text:
|Numķro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numķro de demande
|Date de publication
|26 juin 2007
|Date de dķp¶t
|18 oct. 2002
|Date de prioritķ
|18 oct. 2002
|╔tat de paiement des frais
|Autre rķfķrence de publication
|Numķro de publication
|Deon S. Anex, Phillip H. Paul, David W. Neyer
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Eksigent Technologies, Llc
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (108), Citations hors brevets (58), Rķfķrencķ par (38), Classifications (17), ╔vķnements juridiques (4)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
Electrokinetic flow devices in the prior art employ simple wire or wire mesh electrodes immersed in a fluid. In these prior art devices, gas produced by current flowing through the electrodes must be vented and pH evolution must be tolerated. Therefore, the conductivity of the fluid and hence, the flow rate of the fluid, are limited in order to limit the amount of gas produced and the rate of pH evolution. Some prior art ignores the pH evolution. Moreover, since gas is produced and must be vented, these prior art flow devices cannot operate for extended periods of time in a closed system.
Others, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,923,426; 3,544,237; 2,615,940; 2,644,900; 2,644,902; 2,661,430; 3,143,691; and 3,427,978, teach mitigation of irreversible pH evolution by using a low conductivity fluid so as to draw as little current as possible. Hence, these prior art devices are only successful when operating for a limited amount of time or when operating at a low current and, hence, low flow rate, e.g., 0.1 mL/min.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,426 teaches periodic switching of the polarity of the electrodes to prolong the life of an electrokinetic flow device.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an electrokinetic pump that is capable of extended operation in a closed system without producing significant gaseous by-products and without significant evolution of the fluid in the pump ("pump fluid").
Further, and more specifically, there is a need in the art for a high flow rate (e.g. greater than 1 ml/min) electrokinetic pump, and a low flow rate (e.g. in the range of about 25 nL/min to 100 microliters/min) electrokinetic pump that is capable of extended operation (i.e. multiple days to greater than multiple weeks) in a closed system without producing gaseous by-products and without significant evolution of the fluid in the pump.
The present invention provides an electrokinetic device capable of achieving high as well as low flow rates in a closed system without significant evolution of the pump fluid.
The electrokinetic device comprises a pair of electrodes capable of having a voltage drop therebetween and a porous dielectric material between the electrodes. The electrodes are made of a capacitive material having a capacitance of at least 10−4 Farads/cm2 or, more preferably, 10−2 Farads/cm2.
The electrodes preferably are comprised of carbon paper impregnated with carbon aerogel or comprised of a carbon aerogel foam. The porous dielectric material can be organic (e.g. a polymer membrane) or inorganic (e.g. a sintered ceramic). The entire electrokinetic device can be laminated.
The capacitance of the electrodes is preferably charged prior to the occurrence of Faradaic processes in the pump fluid. A method of using the electrokinetic devices comprises the steps of: applying a positive current to the electrodes, thereby charging the capacitance of the electrodes; and applying a negative current to the electrodes, thereby charging the capacitance to the opposite polarity.
The capacitance of the electrodes can be that associated with the electrochemical double-layer at the electrode-liquid interface.
Alternatively, the electrodes can be made of a pseudocapacitive material having a capacitance of at least 10−4 Farads/cm2. For example, the pseudocapacitive material can be a substantially solid redox material, such as ruthenium oxide.
There can be a spacer between the porous dielectric material and the electrodes. The spacer can minimize undesirable effects associated with electrode roughness or irregularities. An electrode-support material can sandwich the electrodes and the porous dielectric material, so that when there is a current flux on the electrodes it is uniform. The flow resistance of the spacer, the support material, and electrodes can be less than that of the porous dielectric material.
The embodiments of pumps described thus far may be included in various pump systems described herein.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
Double-layer capacitance—capacitance associated with charging of the electrical double layer at an electrode—liquid interface.
Pseudocapacitance—capacitance associated with an electrochemical oxidation or reduction in which the electrochemical potential depends on the extent of conversion of the electrochemically active species. It is often associated with surface processes. Examples of systems exhibiting pseudocapacitance include hydrous oxides (e.g. ruthenium oxide), intercalation of Li ions into a host material, conducting polymers and hydrogen underpotential deposition on metals.
Faradaic process—oxidation or reduction of a bulk material having an electrochemical potential that is (ideally) constant with extent of conversion.
Capacitance per area—the capacitance of an electrode material per unit of surface geometric area (i.e. the surface area calculated from the nominal dimensions of the material), having units Farads/cm2. The geometric area is distinguished from the microscopic surface area. For example, a 1 cm by 1 cm square of aerogel-impregnated carbon paper has a geometric area of 1 cm2, but its microscopic area is much higher. For paper 0.25 mm thick the microscopic area is in excess of 1000 cm.
Capacitive electrodes—electrodes made from a material having a double-layer capacitance per area, pseudocapacitance per area, or a combination of the two of at least 10−4 Farads/cm2 and more preferably, at least 10−2 Farads/cm2.
Pseudocapacitive electrodes—electrodes made from a material having a capacitance of at least 10−4 Farads/cm2 resulting primarily from pseudocapacitance.
The present invention is directed to an electrokinetic device capable of achieving high as well as low flow rates in a closed system without significant evolution of the pump fluid. This invention is directed to electrokinetic pumps having a porous dielectric material between a pair of electrodes that provide for conversion of electronic conduction (external to the pump) to ionic conduction (internal to the pump) at the electrode-fluid interface without significant solvent electrolysis, e.g., hydrolysis in aqueous media, and the resultant generation of gas. The electrodes also work well in non-aqueous systems. For example, pumps embodying the invention can be used to pump a propylene carbonate solvent with an appropriate electrolyte, such as tetra(alkyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborate. Through the controlled release and uptake of ions in the pump fluid, the electrodes are designed to evolve the pump fluid in a controlled fashion.
With reference to
Preferably electrical leads 108 are placed in contact with outside surfaces of the electrodes 104 a and 104 b. The porous dielectric material 102, electrodes 104 a and 104 b and the leads 108 can be sandwiched between supports 110, each having a hole 112 so that the pump fluid can flow through the porous dielectric material 102 and the electrodes 104 a and 104 b. The supports 110 help to maintain the planarity of the pump 100. Maintaining the planarity of the pump 100 helps to maintain a uniform current flux on the electrodes 104 a and 104 b.
The pump 100 is preferably laminated using a bonding material 116 so that the pump and its lamination forms an integrated assembly that may be in the form of a chip-like assembly as described in U.S. patent application entitled Laminated Flow Device invented by Phillip H. Paul, David W. Neyer, and Jason E. Rehm, filed on Jul. 17, 2002, Ser. No. 10/198,223, and incorporated herein by reference. Pump 200 illustrated in
A spacer 214, shown in
In the preferred embodiment, over 85% of the voltage drop between the electrodes 104 a and 104 b appears across the porous dielectric material 102. To this end, it is preferable that the electrical resistances of the spacers 214 are much less than that of the porous dielectric materials 102.
In the preferred embodiment, there is minimal pressure loss due to flow through the spacers 214, the electrodes 104 a and 104 b, and the electrode-supports 210. To this end, it is preferable that: the flow resistances of the electrode-supports 210 and the electrodes 104 a and 104 b are much less than that of the spacers 214, and the flow resistances of the spacers are much less than that of the porous dielectric material 102. This can be accomplished by a careful selection of the pore size of each element.
For example, in
As a specific example, if the porous dielectric material to has 0.2 micron pores, a formation factor of 3 and a thickness of 1 mm; the spacers have 3 micron pores, a formation factor of 2 and a thickness of 0.1 mm; the electrodes have 20 micron pores, a formation factor of 3 and a thickness of 2 mm; and the supports have 1 mm pores, a formation factor of 1.2 and a thickness of 3 mm, then the voltage drop across the porous dielectric material is then 88% of the total applied voltage and the flow conductances (i.e. the inverse of the flow resistance) of the porous dielectric, the spacer, the electrode and the support are then about 0.02, 63, 94 and 3900 ml per minute per psi per square cm, respectively.
