text:
Working Group Notes
Editors' note: These Working Group Notes reflect brainstorming sessions held within the AHEAD forum. They do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of any of the institutions or sponsors involved in the forum. The listing of a particular organization anywhere below does not mean that that organization consented to participate in any particular activity; it simply means that a meeting participant felt that the listed organization was one that should be involved in the process to further develop project ideas being discussed (should those ideas move forward).
Each Working Group focused discussion on the following (please see World Parks Congress AHEAD Agenda on p.xv for the detailed instructions that were provided to working groups):
Prioritized Protected Areas/Complexes
Challenges and Threats
Proposed Projects
Region: South Africa and contiguous areas
1) Greater Kruger NP Complex + TFCA partners (GLTFP)
2) Hluhluwe/Umfolozi NP
3) Limpopo/Shashe TFCA
Marikele NP
Lebombo TFCA
Madikwe, etc.
Rank 1: GLTFP: Greater Kruger NP Complex + TFCA partners
Unfenced border, many people along edge, moving into reserve
There will be zones of less and less protection
Issue of management may be different on both sides of the border, although once underway management is supposed to be more similar on both sides
Diseases: tsetse/Nagana/sleeping sickness, BTB, Brucella, FMD, ASF, MCF, corridor/ECF, rabies, RVF, canine distemper, AHS, anthrax, Echinococcus, neosporosis/toxoplasmosis, EMC
Should tsetse be managed?
Suggestion to organize by wildlife, livestock, human health problems:
Prioritized health-related challenges/threats roughly ranked by importance
Brucella: not common but a lot of money invested in eradication
Rift Valley fever: seasonally every 15 years or so, Kruger on edge of range, comes when major flood events, wild animals can get infected (would be in all three columns). (Big outbreak in East Africa in El Niño 2000–2001, many human deaths)
Chosen as a priority area because:
Important conservation area
Human interaction – human conflict potential when opened up
High political profile
Classic example of multiple interactions at various levels
Important economically – regionally and for the country
Social, economic, security issues as well
Q: wondering if option is to remove people or livestock as well
Majority of parks will face fence-related decisions/issues
Issue: regionalization of country
Export zones – Southern Africa has some of the few countries with export zones
What happens in Mozambique is going to be important – hard to control what is happening on other side of border, but can control on South African side as well
Because of expanding areas, need to anticipate
Rank 2: Hluhluwe/Umfolozi NP
Chosen as a priority area because:
Important tourist area
Neighbours – high concentration
Completely surrounded by communities
One of the biggest rhino sanctuaries in world
Different genetic pool of buffalo than Kruger GLTFP (FMD-free)
Prioritized health-related challenges/threats roughly ranked by importance
Rank 3: Limpopo/Shashe
Chosen as a priority area because:
Transfrontier park with three countries
Important linkage park
Surrounded on two sides by local communities
Has all aspects of wildlife – commercial, community
Semi-arid, bushveld complex
No buffalo
Diffuse area
Prioritized health-related challenges/threats roughly ranked by importance
Priority Area: GLTFCA
Project Title: "Monitoring and Management of Diseases in the GLTFCA"
Phase 1
Integrated survey of the major diseases and related elements common to wildlife, domestic stock, and people in the component regions of GLTFCA.
Key Questions to Address for Each Disease:
What species are carrying BTB? What species are (maintenance) hosts?
What is the current spatial distribution in GLTP of these species?
– Where are they?
– How are they moving around the landscape? (i.e., what is their basic biology and epidemiology?)
– What is the spatial distribution of potential hosts? (e.g., are there potential gaps among species?)
– What are the reservoirs and dynamics?
What is status of BTB in human hosts? What is distribution of human habitation/activities?
What is the susceptibility of people?
What is the BTB status and distribution of livestock?
What is the potential for spread – what are risks for areas that are not infected? (first need to determine above)
What are potential management options?
What information is necessary to make a decision?
– Spatial: We need a better picture of the landscape at interface of three country borders
– Need to look at land use patterns
– Q: What to do when we have this information?
Important Considerations
This needs to be a regional project. It will not work if it is piecemeal. We need to identify what data we have and what data we need to gather.
Possible Outcomes
Supply information essential for future decision-making for:
National Regulatory Authorities
TFCA Joint Management Board (JMB) and conservation agencies
Additional Notes
Need to understand the role of kudu in the epidemiology of FMD (brought up from Zimbabwe side)
Considerable discussions around role of fencing on the Zimbabwe side of border and its impact on livestock, etc.; discussion of different scenarios
Concern was expressed that as the parks become more and more connected, it will become more difficult from a regulatory standpoint to control disease (i.e., if the parks are connected, disease will spread). This will open up many challenges.
Concern was expressed that there is a need to discuss social issues, that landscape is broken down into different land tenure types, etc.
Additional FMD Projects
Topotype status of buffalo in the three contributing countries
The role of kudu as reservoirs and vectors
Options for Control/Containment of BTB
The following were identified as currently existing strategies for control of BTB:
Fences at interface (barriers)
Total or zonal depopulation
Development of diagnostic tests for a range of species
The issue of fences (and their effectiveness) came up several times in discussions.
Project Leaders/Coordinators
Champion/Leader: David Cumming
Paul Bartels (Biomaterial Banking [WBRC])
Roy Bengis (SA Dept. Vet Services)
Chris Foggin (Zimbabwe)
Wayne Getz (UC Berkeley)
Markus Hofmeyr (KNP)
Nick Kriek (Onderstepoort)
Anita Michel (OVI)
Bartholomeu Soto (Mozambique TFCA Coordinator; to be confirmed)
Priority Area: GLTFCA
Project Title: "Disease Status in Wildlife, Livestock, and People in the Three Contributing Areas (South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique)"
Conservation and Development Importance
Zimbabwe claims to be BTB free. What is the status on the Limpopo?
What is the BTB status in wildlife populations and livestock in these three areas?
Does M. bovis occur in human populations? Should we check late-stage HIV/AIDS positive people? (sputum culture)
Need to look at Sengwe Corridor (foot and mouth also problem)
(Why don't they want these diseases?– Tsetse fly and rabies are of risk to South Africa; BTB for Zimbabwe; BTB and foot and mouth to Mozambique)
Assumption that if corridors/fences taken down, then by and large expect same diseases in entire area that may now be distinct (with caveat that some biological boundaries may limit some spread)
BTB surveillance
Sengwe – cattle sentinels (Zimbabwe side)
Limpopo – cattle sentinels (Mozambique side)
Includes western boundary interface
For all, should culture the organism and be able to type it – which strain is it?
Each country should do this – JMB Veterinary Subcommittee should be the leader of the work (subcommittee of the Conservation Committee). This relates just to this park.
Driven by Veterinary Subcommittee of JMB (this is just advisory committee).
Ideally, should have consortium of people, including government and academic (scientific consortium).
The people who would have to do this would be authorities or, if funds unavailable, funds raised by researchers, etc.
Basic methodology
There needs to be a common protocol so not done in its own way in each country
Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test (cattle) / ? Gamma Interferon (buffalo)
(Cattle and buffalo; buffalo will be much more expensive)
People: culture (possible sputum culture), radiographs
Proposed timeframe
One year if just animals, possibly longer if with people (for initial test)
Longer-term/follow-up monitoring necessary as well
Definition of success (monitoring/evaluation) during the project and at its conclusion
Results – by doing this, possible to improve health of local communities, because better able to manage the health of the people and animals
Recommended outputs to JMB
Capacity of neighbouring countries (Zimbabwe and Mozambique) to monitor the disease will be enhanced
Key partners (governmental, communities, and otherwise)
Directorates of Animal Health
Consortium of academic institutions or NGOs
Department of health
Conservation committee
Political obstacles/vested interests that could impede project success
Three different countries – political
(BTB and foot and mouth have had some impact on development of Peace Parks)
Politicians are concerned that disease may introduce disease/trade barriers
Issue of land-use planning – disease becomes less important if zoned. If fragmented, then everyone is exposed.
Must consider SADC (Southern Africa Development Community) objectives
Agreement by animal health regulators
Critical training needs for success and sustainability
Community-based animal health technicians (two-week courses available, but need people)
Will new or improved legislation be needed for project success?
There is already a joint treaty – a treaty has been ratified (improved legislation is in place)
Anticipated project communications needs/support (outreach, print media, radio, television, web)Argument is we want healthy cattle and to reduce the risk
Budget (what funds are already available, from whom?)
Transport, training and extension, subsistence, equipment, laboratory space, consumables, labor, salaries, compensation for slaughtered animals (purchase of animals), and coordinating committees
Limited funds available from Peace Parks Foundation budget
Limited funds available for strain identification from academic institutions
Directorate of Animal Health would cover western boundary
Prospects for long-term (post-project) success (sustainability)
Not applicable, because depends on results of tests
May require repeat monitoring in the future
Additional Discussion Points
Why do we want the Peace Parks? Increase pool of biodiversity, enhance livelihoods of local people.
With our current technology, almost impossible to manage BTB.
Discussion about who should do this – advisory group or informal group of scientific/NGO community.
Roy mentioned value of survey – prevalence and primary detection survey (part of policy-making process). But Wayne and others brought up question of management – what can be done if BTB, etc. found? Are there options? Roy responded that currently we don't really have an answer, but valuable to have the information.
Idea that "we have to accept" (Roy) that once the conservation areas are brought together (fences etc. brought down), the disease will become issue in all areas. Unless vaccine becomes available, really no way to keep from spreading to entire area.
Need to come back to issue of containment – can/should it be done?
Priority Area: GLTFCA
Project Title: "Monitoring of Tsetse Fly – Expansion of its Range"
Conservation and development importance
If we allow the tsetse to come down through Kruger, we will have all the negative spin-offs and will lose cattle; possible to suppress if we know tsetse are there.
