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From left: Connor Alvarez, Porter Waggoner, Levi Iversen, Michael Messer Benjamin Taylor, Bridger Anderson, Brayden Brown, Jack Sitlington and Vincent Schierenberg ended their spring soccer season 11-4-1. The new Ridgway Ouray United Raptors are looking forward to summer tournaments and expanding their club next fall.
Courtesy photo
The Rio Grande Southern 252 passenger car was hauled into Ridgway Monday morning from Monte Vista. The car is one of only two surviving passenger coaches that ran out of Ridgway.
Plaindealer photo by Dalton Carver
Mick Graff, Ouray County representative for Western Colorado Community Foundation, and Sue Hillhouse, former Ouray County representative for WCCF, present information about the organization at last week's community trust meeting at Ridgway Community Center. Telluride Foundation also provided some potential pathways for Ouray County to create its own community trust vehicle.
Plaindealer photo by Dalton Carver
John Peters, county planning commissioner, announces his intent to run for county commissioner in District 1 last Thursday at Taco del Gnar. Peters, unaffiliated, will run against Democratic candidate Amy McBride. Either McBride or Peters will replace the vacancy resulting in Lynn Padgett, Board of County Commissioners chair, stepping down due to term limits.
Plaindealer photo by Dalton Carver
Latest News
by Dalton Carver
About 16 years ago, Pat Willits recognized an issue that wasn't receiving nearly as much attention as it truly deserved. That realization sprouted into the Trust for Land Restoration, an... + continue reading
by Dalton Carver
La Zona Colona, the county's newest coffee shop, received Board of County Commissioners approval for its drive-through window at Tuesday's meeting at the Colona Roadhouse. However, the thumbs-up... + continue reading
Home Page
More News
By Tori Sheets
Ouray lost a beloved officer, husband and friend on Monday.
Sergeant Neil Scott Mills, age 51, was off-duty and driving his Honda motorcycle north on US 550 between Ridgway and Ouray. According... + continue reading
By Dalton Carver
A two-vehicle collision has prompted emergency services to block off the entirety of US 550 a bit past Orvis Hot Springs. According to Ruth Stewart, county paramedic, there is one fatality. Updates to... + continue reading
By Tori Sheets
The Ouray Varsity Boy's basketball team and the Knowledge Bowl team are both headed to state.
The Trojans secured a spot in the state basketball tournament with a 69-40 win over the Flagler High School... + continue reading


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The September Program of Study
Changes to this program will take effect in the 2016–2017 academic year.
Every student enrolled in the College of General Studies is a fully matriculated Boston University degree candidate who, upon completion of the two-year program, will have earned a minimum of 48 credit hours within the core curriculum and 16 elective credit hours in the other undergraduate programs of the University, for a total of 64 credits. Completion of these credit hours places a student halfway through the 128-credit requirement for nearly all of the baccalaureate degree programs within the University. For information on continuation with a bachelor's degree following the CGS program, see CGS's Academic Progress & Continuation policy.
Program Outline
The general education program includes two years of study in social sciences and humanities, and one year of study in natural sciences and in rhetoric. The following outline is a guide to the course of study undertaken by students in the College of General Studies September Program. Schools and colleges within the University and outside institutions may use this information in evaluating College of General Studies coursework for transfer credit. For more detailed course descriptions, consult the Courses section in this website.
Freshman Year
First Semester, 16 credits
- CGS HU 101 Traditions in the Humanities: The Ancient World through the Renaissance Literature, with Film & Art History (4 cr)
- CGS RH 101 English Composition: Argument and Critical Thinking (4 cr)
- CGS SS 101 Introduction to Historical Sociology and the Social Sciences Anthropology, Sociology, Economics, and Social Psychology (4 cr)
- Elective (4 cr)
Second Semester, 16–18 credits
- CGS HU 102 Breaks with Tradition: The Enlightenment to the Present Literature, with Film & Art History (4 cr)
- CGS RH 102 English Composition: Argument and Research (4 cr)
- CGS SS 102 Social Change and Modernization in the Western World History (4 cr)
- Elective (4–6 cr)
Sophomore Year
First Semester, 16 –18 credits
- CGS HU 201 Plato to Nietzsche Philosophy, with Art, Film, and Literature (4 cr)
- CGS NS 201 Scientific Paradigms and Contemporary Applications Cosmology, Evolution, Biological Chemistry, Genetics (4 cr)
- CGS SS 201 Social Change and Modernization in the Non-Western World: China and Russia History, Political Theory (4 cr)
- Elective (4–6 cr)
Second Semester, 16–18 credits
- CGS HU 202 History of 20th-Century Ethical Philosophy and Applied Ethics Philosophy, with Art, Film, and Literature (4 cr)
- CGS NS 202 Human and Global Ecology Climatology, Environmental Chemistry, Population Biology (4 cr)
- CGS SS 202 America's Response to Aggression and Revolution: US Foreign Policy Since the 1930s Political Science, International Relations (4 cr)
- Elective (4–6 cr)
Directed Study (Optional)
Directed Study is a College of General Studies course in which a student pursues independent research for academic credit under the guidance of a faculty member. A student who undertakes a Directed Study usually does so to explore in more depth areas covered broadly in courses, or to explore topics not ordinarily covered in the curriculum.
In most cases, students initiate the Directed Study, i.e., they have an idea for a course of study and they approach a CGS faculty member to work with them for Directed Study credit. In other cases, however, students may also request Directed Study credit for working with a CGS professor through the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), a University-wide academic program that promotes Boston University undergraduates' participation in faculty-mentored research projects across all disciplines.
Read the policy on Directed Study for full details.
Internships (Optional)
The College of General Studies offers students the opportunity to receive one credit for internships that require academic credit. Students will be billed for the credit, if applicable. (As always, if a CGS student does not have a 3.0 cumulative GPA or above and is registered for more than 18 credits, h/she will be billed for the overload credit.)
Credit will appear as course "CGS SS 200: Internship" on the transcript. CGS SS 200 does not fulfill a degree requirement at Boston University and does not count toward graduation.
CGS SS 200 is graded on a Pass/Fail basis, and does not affect GPA. A passing grade is assigned once the internship is complete. Student must submit the Internship Supervisor Verification Form (ISVF) to CGS Student Services, room 211.

subset: commoncrawl


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A procession heads out of Loma Linda University Medical Center
Family members and friends of San Bernardino County Sheriff's deputies received a police escort out of Loma Linda University Medical Center about 6 p.m. Thursday, Feb. 12.
One deputy was killed and another wounded in a shootout in the San Bernardino Mountains with a man officials believe is Christopher Dorner.
Tears had flowed as media approached.
At dusk, the scene outside the hospital was quiet, but a steady flow of officers had arrived to pay their respects.
About 5:30 p.m., San Bernardino officers who were leaving the hospital looked somber and deferred comment to a public information officer.
At 5:45 p.m., a Grand Terrace police team pulled up outside Loma Linda, as well as an officer in camouflage.


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Check out our 2015 Summer Chiller Vendors!
Elite Media www.elitemediavideo.com
Erin's Emporium
Kiddoodles - email@example.com
Rebecca S. Coleman Photography http://www.beccasphotos.com/
SK8 Monkey www.sk8monkey.com
City of Palms Figure Skating Club Renewal is July 1, 2015
The USFSA /City of Palms Figure Skating Club renewal is coming up. Please remember that dues are not prorated. If you are signing up as a new member to participate at the June 20-21, 2015 Summer Chiller, please see a board member to discuss your membership options.
Applications for July 1, 2015 through June 30, 2016
9th Annual Summer Chiller 2015 – Sponsors / Advertisers Thank you for your support
Amenic Group – Handyman Services
Amenic Cleaning Services
Douglas Brook Studio Salon – Rachelle M. Gerraghty
Institute for Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine
L & S Landscaping Services
Schwartz Blinds and Shutters Company


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Ruth E. Coughenour Cox
Ruth E. Coughenour Cox, 89, of Greenwood, passed away Tuesday, Nov. 6, 2012.
The daughter of William and Bessie Love Coughenour, Ruth was born Jan. 7, 1923, in Wellsville, Kan.
Ruth was a member of Community Church of Greenwood and Taylor University Alumni Association.
She received her bachelor's degree from Taylor University.
She was a retired medical assistant in Dr. Robert Robinson's office.
Ruth is survived by two sons, Paul R. (Kay T.) Cox and David W. (Dawn Elrod) Cox; two daughters, Kathleen M. (David R.) Starling and Esther R. (Alan J.) Latino; a sister, Eleanor L. (Robert) Hunt; a sister-in-law, Beulah M. Coughenour; nine grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren.
In addition to her parents, Ruth was preceded in death by her husband, Dr. Robert L. Cox; an infant son, Paul Douglas Cox; and a brother, Dr. J. Robert Coughenour.
Memorial services conducted by the Revs. Jack Haun and Steve Czajkowski will be at 2 p.m. Saturday at Community Church of Greenwood, 1477 W. Main St., where family will receive friends after the service. Entombment will be at Forest Lawn Memory Gardens in Greenwood.
Memorial contributions may be made to the Cox Family Scholarship at Taylor University.
Forest Lawn Funeral Home, Greenwood, is assisting with arrangements.
Information: www.forestlawncemetery-fh.com
All content copyright ©2016 Daily Journal, a publication of AIM Media Indiana unless otherwise noted.
All rights reserved. Privacy policy.