The diameter of the faces of the pumps 100 and 200, which pump fluid can flow through, are each larger than the thicknesses of the respective pumps so that both pumps resemble a coin, with the flow through the face, as opposed to most low-flow-rate and/or high-pressure designs that are more rod-like with the flow along a longitudinal axis. Pumps embodying the invention do not have to have cylindrical symmetry, but can have any shape.
The area of the pumps 100 and 200 through which fluid can flow is selected to meet flow rate requirements. For example: a pump running at about 3V can achieve an open-load flowrate of about 1.2 mL/min per cm2 thus an open-load flowrate of 10 mL/min can be achieved with a pump having an area of about 8.8 cm2. The same flow rate can be achieved by running in parallel multiple pumps having smaller areas.
A compact parallel multiple element pump 300 is shown in
The supports 110 can be formed of any material known in the art that provides sufficient mechanical strength and dielectric strength, such as: polyetherimide (PEI, known by the brand name Ultem), polyethersulfone (PES, known by the brand name Victrex), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, known by the brand name Dacron).
The electrode-supports 210 can be a 3-mm thick honeycomb having 1 mm cells, 50-micron cell wall thickness, and a 92% open area, i.e., 92% of the total area of the electrode-support is open, for example.
The type, cell size, and thickness of the electrode-supports 210 are preferably selected to provide the mechanical strength to maintain the necessary degree of planarity of the pump. It is preferable that any flow-induced flexure of the electrodes (and similar flexure of the pump medium sandwiched between the electrodes) be limited to some small fraction (preferably less than ten percent) of the displacement of the liquid per one-half cycle. For example: a pump running at 15 mL/min, with an oscillatory cycle time of 8 seconds and an area of about 12 cm2, gives a liquid displacement of about 0.8 mm per one-half cycle. In this example, it is preferable that the electrodes be supported in a fashion to limit any electrode flexure to less than 0.08 mm.
Preferably, the electrical contacts to the electrodes are formed from a metal, preferably platinum, that is electrochemically stable (i.e. not subject to redox reactions) under the electrochemical conditions encountered within the pump liquid environment. The electrical contacts may be in the form of a wire lead that may also serve as a flying lead, or a foil or as a thin layer deposited on an insulating support. Flying leads that are connected to the electrode contacting leads and do not contact the liquid may be of any type common in electrical components and wiring.
The spacer 214 can be formed of any large pore dielectric material, such as acrylic copolymer foam membrane or polypropylene. Preferably the thickness of the spacer 214 is as small as possible but greater than one half of the scale of any irregularities in the electrodes 104 a and 104 b, e.g. slightly thicker than one half of the wire diameter for a wire mesh electrode. For example, the spacer can have 5-10 micron pores, a formation factor of 1.7 and a 50 micron thickness.
Preferably 25% and, more preferably 50% of the total area of the electrodes 104 a and 104 b is open and the electrodes have a flow through design that covers an entire face of the porous dielectric material 102 and a geometric structure that provides good fluid exchange at all the current carrying surfaces to facilitate the replenishment of the ions at the electrodes. In the flow-through design the electrode geometric area preferably matches the geometric area of the pump medium. For example, in a case where the pump medium has a disc of diameter 13 mm, electrodes with 11 mm diameters have been used. Further, the electrodes 104 a and 104 b are preferably free of sharp edges and points so as to support without puncturing the porous dielectric material 102 and to provide a uniform current flux. The electrodes can be in the form of carbon paper, carbon foam, perforated plates, porous frits, porous membranes, or wire mesh, for example.
The electrodes 104 a and 104 b preferably are made from a material having a double-layer capacitance of at least 10−4 Farads/cm2, more preferably, at least 10−2 Farads/cm2, as these electrodes can function with a wide range of pump fluids, i.e., any fluid having a pH value and an ionic content compatible with the porous dielectric material 104, whereas pseudocapacitive electrodes can function with a limited range of pump fluids as they need to be supplied reactants in order to avoid electrolysis of the pump fluid.
Carbon paper impregnated with carbon aerogel is the most preferable electrode material as it has a substantial double-layer capacitance and is free of sharp edges and points. The high capacitance of this material arises from its large microscopic surface area for a given geometric surface area. At high currents, (e.g. 1 mA per square cm) the double layer capacitance is about 10 mF/cm2 and at low currents, (e.g. 1 microamp per square cm) the double-layer capacitance is about 1 F/cm2.
Many other forms of carbon also have very large microscopic surface areas for a given geometric surface area and hence exhibit high double-layer capacitance. For example, carbon mesh, carbon fiber (e.g., pyrolized poly(acrylonitrile) or cellulose fiber), carbon black and carbon nanotubes all have significant double layer capacitance. Capacitive electrodes can be formed of materials other than carbon, even though carbon is preferred as it is an inert element and therefore reactions are slow when the voltage applied to the electrodes accidentally exceeds the electrolysis threshold. Capacitive electrodes can be formed of any conductor having a high microscopic surface area, such as sintered metal.
When pseudocapacitive electrodes are used, the electrode chemistry is arranged to minimize any irreversible electro-chemical reactions that might alter the pump fluid and provide for conversion from electronic conduction to ionic conduction at the electrode-fluid interface, so that gaseous products are not produced and irreversible alteration of the pump fluid or electrode materials are not involved. This is accomplished by limiting the rate of unwanted chemical reactions at the electrodes 104 a and 104 b by careful optimization of the combination of: the pump fluid, electrode material, the porous dielectric material 102, physical geometry of the pump, the applied potential, and the current flux density at the electrodes 104 a and 104 b.
Examples of possible pseudocapacitive electrode-fluid combinations include:
1. Electrode Material or Coating that Represents a Solid Redox Couple
This can be iridium-, vanadium-, or ruthenium-oxides. These oxides are relatively insoluble in water and many other solvents. Advantage is taken of the multiple oxidation states of the metals but the redox reaction takes place in the solid phase and the charge can be carried as OH− or H+ ions in the fluid.
2. A Solid Redox Host Material that Dispenses or Inserts a Soluble Ion
This is commonly termed de-intercalation and intercalation, respectively. For example, Li+ ions may be inserted into solids like titanium, molybdenum di-sulfides, certain polymers or carbon. Redox reactions in the solid results in dispensing or uptake of the Li+ ions to or from the fluid. These ions are stable when stored in the solid and solids with intercalated ions are stable when exposed to the transport fluid, although some are reactive with H2O.
Porous Dielectric Materials
Preferably, inorganic porous dielectric materials are used and more preferably, Anopore« membranes, are employed as the porous dielectric pump material 102 in order to provide both a thin pump (e.g. 60 to 2000 microns), and therefore low drive voltage, and narrow pore size distribution, as well as the capability to have both positive and negative zeta potentials. A narrow pore size distribution is desirable as it makes the pump 100 more efficient. Large pores cause the pump 100 to have reduced pressure performance and pores that are too narrow cause increased charge layer overlap, which decreases the flow rate. Anapore« membranes are composed of a high purity alumina that is highly porous, where the pores are in the form of a substantially close-packed hexagonal array with a pore diameter of approximately 200 nm. Alternatively, packed silica beads or organic materials can be used as the porous dielectric material 102. Whatever material is used, the pores preferably have a diameter in the range of 50-500 nm because it is desirable that the pores be as small as possible to achieve high pump stall pressure but still be large enough to avoid substantial double-layer overlap.
Additives to the fluid that provide polyvalent ions having a charge sign opposite to that of the zeta potential of the porous dielectric material are preferably avoided. For example, when the porous dielectric material 102 is comprised of a positive zeta potential material, phosphates, borates and citrates preferably are avoided. For a negative zeta potential material, barium and calcium preferably are avoided.