Tsetse in Gonarezhou and North of Save River
KNP and LNP are currently free
Need to try to limit to Zimbabwe side – can suppress if know it is there
Surveillance of tsetse fly
Wildlife Unit, Zimbabwe Veterinary Services and Trypanosomiasis Control Branch
Mozambique Veterinary Services
RSA Vet Services – Kruger
Basic methodology
Strategic traps and targets (it may be possible to manage the spread; possible to suppress but not possible to eradicate)
Proposed timeframe
Extended monitoring (longer-term than for BTB)
Definition of success (monitoring/evaluation) during the project and at its conclusion
Success = Results (Suppression of spread)
Key partners (governmental, communities, and otherwise)
National Departments
Conservation Authorities
Academic institutions
Political obstacles/vested interests that could impede project success
No, treaty has been ratified.
Critical training needs for success and sustainability
Community-based-servicing and monitoring of traps/targets
Dipping of cattle in mobile traps
Will new or improved legislation be needed for project success?
Anticipated project communications needs/support (outreach, print media, radio, television, web)
Communication between regulatory agencies, animal health technicians, and communities
Budget (what funds are already available, from whom?)
Transport, training and extension, subsistence, equipment, laboratory space (minimal), consumables, labor (higher than for BTB), and coordinating committees
Prospects for long-term (post-project) success (sustainability)
Region: Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe
1) Four Corners: Namibia/Botswana/South Western Zambia/Angola (should consider) – includes Okavango Basin and north of the fence. *Note the addition of a new 1000km fence between Angola and Zambia. This fence, funded by the Netherlands, will be constructed soon to protect Zambian cattle from CBPP in Angola.
Major TFCA
Heavy wildlife/human/livestock issue
High biodiversity
Changing environment
Elephant issues
Divergent government planning agendas
Fragmented migration routes due to fences
2) Limpopo: (Great) Limpopo Basin – across Zimbabwe, Tuli, Gonarezhou
Major potential as a TFA because livestock disease problems are transboundary, high biodiversity, unique environment, tourism, archeological importance
Veterinary issues- fence, FMD control, BTB, tsetse fly
In Zimbabwe, changing land-use pattern
Heavily used by livestock, wildlife, and people
Political momentum
Zimbabwe issues: land resettlement, disease issues (FMD)
3) Etosha: Etosha watershed, Namibia
Boom/bust environment (far west arid, Etosha semi-arid environment)
Veterinary structures (fence) prevent flexibility to respond to game changes during different periods
Major constraint on movement of animals due to veterinary restrictions (preventive measures)
Area to be assessed for land redistribution
4) Zambesi: Middle-Lower Zambesi
Veterinary issues: tsetse fly, illegal movement of cattle into area
Overexploitation of water resources
Illegal activity: poachers, bush meat movement and elephant poaching
Settlement: people have moved into areas where they weren't before (unauthorized)
Need to emphasize not only health of wildlife, but also links with people and domestic livestock.
Four Corners:
One of the prime potential areas for development of TFCA. But very problematic because at the point of Zambesi, Chobe Rivers also where Namibia, Zimbabwe, Angola, and Botswana meet.
Caprivi area where Rowan has worked is also an area with encroaching human settlements. Wildlife needs to travel into Botswana and back into Zimbabwe, but veterinary fences in 1995 and international fences block unimpeded movement of wildlife. In times of stress, animals don't have the ability to migrate but must now be permanent.
Caprivi strip
Zimbabwe/Botswana interface: moves to establish a corridor between Four Corners and Kafue National Park in Zambia. No FMD from Zimbabwe side. *Note new fence mentioned above.
Northern Botswana: four major protected areas. Elephant populations 123,000 in Botswana with 122,000 in this area.
Elephants concentrated along Namibian border.
Interface largely on the outside of this system.
Major veterinary fences from the east and west with parts currently being completed. The remaining fences are outside the area, but have an effect on animal movement. One of the major fences (in the west) is to be removed due to protests about the inability of animal movement, but removal has been deferred. The west fence was first constructed to contain CBPP, but failed to do so.
The fence:
All obstructions to wildlife in this western area should be removed. This corner of Botswana is being controlled for the sake of a few cattle, and this is not effective.
International boundary fence is the issue – should drop the idea of having an export zone in this area. Can keep cattle and wildlife together by vaccinating the cattle.
What are the issues that have a health component (at interface), i.e., root causes of policy?
Policy issues
– Perverse policy problem in this area, which challenge both animal (domestic and wildlife) and human health.
Understanding the resource base/interactions
– Too many people, too few resources in the area
– Inefficient use of resources
Sustainable livelihood options
– Sustainable livelihood issue – 68% of people in this area live below poverty level. Equate poverty with ill health and then an unhealthy ecosystem.
– For whatever reasons, they are unable to explore the breadth of the sustainable livelihood options.
Administrative and political complexity, capacities vary greatly between the countries
– Include governance, financial resources, capacity of governments to deal with livestock diseases
– Botswana has much more capacity (stable and financially sound) than Zimbabwe for example.
Elephant issues will impact on endangered species (rhino), nutritional components.
Animal movement, especially on Namibia side, bottleneck in west Caprivi
Illegal activity, i.e., poaching on eastern side.
Specific health issues, disease and control (direct and indirect)
– Tsetse/trypanosomiasis
– Malaria
– HIV/AIDS (42% of human population in this area; higher rate of human TB).
– Human TB
– Tapeworm (Cysticercus bovis)
– Theileria: uncertain if it is a problem, maybe in Zambia side.
– Anthrax: Significant issues will increase due to extensive elephant environmental destruction. Not yet recognized as a significant problem. Zoonotic potential makes this relevant to departments and governments.
Disease Control Priorities:
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis
Zimbabwe: need for institutional capacity to address
Limpopo Basin TFCA: extends through eastern Botswana, southern Zimbabwe, western Mozambique, Kruger in northern South Africa
TFCA agenda (top-down approach and being "steam-rollered" by politicians)
Private sector and security fencing as well as veterinary issues; security fence along northern South Africa
FMD topotypes, differing status of buffalo in the region
Botswana on west is FMD negative for buffalo. Cattle may be positive – Zimbabwe buffalo from Hwange are probably FMD carriers and kudu are also suspect. Cattle have been infected, but may be a carrier cattle situation from Zimbabwe communal land cattle.
Tsetse/trypanosomiasis reincursion
BTB: M. bovis moving into southern Zimbabwe from South Africa; action or inaction (is there anything to do to stop it?)
Land resettlement/tenure issues
Land restitution claims/court action
– Property rights issues/settlements are big issue
– Indigenous peoples want to resettle lands or restitution.
Illegal activities (poaching)
Overarching prioritized issues:
Animal disease/human diseases
Human resource issues (poverty)
Policy issues
– Lack of internal incentives to participate (a top-down directive)
– Mozambique and Zimbabwe
– Namibia (4 corners) and Zimbabwe policy change will be a long, slow process
Lack of common vision
Discrepancy in government agency ability to deliver capacity
Resource access rights
Challenges and threats to health at the interface:
Anthrax has existed for hundreds of years; may not be a threat, just endemic; tourists don't really come into contact.
Porous fencing allows wildlife to mix with livestock on the northern and western border.
FMD control: cannot use Etosha game for restocking due to this.
Transmission of disease from domestic animals to wildlife (rabies, distemper)
FIV? in lions not fully understood, don't know if it will impact the population.
Lack of vision on part of Veterinary Services-not enough adaptive management on disease issues (buffalo).
Predation of livestock by wildlife (problem animals) provokes public reaction. Commercial farmers kill wildlife.
Birds and fish: no outstanding threats
Perverse incentives
Most pressing ETOSHA issues
FMD control protocols:
– LOME Convention influences export markets
– Heavy subsidies from EU of meat prices.
Failure to adapt veterinary policies to changing needs
Priority Area: Four Corners TFCA
Project Title: "Examination of Policy Issues Related to Disease Control and Potential Formation of a TFCA"
Project 1a: Examine current veterinary policies vs. land use in Namibia and Botswana. Establish dialogue by working with IUCN Regional Office (IUCN - ROSA) and the IUCN Veterinary Specialist Group, IUCN Antelope Specialist Group.
Issues include:
Veterinary Departments respond to government policy to maintain export market, may need higher-level government engagement.
Creating TCFA may take 3–5 years to be successful. Cannot be perceived as NGO driven.
Should involve:
– Ministry of Finance (are interested in export market income)
– Ministry of Agriculture - Veterinary Department
– Ministry of Environment - Wildlife Department
– Stakeholders (landowners)
Need to incorporate into larger Four-Corners partnerships, including Angola, Zambia (even more so with the construction of the new fence), and Zimbabwe.
Project 1b: Research/information gathering on the viability of the resource-return from wildlife to run concurrently with Project 1a to provide the data to feed into Project 1a to substantiate direction.
Being done in Namibia
RAMSAR site in Botswana - IUCN-Okavango management plan
Need to do a disease assessment in all partner countries
Project 1c: Study of scenario with/without export zone in Ngamiland fences
To include alternatives to export zone
– Corridors
– Wildlife movement
If exclude export zone, must demonstrate benefits to people
Project 1d: Study of FMD ring vaccination efficacy. Word is that there is no good vaccine. Cross-cutting project.
Project Outline
Preamble: The present veterinary control policies and strategies are inimical to the optimal development and sustainability of a major TFCA of the Four Corners and buffer areas.
A. Why does this challenge/threat need to be addressed?
Sustainable livelihoods/poverty reduction-wildlife development to full market value (by reducing veterinary restrictions)
Development of major TFCA-must address disease control relationship.
B. What needs to be done? Change policies to create an effective TFCA
Gather existing information
Gap analysis: create focused studies to argue the case and develop options
a. Export zone issue in Botswana and the overall value of the cattle industry – indications that there is a major review of the Botswana cattle industry.
b. Economic multiplier studies
3. Create forum using IUCN ROSA- facilitator (other groups?)
4. Bring key parties to the table- to discuss the disease and health issues related to the development of TFCA using IUCN
5. Examine general veterinary policy as these affect wildlife
6. Forum would meet with the two Ministries and two Departments of the five countries. Might consider first meeting between Namibia and Botswana (where veterinary concerns are greatest) and then expand to the five countries. Invite secondary stakeholders as appropriate.
