text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|4 Nov 1997
|Fecha de presentación
|12 Sep 1996
|Fecha de prioridad
|28 Nov 1995
|Número de publicación
|Daniel Scott Campbell
|Cesionario original
|Campbell; Daniel Scott
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (12), Citada por (40), Clasificaciones (6), Eventos legales (3)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of provisional application Ser. No. 60/007,640 filed Nov. 28, 1995.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to games and amusement devices and, more particularly, to an illuminated sport ball utilizing chemiluminescent light sticks on its exterior.
2. Background of the Invention
There have been many attempts to illuminate playing balls. Many of these illuminated balls rely on battery powered incandescent light bulbs on the interior of the ball which are either focussed to shine directly through selected windows in the exterior of the ball, or which illuminate the interior of the ball, and the diffused light produced inside the ball is visible through transparent sections of the ball surface. In these devices, and in other similar devices, the batteries eventually wear out and, if left too long in the interior of the bail, will corrode. Furthermore, the light emitting elements are prone to breakage and need to be replaced. Perhaps the most significant drawback to these devices is the requirement of a rigid casing for housing the batteries and light emitting elements. This rigid housing detracts from the desirable compressibility of the ball, leading to an unnatural feel and bounce. Furthermore, the various elements within the ball add to the weight of the ball, and may significantly alter the balance thereof.
Battery-powered devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,133,528, issued to Koblick, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,458, issued to Redondo. In the Koblick patent, an inner rigid casing within a football houses three helical springs, a lamp, and two batteries. A series circuit is completed through the batteries to the springs and back to the lamp. The exterior of the football includes apertures which allow light to pass through from the hollow interior. In the Redondo patent, a centrally located rigid housing encloses a pair of light emitting elements, such as light bulbs or light-emitting diodes. The light emitting elements face outward toward the points of the football. In an alternative embodiment, a cage of resilient transparent material is stretched over the entire ball and apparently is illuminated when the inner light emitting elements are energized. This cage appears to be relatively cumbersome and prone to interfere with the throwing dynamics of the ball.
More recently, various game balls have been developed which utilize chemiluminescent light sources, thus eliminating the problems with batteries and light bulbs. One such device is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,000 to Woosley. A game ball is shown which includes an inner housing for insertion of a chemiluminescent light stick. The game ball includes regions around its exterior skin of reduced thickness which are translucent or transparent. The light from the interior of the ball generated by the chemiluminescent light stick shines through these reduced thickness areas to the exterior of the ball in a predetermined pattern. Again, however, this ball requires a rigid housing for the light stick, and is imbalanced by the position of the light stick housing in one side of the ball. Furthermore, the intensity of the light transmitted through the reduced thickness of the ball may be insufficient to illuminate the ball in twilight or in night games where there is substantial back lighting.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,571 to Sullivan, III, a lighted football strap or harness is shown which includes flexible tubes having cuts therein for receiving chemiluminescent light sticks. In one embodiment, two tubes are arranged longitudinally along the football and are secured thereto with the use of the straps. In a second embodiment, the two longitudinal tubes are supplemented by two ring-like assemblies of tubes for receiving further light sticks. The drawback to both of these embodiments is the cumbersome nature of the harness when secured to the exterior of the ball. More particularly, the two rings around the cone like portions of the ends of the ball greatly interferes with the ball's aerodynamics. Furthermore, the harness in one embodiment is riveted together, and is thus not adjustable to allow the harness to be secured to the ball. The harness can thus be easily knocked off the ball with rough handling. Further, the rivets, being metallic objects, pose a threat of injury to the player if struck with the ball sufficiently hard. Although the patent to Sullivan, III contemplates the use of adjustment straps for securing the harness to the ball, this does not solve the problem of poor aerodynamics and weight characteristics of the ball, and may leave loose straps hanging off the ball.
The present invention is a novel illuminated sports ball. The preferred embodiment of the invention includes shallow grooves in which elongated flexible, transparent hollow tubes are recessed. Flexible sources of illumination, such as chemiluminescent light sticks, are housed within the tubes. These flexible chemiluminescent light sticks provide illumination for use of the ball in dim or poor lighting. Thus, in one version, the ball is a foam-type football and there are two tubes having light sticks inserted within extending between the opposite noses of the football.
A significant feature of the present invention is that the recessed configuration of the tubes reduces the impact on aerodynamics and feel of the ball, yet the sources of illumination are exposed on the exterior of the ball. The grooves are preferably at least half the diameter of the tubes, and each tube is secured at either end of its associated groove to help reduce the chance of snagging the tubes on fingers, for example.
In another feature of the preferred embodiment, the illuminated sports ball includes a central bore through the longitudinal centerline of the football. An anchoring cord extends through the central bore. At least one of the flexible, transparent hollow tubes traverses the exterior of the ball and is attached to opposed ends of the cord to securely retain the tube to the ball.
In another advantageous feature, an aperture is formed in each tube for insertion of a light sticks. The aperture is located around the circumference of the ball so that it faces the groove in a relaxed position of the tube. To insert the light stick, the tube is stretched slightly away from the groove, and/or the ball is compressed to separate the groove from the tube, and the tube is rotated to expose the aperture. The light stick is then inserted in the tube through the exposed aperture and the tube and ball are released allowing the tube to resume its recessed position within the groove. In this way, dirt and moisture are prevented from entering the tube through the aperture during use of the ball.
An advantage of the present invention over previous illuminated sports balls is the elimination of the need for rigid battery or light bulb housings. By using flexible sources of light, the aerodynamics and feel of the ball are improved. Furthermore, the sources of light are at least partially recessed below the surface of the ball to reduce discontinuities therearound.
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of an illuminated sports ball of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an end elevational view of the sports ball shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view through the illuminated sports ball taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view through the illuminated sports ball taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a flexible tube embedded in one side of the illuminated sports ball;
FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of an alternative embodiment of the illuminated sports ball;
FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of an alternative embodiment of the illuminated sports ball of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an end elevational view of the sports ball shown in FIG. 7;
FIG. 9a is a cross-sectional view of one possible cross-section of the alternative sports ball, taken along line 9--9 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9b is a cross-sectional view of a second possible cross-section of the alternative sports ball of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9c is a cross-sectional view of a third possible cross-section of the alternative sports ball of FIG. 7; and
FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of a still further embodiment of the illuminated sports ball, similar to that shown in FIG. 7 but having a curvilinear groove in an exterior surface.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an illuminated sports ball in accordance with the present invention which is both highly visible and which has improved aerodynamics and handling capabilities over the prior art. In the illustrated embodiment, the sports ball comprises a football 20 having a generally lenticular body portion 22 terminating at opposite ends in oppositely facing tapered noses 24. Football 20 is preferably made out of soft foam material, although it is possible to incorporate the illumination structure into an inflatable type football with some modifications, as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art. Also, although the present invention is described herein in relation to a football, other sports balls, such as, for example, soccer balls or basketballs, can advantageously incorporate the illumination structure described herein.
As seen best in FIGS. 4 and 5, the football 20 includes opposed outwardly facing grooves 26 for receiving an elongated flexible tube housing 28. The grooves 26, and thus the housing 28, extend between points at the opposite noses 24 of the football on either side thereof. The flexible housing 28 encapsulates an elongated light source 30 therewithin, and in this respect, the flexible housing 28 is, preferably, transparent or at least partly transparent. A feature of the invention is that it maintains a low profile for the flexible tubing to minimize the impact to the aerodynamics of the football, and thus only two grooves 26 and lengths of flexible housing 28 between the noses 24 are preferred. However, although in the preferred embodiment shown the flexible tubing extends on two sides of the football 20, the tubing may be provided along three or more grooves from the opposed noses 24 of the football, as desired.
The flexible housing 28 includes a longitudinally-oriented slot 32 located centrally between the opposed noses 24. Slot 32 has a length sufficient to allow insertion and removal of the light source 30. Desirably, the distance from one end of the flexible housing 28 to a distal end of the slot 32 is sufficient to facilitate insertion of the light source 30 through the slot without unduly bending or otherwise contorting the flexible light source. That is, one end of the light source 30 inserts through the slot 32 and the light source feeds into the housing 28 as far as possible, wherein the free end of the light source is then inserted into the slot without much bending. In this regard, the light source 30 is preferably a flexible tubular member, such as a chemiluminescent light stick.
Chemiluminescent light sticks are typically constructed of an outer tubular housing having an inner enclosure with one chemical therein surrounded by a second chemical within the tubular housing. Upon snapping or otherwise bending the light stick, the inner enclosure ruptures leading to the mixing of the two chemicals within the housing. The two chemicals are such that a chemiluminescent light is generated for a certain period to time after mixing. One example of chemiluminescent solutions is given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,635 assigned to American Cyanamid Co. of Stamford, Conn. Various configurations of the chemiluminescent light sticks are available commercially, as is known by those of skill in the art. One suitable light stick sold under the trademark Magic in the Night by Omniglow Corp. of Portsmouth, England, uses a chemiluminescent liquid sold under the trademark Cyalume by American Cyanamid.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, the light source 30, comprising the chemiluminescent light stick, advantageously has a length slightly shorter than the length of the flexible housing 28 on one side of the football 20 between the outer noses 24. By way of specific example, a typical foam football has a length of approximately 10 inches, and with the curvature of the lenticular body 22, the flexible housing 28 extending from nose to nose 24 has a length of approximately 11 inches. The light source 30 may have a length of between 5 and 8 inches, with a length of 8 inches being preferred. In this manner, the light source 30 extends substantially from nose to nose 24 of the football 20, but has a sufficient clearance to be slid along the flexible tubing to enable easy insertion through the slot 32. The slot 32 desirably has a length of between 2 and 4 inches.