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floors or walls should be tiled first?
Typical 5x10 bathroom - 12x12 tiles on the floor, 6x6 tiles around the tub/shower at one end and along the wall behind the vanity and toilet - drywall other side and end walls with one row of the 6x6 as baseboard.
Doing the walls first keeps the floor from being walked and spilled on - so am thinking floor last. Any reason why not?
This thread was active a week ago or so, not TOO much in it, but simple answer:
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Members of the Boise City Council are (back, L-R) council members TJ Thomson, Ben Quintana, Lauren McLean, Scot Ludwig (front, L-R) Council Pro Tem Elaine Clegg, Mayor David H. Bieter and Council President Maryanne Jordan.
The Mayor works full-time, managing the day-to-day operations of the City and providing leadership and policy direction to the City Council. The Mayor chairs all meetings of the City Council, voting only in the case of a tie. The six members of the City Council work part-time, holding budget and policy-setting authority for the city. The Mayor and City Council members are elected at large by popular vote. City Council members are elected to a specific Council seat, but the seats are not determined geographically. City elections are held in odd number years (e.g. 2007, 2009, 2011).
Phone: (208) 384-4422
Email the Mayor
Email the City Council
150 N Capitol Blvd
Boise, ID 83702
William L. Bones
Chief of Police
Contact: BPD Media Relations Office
Boise, Nov. 16, 2006 - Boise Police will have extra patrols downtown this weekend after safety concerns prompted the City Council to enact some changes on crowded streets and sidewalks.
After a lengthy public hearing, the Council voted Tuesday night to begin a pilot project to relocate food cart vendors away from the crowded sidewalks directly in front of the bars and restaurants in the busy area near 6th & Main. The Council also voted in favor of a taxi ordinance that creates a no pick-up or drop off zone on Main between Capitol and 5th and 6th Street between Main and Grove. The ordinance removes what has been a common practice among cabs of stopping in congested traffic lanes to pick up or drop off fares.
The changes on Friday and Saturday nights mean:


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The Beauty of Being an Eco-Mom
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Discover conscious brands and products for home, health, beauty and baby delivered to your door every two months.
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Celeb Snaps! Hottest Star Sightings – 08.15.12
Loraine Pavich
| August 15, 2012 - 5:19 pm
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Little Bean and Little Guy Make Contact [Video]Roni
My first born (turning 6 in 2 weeks OMG!) has been patiently waiting for some level of interaction from the Little Bean. Anything.
"New baby brother" didn't quite compute with him. I'm pretty sure he expected a 3 year old to come home from the hospital with us.
What he got was a mindless infant who didn't even know he was there until this morning…
Article Posted 5 years Ago


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Accepting Guests
- Last login 7 months ago
Join Couchsurfing to see Marlene 's full profile. It's free!
About Me
host, surf, love,learn arabic, laugh, enjoy,study...
Hey :)
Im basically just a girl that studies Arabic and political sience in a city full of students and bikes in germany and that enjoys people VERY MUCH.
I grew up with my 2 lovely sisters, so i know what it means to fight but i also know what it means to have great people around you all the time. So thats what im trying to do... i try to travel lots and always meet nice, funny and interesting people. Every trip that ive done so far and every couchsurf made me meet so many of them :)
Since its extremely hard for me to describe myself i think i just go for characteristics like easy-going, outgoing, likes to laugh, blablabla... i like long nights with food and wine and loooong and exciting conversations. And i also like to party of course :)
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
I only surfed in Canada so far and also met Couchsurfers for coffees or at couchsurfing meetings in Toronto.
I also hosted couchsurfers at my place in Germany! :)
I really hope this is just the beginning of more couchsurfs all around the world!!
I hosted people in Germany and surfed in Canada. All my couchsurfing experiences so far were all unique and great!!
i of course love spending time with my friends and we do whatever we feel like doing. its usually always great and we laugh a lot :)
Music, Movies, and Books
I do read a lot but basically dont focus on a specific genre. i riecently read the Stieg Larsson trilogy and was totally addicted!
i dance a lot and i can have a good time with almost every genre... i recently got in to the oriental dance classes and i enjoy that very much :)
But also every other dancable music is good!
One Amazing Thing I've Done
When I was 16 I've spent a year in New Zealand and that was absolutely amazing! i met so many awesome people whom I still think of and talk to very often... ive seen fantastic landscapes and got to know the quite different maori-culture!
I came home from my big "working holiday" trip to Canada in april.I started in Vancouver and after that spent about 3 month on the Canim Lake Ranches (British Columbia). The whole lifestyle was so different from my usual life in Germany. I learned so much and really enjoyed every single experience. It was of course not always easy, but i also appreciate the less exhilarating moments. ;)
I also worked in Toronto and travelled though Canadas east! :) loved it.
I visited Jordan last year with a group of students from my degree and it was my first experience in the middle east. The country and its people are amazing and it was a nice and exhilarating possibility to improve my arabic and to get a closer view to the jordanian culture!!
I would ALWAYS go back there!
Countries I've Visited
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cook Islands, France, Italy, Jordan, Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, United States
Countries I've Lived In
Canada, Germany, New Zealand


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stack sampling Equipment in Lesotho
Category: Monitoring & Testing ×
Subcategory: Environmental Sampling ×
Keyword: stack sampling ×
Location: Africa ×
Location: Lesotho ×
HI-Q - Stack Sampling System Designby HI-Q Environmental Products Company based in San Diego, CALIFORNIA (USA)
HI-Q is ready to help with your stack sampling requirements: State and Federal nuclear regulatory agencies require a stack discharge sampling program as part of the licensing process. Radionuclides discharged to the air in the form of particulate and volatile compounds must be assayed. Therefore, nuclear facilities are required to follow standard ...
EPA Method - Model 16a - Basic Stack Sampling Systemby Keika Ventures, LLC (KV) based in Chapel Hill, NORTH CAROLINA (USA)
Method 16a - Determination of Total Reduced Sulfur Emissions from Stationary Sources. This manual method has been replaced by more automated systems in the U.S., but is still frequently requested from samplers outside the U.S. so we have decided to provide a listing of the component pieces needed for this system.
Westech - Model MST - Manual Stack Sampling Trainby Westech Scientific Instruments (Westech) based in Upper Stondon, UNITED KINGDOM
Westech Scientific Instruments (Westech) provides a complete range of Manual Stack Trains for isokinetic and gas sampling of emissions to determine all major emitted pollutants. The standard equipment is modified to meet all current European legislation and requirements and will still comply with existing USEPA methods. A complete range of ...
Protea - Unheated Sample Probesby Protea Limited based in Crewe, UNITED KINGDOM
For measurement of gases that do not require hot measurements, Protea can supply sample probes of various material construction. This includes probes made of materials such as PEEK allowing for measurement of possible corrosive gases.
Ankersmid Sampling - Model APS - Portable Gas Sampling Systemby AquaGas Pty Ltd based in CURRUMBIN, AUSTRALIA
The APS portable sampling system is designed so that detailed gas analysis can be carried out at any time in any place. The entire sampling system is housed in a compact and robust carrying case which ensures safe transport and easy set-up. All the components can be easily accessed for inspection or routine maintenance. The APS concept allows you ...
HI-Q - Dry Gas Totaling Metersby HI-Q Environmental Products Company based in San Diego, CALIFORNIA (USA)
HI-Q offers a wide range of dry gas totaling meters which, when incorporated in an air sampling system, are an excellent source for recording the total volume of air sampled. The gas-totaling meter may either be connected to have gas supplied through the inlet (connected to the exhaust of a positive displacement pump) or drawn through the outlet ...
Sampling Systemby EcoChem Analytics based in League City, TEXAS (USA)
In order for a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) to function as desired it must be configured to deal with the environment and source type it will operate in. The rude fact is that the application engineering aspect of CEMS may be the most important part and it is in sampling systems where that is most critical. But it is not easy, ...
Scentroid - Model DS5 - Stack Diluting Samplerby Scentroid, a Division of IDES Canada. based in Markham, ONTARIO (CANADA)
Stack sampler is an easy to use device that provides accurate pre-dilution of high temperature gas emissions with nitrogen or zero-air to minimize condensation inside the sample bag. Dilution is achieved inside the heated probe and can be controlled from 1:3 to 1:305 in 13 steps.
Simple Mini-Stack-Probeby Paul Gothe GmbH based in Bochum, GERMANY
Probe for the use in small scale furnace stacks. System consist of one bent with bent radius 25 mm. Length of the bent as agreed. Entry thread M 12 x 1 mm for mini nozzles (Material: Stainless Steel). Complete with self regulating electrical heater for filter devices, high performance heater cartridge ca. 220 W, 230V, (default settings: 70°C, ...
J.U.M. - Model VE 112WP - Panel Mount Heated Sample Filter and Interfaceby J.U.M. Engineering GmbH based in Karlsfeld, GERMANY
Gas emissions analyzers in CEM's or as stand alone are often exposed to heavy soot and dust contamination. Therefore it is necessary to filter the sample gas stream.
Related Terms for stack sampling
Need help finding the right suppliers?
Let the XPRTs do the work for you