C. Who will lead the work? To be decided
D. Major players:
Finance Ministry
Agriculture Ministry
Wildlife Department
Veterinary Department
Secondary stakeholders
a. NGOs – IUCN-ROSA AND SSC-VSG, WCS, AWF and others
b. Landowners and farmers
c. Community constituents
d. Local government officials
e. Peace Parks
f. IUCN
g. World Bank?
h. USAID
E. How will the work be done (i.e., basic methodology)?
Gap analysis
Gather data
Collect data
Analyse data
Policy process: forum may commission some of the data gathering and collection, which may run concurrently.
F. Timeframe: 24 months (?) – important to be gathering data immediately, urgency is to have information as soon as possible (within one year) to influence policy.
G. Michael Kock coordinating with other key members (may want Jon Barnes to do initial study to look at feasibility, strategic plan, etc.)
H. Measurements
Changing veterinary policies
Fence removal or realignment (corridors)
Establishment of the TFCA
Wildlife census: measuring increases in wildlife populations may be an indicator of success of fence removal and TFCA formation (need to examine indicators more thoroughly).
Human health benefits: communities and livelihoods
Goal: To realize the full potential of the Okavango/Upper Zambezi ecosystems for the enhancement of biological diversity and sustainable human livelihoods.
Objective: To promote an enabling policy environment
Provide information, advice, and technical support on the health of people, livestock, and wildlife.
Inform policymakers of different land-use options and their relative advantages; by which multiple countries will agree on the establishment of the TFCA.
Perform veterinary assessment: disease issues analysis/cost-benefit analysis of various land-use options
Create an enabling environment to realize the potential of the natural resources for the area's stakeholders (balance in land use).
Region: Kenya
1) Ewaso Nyiro Basin (Laikipia to Habaswein)
Holds endangered species
Pastoral systems
Ecosystem is unhealthy
Important disease corridor, high poverty and conflict levels
2) Tsavo ecosystem
An important component of a transboundary system
Pastoral conflicts
Livestock movements
Disease corridor
Good biodiversity value, can hold mega herbivores
Large protected area
3) Tana Basin
High biodiversity
Disease corridor
Pastoral systems
Added value of marine/forest (mangrove, riverine, and coastal ecosystems)
Lack of protected areas, so vulnerable
Ecological zone I and II
Ecological zone III (humid): Ruma
Ecological zone IV (subhumid): Nairobi NP, Thika, Kongoni, Maasai Mara, Laikipia, Marsabit, Nakuru, Shimba Hills Mwea (high livestock production, high wildlife numbers)
Ecological zone V (semi-arid): Samburu, Isiolo, Ewaso Basin, Mathews range, Tsavo, Amboseli, Kora, Meru, Taita, Baringo
Ecological zone VI (arid): Sibiloi, Losai
Nairobi National Park: The survival of wildlife is threatened. The surrounding ecosystem is being destroyed and the corridor is eliminated by settlement.
Maasai Mara: It holds a large number of wildlife and there is potential for the spread of transboundary diseases.
Laikipia: Increasing wildlife activities, important species such as hunting dogs, hartebeest present in this ecosystem, and they could be eliminated by a disease threat.
East Tana/Lamu: Have endangered species and rich biodiversity such as rare Tana red colobus, mangabey, sea turtles, and hirola antelope.
Nakuru: A closed system, big populations of species that need to be managed, an important Ramsar site.
Tsavo/Amboseli: Animal populations depressed through disease and poaching. It is linked to other cross border systems, like Somalia and Tanzania.
Samburu: Has endangered and special species such as Grevy's zebra, oryx, etc. The system is pastoral.
Meru/Kora: Second largest protected area system in the country. Populations are very depressed due to poaching, disease, and resource competition with livestock.
Baringo and Bogoria: Very small populations of wildlife.
The criteria for ranking the areas of importance were: Health and impact of investment on biodiversity, livestock and human livelihoods/health.
Rank 1: Ewaso Basin (Laikipia to Habaswein)
Has relatively better infrastructure, closer to markets
High wildlife/livestock potential
Disease control and livestock/wildlife/human health important to improve food security and livelihoods, reduce poverty.
Policy/legislation on the use and marketing of livestock/wildlife to improve benefits from both sectors
Lack of data, capacity, and infrastructure to guide policy
Poverty – need for livelihood diversification.
Increase in wildlife on plateau due to changes in land use and security
Animal health delivery services need improvement, but wildlife services and private/community wildlife services improving
Decline in certain species, e.g., Laikipia hartebeest and Grevy's zebra; endangered species (possibly related to disease, parasites, RVF zone)
Public health issues with bushmeat
Lack of organized livestock marketing systems
Declining water resource due to land-use change and poor water capturing.
Limited access to forage due to conflicts/insecurity. Decrease of wildlife in the lowlands caused by increased competition for resource.
Increased contact at interface between people, livestock, and wildlife especially in Laikipia due to increasing human population and settlement, increased agricultural activity and livestock (goats, camels, sheep) numbers; therefore, overall land degradation around settlements leading to unhealthy animals and new emerging diseases
Specific disease threats associated with dynamic transboundary movements especially of livestock. Corridor for livestock from Ethiopia and Somalia to Nairobi, threat of spread of diseases such as rinderpest, CBPP/CCPP, PPR.
Possibility of introduction of disease into protected areas (e.g., Meru ecosystem) through translocation.
Rank 2: Tana River Basin
Rich in biodiversity but security and infrastructure is poor.
Community richer (relatively) and habitat degradation slightly less advanced.
Less time imperative
Policy/legislation on the use and marketing of livestock/wildlife to improve benefits and equity of distribution from both sectors.
Lack of data, capacity, infrastructure, and awareness of the community.
Addressing biodiversity threats to species such as antelope (Hirola and Topi), carnivores (e.g., wild dogs), and primates.
Restoration of Meru NP involving translocation of animals into the area with potential for introduction of disease.
Interference with water catchments area around protected areas such as Meru ecosystem and pollution of water sources.
Improved livestock marketing to address poverty.
Limited access to water resources and pollution at the headwaters. Excessive extraction of water. Marine ecosystems exploited (fishing and oil) and presence of settlements and agriculture along rivers a threat to biodiversity.
Disease threats: rinderpest, PPR, tsetse, tick-borne diseases, CBPP/CCPP, FMD, ECF, Brucella, BTB. Still a lack of data on many of these diseases.
Increased human populations, and decreased livestock (except camels) and wildlife populations. Subsequent land degradation where there is concentration of people associated with bush encroachment due to declining elephant numbers and climate change; therefore, loss of grazing land.
Refugees and government settlements disrupting local people, threatening land tenure and creating insecurity.
Livestock movements and translocation of wildlife causing possible threat of disease introduction.
Karamajong Cluster
Advanced species extinction
Disease issues: CBPP, CCPP, FMD, rabies, tick-borne diseases, etc.
Lack of markets, infrastructure, data and capacity to provide policy direction
Rank 3: Tsavo/Amboseli ecosystem (moved to Group E*)
Livestock trade, illegal grazing in protected areas, and use of area as a livestock corridor
Disease threats to wildlife: rinderpest, PPR, anthrax, canine distemper, rabies, others
Livestock disease threats: FMD, CCPP, intestinal parasites, etc.
Habitat change
Bushmeat: public health threat
Pollution of Galana-Athi River from Nairobi
Cross-Cutting Issues
Veterinary and livestock production services are poor. Need to improve herd health and nutritional management services to pastoral communities. Need to develop participatory methods.
There is lack of data on ecosystem health such as epidemiology of diseases, dynamics of the ecosystem in relation to change, vegetation, etc.
Need to develop livestock marketing/export systems.
Benefits from livestock through better marketing systems and wildlife through policy change (ownership), equity in benefits sharing
Livelihood diversification
Competition for water and forage resources
Priority Area: Ewaso Basin (Laikipia – Habaswein)
Project Title: "Ewaso Basin Development Project Through Improved Ecosystem Health"
Note: An important assumption is that water projects stalled within the government will be reactivated.
See next page.
|Support data for required changes presented by lobby group to policymakers in annual updates/briefs
|Awareness about possible wildlife-based enterprise raised in 10 communities over the first year. Monitoring systems introduced at minimally five representative communities on wildlife impact on livestock systems simultaneously and data assessed over a minimum 2-year period.
|Viability studies on income diversification from other natural resources carried out within the first two years and best choices/practices introduced to about five selected communities by the end of year three.
|Economic and ecological viability of various marketing outlets such as export zone/slaughter houses/cooling facilities, etc., in the Ewaso Basin assessed within first year (partly on-going).
|Strategy to expand existing expertise on processing of livestock products to Ewaso Basin developed within first 6 months. Resources solicited and strategic partners contracted to implement at least three pilot projects at community level before end of year 2. Progress and impacts at household and community level monitored over a minimum of two years.
|Improve wildlife/livestock/human health (veterinary services, drug availability, and community education, etc.). Awareness campaigns about prevention, diagnosis, and control of common livestock diseases and related public health issues carried out in a minimum of 25 communities within the first year. Veterinary Department staff (Ministry of Livestock Development) and KWS Veterinary Unit augmented through establishment of specialist units to ensure sustainable delivery of veterinary services, drug availability, and community education within 2 years. Collaboration between the veterinary specialist unit and agricultural extension staff fostered to enhance livestock productivity and impact at household level, monitored annually.
|Establishment of micro-finance schemes through NGOs or CBOs, monitored after 18 months, in a minimum of five communities. Reasons for success or failure assessed and remedial action taken before end of year 3.
Note: A similar project should be implemented for the Tana basin, with a stronger focus on disease transmission and recovery of biodiversity.
