text:
Studying a New Genre: The High School Massacre Film
by Howard Feinstein
Hark, a new genre has emerged! It's a bloody blend of secondary ed movie, prison flick, and western: the American high school massacre film. Movies like "Rebel Without a Cause," "Blackboard Jungle," and "The Breakfast Club" have had their day. The Columbine affair shifted the emphasis. Violence is the salient (and most dramatically dynamic) characteristic of public school life today. What little innocence has remained in our high schools, preoccupied a few short decades ago with electing cheerleaders and trying to cop a feel, vanished on April 20, 1999, the day that Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris walked into Columbine High in Littleton, Colo., and, instead of bearing barbs from other students, shot them and a few teachers. Then, the coup de grace: They killed each other.
This was not the first high school massacre in the U.S., but it attracted the most attention. Why? Perhaps because Littleton is an upper-middle-class neighborhood, and because the boys, who planned the act to the last detail, murdered with such accuracy. Klebold and Harris worked in tandem: Massacre is rarely a solo act among teens. Many terribly unhappy students continue to commit suicide; lots, unfortunately, succeed. Now, however, we occasionally witness a shift away from internalization of teen misery to an externalization, deflecting pain -- and maybe bullets -- toward those who trouble you, or just toward random classmates. Over the past 18 months, Gus Van Sant ("Elephant"), Michael Moore ("Bowling for Columbine"), Ben Coccio ("Zero Day"), and Paul F. Ryan ("Home Room") have made, from four different perspectives, films inspired by high school massacres.
With the Palm d'or-winning "Elephant," Van Sant opts for an intimate approach to the Columbine killings. Few filmmakers better understand the workings of the teen mind -- OK, the male teen mind. During our interview in a seafront cafe in Cannes, one of the young leads saunters up from the beach and interrupts us, exclaiming enthusiastically to Van Sant how late he partied the night before and saying, "Look at these cool new sunglasses I got!" Van Sant goes right into the boy's head, asking him sincerely where he and his pals went and validating the shades. No condescension, not even a wink after the kid leaves. Van Sant is endlessly fascinated with adolescence, its pains and pleasures. Van Sant made the film with love and empathy for his characters, once again revealing his keen understanding of the topsy-turvy lives they lead.
He deploys perfect formal strategies for conveying the states of mind of students attending a large American public high school. He uses a square format, common for television but virtually nonexistent in theatrical releases that serves as a prison-like box for the students to inhabit. (You must also take into account that he made the film for HBO.) His extraordinarily long behind-the-shoulder tracking shots down endless corridors, with row upon row of lockers on either side, connote a world of ennui and apathy. From the beginning, he introduces his characters without elaboration: We know almost all will be victims. He eschews suspense, respecting the memories of the Columbine dead and their families by refusing to cheapen the incident as a thriller.
His film owes a lot -- consciously -- in theme, pacing, and formal design to the late British director Alan Clarke's short film, the same-named "Elephant" (1989), in which a Steadicam follows two Northern Irish hit men as they assassinate 18 people, separately, each time without any visible emotion. (There the camera lingers for a while on each corpse.) Clarke makes the acts mechanical, linked to one political cause or another but executed, like those in Van Sant's, without any moral veneer.
But Van Sant has a unique way of getting under your skin. He subscribes to a psycho-sexual approach, one so subliminally heavy for the viewer that he or she can not help but feel devastated by movie's end. How else do you reach a spectatorship immune to overt violence in films? Using all nonprofessional actors from the Portland, Ore., area, he introduces an assortment of characters. Eli (Elias McConnell) is an amateur photographer and the director's alter ego. (Van Sant was photographer for his high school yearbook.) John (John Robinson), a boy troubled by a problem father, is the first to realize the tragedy-to-come and warns students on their way into the building.
Alex (Alex Frost) and Eric (Eric Deulen) are the misfits who assemble rifles delivered by UPS to Alex's home and casually plot their brutal revenge while one plays piano, the other, computer games. (In John Singleton's "Higher Learning" set in college, Michael Rapaport is such a reject that he becomes a skinhead Nazi overnight.) Alex and Eric have a spontaneous kiss in the shower before they venture out for the apocalyptic act -- an act born of hormonal buildup and one that sets up a dramatic moment that underlines the amorality, the lack of commitment of young people who have gone beyond the pale of alienation. These are teenagers -- unpredictable, self-absorbed beings -- and Van Sant refuses to let us forget their reality.
"I'm not offering an explanation from me to you," Van Sant explains. "I'm trying to set up an environment that encourages you as a viewer to regurgitate your own thoughts about what you have seen and heard over the last four years since it happened. Your mind should wander; your thoughts should become intensified. Each individual can find his own answer." I found mine. In Cannes, I cried after the "Elephant" press screening and ran back to my hotel room. Images that lay dormant for many years addled my brain. I graduated from a large, charmless public high school in the execution-happy state of Texas. My father had guns in his socks drawer, under the car seat, beneath his pillow. He went on joy rides with the Houston cops. What I remember of our home life is Mama screaming at Daddy, Daddy screaming at Mama, both of them screaming at us, and Daddy beating me with a horsewhip. At 15, to get away from it all, I tried to do myself in and very nearly succeeded. You needn't have had a nasty childhood, however, to be overwhelmed by "Elephant."
Unlike Van Sant's approach, muckraker Michael Moore's take in "Bowling for Columbine" is discursive. The Columbine massacre is a point of departure for an essay on violence in America. His thesis is that the recurring school shoot-'em'-ups are not isolated acts. We live in a climate of fear, he notes, depicting with actual footage how network and local news focus on individual murders and other crimes to pound fear into our thick skulls. He makes significant connections -- much as he does in his finely researched book, the scary "Stupid White Men." It's not just about availability of guns, as many contend. "Before the Dublaine massacre, Britain had 120 murders a year for 60 million people; now it's 60," he tells me in Cannes in the American Pavilion. "The U.S. had 11,127 killings last year. Britain is a different society. Having fewer guns will reduce the number of murders; having fewer croissants will reduce the number of calories that I'm putting into my body right now BUT it won't change my basic attitudes." He is not being glib when he points out that day the U.S. dropped the most bombs on Kosovo was on April 20, 1999, and that favored military weapons-contractor Lockheed has a huge plant just outside of Littleton.
"The personal violence of guns in our homes is intertwined with the larger societal and global issues of violence," Moore continues. "It's all part of the fabric of society: We rely on violence as a means to an end. That's what those kids did that day, and that's what we as adults do when we go bomb other countries." His montage of American interference in the affairs of other countries is prescient. It begins with the deposing of the leader of Iran in 1953 and his replacement with the totalitarian Shah, whose iron hand (supported by our money and the notorious SAWAK secret police) ended up inadvertently moving much of the Islamic world toward a rabid fundamentalism that would take over that country and spread throughout the whole region.
Ben Coccio jumps on the Columbine bandwagon with "Zero Day." He renames the two teen boys Cal and Andre and the school Iroquois High, but plays the storyline as a fake doc. The conceit here is that the boys videotape each other throughout the process of preparation, as well as during moments of horsing around and familial interaction. (The director does not display Van Sant's feeling for the teen interior state.) This is the record of buildup to an apocalypse; surveillance cameras of murders on cheesy sets complete the picture. Coccio has the boys make a couple of passing comments about being picked on, but the remarks feel gratuitous, out of synch. These are two good-looking fellows with neither psychological nor political motivation. They are never even bored. The film is manic, and that's a big problem. It's more the enervating effect of high school that breeds the worst in people. In hippie times, Cal and Andre, the so-called "Army of Two," would have been speed freaks.
"Home Room," by Paul F. Ryan, is set in Connecticut. Ryan does not show us the (rare) lone shooter, but focuses instead on the aftermath. A teacher has ordered tough Alicia (Busy Philipps), under suspicion of being an accomplice, to visit pert, studious Deanna (Erika Christensen), severely wounded in the attack, in the hospital. As you might imagine, they joust until they find common ground. The only problem is that Americans are interested more in the perpetrator(s) and the act -- for all of the reasons Moore so clearly spells out. Whether that's good or bad, I will, to paraphrase Van Sant, ask that you find your own answer.