Use of Electrokinetic Pumps Embodying the Invention
The desired strategy is to apply a current to the electrodes 104 a and 104 b to produce a desired flow rate while charging the double-layer capacitance of the electrodes during the first half of the pump cycle. The polarity of the applied field is then changed before Faradaic processes begin, thereby discharging the double-layer capacitance of the electrodes 104 a and 104 b and then recharging the electrodes with the opposite polarity causing the pump fluid to flow in the opposite direction during the second half of the pump cycle. This alternation of polarity is referred to here as "AC" operation.
For example, an applied current (I) of 1 mA and a capacitance (C) of 0.3 F results in a voltage rise (dV/dt) of 3.3 mV/sec. At this rate it takes about 5 minutes to increase 1 V. At low enough currents, the time between required polarity changes may be very long and the pump 100 can effectively operate in "DC" mode for some operations.
It is desirable that the electrodes 104 a and 104 b supply the current required, even for high flow rates, e.g., greater than 1 mL/min, without significant electrolysis of the pump fluid or significant evolution of the pH of the pump fluid. Avoidance of significant pH evolution of the pump fluid can be accomplished by not allowing the voltage drop between the electrodes 104 a and 104 b and the liquid to exceed the threshold for Faradaic electrochemical reactions, which start at approximately 1.2V for water.
The double-layer capacitance or the pseudocapacitance of the electrodes 104 a and 104 b preferably is charged prior to the beginning of bulk Faradaic processes. Typical values of double layer capacitance of a plane metal surface (e.g. a drawn metal wire) are 20 to 30 micro Farads/cm2. This value can be substantially increased using methods well-known in the electrochemical arts (e.g. surface roughening, surface etching, platinization of platinum). The double-layer capacitance of the electrodes 104 a and 104 b is preferably at least 10−4 Farads/cm2 and more preferably at least 10−2 Farads/cm2.
When current flows through pseudocapacitive electrodes, reactants are consumed at the electrodes. When all of the reactants are consumed, gas is produced and the pump fluid may be irreversibly altered. Therefore, preferably the reactants are replenished or current stops flowing through the electrodes before all of the reactants are consumed. The rate that the reactants are supplied to the electrodes 104 a and 104 b preferably is high enough to provide for the charge transfer rate required by the applied current. Otherwise, the potential at the electrodes 104 a and 104 b will increase until some other electrode reaction occurs that provides for the charge transfer rate required by the current. This reaction may not be reversible.
Thus, when using pseudocapacitive electrodes, the current that can be drawn, hence the electrokinetic flow rate is limited by the transport rate of limiting ionic reactants to or from the electrodes 104 a and 104 b. The design of the pump 100 when pseudocapacitive electrodes are used is thus a careful balance between: increasing ionic concentration to support reversible electrode reactions and decreasing ionic concentration to draw less current to prevent irreversible evolution of the pump fluid.
When pseudocapacitive electrodes are used in the pump 100, their electrochemical potential depends on the extent of conversion of the reactants. The dependence of the electrochemical potential on a reaction gives rise to current (I) and voltage (V) characteristics that are nearly described by the equations that characterize the capacitance processes. That is, although the electrodes technically depend on Faradaic processes, they appear to behave as a capacitor.
An example of the current versus voltage behavior (a cyclic voltammogram) of a ruthenium oxide (RuO2) pseudocapacitive electrode is given in
Pseudocapacitive electrodes, which operate using a surface Faradaic electrochemical process, sacrifice some of the chemical universality of capacitive electrodes, which can be charged by almost any ion. Pseudocapacitance is usually centered on the uptake and release of a specific ion, H+ for RuO2 and Li+ for intercalation, for example. Therefore, pseudocapacitive electrodes are compatible with a smaller number of liquids as RuO2 systems are usually run under acidic conditions and many Li+ intercalation compounds are unstable in water.
In general, electrokinetic pumps embodying the invention can be controlled with either voltage or current programming. The simplest scheme is constant current operation. Under these conditions the electrode-liquid potential ramps linearly in time. The charge transferred on each half of the cycle is preferably balanced. This is to avoid the net charging of the electrodes 104 a and 104 b. Equal transfer of charge on each half of the cycle can be accomplished by driving the pump 100 with a symmetric constant-current square wave. Alternatively, if the pump 100 is driven with unequal current on each half of the cycle, then the time of each half of the cycle preferably is adjusted so that the current-time product is equal on both halves of the cycle.
More complex driving schemes are possible. For example, the pump 100 can be driven with a constant voltage for a fixed time period on the first half of the cycle. During the first half of the cycle, the current is integrated to measure the total charge transferred. Then, in the second half of the cycle, the reverse current is integrated. The second half of the cycle preferably continues until the integrated current of the second half equals that of the first half of the cycle. This mode of operation may give more precise delivery of the pump fluid. Even more complex tailored waveforms, controlled current or controlled voltage, are possible. Alternatively, an appropriate voltage waveform can be applied, a voltage step followed by a voltage ramp, for example. A number of other voltage- or current-programmed control strategies are possible.
When the potential is reversed at fixed periods, a constant current power supply can be used to provide power to the electrodes. Methods of providing a constant current are well-known in the electrical arts and include, for example, an operational amplifier current regulator or a JFET current limiter. The power supply can be connected to the flying leads 218 via a timed double-pole/double-throw switch that reverses the potential at fixed intervals. Using a more sophisticated circuit, which adds the ability to vary the regulated current, will provide the capacity to vary the flow rate in response to a control signal.
Alternatively, the potential is reversed when the total charge reaches a fixed limit. A time-integrated signal from a current shunt or a signal from a charge integrator preferably is employed to monitor the charge supplied to the pump 100. Once the charge reaches a preset level, the polarity is reversed and integrated signal from the current shunt or charge integrator is reset. Then the process is repeated.
Using either type of power supply configuration, the pump flow rate and pressure can be modulated by varying the electrical input. The electrical input can be varied manually or by a feedback loop. It may be desirable to vary the flow rate and/or the pressure, for example: to vary a heat transfer rate or stabilize a temperature in response to a measured temperature or heat flux; to provide a given flow rate or stabilize a flow rate in response to the signal from a flowmeter; to provide a given pressure or stabilize a pressure in response to a signal from a pressure gauge; to provide a given actuator displacement or stabilize an actuator in response to a signal from displacement transducer, velocity meter, or accelerometer.
Any of the embodiments of the high flow rate electrokinetic pump can be stacked, arranged in several different configurations and used in conjunction with one or more check valves to fit a specific application. The examples given here list some of the different types of pumps, pump configurations, check valve configurations and types of heat transfer cycles.
Types of Pumps:
Single Element Pump
Single element pumps are illustrated in
Dual Element Pump
Dual element pumps 1000, illustrated in
It is also possible to have multi-element pumps having a plurality of sheets of porous dielectric materials and a plurality of electrodes, one electrode being located between every two adjacent sheets. The value of the zeta potential of each sheet of porous dielectric material has a sign opposite to that of any adjacent sheet of porous dielectric material.
Pump Configurations:
Direct Pump
The porous dielectric material in a direct pump pumps the fluid in the flow path directly. For example, see
Indirect Pump
Indirect pumps, such as those illustrated in
Check Valve Configurations:
No Check Valves
In some cases no flow limiting devices, e.g., check valves, are needed. In these instances the pump operates in its natural oscillating mode. See, for example,
Two Check Valves
Configurations with two check valves give unidirectional flow, but only pump fluid on one half of the pump cycle, there is no flow on the other half, see for example,
Four Check Valves
Configurations with four check valves give unidirectional flow and utilize the pump on both halves of the pump cycle, see, for example,
Types of Heat Transfer Cycles
Single-phase heat exchangers circulate liquid to carry heat away. See
Two-phase heat exchangers rely on a phase change such as evaporation to remove heat. When a direct pump is used in a two-phase heat exchange system, the entire system is preferably configured to recycle the concentrated electrolyte deposited during the evaporation process. This can be done, for example, by using a volatile ionic species, e.g. acetic acid in water. Use of an indirect pump separates the pump liquid, which generally contains added ions, from the heat-transfer liquid.