Region: Tanzania, Uganda, Albertine Rift
1) Gombe/Bwindi
Typifies "island" ecosystems in a sea of cultivation and high human density with a hard edge
Great ape and human health issues foremost
2) Greater Maasailand/Serengeti
Typifies intact migratory ecosystems in a sea of pastoralists with a generally softer edge for wildlife
Pastoralist and livestock health linkages with wildlife and wildlife utilization foremost
3) Selous/Mikumi
Intact ecosystem, large populations of endangered species (rhino, elephants, wild dogs)
Migration routes
Health issues: migration and livestock movements
Giraffe ear disease
Potential areas for project development
Parc National de Virunga
Parc de Volcanes
Justification for all: Great ape area, Albertine Rift, high biodiversity, areas with severe threats and encroachment
Greater Maasai Land: (including Serengeti ecosystem, Loliondo, NCAA, Mkomazi, Tarangire, southern Kenya) Pastoralist areas
Justification: Abundance, intact migratory system, World Heritage, interaction with pastoralists. Large interface between wildlife and livestock and people (zoonotic diseases). Prime example: buffer for rinderpest spread south from remaining foci in Horn of Africa, i.e., sentinel region. History of CBNRM and synergy between these approaches
Karamoja: pastoralist area, unrest
Lake Mburo: FMD focus. Also BTB, brucellosis.
Queen Elizabeth: BTB/FMD situation very different from Kruger, trypanosomiasis, fishing, cobalt mining Akagera basin, savannah and wetland and transfrontier wildlife migrations
Budongo forest: Not protected, poaching, close to Murchison, rinderpest, game ranching starting
Selous/Mikumi: Miombo migratory routes into southern Africa/ Mozambique. Intact ecosystem. Important populations of rhino, elephants, and wild dogs. Development threats: transport routes. Ear disease in giraffe.
Nyungwe-Rwanda: diversity of primates, Eastern Arc Mountains: biodiversity hotspots, endemic species, high human population pressure, little protection
Issues: General approach to problems
Hard Edges: Valuable isolated patches of high-value land/cultivation and human density "sea," unfenced (compared with areas of southern Africa)
Gombe and Bwindi typifies problems of this issue faced by Virungas, Budongo
– Great apes
– Agriculture/alternative land uses
Soft Edge (Hard Edges too): Functioning (migratory) ecosystems; hosts are vectors and sentinels. Sea of pastoralists.
– Greater Maasailand/Serengeti, Selous
Human health issues? Cross-cutting
How to set priorities? Ecotourism value, exceptional natural resource, but debate relative merits Picking representative areas of general problems
|Eastern Arc............................................................
|N Crater................................................................
Migratory/intact ecosystems
|Maasailand/Serengeti Ecosystem.........................
|Akagera/Lake Mburo.........................................
Rank 1: Bwindi/Gombe
1. Lack of knowledge and capacity
Prevention, particularly in wildlife sector health issues
Poor diagnostic services
Lack of employment for trained wildlife disease personnel
2. Public health issues
Poor services
Impact of HIV on society
Zoonoses and anthropozoonoses
Lack of health knowledge for communities
Lack of sanitation
Refugee issues; societal disruption, poverty, lack of ownership of resources
Different cultural attitudes
Tourist health
3. Land use and hard edges
Human/wildlife conflicts, crop raiding, human attacks
4. Small population problems
Primate health and impact of disease
5. Wildlife utilization
Primate consumption (particularly refugees) ???
Bycatch from snaring
Rehab of confiscated animals from illegal trade (chimps, gorillas)
Trading route for international trade
6. Political awareness of issues
Rank 2: Maasailand/Serengeti
1. Wildlife/domestic animals- contact in and outside protected areas
Crop damage
Livestock predation
Blockage of migration routes and wildlife movements
2. Link between human poverty and public health and impact on wildlife (through low livestock numbers and demand for
Human disease zoonoses particularly for pastoralist communities, e.g., BTB, brucellosis; reservoirs
3. Land use conflicts
Habitat degradation by livestock overgrazing and tree felling leading to poor habitat for wildlife
Agricultural encroachment
4. Lack of capacity/knowledge
Lack of epidemiological knowledge
Lack of public awareness of health/conservation
Lack of coordination between responsible agencies (protected area management, other governmental organizations,
agriculture, health agencies, NGOs; e.g., rangeland, conservation agencies) Lack of transboundary communication
Lack of capacity to implement management actions (skill sets, equipment, staffing levels)
5. Other issues
Small populations problems, e.g., rhino (inbreeding)
Human disturbance
Intensification/restriction of movements of livestock and wildlife leading to increased parasite loads
Cattle trading movements poorly understood
Coordination of carnivore health programs within ecosystem, including transboundary Public health
Incorporation of health issues into wildlife management area
Evaluate potential areas where hard edge needs to be defined
Infrastructure and equipment needs (local and regional level)
6. Political awareness
Regional, national, local government
Protected area managers
Rank 3: Selous/Mikumi
Lack of knowledge of issues
Giraffe ear
Lack of capacity
Encroachment across border with Niassa
Cattle trading route to southern Tanzania
Sleeping sickness in people in southern area: periodic outbreaks, wildlife reservoir? (issue of link with Akagera and Bwindi)
Human predation by carnivores (lions, crocodiles)
|Project Title:
|"Linking Human and Great Ape Health to Improve Conservation Effectiveness and Human Health and Livelihoods"
1. To improve public health of communities that are in contact with great ape protected areas "human health for wildlife health"
Primary health education including HIV prevention
Identify and prioritize gaps and limiting factors for implementation (e.g., infrastructure, transport)
Improve capacity to carry out recommendations
Improve intersectoral collaboration at all levels
Uganda: Conservation Through Public Health (CTPH) (Gladys), (Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project) (MGVP) (Innocent)
Tanzania: TANAPA (Titus), Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) (Anne Pusey)
Key Players/Partners:
Uganda: Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), district local governments, IGCP, health NGOs, National TB and Leprosy Program, universities, Healthnet Uganda, Uganda LIRI (Tororo), Uganda Virus Institute, CARE , PACE, Mgahinga and Bwindi Forest Conservation Trust (MBIFCT), Mountain Gorilla Conservation Fund
Tanzania: TANAPA, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Ministry of Health, JGI, Japanese, Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) (EU project), University of Dar es Salaam, Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education program (TACARE) (reproductive and gender issues), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), PACE
CTPH and Uganda partners to link with JGI
Workshop to scope project
Identification of messaging systems for public health education
Effective tools for messaging
(Messaging methods from Winne Msoni at Dept of Women & Gender Studies, Makerere University). Baseline surveys of households and mapping (GPS) and attitudes and knowledge, household social and demographic characteristics, divide into different media (e.g., schools, radio, pamphlets, house-to-house), PRA and questionnaire methodology
2. To improve occupational health of protected area and research staff
Champion: Innocent/MGVP
Key Players/Partners:
Uganda: CTPH, UWA, MGVP, International Gorilla Conservation Program (IGCP)
Tanzania: JGI, TANAPA
Use MGVP model from Rwanda and apply to Tanzania, Uganda, and Congo
Formalize agreement with UWA and Ministry of Health
Budget: $100,000 set up, then annual costs
Potential donors: Morris Animal Foundation (MAF), USAID (local mission level), IGCP, JGI, DFG Fund, FFPS,
Drug companies (Glaxo)
Lynne Gaffikin EARTH
Timeframe: 6–12 months to begin
3. To improve political awareness of policy/decisionmakers of public health issues in great ape conservation, including health services as a possible method to encourage settlement at an appropriate distance from park areas
Champions: Billy Karesh, Titus Mlengeya
Methodology: Collect information, field visits
Budget: US $15,000 per country
1. Initially: DG of TANAPA/ED of UWA and FD and TAWIRI Chairman of Board of Trustees, Anne Pusey (JGI rep)
2. Minister Natural Resource and Health and appropriate PS, US and Japanese ambassadors, EU delegation, Regional Commissioner, MPs, journalist, Japanese researchers (Nishida, Mike Hoffman)
Flying tour
First trip: March 2004 for initial DG trip
Second trip: June–Oct 2004
4a. To improve communication between field managers
Set up Great Ape Health Alliance. Meet regularly (annually). Potential funding sources: zoos, Lincoln Park, MAF,
JGI, Leipzig (Max Planck Institute), Great Apes Survival Project (GRASP)
Set up email network of great ape health specialists
Improve infrastructure to enable this in field, phone and email links, computer, power
To lay out lines of communication with responsible agencies for field managers
Key Players/Partners:
Titus, Gladys, Innocent, IGCP, Japanese, JGI, Mahale, CPWs UWA/TANAPA
Budget: Annual meeting: US $20,000
Total $18,000 first year, $6000 per area then $2500 annually (Mahale OK)
4b. To create database of great ape health and make it available to field managers
Timeline; contact next week, finish 6 months
Budget: US $2000 for photocopying and mailing
Champions: Innocent, Gladys, Titus
Implementers: Ask Elizabeth Lonsdorf if someone has done it; Anne Pusey
Investigate whether Wildlife Information Network would do this for great apes; budget
5. Improve surveillance and diagnosis of disease problems
Improving capacity of organisations $20,000 per site
Improving diagnostic facilities and routes ($3,000 per site)
Equipment and infrastructure (fridge, test kits [$20,000 per site])
Funding of new position and training costs of primate veterinarian for Tanzania
Champions: CTPH, MGVP, JGI
Partners: UWA, TANAPA, IGCP
Budget: US $175,000
6. Include health program in current and future Protected Area Management Plans
Mahale Karen/Titus
Gombe Titus, JGI, Billy=IUCN/VSG or WCS
Virungas Karen (Congo)
Budongo Gladys, UWA
Goal: Linking human and great ape health to improve conservation effectiveness and human health and livelihoods.
See next page.
Region: Tanzania
1) Greater Maasailand inclusive of Serengeti
2) Tsavo, Amboseli
3) Selous-Niassa-W. Tanzania
Rank 1: Greater Maasailand
Lack of capacity/skills for wildlife/livestock/human health:
a. delivery of health services
b. diagnostic capacity
c. logistic constraints
Lack of epidemiological knowledge in terms of:
a. wildlife
b. livestock
c. people and their interactions at the interface
Political awareness:
a. need for increased awareness of pastoral issues at the policy level
b. need for intersectoral collaboration integrating medical, veterinary, and wildlife sectors
|Project Title:
|"Evaluating Disease Status and Health Needs of Wildlife, Livestock and Pastoral People in Greater Maasailand"
Pastoral areas in Greater Maasailand are of highest conservation importance and economic potential in Tanzania and Kenya. They are World Heritage sites and the largest surviving intact migratory systems. These areas comprise pastoral communities that depend on the integrity of the systems for survival. Land subdivisions are identified as a major threat in Kenya to the integrity of these systems.