text:
- Color
- Tropical Princess
Tropical Princess: Neon lemon lime / Icy lavender
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text:
Sorapet Pinyoo and the Status of Pleeng Luuk Tung
Mitchell, James, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
Introduction: Argument and structure
This author's particular point of interest in pleeng luuk tung is the role that it has played in facilitating the rebirth or regeneration of Isan identity and culture. My overall research proposes that the significant involvement of Isan people within the luuk tung music industry has provided Isan people with an entry point into mainstream Thai society and culture, when most avenues were closed to them. Through luuk tung, Lao-Isan (1) culture has been able to influence Thai society to the point that Isan language and culture has become acceptable. However I aim to demonstrate that this heavy Isan involvement is one of the main reasons why luuk tung has historically been accorded low status.
Conversely, luuk tung's rise in status in Thailand since 1997 has prompted attempts to disguise the Isan involvement in luuk tung. The status of luuk tung is the subject of this article, with status being defined as the degree of prestige attached to an activity/person by society. I propose that from 1958 to approximately 1990, a number of social, political and academic movements combined to present a more negative image of luuk tung than was warranted and, as a result, the genre has been understudied. This article aims to address these issues by, first, identifying the forces that influenced the development of luuk tung's status in Thai society prior to 1997; second, comparing the portrayal of luuk tung in the three most recent and significant publications; and, third, by examining the career, songs, as well as songwriting and recording techniques of Sorapet Pinyoo, a well-known luuk tung artist.
As my research into the genre progresses, it is apparent that very little has been written about the art of luuk tung songwriting. In both the Thai and English literature, analysis of luuk tung lyrics as poetry is virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the limited English language literature is unable to give non-Thais a real understanding of what luuk tung is. It is hoped that an analysis of Sorapet's work will provide insight into the nature of the genre and allow readers to reassess some of the negative aspects of luuk tung's conventional image. This case study is also intended to complement the overall argument of my research--that luuk tung has provided Isan people with the means to revitalise the image of Isan culture within Thailand.
The development of luuk tung's conventional image
The low status of luuk tung in Thai society before 1997 has been referred to by many authors, such as Ubonrat Siriyuvasak, (2) Craig Lockard (3) and Amporn Jirattikorn, (4) but there has yet to be a concerted attempt to identify the reasons behind it. The contention of this article is that a number of different social and political forces, movements or conditions combined to produce an overly negative image of luuk tung in Thai society and in academic writing before 1997. (5) The first such force is the dialectic between Thai classical music linked to the monarchy and popular song genres linked to Luang Phibunsongkraam. Luuk tung developed during the period of Phibunsongkraam's influence and the revision of his image after his overthrow in 1957 may have indirectly affected that of genres associated with him. The second force that contributed to the low status of luuk tung in the past was the high level of Isan involvement. Isan people have long been derided by central Thais and were regarded with suspicion during the years of the communist insurgency. Throughout the last 100 years, Thai rulers and governments have sought to build a cohesive nation-state and Isan culture has been both suppressed and appropriated in the service of nationhood. The third force to be discussed is the tendency for Thais to classify luuk tung as rural folk music. It was not until the late 1970s, with the influence of Marxist theory, that Thai historians became interested in writing about the culture of ordinary people. …


text:
Aberdeen Caledonian Thistle Celtic Dundee Dundee United Hamilton Academical Hearts Kilmarnock Motherwell Ross County St Johnstone
Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol City Burnley Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Derby County Fulham Huddersfield Town Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough MK Dons Nottingham Forest Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Reading Rotherham United Sheffield Wednesday Wolverhampton
Ian Holloway: 'Palace move has got me jiggling again'
IAN HOLLOWAY says his switch to Crystal Palace can give him back his 'jiggle'.
I lost my jiggle a bit
Ollie said: "I didn't have the same jiggle (at Blackpool), so to speak – I lost my jiggle a bit.
"I felt the longer I stayed there, the worse it would be for the team and the fans.
"Palace has now re-energised me, I want to plug myself in the plug socket and away I go, let's see what we can do.
"They're going to get a new manager, who will get life back in that place."
Holloway can't believe his luck with Palace riding high after Dougie Freedman's departure for Bolton.
He oversaw a 5-0 thrashing of Ipswich – and will attempt to maintain the winning streak at Peterborough today.
Holloway said: "I have to thank Dougie (Freedman) massively."