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Reviewed By juan l (deltona, FL) Reviewed for a 1976 Toyota Corolla —11/2/2014 9:13 AM
excellent product if you need a heat shield this is what you need
Reviewed By emanuel c (Bensenville, IL) Reviewed for a 2007 Mazda 3 —4/29/2016 10:15 PM
I ve covered some of theintake system and some ofthe intercooler pipe and it seems to keep it a little bit cooler wheee now i can touch it and not burn my hand , so for sure it makes a difference, so it helps to dissipate Heat .
Reviewed By Todd S (SAINT ALBANS, WV) Reviewed for a 2016 Mazda Miata/MX-5 —3/17/2016 11:38 AM
I used this to cover and insulate the outside of the filter box of the ColdSport cold air intake system for my 2016 MX5 Miata. I found it very easy to work with and if you follow instructions, very easy to apply and have adhere to the outside of the box. Coupled with the Heatshield tape it resulted in a very professional appearance and function.


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Gunman nabbed by police after attack at Mon Repos market
At about 0805h. today, police say that Rajdeo Taijpaul, 56 years, of Mahaica, ECD, was at the Mon Repos Market, ECD, when he was attacked by a man armed with a firearm and who made efforts to take away a bag with $4M that Taijpaul had in his possession.
Police say that Taijpaul put up resistance and a struggle ensued over the bag which burst and the monies fell out on the roadway. Ranks of a mobile police patrol that was passing at the time responded and the perpetrator attempted to escape, but was pursued and caught by the police. An air pistol with pellets was found in his possession.
All the monies were recovered by the police.
The suspect, who is in police custody, is also wanted by the police in connection with two other armed robberies on the East Coast of Demerara, police say.


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"College Days - 45 years ago and Today" Top 5 Page for this destination Oberlin by grandmaR
Oberlin Travel Guide: 52 reviews and 197 photos
I graduated from Oberlin College with a degree in Zoology. The photo is one my dad took of me and my new husband of three days.
I have a lot of photos that I took when I was a senior (1958-1959) in the travelogues, and also in some of the Travel Tips.
Long Gone has 8 old photos - Wright Zoological Laboratory, the old Botany building, a street scene, the Conservatory at night, Grey Gables Co-op, WOBC, Pyle Inn Co-op and Shurtleff.
Victorian Buildings and Landmarks has a 1959 picture of Memorial Arch, old and new pictures of Finney Chapel and Tappen Square and new pictures of Westervelt and Charles Martin Hall's home.
Reunion Activities has 2004 pictures taken at the Saturday reunion 'picnic' and of Grey Gables parking lot among others.
Under Travel Tips:
Must See tip has an inset of Carnegie Library
Restaurants has 2004 picture of the Dascomb Hall dining room
Accommodations has old and new pictures of the Oberlin Inn plus new photos of the dorms with an inset of the north campus Men's quad from 1959.
Nightlife has a 2004 photo of the Apollo Theatre
Off the Beaten Path has old pictures of Johnston Walk and the War Memorial and a current photo of the Charles Martin Hall statue.
Warnings and two of the Transportation Tips have pictures of the snow in Oberlin.
Local Customs has inset pictures of First Church and Dascomb and a current photo of Tank.
Shopping has a current picture of Gibson's.
Sports Tips has insets of Warner Gym and a football game.
General Tip has an inset of the old Men's Building and a sunrise over snow taken from my dorm room at Grey Gables.
I have been back twice since 1959. Once for my 10th in 1969. A lot of the buildings that were there when I was a student were already gone then, including the dorm where I spent 3 years.
But Peters is still there, recently renovated, and is now the oldest building on campus. There is a date of 1895 over the door.
My second time back was in 2004 for my 45th reunion. Except for the landmark reunions like the 50th, we have 'cluster' reunions and so it was the class of 1958's 46th, our 45th and the class of 1960's 44th. They put us all together in one dorm and this is good because one of my roomates was the class of 1958, and I wanted to see her again.
Peters used to be the main administration building with some classrooms. I did a Skinner box experiment for pysch in the attics of Peters.
Tappen Square was still there of course, and so were some of the businesses in town.
Many of the buildings that remain have been put to alternate uses from the ones they had when we were there. For instance, our excellent Carnegie Library is now the Admissions Office.
Pictures taken in 2004 were taken with a digital camera. The ones taken in 1959 were taken with a Kodak Retina Reflex and Ectachrome slide film and digitized.
- In a nutshell:The Town and Gown
Reviews (37)
Because I had a new camera, I tried to find 'artistic' things to photograph. I wandered around with my camera and walked... more travel advice
When I attended Oberlin I had my big Biology lecture in Hall Auditorium, and labs and smaller classes were in Wright Zoo... more travel advice
I loved Oberlin while I was there. I've been back twice. The first time was 10 years after graduation. Oberlin has... more travel advice
I visited Oberlin in October of 1954 (ran into Hurricane Hazel on the way back home), and then lived there during term... more travel advice
Things to Do (5)See All King Building
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Nightlife (1)Oberlin's Only Movie Theatre
Shopping (2)See All Downtown shop
Travelogues (5)
Comments (2)
I go there from Chicago because they make the best candies and baked goods that I know of. At Christmas time the hand dipped marshmellow candy (and the marshmellow is homemade!) and hand made candy canes will make you Christmas.
I much enjoyed your Oberlin page. I'm a senior in high school and recently fell in love with the town and the college. Your pictures are very nice!
grandmaR's Related Pages
Oberlin Travel Guide
Member Travel Pages
- "A Small, Liberal, Liberal Arts Town (& College)"
- "College Days - 45 years ago and Today"
- "Honeymooning in...Ohio"
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- "A nice little college town"
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grandmaR Used To Live Here!
""..an adventure is an inconvenience rightly considered." G.K. Chesterton"
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The horrors described in recent reports about New Jersey's privately run halfway houses are part of a broader pattern in which essential functions of government are being both privatized and degraded, writes Paul Krugman.
Over the past few days, The New York Times has published several terrifying reports about New Jersey's system of halfway houses — privately run adjuncts to the regular system of prisons. The series is a model of investigative reporting, which everyone should read. But it should also be seen in context. The horrors described are part of a broader pattern in which essential functions of government are being both privatized and degraded.
First of all, about those halfway houses: In 2010, Chris Christie, the state's governor — who has close personal ties to Community Education Centers, the largest operator of these facilities, and who once worked as a lobbyist for the firm — described the company's operations as "representing the very best of the human spirit."
But The Times reports instead portray something closer to hell on earth — an understaffed, poorly run system, with a demoralized workforce, from which the most dangerous individuals often escape to wreak havoc, while relatively mild offenders face terror and abuse at the hands of other inmates.
It's a terrible story. But, as I said, you really need to see it in the broader context of a nationwide drive on the part of America's right to privatize government functions, very much including the operation of prisons. What's behind this drive?
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You might be tempted to say that it reflects conservative belief in the magic of the marketplace, in the superiority of free-market competition over government planning. And that's certainly the way right-wing politicians like to frame the issue.
But if you think about it even for a minute, you realize that the one thing the companies that make up the prison-industrial complex — companies like Community Education or the private-prison giant Corrections Corporation of America — are definitely not doing is competing in a free market. They are, instead, living off government contracts. There isn't any market here, and there is, therefore, no reason to expect any magical gains in efficiency.
And, sure enough, despite many promises that prison privatization will lead to big cost savings, such savings — as a comprehensive study by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, part of the U.S. Department of Justice, concluded — "have simply not materialized." To the extent that private prison operators do manage to save money, they do so through "reductions in staffing patterns, fringe benefits, and other labor-related costs."
So let's see: Privatized prisons save money by employing fewer guards and other workers, and by paying them badly. And then we get horror stories about how these prisons are run. What a surprise!
So what's really behind the drive to privatize prisons and just about everything else?
One answer is that privatization can serve as a stealth form of government borrowing, in which governments avoid recording upfront expenses (or even raise money by selling existing facilities) while raising their long-run costs in ways taxpayers can't see. We hear a lot about the hidden debts that states have incurred in the form of pension liabilities; we don't hear much about the hidden debts being accumulated in the form of long-term contracts with private companies hired to operate prisons, schools and more.
Another answer is that privatization is a way of getting rid of public employees, who do have a habit of unionizing and tend to lean Democratic in any case.
But the main answer, surely, is to follow the money. Never mind what privatization does or doesn't do to state budgets; think instead of what it does for both the campaign coffers and the personal finances of politicians and their friends. As more and more government functions get privatized, states become pay-to-play paradises, in which both political contributions and contracts for friends and relatives become a quid pro quo for getting government business. Are the corporations capturing the politicians, or the politicians capturing the corporations? Does it matter?
Now, someone will surely point out that nonprivatized government has its own problems of undue influence, that prison guards and teachers' unions also have political clout, and this clout sometimes distorts public policy. Fair enough. But such influence tends to be relatively transparent. Everyone knows about those arguably excessive public pensions; it took an investigation by The Times over several months to bring the account of New Jersey's halfway-house hell to light.
The point, then, is that you shouldn't imagine that what The Times discovered about prison privatization in New Jersey is an isolated instance of bad behavior. It is, instead, almost surely a glimpse of a pervasive and growing reality, of a corrupt nexus of privatization and patronage that is undermining government across much of our nation.
Paul Krugman is a regular columnist for The New York Times.


