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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|7 Feb 1967
|Filing date
|30 Jan 1963
|Priority date
|30 Jan 1963
|Publication number
|Bernard A Gruber, Elizabeth A Mcelhill
|Original Assignee
|Monsanto Res Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (13), Classifications (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Feb. 7, 1967 GRUBER ET AL 3,303,054
DRY CELL HAVING AN ELECTROLYTE CONTAINING A POLYNITROSUBSTITUTED AROMATIC POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID Filed Jan. 50, 1963 BERNARD A. GRUEER ELIZABETH A. McELHILL IN V EN TORS BY JMQ Q. 71M;
United States Patent Ofifice 33%,054 Patented Feb. 7, 1967 DRY CELL HAVING AN ELECTROLYTE CONTAIN- ING A POLY-NITRO-SUBSTITUTED AROMATIC POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID Bernard A. Gruber, Topsfield, and Elizabeth A. McElhill, Cambridge, Mass., assignors to Monsanto Research Corporation, St. Louis, Mo., a corporation of Delaware Filed Jan. 30, 1963, Ser. No. 255,049 5 Claims. (Cl. 136-107) This invention relates to systems in which magnesium is associated with a corrosion inhibitor, and more particu larly, provides novel systems in which magnesium is associated with a salt of a nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, and novel methods of protecting magnesium from corrosive attack comprising associating magnesium with such salts.
Magnesium is a reactive metal, to the extent, indeed, that it is pyrophoric under some conditions. Some of the uses for magnesium are such that passivating the surface or alloying the metal to reduce its activity-interferes with its utility for the intended purposes. For example, this is the case Where magnesium is used as the anode metal in a primary cell.
In primary voltaic cells using magnesium metal as the anode, the magnesium anode is electrolytically connected to a cathode section comprising a cathode depolarizer, through an aqueous electrolyte. Cathode depolarizers are oxidizing agents, and may attack a reactive metal like magnesium. When the depolarizer is a compound substantially insoluble in the electrolyte, such as manganese dioxide, the concentration reaching the magnesium anode by way of solution in the electrolyte is usually insuflicient to be troublesome. To utilize a soluble depolarizer, a reserve cell construction can be employed, in which one cell system component, usually the fluid electrolyte, is omitted until just prior to use.
The aqueous electrolyte in a primary cell is normally a solution of an ionizable salt such as a halide or oxyhalide. The solution contains relatively high concentrations of such salts and is maintained in contact with the anode metal throughout the shelf and usage life of primary cells of the dry cell type. Such solutions are corrosive to anodes made of a reactive metal like magnesium, and it is necessary to have a corrosion inhibitor present in the cell to obtain an appreciable shelf life for a dry cell.
It is an object of this invention to provide a novel method of inhibiting the corrosion of magnesium.
A particular object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for inhibiting the corrosion of magnesium in voltaic cells.
These and other objects will become evident from a consideration of the following specification and claims.
In accordance with this invention, there is now provided a novel method of inhibiting corrosion of magnesium metal comprising associating a water-soluble salt of a nitro substituted aromatic carboxylic acid with magnesium metal subject to exposure to an aqueous corrosive environment.
The invention further provides novel dry cells, comprising a magnesium metal anode, an aqueous electrolyte and a cathode depolarizer, wherein the said anode is associated with a corrosion-inhibiting amount of a watersoluble salt of a nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid. In this connection, reference may be made to the drawing, in which the figure illustrates a dry cell as provided by this inventiion.
The discovery that the stated salts inhibit corrosion of magnesium metal is unexpected. The association of water-soluble oxidizers like these salts with magnesium metal in an aqueous environment could be expected to produce, rather than inhibit corrosion. Thus for example, for utilization of such soluble salts in a primary cell, so far as we are aware the system expected to be useful would be a reserve cell, and not a dry cell.
The present invention is embodied to particular advantage in a primary dry cell, since the nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid salts can act as cathode depolarizers in cells having magnesium anodes. The potential delivered is significantly higher than that obtained from the corresponding nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons which are essentially insoluble in aqueous electrolyte, while the rate of chemical corrosion of the magnesium anode is significantly less. 'Ihus cells comprising the stated salts as cathode depolarizers have unexpectedly desirable performance properties, even after prolonged storage.
Referring now in more detail to the practice of the present invention, the present methods of achieving corrosion inhibition and systems wherein the corrosion inhibitor is associated with magnesium may be employed with any magnesium metal susceptible to corrosion and subject to exposure to an aqueous corrosive environment. By a magnesium metal is meant both magnesium and its various alloys, which may include other metals such as zinc, aluminum and the like. In such alloys, magnesium will comprise at least about 50% by weight of the total alloy weight, and more usually, above about by weight of the total alloy weight. Thus for example, an alloy composed of 96% magnesium, 3% aluminum and 1% zinc is suitable for use as a magnesium anode. Other compositions, including compositions lower in magnesium content, are particularly adapted for use as materials of construction, for example, in the production of aircraft and the like.
To achieve corrosion inhibition of the magnesium, a water-soluble salt of a nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid will be maintained in access relation to the metal surface exposed to the corrosive aqueous environment. In general, the water-soluble salts of such acids will comprise salts wherein the cation is an alkali metal such as lithium, sodium or potassium. The nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acids, salts of which are contemplated hereby, are those with plural nitro'and carboxylic substituents wherein the carboxylic functional groups are attached directly to aromatic ring carbon atoms, and the nitro groups also are attached directly to ring carbons. The cyclic structure on which the substituents appear may be benzene ring, a naphthalene fused ring system, a biphenyl joined ring system, or other hydrocarbon aromatic ring system. Thus for example, presently useful salts are alkali metal salts of acids such as dinitrophthalic acid (3,4-, 3,5- or 3,6-), dinitroterephthalic acid (2,3- or 2,5-), dinitroisophthalic acid (each possible isomer), dinitropyromellitic acid, 3,6-dinitronaphthalic acid, tetranitronaphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, dinitrotrimellitic acid, dinitrotrimesic acid, dinitroprehnitic acid, 2,3,6,7-tetranitronaphthalic acid, 4,4-dinitro-2,2-biphenylyl dicarboxylic acid, diuitro, trinitro-, and tetranitrophenanthrenedicarboxylic acids and the like.
As will appear hereinafter, in a dry cell embodying the invention, the salts can be maintained in access relation to the magnesium whose corrosion is to be inhibited, by maintaining the magnesium and the salt each in contact with the aqueous electrolyte in the cell. When the magnesium is not maintained in contact with an aqueous solution in which the corrosion inhibitors of this invention can form a solute, the magnesium surface subject to exposure to a corrosive aqueous environment may advantageously be provided with a coating of the salt. To confer substantivity to the metal surface, the salt may be combined with a binder such as a polymeric, film-forming, adherent material. Where barrier protection is desired for the magnesium surface, this may be a water-impermeable film such as a coating of polyvinyl acetate, including or overlying a layer of a nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid salt, which is available at failure points in the film, such as pin holes or cracks, to inhibit corrosion in anaqueous environment. Alternatively, the salts may be included in a water-soluble film, such as a polyvinyl alcohol film. With the latter arrangement, the salt is enabled to dissolve in such moisture as the environment of the magnesium surface contains, making this solution corrosioninhibitive, instead of corrosive. V
Proceeding now to a consideration of the primary cells embodying the present invention, the above-described method of applying the nitroaromatic acid salts to the magnesium surface in a polymeric film may be employed in this connection. In such case, the embodiment employed will be one permitting the electrolyte in the cell to contact the magnesium surface, and thus polymers employed to apply the salts to the surface are desirably watersoluble or water-permeable membranes, such as the coatings produced using polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, natural polymers such as gum arabic, cellulose derivatives such as a carboxymethyl cellulose, and the like. Another manner of practicing the present invention comprises solution of the nitro-aromatic acid salt in the aqueous electrolyte phase of the cell.
A dry cell as provided by the invention will have a construction comprising means including an aqueous electrolyte to provide ionic while excluding electronic contact between the anode metal and the cathode depolarizer. The magnesium surface participating in the electrochemical reaction will be wetted by this electrolyte during the life of the cell. Accordingly, the aromatic acid salts employed as corrosion inhibitors in accordance with this invention may be introduced into the cell as a solute in the electrolyte.
The electrolyte solvent component may be simply water, including tap or distilled water, where provision is otherwise made for the presence of salt-forming ions in the electrolyte. Thus, the stated nitro aromatic acid salts may act as the ions providing the electrolytically conductive solute. Usually it will be advantage-ous to introduce a soluble ionizable salt into the electrolyte aqueous medium providing for immediate ionic conductance in operation of the cell. The cation of the stated ionizable salt may be an alkali metal such as lithium, sodium or potassium, an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium, zinc, strontium, cadmium or barium, or a non-metallic cation such as ammonium. The anion of the salt may be a halide such as chloride, bromide and the like, an oxyhalide such as perchlorate, and so forth. Thus for example, illustrative of useful salts are magnesium bromide, magnesium perchlorate, and so forth.
The electrolyte contacting the anode metal may be saturated with the nitro aromatic acid salt, or contain a lesser concentration, provided this is a corrosion-inhibiting amount. The electrolyte may also include 1 additional, inorganic corrosion inhibitors, exemplary of which are barium chromate, mixtures of barium chromate with lithium chromate, and the like. When the salts of the present invention are employed in conjunction with other corrosion inhibitors such as the stated chromates, the amount necessary to achieve corrosioninhibition may be less. In any case, :a corrosion-inhibiting amount, sufiicient to produce an appreciable prolongation of the life of the cell, will be included.
In the dry cells contemplated by this invention, the cathode depolarizer will normally comprise a particulate material, and separation between the anodic metal and the cathode section of the cell is preferably provided by a separator structure. This separator structure must permit connection between the anode and cathode section by the fluid electrolyte, and accordingly the separator is a porous material which may be permeated by the electrolyte, such such as wheat flour with the fluid electrolyte, following which gelatinization may be produced by the action of the electrolyte, by heating, and so forth. Oth'er porous oi"- gani'c materials such as films of a plastic like porous polyethylene or inorganic porous products such as ceramics or glass can be used.
Referring to the cathode section, this will comprise a cathode current collector, a cathode depolarizer, and a cathodic material comprising a particulate conductive carbon. The cathode current collector will be a coherent inert structure possessing electrical conductivity, and is desirably an inert conductive material such as conductive carbon. For example, it may be a graphite rod or bar. In thebulk of the cathode depolarizer mass contacting the stated current collector, the cathode depolarizer is associated with an electronically conductive, inert particulate material distributed through the mass. The stated conductive particulate material will normally be a conductive carbon of the kind known as a battery blaek. Generally this is a carbon black produced by pyrolysis of an iinsatii rated carbon compound, such as an aetylefle black. The ratio of conductive carbon to cathode depolarizer may vary, for example, between 90-210 and 10290 (by weight), but is generally about 122. p I
The cathode depolarizer in the cells of this invention may be an insoluble inorganic oxide, such as manganese dioxide, copper oxide, silver oxide, nickel oxide, and so forth;
In a further embodiment of this invention, the depolai iZer may consist essentially of a soluble salt of a nitio substituted aromatic carboxylic acid. Sealed cells with the stated depolarizer composition, consisting essentially of these soluble nitr-o compounds having coirosion-irihibit= ing properties, have especially prolonged storage stability; Salt provided with the cathode mix in exess, of the soldbility of the salt in the electrolyte provides a reservoir for maintaining saturation of the electrolyte with corrosion in hibitor throughout the life of the cell. The cells also have an advantageously high and essentially, flat operating voltage. p
In still another embodiment of the present invention, the cell depolarizer may comprise an organic oxidant which is an insoluble cathode depolarizer. The insolii= ble, nitro-substituted aromatic compounds like iii-dinitro= benzene, 1,4,5,8 tetranitronaphthalene, 2,5-dinitropyfrole, 3-nitrocinnoline anddinitrocinnoline are exemplary of "these organic depolarizers. Other types of organic water-insoluble depolarizers, including nitroso coni= pounds such as 4-nitrosophenol, l-nitroso-Z-naphthol, 1,4-= dinitrosonaphthalene and m-nitronitrosobenzene, quinones such as benzoquinone and anthraquinone, and the like, may also be used.
The form of the cell may vary. For example, the