Improvement of pastoral livelihoods required for co-existence
Increasing levels of poverty and malnutrition among pastoralists
Increasing demands for other forms of land use
Increased bushmeat consumption
Disease issues identified as major constraint to pastoral livelihoods
Improvement in veterinary health care
Improved knowledge of epidemiology of key diseases at the interface
Enhanced technical and community capacity for addressing interface disease problems
Development of mechanisms for intersectoral collaboration
Phase 1: Status Evaluation
Consultation and stakeholder analysis
Identification of priorities
Collating existing information, including research studies; identify biological data banks available for analysis
Identify existing community-based animal health projects in region
Time frame: 2 years
Budget for Status Evaluation phase: US $50,000–$100,000
Priority list of disease threats in the region (from perspective of pastoralist communities, wildlife managers, Ministries of Livestock Development and Health)
Epidemiological data on infections/diseases of livestock, wildlife and people, seroprevalence data as a result of analysis of existing serum banks
Database of existing community-based animal health projects
Beyond Phase 1:
Component I: Enhancing intersectoral integration
To promote awareness of pastoral/wildlife disease issues at policy level
To facilitate mechanisms for bilateral institutional collaborations (including medical, veterinary, and wildlife sector), e.g., within framework of East African Cooperation
To develop consultation forum between communities and policymakers (e.g., integration with wildlife forum – Kenya)
Time frame: 2 years
Budget: US $80,000
For example, agreed-on policies on pastoral health issues, cross-border harmonization of animal health policies
Component II: Integrating epidemiological research with improved animal health services
A. Identify and implement strategies for improved delivery of veterinary care for diseases with known impact e.g. tick-borne diseases (exact strategy will depend on legal framework existing within countries, East African Community [EAC])
Time frame: 2–3 years
Budget: US $150,000
B. Evaluation of these delivery systems
Time frame: 2–3 years
Budget: US $50,000
C. Epidemiological investigation of selected key diseases that are less well understood
Quantify the impact on different populations
Identify the role of wildlife in disease epidemiology of zoonotic infections (e.g., brucellosis, BTB, anthrax)
Identify appropriate control strategies to limit impacts on livestock, wildlife, and human health
Implementation of disease control strategies
Improvements in livestock production and human health (e.g., incidence of specific diseases)
Time frame: 3–5 years
Budget: US $500,000–1 million? Depends on how many diseases are investigated. Would probably need to include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and involve human, wildlife, and livestock populations
Lead: Pete Morkel (Tanzania)?
Partners: Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA), TAWIRI, TANAPA, Tanzania's Naval Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Ministry of Health, AU-IBAR, PACE, KWS, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), University of Nairobi, Mara Conservancy, Trans-Mara Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) project, AWF, Sokoine University of Agriculture, NGOs (e.g., VetAid), Maasai Preservation Trust
Project Title: "Maintaining Savanna Ecosystem Integrity for Sustainable Livelihoods"
Threat: Unsustainable levels of wildlife utilization through illegal bushmeat hunting in the Serengeti-Mara and Tsavo-Mkomazi ecosystems
Conservation and development importance:
Justification as above
Serengeti: Illegal off-take of approximately 100,000–200,000 large ungulates per year
Major threat to resident herbivores
Migrants more resilient BUT very dependent on rainfall (levels not sustainable if rainfall low)
Bushmeat hunting is carried out by the poorest members of the community with lowest livestock ownership
Infectious diseases are a major constraint to livestock production
Bushmeat hunting is a high-risk activity
Hypothesis to be tested:
Improving access to dietary protein and cash income through provision of animal health care will reduce the demand for illegal game hunting.
Project Proposal:
Evaluate impact of improving animal health services by comparing:
income and diet of rural poor
levels of bushmeat hunting
incidence of food-borne zoonoses
land-use practices in areas with and without improved veterinary services
Identify appropriate strategy for trial/evaluation (e.g., Newcastle disease vaccination, anthelminthic treatment of small ruminants, anti-predator strategies for poultry)
Select treatment and control villages
Compare pre- and post-intervention diet, income, land-use practices, incidence of food-borne zoonoses in treatment and control villages
Compare village origins of hunters before and after intervention
Leads: Titus Mlengeya, Robert Fyumagwa, Elizabeth Muthiani
Timeframe: 3 years
Budget: US $300,000
Partners: TANAPA, TAWIRI, Tanzania Wildlife Division, KWS, KARI, Regional and Local Governments, Maasai Preservation Trust, TRAFFIC, NCAA, NIMR, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, KEMRI
Region: Zambia, Mozambique, and Malawi
1) Kafue Flats and Upland
2) Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area
3) Zambia/Malawi/Mozambique "Triangle"
4) Liuwa (Zambia/Angola)
Priority Areas (General)
Need a relationship between the producers and government agencies (forum)
Need inter-ministerial relationship, sharing of knowledge, best practices and lessons learned
Anticipate problems to have adequate disaster prevention and management
Need to identify experts and individuals with interest and passion for both wildlife and livestock
Need ecosystem and problem-based research
Rank 1: Kafue Flats and Uplands
(Lessons from 10 years)
Lack of stakeholder organisation and hence lack of communication
Early warning
Stakeholder coordination could have raised the funds required to undertake disease prevention. Expertise was there to handle the problem.
Veterinary Services under the Ministry of Agriculture, Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) under Tourism, and Police Services under Ministry of Home Affairs, but no forum to coordinate government agencies.
Lack of markets contributing to disease problem
Proposal in Ministry of Agriculture to establish an abattoir in Monze. Meat sold in Lusaka and Copper Belt comes from Southern Province, but no value added to local economy, as animals are sold live in these areas. An abattoir is needed to prevent movement of live animals to these areas to reduce disease transmission to these areas. An abattoir would give local people the opportunity to sell their produce directly to the abattoir, cutting out the middlemen and hence increasing income.
Abattoir can be revived if the three stakeholders as per above (i.e., Police Services, Veterinary Services, and ZAWA) come together.
Applied research in livestock sector is there, but lacking at the wildlife/livestock interface, hence there are unsubstantiated accusations of wildlife as the reservoir of diseases. The only research in wildlife is fragmented and serves agricultural/veterinary interests. Work needs to be in the context of the ecosystem to meet the conservation objectives such as community needs, through wildlife-based income enterprises, the revenue of which could be ploughed into veterinary services in the area.
Need to evaluate community perception to develop relevant responses.
Direct benefits from wildlife use are once a year and marginal at individual level; therefore, there is a need to have additional alternative sources from other activities such as cattle rearing.
Local knowledge is important in disease control. For example, cattle that go the flats acquire ticks either on the way to or from the flats and not at the flats.
Cattle from upland move to watering points used by wildlife. Communities snare around these water points.
Need alternative watering points to reduce disease transmission and conflicts
Tick control strategies – burning. Need to understand tick biology and dynamics.
Dipping versus burning
Need tick control and not eradication to maintain the tick-host balance and avoid completely naïve animals that would immediately succumb to the new tick infestation.
Need integrated approach that would combine dipping with immunization
In livestock/wildlife interface will continue to be there.
Coordination should not be led by government but by the producers. Need an agreement for bureaucrats to delegate some of their responsibilities.
Rank 2: Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (also see Working Group A's notes)
Dominance by South Africa
Kruger: a source of diseases such as BTB, FMD, etc.
Mozambique: Lost livestock and wildlife during war, hence need to repopulate
Main rural economic activity is livestock
Marromeu Gorongoza Complex
Many tourism concessions
Lack of in-depth risk analysis before setting up the TFCA. For example, BTB in Kruger could be exported to a new area where there is no capacity to deal with it
Veterinary issues have never been given priority during formulation of TFCA
Veterinary department in Mozambique weak and concentrated on building livestock populations, hence paid little attention to wildlife issues including the TFCA
No practical solution as of yet to BTB issue on both sides (South Africa and Mozambique).
Problem of ecologists' dominance over veterinary advice. For example, BTB problem was first detected in 1990, but ecologists dismissed the issue until it became a serious conservation problem. Only then were veterinarians called on to provide a solution.
Disease (BTB) may threaten the TFCA concept
In areas around the TFCA on the Mozambique side, BTB and anthrax were reported during the war. No outbreak of FMD in the last 10 years. Still have evidence of BTB in cattle.
BTB-infected lions may prefer to kill livestock as they do not have enough energy to hunt.
Rank 3: Zambia-Malawi-Mozambique Triangle
High poverty levels leading to conflicts with wildlife
Appropriately targeted control of diseases that impact development in local communities (ongoing interventions)
Tsetse and trypanosomiasis
African swine fever
Relationship between livestock and wildlife authorities:
a) Potential model
b) Proactive vs. reactive
c) Sleeping sickness: creating a balance for livestock/wildlife leads to fear that eradication of tsetse will lead to increased wildlife poaching
d) Community needs to directly benefit from wildlife resource (holistic approach vs. sectoral)
e) Need to justify why we still need to keep out agricultural expansion from wildlife areas and show that the productivity of these areas will benefit the local communities
f) Links between livelihoods and conservation (balance, institutional boundaries and biases down, incentives, advocacy, monitoring and evidence, enforcement capacity, policy)
g) Designate conservation livelihood areas in the triangle
Existing programs are there to reduce poverty (in Zambia) but are uncoordinated
What lessons can be learned by other two members if possible?
a) Not donor driven
b) Sense of ownership-producer driven
c) Creation of ltd. company
d) Shareholders-local communities
e) Community proactive in minimizing threats on resource base
2. Result has been increased community enthusiasm
Ensuring of markets for the farmers
Little work in Malawi related to parks conservation by communities leaving near the park, but there are programs targeted at poverty reduction aimed at reducing deforestation and addressing the ravages of HIV/AIDS on rural communities.