Pump 100 operates in an AC mode. During the first half-cycle the pump 100 pushes liquid 1220 from liquid transfer line 1210 to the condenser 1240 and through the liquid transfer line 1310 to evaporator 1270 and also draws liquid (and possibly some vapor) from evaporator 1270 through transfer line 1320 to condenser 1250. On the second half cycle this process is reversed.
The condenser wicks 1260 are made of a porous material that is selected to provide a substantially high resistance to pressure driven liquid flow relative to that of liquid transfer lines 1320 and 1310. Thus the primary result of operation of the pump is displacement of liquid through the transfer lines 1310 and 1320.
The amount of liquid displaced by the pump per half-cycle preferably is greater than the amount of evaporator liquid 1220 vaporized per pump half-cycle. In this manner some liquid is continuously present in the evaporator. Further, the amount of liquid displaced by the pump per half-cycle preferably is sufficient so that fresh liquid from a condenser fully refills the evaporator and so that remaining liquid in the evaporator is fully discharged into a condenser. That is the amount of liquid dispensed per pump half-cycle should exceed the volume of liquid within transfer lines 1310 and 1320 plus the volume of liquid evaporated per half-cycle plus the amount of liquid remaining in the evaporator per half-cycle. In this manner any concentrate, which can result from concentration of any electrolyte as a consequence of distillation of liquid in the evaporator, will be transported by liquid convection and re-diluted in the condensers.
It is preferable to operate this system of evaporator and condensers at the vapor pressure of the operating liquid. Thus the entire system is preferably vacuum leak tight. Prior to operation, the system pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid by a vacuum pump or other means known in the arts and then sealed using a seal-off valve or other means known in the arts.
The source of heat input to any of the heat transfer systems disclosed could be, for example, an electronic circuit, such as a computer CPU or a microwave amplifier, that can be directly mounted on or integrated to the evaporators or primary heat exchangers. The removal of heat from the condensers or secondary heat exchangers can be via a passively or actively cooled fin or by any other means known in the arts of heat transfer.
Any combination of pump type, pump configuration, check valve configuration and type of heat transfer cycle can be used with a pump utilizing capacitive, Faradaic or pseudocapacitive electrodes. Other specific applications of electrokinetic pumps embodying the invention aside from heat transfer include, but are not limited to, drug delivery, glucose monitors, fuel cells, actuators, and liquid dispensers.
A high flow rate electrokinetic pump having features of the present invention can be used in liquid dispensing applications that require precise delivery of a given volume of fluid. Often, the application requires contactless dispensing. That is, the volume of fluid is ejected from a dispenser into a receptacle without the nozzle of the dispenser touching fluid in the receptacle vessel. In which case, the configuration of an electrokinetic pump having two check valves, shown in
Upon charging the electrodes, the pump 100 withdraws fluid 1006 from a reservoir 1008. The fluid 1006 then passes through a first check valve 610. Upon discharging and recharging the electrodes with the opposite charge, the pump 100 then reverses direction and pushes fluid through the second check valve 611 and out of the nozzle 1010 into a receiving vessel 1012. Precise programmable contactless fluid dispensing across the 10-80 μL range using 0.5 to 2 sec dispense times has been demonstrated.
This embodiment can be a stand-alone component of a dispensing system or can be configured to fit in the bottom of a chemical reagent container. In the later case, the conduits of the electrokinetic pump can be comprised of channels in a plastic plate. The nozzle 1010 can be directly mounted on the plate, and low-profile (e.g. "umbrella" type) check valves can be utilized.
In contactless dispensing applications, the electrokinetic pump must produce sufficient liquid velocity, hence sufficient pressure, at the nozzle tip to eject a well-defined stream from the nozzle. There are other dispensing applications where contactless operation is not needed. Electrokinetic pumps embodying the present invention can be used in these applications as well.
Low-flow-rate pumps in accordance with the present invention can be used in a glucose monitor that delivers 100 nL/min. At this flow rate, electrodes having an area of approximately 1.4 cm2 can run for approximately 7 days before the direction of the current must be changed.
A design for a low-flow-rate pump that could be used as a glucose monitor pump 1100 is shown in
Advantages of electrokinetic pumps embodying the invention include: gas-free operation, the ability to draw very high current densities (in excess of 20 mA/cm2)and the ability to cycle many times (in excess of 10 million cycles with no apparent change in operating characteristics). Electrokinetic pumps embodying the invention and using capacitive electrodes have the additional advantage of compatibility with a nearly unlimited number of chemical systems.
The pump 100 illustrated in
The pump illustrated in
The carbon aerogel/Durapore« membrane sandwiched pump was operated in two additional manners. In the second manner of operation, an asymmetric driving current was used to achieve pulsed operation. 0.2 mA was applied for 9.5 seconds and then −3.8 mA was applied for 0.5 seconds. For the first part of the cycle, fluid was drawn slowly backward through the pump. In the second part of the cycle, fluid was pushed forward, delivering 3 microliters. This is the type of action that can be used for dispensing a liquid.
In a third manner of operation, energy stored in the capacitance of the electrode was used to drive the pump. One volt was applied to the electrodes using an external power supply to charge the double-layer capacitance. The power supply was then disconnected. When the external leads were shorted together, fluid flowed in the pump, converting electrical energy stored in the electrodes into fluid flow. If the current had been controlled in an external circuit, the flow rate of the pump could have been programmed, thereby creating a "self-powered" electrokinetic metering pump. The potential applications of such a device include drug delivery.
The process of charging the pump electrodes, either in the case of the self-powered electrokinetic pump or in the normal charge-discharge cycle of the AC mode, has been described above as being done by means of running the pump in reverse. Another path not through the pump can be provided to charge the electrodes with ions. This involves a high conductivity ionic path and a charging electrode for each pump electrode.
The pump illustrated in
Although the emphasis here is on pumps and systems built from discrete components, many of the components presented here apply equally to integrated and/or microfabricated structures.
Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. For example: an electrokinetic pump having features of the present invention can include three or more porous dielectric pump elements. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.
All features disclosed in the specification, including the claims, abstracts, and drawings, and all the steps in any method or process disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. Each feature disclosed in the specification, including the claims, abstract, and drawings, can be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
Any element in a claim that does not explicitly state "means" for performing a specified function or "step" for performing a specified function should not be interpreted as a "means" for "step" clause as specified in 35 U.S.C. ¦ 112.
|Brevet citķ
|Date de dķp¶t
|Date de publication
|22 juil. 1912
|3 juin 1913
|Henry J Kraft
|25 oct. 1949
|28 oct. 1952
|Milton Williams
|Electrokinetic transducing method and apparatus
|27 nov. 1951
|7 juil. 1953
|Hardway Jr Edward V
|Electrokinetic device
|27 nov. 1951
|7 juil. 1953
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|Brevet citant
|Date de dķp¶t
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|14 avr. 2009
|Eksigent Technologies Llc
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|Classification aux ╔tats-Unis
|204/600, 204/601, 204/627, 417/48
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopķrative
|Classification europķenne
|12 dķc. 2002
Owner name: EKSIGENT TECHNOLOGIES, LLP, CALIFORNIA
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|24 fķvr. 2004
Owner name: EKSIGENT TECHNOLOGIES LLC, CALIFORNIA
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|3 dķc. 2014
|Fee payment
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I am currently confused with, which torrent client to use. I am now using utorrent and it quite nice, I also heard that bit torrent is good software. So, what is your recommendation. Which is the best torrent client to use. Thank you.
I am currently confused with, which torrent client to use. I am now using utorrent and it quite nice, I also heard that bit torrent is good software. So, what is your recommendation. Which is the best torrent client to use. Thank you.
Download and send data is the very principle of operation of networks (hence the Internet, which is simply a network of networks). Both programs use the same protocol, so the seeders (those who own all or part of search content) are the same, you should not see different discharge, unless you set a limit of download or upload (which acts directly on the download limit for that matter).
