounting 39 upstanding from and releasably securable to the table 11. The mounting 39 may eg. be secured to the table 11 by releasable clamps (not shown) in the same way as a workpiece to be measured by the machine. The pivot 37 is a kinematic pivot by virtue of three spherical elements 40 secured to the bar 36 to constitute a socket and engaging the head 38 under the weight of the bar 36. The bar 36 is substantially balanced by a counter weight 41. The arrangement is such that the bar 36 can readily be lifted from or placed on to the head 38. The end of the bar 36 adjacent the pivot 37 is defined by the center, 37A, of the spherical head 38.
At its other end the bar 36 has secured thereto a spherical abutment 42 and a guide means defined by two parallel rods 43 of cylindrical cross-section, as shown in FIG. 3. The abutment 42 lies essentially transverse to the longitudinal axis, 36A, of the bar 36 and the rods 43 extend parallel to the axis 36A. The stylus 28 is engageable with clearance between the rods 43 and the bar 36 is slightly unbalanced so as to engage the rods 43 on to the sensing element 29 with a light force. The sensing element 29 is movable along the rods 43 eg. between positions shown respectively in full and in broken lines and, as shown, the sensing element 29 is engageable with the abutment 42. At the instant of such an engagement the element 29 is displaced from its said rest position and the probe 26 produces the signal 30. The length of the bar is defined by a distance R, between the center 37A of the pivot 37 and the centre, 29A, of the sensing element 29 when the latter is in engagement with the abutment 42 and when the element 29 is said to be in a test location T. The pivot 45 is said to be at a stand-off location S when the sensing element 29 is clear of the abutment 42, eg. by a distance 44A, though still engaged with the rods 43. In this stand-off location of the pivot 45 there is no generation of the signal 30. The rods 43 constitute lost-motion means allowing relative movement of the element 29 and the pivot 37 between the stand-off and the test locations S,T so that strain between the head 12 and the bar 36 is avoided when moving from one test location to the next and the signal 30 is generated only when the test location itself is attained. The stylus 28 can be released from and engaged between the rods 43 at the free ends thereof.
The use of the device 35 will now be described with additional reference to FIGS. 4, 5 which show the element 29 in a first stand-off location S1 adjacent a first test location T1. FIGS. 4, 5 also show an array of other stand-off location S2 . . . Sn and corresponding test locations T2 . . . Tn. The test locations are of course determined by the length of the bar 36 and lie on a notional sphere. Similarly the stand-off locations lie on a sphere of somewhat larger radius than that of the test locations. The coordinate positions of the stand-off locations are defined by the X,Y,Z coordinates of the centre 29A relative to the centre 37A. These coordinates are conveniently pre-determined by manual methods and are listed in the program to be described.
By way of a manual initialisation routine, the operator secures the pivot 37 in a selected position on the table 11 and operates the machine to determine the coordinate position of the centre 37A. To this end the operator moves the head 12 to bring the element 29 sequentially into engagement with three points on the head 38 and initiates a program, held in the computer and known per se for determining the position XC,YC,ZC of the centre 37A in the coordinate field of the machine. Next, the operator determines the position of the centre 29A relative to the centre 37A by a procedure, also known per se, taking into account the radii of the head 38 and the element 29.
Next, the operator places the bar 36 on to the head 38 and moves the head 12 to engage the stylus between the rods 43 all as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The operator then moves the head 12 so that the element 29 approximately has the first stand-off location S1, and he starts the automatic part of the operation which is done on the basis of a program held in the computer 31 and now to be described.
The program comprises the following parameters:
MX=Motorized movement for X axis
MY=Motorized movement for Y axis
MZ=Motorized movement for Z axis
SX=Output of counter 19
SY=Output of counter 20
SZ=Output of counter 21
n=Maximum number of points T to be measured
XC=X co-ordinate of center 37A
YC=Y co-ordinate of center 37A
ZC=Z co-ordinate of center 37A
XS=Array of X co-ordinates of n stand-off positions of center 29A
YS=Array of Y co-ordinates of n stand-off positions of center 29A
ZS=Array of Z co-ordinates of n stand-off positions of center 29A
INDEX=Serial number (0 to n) of array elements
XT=Array of X co-ordinates of n positions of center 29A
YT=Array of Y co-ordinates of n positions of center 29A
ZT=Array of Z co-ordinates of n positions of center 29A
Refering now also to FIG. 6, the program comprises the following steps:
100 Start
101 Index: =0. Remark: this initializes the index
102 Index: =index+1. Remark: this increments the index to a current value
103 Move element 29 in a vector to co-ordinates XS(INDEX), YS(INDEX), ZS(INDEX). Remark: this moves the center 29A to the coordinate position of the stand-off location demanded by the current value of the index.
104 Move element 29 in a vector towards center 37A until occurrence of signal 30. Remark: this moves the element 29 toward the plate 42 to produce the signal 30.
105 XT(Index), YT(Index), ZT(index): =SX,SY,SZ. Remark: this determines the coordinate position of the center 29A at the instant of the signal 30.
106 Move probe 29 in a vector to XS(Index, YS(Index), ZS(Index). Remark: this returns the element 29 to the current stand-off position.
107 Calculate R (Index). Remark: this calculates the length R of the bar 36 on the basis of
R=√{}XT(Index)-XC]2 +[YT(Index)-YC]2 +[ZT(Index)-ZC]2 }.
108 Repeat from 102 until index=n. Remark: this repeats steps 102 to 107 for each of the positions XS,YS,ZS.
109 End
It will be clear that, in the ideal machine, the values of R would be the same for all test locations T1 to Tn. In an actual machine these values differ and the program may be extended to establish the difference between the highest being a measure of the accuracy of the machine. Another such measure can be established by comparing the values of the X,Y or Z coordinates of all test points which should have identical such values. For example, in FIG. 5 the values of X1 and X8 should be identical but they may differ by a coordinate error, The elevation of such errors is known per se.
|Brevet cité
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|25 janv. 1978
|25 sept. 1979
|Rolls-Royce Limited
|Method and apparatus for use in co-ordinate measuring machines
|15 mars 1982
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|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Telescoping magnetic ball bar test gage
|16 avr. 1982
|13 mars 1984
|Deere & Company
|Coordinate measuring machine inspection and adjustment method
|29 janv. 1976
|19 aoűt 1976
|Bendix Corp
|Coordinate measuring machine with linear probe - gives accurate three dimensional squareness calculation using probe travel along each axis
|17 sept. 1983
|25 avr. 1984
|Meseltron S.A.
|Control process to determine the exactitude of tooling machines, and device to carry out the process
|Titre non disponible
|Titre non disponible
|"Measuring Up: Coordinate Measuring Machine Survey"; Tooling and Production; vol. 49, No. 2, May 1983; pp. 40-46 (p. 47 missing).
|Measuring Up: Coordinate Measuring Machine Survey ; Tooling and Production; vol. 49, No. 2, May 1983; pp. 40 46 (p. 47 missing).
|Brevet citant
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|10 mai 1988
|14 aoűt 1990
|Vilnussky Filial Experimentalnogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Instituta
|Coordinate measuring machine
|17 févr. 1989
|8 janv. 1991
|C.E. Johansson Ab
|Method for determining positional errors and for compensating for such errors, and apparatus for carrying out the method