To install the light source 30, one end thereof is inserted within the slot 32 and the entire light source slid along the flexible housing 28 as far as it can go. The portion of the light source 30 still extending from the slot 32 is then bent and the opposite end inserted into the slot and threaded within the flexible housing 28. The light source 30 can then be centered along the flexible housing 28. This ability to easily and quickly install and remove the light source 30 from the football 20, while normally securely retaining the light source 30 within the flexible housing 28, is not shown in the prior art.
Another significant feature of the invention which has not been adequately addressed in the prior art is the secure configuration in which the flexible housing 28 is fastened to the football 20. More particularly, the grooves 26 themselves help retain the flexible tubing in its longitudinally oriented location around the football 20. The ends of the flexible housing 28 on each side of the football 20 are crimped slightly at a region 34 approximate the nose 24 of the football. The opposite flexible housings 28 meet at a common point, or junction 36 directly at the apex of the nose 24. The junction 36 comprises a bonded portion of the tubes to secure the tubes together. More particularly, the flexible housing 28 is preferably manufactured of a conventional clear plastic tubing subject to melting and welding to itself. The terminal ends at the junction 36 are thus crimped together and heat bonded. This structure in itself would be quite secure, in combination with the embedded nature provided by the groove 26. Because the flexible housing 28 only partially projects outward from the exterior of the football 20, disengagement between the tubing and the football is less likely, which has not been the case with devices of the prior art.
To more securely fasten the flexible housing 28 to the football 20, however, a central throughbore 38, best seen in FIG. 3, is formed through the centerline of the football from nose-to-nose 24. An anchor cord 40 extends entirely through the throughbore 38 and couples with the junctions 36 at opposite ends of the bore. The anchor cord 40 is preferably heat bonded to the junctions 36 and serves to securely maintain the position of the junctions 36 at the football noses 24. In this manner, in case a portion of the flexible housing 28 toward the center of the body portion 22 becomes disengaged from the groove 26, the anchoring of the junctions 36 provided by the cord 40 tends to cause the flexible tubing to resiliently snap back into the groove. The anchor cord 40 may be constructed of a variety of materials, but it is presently contemplated that the cord 40 be made of a similar material as the flexible housing 28, although the cord is preferably a solid cross-sectional member.
Alternatively, the anchor cord 40 may be an extension of the flexible housing 28 of one or both of the outer flexible tubes. Moreover, the entire length of outer flexible housing 28 and inner anchor cord 40 may be made of an integral piece of tube. To accomplish this, the first end of the tube terminates at one of the junctions 36 and extends around one of the grooves 26 and into the throughbore 38. The tube then exits axially through to the opposite end of the throughbore 38 and extends around the opposite groove 26 to terminate at the second junction 36. The junctions 36 are then heat bonded together.
It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that a variety of configurations for anchoring the junctions 36 to the noses 24 of the football are possible. In the presently illustrated embodiment, the secured anchoring of the junctions 36 is provided without the use of any rigid fastening means. Thus, the compressibility of the football 20 is only minimally affected, and there is no increase of the risk of injury from being hit by a rigid portion of the football.
With reference to FIG. 5, the details of the flexible housing 28 are shown. The groove 26 is sized approximately one half the diameter of the flexible housing 28 so that a semicircular cross-section of the flexible tubing extends outward from the exterior of the body 22. In one specific embodiment constructed in accordance with this invention, the diameter of the flexible housing 28 equals 1.0 centimeter, and the groove 26 has a depth of approximately 0.5 centimeter. Thus, the groove 26 has an approximately semi-circular cross-section and about one-half of the flexible housing 28 projects outward from the exterior surface of the ball 20.
The tubular housing 44 encloses the chemiluminescent liquid 46 therein. An inner wall 42 of the flexible housing 28 is sized slightly larger than the tubular light source 30. More particularly, the tubular light source 30 comprises a tubular housing 44 having an outer diameter of approximately 0.5 centimeters. The diameter of the inner wall 42 may be between 0.5 and 0.8 centimeters. To facilitate insertion and removal of the light source 30 from the flexible housing 28, a tubular space 48 is provided between the outer wall of the tubular housing 44 and the inner wall 42 of the tubing. The light source 30 can easily slide within the flexible tubing, but is restricted somewhat toward the terminal ends of the flexible tubing by the decreased diameter toward the crimped region 34 proximate the junction 36.
In another advantageous feature of the invention, the insertion slot 32 is located around the circumference of the flexible tubing to face the groove 26 in a relaxed position of the tubing. More particularly, and as seen in FIG. 5, the slot 32 is located around the circumference of the flexible housing 28 to be hidden in normal use of the football 20. Because of the flexible nature of the foam 25, the football 22 can be compressed around the groove 26 and/or the housing 28 stretched outward slightly to separate the tubing from the groove. The flexible housing 28, which possesses torsional flexibility, can then be rotated to expose the slot 32 for insertion and removal of the light source 30. Upon release of the flexible housing 28, the tubing naturally retracts back into the groove and rotates so that the slot 32 is hidden once again. This configuration protects the edges of the slot 32, and the light source 30 therewithin, and also helps prevent introduction of dirt and debris into the interior of the flexible housing 28.
In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 6, a football 50 includes a groove 52 extending from one nose 54 to another in a nonlinear or curvilinear path. The flexible tubing 56 and light source 58 therewithin thus traverse the nonlinear path on the exterior of the ball 50. In this embodiment, the nonlinear path comprises a shallow S shape from one nose 54 to the other. The football 50 also includes the central anchor cord (not shown) to maintain the terminal ends of the flexible tubing 56 proximate the noses 54. Because of the shallow curvature of the path, the flexible tubing is not secured as tightly along the football 50 as in the first embodiment, but the provision of the groove 52 helps maintain the flexible tubing in place. In this embodiment, the groove 52 may be made slightly deeper than the groove 26 in the first embodiment, so that the flexible tubing 56 is retained more securely therewithin.
An alternative sports ball 70 is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 includes shortened grooves on its exterior surface 72 and light-source retaining elements 74 modified accordingly to lie in the grooves. As in the earlier described embodiment, the sports ball comprises a football having a generally lenticular body terminating at opposite noses 76. The light-source retaining elements 74 desirably comprise transparent or nearly transparent flexible tubing and encapsulate elongated light sources 78 therewithin. The elements 74 each include a longitudinally-oriented slot 80 located centrally between the opposed noses 76 with a length sufficient to allow insertion and removal of the light source 78. FIG. 8 illustrates the alternative sports ball from an end and shows the termination of the grooves and exposed portions of modified tubular elements 74 short of the noses 76 of the ball 70.
FIG. 9a illustrates, in cross-section, a first embodiment of the alternative sports ball 70 having the modified tubular elements 74 extending from modified grooves 82 through short channels 84 to join at an anchor cord 86 provided along an axial bore 88. The channels 84 extend perpendicular to the axis of the ball 70. The ends of the tubular elements 74 are joined (preferably welded) to the anchor cord 86 at junctions 90. In this modified arrangement the axial bore 88 does not extend to the exterior surface of the ball, thus reducing wear at the noses 76 which often impact the ground first.
FIG. 9b illustrates, in cross-section, a second embodiment of the alternative sports ball 70, having the shortened axial bore 88 and perpendicular channels 84. Instead of a separate anchor cord through the bore 88, a modified tubular element 92 adapted to retain the source of illumination on the exterior of the ball provides the entire anchoring structure. The elongated tubular element 92 extends from a junction 94 outward through one of the short channels 84 and along an upper groove 82 around the exterior of the ball (from left to right as seen in FIG. 9b). The element 92 reenters the ball at a second channel 84, turns 90° to the left to traverse a majority of the length of the ball along the axial bore 88, and exits the interior of the ball from a third channel. The element 92 continues along the lower groove 82 and enters the ball again through a fourth channel 84 to join with itself at a junction 96. The attachment joints at the junctions 94 and 96 are preferably welds, but may also be adhesive bonds or other suitable joint. In this embodiment, a separate anchor cord through the center of the ball 70 is eliminated.
FIG. 9c shows, in cross-section, an alternative embodiment 100 of the illuminated sports ball which is similar to the sports ball 70, but without the shortened axial bore 88. In this embodiment, two tubular elements 102 extend along modified grooves 104 and enter the interior of the ball 100 from the grooves at channels 106 disposed substantially perpendicularly to the central axis of the ball. The channels 106 each preferably extend in a straight line from a groove 104 on one side of the ball 100 to another groove. The tubes 102 are joined within the ball 100 in the channels 106 at junctions 108. Alternatively, a single length of flexible tube 102 can be provided with only one of the junctions 108 needed within the ball.
FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which an illuminated sports ball 114 has a curvilinear groove 110 similar to the groove 52 shown in FIG. 6. Groove 110 terminates short of the noses 112 of the sports ball 114. A modified transparent or substantially transparent tubular housing 116 is secured within groove 110. For example, the opposite ends of this housing 116 may enter the interior of the ball 114 at the terminal ends of each modified groove 110. A flexible light source 118 may be inserted into a slot 120 in the housing 116 for illuminating the ball 114.
Although this invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments that will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is intended to be defined by the claims that follow.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
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|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|8 Ene 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20011104


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subset: commoncrawl


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The Originators of Quick & Easy Cooking!
Death by Chocolate: Dessert Heaven with 30 of Our Best Chocolate Recipes
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60 Freeze-Ahead Desserts for the Holidays
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|60 Freeze-Ahead Holiday Desserts
|There's no question that the holidays are the busiest time of year...a good kind of busy, but busy nonetheless! We can all use a few shortcuts during this time, and one of our Test Kitchen's favorite tricks is making desserts ahead-of-time that you can freeze and save for later. We've got super holiday cakes, pies, cookies, and more — and great tips for freezing and thawing, too. Now, it's time to get bakin' and freezin' so you have one less thing to do this holiday season!
Don't forget to double-wrap and label everything! One thing we like to do is bake several batches of cookies, brownies, and muffins — and then freeze them in separate containers. This way, we can grab a few of each here and there and enjoy throughout the season.
|Holiday-Special Cakes
|Always frost and decorate your cake after thawing. And if you're freezing a layer cake, double-wrap each layer separately. For cheesecake, freeze for about 30 minutes so that it hardens enough for you to wrap it without damaging it.
|Coconut Cake
|Pumpkin Pie Cake
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|Holiday Sponge Cake
|Buttermilk Carrot Cake
|Chocolate-Raspberry Cheesecake
|Bourbon Fruitcake
|Perfect Holiday Pies
|Most pies should be frozen before baking, except for pecan pie which can be frozen after baking. Most cream pies cannot be frozen, except for shortcut cream pies using pudding!
|Four-Layer Pecan Pie
|Cherry Berry Pie
|Classic Deep Dish Apple Pie
|Macadamia Pie
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|Wrap these desserts tightly in plastic and then in a 2-gallon freezer bag and freeze for up to 1 month. Add whipped cream or any other toppings just before serving.
|Frozen Turtle Pie
|Tortoni Squares
|Rasberry 'n' Cream Brownies
|Frozen Pumpkin Pie
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|Elegant Cookie-Cream Torte
|Mocha Mud Pie
|Cherry Ice Cream Cake
|Caramel Frozen Squares
|Minty Ice Cream Pie
|Freeze-for-Later Cookies
|Bake your cookies first, then let them cool to room temperature before freezing. Defrost at room temperature for an hour or two.
|Grandma's Spice Cookies
|Chewy Fudge Cookies
|Easiest Peanut Butter Cookies
|Blonde Macadamia Nut Cookies
|Almond Cookies
|Chunky Hazelnut Toffee Cookies
|Chocolate Shortbread Cookies
|Maple Walnut Drops
|Cinnamon-Pecan Cookies
|Gingerbread Cookies
|Best Holiday Brownies
|Bake your brownies, let cool to room temperature, and cut into squares before freezing. Defrost at room temperature for an hour or two.
|Quick Breads & Muffins
|Bake quick breads and muffins, let cool to room temperature and then freeze. And if you freeze muffins individually, you can thaw 'em as you need them!
|Cherry Nut Bread
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|Cape Cod Cranberry Loaf
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cindycrisafi 7132706
Jan 05, 2013
I love a frozen suprize..This is the year I can finally put dessert on the table that does not have "Sara" on the label. Ha Ha!!!!
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03marjorie 5077195
Nov 21, 2012
I think it all sounds yummy delishious. 03marjorie5077195
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Jun 24, 2012
Instead of cherrys & juice from 'canned cherries', can frozen cherries (picked from the trees) and a cherry juice from another source be used?
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This review is from: LEXMARK S515 Up to 35 ppm Black Print Speed 4800 x 1200 dpi Color Print Quality Wireless Thermal Inkjet MFC / All-In-One Color Printer
Pros: Its... pretty easy to use. Good quality prints.
Cons: i've setup 3 of these now. and each one I can't seem to get them to do wifi unless i use the CD. Which is very annoying to me. Most printers its very easy to do from the printer. Inks expensive.
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October 7, 2008 updated October 18, 2008
Please see the main page for background on noise. This page looks into noise at ISO 3200 between the Nikon D3 and Canon EOS 1Ds Mark III.
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You may download the RAW files used on this page and try them for your own personal and private tests and investigation. All files Copyright 2008 DIGLLOYD INC, All Rights Reserved. Please note that the Canon files have extension CR2 and the Nikon files have extension NEF.
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Since 2006, Diglloyd Advanced Photography is the authoritative review and reference for DSLRs and their lenses: Canon and Nikon primarily, but also Pentax and some medium format. Reviews of key DSLRs are included, but the primary focus is on lens performance. Also included is a wealth of technique and workflow approaches.
DAP includes thousands of pages of exclusive coverage and high resolution Retina-grade examples detailing Canon and Nikon DSLR bodies and their lenses, with in-depth analysis of sharpness and contrast, color, bokeh, vignetting, distortion, MTF, and flare, behavioral and practical usage.
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text: Hey guys, I'm getting ready to piece together my first frame build. I've done brazing before, I've worked with silver solder. But I'm not too 100% sure about this so I want to ask you guys. Is it ok to braze steel tubes to stainless steel lugs? I know not to do something like braze aluminum to stainless, that's just asking for trouble. But would I be inviting the same trouble with the steel to stainless?


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This week's writer is Victor Nuovo, Middlebury College professor emeritus of philosophy and a Middlebury selectman.
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MIDDLEBURY — For two months, dreams of success and glory have been forming among some of the top American Legion baseball teams across Vermont. Now, as the focus shifts toward Castleton and the state tournament this Thursday through Monday, it is time for these dreams to come to fruition.
For Addison County, earning a five wins in nine games played in seven days means the team can pencil themselves in as the top seed in the North Division of the state tournament.
You're probably familiar with Slow Food, the international movement whose aim is to promote local and culturally specific foods. Even if you're not familiar with Slow Food as an organization, you may be part of the movement; if you've had the traditional fried dough and maple cotton candy at Field Days, I think you're probably in.
I support the mission of Slow Food. I'm also a fan of a related idea: Slow Travel.
BRISTOL — During the week of July 15, Bristol police issued juvenile citations to two 13-year-old boys for using regulated drugs. The charges were the result of a report that Mount Abraham Union High School staff submitted to the Bristol Police Department after interrupting the boys using the regulated drugs on school property.
RINDGE, N.H. — Two recent Middlebury Union High School graduates and Tiger soccer standouts gave strong performances representing Vermont in the annual Lions Twin State Soccer Cup in Rindge, N.H., this past Saturday. The Vermont boys' team beat the New Hampshire all-stars, 5-2.
Connor Collins in particular shone as a central defender, playing all but five minutes of the game, earning some key stops and being honored with the "12th Player" award after the game.
This past week I was able to get out fishing on three consecutive days for the first time in this summer of rain. More importantly, I was able to get out fishing with my close friend David O'Hara.
VERGENNES — A missing purse complaint last week led Vergennes police on a hunt that resulted in two city residents being sent to jail.
MIDDLEBURY — Middlebury police responded to a domestic dispute at a Rogers Road home on July 21. Police said a resident reported his ex-girlfriend had kicked him out of his own house. Police said the woman was packing her belongings and getting ready to leave.
In other action last week, Middlebury police:
• Investigated a one-car rollover, with no injuries, on Creek Road on July 15.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|18 Jul 1995
|Filing date
|2 Dec 1993
|Priority date
|27 Jun 1991
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Brigitte Gareiss, Petra Baierweck
|Original Assignee
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (1), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/091,088, filed Jul. 14, 1993, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/904,923, filed Jun. 26, 1992, abandoned.
The present invention relates to flameproofed thermoplastic molding materials containing
A) 30-98% by weight of a thermoplastic polyamide,
B) 1-30% by weight of phosphorus,
C) 1-15% by weight of a mono- or diphenolic compound or of a 1993, thereof,
D) 0-60% by weight of a fibrous or particulate filler or of a mixture thereof and
E) 0-30% by weight of an elastomeric polymer.
The present invention furthermore relates to the use of such flameproofed thermoplastic molding materials for the production of fibers, films and moldings and to the moldings obtainable from the novel molding materials.
EP-A 224 847, EP-A 240 887 and EP-A 112 542 disclose polyamide molding materials which contain mono- or diphenolic compounds.
According to these publications, these polyamide molding materials have improved properties, in particular with respect to flow, reduced water absorption and toughness, when mono- or diphenolic compounds are reacted. However, these applications make no mention of the flame-proofing of such polyamide molding materials.
It is an object of the present invention to provide flameproofed thermoplastic polyamide molding materials which have good fire behavior and in particular high phosphorus stability.
We have found that this object is achieved by the molding materials defined at the outset.