Regarding the software themselves, I personally am using μTorrent (pronounced micro torrent, even though most have not made advanced math. It has better multiple downloads, and has more features. By-cons, it tends to have bugs unexplained. Under Linux, I use Azureus to make large and multiple downloads of one day to another, but for small stuff, like an album (music freely down-loadable and publishable elsewhere), I prefer Transmission, more light.
They use the same protocol (the protocol Bittorrent), so it's the same. By cons uTorrent is lighter for the computer, I get the impression that some operations will be faster. In addition, there's so many conditions to have a good rates, in addition to your connection speed: number of seeds, number of Leech, speed of each, etc. So you could download a file of 100 megs quickly and more slowly with bittorrent file of the same weight slowly with utorrent, but it's not the fault of the software is that there 's person offering the file!
I had azureus is pretty, but the magnet links have never worked properly and in fact it is slower than bittorrent. the other, utorrent, do not know. It is not illegal, the illegality is tied to content, not the container.
μTorrent client is a fairly recent compared to other customers of the article, but the author has been very active to make the customer something very powerful. The customer is by far the client that uses the least system resources, in fact it takes so little, that even with my very slow machine, I forget completely. It has also been a lot of options and a very large community of people who support it, even if it remains that the software is developed only by a person. Unfortunately, there are only available for Windows, although it works fairly well under Linux with Wine. It is also good for beginners to advanced displays and enough statistics to know what's happening behind. The program is packed as a boy. Exe file that you can put anywhere you like, or in the form of an installer that will just create a folder and extract the executable to the specified location.
BitComet was the first customer completely coded in C + +. The advantage of C + + to Java or Python is that it's machine code, so this makes the program much faster and takes fewer resources. We can say that uTorrent was greatly inspired by this customer and has even exceeded, because it takes fewer resources in my opinion. It's been long since I tried this client before writing this article, and the retrying I was pleasantly surprised by the number of links and elements that help to find torrents, and to help beginners. I think this is exactly the target of this client, beginners. It has a nice simple interface, but has fewer options and clearly display the other customers. By cons, this makes it an ideal client for beginners and those who simply want to download it without unnecessary options. Technically, it is the most critical customer. He was banned from several private trackers until the final version because he could not stand an order that would prevent the customer from using the DHT. It was also full of mechanisms criticized for being a little outlaw in the world of BitTorrent. For example one could read in the last change log BitTornado this: "added security to Prevent customers from Exploiting super-seed. For cons, the latest versions have seen many improvements in this regard and I do not think this is really an argument against its use.


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Lot 5353 View Catalog
Lot includes six 18 inch silver chains, one 8 inch silver bracelet, two fashion silver pendants (one garnet, one tanzanite), three silver bangles, three silver rings (2 size 7, 1 size 8 with tanzanite); one silver set of sea shell jewelry including necklace and two pairs of earrings. Not included in weight are eleven pairs of colored pearl drop earrings, five pairs of colored pearl post-back earrings, two pairs of hoop earrings with pearls, one pair of post-back tanzanite studs, two glass millefiori pendants, and one stainless steel watch. Weight: 6.8 ozt Condition: Very good
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Jennette McCurdy Responds to Racy Pics Leak
- Wed Mar 5, 2014, 3:16 PM GMT
The 21-year-old actress said she knew exactly who was responsible for leaking her sexy selfies.READ MORE
The 21-year-old actress said she knew exactly who was responsible for leaking her sexy selfies.READ MORE
The monochrome dress gave an optical illusion that the actress had a waist beyond normal size.READ MORE
Excited after winning Best Actor at the Oscars, the 'Dallas Buyers Club' star revealed that he wanted another child.READ MORE
The Tarik Saleh-directed clip features the Swedish singer sitting alone in a dark room and giving the camera some heartbreaking looks as the song is played in the background.READ MORE
McKinnon also tries to land a big part on Dunham's show 'Girls', and the Golden Globe-winning actress can't relinquish control to 'Saturday Night Live' crew.READ MORE
After pleading guilty to fraud charges, the star of 'The Real Housewives of New Jersey' says in a statement, 'I am heartbroken that this is affecting my family.'READ MORE
An unimpressed fan who attended Cyrus' Las Vegas concert over the weekend said that the singer looked at the teleprompter 'more than a few times.'READ MORE
The 'Neon Lights' singer shares a photo of her hair after being shaved on Twitter, captioning the photo, 'So.... This happened...... Oops.'READ MORE
While Adam fails to score a single artist, Blake Shelton snags a standout singer, Audra McLaughlin, on the fourth part of Blind Auditions.READ MORE
Along with other songs by Bruno Mars, Anne Hathaway and Jamie Foxx, the catchy track will be included in 'Rio 2' soundtrack album that will be released on March 25.READ MORE
Some people deemed Handler's tweets on the Oscars 'offensive' and 'racist,' but she defends herself, saying that she '[dates] a lot of black people.'READ MORE
Lindsay brings trouble for the production crew until Oprah Winfrey confronts her and tells her, 'You need to cut the bulls**t. You really do.'READ MORE
A Twitter account for 'The Simpsons' shares their version of the famous selfie, saying the photo has 'a wider view' with Homer Simpson being kicked by Bradley Cooper.READ MORE
After becoming aware of the clip, which was shared on Vimeo by a fan named Jesse Hill, Beyonce posted it on her Facebook page and captioned it, 'Like this!!'READ MORE
The 'CONAN' host will serve as emcee for the 23rd annual MTV Movie Awards set to take place on April 13.READ MORE
The new clip shows the three stars dancing while being backed by a full band on a pink heart-shaped stage surrounded by palm trees.READ MORE
Skylar Astin guest stars as the head of rival show choir, while Mercedes, Carole and Burt Hummel show up to support the New Directions in Los Angeles.READ MORE
The 'Dark Horse' singer talks about the kiss with Cyrus in an interview in Australia, saying, 'She like tried to move her head and go deeper and I pulled away.'READ MORE
In one of the videos, Spencer, dressing in a wedding gown, is wandering around the woods seemingly following someone before something startles her.READ MORE
The 'Suit and Tie' singer is involved in the production of the musical drama as Craig Brewer is in talks to take the helming duty.READ MORE
The 'American Idol' judge shares the single artwork on Instagram and says that the track will premiere on Wednesday, March 5 on Yessi Ortiz's Power 106 show 'New at 2'.READ MORE
A man who previously claimed to be Cobain's ex-housemate and was selling the star's old skis, phone and a video game is revealed to be Sub Pop receptionist Derek Erdman.READ MORE
'The Deep Blue Good-by' is based on John D. MacDonald's mystery novel and developed as a potential new franchise starter.READ MORE
The clip, which features the Australian femcee and the British singer redoing some scenes from 'Clueless', was filmed at the same high school where the 1995 film was shot.READ MORE
The latest episode of the show hints at a sad ending in the series finale which has drawn mixed reactions from fans.READ MORE
Khloe, who reportedly lost $250,000 in jewelry following the theft, says in a Twitter post, 'Someone's about to have some bad Karma coming their way.'READ MORE
The 'Prisoners' star believes producers 'had the discussion' to cast a younger actor as his replacement in 'X-Men: First Class'.READ MORE
The 25-date trek is set to kick off on August 8 at Cruzan Amphitheatre in West Palm Beach, Florida, and wrap up on September 19 at California's Concord Pavilion.READ MORE
Former 'Touch' star David Mazouz will play the boy who will eventually become Batman, while Camren Bicondova will portray future Catwoman, Selina Kyle.READ MORE
Mark Wahlberg plays a single dad with money issues who unwittingly brings problems for his family after he accidentally found an unwanted Transformer.READ MORE
Leto, who won Best Supporting Actor for his role in 'Dallas Buyers Club', reveals that he accidentally hit the trophy 'against the stairs, the railing and I put a little nick in the back of it.'READ MORE
The real-life couple and former 'That '70s Show' co-stars will reunite on-screen on the CBS sitcom.READ MORE
The rapper quickly took down the photos, which also included former record executive Steve Stoute, minutes after he posted them.READ MORE
A Miami judge ruled on Tuesday, March 4 that Bieber's dignity would be retained as the video gets edited.READ MORE
Calling Menzel 'Adele Dazeem' at the Oscars has made the 'Pulp Fiction' actor's star-meter rise online.READ MORE


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Thanks. Can text be removed from quick settings icons? Sent from my EVO using xda premium The horizontal EQS yes. Its under colors....hide text
Is there an option in venom tweaks to get rid of weather in notification area above the eqs? Sent from my EVO using xda app-developers app Tweaks --> statusbar --> under pull down notification apps...weather. Click and select hide...