|11 déc. 1989
|16 juil. 1991
|Coordinate measuring apparatus
|1 sept. 1989
|12 nov. 1991
|Renishaw Plc
|Tape scale applicator
|21 mai 1990
|12 mai 1992
|Park Joon Ho
|Measuring method of machine tool accuracy using a computer aided kinematic transducer link and its apparatus
|14 janv. 1991
|4 aoűt 1992
|Baker Stephen H
|Geometric simulator for coordinate measuring machine
|13 févr. 1991
|18 aoűt 1992
|Pb Diagnostic Systems, Inc.
|Calibration method for automated assay instrument
|27 avr. 1990
|23 févr. 1993
|Mitutoyo Corporation
|Coordinate measuring machine with protected origin point blocks
|6 avr. 1992
|1 juin 1993
|Renishaw Transducer Systems Limited
|Calibration device
|25 nov. 1992
|19 avr. 1994
|Eaton Corporation
|Computer controlled method of calibrating an x-y shifter
|28 mars 1991
|17 mai 1994
|Alpha Q, Inc.
|Artifact and method for verifying accuracy of a positioning apparatus
|29 juin 1993
|30 aoűt 1994
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy
|Coordinate measuring machine test standard apparatus and method
|12 juil. 1993
|11 juil. 1995
|Vander Wal, Iii; H. James
|Coordinate measuring machine certification system
|5 aoűt 1994
|26 mars 1996
|Dr. Johannes Heidenhain Gmbh
|Calibration method for determining and compensating differences of measuring forces in different coordinate directions in a multi-coordinate scanning system
|1 sept. 1995
|30 sept. 1997
|Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company
|Accuracy verification devices for coordinate measuring machines
|25 sept. 1995
|10 mars 1998
|Method and manually guide coordinate measuring apparatus for measuring a workpiece
|17 janv. 1997
|29 sept. 1998
|Renishaw Plc
|Ball bar apparatus for calibrating a machine
|13 déc. 1996
|24 nov. 1998
|B. F. Goodrich Avionics Systems, Inc.
|Method of compensating for installation orientation of an attitude determining device onboard a craft
|8 mars 1997
|26 déc. 2000
|Horst Siedle Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Position sensor
|29 mars 1999
|2 janv. 2001
|Snu Precision Co., Ltd.
|Measurement and compensation system for thermal errors in machine tools
|4 oct. 2002
|9 mai 2006
|Trustees Of Stevens Institute Of Technology
|Six degrees of freedom precision measuring system
|1 juil. 2003
|5 sept. 2006
|Renishaw Plc
|Probe or stylus orientation
|28 aoűt 2006
|13 nov. 2007
|Renishaw Plc
|Probe or stylus orientation
|10 sept. 2013
|14 juil. 2015
|Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.
|Shape measuring apparatus
|24 mars 2014
|6 oct. 2015
|Steven M. Hoffberg
|Mobile communication device for delivering targeted advertisements
|18 nov. 2013
|13 oct. 2015
|Axiam, Inc.
|Absolute diameter measurement arm
|4 oct. 2002
|17 avr. 2003
|Zhenqi Zhu
|Six degrees of freedom precision measuring system
|1 juil. 2003
|17 nov. 2005
|Renishaw Plc
|Probe or stylus orientation
|28 aoűt 2006
|21 déc. 2006
|Renishaw Plc
|Probe or stylus orientation
|17 oct. 2005
|19 avr. 2007
|Miller Jimmie A
|Kite square
|10 sept. 2013
|13 mars 2014
|Panasonic Corporation
|Shape measuring apparatus
|18 nov. 2013
|10 avr. 2014
|Axiam, Inc.
|Absolute diameter measurement arm
|22 mars 2010
|18 aoűt 2010
|Device for measuring wall-adhered positioning bar of generator
|22 mars 2010
|3 oct. 2012
|Device for measuring wall-adhered positioning bar of generator
|15 nov. 2013
|26 mars 2014
|Method for calibrating axial prestroke of touch-type measuring head
|15 nov. 2013
|24 févr. 2016
|Classification aux États-Unis
|73/1.79, 33/503
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne
|25 juin 1986
Owner name: RENISHAW PLC, GLOUCESTER STREET, WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MC MURTRY, DAVID R.;REEL/FRAME:004694/0426
Effective date: 19860507
|11 mars 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|13 mars 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|20 mars 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Notice: All Boston.com forums will be retired as of May 31st, 2016 and will not be archived. Thank you for your participation in this community, and we hope you continue to enjoy other content at Boston.com.
Hernandez had hip surgery
Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/21/2011 7:08 AM ESTThe Boston Herald reported that Aaron Hernandez had off season hip surgery. I thought his play dropped off alot towards the end of the season. Now I know why. Hope he rebounds quickly as he is still on crutches...........
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/21/2011 7:12 AM ESTYeah, he missed a few games with the hip injury, didn't he? He definitely wasn't 100% at the end of the season.
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/21/2011 9:32 AM EST
Courant: Hip surgery for HernandezFebruary, 21, 2011 By Mike ReissPatriots tight end Aaron Hernandez underwent surgery on his right hip after the 2010 season, he told kids Sunday at a Connecticut-based football camp directed by his brother, the Hartford Courant reports. Hernandez was aided by crutches at the camp, according to the Courant.
Hernandez, a 2010 fourth-round draft choice, had missed the final two regular-season games with the hip injury. Appearing in the first 14 games of the season, he finished with 45 receptions for 563 yards and six touchdowns.
Hernandez returned for the team's playoff loss to the Jets after missing three weeks of practice, but was limited to one catch for four yards.
"You've always got to make changes," Hernandez told the Courant. "You can't be the same player two years in a row. You've got to be better every year, and there will be something that the coaches will tell me I need to work on, so I'll make sure to get it done."
This post has been removed.
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/21/2011 11:42 AM ESTRosevelt Colvins hip injury was the beginning of the end of his career.
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/21/2011 4:38 PM ESTSource: Hernandez' surgery similar to Tim Thomas'Feb 21, 2011 By Tom E. Curran CSNNE.com
According to a medical source, the hip surgery undergone by Patriots tight end Aaron Hernandez this offseason was similar to the operation that Bruins goalie Tim Thomas had last summer.
Thomas' recuperation period was expected to be three to four months, and the veteran goalie not only was ready when training camp opened but he's been better than ever this season.
If Hernandez has a similar recuperation period, he would be ready when the Pats report for camp in July . . . if the NFL's labor dispute is settled by then.
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/21/2011 5:02 PM ESTWithout knowing the nature and extent of the injury and subsequent surgery it's impossible to tell whether he'll be 100% for next season.If he is back to full go he should reasonably be expected to be significantly better this upcoming season than last,and he was very good as a rookie.
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/21/2011 5:17 PM ESTI just had a total hip replacement! No contact sports.
As said, it depends on the injury. If it is a serious injury, it can wreck your career.
Remember "Bo" Jackson. 6'1" -- 220 lbs. -- fastest guy I ever saw. He was hand clocked at 4.12 seconds in the 40 yd. at the combine. Great running back -- over 5 yds a carry in the NFL, and once had 32 Home Runs and over 100 RBI's with the Royals.
His career was destroued in both sports because of the hip injury.
Let's hope that Hernandez had a minor problem that needed to be corrected.
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/22/2011 8:42 AM ESTAll speculation, Im sure nobody here has inside info on Aarons injury. My gut tells me his young body will heal up just fine and us Pats fans are in for a treat next season.
Re: Hernandez had hip surgery
posted at 2/22/2011 8:50 AM ESTIf the report is true and it was similar to the Thomas injury I don't think we'll have anything to worry about, physically at least. My biggest concern is that Hernandez never shy'd away from getting hit. Will he be a bit hesitant to make those catches and cuts with the hip thing in the back of his mind.