text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|24 déc. 1985
|Date de dépôt
|30 aoűt 1982
|Date de priorité
|30 aoűt 1982
|État de paiement des frais
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|Norman H. Chiu
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|General Electric Company
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (25), Référencé par (121), Classifications (9), Événements juridiques (8)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
The present invention relates to capacitive touch switch arrangements and more particularly to a novel touch switch arrangement employing only one electrode on the opposing surface of a dielectric substrate opposite each touch electrode to accommodate a greater number of touch electrodes in a given surface area.
Capacitive touch control panels are a well known means for providing user control inputs to various devices, including major home appliances such as cooking ranges and microwave ovens, which have capacitive touch switches arranged in a keyboard array. With such touch panels, the user merely touches a touch area on the panel to initiate a switching action rather than moving a mechanical switch.
Capacitive touch systems can generally be classified in two types. In one, the switch cells each comprise a single capacitor formed of two conductive plates located on a single surface of a dielectric material. The capacitor is energized from a pulsating signal source and is coupled to a signal detection circuit, the detected signal being a function of the capacitance which is changed in response to touch. The switch cell of the other type of capacitive touch system each comprises one pair of series connected capacitors formed of three conductive plates, two closely spaced on one surface of a dielectric material and the third plate on the opposing surface overlapping the other two plates. In this device, the series connected capacitors, which are energized by an AC signal source, form a voltage divider arrangement with the stray capacitance at the input to the signal detector. Touching the third plate alters the capacitive voltage divider arrangement, thereby changing the voltage level at the detection circuit as a function of touch.
This latter type of system is capable of good signal characteristics and an effective and reliable operation when sufficient signal is capacitively coupled through the series capacitor pair of each device. Satisfactory operation generally requires some minimum value of capacitance for the series capacitors, as well as relatively small parasitic capacitive effects. Since, for a given dielectric material, the series capacitance is proportional to the capacitor plate area, presently known switch devices of the capacitance attenuator type for practical appliance control applications have minimum area requirements that tend to preclude their application to switch arrays needing a relatively large number of switch cells within the constraint of a relatively small panel surface area.
A touch panel arrangement which provides the performance capability and employs the well developed interfacing circuitry of the three-plate type of capacitive touch system but which is applicable to switch array applications requiring a relatively large number of switch cells in a relatively small panel area would be highly desirable.
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a novel and improved capacitive touch switch arrangement useful as a control panel for various devices requiring control inputs from human users such as major home appliances, wherein switch cells can be relatively closely spaced.
A further object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved capacitive touch switch arrangement as above described which retains the good signal transfer characteristics and reliable operation of the three plate device but wherein the touch cells have relatively small area touch electrodes that can be relatively closely spaced.
A further object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved capacitive touch switch arrangement as above described which is compatible with interface circuitry used with the three-plate device.
The novel and improved capacitive attenuator type touch switch cell arrangement in accordance with one aspect of the present invention employs a touch responsive pad or electrode and a receiver electrode of comparable surface area on opposing surfaces of a dielectric substrate for capacitive coupling therebetween, which capacitive coupling is alterable by the human touching of or proximate to the touch pad. A scan signal is coupled from signal generating circuitry to the touch responsive pad by a separate transmitting capacitor. Signal detection circuitry senses the signal coupled to the receiver electrode to detect attenuation of the coupled signal signifying the touching of the touch pad. The use of a separate capacitor to provide the transmitting capacitance reduces the touch pad area requirement, thereby permitting closer spacing of touch switch cells for greater switch density on a control panel.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a touch control panel comprising an array of touch switch cells of the above-described type is provided with a first plurality of conductive paths, each connecting a transmitting capacitor to its associated touch pad fabricated on the outwardly facing surface of the substrate. A second plurality of conductive paths is fabricated, each extending relatively closely adjacent at least one of said first conductive paths such that the human touching of one of the first conductive paths ordinarily results in the touching of at least one of the second conductive paths. The second conductive paths are commonly connected to the junction of a pair of serially connected capacitors whereby the second paths act as a "psuedo" touch pad. A test signal is applied to the serially connected capacitors in concert with the application of each scan signal to the touch pads. The touching of one or more of the second paths attenuates the test signal. The signal detection circuitry senses the coupled scan signal and the coupled test signal. Detection of attenuation of the test signal overrides the detection of attenuation of the scan signal to prevent an erroneous control input which might otherwise result from the inadvertent touching of the touch panel in the vicinity of the first conductive paths.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, the above-described touch switch cell arrangement further includes an outer dielectric panel which overlays the dielectric substrate carrying the touch and receiver electrodes. Touch zones are depicted on the outer panel in register with the underlying touch pads. Such an arrangement permits the use of a thinner dielectric substrate and less expensive circuit fabrication techniques, in addition to greater flexibility in designing the appearance of the control panel.
While the specification concludes with claims which particularly point out and distinctly claim that subject matter which is regarded as the invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood and appreciated when considering the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a capacitive touch control panel for a kitchen appliance;
FIG. 2A is a sectional view of a capacitive attenuator type switch cell known in the prior art;
FIG. 2B is a schematic circuit diagram representing the equivalent circuit for the touch switch cell of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 3A is a sectional view of another capacitive attenuator type touch switch cell known in the prior art;
FIG. 3B is a schematic circuit diagram representing the equivalent circuit for the touch switch cell of FIG. 3A;
FIG. 4A is a sectional view of a capacitive touch switch cell illustratively emboding the touch switch arrangement of the invention;
FIG. 4B is a schematic circuit diagram representing the equivalent circuit for the touch switch cell of FIG. 4A;
FIG. 5A is a plan view of the touch electrodes and associated circuitry carried on the front side of a dielectric substrate for a touch control panel of the type illustrated in FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention including a schematic diagram of the array of transmitting capacitors connected to the substrate circuitry;
FIG. 5B is a plan view of the receiver electrodes and associated circuitry carried on the rear side of the substrate of FIG. 5A;
FIG. 6A is a simplified schematic circuit diagram illustrating the incorporation of a touch switch arrangement embodying the present invention in a control system for an appliance;
FIG. 6B is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating certain details of a portion of the circuit diagram of FIG. 6A;
FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating the scan signals employed in the circuit of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8A is a sectional view of another embodiment of a capacitive touch switch arrangement in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 8B is a schematic circuit diagram representing the equivalent circuit for the touch switch cell arrangement of FIG. 8A; and
FIG. 9 is a partial perspective view of an alternate capacitive touch control panel for a kitchen appliance incorporating an illustrative embodiment of the switch arrangement of the invention.
In FIG. 1, there is illustrated a capacitive touch panel 10 for controlling the four surface units of an electric cooking range. In the example to follow, a capacitive touch panel of the type illustrated generally in FIG. 1, is connected to a microprocessor that controls the operation of a kitchen range appliance. It is to be understood, however, that the illustrative capacitive touch panel has application to many other appliances and equipment subject to user control.
Capacitive touch panel 10 comprises an array of touch sensitive switch cells 12 responsive to the human touch which in accordance with the invention include relatively small area touch pads 13 which can be located on closely spaced centers providing the relatively high number of switches in a relatively small panel area. In the illustrative example the touch pads enable the appliance user to select one or more surface heating elements and a power setting for each element.
For ease of illustration, the switch array is shown as a 4×6 matrix of six rows and four columns of touch sensitive switch cells 12 to provide ON, OFF and four power level settings for each of four heating elements. It will be readily apparent that the switch array could be made larger or smaller as desired, depending upon the desired number of control inputs.
The description to this point, except for the relatively small closely spaced touch pads, is generally applicable to capacitive touch panel arrays well known in the art. The switch cell arrangement commonly used in such prior art arrays is of the type referred to as a capacitive attenuator switch type in which the body capacitance of the user, which is added to the switch circuit when a touch pad is touched, attenuates a scan signal, signifying to the associated control circuitry that the pad has been touched.
Referring to FIG. 2A, a prior art capacitive attenuator type switch cell arrangement is illustrated. The prior art switch cell designated 14 comprises a touch electrode 16 of conductive or semi-conductive material which is fabricated on the front or outwardly facing surface 17 of a dielectric substrate 18. A pair of electrodes or pads 20 and 22, commonly referred to as a transmitting electrode and a receiving electrode, respectively, are fabricated of a conductive or semi-conductive material upon the remaining inwardly facing surface 24 of substrate 18. Both transmitting and receiving electrodes are typically of substantially smaller area than and are positioned substantially within the boundaries of the area of touch pad 16. The closest points between transmitting and receiving electrodes 20 and 22 are separated by a preselected distance d, while each of electrodes 20 and 22 are separated from touch pad 16 by a preselected dielectric thickness T derived in accordance with the insulating and structural characteristics to be achieved. Transmitting electrode 20 has an associated conductor 26 coupled to a point thereon for connection of electrode 20 to a signal generator 28 configured to drive transmitting electrode 20 with a pulsating waveform. Receiver electrode 22 has an associated conductor 30 coupled to a point thereon for connection of electrode 22 to signal detection circuitry 32, which circuitry senses the signal coupled from electrode 20 to electrode 22 and detects the decrease in the magnitude of the signal resulting from the body capacitance of the user being introduced into the circuit by a touch of touch pad 16.
FIG. 2B illustrates the equivalent electrical circuit for switch cell arrangement of FIG. 2A. In this circuit, capacitance CT represents the capacitance between electrode 20 and touch pad 16; capacitance CR represents the capacitance between touch pad 16 and electrode 22; and capacitance CTR represents the cross coupled capacitance between electrode 20 and electrode 22. The human touching of pad 16 is represented schematically as the closing of switch 34, with CB representing the body capacitance of the user which is switched into the circuit by touching to act as a shunt to ground which is effective to attentuate the signal at Point A. CP represents stray parasitic capacitance.
In order to insure proper switch operation, the capacitance of the series capacitors CT and CR formed by electrodes 20 and 22, respectively, in cooperation with touch pad 16, must be sufficient to reliably couple the pulsating signal from signal generator 28 to the detection circuitry 32. The larger the coupling capacitance, the greater the current flow which in turn reduces the susceptibility to noise.
The capacitance of the capacitors CT and CR may be determined in accordance with the well known formula: ##EQU1## when C=capacitance (picofarads)
K=dielectric constant of substrate
A=common capacitor plate area (sq. in.)
T=substrate thickness (in.)
The total coupling capacitance should be on the order of 2-5 picofarads (pF). This means CT and CR should each be on the order of 4-10 pF. As an example for coupling capacitance on the order of 3.5 pF, CT and CR would each be on the order of 7 pF. For a typical glass substrate having a thickness of 1/8 inch, and a dielectric constant of 8, the minimum area for each of electrodes 20 and 22 would be on the order of 0.5 in2. In order to minimize the cross coupled capcitance CTR, a minimum spacing between electrodes 20 and 22 on the order of 1/8 inch is recommended. Since touch pad 16 must substantially cover both electrodes, a touch pad area in excess of 1 square inch would be required for each touch pad.
An alternative touch switch cell arrangement in the prior art which may increase the capacitance somewhat for a given pad area is shown in FIG. 3A, designated 14'. In this arrangement an additional dielectric outer panel 36 overlies the substrate carrying the touch pad and electrodes. Because of the additional rigidity of outer panel 36, the dielectric substrate 18' carrying the touch pad 16' and electrodes 20' and 22' may be of reduced thickness which in accordance with the above-described formula provides increased capacitance for the same plate areas. Those elements of FIGS. 3A and 3B carrying the (') designator function in the same manner as their counterparts in FIGS. 2A and 2B having the same numerical designators. Touch pad 16' and the transmitter and receiver electrodes 20' and 22', respectively, are driven by signal generator 28' and the coupled signal is sensed by detection circuitry 32'. The major difference functionally is illustrated in the equivalent circuit schematically represented in FIG. 3B, where outer panel 36 provides an additional capacitance CG in series with the body capacitance CB of the user in the short path to ground when pad 16' is touched, as represented in FIG. 2B by the closure of switch 34'.
While the reduced thickness for substrate 18' enabled by the additional structural rigidity provided by outer panel 36, provides greater capacitance for the same pad and electrode areas, the additional capacitance effect of the glass outer panel 36 reduces the attenuative effect of the touch on the coupling capacitance, thereby requiring greater capacitance for capacitances CT and CR than that for the touch cell of the FIG. 2A type in order for the detection circuitry to operate effectively at the same sensitivity level.
When a large number of touch pads are desired in a relatively small panel area, it is apparent that the minimum electrode and touch pad areas required to provide the minimum capacitance presents a significant design limitation for conventional capacitive attenuator type switch cells of either of the aforementioned type.
Since in either arrangement, both receiver and transmitter electrodes must share the touch pad, the touch pad area required to provide the minimum capacitance for each of the series capacitances CT and CR must be more than twice that required for the transmitting or receiving electrode alone.
The capacitive touch switch cell arrangement contemplated in the present invention allows the touch pad size to be reduced by more than 50 percent without sacrificing coupling capacitance and also eliminates any problems presented by the cross-coupling capacitance between transmitter and receiver electrodes. This improvement is achieved by removing the transmitter electrode from the substrate and replacing it with a discrete capacitor separate from the touch pad and the receiver electrode. By this arrangement, the required touch pad area can be reduced to the area of the receiver electrode alone without reducing the capacitance of the resulting receiver capacitance. An additional advantage of the discrete transmitter capacitor is the resultant flexibility to choose any capacitance value during the keyboard tuning and trimming process.
Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, an illustrative embodiment of a touch switch cell 40 in accordance with the invention comprises a conductive touch pad 42 fabricated on the outward facing surface 44 of dielectric substrate 46, and a conductive receiver electrode 48 formed on the opposite surface 50 of substrate 46 in an area overlying and bounded by the area of touch pad 42 to enable the capacitive coupling of a signal from pad 42 to receiver electrode 48. A discrete capacitor 52 capacitively couples the pulsating signal from signal generator 54 to pad 42 via conductor 56 a substantial portion of which is formed on surface 44 of substrate 46. Receiving electrode 48 has an associated conductor 49 coupled to a point thereon for connection of electrode 48 to detection circuitry 58. Detection circuitry 58 senses the signal at point A as in FIG. 2A to detect the change in the signal at A resulting from the human touching of pad 42.