Solid ROM... Been on it since day one of getting my HTC by a recommendation fr a friend. Love the tweaks... Love the assistance when needed and love the updates. So many ways to customize my phone that its unreal! To date there is no "Sprint" on ...
Found free time... Yay! Cant wait! hTc m8 ViperOne m8 S-Off Sprint
Thanks Mass... love the battery life I'm getting with my phone. S-Off, Viper ROM...over 15 hours of battery and used heavily throughout the day. I went on a road trip, ran music, GPS and was in and out of service all day...managed to get 10 hours...


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Fourth of July parade and barbecue today in Mount HollyJuly 06,2013MOUNT HOLLY Mount Holly will be celebrating the Fourth of July with a parade and barbecue for the local community today.
Participants will congregate at 10:30 a.m. at the corner of Dodge and Healdville Roads and the parade will begin at 11 a.m. sharp. A barbecue lunch will follow.
The barbecue begins at 11:30 a.m. and proceeds benefit the Colfax Lodge. For more information, call 259-3665.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER The races might be new, but many of the faces are the same. Full StoryRutland Town officials want to ensure businesses pay the towns 1 percent sales tax. Full StoryThe sole Democrat in the Rutland City delegation is not seeking another term.
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Google Updates Ad Ranking System
Posted on Wednesday, October 23rd, 2013 by Taylor deDiego Print This Post
Categories - Featured, News, SEM
Recently, Google announced an update to their Ad Ranking system that will affect how the search engine determined which ad extensions and formats are relevant to searchers. Currently, Google uses Ad Rank—a calculation based on your max CPC bid and quality score—as their system for serving ads on the search engine results page. Now, the calculation for determining Ad Rank will include a third factor: the expected impact of your ad extensions and formats. In turn, ad extensions and formats can influence the position of your ad on the search engine results page (SERP). Google also reports that Ad Rank is more heavily weighted in determining whether your ad is eligible to be shown with ad extensions and formats now.
Some of the most important implications of this change reported by Google include:
- Ad extensions and formats can now influence ad position in the SERP
- The elements that are considered when determining the potential impact of extensions and ad formats include relevance, clickthrough rates, and the prominence of extensions and results on the SERP.
- Advertisers may need to increase Quality Score, bid, or both for ad extensions and formats to appear now that Ad Rank has an increased influence on ad visibility.
- Advertisers' CPCs may fluctuate due to changes in ad positioning and increased or decreased relevance.
In general, ad extensions are only shown for the top three positions on the SERP. With limited real estate, marketers will have to strive to achieve one of the top three positions to display their ads as frequently as possible to potential customers. As a reminder, Product Listing Ads do not serve as ad extensions or formats that can help Ad Rank. The list of ad extensions that will influence Ad Rank include: offer extensions, ad sitelinks, location extensions, and call extensions.
Offer Extension
Ad Sitelinks
Location Extension
Call Extension
According to Ryan Jamison, Director of Paid Search Editorial, this change means that ad extensions are no longer merely an enhanced ad format to improve clickthrough rate. "Now, ad extensions are necessary for optimal performance on Google. Extensions are as important as relevant ad copy and landing pages. A tight and optimized ad group structure will be more important than ever to ensure relevant ads, landing pages, and extensions work together to dominate performance for top keywords."
Ryan also states the Ad Rank update demonstrates the importance of mobile search, not only to Google and the industry as a whole. "Extensions help mobile users find what they are looking for much quicker and drive them to the best content fast."
Ranil Wiratunga, Senior Director of Paid Media, adds "advertisers and agencies now need to invest more heavily in optimization for Sitelinks, Call Extensions, Local Extensions, and Social Annotations."
The change to Ad Rank went into effect on Tuesday, October 22 and is now live across all auctions.
Related Articles:
- Gearing up for the New Year: The Search Agency's Search Marketing Predictions for 2014 - December 20, 2013
- The Search Agency's Favorite Holiday Traditions - December 19, 2013
- The Search Agency's Best & Worst Holiday Gifts - December 13, 2013
- Sluggish Black Friday Sales Give Way to New Shopping Trend: Cyber Week - December 6, 2013
- Grant's Rants: Hey Matt, Be Careful What You Ask For… - November 25, 2013
- SEO for the Birds: The Search Agency's POV on Google's Hummingbird Update - November 19, 2013
- Inside the Search Studio with Elaine Lawson - November 12, 2013
- Inside the Search Studio with Jeb Griffin - November 6, 2013
- Grant's Rants: Old School SEO Questions, Halloween costumes and a dancing SEO - October 31, 2013
- Google Updates Ad Ranking System - October 23, 2013
Tags | ad extensions, Ad Rank, Ads, advertisements, clickthrough rate, formats, Google, Marketing, online, order, position, relevance, search, SERP, serve, Update


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BINGEN — As Insitu Inc.'s new CEO searches for a place to live, he is also in charge of looking for a home for the fledgling Boeing Co. subsidiary and maker of unmanned aircraft.
It's likely that both the company base and its leader's private residence will be located somewhere within the Columbia River Gorge, Steve Morrow, Insitu's president and chief executive officer, said Wednesday during his first press conference at the company's Bingen headquarters. Morrow was hired in late April to replace Insitu's former executive Steve Silwa, who retired April 1.
In October, Insitu announced it was seeking a 20- to 25-acre campus in the Gorge area to consolidate most of its other sites and serve as company headquarters. Morrow said Insitu is looking at 30 potential sites, including a 20-acre parcel at the Port of Klickitat, where the company already has some operations.
The company hasn't secured a site but it is still moving forward with efforts to consolidate, going from 27 buildings to 22 buildings in Bingen, he said.
Today, the unmanned aircraft maker employs 800 people in Bingen, White Salmon, Stevenson, Vancouver, and Oregon's Hood River and The Dalles, all towns Morrow and his wife Connie visited during their recent house hunt, he said.
"Our house-hunting trip went from Stevenson to The Dalles," Morrow said, adding that the couple enjoyed the picturesque Gorge scenery.
"When I was offered this job, I didn't think more than a nanosecond before accepting it," he said.
The June issue of Smithsonian magazine profiled the company, which was founded in 1998 and purchased by Boeing in 2008. Insitu made $400 million in revenue in 2010, Morrow said.
Insitu's aerial drones, originally developed to conduct scientific research over the oceans, are now widely used by the U.S. military to gather intelligence in war zones. Department of Defense contracts provide the bulk of its revenue.
Before his appointment in April, Morrow served as director of Boeing's Stand-off Strike unit for St. Louis-based Boeing Defense, Space & Security unit.


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Must-See Gowanus
by Andrew Rosenberg, 01/28/2014
The Bell House. Photo: Sam Horine
The 2008 opening of The Bell House was perhaps the biggest cultural, um, bellwether for Gowanus. This old printing factory by the bleak intersection of Second Avenue and 7th Street is a great place to see rock old and new, with a wide stage room and a front area that serves as a worthwhile bar even when there's no show on. It's not all indie music, either: you're nearly as likely to come across a comedy night, story slam or celebration of Johnny Cash as you are Mission of Burma. Another warehouse-to-rock-club conversion has taken place at Littlefield, where in addition to regular Monday comedy nights and album-release parties, art shows are on exhibit. Newer still, on the tiny single-block street of Whitwell Place, ShapeShifter also displays art on its white brick walls. But the name comes from the space's dynamic ability: the stage and seating can be manipulated to fit the needs to the performing (or recording) artists—typically in the jazz vein, sometimes with World and experimental influences.