Preferred molding materials of this type and their use are described in the subclaims.
The novel molding materials contain, as component A), from 30 to 98, preferably from 40 to 97, in particular from 40 to 96% , by weight of a thermoplastic polyamide.
The polyamides of the novel molding materials generally have a relative viscosity ηrel of from 1.7 to 5.0, determined in a 1% strength by weight solution in 96% strength by weight sulfuric acid at 25� C., which corresponds to a K value (according to Fikentscher) of from 50 to 96. Polyamides having a relative viscosity of from 2.3 to 4.5, in particular from 2.5 to 4.0, are preferably used.
Semicrystalline and amorphous resins having a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,071,250, 2,071,251, 2,130,523, 2,130,948, 2,241,322, 2,312,966, 2,512,606 and 3,393,210, are preferred.
Examples of these are polyamides which are derived from lactams having from 7 to 13 ring members, such as polycaprolactam, polycapryllactam and polylaurolactam, and polyamides which are obtained by reacting dicarboxylic acids with diamines.
Suitable dicarboxylic acids are alkanedicarboxylic acids of 6 to 12, in particular 6 to 10, carbon atoms and aromatic dicarboxylic acids. Only adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid and terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid are mentioned here as acids.
Particularly suitable diamines are alkanediamines of 6 to 12, in particular 6 to 8, carbon atoms and m-xylylenediamine, di-(4-aminophenyl)-methane, di-(4-amino-cyclohexyl)-methane, 2,2-di-(4-aminophenyl)-propane and 2,2-di-(4-aminocyclohexyl)-propane.
Preferred polyamides are polyhexamethyleneadipamide, polyhexamethylenesebacamide and polycaprolactam.
Polyamides which are obtainable, for example, by condensation of 1,4-diaminobutane with adipic acid at elevated temperatures (nylon 4,6) may also be mentioned. Preparation processes for polyamides having this structure are described in, for example, EP-A 38 094, EP-A 38 582 and EP-A 39 524.
Polyamides which are obtainable by copolymerizing two or more of the abovementioned monomers, or mixtures of a plurality of polyamides, are also suitable, any mixing ratio being possible.
The novel thermoplastic molding materials contain, as preferred component A), partly aromatic, semi-crystalline copolyamides composed of
A1) 20-90% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine,
A2) 0-50% by weight of units which are derived from ε-caprolactam,
A3) 0-80% by weight of units which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine and
A4) 0-40% by weight of further polyamide-forming monomers,
the amounts of component (A2) or (A3) or (A4) or of mixtures thereof being at least 10% by weight.
Component A1) contains 20-90% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine.
In addition to the units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine, the copolyamides contain units which are derived from ε-caprolactam and/or units which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine and/or units which are derived from further polyamide-forming monomers.
The amount of units which are derived from ε-caprolactam is not more than 50, preferably from 20 to 50, in particular from 25 to 40, % by weight, while the amount of units which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine is up to 80, preferably from 30 to 75, in particular from 35 to 60, % by weight.
The copolyamides may also contain both units of ε-caprolactam and units of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine; in this case, it is advantageous if the amount of units which are free of aromatic groups is at least 10, preferably at least 20, % by weight. The ratio of the units which are derived from ε-caprolactam to those which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethyenediaminediamine is not subject to any particular restriction.
Preferred copolyamides are those whose composition in the ternary diagram is within the pentagon established by the apices X1 to X5, which are defined as follows:
______________________________________X1 40% by weight of units A1) 60% by weight of units A3)X2 60% by weight of units A1) 40% by weight of units A3)X3 80% by weight of units A1) 5% by weight of units A2) 15% by weight of units A3)X4 80% by weight of units A1) 20% by weight of units A2)X5 50% by weight of units A1) 50% by weight of units A2)______________________________________
In the FIGURE, the pentagon established by these points is shown in a ternary diagram.
Polyamides containing from 50 to 80, in particular from 60 to 75, % by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine (units A1) and from 20 to 50, preferably from 25 to 40, % by weight of units which are derived from ε-caprolactam (units A2) have proven particularly advantageous for many intended uses.
In addition to the units A1) to A3) described above, the partly aromatic copolyamides may contain up to 40, preferably 10-30, in particular 20-30, % by weight of further polyamide-forming monomers A4), as are known for other polyamides.
Aromatic dicarboxylic acids A4) have from 8 to 16 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable aromatic dicarboxylic acids are isophthalic acid, substituted terephthalic and isophthalic acids, such as 3-tert-butylisophthalic acid, and polynuclear dicarboxylic acids, e.g. 4,4'- and 3,3'-diphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4,4'- and 3,3'-diphenyl-methanedicarboxylic acid, 4,4'- and 3,3'-phenylsulfonylphenyldicarboxylic acid, 1,4- and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and phenoxyterephthalic acid, isophthalic acid being particularly preferred.
Further polyamide-forming monomers A4) may be derived from dicarboxylic acids of 4 to 16 carbon atoms and aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamines of 4 to 16 carbon atoms and from aminocarboxylic acids or corresponding lactams of 7 to 12 carbon atoms. As a few examples of suitable monomers of this type, suberic acid, azelaic acid and sebacic acid may be mentioned as typical aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, piperazine, 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 2,2-(4,4'-diaminodicyclohexyl)-propane and 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane may be mentioned as typical diamines and capryllactam, enantholactam, ω-aminoundecanoic acid and laurolactam may be mentioned as typical lactams and aminocarboxylic acids, respectively.
The following compositions of component (A) are particularly preferred:
A1) from 65 to 85% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine and
A4) from 15 to 35% by weight of units which are derived from isophthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine or
A1) from 50 to 70% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine and
A3) from 10 to 20% by weight of units which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine and
A4) from 20 to 30% by weight of units which are derived from isophthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine.
If component (A4) contains symmetric dicarboxylic acids in which the carboxyl groups are in the para-position, it is advisable to react these with (A1) and (A2) or (A1) and (A3) to give ternary copolyamides, since otherwise the copolyamide has too high a melting point and melts only with decomposition, which is undesirable.
Partly aromatic copolyamides whose triamine content is less than 0.5, preferably less than 0.3, % by weight have also proven particularly advantageous.
Partly aromatic copolyamides prepared by most known processes (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,166) have triamine contents greater than 0.5% by weight, which leads to a deterioration in the product quality and to problems in the continuous preparation. The triamine which causes these problems is in particular dihexamethylenetriamine, which is formed from the hexamethylenediamine used in the preparation.
Copolyamides having a low triamine content have the same solution viscosity but lower melt vicosities than products of the same composition which have a higher triamine content. This considerably improves both the processibility and product properties.
The melting points of the partly aromatic copolyamides are from 270� to 325� C., preferably from 280� to 310� C., this high melting point also being associated with a high glass transition temperature of, as a rule, more than 75� C., in particular more than 85� C. (in the dry state).
Binary copolyamides based on terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine and ε-caprolactam and containing about 70% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine have melting points of about 300� C. and (in the dry state) a glass transition temperature of more than 110� C.
Binary copolyamides based on terephthalic acid, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine and having lower contents of about 55% by weight of units of terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine (HMD) have melting points of 300� C. or more, the glass transition temperature being not quite as high as in the case of binary copolyamides which contain ε-caprolactam instead of adipic acid or adipic acid/HMD.
According to the invention, the partly aromatic copolyamides should be understood as being those which have a crystallinity of >10%, preferably >15%, in particular >20%.
The crystallinity is a measure of the proportion of crystalline fragments in the copolyamide and is determined by X-ray diffraction.
The preparation of the preferred partly aromatic copolyamides having a low triamine content can be carried out by the processes described in EP-A 129 195 and 129 196.
The novel molding materials contain, as component (B), from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20, in particular from 2 to 10, % by weight of red or black phosphorus.
Particularly in combination with glass fiber-reinforced molding materials, a preferred flameproofing agent (B) is elemental red phosphorus, which can be used in untreated form.
However, formulations in which the phosphorus is coated on the surface with low molecular weight liquid substances, such as silicone oil, liquid paraffin or esters of phthalic acid or adipic acid or with polymeric or oligomeric compounds, for example with phenolic resins or aminoplasts and polyurethanes, are particularly suitable.
Masterbatches of red phosphorus, for example in a polyamide or an elastomer, are also suitable as the flameproofing agents. Polyolefin homo- and copolymers are particularly suitable as masterbatch polymers. However, the amount of the masterbatch polymer should not be more than 35% by weight, based on the weight of components (A) and (B), in the novel molding materials.
The median particle size (d50) of the phosphorus particles distributed in the molding materials is preferably from 0.0001 to 0.5 mm, in particular from 0.001 to 0.2 mm.
The content of component B) in the novel molding materials is from 1 to 30, preferably from 2 to 20, in particular from 2 to 10, % by weight, based on the sum of components A) to C).
The novel molding materials contain, as component C), from 1 to 15, preferably from 1 to 12, in particular from 2 to 8, % by weight of a mono- or diphenolic compound or a mixture thereof.
