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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|3 Jul 1990
|Fecha de presentación
|17 Jul 1985
|Fecha de prioridad
|17 Jul 1985
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Michael E. Gorman, Richard D. Breault, John Donahue, Sudhangshu Bose
|Cesionario original
|International Fuel Cells
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (38), Otras citas (1), Citada por (20), Clasificaciones (19), Eventos legales (8)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to carbon-graphite components of the type which are used in electrochemical cells, such as fuel cell powerplants. Although this invention was developed for use in the field of phosphoric acid fuel cell powerplants, the invention may have application to any field employing carbon-graphite components.
Fuel cell powerplants produce electric power by electrochemically consuming a fuel and an oxidant in one or more electrochemical cells. The oxidant may be pure oxygen or a mixture of gases containing oxygen, such as air. The fuel may be hydrogen.
Each fuel cell generally has electrodes for receiving the gases, such as an anode electrode for fuel and a cathode electrode for an oxidant. The cathode electrode is spaced from the anode electrode and a matrix saturated with electrolyte is disposed between the electrodes.
Each electrode includes a substrate. The substrate has a catalyst layer disposed on the side of the substrate which faces the electrolyte matrix. In some instances, an electrolyte reservoir plate is on the other side of the substrate and is capable of providing electrolyte through small pores to the substrate. These electrolyte reservoir plates may have channels or passageways behind the substrate for carrying a reactant gas, such as gaseous fuel to the anode and gaseous oxidant to the cathode. For example, these channels might extend between parallel ribs on the substrate side of the electrolyte reservoir plate. A separator plate on the other side of the electrolyte reservoir plate provides a barrier to the loss of electrolyte and prevents mixing of the fuel and oxidant gases in adjacent cells. Another acceptable construction is to have the electrode substrate act both as an electrolyte reservoir plate and as an electrode substrate with channels on the separator side of the substrate.
Generally, a stack of fuel cells and separator plates are used in performing the electrochemical reaction. As a result of the electrochemical reaction, the fuel cell stack produces electric power, a reactant product, and waste heat. A cooling system extends through the stack for removing the waste heat from the fuel cell stack. The cooling system has a coolant and conduits for the coolant. The conduits are disposed in cooler holders to form coolers within the stack. Heat is transferred by the cooler holders from the fuel cells to the conduits and from the conduits to the coolant.
The cooler holder must be electrically and thermally conductive and may be permeable to gas. An example of such a cooler holder is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,009 issued to Guthrie entitled "Porous Coolant Tube Holder for Fuel Cell Stack". Alternatively, the cooler holder might be impermeable to gas. An example of such a cooler holder is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,913 issued to Tuschner entitled "Phosphoric Acid Heat Transfer Material". In Tuschner, the cooler holder serves the double function of cooler holder and separator plate.
Separator plates prevent the mixing of the fuel gas, such as hydrogen, disposed on one side of the plate, with an oxidant, such as air, disposed on the other side of the plate. Separator plates are, therefore, highly impermeable to gases such as hydrogen and highly electrically conductive to pass the electrical current through the fuel cell stack. In addition, separator plates must also tolerate the highly corrosive atmosphere formed by the electrolyte used in the fuel cell. One example of such an electrolyte is hot, phosphoric acid. In addition, separator plates, like cooler holders, must be strong, particularly in terms of flexural strength, which is a measure of the ability of the separator plate to withstand high pressure loads, differential thermal expansion of mating components, and numerous thermal cycles without cracking or breaking.
An example of a method for making separator plates for electochemical cells is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,360,485 issued to Emanuelson et al., the disclosure in which is hereby incorporated by reference. In this method, the separator plate is formed by molding and then graphitizing a mixture of preferably 50 percent high purity graphite powder and 50 percent carbonizable thermosetting phenolic resin. In particular, Emanuelson discusses forming a well blended mixture of the appropriate resin and graphite powder. The mixture is then distributed in a mold. The mold is compacted under pressure and temperature to melt and partially cure the resin and to form the plate.
Electrolyte reservoir layers, such as are commonly found in electrolyte reservoir plates and as electrode substrates have requirements that differ from those for a separator plate. For example, reservoir layers must accommodate volume changes in the electrolyte during fuel cell operation. Examples of such electrolyte reservoir layers are shown in commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,779,811; 3,905,832; 4,035,551; 4,038,463; 4,064,207; 4,080,413; 4,064,322; 4,185,145; and 4,374,906.