The equivalent circuit for the touch switch cell arrangement of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4B. In this circuit receiver capacitor CR is formed by touch pad 42 and receiver electrode 48. However, the function of the transmitter capacitor (CT in FIG. 2B) is performed in this arrangement by discrete capacitor 52. As in FIG. 2B, the introduction of user body capacitance by touching of touch pad 42 is represented by switch 34 and capacitor CB.
Since only the receiver capacitor CR uses pad 42 as a plate thereof, pad 42 need only be large enough to cover electrode 48. For the same glass substrate and minimum capacitance requirements described with reference to FIG. 2A, touch pad 42 need be only on the order of 0.5 square inch rather than the 1.0 square inch of the conventional arrangement.
Having described an illustrative embodiment of an individual touch switch cell, reference is now made to FIGS. 5A and 5B to describe an array of such cells 40 such as might be used for a touch panel 10 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5A schematically illustrates the outer face 44 of a dielectric substrate 46 for a touch panel on which a 4×6 array of conductive touch pads 42 are fabricated in a layout similar to that of the touch panel of FIG. 1. For clarity and simplicity, only two rows of the array are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. It is to be understood that each of the omitted rows is structurally identical to those shown. Each touch pad 42 has associated with it a conductive path or run 56 which is formed on surface 44 extending substantially parallel to the horizontal rows of touch pads to an associated terminal point 60 near edge 62 of substrate 46. A plurality of separate discrete transmitter capacitors 52 are provided with one capacitor 52 associated with each touch pad. Capacitors 52 can be combined into an electrical circuit that can be located off of substrate 46, with a flex circuit connection comprising silver conductor runs fabricated on a substrate of Mylar® material coupling one plate 64 of each capacitor 52 to terminal point 60 for its associated touch pad. The four capacitors 52 for each row of pads 42 each have their other plate 66 commonly connected to simultaneously receive the scan signal for their row from the external scan signal generating circuitry at input terminal 68.
The opposite surface 50 of substrate 44 is schematically illustrated in FIG. 5B. Surface 50 has fabricated thereon a 4×6 array of receiver electrodes or pads 48, one for each of the touch pads 42. Each of receiver electrodes 48 are positioned in the area overlying and bounded by the area of its associated touch pad 42 to form a 4×6 array of touch switch cells 40 of the type illustrated in FIG. 4A. The receiver electrodes 48 in each column are serially connected by a conductive path 49 with each column of receiver electrodes being coupled to the signal detection circuitry 58.
Referring again to FIG. 5A, since conductors 56 are formed on the outward surface 44 of substrate 46 along with touch pads 42, it is possible for a user to inadvertently touch one or more of these conductive paths. The direct touching of one of conductors 56 would have an attenuating effect similar to the touching of the pad associated with the touched conductor. Thus, the touching of a region of substrate surface 44 carrying conductors 56 would appear to detecting circuitry 58 as the touching of the pad associated with the touched conductor.
In order to prevent the control system from responding to the resulting erroneous signal, a second plurality of conductive paths or runs 70 are formed on surface 44 of substrate 46 such that each of the first conductive paths 56 has at least one of these second paths 70 closely adjacent to it. The spacing between adjacent sections of paths 56 and 70 is selected such that the human touching of one path would also ordinarily result in the touching of the other path as well. Each of the paths 70 is connected at one end to a terminal point 72 which is electrically connected through substrate 46 to terminal points 71 formed on opposite surface 50 of substrate 46.
A capacitor network 74, comprising a pair of serially connected discrete capacitors 75 and 76, which may be mounted on surface 50 of substrate 44 or separately from substrate 44, is coupled to conductive paths 70 by conductive runs 73 formed on surface 50 joining terminal points 71. All conductive paths 70 are commonly connected via paths 73 to the junction 82 of serially connected capacitors 75 and 76. This arrangement enables conductors 70 to function as a "psuedo touch pad." Capacitive network 74 is serially connected between the signal generator circuitry 90 (FIG. 6A) and the signal detector circuitry 58. A scan or test pulse from the signal generator circuitry is applied to input 80 of network 74 simultaneously with each scan pulse applied to one of the touch pad rows. The touching of any portion of conductive path 70 results in the attenuation of the signal coupled by capacitive network 74 to point 84 just as the touching of a touch pad attentuates the signal coupled to the associated receiver electrode for that touch pad.
As will be described in greater detail hereinafter, the logic circuitry of detection circuitry 58 is arranged such that detection of an attenuated signal at output terminal 84 of capacitor network 74 takes priority over any other input to the detection circuitry. The output of any other signal to the control system signifying the touching of a touch pad is thus prevented. Since the relative positioning of conductive runs 56 and 70 is such that touching of one of runs 56 would ordinarily be accompanied by the touching of runs 70 as well, the control system does not respond to the inadvertent touching of any portion of the panel except the touch pads.
In the illustrative embodiment of FIGS. 5A and 5B, the dielectric substrate 46 is a glass panel having a 1/8" nominal thickness. A greater or lesser thickness could of course be used with the understanding that coupling capacitance between pad 42 and electrode 48 is inversely proportional to thickness. Also, a thinner glass panel may not provide the desired structural rigidity. Top pads 42 and conductive paths 56 and 70 formed on surface 44 may be formed by depositing tin oxide on the glass in the desired pattern. The glass plate would then be baked at high temperature to passivate the tin oxide into the glass. The resultant passivated tin oxide pattern is resistant to cleaning and scouring of the panel. Receiver electrodes 48 and conductors 49 and 73 formed on inner surface 50 may be inexpensively formed with silver epoxy. To minimize stray capacitance effects, the width of conductive paths 49, 56, 70, and 73 should be held to a minimum.
Illustrative control circuitry for incorporating the touch panel of FIGS. 5A and 5B into a control system for an appliance such as an electric cooking range is illustrated schematically in FIG. 6A.
In the illustrative control circuit of FIG. 6A, microprocessor 90 sequentially generates a scan pulse at each of outputs R0 -R5, which outputs are coupled to rows a-f of the capacitive touch cell array 10 of FIGS. 5A and 5B via driver circuitry 92 and capacitor banks 94(a)-94(f), respectively. A test signal is generated at K0 simultaneously with each scan pulse which is coupled by driver circuit 92 to capacitive network 74, to provide the hereinbefore described prevention of erroneous signals from touching conductive paths on the control panel rather than the touch pads.
Columns g-j of the touch cell array are coupled to inputs C5 -C2, respectively, of detection circuitry 58 via limiting resistors 114. The output of capacitive network 74 is similarly coupled to input C1 of detection circuitry 58. A BCD coded output signal from circuitry 58 is coupled to inputs K1, K2, K4 and K8 of microprocessor 90.
Circuitry 58 senses the scan signal coupled by each of the touch cells in the row being scanned to their respective column output lines 49 to detect an attenuation of the column output line signal, signifying that a touch pad in a particular column has been touched. If a touch pad in the row being scanned is touched, the signal detector circuit will detect the attenuation of the scanned signal for that column containing the touched pad. The BCD coded output signal coupled to microprocessor 90 indicates which column, if any, contains a touched pad. In this fashion, a touched pad is identified by row and column.
In the illustrative embodiment, microprocessor 90 is a TMS 1670 microprocessor commercially available from Texas Instruments Incorporated, which can be customized by permanently configuring its read only memory (ROM) to implement the desired appliance control scheme. A portion of the ROM of microprocessor 90 is configured in a conventional manner to generate the capacitive touch keyboard drive signals and to receive keyboard output signals from conventional detection circuitry. The keyboard drive signals in this arrangement are scan pulses provided sequentially at outputs R0 -R5 of microprocessor 90. A test pulse is generated at output K0 of microprocessor 90 simultaneously with each scan pulse. These pulses are coupled to conventional keyboard driver circuitry 92 which inverts and amplifies the outputs from R0 -R5 to shape well defined negative going 30 volt scan pulses. Driver circuitry 92 also serves as a buffer to isolate the keyboard from the electronic circuitry.
A representative portion of typical driver circuitry is shown in FIG. 6B for coupling output R0 to the touch panel. Output R0 from microprocessor 90 is coupled to the base 102 of driving transistor 104. The collector 106 of the transistor 104 is coupled to a +30 volt d.c. supply voltage via collector resistor 108. Diode 110 couples emitter 112 and base 102 of transistor 104. The output signal is taken from collector 106 which is coupled to the corresponding transmitting capacitor 52 of network 94(a).
Each of networks 94(a)-94(f) comprises a set of four identical transmitting capacitors 52, one for each switch cell 40 in the row associated with that network. The capacitance of each of capacitors 52 is preferably in the 5-10 pF range. By this arrangement, the scan signal for each row of the touch panel is simultaneously coupled to each touch pad in that row.
In this embodiment detection circuitry 58 comprises a TMS 1976 series integrated circuit or chip which is commercially available from Texas Instruments Incorporated, which chip is designed for interfacing between a capacitive touch pad array and a microprocessor. As the details of this circuit are not critical to the claimed invention, its operation will be explained only to the extent necessary to an understanding of the invention. Detailed information regarding this circuit is provided in the 1977 TI publication entitled, "TMS 1976 Capacitive Touch Keyboard Interface Manual."
Briefly, the 1976 chip 58 includes nine capacitive inputs, C1 -C9, of which C1 -C5 are used for touch panel scanning in the present embodiment. These capacitive inputs are internally coupled to internal buffers (not shown). Each input is biased high through a very high resistance to a high input voltage level. The internal buffers are designed to detect negative transitions from an externally generated reference voltage. Each input buffer supplies a set command to its associated internal latch (not shown) when an input voltage at its C input is detected which is different than the reference voltage. The output of those latches is communicated internally to an encoder (not shown) which in turn performs the functions of prioritizing and encoding. Priority is assigned in descending numerical order with input C1 assigned the highest priority and C9 the lowest. The input received having the highest priority is encoded as a 4-bit BCD word and transmitted to an internal multiplexer.
The output function of chip 58 is controlled by the input designated ISR. When ISR is low, the BCD word is transferred to outputs Y1 -Y4. A high level at input ISR unconditionally resets all the internal latches responsive to the C input lines and maintains this reset condition until the ISR input returns to a low level. When all internal latches are reset, the signal provided by the latches is the same as if no keys were pressed. The ISR signal is generated at output R8 of microprocessor 90.
Microprocessor 90 receives the BCD coded 4-bit signal from chip 58, representing the scan output from panel 10 at inputs K1, K2, K4 and K8 which are electrically connected to outputs Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, respectively, of chip 58.
The output of capacitor network 74 is coupled to input C1 of chip 58. It will be recalled that the logic circuitry of chip 58 is such that input C1 is the highest priority input of chip 58. Thus, whenever the signal received at C1 indicates a touching of one of the conductive paths 70, this input overrides any inputs to chip 58 which might signify the touching of any pad. Microprocessor 90 is appropriately programmed to respond to a touch input at C1 as if no touch input has been detected.
Referring now to FIG. 7, a timing diagram representing one complete scan cycle is shown. During each scan cycle, a scan pulse appears sequentially at each of outputs R0 -R5. An accompanying test pulse appears simultaneously with each scan pulse at output K0. For purposes of illustration, assume touch pad 40A which is in row c and column j is touched. The scan pulses at R0 -R4 are in turn inverted and amplified by driver circuitry 92 and are capacitively coupled via capacitors 52 and switch cells 40 substantially unattenuated to inputs C2 -C5 of detection circuitry 58. Similarly, the test pulse from K0 is coupled essentially unattenuated to input C1 of detection circuitry 58. However, when the scan pulse is generated at R5, an attenuated signal will be detected at input C2 as a result of the touching of touch pad 40A. The BCD coded output at outputs Y1 -Y4 of circuitry 58 for the scan pulse from R5 will identify pad 40A by signifying to microprocessor 90 that the touching of a pad in column j has been detected when scanning row c, and microprocessor 90 will initiate the appropriate programmed response to the touching of pad 40A.
In order to illustrate the preventive function of capacitive network 74, assume the touch panel is touched in the region designated 120 in FIG. 5A. The scan pulses R0 -R4 would, as above, be coupled unattenuated to circuitry 58. However, the scan pulse from R5 would be attenuated at inputs C2, C3 and C4 signifying the touching of the touch pads 40A, 40B and 40C as a result of the touching of conductive paths 56 coupled to each of these pads. The test pulse at C1 from K0 would also be attenuated as a result of the touching of a portion of conductive paths 70. Since the internal logic of circuitry 58 gives highest priority to the input at C1, the resulting BCD coded output at Y1 -Y4 signifies to microprocessor 90 that conductive path 70 has been touched. Microprocessor 90 may be programmed to ignore such inputs, or alternatively to generate a display signal indicating to the user that an improper input has been received.
An alternative touch cell embodiment in accordance with the invention for a touch panel arrangement of the general type incorporating an additional outer dielectric panel as described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B is illustrated in FIG. 8A. Structurally, this arrangement is similar to that of FIG. 5A differing in that an outer panel 47 of glass or other dielectric material overlays dielectric substrate 46' which carries the touch pad 42' and receiving electrode 48', which function together with signal generator 54' and signal detection circuitry 58' in the same manner as their counterparts of the same numerical designation described with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B. In addition, outer panel 47 would have touch zones 51 defined thereon in registration with the underlying touch electrode such that a human touch of the touch zone would be sufficiently proximate the underlying touch electrode to provide the desired coupling altering effect. Such areas could be defined by appropriate appearance patterns formed on either the inner or outer surface of panel 47 by conventional techniques.
A control panel 10' incorporating an array of touch cells 40' of the type illustrated in FIG. 8A is illustrated in FIG. 9. Panel 10' is similar to that of FIGS. 5A and 5B except that the thickness of dielectric substrate 46' is reduced.
Since the touch responsive pads 42' and conductive paths 56' would be beneath panel 47 and thus not exposed to cleaning and scouring, the circuitry could be fabricated using silver epoxy deposition or other relatively inexpensive techniques, rather than the passivated tin oxide used for the exposed surface of the embodiment of FIGS. 5A and 5B.
The associated control circuitry for a panel having a separate glass outer panel could be simplified since the insulative effect of the glass outer panel would prevent the user from initiating a switching action by touching one of the conductive paths connecting the touch pads. Thus, the conductive paths 70 could be simply coupled to the system ground to provide shielding for the conductive traces 56', or they could be eliminated altogether.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that the present invention provides an improved capacitive attenuator type touch switch arrangement which makes possible a savings in panel area over conventional capacitive touch arrangements while being compatible with conventional interface circuitry.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is realized that numerous modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Improvements in or relating to touch keypad systems
|7 juil. 2005
|12 janv. 2006
|Emfit Oy
|Electrical coupling of an electromechanical control unit
|31 juil. 2009
|4 févr. 2010
|Ident Technology Ag
|Operating unit for electrical appliances
|31 juil. 2009
|23 sept. 2010
|Ident Technology Ag
|Operating unit for electrical appliances
|14 mai 2015
|19 nov. 2015
|Stephen Basil Katsaros Stephen
|Solar utility light
|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne
|30 aoűt 1982
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A NY CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CHIU, NORMAN HOR-SHU;REEL/FRAME:004041/0662
Effective date: 19820827
|18 mars 1986
|Certificate of correction
|13 mai 1986
|Patent available for license or sale
|19 janv. 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|4 juin 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|29 juil. 1997
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|21 déc. 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|3 mars 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19971224