magesium anode may be a sheet or bar, may be formed in a cup to provide the container for the cathode mix, or may be powdered. The cell may have a round, cylindrical shape, or may be flat. cell, in which the exterior is the cathode. When the anode and cathode are particulate materials, they may be applied to a permeable bibulous separator in conjunction with binders, improving the adherence thereof to the separator, such as polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, and so forth.
The cells contemplated by this invention are sealed, to adapt them for storage prior to use. The sealed cells comprise the total electrochemical system, including magnesium metal anode, cathode depolarizer, aqueous electrolyte and a corosion-inhibiting amount of a soluble It may be an inside-out nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid salt. These cells remain serviceable after storage for months or years, and are immediately ready to deliver power, even after such storage, upon connection into an external electrical circuit.
The invention is illustrated but not limited by the following examples.
Example 1 This example illustrates the corrosion-inhibiting effects of the soluble nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid salts.
A series of aqueous solutions are prepared having the following compositions (g./ml.=grams per milliliter).
G./ml. No. l: Mg(ClO 0.249 No. 2:
Mg(ClO 0.249 Li CrO -2H O 0.001 BaCrO to saturation. No. 3:
Mg(ClO 0.249 Tetrasodium dinitropyromellitate 0.25 No. 4:
Mg(ClO 0.249 Disoclium 3,6-dinitrophthalate 0.25 No. 5:
Mg(ClO Li CrO -2H O 0.001 BaCrO to saturation. m-Dinitrobenzene, to saturation. No. 6:
Ll2CI'O4'2H2O BaCrO to saturation. Tetrasodium dinitropyromellitate 0.25
Six beakers are respectively half-filled with 20 ml. each of the above-described six aqueous solutions. In each beaker there are immersed two cans of a magnesium alloy of a type formulated for use in dry cells, identified as ASTM alloy AZ-lO, which is 0.1% A1, 0.05% Zn, 0.01% Ca, balance magnesium. The assemblies are then held under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature and examined periodically.
At the end of 12 days, the magnesium cans in solution No. 1, comprising magnesium perchlorate electrolyte without any added inhibitor, are completely converted to magnesium hydroxide precipitate. The metal structure is entirely destroyed.
After a 30 day time lapse, the cans immersed in solution No. 2, containing standard chromate inhibitor additives, are slightly pitted on the surface. The bulk of the metal is in good condition.
After the same time interval, the cans immersed in solutions No. 3 and 4 are in equally as good condition as those protected with the chromate inhibitors. The nitrosubstituted aromatic carboxylic acid soluble salts have protected the metal from attack by the electrolyte.
In solution No. 5, in which dinitrobenzene has been dissolved in the electrolyte together with the chromate inhibitors, after the months interval the condition of the cans is comparable to that of those in the inhibited electrolytes.
However, the cans immersed in solution No. 6 for a month, with the electrolyte having chromate inhibitors and the nitro aromatic acid salt both dissolved in it, show no evidence of corrosion at all. The cans are sub stantially as bright and tree of surface attack as before exposure to the electrolyte solution.
When a can has been maintained for 60 days in solution No. 5, containing m-dinitrobenzene and chromate inhibitors, the pitting has proceeded so far that the can has split open. The same is true of a can held 60 days in solution No. 2, containing chromates. But a can 6 in solution No. 6 containing the dinitropyromellitate salt and chromate inhibitors, held under the same conditions for 60 days, is still intact and shows only very slight pitting.
Example 2 This example illustrates cathode depolarizing properties of the nitro aromatic acid soluble salts.
The test equipment used in obtaining the data described below comprises a polymethacrylate tube having an 0.5 inch diameter bore, acting as the cathode mix container. At the open bottom of the tube, the depolarizer carbon mix rests on a cation exchange membrane. The polymethacrylate tube is placed in a container par tially filled with electrolyte. A counter electrode consisting of a carbon rod about /2 inch in diameter is immersed to a depth of about 2 inches in the electrolyte in the outside container. The electrolyte employed is poured into the tube containing the deloparizer mix, in an amount just sufiicient to provide a liquid phase above the top of the mix visible to the eye. A graphite pressure disc is placed over the cathode mix, which is surmounted by a graphite rod (working electrode) carrying a 550 gram weight. Connections to a standard calomel electrode are made through access ports in the side of the cell, to points just above the cathode mix, just below the top of the cathode mix, and at the bottom of the cathode mix. This provides measurements of potential where the drain rate is higher than the imposed load, at the bottom of the assembly, and where it is low, at the top. Measurements are made at room temperature (about 70 F.). The cathode is driven by lead/ acid storage batteries connected in series, which are in series with a milliammeter and a variable resistance. The working, counter and calomel electrodes are connected into the circuit, and a voltmeter is also included in the circuit, between the calomel electrode and the working electrode.
In the tests described below, the charge is a mixture of 0.5 gram (g.) ofthe nitro compound and 0.25 g. of Shawinigan acetylene black (50% compression), and the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of 168 grams of ammonium bromide per liter. The current drain is 0.025 ampere.
With tetrasodium dinitropyromellitate as depolarizer, the initial operating voltage is 0.0 volt (against normal hydrogen electrode) and over a period of better than 5 hours, measured at the top of the depolarizer mix, this has declined less than 0.2 volt. At the bottom of the cathode mix, after better than 2 hours, the potential is still above 0.2 volt. At all levels in the depolarizer mix, during the first two hours of operation, this sodium salt is superior to m-dinitro'benzene, which contains the same number of reducible nitro groups, but lacks the carboxylate salt groups.
With the disodium salt of 3,6-dinitrophthalic acid, the initial opera-ting voltage is 0.08 volt, and after 2 hours the potential at the top of the mix is still over 0 volt, and at the bottom it is 0.l4 volt.
Example 3 This example describes a dry cell embodying the pres ent invention, as illustrated in the figure.
The figure is a diagrammatic illustration of a vertical section of a dry cell prepared in accordance with the invention, in which 1 is a cup of magnesium, 2 is a separator made of porous material such as kraft paper lining the interior of the cup, and 3 is a cathode =mix prepared by combining acetylene carbon black particles and a depolarizer. For example, this may be a 50:50 by weight mixture of tetrasodium dinitropyromellitate and acetylene black. The paper separator and the cathode mix are permeated by a liquid electrolyte which is for example an aqueous solution of 168 grams per liter magnesium perchlorate, and 1 gram per liter lithium chromate, saturated with tetrasodium dinitropyrornellitate and with barium chromate. Centrally located in the cell and prevented frorn contacting the exterior can 1 by the separator 2 is a carbon rod 4 which is the cathode current collector. An air space 5 above the top of the cathode mix intervenes between it and an'insulating washer 6 and cover 7 overthe top of the cell.
' A cap 8 provides an electrical connection to the cathode current collector 4 and a jacket 9 covering the exterior of the can 1 insulates it from contact on the sides While leaving the bottom free for making electrical contact.
Connection of the cell system, by a cathode lead attached to cap 8 and anode lead contacting the bottom of the can 1, is made to the remainder of a completed electrical circuit (not shown) in which the current generated is passed through a resistance. The operating voltage is 1.3 volts.
While the invention has been described with particular reference to various specific preferred embodiments thereof, it is to be appreciated that modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which is limited only as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A dry cell including a magnesium anode, a cathode depolarizing mix and an aqueous electrolyte, said electtrolyte having dissolved in it a corrosion-inhibiting amount of a water-soluble alkali metal salt of a poly-nitro-substituted aromatic polycarboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon aromatic ring structure wherein the nitro and the carboxylic substituents are attached directly to the ring carbon atoms of said aromatic ring structure.
2. The cell of claim 1 wherein said salt is an alkali metal salt of a dinitrobenzene polycarboxylic acid.
3. The cell of claim 1 wherein said salt is disodium 3,6- dinitrophthalate.
4. The cell of claim 1 wherein said salt is tetrasodium dinitropyromellitate.
5. The cell of claim 1 wherein said cell is sealed.
References Cited by the Examiner OTHER REFERENCES Hackh: Chemical Dictionary, 3rd edition, 1944, page 491.
WINSTON A. DOUGLAS, Primary Examiner.
JOHN H. MACK, ALLEN B. CURTIS, Examiners.
W. VAN SISE, B. J. OHLENDORF, Assistant Examiners.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|8 Feb 1943
|20 Feb 1945
|Shell Dev
|Corrosion protection of metals
|26 Dec 1941
|14 Oct 1947
|Burgess Battery Co
|Deferred action dry cell with magnesium electrode
|2 May 1949
|15 Dec 1953
|Shell Dev
|Corrosion inhibition with nitrobenzaldehydes
|3 Mar 1951
|28 Dec 1954
|Frederic Balmas
|Method of sealing anodized aluminum surfaces and article produced thereby
|23 Aug 1951
|6 Dec 1955
|Anode for primary cells and method for making same
|27 May 1954
|17 Jun 1958
|Shell Dev
|Oxidation of alkyl-substituted benzene carboxylic acids
|23 Oct 1957
|14 Jul 1959
|Philip J Franklin
|Wetting agent for ion-exchange resin battery
|21 Mar 1958
|12 Dec 1961
|Pechiney Prod Chimiques Sa
|Method of protecting metal surfaces
|26 Dec 1961
|10 Aug 1965
|Pure Oil Co
|Detergent composition, non-corrosive to metal surfaces
|15 Jun 1940
|24 Mar 1942
|Magnesium primary cell
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|22 Apr 1968
|13 Jan 1970
|Us Army
|High energy density electrochemical system
|27 Aug 1973
|2 Sep 1975
|Electric cells of the Leclanche type
|6 Aug 1975
|15 Jun 1976
|Varta Batterie Aktiengesellschaft
|Primary cell corrosion inhibitor
|19 Nov 1975
|8 Feb 1977
|The Magnavox Company
|Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer
|9 Aug 2004
|12 Jan 2010
|Rovcal, Inc.
|Separators for alkaline electrochemical cells
|22 Jun 2010
|Rovcal, Inc.
|Alkaline cells having high capacity
|9 Aug 2004
|27 Jul 2010
|Rovcal, Inc.
|Alkaline cells having high capacity
|26 Apr 2011
|Rovcal Inc.
|Separators for alkaline electrochemical cells
|9 Aug 2004
|21 Apr 2005
|David Boone
|High capacity alkaline cells
|15 Feb 2006
|16 Nov 2006
|Rovcal, Inc.
|Separators for use in alkaline cells having high capacity
|10 Dec 2004
|14 Feb 2008
|Rovcal, Inc.
|High Capacity Alkaline Cell Utilizing Cathode Extender
|27 Jun 2012
|7 May 2014
|Nitto Denko Corporation
|Nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery and positive-electrode sheet therefor
|27 Jun 2012
|28 Jan 2015
|Nitto Denko Corp
|Nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery and positive-electrode sheet therefor
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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You can see why Groton officials got worried when it came time last year to finally go public with the news that the city had gone some $27 million into debt because of its failing cable television business, a money-losing company it was planning to practically give away.
It turns out the anxiety about what to say began when security analysts started to hint of a bond downgrade for the city, related in part to the cable television disaster.
Still, I was surprised to learn this week that city officials turned to a public relations specialist, a firm founded by former Connecticut television newscaster Duby McDowell, to help spin the story of the staggering cable television losses.
When Groton City Mayor Marian Galbraith prepped for a public hearing to discuss the cable debacle, she met with the public relations consultants to discuss what questions to anticipate and how to answer them.
"Going into a public hearing on a topic like that, there is a lot of things to talk about," Galbraith told me when I called to ask about a report I had heard of the public relations consulting for the city.
"We knew there would be a lot of questions, and we were not sure we would have every answer for them."
When I asked the mayor for an accounting of how much was paid for the public relations help, she had the director of Groton Utilities call. He said Duby McDowell Communications was paid a total of $63,000 over a nine-month period, and about $16,000 of that could be directly attributed to the cable company issues.
The last payment made was for a bill received in February, and the relationship has since been severed, the utility director said.
I suppose when the cable business caused some $27 million in losses, what's another $16,000 to help explain it away.
The February bill must have included the cost of a press release issued Feb. 1 by Duby McDowell Communications with a statement from Mayor Galbraith.
Curiously, the press release did not include the mayor's first name, an odd omission given that the city was paying professionals to issue it.
The statement from the mayor congratulated the new owners of the television company, who paid $550,00 for a company that taxpayers had lost some $27 million on.
"I wish the new owners and their employees well in their venture and hope our citizens will join me in continuing to support this vital local company," said the mayor's sunny, publicist-approved statement.
In all my years of covering the small municipalities of eastern Connecticut, I have never seen any of them employ public relations professionals.
State lawmakers have access to public relations staff. Congressional offices have publicity professionals. But I don't recall any ever being used by municipalities around here.
On the other hand, I have never seen a city or town here sink tens of millions of dollars into a money-losing business.
This is the opinion of David Collins.
State Rep. Hewett secures Democratic endorsement for 39th in New London
Connecticut U.S. Attorney: Local men staged 50 accidents to defraud insurance companies
Will Dittman is a leader with a passion for art, the environment
Alleged drunken driver arrested for comment about setting fire to Stonington police station
Waterford police to conduct sobriety checkpoints through Memorial Day weekend
Fentanyl-related overdose deaths projected to increase significantly
At NRA, Trump slams Clinton for 'heartless' gun restrictions
Former 'menace to community' hopes concert will show others that sobriety is possible