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Adult adoptees from Indiana could soon receive access to vital birth and medical records.
Local News
Adopted Hoosiers One Step Closer To Accessing Vital Records
UPDATE: House Fire In Dillsboro Still Under Investigation
The fire is still under investigation, but officials say its not believed to be suspicious.
St. Lawrence School Welcomes Families To Open House Jan. 31
Dearborn County parents are being invited to learn how their children can benefit from a faith-based education at St. Lawrence School.
Garbage Truck Nearly Crashes Into Fast Food Restaurant
A garbage truck came inches away from slamming into a building in Greendale on Friday.
Kickstarter Campaign Seeks To Save Milan '54 Game Films
An effort is underway to save the films of the Milan High School Indians' win in the 1954 state championship basketball game.
Is This The Time It Passes? Indiana Sunday Alcohol Sales Bill Filed
For at least the eighth consecutive year, a state lawmaker has filed a bill that seeks to end the country's last statewide "blue law" prohibiting the carry-out sale of alcohol on Sundays.
Trucker Pleads Guilty In I-71 Fatal Crash
A truck driver is pleading guilty to manslaughter, assault, and tampering with evidence charges for a fatal crash on Interstate 71 in Boone County last year.
Ind. House Speaker Says LGBT Protections Less Likely
Hopes of passing a bill to expand civil rights protections to gays and lesbians in Indiana were dealt a blow by Governor Mike Pence's State of the State address.
AUDIO: 911 Calls Detail Massive I-74 Pile-Up
The 911 calls made during and after a massive pile-up on Interstate 74 illustrated the panic and sheer horror of the situation.
Woman Hits For $1 Million On Powerball Ticket Sold In N. KY
A New York woman was one of three Powerball ticket holders in Kentucky to win the game's second prize of $1 million.


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Yahoo wouldn't let me post the link. Should be easy enough to find on a search.
US soon to the worlds largest oil EXPORTER...can it be!
VLCC's had a nice rate jump last week .... although everything else dipped
I've got my fingers crossed but what's been going on in Asia has been making more and more nervous especially with respect to China. Japan looks dicey at best but China looks very portentous with the banking sector rolling over. Some smart guys think the banking system in China is a mansion of cards destined to collapse eventually. Depositers have no protections and simply lose everything if their bank fails. Just like the USA in the pre-FDR era.
Sentiment: Strong Buy


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Trump Releases His List Of 11 Supreme Court Justices To Replace ScaliaDonald Trump has released a list of 11 potential Supreme Court justices he plans to vet to fill the seat of late Justice Antonin Scalia.
Supreme Court Rejects Authors' Challenge To Google Online Book LibraryThe Supreme Court has ruled Google can provide small portions of the books to the public without violating copyright laws.
Feinstein Meets With Nominee Garland, Says He's The Right ManCalifornia Senator Dianne Feinstein of San Francisco met Wednesday with US Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland, and said he's the right man for the time.
Supreme Court Deadlocks, California Teachers Union Prevails In Dues CaseIn the clearest sign yet of the impact of Justice Antonin Scalia's death, conservative opponents of labor unions on Tuesday lost a high-profile Supreme Court dispute they once seemed likely to win.
Supreme Court Rules Gay Adoptions Must Be Honored Across State LinesThe nation's high court has ruled that gay couples who adopt a child in one state cannot have that adoption voided by another state.
SF Appellate Court Judge Named As Possible Supreme Court NomineeShould President Obama look for diversity in a nominee who also has won high marks for his moderation, Paul Watford would fill the bill as a potential replacement for the late Justice Antonin Scalia.
Nevada Governor Not Interested in Supreme Court Nomination Nevada Gov. Brian Sandoval told the White House Thursday he's not interested in Supreme Court nomination.
Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia Found Dead In TexasAntonin Scalia, the influential conservative and most provocative member of the Supreme Court, has died. He was 79.
Supreme Court Puts Obama's Plan To Address Climate Change On HoldA divided Supreme Court agreed Tuesday to halt enforcement of President Barack Obama's sweeping plan to address climate change.
Supreme Court Strikes Down CA Class-Action Lawsuit Against DirecTVThe Supreme Court says satellite provider DirecTV can avoid a class action lawsuit in California over early termination fees and can force customers into private arbitration hearings instead.
Gay Couples Issued Marriage Licenses After Defiant Kentucky Clerk Sent To JailAt least three gay couples received marriage licenses Friday in Rowan County, embracing and celebrating as the defiant clerk sat remained jailed because she refuses to issue the licenses or allow her deputies to hand them out.
Kentucky Clerk Denying Same-Sex Marriage Licenses Is A 3-Time DivorceeKim Davis sat in a church pew on a Sunday morning about four years ago, listening as the man in the pulpit preached of forgiveness and God's grace.


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|Fantasy Football University
|Fantasy Football's 10 Commandments
November 03 05:33 PM
Bills running back C.J. Spiller looked rejuvenated Sunday against the Chiefs after sitting out Week 8 to heal his ankle sprain.
Fantasy Spin:
Spiller was still sporting a limp, but he was able to cut effectively and galloped for 116 rushing yards on 12 carries. He added 39 receiving yards on two catches. Fantasy owners now have to hope his ankle responds from the expanded workload. If it does, he could be in for an explosive second half of the season.
Players in this story:C Spiller (NOS)
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Also has An SRS light which I was told had an inherent issue with the seat belt sensor ground. Can it be tested or will the have to be replaced until l I find the bad one if that's the case? Thank you
by wesomedic in Chicopee, MA on February 22, 2011


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Dear Aunty,
I don't think you're my Aunty any more. Maggie & Simon have made such a differenc....
To view full entry click here
Longer days and a more generous serving of sun; spring has arrived, and its the perfect time to get into fresh vegies. Maggie and Simon love spring vegies and this week they demonstrate that you can have a delicious and filling meal without meat.
Maggie loves working on her writing but long hours spent in the study can be draining. With spring in the air the perfect way for Maggie to relax, unwind and recharge her batteries is to head out into the vegie garden for a bit of tending and weeding. Theres nothing quite like vegies picked straight from the garden, and Maggies a firm believer that having a vegie garden of any size can add real flavour to your table.
Put aside at least a couple of hours if you feel like tackling Maggies slow-roasted onions, but if youre short on time then youll love her recipe for a ridiculously quick and easy pasta with avocado, ginger and roast almonds. Maggie also demonstrates the right way to prepare artichokes, as she tackles a delicious side dish of artichokes and waxy potatoes.
Simon is also a huge fan of fresh spring vegies, and as a committed vegetarian he relishes the chance to share a couple of his favourite dishes. This week he draws on his experience working in an Indian restaurant and whips up some Samosas. He also tackles the myth that tofu is boring by showing us just how easy it is to make his soy bean stir fry, one of his favourite dishes and one he cooks for himself almost every week. Simon also heads out to visit one of his potato suppliers and discovers theres much more to the art of growing the humble spud than you might expect.
More Recipes from Episode 32