Suitable monophenols C) of at least 10 carbon atoms are those of the general formula I ##STR1## where R1 and R2 are identical or different and are each hydrogen, C1 -C16 -alkyl, C6 -C18 -aryl or C7 -C20 -aralkyl and each of the radicals may be substituted by at least one C1 -C12 -alkyl group or one halogen atom and the aryl radical may be bonded via --O--, -C1 -C3 -alkylene- or --SO2 -- bridge members, or R1 and R2 are bonded to one another to form an aromatic or cycloaliphatic carbocyclic ring of 5 to 12 atoms, with the proviso that both radicals R1 and R2 are not ortho to the phenolic OH group.
Relatively high molecular weight or long-chain phenols having more than 10 carbon atoms, such as monophenols of 10 to 22 carbon atoms which are monosubstituted or polysubstituted by C1 -C12 -alkyl and/or C7 -C15 -aralkyl and which may be substituted in not more than one ortho-position with respect to the OH group, or hydroxydi- or triphenyls which are unsubstituted or substituted by at least one C1 -C6 -alkyl group and whose rings may be bonded via --O--, -C1 -C3 -alkylene- or --SO2 -- bridge members and which may be substituted in not more than one ortho-position with respect to the OH group, are particularly preferred.
Examples are the following monophenolic compounds I: tetrahydronaphthol, 2-butylphenol (sec and tert), 4-tert-butylphenol, thymol, 4-tert-pentylphenol, octylphenol (mixture), nonylphenol (mixture), dodecylphenol (mixture), 4-hydroxybiphenyl, 2-hydroxybiphenyl, alkyl-substituted hydroxybiphenyls as described in, for example, German Laid-Open Application DOS 1,943,230, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, benzylphenol(s), benzylcresol(s), 2-phenyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, 4-hydroxydiphenyl sulfone, 4-hydroxydiphenyl ether, 2- and 4-cyclohexylphenols and mixtures thereof, 4-tertbutylphenol being particularly preferred.
According to the invention, component C) is to be understood as meaning diphenols of the general formula II ##STR2## where m and n independently of one another are each integers of from 0 to 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, particularly preferably O, R is methyl, methoxy or ethyl, preferably methyl, and X is a chemical bond or a bivalent, aliphatic C1 -C7 -hydrocarbon, preferably C1 -C3 -hydrocarbon, or cycloaliphatic C5 - or C6 -hydrocarbon radical or a bridge member, such as O, S, SO, SO2, CO or --O(CH2 )p O-- in which p is 2-10, preferably 2 or 4, with the proviso that the sum of the aliphatic carbon atoms of all radicals R bonded to a phenol ring is <6, preferably <3.
X is preferably a chemical bond, C1 -C3 -alkylene, O, S or SO2, particularly preferably --CH2 --, --C(CH3)2 -- or --SO2 --.
Examples of the novel diphenols C) are: dihydroxybiphenyls
bis(hydroxyphenyl) sulfides
bis(hydroxyphenyl) ethers
bis(hydroxyphenyl) ketones
bis(hydroxyphenyl) sulfoxides
bis(hydroxyphenyl-) sulfones and
Examples of preferred compounds are:
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, if necessary as a mixture with
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A)
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone
bis(4-hydroxy-3,3'-dimethylphenyl) sulfone
bis(4-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylphenyl) sulfone
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfide
bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) sulfide
bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) sulfide
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) oxide
bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) oxide
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone
bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) ketone
bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propane. ##STR3##
Particularly suitable diphenols are:
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone
bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) sulfone
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfide.
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane and bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane are very particularly preferred.
The last-mentioned products can also be used in their crude form, for example contaminated with the corresponding 2,4-isomers and with small amounts of bisphenols having an indane structure or chroman structure and also the homologous trinuclear trisphenols.
Mixtures of the diphenols and mixtures of mono- and diphenolic compounds I and II can of course also be used.
The novel molding materials may contain, as a further component, from 0 to 60, preferably from 1 to 50, in particular from 10 to 40, very particularly from 20 to 30, % by weight of a fibrous or particulate filler (component (D)) or of a mixture thereof.
Preferred fibrous reinforcing materials (component (D)) are carbon fibers, potassium titanate whiskers, Aramid fibers and particularly preferably glass fibers. When glass fibers are used, they may be provided with a size and an adhesion promoter for better compatibility with the thermoplastic polyamide (A). In general, the glass fibers used have a diameter of from 6 to 20 μm.
These glass fibers may be incorporated both in the form of short glass fibers and in the form of rovings. In the finished injection molding, the mean length of the glass fibers is preferably from 0.08 to 0.5 mm.
Suitable particulate fillers are amorphous silica, magnesium carbonate (chalk), kaolin (in particular calcined kaolin), powdered quartz, mica, talc, feldspar and in particular calcium silicates, such as wollastonite.
Preferred combinations of fillers are, for example, 20% by weight of glass fibers with 15% by weight of wollastonite and 15% by weight of glass fibers with by weight of wollastonite.
The novel thermoplastic molding materials may contain, as component (E), from 0 to 30, preferably from 0.5 to 20, in particular from 1 to 15, % by weight of an elastomeric polymer.
Preferred elastomeric polymers are polymers based on olefins, which are composed of the following components:
e1) 40-100% by weight of at least one α-olefin of 2 to 8 carbon atoms,
e2) 0-50% by weight of a diene,
e3) 0-45% by weight of a C1 -C12 -alkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or a mixture of such esters,
e4) 0-40% by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid or of a functional derivative of such an acid,
e5) 0-40% by weight of an epoxy-containing monomer and
e6) 0-5% by weight of other monomers capable of free radical polymerization,
with the proviso that component (E) is not an olefin homopolymer.
A first preferred group comprises the ethylene/propylene (EPM) and ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM) rubbers, which preferably have a ratio of ethylene to propylene units of from 40:60 to 90:10.
The Mooney viscosities (MLI+4/100� C.) of such, preferably uncrosslinked, EPM and EPDM rubbers (gel contents in general less than 1% by weight) are preferably from 25 to 100, in particular from 35 to 90 (measured using the large rotor after a running time of minutes at 100� C. according to DIN 53 523).
EPM rubbers generally have virtually no more double bonds, whereas EPDM rubbers have from 1 to 20 double bonds per 100 carbon atoms.
Examples of diene monomers e2) for EPDM rubbers are conjugated dienes, such as isoprene and butadiene, nonconjugated dienes of 5 to 25 carbon atoms, such as penta-1,4-diene, hexa-1,4-diene, hexa-1,5-diene, 2,5-dimethylhexa-1,5-diene and octa-1,4-diene, cyclic dienes, such as cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadienes, cyclooctadienes and dicyclopentadiene, and alkenylbornenes, such as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-butylidene-2-norbornene, 2-methallyl-5-norbornene or 2-isopropenyl-5-norbornene, and tricyclodienes, such as 3-methyltricyclo[220.127.116.11.2.6]3,8-decadiene, or mixtures thereof. Hexa-1,5-diene, 5-ethylidenenorbornene and dicyclopentadiene are preferred. The diene content of the EPDM rubbers is preferably from 0.5 to 50, in particular from 2 to 20, particularly preferably from 3 to 15, % by weight, based on the total weight of the olefin polymer.
EPM and EPDM rubbers may preferably also be grafted with reactive carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. Particular examples are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and derivatives thereof, as well as maleic anhydride.
A further group of preferred olefin polymers comprises copolymers of α-olefins of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, in particular of ethylene, with C1 -C18 -alkyl esters of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.
All primary and secondary C1 -C18 -alkyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid are in principle suitable, but esters of 1 to 12, in particular 2 to 10, carbon atoms are preferred.
Examples of these are methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl and decyl acrylates and the corresponding esters of methacrylic acid. Among these, n-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate are particularly preferred.
The amount of methacrylates and acrylates e3) in the olefin polymers is 0-60, preferably 10-50, in particular 30-45, % by weight.
Instead of the esters e3), or in addition to these, the olefin polymers may also contain acid functional and/or latent acid functional monomers of ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids e4) or epoxy-containing monomers e5).
Examples of monomers e4) are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, tertiary alkyl esters of these acids, in particular tert-butyl acrylate, and dicarboxylic acids, such as maleic acid and fumaric acid, or derivatives of these acids and monoesters thereof.
Latent acid functional monomers are understood as meaning compounds which form free acid groups under the polymerization conditions or during incorporation of the olefin polymers into the molding materials. Examples are anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids of up to 20 carbon atoms, in particular maleic anhydride, and tertiary C1 -C12 -alkyl esters of the abovementioned acids, in particular tert-butyl acrylate and tert-butyl methacrylate.
The acid functional or latent acid functional monomers and the epoxy-containing monomers are preferably incorporated in the olefin polymers by adding compounds of the general formulae I-IV ##STR4## where R1 to R9 are-each hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, m is an integer of from 0 to 20 and n is an integer of from 0 to 10.
R1 to R7 are each preferably hydrogen, m is preferably 0 or 1 and n is preferably 1. The corresponding compounds are maleic acid, fumaric acid or maleic anhydride e4) or alkenyl glycidyl ether or vinyl glycidyl ether e5).
Preferred compounds of the formulae I, II, III and IV are maleic acid and maleic anhydride as component e4) and epoxy-containing esters of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (as component e5) being particularly preferred.