text:
you are viewing a single comment's thread.
So what exactly are you looking at to be able to predict spot on this is going anywhere but up? Please explain how you can be so sure.
'exactly' and 'predict' are dangerous words to use in conjunction with stock speculating BUT this one tic's all the boxes for me right now so I added it to my portfolio this morning . . I've had it on my watch lists for many weeks and knew that when it carved out this bottom I would start watching it more closely and I have decided my indicators said GO .. Bollinger bands stretched . Candlesticks are bullish . W% 90 . . This with 75% inst ownership and 40% short interest . . Let me ask you .. Do you think this is a good short here at 8$ ?
Sentiment: Strong Buy
turns out it was a good short at 8
Yes $8 was a great place to short. All that great technical analysis and a 15% loss in less than 2 weeks to show for it. I assume he took his loss and went for the next great squeeze candidate, but perhaps he is still holding. He hasn't answered my question about what he did so all we can do is speculate right now. As for me, I am just waiting patiently for the stock to come back up. That all hinges on continued growth but if it does continue then the stock should not have a problem reaching 10-11 again some day. If it does within 6-12 months then I will make a very nice profit with the return I was looking for. If the growth dies then I will take my lumps and move on.


text:
- CambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
ThoCambodiaAgricultureFunding via VisionFund Cambodia
Samen GroupCambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
Sean's Group
To support her family, she farms rice on a three-hectare farmland and raises two pigs. Having been in this business for four years, Sean earns around 13,000 KHR per day.
Due to the lack of water to support her rice field, Sean is now leading a group of two to seek for a loan in the amount of 1,000,000 KHR each. Sean's fellow group member has been with VisionFund for four loan cycles already, whereas the group leader, Sean, is just a first-time borrower with VisionFund.
With her loan portion, Sean is going to buy fertilizers for her farmland. In the future, she dreams of raising more pigs so that she can expand her business as well as increase her income.
Additional Information
About VisionFund CambodiaVisionFund Cambodia is a Christian organization and microfinance institution that provides small loans and other financial services to improve the lives of children, empower poor women and their families, and grow successful businesses. The organization works primarily in rural parts of Cambodia and has distinguished itself by targeting the very poor who require smaller loan sizes, regardless of religious beliefs, gender or ethnic background.
Kiva lenders' funds will help the organization to expand into the northeastern provinces of the country, which have historically been underserved and difficult to reach with financial services.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Cambodia
80View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 13 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Irregularly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Sep 3, 2012
- Listed
- Oct 9, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Jun 17, 2013