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Our Home School Programs are designed to fit your needs as a home school household giving your children an opportunity to gather with children of the same age to play games, increase coordination, learn teamwork, build strength, increase heart health, build relationships, and most importantly have fun!
Our programs offered in West Bend and Saukville/Port Washington are designed for home school students ages 3 and up looking for a fun way to fulfill physical education requirements while socializing with other youth. Let your children spend time with other home school children in an inclusive, positive and engaging environment!
Home School Gymnastics -
Ages 3-10
Home School gymnastics provides a well-rounded fitness experience and promotes self-discipline, confidence and self-esteem. Our Home School classes are offered for all kids regardless of past experience. This class focuses on basic gymnastics skills such as tumbling, strength and flexibility.
Home School Dance Classes -
Ages 5-12
This class will introduce children to classic tap and ballet movements while focusing on techniques, form and routines.
Home School Gym & Swim -
Ages 6-17
Open to all Home School families and includes time in the gym and pools. Pre-registration is not necessary, but participants need to register and pay each time they attend.
Home School Swim Lessons -
Ages 6-17
Swim Lessons will be available during the swim portion of the Home School Gym & Swim program. Lessons will last 30 minutes. Available during the remaining 30 minutes of swim time, participants may participate in open swim. Participants must sign up by session.
Home School Art -
Ages 5 and up
Looking for a creative outlet? Learn about types of art and the history of the artists behind them. Then give it a try on your own. We will use many different mediums to create a master piece of your own.
Home School Gym/Swim -
Ages 5 and up
Your child will participate in the one hour Home School Gym class and will finish with a 45-minute swim lesson.
Home School Gym -
Ages 5 and up
Home School Gym will keep your child moving and active. Your child will learn how to exercise in a group environment with other home schooled children. Through sports and interactive games, your child will enjoy this class and its encouraging environment.
Kirsten Coenen
Center Director
West Washington Branch
West Bend
(E) email@example.com
Kate Hoffmann
Director of Youth Development
Feith Family
Ozaukee Branch
Port Washington/Saukville
(E) email@example.com


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22-16430 - 5" Scissor-Run Electrician's Scissors Kit
These scissors feature a smooth cutting action and scissor run design ideal for cutting Kevlar®, foil and wire. Cuts solid wire up to 16AWG and stranded wire up to 12AWG. Kit includes the 10517 scissors, a 6" cable splicer's knife and a leather pouch
Mfr Name: Platinum Tools
Mfr Number: 10522C
See all items in Scissors & Snips
22-16426 - Cable Splicer's Knife with Leather Pouch
6" nickel plated cable splicer's knife with a comfortable, non-slip grip and weighted handle. Ideal for telecommunications, data and security applications.
Mfr Number: 10519C
See all items in Cable Stripping Knives
Always quite happy with MCM.


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Overwatch Player Pushes Team Over The Edge
Today on Highlight Reel we have Lucio pushes, Reinhardt flight, flawless arrow shots, puking corpses and much more!
Today on Highlight Reel we have Lucio pushes, Reinhardt flight, flawless arrow shots, puking corpses and much more!
The Geforce GTX 1080 tops the performance of the $600 Titan X card for $700. The Geforce GTX 1070 basically matches it for under $400. That's just nuts.
In July of 2014, id Software technical producer Steven Serafin passed away at age 28. His colleagues put this nice shoutout in the credits of their newest game, Doom.
A grab bag of tech accessories, an air mattress that doesn't deflate overnight, and a smart Logitech Harmony remote lead off Tuesday's best deals.
Mojang, the developers behind Minecraft, have made big changes to its policies on companies being able to promote their products using Minecraft. It could make a video like this, depicting a Verizon cell phone, a thing of the past.
The next DLC character for Street Fighter V, Ibuki, has been delayed until the end of June. The character had been scheduled to hit pretty soon, but Capcom's decided to push back the release until the game's story mode is complete.
The new Doom is a surprise on multiple levels.
Some stats in life matter. Some don't. In the kill-or-be-killed world of Team Kirby Clash, the co-op mini-game in the upcoming 3DS side-scroller Kirby: Planet Robobot, your stamina, attack, recovery and team meteor stats matter. But the game's got jokes and/or hidden profundity.
I've spent more than 100 hours in The Witcher 3 over the past year. It's become the background of my gaming life, a boundless, monster-ridden home I can always return to. As the last Witcher (for now), The Witcher 3: Blood and Wine is a grand goodbye, a final series of stories that sends Geralt off into the…
You can e-mail us tips at firstname.lastname@example.com or send them directly to any of our writers. You can follow us on Twitter or Facebook. You can even subscribe to our new, daily newsletter. We have a YouTube page, too. You can subscribe to our podcast, Kotaku Splitscreen, on iTunes. For a list of all Kotaku subsites, click…
The Xbox One deals just keep coming, and this is one of the best we've seen. $319 gets you the 1TB spring bundle, complete with Halo 5: Guardians, Gears of War: Ultimate Edition, Rare Replay, and Ori and the Blind Forest. That'd be a great deal on its own, but for a limited time, Microsoft is also throwing in an extra…
Modder Valplushka gave a thorough overhaul to a quadcopter and brought to life the single most annoying enemy in Half-Life 2. All this time, the dystopian haunts of City 17 were just a town in modern day Russia.
Now that Darkrai's had its May, it's time for something a little cheerier. June's mythical Pokémon is the ridiculously adorable Manaphy.
One of the best independent games from the last few years and an excellent basketball game are part of Sony's excellent lineup for next month.
Last Wednesday, I reported that No Man's Sky had been delayed. For two days, up until the game's developers confirmed the news, I received a stream of nasty messages, angry tweets, and, as has become a standard part of gaming culture, threats against me and my family.
There is no way in hell the official Tetris movie will surpass the greatness of the mock-ups out readers put together in our second most-recent Photoshop contest.
Today's selection of articles from Kotaku's reader-run community: Hey, EA: Mirror's Edge Coming Back Is Great! Now Where Is Skate 4? • Gamer Diary: Disney Infinity 1 and 2.0 • And With That, Captain America Is Interesting Again • Duke's Preliminary Top 5 Of Overwatch! • Bring Back Cookies-n-Creme Twix!
Andreas Rocha is a freelance artist from Portugal who has worked in video games, toys, board games and advertising.
For whatever reason, Nintendo decided not to include a charger with its new 3DS handheld console. You absurdly have to buy one separately, or you could just spend $8 on this new adapter that lets you use your iPhone or iPad's Lightning charging cable instead.


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Oklahoma City Thunder notebook: Rocky II — Westbrook-Rocky rematch never starts
To celebrate the birthday of Thunder mascot "Rumble," six NBA mascots were on hand for Friday night's 127-111 victory over the Minnesota Timberwolves at Chesapeake Energy Arena. Among them was Denver Nuggets mascot "Rocky."
Rocky and Thunder three-time All-Star Russell Westbrook became a sideshow during the Jan. 20 game in Denver, where Westbrook blocked two of Rocky's half-court shots directly in front of the rim and the crowd at Pepsi Center roared its disapproval.
Roughly 75 minutes before tipoff, Westbrook was informed Rocky would be in the building.
Q: Are you going to apologize or have more fun with him?
Westbrook: "What (do) you think?"
Q: More fun with him.
Westbrook: "Then that's what you got, brother."
Alas, there were no incidents. It appeared the two combatants didn't even look at each other.
Newly acquired Thunder guard/forward Ronnie Brewer was not activated for Friday's game, but is expected to be cleared to practice with the team for the first time on Saturday.
The 27-year-old Brewer, who was acquired from New York on Thursday, will wear jersey No. 8 with OKC. He previously wore No. 9 with Utah and Memphis and No. 11 with Chicago and New York. OKC's jersey No. 9 is worn by Serge Ibaka and No. 11 is worn by Jeremy Lamb.
Minnesota coach Rick Adelman coached Thunder sixth man Kevin Martin at Sacramento and Houston and was asked to share his favorite memory of Martin.
"He probably doesn't want me to mention it, but it was his first year (2004-05)," Adelman recalled. "We went to the playoffs, but didn't put him on the playoff roster. He became (Seattle's) Ray Allen in practice and all the sudden we were having all kinds of problems guarding him. He was just like Ray Allen.
"He had an unbelievable practice session and I think it kind of showed us what he could do and it also kind of helped him not being on the playoff roster. You've got to give him credit. From that year, he developed into such a great players as far as getting to the foul line. He really figured out how to play and how to be effective. That's what amazed me the most. He's lights-out compared to when he started."
Martin smiled when told the story that Adelman shared.
"It was just me being young," Martin said. "I didn't even realize what being left off the playoff roster meant. I thought I was still part of the team and now you're telling me to be Ray Allen. He said that's when he saw something in me."
What did Martin do to master his role as Allen?
"Shoot it," Martin said. "Come off pin-downs and shoot it. It didn't help because I think he averaged 35 points that series."
The Kings lost the opening-round series 4-1 to the SuperSonics and Allen averaged 32.4 points.
Martin had 19 points (7 for 11 from the field; 2 for 4 from 3-point range) in 25 minutes before fouling out against the Timberwolves on Friday night.
OKC shot a ridiculous 57.8 percent from the field, 64.3 percent from 3-point range and 100 percent (22 for 22) from the free-throw line.
The Thunder also shot 100 percent at the line while going 22 for 22 against Sacramento on Dec. 14.
OKC is now 19-1 when shooting 50-plus percent from the field.
Up next for OKC are the Chicago Bulls at 8:30 p.m. Sunday, and the Bulls won 105-75 at Charlotte on Friday night. … The Thunder led 100-83 after three quarters, marking the first time this season OKC had reached triple-digits before the fourth quarter. … The Thunder never trailed and its biggest lead was 18. … OKC had 18 turnovers, which the Timberwolves turned into 26 points. … Minnesota's bench outscored the Thunder's bench 59-40.
Thunder reserve forward Nick Collison on the Thunder's sense of urgency riding a three-game losing streak: "There was some of that. We haven't been happy with how we've been playing, for sure. We know that the important thing is who we are tonight and how we're going to play tonight. It doesn't matter what happened the last three games. We have the ability to come out and play well tonight, and that's what we wanted to do."