text:
UT gets No. 12 golf seed
The University of Toledo men s golf team has received the No. 12 seed in the NCAA West Regional, its seventh straight regional berth, and will face the likes of UCLA, Arizona State, Arizona and Southern Cal when it travels to Sunriver, Ore., for competition at the Sunriver Resort s Crosswater Club course May 20-22.
The 54-hole tournament features 27 schools, with the top 10 finishers advancing to the NCAA Championships June 1-4 in Hot Springs, Va.
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Mischke show notes: Nov. 6, 2009
Today on Citypages.com's 'In The Stream' with T.D. Mischke:
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Gloria Elizabeth
Update on Gloria ElizabethGloria needs to improve her business and so decided to take out a new loan which she will use to buy a hotplate for making pupusas, and cooking supplies such as oil, seasonings and sugar, so that she can prepare her food for sale.
Gloria's previous loan helped her as she was able to make her purchase and improve her business. Her family are currently well and she is keen to continue working.
El préstamo anterior le ayudo, pudo realizar la compra y mejorar en el negocio, su familia por el momento se encuentra bien y con deseos de seguir trabajando.
Previous Loan DetailsGloria and her husband live in San Miguel; they do not have children. Together they run a business selling bread an other food items. Gloria is seeking a loan to purchase inventory such as meat, vegetables, cooking oil, and seasoning. This investment will increase their income and will allow Glor... More from Gloria Elizabeth's previous loan »
Additional Information
Concurrent and Successive Loans
Our Field Partners often work with borrowers over a series of loans as the borrowers build credit, take out bigger loans, and expand their businesses. In order to make it easier for our Field Partners to post loans for borrowers who have been listed on Kiva before, we allow them to post successive and concurrent loans for their Kiva borrowers. This means that our Field Partners are able to post a borrower's second, third, etc., loan on Kiva without having to re-enter all of the borrower's information.
This borrower has been listed on Kiva before, so you'll see an updated loan description, as well as excerpts of the original descriptions from earlier loans. Most borrowers take out loans consecutively, meaning that they receive a second loan after having repaid the first. However, sometimes our Field Partners give out concurrent loans, allowing borrowers to take out one primary loan and a secondary "add-on" loan along with it. These "add-on" loans are typically smaller than the borrower's primary loan and serve a different purpose. Because Field Partners can now post loans as successive and concurrent loans, you will be able to track borrower progress over time and see the various ways a borrower is working with our Field Partners through funds from Kiva's lenders.
About El Salvador
550View loans »
US Dollars
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 17 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Sep 22, 2011
- Listed
- Nov 1, 2011
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Ended:
- Apr 15, 2012
Photo from previous loan
Kiva allows our Field Partners to re-use the same photo for individual borrowers that have been posted on Kiva's website once before in a 24 month period, and we allow them to re-use group photos for up to 24 months, provided that 80% of the current group's membership is represented.
Taking, collecting, and uploading photos of borrowers is one of the most challenging elements of using Kiva for our Field Partners. In order to make Kiva easier for Field Partners to use, we have allowed them to post successive and concurrent loans without taking a new photo of the borrower if the criteria above are met.