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Tampa, FL (AP) - Officials are searching the wreckage of a
small, civilian plane that crashed while assisting with a military
training exercise in rural central Florida. No military officials
or weapons were onboard.
The National Transportation Safety Board confirmed there are
fatalities, but didn't say how many or give details. The Cessna
M337B crashed Wednesday night in Avon Park. It was registered to
Robert Savely of Sausalito, Calif. A telephone message left for a
listing in that name wasn't immediately returned.
U.S. Special Operations Command spokesman Maj. Wes Ticer did not say what the plane was doing during the exercise but says it's not
uncommon for civilian planes to be used for training.
The NTSB scheduled a Thursday afternoon news briefing at the
crash site.
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Lance Lundsten didn't die from heart condition
Lance Lundsten, the gay 18-year-old from Miltona who died on Saturday, didn't die from his heart condition, the Douglas County Medical examiner now says.
Lundsten's death made headlines nationwide earlier this week, after local television news reported that his death was likely a suicide, possibly brought on by homophobic bullying at his high school.
Yesterday ABC affiliate KSAX admitted that it jumped the gun in reporting Lundsten's death as a suicide, citing miscommunication with the Douglas County Sheriff's department. The Echo Press of Alexandria reported that Lundsten's family said they were told by the medical examiner that the death was caused by cardiac edema brought on by an enlarged heart.
That account is now being called into question by KSAX, which reports today that Douglas County Medical Examiner Dr. Mark Spanbauer says the enlarged heart was not the primary reason Lundsten died.
The cause of death won't be determined for several weeks, until toxicology tests come back from the Bureau of Criminal Apprehensions laboratory.
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As Amarillo officials urge voluntary water rationing in the city, we thought it would be fun to see how their minding their own backyards.
The AGN photographers snapped photos of a few of the lawns of our elected officials - can you match them?
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[June 28, 2012]
Google unveils tablet, home entertainment system [San Jose Mercury News, Calif.]
(San Jose Mercury News (CA) Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) June 28--SAN FRANCISCO -- Pushing further into the consumer electronics business, Google (GOOG) announced Wednesday that it will sell a new digital home entertainment console and a 7-inch tablet computer aimed at bolstering its competition with Apple (AAPL), Amazon and other rivals.
The giant Internet search company also showed off a host of new products and features for its Android mobile operating system, including new TV, film and magazine offerings in Google's online store, and a voice-enabled search function that is Google's answer to Apple's vaunted digital assistant Siri.
While those seem far removed from Google's core business of Internet search advertising, analysts say the new products are part of a strategy aimed at preserving Google's dominance in that lucrative business. To do that, it hopes to deliver a broad range of digital media -- books, music, films and other services -- within an ecosystem of Google products at a time when other companies are luring consumers with similar services.
"It's less about the hardware and more about the experience," said Richard Shim, a mobile-computing expert with NPD DisplaySearch. "They are pushing into new services, but at the end of the day it's an indirect way of highlighting their core business." Google also invoked its freewheeling roots during the kickoff of the company's annual three-day software conference. At one point, co-founder Sergey Brin bounded on stage at the Moscone Center to show off a pet project, the computer-in-a-headset known as Google Glass. A video screen behind him showed a team of sky divers inside a blimp flying over San Francisco, and the convention center audience cheered as the sky divers -- wearing the cyborg-looking Google Glass headsets -- leapt from the blimp and landed on the Moscone building's roof.
Images from their headsets were streamed over an Internet connection. The device, which can also receive data and messages, is still under development.
As expected, Google CEO Larry Page did not appear, after the company said last week that he lost his voice under undisclosed circumstances. Brin said Wednesday that he's "not worried" about Page, but "we didn't want to stress him out by having him talk a lot." The most anticipated news of the day, however, was the unveiling of Google's new $199 Nexus 7 tablet, which will be manufactured by Asus according to Google's design, and sold by Google through its online Google Play store. Google is using the tablet to showcase the features of its newest Android software, known by the code-name Jelly Bean. Microsoft is following a similar strategy with its own tablet, showing off new Windows software.
"We wanted to provide the best of the Google experience, the way that Google envisions it," said Android product director Hugo Barra. The tablet has a high-definition display and enough processing power for fast-paced video games, the company said. But Google Play director Chris Yerga stressed that the tablet is also well-suited to reading magazines and books. That's a sign that Google is also positioning the Nexus 7 against Amazon's popular Kindle Fire, which to date is one of the few Android-based tablets that has sold particularly well.
Android is the world's most popular operating software for smartphones, but Apple has dominated the tablet market with its iPad, which runs on Apple's own software. Like Google, Amazon and Apple sell books, videos, music and other digital material over the Internet.
Google's new home entertainment console, dubbed Nexus Q, seems aimed at competing with similar streaming devices made by Apple, Sonos, Roku and others. While most consumer electronics devices sold in the United States are made by contractors in Asia, The New York Times reported that the Nexus Q is being assembled at an undisclosed Silicon Valley location.
The bowling-ball shaped console can be controlled from an Android smartphone or tablet. But analyst Patrick Moorhead of Moor Insights & Strategy said he's skeptical it will be a hit because its $299 price is higher than competing devices with similar capabilities.
While Google doesn't have much practice making and selling its own hardware -- other than a Nexus phone that was not a success two years ago -- Google has put years of work into developing voice-recognition technology. It already offers voice-enabled translation and navigation services. The new voice-enabled features in Jelly Bean go further by answering spoken questions with a natural-sounding female voice.
In a demonstration, it appeared to function in a manner similar to Apple's Siri. Analysts have warned that Siri could be a threat to Google's core Internet search business if users of Apple devices find it easier to simply talk to their iPhones rather than type in a Google query. "Google has to do something just as good with voice because that may be where search is going for mobile devices," said Al Hilwa, a software industry analyst with IDC.
From the demonstration, it wasn't clear how wide a range of questions can be answered by Google's voice search service. Executives also showed another new search feature in Jelly Bean, called Google Now, which provides automatic updates on information the user has previously searched for -- such as the status of an airline flight or the score of a baseball game. Executives said the service is only available for certain types of queries, although they plan to add more capabilities in the future.
Contact Brandon Bailey at firstname.lastname@example.com; follow him at Twitter.com/BrandonBailey.
android numbers: 400 million Android devices are now active.
1 million new Android devices are being activated every day.
600,000 apps and games are available through Google Play.
20 billion apps and games have been downloaded to date.
Source: Google ___ (c)2012 San Jose Mercury News (San Jose, Calif.) Visit the San Jose Mercury News (San Jose, Calif.) at www.mercurynews.com Distributed by MCT Information Services
Back To NFVZone's Homepage