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Presentations from the International Symposium on Setting Quality Standards for the Forensic Community (Part 3; Forensic Science Communications, July 1999)
July 1999 - Volume 1 - Number 2
Presentations at the
International Symposium on Setting Quality Standards for the Forensic Community
San Antonio, Texas
May 3-7, 1999
Part 3
The following abstracts of the presentations are ordered alphabetically by authors' last names.
Good Science Comes From Good Questions
I. W. Evett
Forensic Science Service
Birmingham, United Kingdom
The heart of forensic science as distinct from forensic technology is scientific inference. Given that we can control the quality of all of the mechanisms for generating observations and data, it remains to establish the logic of how we use those results to reason within a legal framework.
The application of probability theory to forensic inference leads to basic principles of interpretation. These, in turn, show how to frame the right kind of questions to address in a given case. Although the principles have been established for many years, it is remarkable that failure to observe them is widespread. This issue strikes at the very heart of forensic science. If we are invoking terms such as probable and unlikely in our opinions without an understanding of the nature of probability theory, then we cannot claim to be logical. If we aren't being logical, then we cannot claim to be scientific. The forensic catch-all phrase, consistent with, has no value for the purpose of inference. It is an obstacle to rational and balanced interpretation.
Within this presentation, I have discussed such issues from the perspective of a recent initiative within the Forensic Science Service that is known as the Case Assessment and Interpretation Project. Case examples have been given.
Standard Protocol Development in
Laboratory Analysis of Fire Debris and Explosives
M. L. Fultz
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
Rockville, Maryland
The development of standard protocols for analysis of fire debris began in 1989 when the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) approached the forensic community about reestablishing the Committee on Forensic Science. Founded in 1898, ASTM is one of the largest providers of voluntary consensus standards related to technical information in the world. The Committee on Forensic Science, designated E30, has the mission of developing standard protocols for disciplines within forensic science. A criminalistics subcommittee, designated E30.01, first developed protocols for the sample preparation and analysis of fire debris standards. ASTM committees assign a task group composed of subject matter experts to develop standards, which are voted on by consensus before becoming published standards. Standards are reviewed at least every five years. The current standards are in Volume 14.02 of ASTM standards.
In 1997, the National Center for Forensic Science (NCFS), a joint project between the University of Central Florida and the National Institute of Justice, was created. The goal of the NCFS is to create a unique laboratory facility that is staffed and equipped to service the forensic and law enforcement communities in the areas of fire and explosion debris. Given this mandate, NCFS agreed to administer a technical working group to develop standards for fire debris and explosives analyses. In August 1997, NCFS hosted a National Needs Symposium to assess the forensic community's need for standard protocols. Having identified that there were needs for standards in analysis protocols, training, and education requirements, TWGFEX (Technical Working Group for Fires and Explosions) was formed in August 1998. This group, composed of experts from federal, state, and local laboratories, is just beginning to address the needs of the forensic community. TWGFEX's first task was to develop and distribute a survey identifying needs in the forensic community as a whole for standards in the area of fire debris and explosives analysis, training, and education. TWGFEX met again in February 1999 to review the results of the survey. Each subgroup within TWGFEX developed goals and tasks to address the needs identified.
Blind Proficiency Testing: The Experience With DNA Labs
R. E. Gaensslen and J. L. Peterson
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Many factors enter into the conceptualization, planning, and execution of proficiency testing (PT) programs in forensic science laboratories. Among the first that must be considered is the purpose of PT, what role is it expected to play in the overall quality assurance (QA) program for the laboratory. A clear sense of the purpose and role of PT in the QA program helps form a framework for the discussion about whether PT should be open, blind, or both. In this presentation, I discussed the cases for, and against, blind PT as compared with open PT.
Other issues that must be considered include a definition, or guidelines for a definition, of acceptable performance on a PT. It is a general conclusion that laboratories are unlikely to want to participate in a PT program in which acceptable performance is not readily definable. This concept allows the issue of testing to the average versus testing to the margin to be raised and discussed.
Closely connected to any discussion of PT as a QA measure is the notion of laboratory error rates. Raised by the Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., some have suggested that PT comprised a method or approach for the measurement of laboratory error rates. This notion has particularly been raised in connection with arguments for blind, as against open, PT.
At the University of Illinois in Chicago, we have completed a small-scale trial to determine the feasibility and estimate the costs of implementing a large-scale (national) blind PT program for the DNA analysis laboratories. In this presentation, I briefly discussed the results and findings of those studies.
The final phase of our work in blind DNA laboratory PT involves additional research on the extent to which cases in forensic laboratories are currently subject to some kind of review (internal, external, adversarial, or a combination of these). It may be that the objectives intended by a large-scale blind PT program are essentially being met by practices already being followed in many laboratories. In this phase, we also hope to determine something about the feasibility of blindly introducing somewhat more complex specimens into laboratories as PTs and to see what the performance of a series of reference laboratories on such specimens is like.
Personal Accreditation in Forensic Science:
United Kingdom Model
K. Hadley
Forensic Science Service
Birmingham, United Kingdom
The provision of scientific support to the police and other parts of the justice system plays an important role in the effort to maintain law and order worldwide. Because of this, it is vital that society has the fullest confidence in the work carried out by forensic science practitioners. The vast majority of the work withstands the closest scrutiny. However, a few high-profile criminal cases have highlighted the damage that can be caused to the public's confidence in the justice system when flawed scientific evidence contributes to the wrongful conviction of innocent people. The effective training, development, and above all the assured competence of staff working in the sector are of paramount importance. This was emphasized in the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice Report in 1994.
Many organizations in the forensic science sector in the United Kingdom have for several years developed quality management systems to underpin the quality of their work and to enable them to achieve accreditation to standards such as the ISO 9000 series for general management systems and the NAMAS M10 standards for scientific and technical work. The personal accreditation initiative that I describe in this presentation is now beginning to provide a complementary framework to assure the quality of the work of individuals in organizations. This was recognized several years ago when, under the leadership of the Forensic Science Service (FSS), the forensic science community first began to develop the necessary occupational standards of performance for those working in forensic science. In addition to the sector's own initiatives, powerful support has come from two important directions in recent years.
First, the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice looked carefully into the training and qualifications of forensic scientists and, in their report to government, included the important recommendation: Continuing efforts should be made to develop qualifications related to the competence of forensic scientists.
In the government's final response to the commission, it accepted this recommendation and said that it encourages the current progress being made towards developing national vocational qualifications for forensic scientists. In addition, it stated that these vocational qualifications will be the mechanism by which regular assessment of competences are carried out and the focus for training.
Second, the sector's work was also strongly endorsed by the House of Lords Select Committee on Forensic Science.
The Chief Executive of the Forensic Science Service also endorsed the concept of workplace assessments and has encouraged the development of standards of performance based on the United Kingdom central government's national vocational qualification initiative.
To set the scene, I refer to Paul Kirk who, in his article, "The Ontogeny of Criminalistics" (1) published in 1963, implied that "training does not guarantee competence" and went on to say that "some form of licensing, certification, or some other indication attesting a practitioner's competence may need to be adopted ultimately."
It is with the latter statement of Kirk, made all those years ago, that this presentation is concerned: "Some form of licensing, certification, or some other indication attesting a practitioner's competence may need to be adopted ultimately."
The goal is therefore clear: determine what practitioners are required to do, support them in some way to achieve that, and have in place a process to hallmark their achievements.
Occupational Standards
Competence is the ability to work to the standards set in employment. In its broadest sense this includes all of the activities required to do a job, not simply the technical activities, although in this presentation the discussion about competence will be confined, in the main, to technical activities.
As long ago as 1991 the FSS recognized that standards of performance could be the starting point for an effective process to assess the performance of individuals and encouraged the start of work to develop them for forensic science practitioners in the United Kingdom. Under the initiative of the Forensic Science Service, a meeting was called of individuals representing the entire forensic science community in the United Kingdom.
Often the word sector is used in place of community and refers to all those individuals and organizations that play a part in the provision of a scientific support service. The sector ranges from major public service laboratories to one-person organizations and large and small private companies. It includes police service employees working in the day-to-day examination of crime scenes and fingerprints and, in time, may include others. The support for establishing such a sector-representative body came from central government, which was at that time and still is encouraging the development of national vocational qualifications in all areas of work in the United Kingdom. The qualifications are based upon agreed standards of performance. It was, therefore, an initiative not unique to forensic science.
Occupational standards are developed by working groups of competent practitioners under the guidance of a consultant who specializes in standards development work.
The representation of the standards is important. They must be written in such a manner that they can be used to assess the performance of individuals. All occupational standards in whatever discipline are represented along similar lines.