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It's all Here -- The award-winning King Farm is planned as a self-contained community offering every conceivable amenity. Here you will find shopping, grocery stores, cafes, restaurants, parks, bike paths, schools and the convenience of the Shady Grove Metro Station. Just Minutes Away - You will find all the conveniences of urban living just minutes from your door... Shopping at Congressional Plaza, Montgomery Mall, White Flint Mall, and Lakeforest Mall. Plus an eclectic mix of restaurants, county clubs and golf courses, numerous movie theaters, and the excitement of downtown Rockville. The kind of town America grew up in... Not only everything, but the best of everything... Huntington at King Farm... the good things in life are here waiting for you.
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IOC Cites Further Risk For Torch-Run Violence
The International Olympic Committee is bracing for the possibility that once the Olympic torch reaches China, protests that have dogged the flame's journey around the world could escalate further and even lead to deaths, according to an internal memo.
The memo, viewed by The Wall Street Journal, is the latest sign that controversy surrounding the torch relay's trip through London, Paris and San Francisco is far from over.
It also raises questions about whether the Olympic committee is helping Beijing deflect criticism of China's human-rights record on such issues as alleged repression in Tibet and the government's jailing of Chinese activists ahead of the Games.
The IOC, based in Lausanne, Switzerland, has come under scrutiny for granting the games to Beijing and for staying silent during the recent violence in Tibet.
Committee President Jacques Rogge has called on Beijing to respect the "moral engagement" of hosting the Games -- including improving human rights. However, Mr. Rogge has repeatedly stressed that overt criticism of Beijing is outside the committee's mandate.
In its internal memo, the committee paints the torch's journey through China as a public-relations obstacle course as the Beijing Olympic Committee and Chinese authorities prepare to confront protesters during segments of the relay as remote and perilous as the summit of Mt. Everest.
Although Beijing is expected to tightly monitor the relay, the torch could attract protesters as it travels through Chinese regions such as Tibet and Sichuan province, which has a heavy Tibetan population.
IOC spokeswoman Emmanuelle Moreau described the memo, which was issued after the start of the global relay, as part of an effort to keep the organization's world-wide membership "in the loop" as challenges to the relay emerge. "It's totally normal to keep people informed on what's going on," she said.
The 26-page memo, marked "confidential," presents a series of talking points that guide officials on how to respond to issues including potential pleas from the relatives of activists worried their family members might go missing as the relay moves through Tibet and other parts of China. "We share in the families' concerns and hope that the Chinese authorities provide information to clarify the situation as soon as possible and to satisfy questions and concerns," the memo states.
In one section marked, "How the IOC and [Beijing Olympic Committee] might respond to various scenarios," the memo suggests responses to "extreme" situations, such as deaths resulting from potential protests in China. The memo recommends that officials express "deepest sympathies or condolences to anyone that was injured or killed, and their families."
The document, which was first publicized by the Paris-based Reporters Without Borders, also addresses the history of Tiananmen Square, which will host a planned ceremony for the Olympic flame on the eve of the Games.
"Given the history of Tiananmen Square, is this an appropriate site for a celebration? Will the IOC allow it?" the memo asks. The response: "Tiananmen Square is one of the most famous public squares in the world....Decisions regarding the use of sites for various Olympic-related events ultimately rest with the Beijing organizing committee."
The document describes the torch's planned trip to the summit of Mt. Everest as a "particularly bold segment of the relay," noting that the Olympic committee and Beijing organizers will monitor "intelligence" to determine "how best to avert an incident or crisis."
"We are prepared for the likelihood that demonstrations might occur on the Mt. Everest leg," the memo states, noting that the Beijing Olympic Committee and authorities "will not hesitate to take action if and when needed to ensure the safety of the torchbearer and climbing team."
Write to Stacy Meichtry at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Video: The Folly of Liquid Coal
Climate Progress has covered the impending climate disaster known as Coal to Liquids again and again (see below). Recently the Natural Resources Defense Council has produced a 10-minute video on coal to liquids. If you know someone who prefers his or her information in video form, send them a pointer.
Related posts:
- China sells its soul for liquid coal
- Liquid coal means liquid problems
- Memo to Air Force: Stop misleading the public on liquid coal
- Congress should say NO to coal-to-diesel
- The WSJ (and Climate Progress) on Liquid Coal
— Earl K.
7 Responses to Video: The Folly of Liquid Coal
Liquid-Coal is not the ULTIMATE answer. Its the PROXIMATE answer while we get some of this other gear together. Its got to be a big part of things but perhaps only for the next 70 years or so.
Like of course we want as much windpower as T Boone and others can possibly develop at a profit. We could help out here by making stand-alone companies going with solar and wind not taxable on their retained earnings.
But to do this at a profit, without subsidies, thats something that will take time. We of course want the solarization of the roads and the built environment. But thats a 100 year project in all likelihood.
The reason why the dieselisation of the transport economy is pretty inevitable for several decades is simply that in our hydrocarbon mix we are carbon rich and hydrogen poor. So the quickest way to unlock all these solid hydrocarbons is to add just enough hydrogen atoms to liquify them to diesel equivalent.
People are putting the cart before the horse here. Yes we want that balance to keep shifting more towards the hydrogen and electricity end of the spectrum. But we do not have that situation in place and will not have it for many decades.
You see you start of with liquid-coal. But as windpower, solar, nuclear et al get up to speed that hydrocarbon balance slowly shifts towards the other end of the spectrum.
Thats another reason why electric cars are not the proximate answer. The attempt to draw that much electricity off the grid without first having the surplus electricity online will lead to cost blowouts. These things take time.
[Uhh, no, no, no, and no. Try reading this blog a bit first before posting. Liquid coal is climate death. Plugs ins are here.]
Also electric cars and such like are very workable when combined with solar…with a little imagination.
The cost of oil at reaching peak are more expensive than many realize or want to accept, including the experts. Because of the feedbacks involved (inflation). Extracting non-conventional oil (tar sands etc) reaches a upping (reversal of tipping) point and starts to spiral out of control. see the report in the Canadian number one national paper…
Not only are the direct inflationary cost playing a role but more and more Climate Change effects will have a negative effect on the price (in the worst sense) as we see the adverse weather impacting tar sands production above.
One of the rising costs that the Canadians will face with their oil sands is the cost of local natural gas. Since thats pretty much a vital component to liquify this gear on site by superheating steam. This is what I'm talking about. Having all these carbon solids around can be predicted to blow out natural gas prices. Some folks say that this will mean the Canadian tar sands contribution will likely level out at about 5 million barrels a day and only grow very slowly from there.
Graeme the biggest problem with our hydrocarbon mix is that we need to leave the carbon in the ground. The reason why we do not live in a climate like the Jurassic is that carbon was slowly sequestered over time taking the CO2 in the atmosphere down from >1000 ppm to ~300 ppm. If you dig up all the carbon and burn it you will turn the clock back and ultimately melt the poles.
You are right that "the quickest way to unlock all these solid hydrocarbons is to add just enough hydrogen atoms to liquify them". That is quick, easy and wrong. It takes energy to "add enough hydrogen atoms to liquify them" and if that energy comes from more hydrocarbon sources it means more carbon emissions.
If your only goal is to get off of middle eastern liquid hydrocarbons and onto USA-mined coal then CTL approach works — but it actually destroys the environment faster than oil. We need to get off of hydrocarbons entirely.