text:
skip to content
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1859 November
A contingent of the Corps was dispatched
to Charles Town following John Brown's raid on the Harper's Ferry arsenal. Cadets stood guard at Brown's execution on December 2.
1861 April
The Corps was sent to Richmond, where cadets drilled Confederate army recruits. The commanding officer during this trip was
Major Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson
, who had joined VMI's faculty in 1851 as professor of natural and experimental philosophy and instructor of artillery. Jackson accepted a commission and left for active duty soon after the Corps arrived in Richmond.
1861 July 4
The Class of 1861 was graduated as of this date.
1861 December 6
The Class of 1862 was graduated as of this date.
1862 January 1
The Institute reopened in Lexington. Cadets who would have been First Classmen had graduated early and were already serving in the military.
1862 May
The Corps was ordered to aid General Jackson's forces during the McDowell campaign. The cadets, commanded by Scott Shipp, marched in pursuit of Federal troops but were not engaged in battle.
1863 May
General Stonewall Jackson died
on May 10 from wounds received at the Battle of Chancellorsville, and his body was returned to Lexington for burial.
1863 August-December
The Corps was called into the field to defend against the raids of General William Averell, but were not engaged in battle.
1864 May 15
The Battle of New Market
The Corps, again under the command of Scott Shipp, marched into battle along with General John C. Breckinridge's forces against Federal troops led by General Franz Sigel. Ten cadets were mortally wounded.
1864 June 11
Federal troops, under the command of General David Hunter
, entered Lexington. The Corps retreated to a camp in the Blue Ridge near Balcony Falls. VMI was burned the next day by Hunter's soldiers. On June 25 the Corps returned to Lexington, only to be furloughed two days later.
1864 October 1
Corps assembled at Camp Lee, near Richmond, VA. Engaged in military duties in trenches around Richmond, but no academic work took place.
1864 October 27
Corps encamped at Poe's Farm as infantry support for nearby battery; comprised part of the Confederate Forces of the Department of Richmond.
1864 December 12
Moved from Poe's Farm to Alms House, Richmond; some cadets granted 10 day furlough to procure clothing and supplies.
1864 December 28
Academic work resumed at the Alms House in Richmond, VMI's temporary headquarters.
1864 March 11 - April 1
Cadets called to man portions of Richmond defensive lines.
1865 April
Corps disbanded on April 2 at the Alms House, on eve of evacuation of Richmond by Confederate Forces; each cadet found his way home or elsewhere as best he could. A considerable number of them followed the canal to Columbia, Fluvanna County, and dispersed there. Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox on April 9.
1865 October 17
VMI reopened in Lexington. Academic work resumed just 6 months after the end of the war.
VMI Foundation
Keydet Club
My VMI


text:
Third Attempt Rule
Effective Fall 2013
The additional tuition charge is $60 per credit hour for courses you attempt three or more times. The fee is subject to change each year upon action of the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.
Why a higher tuition for third attempts?
In 2002, the Texas Legislature eliminated funding to higher education for courses that are attempted three or more times.
State regulation allows an institution of higher education to compensate for this loss by charging a higher tuition rate to a student whose hours can no longer be submitted for state funding.
When does the third attempt rule apply?
The higher tuition rate will apply when you:
- Take the same or substantially similar course content
- Attempt a course more than twice
- Are graded (A, B, C, D, F, and in some instances NC or CR) and/or drop courses after census (I, W)
Courses exempted from funding limitations include:
- Audit
- Developmental
- Continuing Education
- Repeatable courses (Indicated within individual course description)
- Required courses for degree during final semester before graduation (Students should complete the Third Attempt Rule Exemption Form (PDF will open in a new window) and submit it to their campus Registrar's Office.The exemption applies for only one semester.)
What You Need to Know
- There is not an appeal process to waive the higher tuition rate.
- If you have financial aid, you may use it to cover the additional tuition charge.
- If you are taking a class for the second time and are considering a third attempt in the future, you should consult an instructor or advisor.
- If you are unsure about your status, you can talk with an advisor to determine if you are taking a course for a third time.
Updated February 13, 2015