Conservation farming and product labeling to increase household food security and incomes.
Improved productivity in both livestock and wildlife sector
Improve synergies between sectors, respective values in wildlife and livestock
a) Include harmonious relationship
3. Legal and economic incentives exist to develop households as producers of wildlife and non wildlife products
4. Increased commitment to conserve natural resources at household level
a) Sensitization/education
b) Capacity/skills/training
How do we get to points above?
Markets and skills drive productivity
Zambian model demonstrates result for productivity and conservation
Extension services at community level
a) Animal health
b) Animal husbandry
c) Ongoing
d) Training of trainers
4. Capacity building
Priority Area: Zambia-Malawi-Mozambique Triangle
Project Title: "Improved Wildlife and Livestock Productivity through Market Synergies"
Functional regional market networks in place
Functional extension services in place
Viable and sustainable producer groups in place
Report on alternative markets and production technologies available
Reduced incidence of diseases especially in livestock and people
Priority Area: Kafue Ecosystem
Project Title: "Kafue Integrated Livestock-Wildlife Management System"
Stakeholder forum created
Data on wildlife and livestock diseases available
Strategies for animal husbandry practices developed
Effective and functional intersectoral epidemiosurveillance network in place
Effective and functional community-based animal health delivery system in place
Standards for disease-testing/quarantine for various taxa before and after translocations in southern and East Africa
Vaccines to address the multiple FMD topotypes issue flagged by several speakers and working groups
1Working Group E was formed from Working Group C.
< previous section < index > next section >


text:
Admission: Free
Meeting Place: Park Pavilion
Santa is coming to White Oak Lake. Come out and get your picture with him! We will take the picture and email it to you, or bring your own flash drive or camera. Children are encouraged to come. Small, well-behaved pets are welcome as well.
Explore White Oak Lake State Park with our helpful maps and brochures! Just click on an icon to view, or right-click on your mouse to save a
copy to your computer.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Notice: All Boston.com forums will be retired as of May 31st, 2016 and will not be archived. Thank you for your participation in this community, and we hope you continue to enjoy other content at Boston.com.
Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 5:35 AM ESTSince Kovalchuk, who was the best fit for Boston in my opinion, is not available anymore; it doesn't change the fact that we need more goals, and winger(s) to play with Savard. Check out the total shot on net stat; I like to assume that a winger in the top 100 shot on goal is what we need ( Chara is Boston shot leader at #40 right now, and the top D in the league. Ryder and Sturm are the only other Boston players in the top 100). Possible wingers that could be an option for a Thomas trade ( and more) are:
Sharp @3.9 mil cap hit until 2012
Hornqvist @ RFA after this year
Bobby Ryan @ RFA after this year
ST-Louis @5.250 mil cap hit until 2011
Eriksson @4.266 mil cap until 2016
Penner @4.250 mil cap until 2012
Malone @4.500 mil cap until 2015
Neal @RFA after this year
Boyes @4.500 mil cap hit until 2012
Kariya @UFA after this year
Versteeg @3.066 cap until 2012
These are all wingers that are in teams that could use a proven vezina winning goalie. I think Sharp would be the best option out there, and Chicago really need a decent goalie for the playoff push.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 6:17 AM ESTYeah im sure many teams are dying to sign a 35 year old goalie with diminishing skills and a ludacris contract and give up their young goal scorers to do it. Thomas has a NMC too.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 7:15 AM ESTGet the thought out of your head. The Bruins aren't one signing away from the Cup. If they were, would they be near the basement right now?
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 7:30 AM ESTWide left again, Norwood. There are good teams out there whose biggest concern is uncertain goaltending, and there's another class of teams who need a #1 for a few years while they develop a long-term solution in the nets. Thomas has a Vezina in hand. The Bruins have been reeling, meaning they might make a move to make a move, like dumping an asset like Thomas for well below his value. You might be right re: what comes back - it's probably not Bobby Ryan (and the Ducks just signed Hiller to be their #1, so...) coming back, but the teams that are more interested could compete the price up to James Neal or Patrick Sharp.
But hey, this must be a difficult time of year for you.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 9:21 AM ESTChiarelli doesn't seem like an offer sheet kind of guy. What I can see him doing is drafting a player with a very high skill set and a very high potential, then signing a guy like Paul Kariya to be the stop gap until the prospect is ready (depends on who the prospect is, by some odd chance we get Taylor Hall then he steps in immediately). We're close to the max for our cap, so unless they to manage to move Thomas, Ryder or Wideman (nearly impossible for a straight cap dump, I know) then they won't have much room to make. Despite what some idiots say Thomas does have trade value, but not the value that optimists think. We're not getting a guy like Loui Eriksson or James Neal for Thomas. Nashville will tie up Hornqvist soon, I don't see an offensively deprived team like Nashville leaving their leading scorer up to an offer sheet.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 11:39 AM ESTLMAO! they are alot more than one good goal scorer away from the cup. They had the one good scorer last year and they got smoked in the second round. We need to face the fact that last year they severly overachieved, and this year they are worse because other teams have caught on to the Bruins defensive schemes and tendencies (see Wideman and Chara's results, along with Thomas' GGA). AND they traded their best goal scorere away and didnt fill that void.
They are two or three years away from contending, provided they dont trade away the players they pick in the draft because they ask for minimum wage increases and Jacobs has to raise the price of a hot dog to 26.99 without the bun......28.99 with extras such as the bun and mustard.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 12:38 PM ESTHey slicksteve 38, very funny. But what if I prefer relish & peppers? Will JJ still be able to sign all the draft picks if I cut out the sodas?
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 12:55 PM ESTThat's a lot of money for a hot dog.
I don't think they can get away with that, unless they start brainwashing fans.
...on second thought...
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 1:12 PM ESTI know I am often thought of as a troll, or Boston hater, but dont get me wrong, I am a huge fan of all Boston teams. What I am not a fan of is the uneducated sports fan telling me how it is, or that I am not a true fan because I speak negatively about one of my teams. I said it last year, I will say it again this year...and again until JJ sells this team. The Bruins wont go anywhere, as much as I love them, and at times last year they were so fun to watch, they break my heart every year. I start to love the team, they trade the brightest star, or they do not re-sign them. I watched more good players walk out that door (Jason Allison, Joe Thornton, Billy Guerin, Phil Kessel, etc). I know all teams lose good players from time to time. However why do the Red Wings consistantly end up winning? Same with the Devils?
The Bruins have a good (good not great) year last year, they tease the fans, get us excited...then they trade their best player for a draft pick. They sign horrible contracts to average players. If one more person tells me how Thomas was the best goalie last year...I will throw up. He did well alst year because they defensive scheme in front of him worked. The problem with that scheme is that they didnt do anything to make it better, they made it worse and teams have figured it out.
A simple dump and chase is a problem for this team because Big Z is slow and Thomas doesnt handle the puck well. How many times have you seen sloppy turn overs in the Bruins end this year?
So last year they got away with an average scoring team ( I am aware of the stats, but the eye test says different) because the defense bailed them out. Now, the defense is getting slower, the goalie is getting older, and they score LESS!
So they should be re-building and getting younger, yet they dont have any young studs under 25 on the team. Lucic is a role player....he hits hard, fights hard, and occationally scores an accidental goal. But people on this board think he will be a 30 goal scorer ala number 8. Neely had some speed and hands...Lucic has good hands....good for mashing someone elses head in. Is that worth the contract he signed?
I am like the bitter ex spouse with this team...they constantly let me down the second I get excited about them.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 1:41 PM ESTMy opinion of what the Red Wings and Devils do starts with good drafting and excellent player development (a.k.a. patience), with the occasional good signing or trade to fill in the rest. I don't know about the Devils, but the Red Wings have at least 11 players on their current roster that they drafted and brought up through their system. And the fact that blows me away about the Red Wings is that the highest pick they've had since 1992 is 19th overall. With seven Cups between New Jersey and Detroit since 1995, they've clearly established themselves as organizations that seems to "get it" more than others somehow.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 3:32 PM ESTWith that post above, slicksteve has proven that he is the most astute person on these Bruins boards.
You pretty much spelled out the way I feel also. Although, I really am not sure Jacobs is not trying to have a winner, just that maybe he doesn't know how to hire GM'S and his GM's don't know how to hire coachs and the lot of them don't know how to draft or trade the right players, and when they do they can't seem to build a solid team around them.
It seems almost like when they have a season like 08-09 when things are looking better they can't make the hard, tough choices to make sure it doesn't fall apart....as it seems to be doing right now.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/8/2010 3:41 PM ESTJust as an FYI there's now a salary cap in hockey. I don't like Jacobs at all but you now can't blame him for a bad team since the cap was put in place, or a cup drought during this post cap era. Before the cap, yes absolutely the team on the ice and the drought represted him being cheap. Him being cheap on personell now is no longer an issue, so you can't say "as long as he's the owner they will never win", he allows PC to spend to the cap. If there's anybody to blame in regards to personell moves it's now the GM (PC), which I am not blaming PC on this years result so far. Where jacobs can go to hell on is the price gouging on concessions and ticket prices. It's defintely all Jacobs on that and for that he's a horrible owner. I understand supply and demand and the whole purpose for wealthy people to purchase a franshise is to make money but give it a little bit of a break. One really good year and gouch the prices? You would think the Celtics paying him rent and anything else that comes into the Garden would satisfy his greed and he wouldn't try to gouge on his team he owns. Jacobs also owns the Garden and the Celtics pay him rent to play there on top of all the concessions he makes for Celtics games and then all the other shows and whatnot that come into the Garden.
This post has been removed.