Several of these patents show the electrolyte reservoir layer as an electrode substrate. In addition to accommodating changes in acid volume due to electrolyte evaporation and changes in operating conditions of the cell electrode, substrates must satisfy several other functional requirements. For example, the substrate provides support to the catalyst layer and provides a means for the gaseous reactants to pass through the catalyst layer. The edges of the substrate are often required to function as a wet seal to prevent the escape of reactant gases and electrolyte from the cell. Finally, the substrate must be a good electrical conductor, a good thermal conductor and have adequate structural strength and corrosion resistance.
One material suggested for use in fuel cells, such as potassium hydroxide fuel cells, is discussed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,207 issued to DeCrescente et al. entitled "Porous Carbon Fuel Cell Electrode Substrates and Method of Manufacture". DeCrescente suggests making the substrate from any inexpensive material available in filament form which can be pyrolized to form a carbon fiber. Examples of such filaments are filaments comprised of acrylonitrile polymers and filaments comprised of naturally occurring cellulosic fibers such as rayon. The carbonizable filaments are uniformly distributed on a planar support to felt the fibers. A resin binder is thereafter applied typically by spraying. Thereafter, the felt is subjected to pyrolysis by heating.
Another material commonly used as a reservoir layer in phosphoric acid electrolyte fuel cells is formed of carbon fibers bonded together with a resin such as a phenolic resin and heated to convert the resin and carbon fibers to graphite. Alternatively, carbon or graphite fibers may be bonded together with pyrolitic graphite by placing an amount of fibers in a decomposable hydrocarbon atmosphere (e.g., methane) under conditions which cause the hydrocarbon to break down into carbon and hydrogen. The carbon (now pyrolitic graphite) deposits on the fibers. These two materials are available commerically and are commonly referred to as carbon papers.
Although many precursor materials have been proposed for carbon fibers, only three, rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and pitch are used in commercial production. Such carbon fibers are flexible, lightweight, thermally and, to a large extent, chemically inert. These fibers are all considered to be good thermal and electrical conductors.
Low cost cellulose fibers, such as cotton fibers and wood fibers, are an attractive precursor material for carbon fibers. However, gas permeable components, such as fuel cell substrates, made from cellulose based carbon fibers have had lower electrical and thermal conductivities than electrode substrates made from pitch based carbon fibers. The lower electrical conductivity increases electrical resistance and causes an increase in fuel cell area to produce the same electrical power as smaller fuel cells manufactured from higher conductivity, pitch based carbon fibers. The lower thermal conductivity of fuel cell stacks containing cellulose based carbon fibers requires more coolers per fuel cell stack than fuel cell stacks made with pitch based precursor fibers. Finally, the carbon yield of cellulose fibers is greatly reduced by rapid heating rates of the fiber (greater than one-hundred degrees Fahrenheit per minute) requiring processing of these fibers at slower, less economical rates if a higher carbon yield is desired. As a result, fuel cell stacks using components made from cellulose based carbon fibers can cost more for a given amount of electrical power than fuel cell powerplants made from the more expensive pitch based fibers having higher electrical and thermal conductivities.
Accordingly, scientists and engineers are seeking to develop methods for making gas permeable fuel cell components, such as electrode substrates and carbon fibers for such components from cellulose precursor fibers at higher heating rates and with improved electrical and thermal properties.
According to the present invention, a carbon-graphite component suited for use in an electrochemical cell is formed from a carbonizable, thermosetting resin, an inorganic compound containing boron and oxygen, and precursor fibers selected from the group consisting of cellulose fibers, carbonized cellulose fibers and mixtures thereof.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the method for making the carbon-graphite component includes the step of mixing the inorganic compound containing boron and oxygen with the fibers and the resin prior to curing the resin.
A primary feature of the present invention is a method for making a carbon-graphite component suited for use in an electrochemical cell which includes the step of mixing an inorganic compound containing boron and oxygen with cellulose fibers or carbonized cellulose fibers or mixtures of cellulose fibers and carbonized cellulose fibers. In one embodiment, mixing of the resin, cellulose fibers and inorganic compound takes place before curing the resin. The inorganic compound is boric acid in an amount sufficient to increase thermal conductivity and decrease electrical resistivity of the resulting component as compared with components formed from the same fiber without using boric acid. In one embodiment, an amount of silicic acid is mixed with the boric acid.