The amount of each of components e4) and e5) is from 0.07 to 40, in particular from 0.1 to 20, particularly preferably from 0.15 to 15, % by weight, based on the total weight of the olefin polymers.
Particularly preferred olefin polymers are those consisting of
from 50 to 98.9, in particular from 60 to 95, % by weight of ethylene,
from 0.1 to 20, in particular from 0.15 to 15, % by weight of glycidyl acrylate and/or glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and/or maleic anhydride and
from 1 to 45, in particular from 10 to 35, % by weight of n-butyl acrylate and/or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
Further preferred esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid are the methyl, ethyl, propyl and isobutyl esters.
Examples of suitable other monomers e6) are vinyl esters and vinyl ethers.
The ethylene copolymers described above can also be prepared by conventional processes, preferably by random copolymerization under high pressure and at elevated temperatures.
The melt flow index of the ethylene copolymers is in general from 1 to 80 g/10 min (measured at 190� C. and a load of 2.16 kg).
In addition to the above preferred elastomeric polymers based on olefins, for example the following polymers are suitable as elastomers (E).
Emulsion polymers whose preparation is described, for example, in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, Volume XII.I (1961) and by Blackley in the monograph Emulsion Polymerisation may be primarily mentioned here.
In principle, random elastomers or elastomers having a shell structure may be used. The shell-like structure is determined by the order of addition of the individual monomers.
Examples of monomers for the preparation of the rubber part of the elastomers are acrylates, such as n-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, corresponding methacrylates, butadiene and isoprene and mixtures thereof. These monomers can be copolymerized with further monomers, such as styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl ethers and further acrylates or methacrylates, such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and propyl acrylate.
The flexible or rubber phase (having a glass transition temperature below 0� C.) of the elastomers may be the core, the outer shell or a middle shell (in the case of elastomers having a structure comprising more than two shells); in multishell elastomers, a plurality of shells may consist of a rubber phase.
If the elastomer is composed of one or more rigid components (having glass transition temperatures of more than 20� C.) in addition to the rubber phase, said rigid components are generally prepared by polymerizing styrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, α-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, acrylates and methacrylates, such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, as main monomers. In addition, relatively small amounts of further comonomers may be used here too.
In some cases, it has proven advantageous to use emulsion polymers which have reactive groups at the surface. Such groups are, for example, epoxy, carboxyl, latent carboxyl, amino or amido groups and functional groups which can be introduced by the concomitant use of monomers of the general formula ##STR5## where R10 is hydrogen or C1 -C4 -alkyl, R11 is hydrogen, C1 -C8 -alkyl or aryl, in particular phenyl, R12 is hydrogen, C1 -C10 -alkyl, C6 -C12 -aryl or OR13 R13 is C1 -C8 -alkyl or C6 -C12 -aryl, each of which may be substituted by O-- or N-containing groups, X is a chemical bond, C1 -C10 -alkylene or C6 -C12 -arylene or ##STR6## Y is O--Z-- or NH-Z and Z is C1 -C10 -alkylene or C6 -C12 -arylene.
The graft monomers described in EP-A 208 187 are also suitable for introducing reactive groups at the surface.
Further examples are acrylamide, methacrylamide and substituted esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, such as N-tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylaminomethyl acrylate and N,N-diethylaminoethyl acrylate.
The particles of the rubber phase may also be crosslinked. Examples of crosslinking monomers are buta-1,3-diene, divinylbenzene, diallyl phthalate and dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, as well as the compounds described in EP-A 50 265.
Graft-linking monomers may also be used, ie. monomers having two or more polymerizable double bonds which react at different rates during the polymerization. Preferably used compounds are those in which at least one double bond polymerizes at about the same rate as the other monomers whereas the remaining double bonds polymerize substantially more slowly. The different polymerization rates result in a certain porportion of unsaturated double bonds in the rubber. If a further phase is subsequently grafted onto such a rubber, some or all of the double bonds present in the rubber react with the graft monomers with formation of chemical bonds, ie. the grafted-on phase is partly or completely linked via chemical bonds to the grafting base.
Examples of such graft-linking monomers are allyl-containing monomers, in particular allyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, diallyl itaconate or the corresponding monoallyl compounds of these dicarboxylic acids. In addition, there are a large number of further suitable graft-linking monomers; for further details, reference may be made to, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,846.
In general, the content of these crosslinking monomers in component (E) is up to 5, preferably not more than 3, % by weight, based on (E).
Some preferred emulsion polymers are shown below. First, graft polymers having a core and at least one outer shell and the following structure may be mentioned here:
______________________________________Type Monomers for the core Monomers for the shell______________________________________E/1 Buta-1,3-diene, isoprene, Styrene, acrylonitrile,n-butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl methyl methacrylateacrylate or mixtures thereofE/2 As for E/1 but with the con- As for E/1comitant use of crosslinkingagentsE/3 As for E/1 or E/2 n-Butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, buta-1,3-diene, isoprene, ethylhexyl acrylateE/4 As for E/1 or E/2 As for E/1 or E/3 but with the concomitant use of monomers having reactive groups as described hereinE/5 Styrene, acrylonitrile, First shell of monomers asmethyl methacrylate or described under E/1 and E/2mixtures thereof for the core Second shell as described under E/1 or E/3 for the shell______________________________________
Instead of graft polymers having a multishell structure, it is also possible to use homogeneous, ie. one-shell, elastomers of buta-1,3-diene, isoprene and n-butyl acrylate or copolymers thereof. These products too can be prepared by the concomitant use of crosslinking monomers or monomers having reactive groups.
Examples of preferred emulsion polymers are n-butyl acrylate/(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl acrylate or n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate copolymers, graft polymers having an inner core of n-butyl acrylate or based on butadiene and an outer shell of the abovementioned copolymers and copolymers of ethylene with comonomers which provide reactive groups.
The elastomers (E) described can also be prepared by further conventional processes, for example by suspension polymerization.
In addition to the essential components A) to C) and, if required, D) and E), the novel molding materials may contain conventional additives and processing assistants. The amount thereof is in general up to 20, preferably up to 10, % by weight, based on the total weight of components (A) to (C).
Examples of conventional additives are stabilizers and antioxidants, heat stabilizers and UV stabilizers, lubricants and mold release agents, dyes and pigments and plasticizers.
Antioxidants and heat stabilizers which may be added to the thermoplastic materials according to the invention are, for example, halides of metals of group I of the Periodic Table, for example sodium, potassium and lithium halides, if necessary in conjunction with copper(I) halides, for example chlorides, bromides or iodides. Zinc fluoride and zinc chloride may also be used. Sterically hindered phenols, hydroquinones, substituted members of this group and mixtures of these compounds may also be employed, preferably in concentrations of up to 1% by weight, based on the weight of the mixture.
Examples of UV stabilizers are various substituted resorcinols, salicylates, benzotriazoles and benzophenones, which are used in general in amounts of up to 2% by weight.
Lubricants and mold release agents, which as a rule are added in amounts of up to 1% by weight of the thermoplastic material, are stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, alkyl stearates and stearamides, as well as esters of pentaerythritol with long-chain fatty acids. Salts of calcium, of zinc or of aluminum with stearic acid and dialkyl ketones (Stearon� from Henkel) may also be used.
The additives include stabilizers which prevent the decomposition of the red phosphorus in the presence of moisture and atmospheric oxygen. Examples are compounds of cadmium, of zinc, of aluminum, of tin, of magnesium, of manganese and of titanium. Particularly suitable compounds are, for example, oxides of the stated metals, as well as carbonates, basic carbonates or hydroxides and salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as acetates or phosphates or hydrogen phosphates.
The novel thermoplastic molding materials can be prepared by conventional processes, by mixing the starting components in a conventional mixing apparatus, such as an extruder, a Brabender mill or Banbury mill, and then extruding the mixture. After extrusion, the extrudate is cooled and comminuted.
The novel materials can also be prepared by a pultrusion process as described in EP-A-56 703. The glass roving is impregnated with the polymer material and then cooled and comminuted. The glass fiber length in this case is identical to the granule length and is from 3 to 20 mm.
The novel molding materials have good mechanical properties.
In addition, they have good flame resistance and creep resistance and very good phosphorus stability.
Because of this property spectrum, the moldings produced from the novel molding materials are particularly suitable for electrical and electronic components, for example electric motor parts (motor protection switches and power contactors), electrical heating apparatuses or housing parts for high voltage switches. Glass fiber-reinforced moldings are used in particular as plugs, plug connectors or cable jacks in the telecommunications sector.
The following components were used for the preparation of the novel molding materials:
Component A/1
Nylon 6.6 (polyhexamethyleneadipamide) having a vicosity number of 151 ml/g, corresponding to a relative viscosity ηrel of 2.7 (measured in 96% strength by weight H2 SO4 as a 0.5% strength by weight solution according to ISO 307).
Component A/2
A partly aromatic copolyamide composed of
A1) 70% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine and
A2) 30% by weight of units which are derived from ε-caprolactam.
The viscosity number according to ISO 307 was 141 ml/g (measured in 96% strength by weight H2 SO4 as a 0.5% strength by weight solution at 25� C.).
Component B
Red phosphorus having a median particle size (ds50) of 45 μm.