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Frat makes boy a bigger man
An action-movie hero and a fraternity brotherhood made a global man of Pierre Towns
It may take a village to raise a child, but it took the combined powers of an oddball trio to turn a child of South Central Los Angeles into the globe-trotting, do-gooding Carlsbad businessman that Pierre Towns is today.
First came his Marine Corps-trained father, who passed down the creed of courage, honor and commitment to his son. Then came James Bond, whose movies taught a shy Compton middle-schooler to dress sharp and dream big, international dreams.
Finally, there was the legendary Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, which transformed Towns from a mere UC Riverside student into a force for extreme good. The former Compton kid grew up to work for Monsanto, Arco and DreamWorks, and when he started using his wisdom and influence to help San Diego's foster youth, giving back paid dividends that Towns still can't begin to count.
"The fraternity helped me really understand that we are not fully realizing our potential if we're not serving others," said Towns, who works with such local groups as Voices for Children and Just in Time for Foster Youth to mentor young people who are aging out of the foster-care system.
"Growing up in South Central Los Angeles, you are always thinking about yourself and how you're going to survive. In the fraternity, I learned the sheer joy of helping others."
When the Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity was formed in 1911 on the campus of Indiana University, its motto was "Achievement in Every Field of Endeavor." When Towns founded the Carlsbad-Laguna-Temecula Alumni Chapter of the fraternity in 2009, he saw no reason to mess with success.
Through Just In Time, Voices for Children and the Santa Ana-based Orangewood Children's Foundation, Towns and his 20-plus CLT alumni members have conducted life-skills workshops, provided free financial and legal advice, and helped their young-adult charges shop for dorm supplies, dress for job interviews and furnish their first homes. The group has donated a combined total of $40,000 to the three organizations, and the members have also been generous with their untold wealth of experience.
"The problem for a lot of these kids is that they don't believe they are capable of doing things. They move a lot and they fall behind in school, and they have all these discouraging things happen to them," said the 60-year-old Towns. "Our message to them is that you can overcome your circumstances. Most of our members grew up as at-risk kids, so we're not that different from them."
While growing up in Compton meant Towns was always at risk of being stopped by the police or caught in some neighborhood crossfire, he wasn't without resources. His parents were married, his father had his own automotive-electrical shop, and Towns had the grades and the gumption to follow his jet-setting James Bond dreams.
Through one of his father's customers, Towns got a summer maintenance job at a Monsanto factory. When he graduated from college in 1975, the company hired him as an assistant personnel and safety supervisor, a gig that took him all the way to Tennessee.
For the next 25-plus years, human-resources positions with Crocker National Bank, Arco, DreamWorks and other corporations took him to Texas, Venezuela, Trinidad and Alaska. And when time and logistics allowed, he volunteered for such charitable organizations as the Urban League, the United Negro College Fund and the Center for Media Literacy.
"Working with at-risk youth, that is always what I have been most passionate about," said Towns, who now works in human resources for the Room To Read global literacy organization. "My father's customer reached out to me when I was an at-risk youth, and he helped me realize my dreams. Had he not done that, who knows what would have happened?"