text:
Visit our other Wisconsin Historical Society websites!
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Description: A certificate admitting Lucius Fairchild into the Society of the Army of the Potomac.
Date: 1864-01-02
Description: George W. Noble's discharge letter from the Union Army during the Civil War.
Date: 1918
Description: Thanksgiving Day dinner menu given by the Second Aviation Instruction Center of the American Expeditionary Forces near Tours, France. Features two servicem...
Description: Decorative lithograph with hundreds of prisoners' names, as well as scenes from the prison motifs as four insets, one on each corner: Libby Prison; Belle I...
Date: 1861
Description: Letterhead illustration of Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, the first casualty of the Civil War, under the caption "Remember Ellsworth!" Colonel Ellsworth was kill...
Date: 1864-06-08
Description: George W. Noble's commission as First Lieutenant in the 2nd Wisconsin Calvary.
Date: 1886-08-06 ca.
Description: A certificate from the Grand Army of the Republic, announcing that Lucius Fairchild on August 6, 1886 was elected Commander in Chief of the 20th annual Nat...
Date: 1945-03-28
Description: A page of a letter written by Dickey Chapelle to Daniel Mich describing arrival by air to an unspecified location for a mission.
Date: 1913-07 ca.
Description: A program of events for the reunion of Union and Confederate veterans, including prayers, music, speeches, and fireworks.
Date: 1863-05
Description: Two pages, dated May 23-24, 1863, of a diary kept by H.H. (Henry Hamilton) Bennett during the Civil War.
Date: 1861-11-26
Description: Back of printed handbill with annotations by Colonel C.R. Jennison, concerning an offer of amnesty to local rebels.
Date: 1945-11-15
Description: The first page of a letter home to her mother from Signe Skott Cooper on United States Armed Forces stationery.
Date: 1865-07-12
Description: A letter written by Wisconsin Governor James T. Lewis to E.G. Ayer of Harvard, Illinois, thanking him for his special care of and attention to sick and wou...
Date: 1900-01-01 ca.
Description: Roster of Company C from the 19th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. Presented to the State Historical Society by Calvin E. Morley.
Date: 1863-06-28
Description: A letter written by W.D. Bartlett to his cousin describing life as a Civil War soldier.
Description: A Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, Wisconsin Identification Certificate, certifying that Albert T. Lamson, who enlisted in Company G, 104...
Date: 1855-06-30
Description: Certificate of appointment for George B. Bingham as 1st Lieutenant, Milwaukee Light Guards.
Date: 1864 ca.
Description: Petition to President Abraham Lincoln for the establishment of soldiers homes and hospitals in Wisconsin. The petition is signed by 18 women.
Date: 1861-08 ca.
Description: Large-format, illustrated stationery purchased by Rudolph Fine, a member of the 6th Wisconsin Infantry in August, 1861, showing the Capitol (in actuality,...
Description: Commemorative Civil War roster of First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry, Wisconsin Hussars Squadron "G". Depicts "Our Country as it was in 1860" with...
If you didn't find the material you searched for, our Library Reference Staff can help.
Call our reference desk at 608-264-6535 or email us at:
© 1996-2016 Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706


text:
Let's get creative! : writing fiction that sells
William F. Nolan, using the knowledge acquired by writing more than 90 works of fiction, analyzes some of his and others' best work to help the reader with construction of characters, dramatic development, and dialogue. The writer will learn how to hook the reader on the first page, how to develop conflict, the craft of revision, and more.
Call Number:808.3 Nol


text:
Mature Content
This content is intended for mature audiences.Sign In To Confirm Your Age
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VAMPIRELLA- LADY DEATH by J-EstacadoWatch
©2012-2016 J-EstacadoMature Content
Please add my facebook page for news, recent informations wip and other stuff :
It must be my "underground character" period
I'm not too familiar with all these ladies, but still : They perfectly suit my art actually !
And no one will have a TRUE reason to complain because "oh this character would NEVER do that"
Not that much to say.... it's a 4/5 month old pencil piece... seeing the interest on my last lady death/purgatori piece I just felt the need to end that one.
AND: I must say I'm satisfied with this pic at a point I have rarelly been !
Guess i'm starting to use markers and the appropriate sheets in a good way...
All I can add is that I'm really in a total creative mood with all these new characters I've never played with ! So I'll keep hanging out with them while my creative mood is OK !
-pencils,inks markers (warm/cold/ice/neutral greys) and watercolors on A3 board.
Vampirella © Dynamite, Lady death © Boundless comics.
Love it
Very Sexy
reminds me of those meme images. "dis vampirella, she has a flavur"
Thanos would be pissed
good girl lol
They make me want to commit necrophilia!
awesome pic
fantastic work as always
fantastic work as always
Oh hell yeah!!
Now your getting more into my comics !
I did not know her tongue was pur white also... this disturbs me for some reason.
I admit I don't know about her tongue's color... so I leave it white. in case it would be more pink, it's an easy edit to do


text:
The browser version you are using is not supported by Kiva. Please use the most recent version of these supported browsers for Kiva to function properly.
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My Basket
Check out other loans that are currently fundraising!
Funding via Aqroinvest Credit Union
Lend Now
Funding via HOFOKAM Ltd., a partner of Catholic Relief Services
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Yessenia Ma...
El Salvador
Funding via CrediCampo
Lend Now
Moises Erasmo
Nazca, Peru
Loan Overview
Repayment Schedule
Loan Updates
Moisés is a 44-year-old man. He lives in the town of Nazca with his wife and two children, whom he loves; they're his main reason for getting ahead. He's a very friendly, hardworking and enthusiastic person with a lot of drive to succeed. Unfortunately, Moisés couldn't study for a professional career, but he would have liked to have studied for a career in business administration. In his free time, he enjoys taking a little time to read. On some occasions, he cooks a delicious "seco de res" (cilantro beef stew) that he shares with his family.
On his own initiative, and with a lot of enthusiasm, Moisés works in agriculture. He owns a small plot of land where he grows lima beans and potatoes. He starts working on the land from the early hours of the morning. He works an average of 10 hours a day on his business. Moisés feels good doing his work, and he believes that he does well because of his dedication.
Moisés is very thankful to Kiva lenders, since thanks to their help he'll be able to purchse fertilizer and pesticide for his crop. That way he'll be able to remove the pests and fertilize his crop. Moisés hopes that by doing that, his crop will grow properly. He wishes to sell it and get profits that he'll gradually save in order to ensure his children's education and well-being.
Translated from Spanish
Kiva volunteer
Renata Wolff
View original language description ↓
Moisés es un hombre de 44 años, vive en la ciudad de Nazca con su esposa y sus 2 hijos, a quienes ama y son su razón principal para salir adelante; él es una persona muy amable, trabajador y entusiasta, con muchos deseos de superación; lamentablemente Moisés no pudo estudiar una carrera profesional, pero le hubiera gustado poder estudiar la carrera de Administración de Empresas, en sus ratos libres le gusta dedicar un poco de tiempo a la lectura y en algunas ocasiones cocina un riquísimo Seco de Res para compartir con su familia.
Por iniciativa propia, con mucho y entusiasmo, Moisés se dedica a la agricultura, él cuenta con un pequeño terreno donde cultiva pallar y papa, desde tempranas horas de la mañana él inicia sus labores de campo dedicando un aproximado de 10 horas diarias a su negocio, Moisés se siente a gusto realizando su labor y cree que le va bien por su dedicación.
Moisés se encuentra muy agradecido con los prestatarios Kiva, ya que gracias a la ayuda brindada podrá realizar la compra de fertilizantes y pesticidas para su cultivo, de esta manera él podrá abonar y alejar las plagas de su cosecha, así Moisés espera que su cultivo se desarrolle adecuadamente y con ello desea poder venderlo y conseguir ingresos económicos, los cuales poco a poco irá ahorrando para poder asegurar la educación y bienestar de sus pequeños.
Additional Information
About Caja Rural Señor de Luren
Caja Rural Señor de Luren
is a microfinance institution based in Ica in southern Peru that primarily promotes the development of the country's agricultural sector through lending. Today, it also offers credit for consumers, microenterprises and housing improvements, and has expanded its financial services to promote micro-savings and provide micro-insurance. This institution has been instrumental in helping borrowers recover from the devastating earthquake in the Ica region in 2007, and works with Peru's National Bank to reach some of the poorest and most remote microfinance clients in the country.
About Peru
Average annual income
View loans »
Peru Loans Fundraising
Funds lent in using Kiva
Peru Nuevos Soles (PEN) = $1 USD
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
A loan of $1,150 helped Moises Erasmo to purchase fertilizer and pesticide for his crop.
Find a Loan
Repayment Term
7 months
(Additional Information)
Repayment Schedule
At end of term
Jul 9, 2012
Aug 14, 2012
Currency Exchange Loss:
Jan 15, 2013