Component C/1
Component C/2
Bisphenol A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane)
Component D
Glass fibers having a mean diameter of 10 μm.
Component E
An olefin polymer of
60% by weight of ethylene
35% by weight of n-butyl acrylate
4.3% by weight of acrylic acid
0.7% by weight of maleic anhydride
having an MFI of 10 g/10 min at 190� C. and a load of 1.16 kg.
Component F
Zinc oxide
Preparation of the molding materials
Components A) to F) were compounded in a twin-screw extruder (120 rpm; 30 kg/h) at from 280� to 330� C., the mixture was extruded and the extrudate was cooled in a water bath and granulated. The granules were dried at 80� C. under reduced pressure and processed on an injection molding machine at 280� C. to give standard test specimens.
The fire behavior was tested according to UL 94 using 1/16 inch bars.
To measure the phosphorus stabilities, test specimens were left in a water bath at 60� C., a sample being taken after 14, 30 and 50 days to determine the water-soluble phosphorus compounds by means of AAS.
The creep resistance (CTI) was determined according to DIN 112, ASTU-D 3638, the modulus of elasticity according to DIN 53,457 and the impact strength according to DIN 53,453.
The composition of the molding materials and the results of the measurements are shown in the Table.
TABLE__________________________________________________________________________Example 1* 2 3 4* 5 6 7 8* 9__________________________________________________________________________ 68 A/1 64 A/1 64 A/1 68.3 A/1 64.3 A/1 62.3 A/1 58.3 A/1 62.3 58.3 A/2 7 B 7 B 7 B 6 B 6 B 6 B 6 B 6 B 6 B -- 4 C/2 4 C/1 -- 4 C/2 -- 4 C/2 -- 4 C/2 25 D 25 D 25 D 25 D 25 D 25 D 25 D 25 D 25 D -- -- -- -- -- 6 E 6 E 6 E 6 E -- -- -- 0.7 F 0.7 F 0.7 F 0.7 F 0.7 0.7 FUL 94 (1/16") VO VO VO VO VO VO VO VO VORate of loss of P:ppm of Pafter 14 d 70 52 58 42 15 35 13 5 <1after 30 d 150 103 111 72 34 63 25 10 4after 50 d 300 213 225 120 52 97 33 15 7E modulus 8700 9000 8800 8600 8800 8500 8800 8600 8600(N/mm2)impact strength 41 42 40 30 31 37 40 45 47(kJ/m2)CTI (volt) 600 600 600 500 500 600 600 600 600__________________________________________________________________________ *For comparison
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|12 Jun 1985
|7 Oct 1986
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Hydrophobic polyamides
|23 May 1985
|9 Dec 1986
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Polyamides containing phenolic compounds
|24 Nov 1986
|17 May 1988
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Reinforced polyamides having improved flow behavior
|24 Jan 1990
|17 Sep 1991
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Flameproofed thermoplastic molding compositions based on phlegmatized red phosphorus
|3 Sep 1992
|9 Nov 1993
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|High impact flameproofed polyphenylene ether-polyamide molding materials
|10 Jan 1989
|12 Jul 1990
|Basf Ag
|Flameproofed polyamide moulding compositions
|16 Dec 1983
|4 Jul 1984
|Bayer Ag
|Polyamides having a reduced water absorption capability
|25 Nov 1986
|10 Jun 1987
|Bayer Ag
|Reinforced polyamides with improved flowing properties
|6 Jun 1986
|24 Jun 1987
|Inst Francais Du Petrole
|Conduit usable particularly for transporting fluids and enabling to limit the permeability to transported fluids.
|30 Mar 1987
|14 Oct 1987
|Bayer Ag
|Flowable mouldings based on polyamides
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|2 Nov 2000
|2 Nov 2004
|Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.
|Thermoplastic resin composition
|U.S. Classification
|524/352, 524/353, 524/80, 524/340
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|12 May 1994
Owner name: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GAREISS, BRIGITTE;BAIERWECK, PETRA;REEL/FRAME:007005/0106
Effective date: 19940502
|26 Sep 1995
|Certificate of correction
|9 Feb 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|18 Jul 1999
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|28 Sep 1999
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19990718


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December 29th, 2012 (7:13 PM).
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Skip to comments.Charity by Force: Jesus vs. Marx (dispute between Rush Limbaugh and Pope Francis)
Posted on 12/12/2013 7:04:25 AM PST by Moseley
It is fascinating that the recent debate over poverty, starring Rush Limbaugh and Pope Francis (maybe, translations subject to disagreement) reveals one central dispute: (a) compulsory "charity" by government force, on the left, versus (b) the freedom of each individual to voluntarily donate to charity and make one's own decisions about his or her life, on the right. Forget what either Rush or Francis said. The raging debates that followed are most revealing.
Liberals have consistently abused Christian teaching to attack free enterprise and spread socialism. These are not just Catholics, of course. In fact, most -- or all -- of them are not really Christians at all, but rather only leftists hoping to fool enough Christians to tip the balance politically.
How can anyone give anything to the poor without earning money first? Without capitalism, free enterprise, and markets, charity suffers. Capitalism is the engine that makes giving to the poor possible. In other words, liberals who wrap themselves in Christianity concoct a false choice, insisting that charity and capitalism are polar opposites.
Initially, should it matter what Jesus thinks about whether the United States should pursue liberal or conservative politics? If citizens want their government to set up safety nets, can't societies provide government charity for purely pragmatic, non-religious reasons?
Well, it depends, of course.
If discussing Christianity favors a liberal philosophy, then it counts. If Christianity contradicts liberals, then it doesn't count. And how dare you mention it? Jesus should be involved in American politics only if that helps advance a governmental agenda of bigger government, ever-expanding regulation, borrowing $17 trillion of national debt, and redistribution of wealth.
(Excerpt) Read more at americanthinker.com ...
But in public debate, it just happened to be Pope Francis who sparked a firestorm in November with an "Apostolic Exhortation" titled Evangelii Gaudium, which translates into "The Joy of the Gospel" or "The Joy of Evangelism." The Vatican generated further controversy through its translation into English. Rush Limbaugh lit the fuse by sharply disagreeing with it.
Of course, the first Pope, Peter, was a capitalist. Peter and Andrew ran a fishing business. Peter had investment capital -- boats, which were expensive, and large nets. They had to catch a lot of fish just to pay back their investment. Peter's and Andrew's house was large and in wealthy Capernaum. The Bible suggests that it was Peter's house where a very large group stayed all together, even though Jesus could slip out unnoticed to pray.
Jesus Christ was a carpenter -- a capitalist, in actual practice. Jesus's father, Joseph, had a carpentry business. As the firstborn, Jesus would have learned his father's trade. Wood was harder to come by for construction back then. It was often a luxury imported from Lebanon. So Jesus had to master great skill and own valuable tools to run his small but high-end business.
Read more: http://www.americanthinker.com/2013/12/charity_by_force_jesus_vs_marx.html#ixzz2nH0CGxXu Follow us: @AmericanThinker on Twitter | AmericanThinker on Facebook
Also, let us get one thing straight: at least Catholic Pope Francis is trying. Bravo. That's much more than can be said for a lot of Protestant pop-culture celebrities.
Hey, Obama's trying too! Doesn't mean what he's doing is good.
...one cheap shot deserves another.
Great post.
I've lived briefly in Latin America and my husband's family has a lot of time there. There is not the tradition of the middle class. The so-called democracies are hardly that. The oppression of the Indians by the conquistadors is still well remembered. I remember being caught in the middle of a celebration in Cusco where there were mobs of the local Indian population wearing masks of the conquistadors. They were all drunk and/or stoned and many were shooting off guns. I realized that being of European origin was not something that was going to get me any points. Mr. Mercat and I ducked into a church and hung out there for about an hour until the mob moved on or disbursed. There is very little in the way of a social safety net. That's one of the reasons so many come here illegally. It's why liberation theology took hold down there. Francis fought liberation theology. That's not who he is.
Did the Pope really say "unfettered" capitalism or is that what the media says he said?
Amen. High time this was discussed!
the socialist's seemingly unknowingly depricate Jesus and capital with thier false premise
Isn't a pity that the pope does not consult the Bible?
For ye have the poor with you ALWAYS, and whensoever ye will ye may do them good: but me ye have not always.
Mark 14:7
Capitalism is not the issue. The lack of willing spirit to help those who are truly poor ( not the bums playing the system) is. Why doesn't the Catholic Church selloff some its vast wealth and give it to the poor? And while they are at it, Excommunicate Nancy Pelosi and her Capitalist husband?
And he implied that the state has no control. In fact, the state has an unprecedented amount of control presently. The Pope is either disingenuous or not real smart.
"While the earnings of a minority are growing exponentially, so too is the gap separating the majority from the prosperity enjoyed by those happy few. This imbalance is the result of ideologies which defend the absolute autonomy of the marketplace and financial speculation. Consequently, they reject the right of states, charged with vigilance for the common good, to exercise any form of control.
No, He did not suggest the rich man would be in Heaven but that the rich man could be in Heaven.
Social Justice: Were telling you to do what we say Jesus said and having the government make sure you do it.
This is all rather straightforward: charity at gunpoint isn't charity. It is theft. End of conversation.