First, a description of a main work activity is essential, which is sometimes called a unit of competence and it describes the area of work on which the candidate will be assessed. A subset of this work activity, often called an element of competence, describes the work activity that the candidate must complete for assessment purposes. A series of performance criteria that relate to each element of competence list what a candidate must do to carry out the activity to the agreed standard. In other words, it is a knowledge of the performance criteria that is vital to the assessment process. These performance criteria could equally be called measures of performance.
Each of the units of competence will have several elements of competence, and each of the elements of competence will have a series of performance criteria, all of which are determined by working groups of practitioners.
There are other nontechnical units of competence also, but I confine this presentation to the essential technical competences. Some of the nontechnical competences could be leading teams, facilitating learning in groups, and managing resources and people.
To illustrate this, take as an example the Examination of Marks and Impressions units of competence for this subject area, which have been determined as
1. Prepare to carry out examinations and comparisons,
2. Assess examination items,
3. Examine items,
4. Interpret findings,
5. Report findings, and
6. Undertake specialist scene examinations.
To continue with this example from Marks and Impressions, next look at the first unit of competence:
Prepare to carry out examinations and comparisons. I mentioned previously that each unit of competence comprised several elements of competence. For this unit they have been determined by working groups to be the following:
1.1 Determine case requirements and provide advice on investigation.
1.2 Prepare equipment and work area.
1.3 Establish the integrity of items and samples.
Now each of the elements of competence has several associated performance criteria against which a candidate is assessed. Consider the element of competence to determine case requirements and provide advice on investigation. These performance criteria have been established to be the following:
a. Details of circumstances are established and considered against exhibits received and examinations requested.
b. Operational constraints that could affect the examinations are identified and clarified with relevant personnel.
c. Items submitted are confirmed to be appropriate for the work to be undertaken and where the inappropriate client is advised of the decision.
d. Storage requirements of potential evidence are established and arrangements are made for safe, secure, and clean facilities.
e. A reliable estimate of resource requirements is provided to relevant personnel and proposed ways of working are modified to cope with resource constraints in accordance with the advice received.
f. The sequence of the various aspects of the work are agreed and prioritized with relevant personnel to enhance the effectiveness of the investigation.
g. Relevant information is accurately, legibly, and comprehensively recorded.
It is against these criteria, for each element of competence, that a candidate for that unit is assessed. To give you some idea of the amount of work carried by the working groups, keep in mind that each of the three elements of competence described here, in the example being discussed, will each have several associated performance criteria. This is repeated for each of the other units of competence and each of their elements of competence. There are other features such as range statements and a description of some of the evidence that may be required to prove competence. These are not discussed in this presentation.
There is also a description of the essential knowledge required to carry out the work activity competently.
During the standards development process the proposed standards, developed by the working groups, are exposed to sector-wide consultation throughout the forensic science community in the United Kingdom. This gives everyone the opportunity to comment on the standards and to make suggestions for their modification. The feedback from consultation is considered by the working group and acted upon where appropriate. This creates a feeling of ownership by the sector.
When all the units of competence, elements of competence, performance criteria knowledge, and other features are complete for a particular subject area, they are aggregated into qualifications with a series of units of competence constituting a complete qualification. However, each unit of competence is in itself a mini qualification, so it is possible to be assessed and certificated in specific units of competence, thereby offering a flexible modular pathway to competence. This modular flexibility may suit some organizational and individual needs better than a full vocational qualification.
The newly proposed qualification is now ready for national accreditation and is submitted to an organization independent of the forensic science community, which for England and Wales is the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA). The qualification is submitted through the National Training Organization and a chosen external accrediting body—which, in the case of the forensic science sector in the United Kingdom, is the Open University—that is independent of any influence by the forensic science sector but offers specialist accreditation and other services needed for the competence assessment program. Once accredited, the qualification becomes available on the open market.
Every five years the standards will be reviewed to test their currency, and a system is in place to ensure that any changes to working practices within the five-year period are identified and addressed immediately so there is little chance of out-of-date standards remaining in place.
Assessment of Competence
I now turn to the assessment of individual performance. In the early days of the standards development program there was a very formal way of writing standards. Now we are able to experiment and develop much more user-friendly formats so long as all the essential ingredients required for the assessment of competence are included. We are currently working on new methods of standards presentation that will be published shortly.
There is scope for many organizations, both national and international, to become involved and help to build on that which has already been achieved and thereby play a role in the process in these formative years.
The standards in their entirety reflect both the knowledge required to do the job and the ability to carry out the tasks associated with the job in a work environment. Both of these requirements demand a very versatile, but rigorous assessment process.
I have no intention of developing the next point in this paper but it must be said that qualifications are offered at a variety of levels from Level 1 to Level 5: Level 1 reflecting the more straightforward tasks with a requirement for the possession of very little underpinning knowledge, and Level 5 where we are looking at performance at the very highest professional level with the application of fundamental principles and knowledge to situations that may never have been previously encountered and may never be encountered again. I know of no other process that does this. If we are to do justice to our profession, we need to articulate these issues clearly.
The assessment of the essential underpinning knowledge, which is expressed in the standards developed by the working groups, can be through traditional written examinations. The Forensic Science Service, on behalf of the sector in the United Kingdom, is appraising the use of the American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) examinations, or some modified form of them, for the assessment of knowledge.
Other examinations by the University of Strathclyde, University of Durham with the National Training Centre for Scientific Support for Crime Investigation, the Metropolitan Police Service Scientific Support College in London with Kings College University of London, and the various Diplomas of the Forensic Science Society and others are also being appraised for their value in the assessment of knowledge.
As a trial for the feasibility of using the ABC examinations, an examination was recently held in the United Kingdom under the auspices of the American Board of Criminalistics and was successful. Further discussions on collaboration are continuing, and proponents hope to present a proposal from the ABC meeting in August this year for the implementation of the ABC examination program in the United Kingdom, perhaps under some form of license.
In time, these examinations may find a use in Europe through the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI). In our possible collaboration with ABC, we also see the ABC's potential use in some form of a model based on the one used in the United Kingdom to assess workplace competence to complement the ABC written examinations.
Assessment of workplace ability is another matter and, at first sight, appears more difficult than the assessment of knowledge, which in itself does not necessarily say a great deal about the ability of an individual to carry out a work activity. The assessor will need to see evidence from the work of the candidate to prove competence against the agreed standards. It is this evidence of competence that is identified by the candidate and that is appraised by the assessor against the standards. An assessor will give one of two possible verdicts on the performance of a candidate: Either the candidate is competent now or not yet. There will be no degrees of competence such as 80% competent or 50% competent.
Assessors are competent practitioners in their own right, and in addition to this occupational competence, they are suitably qualified to carry out the assessment process. The occupational competence of assessors is a vital requirement.
You will have noticed that the standards are written in a very general manner. In the example we have been using (Marks and Impressions), the Element of Competence 1.1 is given as "determine case requirements and provide advice on investigation." Neither this nor the associated performance criteria says anything specific about how this should be done. It will be the responsibility of the occupationally competent assessor to ensure that it is done to the standards required.
The quality management of the assessment process will address any shortfall in practices. In other words absolute standards, the details of how work is carried out, are not imposed by some external body, and that is one of the reasons why the process has the potential for universal application. In some sectors in the United Kingdom there are examples where the assessment process and its quality management have shown that organizations are not working to appropriate standards. The outcome has been to raise the standards of such organizations and individuals in a user-friendly manner, almost a form of self-regulation.
Assessors may be either internal or external to the candidates' organization. The concept of an assessor being internal to the organization, a workplace colleague of the candidate, often attracts some criticism when first encountered. However, a knowledge of the quality management of the assessment process will go some way to putting this concern to rest.
Assessors collect evidence of competence from the candidates' work. Part of this evidence comes from cases a candidate has worked on in the recent past or is currently working on. The source of the evidence of competence is documented by the candidate in what is known as a portfolio of evidence of competence. It may, in the most part, be documented as an audit trail for the assessor to follow, enabling the assessor to check back through the work presented as evidence against the achievement of a standard of performance. The assessor will look for evidence of competent performance over a period of time and not simply at a snapshot of one piece of evidence on one occasion.