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The submitter wrote: "Florida, plywood window repair. Check out the plexiglass hole to see through. Why wouldn't one use plexiglass for the whole window. On a Geo Metro Convertible" Oh yeah I call this a druggie peek hole window for dealing that meth.4 Comments
Copyright © 2016 White Trash Repairs
White Trash Repairs is a humor and entertainment blog in the Three Ring Blogs Network. White Trash Repairs posts funny photos and funny videos daily that consist of terrible repair jobs, rednecks, redneck contraptions, redneck cars and other redneck ideas. Other members of the Three Ring Blogs Network are People of Walmart, Girls In Yoga Pants, Forever Alone, Daily Viral Stuff, Wedding Unveils, Neighbor Shame, Full of Your Selfies, Damn That Looks Good, Jaw Drops, Freaks of Fast Food, the Proud Parents and more.


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Wescal Boat Sales, Pittsburg, CA
Wholesale Certified Loose Diamonds - Gia/ EGL
5100 Clayton Rd, Concord, CA 94521
5.3 Miles
"I took a snapshot of a ring in a magazine my wife was looking at. She kept on flipping back ...">
Unique Three Stone Rings Collection
2481 Pacheco St, Concord, CA 94529
7.1 Miles
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Contra Costa Wholesale Flowers Co.
3240 Monument Way Ste A, Concord, CA 94518
7.6 Miles
"Before this wholesale flowers to the public flower shop closed, the owner Valerie, realized ...">
Price Self Storage
1126 Saranap Ave, Walnut Creek, CA 94595
12.4 Miles
"We have managed other properties in the bay area but nothing like this one! My wife and ...">
Dealerthrive Corporation
2458 Westcliffe Ln, Walnut Creek, CA 94597
10.6 Miles
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1250 Civic Dr, Walnut Creek, CA 94596
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Sierra Pacific RV And Boat Storage Inc
1600 Buchanan Rd, Pittsburg, CA 94565
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Omg's Delta Network
Serving Pittsburg, CA
.0 Miles
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2.6 Miles
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Vidrio Sales Office
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Black Friday Wholesale Outlet
746 Railroad Ave, PITTSBURG, CA 94565
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Between Death and Funeral: Mortuaries and the Exploitation of Liminality in Kwahu, Ghana
van der Geest, Sjaak, Africa
This essay describes (1) how mortuaries changed the Akan funeral culture of Ghana and (2) how that converged with the interests of relatives and hospital managers. Such a development would not have been possible, however, (3) without the money provided by well-to-do relatives staying abroad. Mortuaries enable relatives to stretch the liminal period between death and funeral as long as they want to while they prepare everything for a grand funeral. For hospitals, this new fashion means an attractive extra source of income, as the mortuary is more lucrative than its medical services. My observations derive from anthropological fieldwork in Kwahu, Ghana.
Cet essai decrit (1) comment les morgues ont change la culture funeraire akan au Ghana et (2) comment cette evolution a converge avec les interets des familles et des directeurs d'hopitaux. Une telle evolution n'aurait cependant pas ete possible (3) sans l'argent fourni par les membres aises de la famille residant a l'etranger. Les morgues permettent aux familles d'etendre la periode liminale entre le deces et les obseques le temps necessaire pour preparer des obseques grandioses. Pour les hopitaux, cette nouvelle mode est synonyme de source appreciable de revenus supplementaires, la morgue etant plus lucrative que les services medicaux. L'article tire ses observations de travaux de recherche menes d Kwahu (Ghana).
The mortuary has changed the landscape of death and funerals in Ghana. When I began my research in Kwahu in 1969, mortuaries hardly existed. People did their utmost to prevent their relatives from dying in a hospital, for two good reasons. First, it was better to die at home in the company of dear ones than in the inhospitable space of a hospital surrounded by strangers (cf. van der Geest 2004). Second, transporting a dead body was a costly undertaking, so relatives rushed to bring the dying person home before he gasped his last. After his death at home, the person would be buried the next day. Seven days later, there would be a second funeral, attended by those who could not make it on the day of the burial because they were living a distance away. (1)
The situation has changed completely. Today, relatives prefer to have a grand funeral with the dead body in their midst. The mortuary or 'fridge' makes this possible. Instead of rushing to get a dying patient out of the hospital, relatives now hurry to move him in the opposite direction. Patients who die in a hospital have easier access to its mortuary and pay less. Relatives, therefore try to get their dying parents admitted to the hospital before they expire to spare the costs of transporting the deceased body and to benefit from the reduced mortuary prices for ward patients.
In this essay I describe (1) how a technical apparatus revolutionized the Akan funeral culture and (2) how that development dovetailed with the interests of relatives and hospital managers. I will further argue (3) that this development would not have been possible without the money provided by well-to-do relatives staying abroad. In an overview of anthropological studies about the end of life, Kaufman and Morgan (2005: 326) complain about the dearth of ethnographic work on the commercialisation of death. This essay is about death as business.
The observations are part of anthropological fieldwork about meanings of growing old in a rural town of the Kwahu area, about 150 km north of the capital, Accra. That fieldwork started among living older people and ended in the mortuaries of three local hospitals.
When I compare my own observations from 1969-1973 in Kwahu to those of today I am struck by several changes in the management of death and funeral. In 1969 there was fasting during funerals and many women of the abusua (family) of the deceased had their heads shaven. The elders played a main role during the rituals: they had their traditional drumming and reigned on the dance floor. …


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Cone Five has moved directly across the street from our old location 1508 Hertel .
Celebrating 20 years !! Thank you Buffalo !!
Winter Gallery Hours:
Tues. 11-6, Wed. 11-5, Thurs. 11-6, Fri. 11-5, Sat. 11-5 Sun. 11-3
Our gallery features over 75 different fine craft artists.
GIVE THE GIFT OF POTTERY FOR YOUR 9th ANNIVERSARY ~
Visit the Gallery
Featuring hand made pottery and sculpture by ceramic artist, Greg Link. Plus the work of local and regional artists, including one of kind, blown glass pieces, paintings, photography, and jewelry. Come visit us at 1507 Hertel Avenue, in the heart of the northern part of Buffalo, NY.
Greg Link
Primarily self taught, my study has been accentuated by various workshops.
Learn basic pottery techniques including hand building, throwing on the potters' wheel, trimming and glazing techniques. Classes range from beginner to advanced level students, however no experience is necessary. Small class size will insure students receive individual attention.
Individual artists, interested in exhibiting at the gallery can send slides or photos to:
Greg Link-1508 Hertel Avenue, Buffalo NY 14216.
A bit of History— Celebrating 18 years
Cone Five Pottery started in 1996 with my first working studio on Rhode Island St. It was there I began creating vessels and teaching pottery classes. After five years I opened up my first gallery located on Elmwood Avenue in Allentown. I was able to sell my wares and represent several other artists. Four years later we moved up to the Elmwood Village and then three years later another move to our current home on Hertel Avenue where I hope I will be for many years to come.
Cone Five Pottery has expanded to feature over 60 American crafts people ranging from pottery, blown glass, wood, jewelry and more. It has become a destination for people that are looking for that something a bit different and exciting.
We have expanded our pottery studio now teaching more classes for eager students who would like to get their hands dirty working with clay.
I am very thankful to all those who have supported me and Cone Five Pottery over the years. I hope to continue to evolve in making a living doing something I truly enjoy.