I'm with Ayn Rand on this one.
"He bashed the "absolute tyranny of the marketplace" which is the same as "unfettered capitalism."
Could he not be implying that capitalism, without moral guidance, can lead to tyranny of a market place.
That capitalistic operations are still operated by individuals making choices on how their companies or corporations influence not only their bottom line, but on society as a whole.
Capitalism without a moral compass will lead to tyranny. Crony capitalism?
It's a real eye-opener.
"Why doesnt the Catholic Church selloff some its vast wealth and give it to the poor?"..............
OK, I must ask you a question. Who do you recommend purchase the Pieta, or the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Library, etc.?
The above statement is so silly. Yes, there are some things that the church could use which are less audacious. Still, the RC Church is the holder of many of the world's most sacred and valuable art - which means it has the responsibility to not only safeguard it, but to also allow the public to view it. That is an enormous task. Just who do you think would do a better job of safeguarding St. Basilica and its contents?
Only if government is involved. Without government involvement, no capitalist or business or "corporation" can use force to make you do anything you don't want to do.
"Since the origins of modern capitalism around 1780, more than two-thirds of the worlds population has moved out of poverty. In China and India alone, more than 500 million have been raised out of poverty just in the last forty years. In almost every nation the average age of mortality has risen dramatically, causing populations to expand accordingly. Health in almost every dimension has been improved, and literacy has been carried to remote places it never reached before.
Whatever the motives of individuals, the system has improved the plight of the poor as none ever has before. The contemporary left systematically refuses to face these undeniable facts."
-- Robert Novak, from the thread Economic Heresies of the Left (Novak on Caritas in Veritate)
Pope Francis speaks much like Jesus would if he were waking the earth today.
It is a scandal that some folks have such enormous wealth while others have nothing. BUT — and that is a big caveat, The sinfulness of this disparity is when those with wealth do not share it, or try to help others. Greed is a sin! So is sloth.
IMHO, the best solution to the world's troubles is a Christian way of life which includes charity and hard work. It includes the willingness to earn our own living and to help others become independent too.
By-the-way, Pope Francis has stated clearly that personal charity and good works is the best solution to alleviate poverty in neighborhoods, and that big government is NOT the solution.
I think TIME Mag did not realize that PF is actually anti-big government and for more Christian charity.
"Only if government is involved. Without government involvement, no capitalist or business or "corporation" can use force to make you do anything you don't want to do."
Not to be too critical, but there is no place on earth where there isn't some form of government, it is an unavoidable characteristic of human nature.
Since it is something that has to be dealt with, morals will end up being the determining factor in how a government effects its citizens.
History is replete with examples of governments not restrained or guided by morals.
Pope Francis is expressing his concern that Christian values have taken a back seat to strictly economic influences.
There are no red words in the Bible that say,
"Thou shalt force people to give up their wealth at the point of a weapon and kill 200 million people to coerce them to obey the government"
In fact, God was upset that the people demanded to have a king in the old testament.
Anyone who says that God endorses Big Government is a liar.
Mary and Joseph traveled to Bethlehem to donate to charity... so the State could 'do good' (by the State's definition of doing good).
Kinda changes the story...
I'd like to broach another aspect of this topic...
those who are wealthy and claim the name of Christ should be under the chastisement of His church if they refuse to be charitable,
but what of those who do not claim to be Christian?
Sure, they're ultimately under judgment, but the church has no authority over them, and empowering government over them would, I think, be outside of the charge of the church.
Who said anything about Pieta, or the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Library, etc, except you. Catholic church should sell of real estate in the U.S.. Start in Manhattan.
Exactly it's the attachment to things of this world, like great wealth, that is the stumbling block. Not the object but the attachment to the object.
Liberation Theology or What Would Jesus Do If He Was Stalin.
I was watching Fox a few days ago and some business leader said big companies are moving into the cities and out of the suburbs because the cities have a younger/ out of collage work force and it would be cheaper to hire them then the older worker who is married and has kids.
That's the kind of capitalism that hurts. When companies pull the rug from loyal workers with families to support and go after the younger group just to save a buck, mean while their CEO's get millions or their companies get big hand outs from the government.
But saying that, I'm not in favor of socialism or government hand outs for anyone. I just hate to see older workers get bumped out of their jobs for some college kid.
""Since the origins of modern capitalism around 1780, more than two-thirds of the worlds population has moved out of poverty. In China and India alone, more than 500 million have been raised out of poverty just in the last forty years. "
"Thats the kind of capitalism that hurts. When companies pull the rug from loyal workers with families to support and go after the younger group just to save a buck, mean while their CEOs get millions or their companies get big hand outs from the government."
"Could he not be implying that capitalism, without moral guidance, can lead to tyranny of a market place."
I'd be interested to hear any FReeper's suggestions for an alternative economic system.
What he is supposed to have said is unfettered consumerism.
I believe it was unfettered "consumerism."
You first. Sell everything and follow Jesus.
Or what about Bill and Melinda Gates who ferociously support abortion and Planned Parenthood?
No, we'll start with you.
If we have any confidence that the Constitution, Declaration of Independence etc were influenced by the faith of our forefathers, and the hand of God in the first nation based on biblical principles in this dispensation of time, then it follows that the system we have that is based on benefit to all and the rights of individuals to freedom and liberty, has to also have the imprint of the almighty and until His Son returns, it is the best we know.
That brings up another point, as well - we are RESPONSIBLE for making sure that our charitable giving is for good, as biblically defined, and not for evil.
Government doesn't try to account for the responsible use of welfare charity at all, and to the contrary, vehemently opposes any attempt to hold the recipients accountable for using the charity for genuine needs.
Love + Force = Rape
That was why he pulled out his whip.
You see they had a nice little racket going. When you came to sacrifice, they would find something "wrong" with the animal you brought but hey, that guy over there will sell you a "perfect" animal, for a price. But you can only buy it with "holy" money so first you have to go that money changer over there and buy "temple shekels" for a mark up.
With out doing this you can not make your offering.
So what part of that was capitalism?
The temple was running the economics there.
It appears that you equate capitalism with theft.
Jesus said, "You have made [my house] a den of thieves." He did not say, "You have made it a den of capitalists."
It appears that you equate capitalism with theft.
Jesus said, "You have made [my house] a den of thieves." He did not say, "You have made it a den of capitalists."
Deal with it, honey child.
"honey child."
No, it was not. What went on in the Temple was more of a scam than trade in stocks, bonds and the like.
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text:
She sounded very ashamed of her son. She says there is just no help for him.
sick puppy
I just got off the phone with her and
Actually she is very proud of Nat. Its her other son she is disappointed in chartwiz, she blames the doctors on his condition, he was an experiment, they put sperm in her from a retard and an idiot and she had him
I just got off the phone with Nathan's Mom too.She said her son has no freinds and his dog called him a IdIOT and ran away from home
I just got off the phone with her too, she said Natan had a glue sniffing issue.He is back on it again,and his wacko doctor just gave up on him. He declared him a offical IDOT
She shouldn't be blamed.
Its his Father's fault.
He had child from an adulterous affair. Called the child Chartwiz987.
LOL ^ that's good...and a sister name teckno....? what?
i just got off the phone too with his momma , she said her son has lately (past 2 day)has been having bad headaces, and screaming all day.She is very concerned.Dose not know what to do
That's funny; you just got off the phone with her?
I just got off HER!!!
Harde har har.
she claims the doctor dropped him on his head 3 times when born and declared him a idot
that's funny, i was on the phone with her last week...she was ho'in to make up for Nathans loses....


text:
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Palio d'asti is in walking distance and it has the best happy hour deal. From 4-7p.m., if you buy 2 drinks then you get a pizza for a dollar!
Extra charges may apply for children. Incidental charges, such as room service, are not included in the quoted rate.
The amenities and/or facilities may not be located at the hotel, but within a reasonable distance, and additional charges may apply for use.


text:
The La Sportiva Women's Raptor combines light weight, serious traction, and protection in all the right places to make an extremely solid trail runner for everyone from the recreational runner to the competitive racer.
- Super sticky FriXion rubber grips the rocks like a climbing shoe
- Wrap-around toe bumper protects you from sneaky rocks hiding in the leaves
- TPU heel stabilizer for added support
- Air mesh upper promotes airflow
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
Not durable AT ALL
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
Loved these shoes until the top tore away from the toe bumper after a few months of only using them for walking the dogs on sandy trails. Not sure if I got a defective pair or if this model just isn't durable.
Stylish Performance
These La Sportiva's fit like all La Sportiva's a bit more narrow than most shoes. For the right person,will perform exceptionally. They have really nice grip and a solid sole that provides great support. I really like the tongue, its sort of like a built in gaiter, keeping out small debris and sand. Great for trail running to working out and boot camp.
What is the weight?
What is the weight?
The shoes weight 12.3oz each or 24.6oz per pair.
What is the American size that is equivalent...
What is the American size that is equivalent to the Euro sizing of the La Sportiva Raptor for women?
I wear a 42.5 in LaSportiva, for me that means its around a 10.5 US size. FWIW i wear a 10 or 10.5 in Salomon, 11 in Brooks running and 10.5 in Keen