A primary advantage of the present invention is the power output of a fuel cell having components formed from cellulose based carbon fibers which results from the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of the components as compared to a fuel cell of the same size having components made from carbonized cellulose fibers without the use of inorganic compounds containing boron and oxygen. Another advantage is the period of time required to form the component which results from obtaining a carbon yield which is greater than twenty percent by weight of the cellulose fiber at heating rates which exceed one-hundred degrees Fahrenheit per minute during the carbonization process. Still another advantage is the ability to change the mean pore size of an electrolyte reservoir layer by changing the sequence of processing the cotton fiber into a carbonized fiber.
The foregoing features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention and in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a portion of an electrochemical cell stack having an electrolyte reservoir layer and a separator plate adjacent to a cooler holder.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the resistivity of a substrate in millivolts per thousandth of an inch (mV/mil) at a current density of one-hundred amps per square foot and under an axial load of one-hundred pounds per square inch.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a fuel cell stack 6. The fuel cell stack includes one or more fuel cells as represented by the fuel cell 8 and cooler holders, as represented by the single cooler holder 10, which are spaced at intervals between sets of fuel cells. The cooler holders are adapted to receive conduits 11 for a coolant.
Each fuel cell includes an electrolyte retaining matrix 12 disposed between an anode electrode 14 and a cathode electrode 16. The particular cell shown uses phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. An electrolyte reservoir plate 18 is adjacent the anode and an electrolyte reservoir plate 20 is adjacent the cathode. In an alternate construction, the electrolyte reservoir plates might be replaced by ribbed gas separator plates.
The anode electrode 14 has a catalyst layer 22 and a porous reservoir layer 24. The catalyst layer is bonded to the reservoir layer and is formed of catalyst particles bonded together with a hydrophobic material such as polytetrafluoroethylene. One such catalyst is platinum supported on carbon particles. The reservoir layer in this embodiment is also an electrode substrate since it supports the catalyst layer.
The porous electrolyte reservoir plate 18 has ribs 26 and an edge portion 28. The ribs are spaced apart leaving passages 29 for fuel therebetween. A suitable fuel, such as hydrogen, is flowed through the passages 29 between the reservoir layer and the electrolyte reservoir plate and thence to the catalyst layer 22.
Electrolyte movement within the cell occurs as a result of the capillarity of porous structures which develop capillary forces. The smaller the pore, the larger the capillary force and the greater the liquid retention capability. Electrolyte transfer between the matrix 12 and both the electrolyte reservoir plate 18 and reservoir layer 24 occurs directly through the pores of the catalyst layer 22 which is partially hydrophilic. The catalyst layer may have holes to aid in this liquid transfer.
In this example of a fuel cell, the cathode electrode 16 also has a reservoir layer 30 and a catalyst layer 32. The catalyst layer is bonded to the reservoir layer. In many applications, a reservoir layer may be provided on only one side of the cell.
Like the electrolyte reservoir plate 18 adjacent the anode, the electrolyte reservoir plate 20 adjacent the cathode has a plurality of ribs, as represented by the single rib 34, which are spaced apart to define passages 38 for the oxidant. These passages generally extend perpendicular to the passages 29. An oxidant, such as the oxygen contained in air, is flowed through these passages between the reservoir layer and the electrolyte reservoir plate and thence through the reservoir layer to the catalyst layer.
Separator plate 39a having an edge portion 40a and separator plate 39b having an edge portion 40b are used to separate the adjacent fuel cells. The separator plates prevent the hydrogen, which is flowed along passages 29, from mixing with the oxygen in air flowed along passages 38. The separator plates are highly impermeable to a gas such as hydrogen and highly electrical conductive to enable electron flow longitudinally through the stack. The separator plates also block the transfer of electrolyte from reservoir layers within the cell.
In this example, the reservoir layers each have a peripheral sealing portion. For example, the reservoir layer 24 has a peripheral sealing portion 41, the reservoir layer 30 has a peripheral sealing portion 42 and the edge regions 28 and 36 of the electrolyte reservoir plates are peripheral sealing portions. These sealing portions are impregnated, such as with material of which the matrix 12 is made, in order that the entire volume of these portions remain essentially completely filled with electrolyte as long as the matrix 12 is filled with electrolyte. Liquid seals are thereby formed by sandwiching the sealing portions between the edge portion 40a of the upper gas separator plate and the edge portion 40b of the lower gas separator plate. These liquid seals are formed at the surfaces 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54. This may be done in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,206 entitled "Wet Seal for Liquid Electrolyte Fuel Cells" issued to Trocciola et al. which is commonly owned with the present invention.