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Mikromatic King Size Injector Machine
$34.99 Retail: 44.99 Save $10.00
- Disclaimer
- The statements, views and opinions presented in customer reviews are those of the author and are not endorsed by, nor do they necessarily reflect, the opinions of BnB Enterprise, product manufacturers, employees, or any other organization.
- BnB Enterprise does not warranty or guarantee the correctness of the information provided or its fitness for any purpose.
Pleased Customer.....Here!
Love it and the tobacco is so much smoother than brand cigs...and of course no comparison cost wise.
best on the market
It's the perfect size if you smoke regular filter kings...rolls great much smaller and the tubes are full when they fall off...best one out of the 4 I've had and I'm particular!! It was worth the shipping cost for the machine. This will now be the only one I will ever have from now on...Love it!
Some design "flaws" but pretty good.
The handle is a little awkward. I much prefer the placement of the handle on the regular Topomatic. However overall this machine is not bad for the money. I would buy it again.
The best bang for your BUCK
I tried a half dozen injectors before I got my Mikromatic. If you do like the instructions tell you'll have no problems cranking a a carton of smokes in a little over an hour. Yep, this one is my pick of the litter....
RYO is best.
Great new Injector, unexpected,maybe this one I should have gotten for my 1st.
Great machine!
Great machine!
19.99 $9.99
34.99 $24.99


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i upgrade from RC1 to RC2
no sound and can't hear when people call me....
phone apps always hang
where are the usual betas hiding, not responding to my chat messages
Nothing received here
Sent from my GT-I9300 using Tapatalk 2
Please check the Symlink for /storage/emulated/0. Its not mounted to /sdcard0/..
after installing latest siya with latest SB my phone won't boot up.any suggestion ?
Siyah doesn't work with it. Use slim stock or try yank555
Sent from my GT-I9300 using Tapatalk 2
XDA Developers was founded by developers, for developers. It is now a valuable resource for people who want to make the most of their mobile devices, from customizing the look and feel to adding new functionality.
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Reduce blood pressure and refresh your mind with a brisk walk or other activity followed up by a piece of fresh fruit. It may relax and invigorate you without having to resort to caffeine.
Sign up for a free or low-cost course at the local community education center to learn a new hobby. Sewing, stained glass, oil painting, gardening, a foreign language conversation group, sports and even music are just a few of the fun ways to relax, be inspired and make new friends at the same time.
Get involved in a cause or community project that makes a difference. Sign up for a walk-a-thon or other athletic fundraiser to help out and stay fit at the same time. This is a great way to socialize with others who share similar interests, and staying involved in the lives of others is actually good for you. Experts say that those with strong social ties actually live longer and stay healthier.
One of the most effective ways to reduce stress is to start and end each day with a song in your heart and a smile on your face. Stock your vehicle with a selection of "sing-along" music and then make a point of smiling at people throughout the day. You'll be surprised to see the response from others and how it can transform a dull ordinary day into something special.
Used with permission. ©2015 Walmart. All Rights Reserved.
Important Walmart Disclaimer: All content provided is for informational purposes only, and is not intended to substitute for the diagnosis, treatment, or advice of a medical professional. Consult your medical professional for guidance before changing or undertaking any diet, exercise or health program, or before using any prescription or over-the-counter drug. Neither the author nor Walmart.com assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or contrary interpretation of the subject matter. Walmart does not sponsor, recommend or endorse any third party, product, service or information provided on this site.
If you have dietary restrictions and/or allergies, always read the ingredient list carefully for all products prior to consumption. If the ingredient list is not available on the product, check with the product manufacturer, or do not consume the product.
Out of stock online


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Photographs: Lisa Levart
Introduction: Jean Shinoda Bolen, M.D.
Afterword: Starhawk
Sacred Myths: Christina Wright
Book Design: Kristi Norgaard
"In Lisa Levart's photographs…the essential qualities of the Goddess helps to reveal the essential qualities of each woman" – Starhawk, Author, Activist
"Let this book inspire you to claim your own divinity."- Dr. Christiane Northrup,
New York Times Best-Selling Health and Wellness Author
Everyday is Mother's Day Sale – 25% off
Free gift wrapping and personalized inscription.
Bundle of Love Sale – 25% off
book & t-shirt (sold together)
Available colors: Midnight Blue and Plum (not all sizes or colors available)
100% cotton, soft and comfortable
Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large
100 $ 75 plus shipping and tax
Goddess on Earth T-Shirts
with cascading graphic of goddess names
Midnight Blue and Plum (ExL (both colors) and Sm Blue out of stock)
100% cotton, soft and comfortable
Sizes: Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large
$25 plus shipping and tax


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Yoga postures can be ideal for building strength and freeing the tension held in the hips and lumbar spine. In this session, we will explore the anatomy of the lumbar and pelvic areas as well as the common misalignments and imbalances that can occur. We will practice and analyze the postures that best promote lumbar and pelvic mobility and stability.
By Helen Vanderburg