Ethanol progress:
Graeme, CTL is not a short-term answer, because the plants would take some time to build. It is not a long-term answer, as you agree. I concur with Lamont that it is not even an intermediate-term answer because CTL is just too much carbon.
You also said, "The attempt to draw that much electricity off the grid without first having the surplus electricity online will lead to cost blowouts. These things take time." This is misinformation. Plug-ins will charge at night, when there is surplus generating capacity.


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Michiel "Mike" Newingham, 75, of Alta Vista, died Thursday, Aug. 21, 2014, in Kansas City, Kan. The family provided the following information. He was born Aug. 18, 1939, the son on Ernest "Hack" Newingham and Artybelle Goodman. He graduated from Concordia High School and Palmer Chiropractic College. He married
Donald H. Varga, 65, of Ogden, died Tuesday, Aug. 19, 2014, at his home in Ogden. The family provided the following information. Donald was born Aug. 26, 1948 in Rutland, Vt., the son of Andrew and Natalie (Colburn) Varga. Donald graduated from high school in Rutland and immediately entered the
Alden Bryce Sparman, Sr., 87, of Plano, Texas, died Thursday, Aug. 29, 2014, in Plano. The family provided the following information. Alden was born Aug. 12, 1927, in the May Day area in Riley County to Henry Albert and Marghertia (Telford) Sparman. Alden attended Oklahoma State University and served in
Winifred E. Beck, 86, died Wednesday, Aug. 27, 2014, at Newman Hospital in Emporia. The family provided the following information. Winifred was born Feb. 19, 1928, in Manhattan, the daughter of George F. and Alice O. Griffiee Taylor. Winifred attended Manhattan High School and graduated as a member of the
A funeral mass for Gerald Koster, 61, of Carrollton, Texas and formerly of Cawker City, was held at 10 a.m. on Wednesday, Sept. 3, 2014, at Sts. Peter & Paul Catholic Church in Cawker City. Mr. Koster died Monday, Aug. 25, 2014, at the UT Southwest Medical Center in
Edrei Louise (Sweet) Lockhart, 83, of Manhattan, died Thursday, Aug. 28, 2014, at the Westy Community Care Home in Westmoreland. The family provided some of the following information. She was born on March, 23, 1931, in Centerville, the daughter of Frank F. and Edrei Anna (Oels) Sweet, and was the
Jane Laman, 83, of Manhattan, died Tuesday, Sept. 2, 2014, at the Mercy Regional Health Center in Manhattan. The family provided some of the following information. She was born on March 5, 1931, in Cottonwood Falls, the daughter of Thomas and Nell (Miles) McKee. She grew up in the area
Norman "Dean" Carpenter, 64, of Waterville, died Saturday, Aug. 30, 2014. Survivors include his wife, Patti Carpenter, of Waterville; two sons, Christopher Carpenter and Kelly Carpenter, both of Council Bluffs, Iowa; three grandchildren and four brothers and sisters, Deborah Huls of Castle Rock, Colo., Dale Carpenter of Bath,
John Lambert, 81, of Manhattan, died early Thursday morning, Sept. 4, 2014, at the Good Shepherd Hospice House in Manhattan. Complete obituary information is pending and will be announced by the Yorgensen-Meloan-Londeen Funeral Home, 1616 Poyntz Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, ymlfuneralhome.com.
A private inurnment and memorial for Matthew S. Inskeep and wife Adelia M. (Hamilton) Inskeep will be at Carnahan Creek Cemetery. The couple were a native son and daughter of Kansas. Matthew was born and raised in the Carnahan-Stockdale area. He served his
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He went soft
Wait. During?
Yeah, he was IN. MY. MOUTH.
You must be Logged in to post a comment
That's because you suck dick at sucking dick.
i hate how the new tfln doesn't post comments in order.
I just realized that. Very uncool.
Maybe his dick is just useless.
That might be a clue to work on your technique...
You must not be very good.. Sucks for you baha
Been there done that :(
lmao this might actually be about my roommate cause this happened to him this weekend...said the girl was horrible and every 5 seconds she would pull away and ask if he was getting closer.....
Did this coincide with the light turning on?
6:08 my bf likes me to start when he is soft.
i remember the first time i fell asleep while getting head...hammmmmmered
Haha you suck
Ewww gross...
He went soft in your mouth? Wow. Maybe you need a little lesson in how to give a bj. Even if whiskey dick doesn't excuse this!
Usually when a guy goes soft the woman isn't doing her job. OP Fail
u shouldda kept the brown bag on
You must have no cock pleasing talent. sorry
That must have been one bad bj...
Haha... Suffolk representin
Who says this is a female?
Part of the reason woman cheat baby just couldn't keep it up damn
Dude...you shoulda left your wig on!
OP = original poster
Well then you need lessons.
Sounds like you forgot to cup the balls.
I always blame the person losing there hard on. Real men stay hard. But your all your all young it seems.
Please learn how to use "their" and "you're". Example: You're the reason men lose their hard-ons when they're with you.
What is OP
grab an icecube. works everytime ;)
You probably suck at giving blowies....
Hahaha dis
He probably looked at your face
You must suck at giving head
Maybe you suck at oral.
What a fucking shitcunt go practice on your mama
I have a hard cock for you
OMFG 6:09 lol that's hilariousss hahahahaahahahhhahahahaaahahaahahahahahshhahahahaha you're awesome
And you SUCK. AT. HEAD.
that sucks!
Maybe his dick is just useless
WTF is OP?
Original Poster
That's happened to me...so awkward
Actually if he was highly intoxicated it reduces his ability to sustain an erection, it more than likely had nothing to do with you. He could also have ED but that is less likely.
I think that's probably her issue...
Damn, that must have been one bad bj.
Damn you must have been pretty bad then! Ultimate turn on for a man: HIS DICK IN YOUR MOUTH
You're doing it wrong....LOL
Wow. Sucks...
You suck at sucking
My advice: suck better
Op aparently can't suck dick. It's not the guys falt
It was your cock breath !
First and I've always wanted to start soft and the girl blow me and watch me get a hard on in your mouth
Ha you suck dick at sucking dick.
Let me guess, you (260) think using teeth is part of a good blowjob?
Dude...you shoulda left the wig on!
I don't get this
Means you suck at sucking dick, bitch.
That means you're doing it wrong, OP.
That's so gross
It happens.
Maybe he lost intrest?
His beer goggles wore off slut!
I like my bitch to start when I'm soft...
Haha you suck dick at sucking dick.
Been there done that! :(
You must really suck at blow jobs....
I think that's known as "whiskey dick"
Thats terrible
He was either drunk, or you're doing it wrong!
What is this "first" thing?
he could've been shooting dope. that happens with that sorta thing. less embarrassing than sucking at sucking dick
Hahaha 6:41
Bahaha u suck
I've never had that problem but you should give better head
First. And Ive always wanted my dick to get hard in the girls mouth
Been there
That just means you weren't good enough
this happened to me. biggest ego kill EVER.
You FAIL.


text:
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How to Make a Catapult Booby Trap
So you and your friend are out in your fort in the woods. Suddenly, the enemy moves in! Don't you wish you had a tripwire booby trap to make them flee? Now you can!
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That means it's off to a good start, but still has room to grow into a more helpful resource. Until the article reaches its full potential, it will be hidden from search results. Can you help it flourish? If you think the article offers complete and accurate instructions, feel free to remove this tag.
1Cut a rubber band in half.
2Tie the rubber band between the scissor handles.
3Go into the woods and bend a small tree down to the ground and tie it to a stake with twine or string.
4Take fishing wire and tie it to one handle on the scissor.
5Take the wire to a tree and tie it tightly around it.
6Take fishing wire and tie it to the other handle on the scissors and to the stake.
7Position the scissors so that when the line is broken, the scissors will close and cut the string, thus releasing the tree catapult.
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- Have fun!
- Don't hurt anyone.
- There is always a danger when using scissors. Be sure to have an adult around the first few times you try it.
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Categories: Stub | Slingshots and Catapults
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