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when I try to install the 4.4.4 update it aborts with the message below.
I dont recall editing the build.prop file and I dont have a backup. Ive tried flashing the update in both CWM and the stock recovery but it fails either way.
Any ideas about what I can do?
Verifying current system... "system/build.prop" has unexpected contents. Installation aborted.
Any ideas about what I can do?


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Orchestre de Jeux Video
l'Orchestre à vent de musique de film
CIRMMT Seminar Series: Pierre Michaud
Title: Towards a heuristic approach to mixed electroacoustic music: developing new pedagogical strategies favouring re-performance and preservation
Pierre Michaud will present his view on the future of mixed electroacoustic music, in the light of his past works and pedagogical activity.
For more information: www.cirmmt.mcgill.ca/activities/seminars/michaud
live@CIRMMT Performance Series: Identity in exile
Works for piano and live electronics with Julia Den Boer.
For more information: www.cirmmt.org/activities/live-cirmmt/identity
live@CIRMMT Performance Series: Quasar in creation - concert 2
New works for saxophone quartet and electronics.
For more information: www.cirmmt.orga/activities/live-cirmmt/quasar2
live@CIRMMT Performance Series: Quasar in creation - concert 1
New works for saxophone quartet and electronics.
For more information: www.cirmmt.org/activities/live-cirmmt/quasar1
live@CIRMMT Performance Series: The meaning of a format
Percussion quartet Architek perform new works with electronics.
For more information: www.cirmmt.org/activities/live-cirmmt/architek
live@CIRMMT Performance Series: Distinguished Artist concert with Denis Smalley
For more information: www.cirmmt.org/activities/live-cirmmt/smalley
live@CIRMMT Performance Series: NEM plays Harvey
Works by Jonathan Harvey: A collaboration between CIRMMT and the Nouvel Ensemble Moderne.
For more information: www.cirmmt.mcgill.ca/activities/live-cirmmt/nem