Re: Current Bruins plus Goal Scorer : Stanley Cup to BeanTown
posted at 2/9/2010 11:26 AM ESTI understand all about the cap. However the development staff and GM, and coaches down in Providence, etc dont count agains the cap. The bottom line is PC was the cheapest option for JJ because PC didnt have any other offers pending. Jacobs is cheap in every other aspect of the teams development, and it shows. He is the one who pushed so hard for a salary cap. Now he can sit back and say he is spending up to the cap, and doing all he can do to put a winning tem on the ice. Their scouts stink, their Providence coaches concentrate more on winning games than they do developing players. No potential GM even considered interviewing for the Bruins job because they knew what Jacobs would offer them. So yes, they spend up to the cap...as does almost every other team in the league. Now they need to bring in people who dont offer outrageous contracts to guys like Lucic and Krejci. There is spending, and then there is spending wisely. They had to offer Chara more than his worth in order to draw him to this team, and now they will pay for it as his prime years fade away. Now they will waste Savards prime years with more draft picks. By the time those picks are NHL ready, Savards contract will end, and he will be on the downside of his career as well. They need to either blow it all up, or go for it. You cant do things half way. When the Savard and Chara contracts end, no one will want to come here because they will still be a developing team. Thus the cycle continues. Stupid owners=bad personel moves=bad contracts=bad teams=Bruins.


text:
- IndiaArtsFunding via People's Forum
Shailbala's...IndiaArtsFunding via People's Forum
Rajalakshmi...IndiaHousingFunding via Milaap
Kiuliang Group
Geeta is a mother to a son and a daughter. She lives with her parent-in-law and her husband. Her husband, Mazatpou, 32 years old, is a cultivator by profession. Her 8-year-old son goes to school at the nearby village, which is about 3 km in distance. The family's main source of income is through her weaving of traditional shawls and wrap-around skirts for ladies.
Her husband's banana farm could never be of much significance in terms of profit calculation. Geeta said, "I have never had the chance to complete my higher education because my parents were too poor. Thanks to my mother, who taught me how to weave, today I can at least provide food and clothing to my new family through weaving. Every day before I sleep, I pray for my mother's blessing so that I may weave enough to support my children to complete their higher education."
She has been weaving using the back strap, which in the long run causes back problems. With the loan of INR 10,000 and with some of her savings, she plans to purchase one hand loom (a simple machine to weave) and employ two more to assist her in order to meet the high demand for her products.
The rest of the group members are mostly on the wrong side of their 60's but still working very hard in order to survive. Most of them are abandoned parents. The group's plan is that the older one will invest together on ginger plantation.
Additional Information
More information about this loan
This loan is part of WSDS's effort to reach some of the most underserved parts of India's troubled northeast region, where there is very poor penetration of both formal and informal financial services. By supporting this loan, you are enabling access to finance for women living in some of India's most remote areas.
Important note about this loanDue to Indian government regulations, if you fund this loan, you will not be repaid for at least 3 years. This borrower will likely repay your loan much sooner than that, in which case, the Field Partner may re-loan your funds to help other local borrowers. We want you to be aware of this minimum 3-year waiting period and the associated risks before making a loan to Indian borrowers on Kiva. Learn More >
About WSDS-Initiate
WSDS-Initiate is an inclusive nonprofit that works with women across all tribes and minority communities in Manipur, located in the remote northeast region of India. Most organizations concentrate their work in the plains region of Manipur, but WSDS is among the very few organizations serving women in the isolated hills. Political unrest and frequent economic blockades in the area make it very difficult to provide services, resulting in Manipur having the lowest penetration of financial services in the country.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About India
91View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 43 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- At end of term
- Disbursed:
- Nov 20, 2012
- Listed
- Nov 10, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Apr 7, 2016


text:
Lot 178 View Catalog
Charlie's "DS" ring. This ring, bearing the initials, "DS," was worn by Charlie on his right hand middle finger and is a Pace family heirloom. It bears the initials of Dexter Stratton, Charlie's great-grandfather. The ring was passed down to Charlie's brother, Liam, and he named their band, "Drive Shaft," after the initials on the ring. Liam, however, gives the ring to Charlie, deeming him more of a family man with a greater likelihood of passing the ring along to an heir. Charlie wore the ring for the 91 days he survived on the Island, and it is featured prevalently in the episode, "Greatest Hits."
Sign In to see what this sold for
|$1,000 – $1,500
|Starting Bid
Your maximum bid will remain private.


text:
Aisha Barnes
Term Instructor
Aisha Barnes teaches primarily general education literature and writing courses, as well as World Literature and Creative Writing. Her background is in literary studies, and curriculum and instruction. Aisha is currently the coordinator and advisor for the undergraduate creative writing minor.
She has received several grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities in poetry, and her graduate work in curriculum and instruction focused primarily on curriculum decision-making in literary studies, and the impact of new curriculum theory and pedagogy on teacher practices and decision-making.Aisha is a consultant for the College Board assessing The Advance Placement Literature, Praxis, and TOEIC exams. Her conference presentations have included papers on teaching poetry, young adult literature, and alternate literacies.
B.A. The Evergreen State College
M.A. (English) Claremont Graduate School
Ph.D. (ABD) (Curriculum and Instruction) University of Iowa
Teaching Responsibilities
Introduction to Creative Writing, Introduction to Literature, Masterpieces of World Literature, Composition, and Writing About Literature
Professional and Departmental Service
Coordinator & Advisor of the Creative Writing &Literary Arts Minor


text:
1 of 24
Posted by ccoleman on 05/27/2014 3:23pm MDT tags: Photo
Denver Nuggets Danilo Gallinari goes through a rigorous workout May 27, 2014 at Pepsi Center. Gallinari is rehabilitating his knee, which he injured during a game against the Mavericks on April 4, 2013. He had surgery to reconstruct an ACL tear on January 21, 2014 by Dr. Steve Traina. Gallinari spends most of his day rehabilitating at the team facility with Steve Hess. (Photos by John Leyba/The Denver Post) Follow @Presto89
Previous Post
Next Post


text:
Deze rugzak voor een spiegelreflexcamera combineert gebruiksgemak en stijl met verstelbare en uitneembare opbergvakken en strakke lijnen. Draag alles - spiegelreflexcamera, lenzen, flitser en laptop - eenvoudig mee op uw rug.
Gevoerde tussenschotten die verstelbaar zijn, zodat extra lenzen of camerabody's erin passen.
Zorgt ervoor dat overtollige schouderriem opgerold, op zijn plaats blijft en niet in de weg zit nadat u uw schouderriem op de juiste lengte hebt versteld.
Bevestig uw statief aan de buitenkant van de cameratas en zet deze vast met een verstelbare gesp.
Past precies om de tas om deze te beschermen tegen de elementen en kan opgerold worden bewaard in het bijbehorende zakje.
(based on 9 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Reviewed by 9 customers
Sort by
Displaying reviews 1-9
Back to top
Good product for lots of equipment.
By BT Video
from Phoenix, AZ
Best Uses
I am using this product for a single DSLR with two lenses, a shotgun mic, 2 lapel mics and some small audio recording equipment. All the small equipment and camera fits nicely in the main body with a bit more room for expansion. The front pockets are a good size but I would have liked them to be a little deeper to accommodate some long audio cables. Overall a good, quality bag with lots of room.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
(6 of 12 customers found this review helpful)
Awesome looking backpack. ...
By JOEFFREY
from Bayside, NY
Awesome looking backpack. Stealthy!!! Most people don't know you are carrying a camera inside this bag.
(9 of 19 customers found this review helpful)
Exactly what I was ...
By DONNELLE
from Ripon, CA
Exactly what I was looking for!Secure, accessible, nice looking.
(8 of 30 customers found this review helpful)
After years of lugging my ...
By JIM
from Reno, NV
After years of lugging my camera equipment around at sporting events in a bulky camera bag, I decided to look into a backpack. After comparing several makes and models, this one filled all my needs. I have not used it in "the field" yet, but I have no doubts that it will be perfect.
(7 of 20 customers found this review helpful)
the only change i see ...
By GREGORY E
from Pine, AZ
the only change i see needed is to be ancor the giding to the 'floor'
(2 of 13 customers found this review helpful)
The product is as stated ...
By BILL
from Moraga, CA
The product is as stated and should last for a number of years. I have not used it that much so I really do not want to voice an oppinion at this time.Thank you
(10 of 35 customers found this review helpful)
Great bag to store ...
By GLENN
from Cleveland, OH
Great bag to store multiple cameras, plus have them ready to go when it's time. Well put together and high quality.
(13 of 37 customers found this review helpful)
This is an extremely user ...
By JOANN
from EAST NORTHPORT, NY
This is an extremely user friendly backpack. It is easy to access my camera and lenses without a problem. The only drawback is that two of my lenses are a little longer than the depth of the backpack so I had to reformat the back to lie the lenses down. Other than that its great.
(7 of 18 customers found this review helpful)
This is an excellent bag ...
By HEATH
from Old Bridge, NJ
This is an excellent bag my only issue could be whether it holds up. It is a lightweight backopack for my DSLR shooting assignments and I shoot several events a day almost 6 days a week. My concern is whether it will hold up for an extended length of time at least a year. So far it has taken the daily abuse and has held up fantasticly but time will tell.


text:
Key things you need to know aboutDr. Colon:
Dr. Colon's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Colon's Specialties
- Pain Medicine
- View all 2 Specialties
Procedures Dr. Colon Performs
- Epidural Block, Facet Blocks
- Myofascial Trigger Point Injection
- See all 9 procedures
More About Dr. Colon's Background
Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- Medical Center of Trinity
- 9330 State Road 54
- Trinity, FL 34655
- Bayfront Health Dade City
- 13100 Fort King Rd
- Dade City, FL 33525
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 87.4% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Colon
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Colon to family and friends is 3.1 out of 5 5 1 35
See More Survey Results
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Accepting new patients?
- Yes
- Invasive Pain Management
- Invasive Pain Management
- 8819 River Crossing Blvd
- New Port Richey, FL 34655
- (727) 834-8833
- Directions
- Prepare for Your Appointment
- Invasive Pain Management
- 36739 State Road 52 Ste 102
- Dade City, FL 33525
- (352) 567-4117
- Directions
- Prepare for Your Appointment
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
Oops, you entered a bad link for Dr. Colon!
The link you entered contains bad characters or identifiers. Please enter the link exactly as it appears in your email or text message.
Thank You
This confirms that we have received your survey about Dr. Colon. Please note: Your insights will help other patients make informed decisions. Please note: it may take 1 business day for your survey response to appear.