As shown, the components which form the electrochemical cell are plate-like structures which are molded or shaped to configurations which adapt them to their particular use.
Electrode substrates manufactured from carbonized cellulose fibers were made from mixtures of fibers, both carbonized and uncarbonized, a thermosetting resin and certain compounds added during different steps in the process of manufacture. The steps of the process included forming a precursor sheet structure containing the fibers and resin, heating the precursor sheet structure in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to a first temperature range for carbonizing portions of the sheet structure and heating the precursor sheet structure in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to a second temperature range to graphitize the carbonized portions. Generally, carbonization took place in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (such as an inert or reducing atmosphere) at a temperature below approximately four-thousand five hundred degrees Fahrenheit (4500° F.) and graphitization at a temperature above approximately four-thousand five hundred degrees Fahrenheit (4500° F.) as discussed at page 361, volume 6 of the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (5th Ed. 1982), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. These substrates are discussed in the following examples.
A series of experiments were made to evaluate the effect of various additive compounds on the physical properties of substrates made from cotton. In this particular example, the cotton fibers were bleached cotton linters. The cotton fibers had an average diameter of 9-10 microns and a nominal length of 0.0l0 inch after chopping the fibers in a Wiley mill. The carbonizable, thermosetting phenolic resin was Reichhold EX4347 phenolic resin available from Varcum Chemical, a Division of Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., Niagara Falls, N.Y. The carbonizable, thermosetting phenolic resin was Reichhold EX4347 phenolic resin available from Varcum Chemical, a Division of Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., Niaqara Falls, N.Y. The additive compounds were an inorganic compound containing boron and oxygen, such as boric acid (H3 BO3 powder, reagent grade), silicic acid (H2 SiO3 power, reagent grade), iron powder (Fe), and silicon carbide particles (SiC). These additive compounds were incorporated into a two-to-one, cellulose-to-phenolic resin mixture by mechanical dry blending prior to formation of the substrate. In this example and in other examples, the presence of each additive compound is listed below in weight percent of the weight of the total mixture of cellulose, phenolic resin and the additive compound or compounds.
The mixture was molded into a substrate, 100 mils thick and thermoset by heating the mixture in a mold in the presence of air to a temperature of about three hundred and twenty degrees Fahrenheit (320° F.). After molding, the molded precursor sheet was heated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, in particular, an inert nitrogen atmosphere, to about eighteen hundred degrees Fahrenheit (1800° F.) at a rate of about eight degrees Fahrenheit per hour (8° F./hr.) to carbonize the cellulose and resin. As is well known, the carbonization may take place in a range of temperatures and at times which are determined as a function of the temperature. Although no samples were fabricated in a reducing atmosphere, it is believed that a reducing atmosphere would give the same results. The mixture was then heated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, in particular, an inert argon-helium atmosphere, to about five thousand degrees Fahrenheit (5000° F.) in an Astro laboratory graphitizing furnace manufactured by the Astro Corporation. It is believed that a reducing atmosphere would give the same results. Table I compares the physical characteristics of these substrates to an untreated substrate made of the same cotton fiber. Electrical resistivity was measured in millivolts per thousandth of an inch (mV/mil) at a current density of one-hundred amps per square foot and under an axial load of one-hundred pounds per square inch.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Electrical Resistivity Additive in Bulk Thermal at 100 ASFAdditive Mixture Density Conductivity and 100 psi % Weight % VolumeCompound (by weight) (g/cc) (Btu/hr Ft °F.) (mv/mil × 102) Loss Change__________________________________________________________________________1. None -- 0.40 0.75 2.7 67 592. H3 BO3 2-7% 0.45 1.7-2.0 0.75-1.0 58 453. H2 SiO3 10-20% 0.30 1.0-1.4 0.9-1.0 84 704. Fe 7% 0.45 1.9 0.9-1.0 79 725. SiC 10% 0.45 1.9 1.0-1.3 65 53__________________________________________________________________________ From this data it is clear that substrates formed with these additives have a significantly lower electrical resistivity and a higher thermal conductivity than substrates formed with untreated cotton which was carbonized and graphitized by the same method. Boric acid is the preferred additive of those investigated. In particular, the boric acid required a smaller weight percent to achieve at least the same effect and suffered a smaller weight loss and volume change. It is believed that total additives should not exceed twenty percent by weight of the total weight of the mixture and that amounts of boric acid between two and fifteen percent give satisfactory results.