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Hey everyone
it have now been awhile seens I posted something on my DA but it's because
i have been sick now for about 1 and a half week and that's why i haven't been updating the legend of light so the rest of chapter 3 are i going to submit today but chapter 4 maybe don't come before 23/10 (I'm working on it)
Because i have so much in school now that I'm ****.
i have ben also felling a bit down and that why i haven't been able to draw/ i have had an Art Blook.........
i have most been writing poems another texts.
BUT i have also made my first speed paint that I'm going to post on YouTube on Friday
and it's when I'm drawing my new version of Alice persona(my first manga)
I'm also closing a part of my commissions so i will only make Chibi Commissions in both traditional and digital. (price stand in the donate pool)
Update! by HoshiSammaWatch
©2012-2016 HoshiSamma
get well soon
i'll read your manga when i have time
i'll read your manga when i have time
XD thanks
np is your manga up now
new pages i mean
i read some of the first ones
new pages i mean
i read some of the first ones


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I totally agree with your statement, Maximo User Group is best user group and now growing!
Facilities Management Maximo User Group Best Practices Mtg October 17-19
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  ibmsoftware asset-management maximo tivoli facilities-management service-management software eam ibmontwitter fmmug
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The Facilities Management Maximo User Group is at 500 members and growing!
As we heard from Kim Woodbury in her September 16th blog, the 2010 Best Practices FMMUG meeting will take place in Las Vegas, Sunday October 17 - Tuesday October 19th.
The event starts with a golf outing and mixer on Sunday........what's not to love!
On Monday Lourdes Salvat-Lee, the FMMUG chairman from Las Vegas Convention & Visitor Authority will kickoff the meeting. Other companies presenting include:
Check out the agenda here.
Consider joining us!
Join the FMMUG here.


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Welcome from Michigan!
This is a discussion on Hello from Anderson, SC within the New Members Introduce Yourself forums, part of the DefensiveCarry.com Forum Office category; Hey all Ive had my ccp since 2007 and carried a Browning Hi Power, Kel Tec p11 and now my new carry gun is a ...
Hey all Ive had my ccp since 2007 and carried a Browning Hi Power, Kel Tec p11 and now my new carry gun is a Taurus TCP 380. This is a great site for a wealth of info.
Welcome from Michigan!
*WARNING - I may or may not know what I am talking about.
Welcome from over in Florence, SC...
Sometimes in life you have to stand your ground. It's a hard lesson to learn and even most adults don't get it, but in the end only I can be responsible for my life. If faced with any type of adversity, only I can overcome it. Waiting for someone else to take responsibility is a long fruitless wait.
Timid people sleep peacefully at night because rough men stand ready to do violence on their behalf.
Molôn Labé!
Welcome from Aiken, SC
'Clinging to my guns and religion
Greetings from Rocky Top Tennessee
When you accept mediocrity you sow the seeds for future failure.
One should never confuse good fortune with good training.
Illegitimus Non Carborundum. In God we trust.
Welcome from Colorado!!!
God Bless the troops...especially the snipers!
-LaRue Tactical -
Welcome to DC from gun-friendly Utah
"The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants."
Thomas Jefferson
Welcome from another South Carolina carrier!!!!
Always put Jesus first in your life.
NRA (Lifetime Member)
U.S. Navy Vet.
EOD - Initial success or total failure
from Central Florida!
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
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from the Lowcountry of our state.
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John Daly didn't play in the Masters last week, but he definitely hit one of the shots of the week.
Daly posted a video on social media showing him putting a tee in a woman's mouth, setting a golf ball on it and smacking a typical John Daly bomb. The woman appears to be singer Katherine Michelle, whose Twitter page says she is the best friend of Daly's girlfriend Anna Cladakis.
I don't know what else to say except Holy Cow – and I'm glad I don't have Daly's liability policy. Daly, however, has some experience at this kind of shot. Back in 2012, he hit a similar tee shot using David Feherty as a tee.
Daly's recommendation on Twitter: Don't try this at home.