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- 192Promote
Canvas Print
Wander Aimlesslyby Laura Ruth
Fine art print on bright white, fine poly-cotton blend, matte canvas using latest generation Epson archival inks. Individually trimmed and hand stretched museum wrap over 1-1/2" deep wood stretcher bars. Includes wall hanging hardware.
wander, woods, forest, nature...
I adore this Laura!!
Thanks so much, Skye :)
Beautiful image and love the sentiment!
thank you, Robin! :)
Beautiful combination of a great photo and words!
thank you!
Beautiful, love the typography!
Love this!!! Beautiful.
thank you, Isabelle:)
thanks so much, Jillian!
thanks so much, Jillian!
thank you, Greta !
thanks so much, Beth!
I will!
love the tones and the light, like the font u used too :)
that font goes perfectly with this photo laura!
Great print!
So cool! So wonderful!
beautiful composition and typography choice !!!:D
Great inspired work!
I seem to do that on a daily basis! (Wondering aimlessly without a plan). Is that a good thing? LOL! Wonderful, inspirational shot!
this is fantastic!
Thanks to all! (-:
I adore this!
beautiful photo and work!
This is really great
love this
How did I miss this? Love, love, love!
Story of my life, Great work again Laura. I'm really liking these new pieces your doing.
Sometimes, that's a perfect plan!
Love this!
Very cool!
Thanks to all for the great feedback and comments!
I really love this one!
thanks, Brandon!
See More Comments


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Visit www.bmsolutions.co.uk and select 'register'.
When submitting an application, you will be asked if you are submitting via a Mortgage Club. When you select 'yes' a drop down box will appear – if you start to type Legal & General Mortgage Club, we'll appear as a payment route to select as your option.
Our experienced team of Business Development Managers and office based BDMs are on hand to assist you. Find your local BDM.
For phone support call their National Mortgage Desk on 0345 850 5000, available Monday to Friday 8am-6.30pm. Calls may be monitored and recorded for security and training purposes.
Please send all supporting documentation for your applications to:
BM Solutions
Mortgage Processing
PO Box 136
Find out more about BM Conveyancing by visiting their website.
BM Solutions is dedicated to supporting intermediaries with competitive products, forward-thinking technology, award-winning service.
Our team of industry experts endeavour to make our service first class and ensure our products are ahead of the market.
We know how important it is to have all the right tools in place to drive business, which is why we developed our unique One Minute Mortgage System. This has proved a huge success in recent years and has Buy to Let calculators and BDM finders on hand for you every step of the way. We even have a site dedicated to Buy to Let expert tips and advice for both you and your customers. Just one reason why we're one of the leading BTL providers in the UK. Visit www.btlexperts.co.uk to find out more.
BM Solutions also gives you the opportunity to earn additional income via the BM Conveyancing service – a simple, efficient way of referring clients to a conveyancer.
Applications should be submitted via the BM Solutions One Minute Mortgage application system.
Direct Access only available to select Partners, Please contact our Mortgage Support Services for further information 01226 230504.
|Fee received from
lender (Gross fee)
|We'll pay you
(Net fee)
Please note that no procuration fee is payable on the Standard Variable Rate product. BM Solutions will only pay procuration fees on Further Advances for loans over £15,000.
|Standard products
|Product Transfers
|Further Advances
Call our Mortgage Support Services team on
01226 230 504
Monday to Friday, 9am to 5.30pm. We may record and monitor calls.
Find the latest mortgage deals wherever you are – download our exclusive iPhone app here.
Find out more about the mortgage lenders we deal with.


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A Vancouver business owner with personal ties to the "Wendy Rose" sculpture is offering a reward for the return of the sculpture's head, which was reported missing on May 11. The amount of the reward is determined by the quality of the tip.
The grandmother of John Rudi was a "Wendy Welder," a group of women who worked at the Kaiser Shipyard during WWII, which the sculpture honors.
Rudi also owns Thompson Metal Fab Inc., a metal fabrication company on the original Vancouver Kaiser Shipyard site.
John and his wife Michele Rudi originally donated $45,000 for the erection of the sculpture and the plaza where it stands on the Waterfront Renaissance Trail east of the Interstate 5 Bridge. The plaza is named the James and Joyce Harder Memorial Plaza after the family that started Thompson Metal Fab.
Someone stole part of the art piece: a scarf of red-and-white polka dot glass welded between metal. It topped the 10-foot-high, 1,000-pound statue.
The city of Vancouver contacted the artists, a group called the Women Who Weld, who estimated the replacement cost at $4,000.
Tips can be offered by calling the Vancouver Police tip line, 360-487-7399, even anonymously. Tips can also be made through Crime Stoppers of Oregon by texting 823HELP + your tip to 274637 (CRIMES), or by calling the tip line at 503-823-4357. More information is also available on the Crime Stoppers website.