A second series of experiments were made to determine whether curing the phenolic resin prior to the addition of the inorganic boron-oxygen compound would effect the improvement in properties. In this example, the cotton fibers were bleached cotton linters and were prepared in the same manner as Example 1. The cotton fibers were dry blended with 3.1% powdered boric acid for approximately one half hour. After blending together the powdered boric acid and the cotton fibers, the same powdered phenolic resin was added in an amount which created a two-to-one cellulose-to-phenolic resin mixture. The mixture was then molded into substrates as described in Example 1.
Another set of substrates was formed without adding of boric acid prior to curing of the resin. After curing the resin to form the precursor sheet, boric acid was added to the precursor sheet. The boric acid was added using a solvent impregnation scheme with methanol as the solvent for boric acid. Substrates having three different loadings of boric acid were prepared.
Table II compares the physical characteristics of substrates receiving boric acid before the resin cure and substrates receiving boric acid after the resin cure.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ Electrical H3 BO3 Resistivity Additive in Bulk Thermal at 100 ASFH3 BO3 Mixture Density Conductivity and 100 psi % Weight % VolumeAddition (by weight) (g/cc) (Btu/hr Ft °F.) (mv/mil × 102) Loss Change__________________________________________________________________________ Before 3.1% 0.45 2.0 .75 58 45 Resin Cure After 2.0% 0.50 0.4 2.30 61 56 Resin Cure After 4.9% 0.52 0.4 1.75 59 55 Resin Cure After 15.4% 0.57 1.1 1.35 62 57 Resin Cure__________________________________________________________________________
This data makes clear that adding boric acid prior to curing the resin results in significantly better thermal and electrical conductivities than adding boric acid curing after the resin. Nevertheless, adding boric acid after the resin cure did improve both thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity.
It is believed that mixing the boric acid with both the uncured phenolic resin and the cotton fibers allows the boric acid more evenly disperse in the resin and allows the boric acid to more evenly coat the cellulose fiber. If the resin is cured prior to adding the boric acid, the resin phase in the preformed sheet may coat the fiber and thus block access of the boric acid to the fiber. In addition, the boric acid does not easily disperse through the resin once the resin has fused and thermoset in its low surface are phase.
Further experiments were made to determine the effect on thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of carbonizing the chopped cotton fibers (in this case, cotton flock) prior to mixing the cotton fibers with the uncured resin and with the uncured resin and the additive.
In experiment 1, uncarbonized cotton fibers were mixed with phenolic resin in a two-to-one ratio with no additive and molded, thermoset, carbonized, and graphitized as set forth in Example 1.
In parallel experiments 2, 3 and 4, the same type of cotton fibers were carbonized by heating the fibers in an inert atmosphere (in particular, a nitrogen atmosphere) to eighteen hundred degrees Fahrenheit (1800° F.) at a rate of eight degrees Fahrenheit per hour (8° F./hr.). The carbon yield of the fibers was twenty-three percent by weight of the starting fibers. In the parallel experiments, these carbonized fibers were mixed with phenolic resin in a ratio of two-to-one with no additives (experiment 2), with an amount of boric acid which was 3.1% by weight of the total mixture (experiment 3), and with an amount of boric acid and silicic acid in which the boric acid was five percent by weight of the total mixture and the silicic acid was one percent by weight of the total mixture (experiment 4).
The mixtures of cotton fibers, uncured phenolic resin and additive compounds as appropriate were molded into substrates and thermoset as set forth in Example 1. The mixtures were then carbonized and graphitized as set forth in Example 1. Table III compares the physical characteristics of the four substrates.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________ Electrical Fiber Mixed ResistivityAdditive in With Bulk Thermal at 100 ASFMixture Uncured Density Conductivity and 100 psi % Weight % Volume(by weight) Resin (g/cc) (Btu/hr Ft °F.) (mv/mil × 102) Loss Change__________________________________________________________________________ None Uncarbonized 0.46 0.85 1.74 69 58 Cotton None Carbonized 0.46 2.30 1.00 27 10 Cotton 3.1% Carbonized 0.45 2.75 0.60 27 9 H3 BO3 Cotton 5% H3 BO3, Carbonized 0.40 3.2 0.50 43 21 1% H2 SiO3 Cotton__________________________________________________________________________
Experiments 1 and 2 make clear for precursor sheets made with no additives and from uncarbonized and carbonized cotton that carbonizing the cotton fiber prior to forming the precursor sheet structure (and, of course, prior to curing the carbonizable resin) improve the thermal conductivity and the electrical resistivity of the substrate.