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They are big, secretive and about to slap down a mountain of cash on a stock market near you. Together with a wave of brash new emerging market tycoons, they are becoming a growing force on global financial markets, giving further support to riskier assets like equities, emerging markets, commodities and real estate, reinforcing a nascent bear market in bonds and potentially ratcheting up market volatility.
They have leapt into the investing spotlight with such force in the past couple of months that they now have their own acronym: SWFs, for sovereign wealth funds. While countries such as Norway and Singapore have had them for years, China's announcement last month that it would buy a US$3-billion stake in private-equity firm Blackstone Group LP as part of its plans to deploy US$200-billion to US$350-billion through a new state investment vehicle, takes their influence to a whole new level.
"It's only the most important thing that's going to happen over the next few years in international markets," said George Magnus, senior economic advisor at UBS in London, only half jokingly.
Stratfor, a U.S. company that provides analysis on geopolitical, security and public policy issues, said a US$350-billion market infusion from China would be important simply because of its scale.
"That amount represents the single largest pool of cash that any government has thrown at anything, ever," Stratfor said in a report. "Adjusted for inflation, the United States' largest effort, the Marshall Plan, comes in at just over US$100- billion. In essence, China is about to throw a very large rock into the pond without telling anyone where specifically to expect the splash."
In addition to China, other countries have recently been tripping over themselves to set up funds that would do more than just buy government bonds and gold. Russia plans to divert some of its US$113.7-billion oil stabilization fund into a future generations fund that will have US$32-billion in seed capital when it is up an running in 2008, according to estimates by Morgan Stanley. In April, Korea Investment Corp. said it would boost the size of its fund to US$50-billion from US$20-billion by 2010, while the Middle Eastern investment funds have been surging.
Morgan Stanley recently estimated SWFs may now total US$2.5- trillion though Mr. Magnus is more circumspect since the size of many of the Middle Eastern funds are completely unknown as few reveal details of their plans. He estimates the total at US$1.5-trillion to US$2.5-trillion.
"Given that formally identified and reported foreign exchange reserves are about US$5-trillion, already this must be about 20% to 30% of global foreign exchange reserves but the probability is that their funds will grow much more rapidly and allocations from central bank reserves will grow, " he said.
At US$2.5-trillion, SWFs may only represent a fraction of the US$60- trillion under management in the world, but government buying of U.S. treasuries have already been identified as a key factor in holding down bond yields in recent years and as the funds quickly grow -- Morgan Stanley estimates they will rise by about US$500-billion a year -- their impact on global markets is sure to grow, too.
So how did some countries come to accumulate such riches? Through a combination of trade, foreign exchange manoeuvring and surging oil prices.
"A great boom in global reserves is merely the mirror image of a great boom in worldwide trade," said Chen Zhao, managing editor of Global Investment Strategy at BCA Research in Montreal, in a report. Big exporting countries have simply been racking up huge trade surpluses while China's de facto currency peg and Asia's aggressive foreign exchange market intervention have kept their currencies low, contributing to the rise in surpluses. China's foreign exchange reserves now total a whopping US$1.2-trillion while Middle Eastern countries have been benefitting from surging oil prices.
Until recently, many of these countries were content to hold the bulk of their foreign exchange reserves in safe instruments like government bonds, T-bills and gold but they can not afford to do so any longer.
"The reserves have become so big that traditional, passive reserve management has become too risky for them," Mr. Zhao said in an interview. "It's ironic, if they don't take more risk it becomes too risky for them."
SWF's current dependency on government debt was highlighted in a recent study by Lawrence Dyer, U.S. interest rate strategist at HSBC Securities USA Inc.
Mr. Dyer found foreign investors now own 80% of U.S. treasury notes due in three to 10 years. The U.S. Treasury department meanwhile, estimates foreigners hold 50% of all U.S. treasury notes and bonds. And while some are likely private investors a good chunk are governments.
"You can't grow 5% or 10% a year when you own 80% of a market," Mr. Dyer said in an interview. "There's a point where you've got to say I guess I've got to hold something else."
And so SWFs are on the prowl for riskier assets, powered also by the need to boost returns to pay for an ageing population. They will be competing with emerging market tycoons who are increasingly flexing their muscles outside their home markets including India's Lakshmi Mittal and Mukesh Ambani, Russia's Roman Abramovich and Brazil's CVRD, which recently snapped up Canada's Inco.
Apart from the SWFs, state-owned companies from China and the Middle East are also moving outside their borders to search for resources. Abu Dhabi National Energy Co., for example, scooped up Calgary-based Northrock Resources Ltd. earlier this week.
While China is unlikely to dump its stash on markets all at once, Morgan Stanley says growing talk of SWFs moving into equities has already likely contributed to recent sell-off in bonds, more for psychological reasons as private investors try to "front-run" the sovereigns.
"Effectively it's many, many investors deciding that the best investment opportunity is equities not fixed income at these kind of yields," said Douglas Porter, deputy chief economist at BMO Capital Markets. "That's precisely what's going on around the world, whether it's companies, individuals or funds, they have all been arriving at the same decision over the last couple of years."
SWFs then, are one reason for the great global equity boom to keep rolling along and for bond yields to keep nudging higher but it is ambiguous what they mean for the U.S. dollar, in a bear market of its own for the last five years.
While China's Blackstone investment demonstrates a desire for U.S. assets remains a priority, Mr. Magnus believes the SWFs will increasingly gravitate toward the growth regions of emerging markets. Anecdotal evidence suggests Gulf investment funds are already much less invested in the United States than central banks, said Mr. Magnus.
"Typically the U.S. dollar share of their assets is maybe anywhere between 30% and 50% where for a central bank it may be 60% to 65%," he said.
While SWFs may give more overall support to equities, they could also inject volatility, and they raise a host of transparency and protectionism issues.
A 5% loss could be devastating for a SWF and could throw the march to equities into reverse, sideswiping individual investors along the way, analysts say. There has simply been no experience of how the Chinese would react to a global meltdown in stocks.
While some SWF's such as Norway's give full accountings of where their money is deployed, details on others like the Gulf states are scanty. Morgan Stanley believes SWFs could also become a source of political tension, just as trade has.
"The complications of CNOOC and Dubai Port [both of which recently tried to invest in the United States] could become recurring events, now that a good part of the official reserves is made available for equity acquisitions," Morgan Stanley said. "The transformation of these foreign central banks from creditors to owners could lead to political reactions not just in the U.S., but also in Australia, Canada and other countries offering assets that reserve-rich nations find desirable."
There is also the issue of political interference.
"There is a very high risk that politicians will start meddling and intervening and trying to steer this money for political reasons," said Dan Mitchell, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. "That has two negative effects. When these investment funds start allocating their resources on the basis of politics rather than rate of return that's obviously bad for the people who are supposed to benefit from the funds. The other problem is a more macroeconomic problem. When politicians start this meddling you have resource misallocation."
Politicians may decide where the funds go, skewing their economies.
China has obviously tried to avoid this problem with its investment in Blackstone and many of these funds will undoubtedly move to independent outside managers. But as these funds flex their muscle around the globe, private investors could ride their coattails and all the turbulence they may create.


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"Melbourne" Melbourne by PierreZA
Melbourne Travel Guide: 3,524 reviews and 8,058 photos
Melbourne is the first city I visited in Australia. I was invited to attend a conference there, and was quite exited. After a very long flight to Sydney and connecting to Melbourne, it took some time to adapt to the time zone difference.
Melbourne is a great city. And get the idea that it is a city that "works" very well. It is organizes, clean and friendly.
The biggest problem would most probably be the flies!
If you stay close to the central part of the city, it is very easy to get along as the public transport is very efficient, and you can walk around very easily.
There is a lot to do and see. I wonder how many cities in the world can compete with Melbourne in many ways – as it is host to a F1 Grand Prix, Grand slam tennis open, the Melbourne cup, was host to an Olympic games, Commonwealth Games etc. It also has a lot to offer on world class level. Despite all of this, I will remember Melbourne most probably for the fantastic restaurants and cuisine. During our 1 week stay we visited many outstanding restaurants which served excellent cuisine.
1. Restaurants
2. Walk the streets of central Melbourne to get a feeling for the city.
3. A boat trip on the Yarra
4. Daytrip to the wineries of the Yarra Valley
5. Try to watch a show at one of the theatres
6. A boat trip on the Yarra
7. St Kilda
8. Many, many more
- Pros:A lot!
- Cons:The flies
- In a nutshell:First Class City
Reviews (15)
The excellent restaurants and dining is one of the higlights of Melbourne. There are so many choices. I'm sure you will... more travel advice
Very busy. Fantastic Italian food. The abience is very nice, with waiters dressed in white jackets. The food is very,... more travel advice
A very good restaurant/bistro with good service and very good food. Nice views fro the balconies. As the name suggests,... more travel advice
A very impressive restaurant. Great food, fantastic wine list, excellent service - a class above! If possible do treat... more travel advice
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Comments (5)
Lovely Melbourne travel page with excellent photographs. The city certainly has wonderful attractions especially St. Kilda, Queen Victoria Market, Regent Theatre and Flinders Street Station. We just came back from Sydney two months ago. ~ho & pang
Nice tips Pierre!Is that you in the Cafe di Stasio Pic??Next time do visit the MCG-terrific atmosphere even when there is no event.
Pierre- good perspective of Melbourne. Good restuarant tips especially! Qantas is nie meer een van die beste- ek sal nie Qantas vlieg nie.
I'm glad you liked Melbourne. I went to see "Priscilla" recently, it's a terrific show.
Great tips. I would be heading Melbourne in two weeks' time!
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- Cairo Intro, 29 reviews, 44 photos


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Reading the best thing to do is pull the motor, cut the head off the bolts. Then remove the head, weld nuts on. Use heat and penetrating oil. Years ago used to do some VW motors. They had a similiar problem, they sold Elephant studs. Does Subaru do something similar? What does one do if you have to strip the block to get them out? Seems all of my head bolts are this way.
by Kev9921254 in Spokane, WA on January 15, 2012