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When adjusting level of A/C flow, touch screen buttons will not always change when touched. Also, adjust clock is problem. Is not recognizing touch. This has just started. Will it quit completely? Is it expensive to replace. A GPS is also in display, but rarely used.
by Nbrcrunch in Richmond, KY on July 08, 2013


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The current population of Franklin County is 51,581 with the median age of 38. Franklin County's median household income is $44,495, and the average household net worth is $315,245.
|Franklin County
|New York
|United States
|Median Household Income
|Average Household Net Worth
|Median Age
|38 years
|37 years
|37 years
Age distribution represents the distribution of the population in Franklin County by age group. In Franklin County, the male-to-female ratio is 28,447:23,134, which is 29% higher than the ratio of New York, which is 9,624,376:10,197,256. Age demographic data is sourced from census, 2015.
Crime rate index represents the average crime rate for a local area in comparison to nearby areas and the national average. A crime index of 100 represents the national average. Franklin County, has 31% less property crime than New York, and is 55% below the nation's average. Franklin County, has 65% less personal crime than New York and when compared to that of United States, Franklin County is 66% below the national average.
Marital status represents the percent of residents in Franklin County that are single, married, widowed and divorced. In Franklin County, 71% of people are married and 29% of people are single. The percent of people married is 3% higher than the ratio of New York, which is 68%. Marital data is sourced from census, 2015.
Household income distribution represents the distribution of Franklin County income brackets at the household level. Overall, the median household income for Franklin County is $44,495, which is 22% lower than that of New York ($57,395). Income data for Franklin County is sourced from census, 2015.
Education data represents the highest level of education attained by residents in Franklin County. In Franklin County, 25% of residents 18 and over graduated from high school and 19% completed a Bachelor's degree or higher, which is 19% lower than that of New York. Education statistics is sourced from census, 2015.


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If you look like this, you probably have swine flu.
Swine Flu Symptoms …
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Sort of looks like your fat ugly retarded wife.


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: [Demo]
Super Pokemon Eevee Edition
View Single Post
December 30th, 2010 (3:34 PM).
Art Director, Pokemon Ethereal Gates
Join Date: Nov 2008
Location: United States
Age: 21
Gender: Male
Nature: Naive
Posts: 192
I just started playing the game and I gotta say. I'm impressed.
The plot is very interesting so far. It has excellent pacing and very nice mapping, given the 2nd generation graphics. But I think that it works well in this case and that the game wouldn't have the correct feel to it if it had updated graphics. I always did love te 2nd generation, so I'm happy that you're bringing back such nostalgia by using them.
However, there are many spelling errors and they keep bugging me every time I see them. I'd consider going back through and checking that out. I don't mean slang, or how the characters speek, I actually mean spelling errors and completely impropper grammar. It would help win me over more.
I'm really excited to see where it goes, for I'm only 20 minutes into the game.
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A 200bhp Lotus Motorcycle?
A collaboration between a designer of vehicles used in SciFi films and a German car racing team is announcing that it's developing a ... Read more >>
A collaboration between a designer of vehicles used in SciFi films and a German car racing team is announcing that it's developing a ... Read more >>
The BMW Concept Ninety — a modern intrepration of the original R90S — dropped jaws when it debuted at Villa d'Este last week. We ... Read more >>
"The BMW Concept Ninety resurrects this spirit of the emotionally charged superbike", says BMW of this new concept bike built by ... Read more >>
In 1996, Alstare debuted in the Supersport Championship and World Superbike Championship in a partnership with Ducati. Fabrizio ... Read more >>
Update : SuperDuke.net sourced an even better picture, revealing the new headlight. German magazine Motorrad has captured photos of a ... Read more >>
What if Audi's acquisition of Ducati meant the German car brand was going to start making its own motorcycles. It's not, but French ... Read more >>
KTM look to be making further inroads into the electric market after unveiling the E-SPEED at the Tokyo Motor Show.The scooter ... Read more >>
After last week's news that the Royal Enfield Café Racer will enter the US market next summer, an HFL reader who'd seen the ... Read more >>
Calm down there. This KTM 1290 SuperDuke R isn't quite a production bike, yet. Instead, it's a fully-functional concept. A bored-out ... Read more >>
The story of the American Superbike is written in the parlance of the four-cylinder, four-stroke, longitudinally-mounted engine and ... Read more >>
First there was the Wraith, then the CNG-powered Magnolia Special roadster. Now there's this Bienville Legacy project, the ... Read more >>
This is the BMW C evolution , a "near-production prototype" for an upcoming electric scooter. Why should you care about yet another ... Read more >>
Unveiled at the Bangkok Motor Show this morning, this Zoomer X is Honda Thailand's take on a replacement for the popular 50cc scooter ... Read more >>
Every few weeks I get a request for information about the classic Frog FZ750 concept designed by our founder Hartmut Esslinger in ... Read more >>


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why does mercedes have such a problem that the battery goes dead because of the seats? We have have a number of batteries replaced before the mechanics told us its the front seats that drained the battery. They unplugged both seats and doesn't appear to have any other problems, but we cannot adjust seating. Can mercedes rectify this?
by c320car in Mount Laurel, NJ on December 05, 2010


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Study with Smith in Florence, Geneva, Hamburg or Paris.
Home > Offices > Study Abroad
With advising just around the corner do not forget to talk to your advisor about your plans to study abroad. It is a great idea at this time to bring in your plan of study and make sure you are on the right track.
Monday through Friday, 8:30 am to 4:30 pm.
Open Hours with Peer Advisers: Tuesdays, Wednesday, Thursdays 2:00-4:00 pm.
February 1 - Application deadline for Smith Programs Abroad in Florence, Geneva, Hamburg, and Paris. GPA Petitions deadline for Smith Programs Abroad due.
February 15- Fall 2016, Academic Year 2016-2017 and Spring 2017 Study Abroad Credit Application. GPA Petition deadline, two location petition deadline, and Non-Approved Program Petition deadline.
February 15 - Applications for Associated Colleges in China (ACC) Summer program application deadline.
March 14- International Experience Grant Application due for Summer 2016.


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If you have any problems, please email: Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Apple has released iOS4.3... I think it's slightly early but to get the update, sync your iPhone if it is a 3gs or upwards Shame it won't work on the 3g version.
Disney International College Program: May 2011 working in Attractions (Voyage of the Little Mermaid & Disney Junior: Live on Stage!)
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