It is permissible to use realistic simulations where evidence cannot be gained from real work situations. Simulations are, however, the exception and, even when used, must be in the work environment, and competent performance must be demonstrated over time, not simply once. This may still leave some room for concern in the use of internal assessors.
It has been said that if the assessor has played a role in the training of the candidate, it may be in the assessor's interest to show that the individual is competent as a result of training. However, there is an assessment verification process both internal and external that addresses this.
The internal verification system will be carried out by someone from the sector who will visit assessment sites, which will be the workplaces of the candidates, on a spot-check basis to test whether the assessor has used real evidence of competence against the standards and not simply used a tick-box approach to assessment. This process will also help ensure that the rigour of assessments, on what could be geographically isolated sites, is consistent.
The rigour is supported by an external verification process where the external verifier is appointed by the awarding body, the Open University in the case of forensic science, and is independent of the sector. The external verifier will carry out a similar role to the internal verifier but with a more obvious measure of independence. Neither the external verifier nor the internal verifier will carry out assessments or reassessments of candidates but will be concerned with ensuring that the assessment process is adhered to and that the evidence of competence collected is valid proof of consistent competent performance.
The assessment of ongoing competence can be carried out through a similar process, always against the relevant standards and often through a system called assessment through prior experience and learning.
The process of assessment that has been described is well-established in many organizations other than forensic science, a sector that is a comparative newcomer to the process. It is encouraging to see how well the process works once it is given a fair trial and to see how, in time, it becomes comfortably established in the culture of the organization as part of the quality management process and not as an annoying addition to the daily burden. If the standards are right, the evidence required to prove competence will simply fall from the work activity. Assessors will never encourage candidates to fit the standards to the activity but rather to fit the activity to the standards.
Occupational Standards and Training
Another valuable use to which organizations and sectors have put standards is in the design of effective and efficient training programs. Training designers now, probably for the first time, have a meaningful description of what a sector requires of its employees in terms of performance, and some sectors that have been using the scheme for some time have found that their training budget has been dramatically reduced and the speed with which their staff achieves the defined and agreed competence levels has increased.
This is an important point. It rightly implies that training is a means to an end and not an end in itself. The end point of training is a competent individual. The outcome, not the process, of training is important. We are now able to measure the competence of practitioners and therefore we are able to check whether we have reached our end point. Sounds very much like what Kirk was suggesting we needed to address more than 35 years ago.
Progress to Date
In the United Kingdom the standards development program continues. To date the following standards have been developed or are in various stages of development:
- Marks and Impressions
- Blood and Body Fluids
- Questioned Documents
- Recovery of Evidential Material—Laboratory Based
- Investigating Scenes of Incident
- Providing Fingerprint Services
- Managing and Coordinating Scenes of Incidents
- Drugs
- Accident Investigation
- Fires and Explosions
- Firearms Examinations
- Trace Evidence (glass, paint, explosives residues, fibres)
Each qualification covers the complete forensic process from examination of the scene of the incident through laboratory examination, interpretation of findings, report writing, and the presentation of evidence in court.
National Training Organizations
An organization called the National Training Organization has been mentioned, and I would like to take a little time to elaborate on that and to bring into the discussion some other parts of an infrastructure that is now in place in the United Kingdom to support the ongoing development of standards and other associated processes.
Several years ago there was an unmanageable proliferation of bodies concerned nationally with training, education, standards development, and associated activities. I will not elaborate on these bodies here because they are now mostly redundant. Their valuable work, however, goes on in a more efficient manner, and I will take a little time to describe briefly how this is.
The amalgamation of over 200 bodies throughout the United Kingdom has led to a new and more streamlined structure of about 60 bodies for carrying out the tasks associated with training, education, standards development, and other work. In forensic science the key organization is the Science Technology and Mathematics Council National Training Organization. This organization looks after the training and education affairs of the forensic science sector. It embraces most of the specialist technical and professional sectors in the scientific domain and is a key body in the United Kingdom. It is chaired by a prominent academic and industrialist, Professor Sir Geoffrey Allen. The scope of the organization is wide, and it is concerned strategically with the whole spectrum of vocational education and training for the sectors that it represents, which includes the forensic science sector.
Through its alliance with the Science Technology and Mathematics Council National Training Organization, the forensic science sector has formed a Forensic Science Sector Committee. This committee is the decision-making forum for the sector. It comprises members with key employment interests and also those with a national interest in the provision of vocational education and training. The chairman of the Forensic Science Sector Committee is Dr. Bob Bramley who is the Chief Scientist and Head of Profession for the FSS, and through his position as chairman of the sector committee, he is also a member of the Science Technology and Mathematics Council Executive Committee. The Executive Committee is responsible for shaping and forming the policies, programs, and priorities of the council; reviewing program implementation, management, and quality control; and endorsing occupational standards and vocational qualifications within the sector.
The prime committee, or governing body, of the Science Technology and Mathematics National Training Organization is the Council. The tasks of this body are to oversee all of the activities of the National Training Organization and to approve budgets. However, its primary role is political rather than operational. It will be concerned with the wider view of science education and training, and it will provide an interface with the government at the highest levels. Representation here is at the highest level, and the Chief Executive of the FSS, Dr. Janet Thompson, is the Forensic Science Sector Council member.
Council for the Registration of Forensic Practitioners
I now turn to the work presently taking place in the United Kingdom to establish a Council for the Registration of Forensic Practitioners. The aim of the Registration Council is to engender and maintain public confidence in the use of forensic science by producing a register of forensic science practitioners who are recognized as competent in their areas of expertise and who work to the highest professional and ethical standards.
Under this project, trials are taking place in chosen subject areas to assess the competence of practitioners to be included on the register. This exercise is at present restricted to the subject areas of fingerprints, questioned documents, and DNA. Some of the processes I have described are being evaluated to assess their suitability for this purpose.
Another working group within the remit of the council is looking at courtroom competences. The latest working group to be established is considering the establishment of a code of ethics and disciplinary procedures.
International Collaboration
We now see as a possible way toward international cooperation with the vision that one day we, in this demanding profession, are all supporting each other's efforts to deliver best practice to support our various justice systems.
In the United Kingdom, increasingly we are becoming involved in collaboration with our European colleagues. In support of this, European funding has recently been secured to develop standards of performance and assessment protocols for those working in the management and coordination of the activities of scientific support personnel at the crime scene. This work will be based, in part, upon the work already completed in the United Kingdom and should set a precedent for increased collaboration and harmonization of standards of performance and the assessment of workplace competences throughout Europe and perhaps in other international directions.
I have offered an overview of the work we are currently engaged on in the United Kingdom to improve the service we offer through ensuring the continued personal competence of those working in forensic science. Before concluding let me take a moment to elaborate on how the process offers flexibility of use. Standards, as we have seen, are designed on a unit basis, each unit being in itself a mini qualification. One unit comprising several elements. Each element comprising several performance criteria with associated knowledge.
In some organizations, for example the FSS, the workforce operates on two levels: At one level are technical experts who carry out the work, and at the other level are those who take the responsibility for the management of the work, carry out interpretation, report findings, and present evidence to courts of law, in other words reporting officers. In such a scheme the reporting officer will not necessarily need to be competent in doing the work but will need to know how it is done. Hence our interest in knowledge-based examinations.
The nascent council for the Registration of Forensic Practitioners is concerned with the standards of performance of those who report cases. However, the flexibility of implementation is such that, if in an organization one person does the work and that same person reports on the work, then that person will need the competence to work in addition to the knowledge to satisfy the requirements for that organization. The process described will support this.
I mentioned national vocational qualifications. It now seems likely that the sector in the United Kingdom will not go for full national vocational qualifications but will use the principles on which they are based to design a more appropriate product. Work is well advanced along those lines. The principles we are using are based on the national vocational qualifications program and have been endorsed by the Sector Committee, that is to develop and agree on occupational standards and to assess individuals against the standards incorporating some form of external monitoring in the competence assessment process. The standards are also useful as a focus for training and as the basis of a route not only of continuing professional development but also to ensure the ongoing competence of practitioners.
I will leave you with yet another quote from Kirk: "Criminalistics is an occupation that has all the responsibility of medicine, the intricacy of the law, and the universality of science. Inasmuch as it carries higher penalties for error than other professions, it is not a matter to take lightly nor to trust to luck."
I look forward to continuing this discussion.
Kirk, P. L. The ontogeny of criminalistics, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science (1963) 54:235.


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