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Gerardo De Jesús
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Repayment Schedule
Gerardo de Jesús, 32, lives with his wife, who attends to the household chores and helps him in his business. He has a stall that sells
, tortillas, sodas, bread, cookies, candy and other types of food. The business is located in a very strategic spot, since in the area there are public schools and various businesses.
His sales are very good since there is a lot of foot traffic. It is for this reason that he wishes to invest in the business, buying a greater variety of products such as bread, juice, ingredients for making
and other items. This will lead to an increase in sales. This is important for Gerardo since it will allow him to provide a better life for his wife and children, who are the main reason for all his efforts.
Translated from Spanish
Kiva volunteer
Kevin Bohnert
View original language description ↓
Gerardo de Jesús de 32 años de edad, vive junto a su esposa quien se dedica a los quehaceres del hogar y le ayuda con el negocio. Gerardo posee una venta de pupusas, tortillas, bebidas gaseosas, golosinas, pan, galletas y otros productos alimenticios más. El negocio está ubicado en una zona muy estratégica ya que en el lugar hay escuelas públicas y negocios varios. Sus ventas son muy buenas ya que es una zona muy transitada, es por esta razón que él desea invertir en el negocio, comprando mayor cantidad de productos comestibles como: pan, materia prima para elaboración de pupusas, jugos y otros más, de manera que sus ventas se puedan ver incrementadas, lo cual es lo principal para Gerardo ya que esto le permitirá brindarle una vida mejor a su esposa e hijos quienes son la principal razón para salir adelante y esforzarse.
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About Apoyo Integral
Apoyo Integral (Apoyo) is a nonprofit organization offering financial products that enable clients to increase their working capital, purchase fixed assets, buy and remodel homes, expand agricultural business and more. The organization's target group is businessmen and women who have already established their businesses but need financial support to strengthen or expand them.
Like Kiva, Apoyo is committed to empowering women involved in business activities in rural areas. Kiva lenders' funds will be used to expand these services to an even greater number of poor clients in rural areas.
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US Dollars
Loan transacted in USD
A loan of $500 helped Gerardo De Jesús to buy bread, juice, soda and corn for resale.
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Repayment Term
14 months
(Additional Information)
Repayment Schedule
May 25, 2012
Jul 2, 2012
Currency Exchange Loss:
Aug 1, 2012


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Spotlight On Ethics
Harrisonburg Rotary Club Honors 68 Students
Jafar Mansoor, a fourth-grader at Waterman Elementary School, beams while being honored by the Harrisonburg Rotary Club for ethical behavior at an awards ceremony at the James Madison University Festival Conference and Student Center on Thursday. (Photos by Nikki Fox)
Rotarian Betsy Hay (left) congratulates Trevor Spiggle and Hannah Mast, fifth-grade award recipients from Linville-Edom Elementary School.
Maritza Valencia-Rocha, a Thomas Harrison Middle School student, was picked for an ethical behavior award at Thursday's ceremony.
Peter Yates, the editor and general manager of the Daily News-Record and keynote speaker, addresses the audience.
HARRISONBURG — Philosophers, theologians and other great thinkers have pondered the concept of ethics for centuries.
Given the vast amount of study into the topic, it may seem a difficult concept…
To See This and Every Local Story from The Daily News-Record, Click Here to Become a Subscriber!
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58-17115 - Double Surge Strip Bundle
Two surge protectors are always better than one! Get the Power-Save 4-outlet surge and the Philips Power Blocker 6-outlet surge protector in one bundle, and double your power protection.
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Converts one grounded receptacle into three Rated at 15A, 125VAC UL listed
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Converts a single outlet from a standard grounded duplex receptacle into a single, non-polarized outlet with on/off rocker switching.
Mfr Name: Stellar Labs Power
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POLNL42R - Home Charging Station with Night Light
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Mfr Name: Stellar Labs
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Excellent! Great prices, well packed, shipped fast.


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"Milk Splash Blues in El Cocuy National Park" Cocuy by richiecdisc
Cocuy Travel Guide: 43 reviews and 69 photos
Long off limit due to a high concentration of guerrilla occupation, El Cocuy National Park had a bit of a mystical cult reputation for those wanting to explore its considerable charms but standing on the outskirts of this forbidden land. Though only established as a national park in 1977, the vast and varied park of over 1000 square miles has been the draw of human awe much longer with 15 peaks over 5000 meters, the largest glaciated region in South America above the Equator, and a diverse species of flora and fauna befitting its varying terrain from over 5000 to 600 meters. Ironically, no sooner did it gain national park status and visitation became impossible due to the aforementioned occupation.
Of course, places of such incredible beauty will gain notoriety no matter how remote and difficult to visit. Perhaps its inaccessibility is what helps create such strong desire in the first place but make no mistake, it is very much deserving of such a pilgrimage. While the lower plains of the eastern side of the park remain largely unvisited, the stunning mountainous area to its west is becoming increasingly popular due to its relative accessibility. This is partly due to a remaining questionable danger of guerrilla activity in the plains but also because of a lack of any infrastructure to make it a reasonably venture. Rangers say this is perhaps the most important part of the park ecologically with much of the flora and fauna the park is protected for so perhaps this isolation is a good thing.
The more renowned areas are indeed drawing more people each year despite average elevations of over 4000 meters and the difficulty of actually getting close enough to enjoy it. Park figures show that climbing its most renowned peak grew by nearly 6000% between 2003 and 2007. Even with such figures heralding its arrival, it was still only 6000 people and when you compare that to big name South American destinations like Machu Picchu or Iguazi Falls, it is still a relatively tourist-free place to visit. Let's not even talk about the Grand Canyon. With perhaps some considerable effort, you can escape all but the most hardy and have a true wilderness experience. This is something that is becoming increasingly rare on our crowded planet. Enjoy it while it lasts.
El Cocuy Natinoal Park was the reason I've wanted to visit Colombia since 2005 so it was a trip long in the planning stages but for various reasons, it never materialized until early 2010. With such little information out there on the trek and most of that very dated, it sounded like it was still so heavily glaciated that doing it without a guide was next to impossible. Compounding this with all the misinformation about the dangers of guerilla activity and it's no wonder few were venturing there. In 2007, a planned trip was again thwarted by poor timing. Our trip that year had to be in late summer and by all accounts, it is a very poor time to do the trek around the El Cocuy massif so we went to Ecuador instead. In early 2010, with a planned move to Germany in the wings that spring, we decided we just had to do it before moving from South Florida. It turned out our timing was perfect. With an El Nino year ravaging Peru with record rains and floods, Colombia found itself with one of the driest summers ever. Many of the national parks were closed due to danger of wild fires and in fact, El Cocuy was closed the day we started our trek. A day later and all our preparations would have been for nought but what was certainly not a good period for the park itself was a blessing for us as navigating the difficult trek was made much easier by the clear skies. As you will see from the photos, it looks and was quite idyllic.
Reviews (43)
Though you can find most things in big cities in Colombia, some things will be hard to find like dried foods for... more travel advice
Backpacking is a great sport and while El Cocuy is not for beginners, it offers a great wild and secluded area for those... more travel advice
There's even more nightlife in the town of El Cocuy than there is in its namesake National Park but make no mistake... more travel advice
When staying at the Cabanas Laguna Pintada, I noticed lots of people hiking up into the bowl of a nearby peak. Under... more travel advice
Favorites (3)See All maybe the star of Bethlehem wasn't a...
What to Pack (1)ready for a high altitude expedition
Off The Beaten Path (4)See All sheep
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Transportation (4)See All most of the park is foot access only
Restaurants (2)See All have stove will travel
Hotels (10)See All a nice way to end our trek with creature...
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Comments (16)
congratulation Richie! ;) outstanding pics! It sounds like a really fantastic trip!! great adventure!
Congratulations for winning the Barney Award!
as i see your page, good choice....Congratulations!
Fantastic choice for the Barney - well done! Stunning photos and a great read. Not something I'm ever likely to manage myself I fear, but I really enjoyed experiencing it vicariously through you. - the landscapes, nature and that stunning sunset.
Yes, yes, yes, dear Richie - soooo well deserved!!!! Especially since it is this long dreamt about destination hike :-)) Haha, so you missed the party but had your real party :-)) Hugs and smiles ... and now I have that... bronchitis... lol
Great page, well deserved award! PJ
Congrats on the Barney. Bet my old boss gave you competition though.
Absolutely stunning pictures Richie esp 'Sheep roaming El Cucuy" It's like a painting, the colours are so vivid. Because of your many wonderful photos, I was the one who nominated you for the Barney Awards "Best Photographer".
Epic stuff, I'm envious, as usual. Amazed that you haven't featured a pub somewhere...... I found a drinking spot for you when I was at Coober Pedy. Cheers Ian
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Positioned for growth are four North Bay companies with products and services that fill a need despite the downturn, of perhaps because of it.
Four-employee Aethos Technology in Santa Rosa, founded this year, has Web-enabled digital print management systems in a software-as-a-service model. The service allows digital, and soon offset printers, to be much more productive and allows them to take orders over the Web.
Founder and partner Eric Wold, who developed the software to make his own print shop more efficient, said the system takes small orders and funnels them into large batches, allowing them to be printed at much lower costs.
Aethos won best of show at a recent North Bay Growth and Innovation Forum, and investors are already doing due diligence.
Founded by Santa Rosa businessman Dan Brinker, American TonerServ pursues a double strategy of acquisitions and organic growth through its own sales team. During the last three years it has acquired eight independent, compatible toner cartridge sellers with sales of $1 million to $20 million. American TonerServ provides them with Web-enabled, back-end office services and sales and fulfillment mechanics, freeing their teams up to concentrate on growing their customer base.