As shown by experiment 3, adding 3.1% by weight boric acid to the carbonized cotton further improves thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity. Thus, carbonizing the cotton fibers prior to forming the sheet structure improved the thermal conductivity and electrical resisitivity whether or not the boric acid additive was present. But, carbonizing the cotton and mixing the carbonized cotton with uncured resin and boric acid is superior to mixing uncarbonized cotton with uncured resin and boric acid as shown by comparing this experiment and experiment 2 of Example 1 where uncarbonized cotton and boric acid was used to form the substrate.
Surprisingly, adding an amount of boric acid and silicic acid in an amount of about 20% by weight of the boric acid further increased thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity as shown by the fourth experiment of Example 3. It is thought that the silicic acid should be present in an amount which is about twenty percent by weight of the boric acid, with the preferred range being fifteen to twenty-five percent by weight of the amount of boric acid.
Using cellulose fibers and carbonized cellulose fibers had another surprising effect. In the past, the pore size of electrolyte resevoir layers, typically made from graphite powder, was controlled by controlling the particle size of the graphite powder and other organic additives. It was not thought possible to significantly vary the pore size of a substrate made from cotton, since cotton has a relatively constant and narrow fiber diameter range. The experiments set forth above demonstrated that the mean pore size of the substrates made from the uncarbonized cotton fiber mixed with the uncured resin was 15.5 microns versus a mean pore size of 10.1 microns for substrates made from carbonized cotton. Accordingly, the sequence of processing the cotton fiber into a substrate affects the mean pore size of the finished substrate and provides another variable for achieving the desired pore size. It is thought that mixing cotton fibers with carbonized fibers will permit varying the mean pore size between the mean pore size for the uncarbonized cotton and the mean pore size for the carbonized cotton.
Substrates for a two inch by two inch fuel cell test were prepared by carbonizing cotton flock, then dry blending the carbonized fiber with 3.1% boric acid and subsequently mixing the fiber and boric acid with phenolic resin as set forth in Example 3. After the mix was molded into a hand sheet (four inch by four inch sheet) the precursor sheet structure was heated in air to a temperature of three hundred and twenty-five degrees Fahrenheit (325° F.) to thermoset the resin. The precursor sheet structure was then heated to carbonize and then graphitize the sheet structure as set forth in Example 1. These parts were ribbed following carbonization and graphitization in a manner as set forth in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,627 entitled "Electrochemical Cell Comprising Ribbed Electrode Substrate", issued to Christner and Nagel and U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,642 entitled "Method of Forming Densified Edge Seals for Fuel Cell Components", issued to DeCasperis, Roethlein, and Breault, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. The substrates were catalyzed to serve as electrodes in the two inch by two inch fuel cell. The anode of the cell contained 0.25 milligrams of platinum per square centimeter, a ten percent by weight platinum -Vulcan catalyst, a teflon content of fifty weight percent, and a 1 mil thick silicon carbide matrix. The cathode contained one half of a milligram per square centimeter of a platinum alloy catalyst, a teflon content of thirty-five percent by weight, and a 1 mil thick silicon carbide matrix. The performance of this fuel cell was 0.671 millivolts at 200 amps per square foot and 720 hours on a standard hydrogen fuel and air. Performance of this cell is compared to a typical cell whose substrates were made by a similar method from pitch based carbon fibers and the same phenolic resin. These results are set forth in Table IV. The fuel cell electrolyte was 100% phosphoric acid, operating pressure was 14.7 psia. The standard hydrogen fuel was 70% hydrogen, 1% carbon monoxide and the balance carbon dioxide by volume percent.
A comparison of physical properties for the precarbonized, boric acid treated cellulose substrate and pitch based fiber substrate is shown in Table V.