text:
wicked is a compact syntax for doing wiki-like content linking and creation
in zope and plone.
WWW: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/wicked/
To install the port: cd /usr/ports/textproc/py-wicked/ && make install cleanTo add the package: pkg install py27-wicked
cd /usr/ports/textproc/py-wicked/ && make install clean
pkg install py27-wicked
PKGNAME: py27-wicked
NOTE: FreshPorts displays only information on required and default dependencies. Optional dependencies are not covered.
This port is required by:
No options to configure
python zip
Number of commits found: 10
Remove ${PORTSDIR}/ from dependencies, categories r, s, t, and u.
With hat: portmgr
Sponsored by: Absolight
Update plone stack to 4.3.7
Security: 6b3374d4-6b0b-11e5-9909-002590263bf5
- Convert textproc/ to USES=python
With hat: python@
Convert textproc to USES=zip
- do not use easy_install, convert to auto-generated packing list
- move DIST_SUBDIR upper, where appropriate
- add trailing slash to WWW url, where appropriate
- bump PORTREVISION
- Update WWW:
- http://cheeseshop.python.org/ -> https://pypi.python.org/
- http://pypi.python.org/ -> https://pypi.python.org/
With hat: python
Approved by: bapt (portmgr)
Add NO_STAGE all over the place in preparation for the staging support (cat:
Update Plone to 4.2.5.
Release notes:
This update includes:
- devel/py-Products.ZCTextIndex 2.13.3 -> 2.13.4
- devel/py-Products.ATContentTypes 2.1.8 -> 2.1.12
- devel/py-Products.Archetypes 1.8.3 -> 1.8.6
- devel/py-Products.CMFCore 2.2.6 -> 2.2.7
- devel/py-Products.CMFDefault 2.2.2 -> 2.2.3
- devel/py-Products.CMFDiffTool 2.0 -> 2.0.2
- transfer maintainership for my zope-ports to zope@
- add them to virtual category `zope'
- Add first portion of dependencies needed for Plone 4 import.
Submitted by: rm (myself, via github)
Approved by: novel (mentor)
Servers and bandwidth provided byNew York Internet, SuperNews, and RootBSD
10 vulnerabilities affecting 29 ports have been reported in the past 14 days
* - modified, not new
All vulnerabilities


text:
I got $50 in Kohls cash and used it last week on some stuff for the kiddos. Well when I got it home and tried it on most of the items did not fit. I am wondering since I used the Kohl's cash to pay for them if I will the Kohl's cash and get nothing if I return/exchange the items. I know some of the things they did not have in any bigger sizes so I can't even isze up. Thanks in advance!!
Kohl's Cash ?? and returns
Comments (6)
No it's considered a coupon.. They might give you instore credit that you can use on something else...
Thanks, the in-store credit would work. I was just hoping that I wouldn't lose the $50!!
I actually just did this yesterday -- I returned items that I purchased last week with Kohl's cash. I inquired on it before they did the return b/c I was afraid I'd lose my $30 KC but that wasn't the case. They give your KC back in the form of a store credit.
I work for Kohl's part time. If you purchase stuff with Kohl's cash and retrun the items. You will get store credit.
Patrick 12-10-08
Thanks ladies that is exactly the answer I wanted to hear. I would hate to lose the $50 in Kohl's cash but I can deal with a store credit :)


text:
Quick Links
School Accountability Report Card (SARC)
Special Education Parent Network
Common Core for Parents (New!)
Contact Information
Mrs. Crystal Castaneda, Principal
Heidi Wise, Office Manager
(925) 335-5830
Fax:(925) 335-5891
Woodbridge - On-site Day Care
(925) 228-0672
Parent Student Handbook 2015-2016
Parent Student Handbook-Spanish 2015-2016
My School Bucks - Deposit breakfast/lunch money online
Heartland Apps - online application
Bullying and Safety Concerns
To report safety concerns such as bullying, potential fights, alcohol/drug use or any other safety items of concern call 925-335-5888 or text 925-727-DONT. You can also submit a concern electronically CLICK HERE
LJE Cookbook
Click here to check out our wonderful cookbook!
Firearm Storage
Parents and Guardians,
Please read this important information regarding firearm storage and keeping your child save.
Announcements for the Week
Open House is Thursday from 6:30 - 7:30. You and your family are invited to your child's classroom to see all the exciting things they have been working on throughout the school year! Feel free to stop by any classroom to see the great things other bullpups have been working on too! Stop by the cafeteria after the classroom visits for an ice cream to celebrate all the terrific work you have seen! The ice cream is provided by Shell Oil
Friday is our Volunteer Appreciation Celebration that starts at 8:30 in the Multi Use Room.
Friday is also a minimum day. All TK and Kindergarten will be dismissed at 11:20. Grades 1-5 will be dismissed at 12:00.
LJE California Gold Ribbon and Title 1 Academic Achievement Award
A great photo to represent all of our staff and teachers that have made LJE a Gold Ribbon and Title 1 Academic Achievement school! The awards are proudly on display on the wall in the office. Here is the official picture with the CCC Supt:Karen Sakata, LJE Gold Ribbon Application Team, Tom Torlakson, 2 MUSD Board members(Deiredre/Jonathan) and Rami Muth. Click here for pictures and more information.
Summer Family Fun
Sign up now for Kids Bowl Free Summer Program!
Each child receives 2 FREE Games of Bowling Every Day All Summer.
Register Your Children/Family and spend the summer bowling!
1. Go to www.KidsBowlFree.com
Oakland A's Step Up to the Plate for Education with LJE!
Oakland A's Step Up to the Plate for Education with Las Juntas Elementary!
Las Juntas Elementary School is excited to participate in the Oakland A's Step Up to the Plate for Education program for the 2016 season! Students, parents, and their friends and families have the opportunity to purchase special fundraising tickets for select A's games. A portion of each ticket will go directly back to the school. To purchase tickets and view the available games, please visit our school's personalized link below:
Tickets for the select games are limited and some will sell out quickly. To participate in this special offer, we recommend purchasing tickets ASAP to reserve the best seats!
LJE HVAC Update and Timeline
Every School Day Counts!
The best gift you can give your child is a good education, and the best place to get an education is in school. It's tempting to extend your vacation or weekend by a few days, but remember those days count as absences. Just a few missed days here and there, even if they are excused, can add up to too much lost learning time. Absences can affect the whole classroom if the teacher has to slow down learning to help children catch up. Too many absent students can affect the entire classroom, creating commotion and slowing down instruction. So please make sure your child is in school every day, and on time. Our teachers will be teaching and our students will be learning.
CA Physical Education Requirement Accountability
Students in grades 1-5, at all four elementary schools in the Martinez Unified School District, actively engage in the California requirement of 200 minutes of Physical Education every 10 days. In order to assure compliance with this legal requirement, each site has established "Prep C" protocols for those grade levels that may not reach the 200 minute requirements due to minimum days, teacher prep, and / or assemblies. These established practices of running laps, dance & movement, and cardio-conditioning outside of the PE class are documented and verified by the site administration on a monthly basis.
Las Juntas Elementary School Calendar
Program Improvement Information
Staying Healthy During Cold and Flu Season
As we head into the cold and flu season it is important that parents know there are measures they can take to help keep their families healthy and to prevent the spread of cold viruses and influenza at school and in the greater community. Please read the following information on how to keep your child healthy. Click here
Understanding the New K-5 Report Card
For more information Click here
LJE Spiritwear


text:
Edit Article
How to Make Your Own Sauna at Home
You might think about sauna,but you can't because it is expensive. want to make your own sauna at home? then continue(steps)
This article has been tagged as a stub.
That means it's off to a good start, but still has room to grow into a more helpful resource. Until the article reaches its full potential, it will be hidden from search results. Can you help it flourish? If you think the article offers complete and accurate instructions, feel free to remove this tag.
1Make sure your bathtub is clean. Not required, but suggested).
2Fill your bathtub with extremely hot water
3Roll a towel and place it at the end of the door so the heat doesn't go out of the room
4While drinking plenty of water, sit next to the bathtub and relax.
5After you finish sitting from 15-20 minutes, wash your body with cold water.
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
- drink plenty of water
Things You'll Need
- body lotion
- shower gel
- shampoo
- towel
- hot water
Article Info
Categories: Stub | Spa Treatments & Massages
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