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Tuesday, April 02, 2013
0 Comments | Copyright: IANS
"Chashme Buddoor", a remake of 1981 film, about three friends will release alongside "Rise Of The Zombie", touted as the country's first Zombie horror thriller this Friday.
Directed by David Dhawan and produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures, the new "Chashme Baddoor(2013)" features Ali Zafar, Siddharth, Taapsee Pannu and Divyendu Sharma in the lead roles.
The original, produced by Gul Anand and directed by Sai Paranjpye, revolved around three students living in Delhi - Siddharth (Farooque Sheikh), Omi (Rakesh Bedi) and Jai (Ravi Baswani) - and what happens when they meet Neha (Deepti Naval).
Dhawan said his film carries the same soul as the original, but with some obvious changes.
"As far the story is concerned, it has the soul, but that film was made 30 years ago. It was very good that time and I have tried that it should be good even now. It is according to today's youth," he said.
While the original was made on a shoestring budget, the new "Chashme Baddoor" is said to be an expensive movie, and also stars Rishi Kapoor, Juhi Chawla and Anupam Kher.
On the same day, "Rise Of The Zombie" co-directed by Devaki Singh and Luke Kenny, is coming out.
Featuring Luke as well as Kirti Kulhari, Ashwin Mushran and Benjamin Gilani, the film revolves around Neil Parker, a passionate wildlife photographer who pays more attention to his wildlife than his human life.
As a result, his relationships with the real world suffers. When his girlfriend walks out on him, he resigns himself to isolation and nature.
The story follows his journey into a darkness that has to be seen to be believed.
Made on a shoestring budget of Rs.4 crore, "Rise Of The Zombie" is about transformation and origin of a Zombie. The complex past story that turns into a contemporary psychological horror with Zombie mayhem will keep the audience on the edge of their seats.
Keeping the story simple was a challenge for the team, says Luke.
"The film is a beginning of a story. It is the first part of a long story. It is part one of a zombie trilogy, which is going to be coming out in the years to come," he said.
"Every story should begin in a simple way and that is what we have tried. That has been the most exciting challenge - to keep it simple," he added.
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FORT JENNINGS — James W. Kleman, 87, of Fort Jennings died at 4:30 a.m. on Wednesday, April 9, 2014 at VanCrest of Delphos.
He was born on June 8, 1926 in Kalida to the late Frank and Elizabeth (Kottenbrock) Kleman. On June 24, 1950, he married Janice Collins who preceded him in death on March 29, 2013.
Survivors include eight children: Gary (Rhonda) Kleman, Terry (Judy) Kleman, and Diane (Gary) Stennett, all of Fort Jennings, Dave (Cheryl) Kleman of Ottoville, Kevin (Carol) Kleman of Ludow Falls, Kim (Kent) McCracken of Delphos, Keith (Misty) Kleman of Celina, and Monte (Katherine) Kleman of Herndon, VA; 31 grandchildren; 26 great-grandchildren; and a brother: Eugene (Alvera) Kleman of Derby, KS.
He was preceded in death by a granddaughter: Katherine; and two brothers: Robert and Franklin Kleman.
James was a farmer and worked at Ford Motor Co., Lima. He was owner of Broadway Inn, Spencerville in the 1950's. He was a WWII Navy Veteran, a member of St. Joseph Catholic Church, Fort Jennings, and a 60 year member of Fort Jennings American Legion. He was a Boy Scout leader of Troop #230 and first Scout Master in 1970, and he also coached Little League and girls softball and soccer.
Mass of Christian Burial will begin at 10:30 a.m. on Saturday, April 12, 2014 at St. Joseph Catholic Church, Fort Jennings with Fr. Charles Obinwa officiating. Burial will follow in the church cemetery with Military Rites by Fort Jennings American Legion. Visitation will be from 2 to 8 p.m. Friday with a Scripture Service at 6 p.m., and one hour prior to the service Saturday at LOVE-HEITMEYER FUNERAL HOME, Jackson Township.
Memorial contributions may be made to the
Condolences may be expressed at www.lovefuneralhome.com.


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ABCAR Trailers
41 Malcomson Street
North Mackay Qld 4740
Email us
The ABCAR range of trailers are designed as strong, low cost, hot dipped galvanised trailers ideal for the home handyman through to industry and come in a variety of sizes and capacities.
For over 20 years, Mackay Trailers have been the market leader supplying trailers to residents, business and industry throughout the Mackay Region and Queensland. This experience and desire to supply the highest quality trailers in the market has paved the way for us to introduce our own line of trailers.
ABCAR 1000 SERIES box trailers
ABCAR 2000 SERIES tandem trailers.
ABCAR B4.2 boat trailers.
What makes the ABCAR Series of trailers so good is that they have been built specifically with Mackay's unique conditions in mind, drawing on our years of customer feedback and knowledge gained from being locally owned and operated. These designs result in a tough, durable trailer that will withstand harsh Northern QLD summers through to cold Southern winters, with features to suit nearly all applications.
Every ABCAR box trailer model comes with these features as standard:
- Hot Dip Galvanised
- Heavy Duty Checker Plate
- Fully welded body with 2.5mm floor
- Front & Rear opening Tailgates, both removable
- Front , Rear and Side tie rails
- Australian Standard Heavy Duty Coupling and Safety Chain
- New 14" Sunraysia Rims with new Tyres
- Ford Stud Pattern
- Protected LED Tail-lights
We also offer optional extras such as a brand new spare rim/tyre and strong hot dip galvanised cage to suit all models.
The ABCAR Trailer series is the new standard in quality & value and will provide peace of mind to every owner, even if you loan it to your friends!"
Our team are dedicated in providing the best trailer solutions to meet all your individual needs.


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Warmer temperatures enhance growth conditions of fatal fungus
Back to article | Note about images
The Panamanian golden frog is one of more than 100 species of disappearing harlequin frogs.
Scientists estimate that about 67 percent of harlequin frogs have disappeared due to fungus outbreaks driven by global warming.Credit: � Forrest Brem, courtesy of NatureServe
Recent studies show the Earth's warming climate is contributing to the increase of chytrid disease, a fungus infection that is responsible for the extinction of many tropical frog species. The fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, infects tadpoles and eventually attacks the skin of adults and kills them. Scientsts know the spore stage can swim through water to infect other frogs, but there is still much to know about how the disease spreads, and if it can survive in other animals.Credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation


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2 Apr 2014 8:02 PM #1
How To Report A Bug
To enable us to quickly process, reproduce and fix bugs we will need to gather from you a few details regarding your environment, steps to reproduce the issue, and a stand-alone test case.
It will be very helpful to know the exact Ext JS version, browser, and description and any additional information you can give will generally help us fix the bug faster.
----- ----- -----
Please create a stand-alone test case demonstrating the issue you're seeing using https://fiddle.sencha.com/#home
* It uses your forum login / password
In addition please use the below template to fill in the environmental details / steps to reproduce the issue:
[B][U]Ext version tested:[/U][/B] [LIST][*]Ext 4.____ rev ____[/LIST] [B][U]Browser versions tested against:[/U][/B] [LIST][*]____[*]IE8[*]FF3 (firebug 220.127.116.11 installed)[*]Safari 4[/LIST] [B][U]DOCTYPE tested against:[/U][/B] [LIST][*]____[/LIST] [B][U]Description:[/U][/B] [LIST][*]Describe the problem in greater detail here, summarizing the behavior.[/LIST] [B][U]Steps to reproduce the problem:[/U][/B] [LIST][*] foo[*] bar[/LIST] [B][U]The result that was expected:[/U][/B] [LIST][*] foo[*] bar[/LIST] [B][U]The result that occurs instead:[/U][/B] [LIST][*] foo[*] bar[/LIST]Don Griffin
Director of Engineering - Frameworks (Ext JS / Sencha Touch)
Check the docs. Learn how to (properly) report a framework issue and a Sencha Cmd issue
"Use the source, Luke!"-->