Thank You
Our records show that you have already confirmed your survey for Dr. Colon. Please note: it takes 24 hours for your survey results to show up on the doctor's profile.


text:
3c Sports Village offers 2/3/4 bedroom apartments
3c Sports Village Prime Features:
7 minute drive from Sector 36 Metro Station
10 minutes away from DND Flyway
10 minutes away from sector 18
Next to proposed Metro Station
2 minutes away from Lotus Boulevard sec 100.
A lifestyle that keeps you sporty
A location that keeps you in the heart of Noida
This 3c project is located at very prime location Sector 78 & 79 Noida. It offers world class infrastructure and various types of amenities like as International standard academies for Golf, Cricket, Boxing, Badminton, Lawn Tennis, Swimming Pool, Athletics, hockey, Football, Squash with insulated walls and insulated roofs which reduce heat by up to 60%. The 3c builder is developing 2, 3 and 4-bedroom apartments & the sizes of the apartments vary between 1,100 sq ft and 2,600 sq ft. with a range of 3500/- . And the best part of this project is that it is Next to proposed metro station and 10 min drives from DND fly way.
The 3C Company is a pioneer in conceiving and executing Green Developments in Delhi and NCR. With the prime focus on delivering state of the art energy efficient buildings the group has already delivered over 12 Million Sq. Ft. of niche developments and is presently working on projects worth over Rs. 15000/- Crores. The 3C Company is the only team in Asia which has to its credit Three PLATINUM Rated & Two GOLD rated LEED CERTIFIED GREEN BUILDINGS by USGBC (United States Green Building Council).
The 3C Company brings together the unparalleled occurrence of three nationally acclaimed professionals from the fields of Architecture - Mr. Vidur Bharadwaj, Construction - Mr. Surpreet Suri and Development - Mr. Nirmal Singh. It was their far sightedness that has led them to be pioneers of environment friendly creations. Led by these three highly qualified and experienced specialists is a team of 400 professionals working towards the cause of reducing the carbon footprint on the earth.
The 3C Company has already set very high standards and created benchmarks in the concept of GREEN CONSTRUCTION for others to follow. The company has been creating buildings that are truly sustainable in form, function and use. These sustainable developments not only use far less natural resources and energy in the process they are built but are also more durable and require less maintenance.
Allcheckdeals.com is Indias first and only online brokerage for Real Estate its offers 3c Sports Village original booking with best prices. For more details call 9999998662


text:
- CambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
Khom GroupCambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
Nay GroupCambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
Sin's Group
Sin and her husband are farmers who own a plot of land that they use to cultivate rice, peanut and taro. They work very hard to support their family. Sin will use this loan to buy rice seed, fertilizer and pesticide to support her crop. They have three children, one is a security guard in a hotel and the other two are students.
Additional Information
About AMKAngkor Microfinance Kampuchea (AMK) is a leading microfinance institution in Cambodia with a wide reach of operations. AMK works with over 6,000 villages and serves clients in every Cambodian province. With an average loan size of US$115, AMK's focus is to provide credit and savings products to the very poor in rural areas. For more information, please visit AMK's website.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Cambodia
110View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 14 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Aug 25, 2010
- Listed
- Oct 1, 2010
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Sep 1, 2011


text:
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diseases
- Drugs
- More
- Try building your search one term at a time, and be as specific as you can! Search term example: "chronic cough".
- Do not enter multiple findings such as "anemia, chronic cough, weight loss, vomiting" all at the same time.
- After selecting your term from the search results a list of possible diagnoses will be generated. If the list is too long, you will be able to narrow it down by entering additional terms.
- Do not enter values such as "heart rhythm 110" or "sodium 125", instead use "tachycardia" or "hyponatremia".
Sign-in (or register) to check out the new features we've just launched!
Differential Diagnosis For Family history/Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Available only to registered users.
- Suggest
- 1 possible diagnoses found
- Usage, Degenerative, Necrosis, Age Related Disorders
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Synonyms
- ALS, ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), ALS Amyotroph lat sclerosis, ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (disorder), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Progressive Muscular Atrophy, amyotrophy lateral sclerosis, Bulbar motor neuron disease, creeping palsy, Family history, Gehrig Disease, GEHRIGS DIS, Gehrigs Disease, Gehrig's Disease, Lateral Scleroses Amyotrophic, lateral sclerosis amyotrophy, LOU GEHRIG DIS, LOU GEHRIG DISEASE, LOU GEHRIGS DIS, Lou Gehrigs Disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, MOTOR NEURON DIS AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS, Motor Neuron Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Motor neuron disease bulbar, palsy creeping, Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral, sclerosis spinal lateral (amyotrophic), spinal sclerosis lateral (amyotrophic)
- External Links Related to Family history/Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Wikipedia
- Merck
- Images
- PubMed (National Library of Medicine)
- NGC (National Guideline Clearinghouse)
- Medscape (eMedicine)
- Harrison's Online (accessmedicine)
- NEJM (The New England Journal of Medicine)


text:
The audio upgrade requires the replacement of key components in the audio signal path. The end result is that the overall sound quality has better clarity. Consonants like c's, k's, q's have improved definition which improves intelligibility. Full instructions are included.
Please Note: This upgrade is not difficult to install, however this should not be the first time using a soldering iron. If you feel uncomfortable about the installation, or cannot find a qualified technician to install the upgrade, then we suggest you send the receiver to Kiwa for installation.
ATS909/DX398 Audio Upgrade $22.00
Shipping and Handling within North America $3.00
Tuning Knob Upgrade $25.00
LED Replacement
LED Replacement
Kiwa can replace the color of the LCD backlighting LED's. We offer yellow, amber, blue and white. The blue LED's are probably the best looking, while the white LED's are the brightest.
LED Replacement $18.00
For more information regarding Kiwa Audio Upgrades - please see Kiwa Audio Upgrades - A Brief History
Kiwa offers the following Performance Upgrades for one package price of $60.00. Savings equals $5.00. (Price does not include return shipping.)
Audio Upgrade $40.00
Tuning Knob Upgrade $25.00
**Speaker Replacement** If the volume of your receiver is low and the audio distorted with a crackling or buzzing type sound, the speaker needs to be replaced. Over the years we have supplied thousands of these speakers to replace defective speakers. Our main distributor no longer carries this specific size speaker. However, we have been able to purchase a limited quantity of replacement speakers from a different source. These speakers are manufactured from a different company than the original and have the same basic specifications.
DX398 / ASTS909 Replacement Speaker $8
Shipping within the USA $7
Kiwa installation of the replacement speaker (includes the cost of the speaker but not return shipping of the receiver) $20


text:
Former Oklahoma pharmacist wants murder conviction overturned
A former pharmacist convicted of murder complained Monday in an appeal that he did not get a fair trial because his lead attorney botched his defense.
Jerome Jay Ersland, 60, is serving a life term in prison.
"There is no doubt that this was ineffective assistance of counsel, probably the most egregious example of it that we have ever seen," said a major Ersland supporter, state Sen. Ralph Shortey, R-Oklahoma City.
The former lead attorney, Irven Box, said he and the three other attorneys involved in the 2011 trial did their best with a difficult client.
"There's not one thing we would have done different in defending him," Box said.
An Oklahoma County jury found Ersland guilty of first-degree murder for fatally shooting a wounded robber inside an Oklahoma City pharmacy in 2009. Jurors rejected his claim that he was defending himself and two female employees.
His new attorney filed a 26-page brief Monday asking the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals to overturn that murder conviction.
The new attorney, Doug Friesen, accuses Box of a series of failures in the handing of the case.
"I am simply saying, under these sets of facts, I do not believe Jerome got a fair trial," Friesen said at a news conference.
Friesen wrote in the brief, "Here, trial counsel's ineffectiveness began as a belief that he could not lose this case and devolved into his failure to thoroughly investigate the facts and circumstances underlying" Ersland's criminal charge.
A key issue in the appeal is whether Box told his client District Attorney David Prater had been willing to possibly work out something along the lines of a manslaughter plea deal.
In an affidavit signed last week, Ersland wrote: "Irven Box never conveyed to me there was a possibility of anything other than trial."
Box disputed that Monday, saying he twice told his client prosecutors had talked of negotiating to a sentence of "double-digit" years. Box said Ersland wasn't interested in a plea that included a felony conviction because he wanted to keep his pharmacy license.
Box, who was fired in April, said Friesen obviously based the appeal on Ersland's lies.
"The four of us together had 80 years-plus experience," Box said of the trial team. "Our strategy was that the videotape of the shooting and the robbery and the two women testifying he was their hero should have caused a jury to acquit him."
Ersland can be seen on surveillance recordings fatally shooting the robber, Antwun Parker, 16, inside the Reliable Discount Pharmacy.
Parker and a friend, Jevontai Ingram, then 14, went into the drugstore in south Oklahoma City near closing time May 19, 2009, at the urging of two men. The men gave Ingram a gun, according to testimony in the criminal case. Parker was unarmed.
Ersland shot Parker once in the head as the boy pulled on a mask inside the store, surveillance recordings show. He then chased after Ingram, who ran outside. He then came back inside the store, got a second gun and shot Parker five more times.
Ersland admitted to the shooting but gave statements about what happened that did not match what can be seen on the surveillance recordings.
Prosecutors at his trial contended he went too far when he shot Parker again because the unarmed robber by then was unconscious from the head wound and not moving on the floor.
At the time of the shooting, Ersland was a pharmacist employed at the store. His license expired last year after he went to prison.
Since his conviction in May 2011, his supporters have gathered 33,628 signatures on petitions that call the verdict an outrage. Supporters delivered the latest batch of petitions to Gov. Mary Fallin's office Monday.


text: Today morning, I found that this whitesmoke translator is on my computer. My AVG software trapped it like malware. I propel it to the vault. I then observed there are two fresh icons on the desktop therefore I tried to uninstall the whitesmoke translator from my computer but it terminates uninstalling an then the program again get installed. Now I am not able to start the services after that. Please tell me that how can I make my system working.