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________ Cell Voltage Internal mv × 103 at Resistance Gain Air Limiting O2 H2Material 200 ASF (mV/cell) O2 Gain Current Util. Util.__________________________________________________________________________Pre-Carbonized 671 @ 720 hrs. 12 MV 77 @ 88 hrs. 1985 @ 96 hrs. 50% 85%Boric AcidTreated Cotton(Thin Matrix)Pitch Fiber 675 @ 682 hrs. 12 MV 79 @ 123 hrs. 1798 @ 176 hrs. 50% 85%Substrate(Thin Matrix)__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________ Electrical Resistivity Bulk Thermal at 100 ASF Corrosion Density Conductivity and 100 psi % Weight % Volume PotentialSample (g/cc) (Btu/hr Ft °F.) (mv/mil × 102) Loss Change (mv)__________________________________________________________________________ Pre-Carbonized 0.50 2.7 0.6 23 14 1140 H3 BO3 Treated Cotton Flock Substrate Pitch Based Carbon 0.50 2.2 0.7 20 15 1170 Fiber Substrate__________________________________________________________________________
Clearly, the precarbonized cotton flock with boric acid gives at least equivalent performance to the pitch base fiber substrate and yet has the advantages of using cotton for the precursor material as discussed above.
Substrates manufactured from pitch based fibers and pan based fibers differ in appearance from substrates manufactured from cellulose fibers, such as cotton fibers and wood fibers. The cellulose and wood fibers are annular structures which when detached from the living plant will almost completely collapse to nearly retangular structures. Photomicrographs of substrates show the carbonized fibers to have a nominal width to thickness ratio which is greater than 3.0 for cotton and greater than 8.0 for wood. As will be realized under some conditions, a portion of the fiber may not collapse, but this will not change the overall appearance of the substrate in photomicrograph as being made of convoluted, ribbon-like fibers.
In contrast, pitch based fibers are solid, are intertwined and present the appearance of twisted and bent cylinders. The pitch based and pan based fibers also have a shinier appearance than the more dull cellulose based fibers. Thus, substrates which are made from pitch and pan based fibers are readily differentiated in appearance from those made from cellulose fibers.
The bulk density for substrates, like most electrolyte reservoir layers, ranges between about 0.25 grams and 0.65 grams per cubic centimeter to insure that an adequate porosity exists within the layer. Thus, as more permeable substrates become desirable, the bulk density will decrease.
As shown in FIG. 2, which is a graphical representation of resistivity versus bulk density for substrates made from pitch and pan based fibers and substrates made from carbonized cellulose fibers, the electrical resistivity of pitch and pan based fibers increases as bulk density decreases. Suprisingly, the electrical resistivity of cellulose fibers either decreases or is independent of bulk density. As a result, the resistivity for cellulose precursor fibers treated with inorganic compounds or boron and oxygen, such as boric acid, will become even less as the porosity increases (and the bulk density decreases). Thus, in components having a bulk density which is less than 0.55 grams per cubic centimeter, the reservoir layer will have an electrical resistivity which is less than six thousandths of a millivolts per mil (0.6×10-2 mV/mil).
In parallel experiments to those made in Example 3, cotton fibers were carbonized to determine the carbon yield. Typically, the carbon yield of cotton fibers is low in comparison to pitch base fibers. Typical yields are twenty to twenty-five percent by weight of the starting fiber for cotton carbonized to eighteen hundred an fifty degrees Fahrenheit (1850° F.) at a rate of eight degrees Fahrenheit per hour (commonly called the ramp rate, 8° F./hr.). This ramp rate is not practical for large scale production using continuous commercial furnaces. For economical operation, ramp rates of greater than a hundred degrees Fahrenheit (100° F.) and in the range of a hundred about one-hundred to four hundred degrees Fahrenheit per minute are required to maintain reasonable equipment size. The carbon yield for cotton fibers carbonized at a hundred-twenty degrees Fahrenheit per minute (120° F./min.) to eighteen hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit (1,850° F.) ranges from seven to fifteen percent depending on which cotton fiber is used. This reduced carbon yield is not acceptable for large scale production.
During a series of parallel experiments, the carbon yield at high ramp rates (one hundred to one hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit per minute) was significantly improved by mixing boric acid (powder-up about to fifteen percent by weight of the fibers) with the fibers prior to heating the fibers in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. No other particular steps were taken to treat the as received cellulose fibers.
In a second experiment, another portion of the as received fibers were impregnated with a flame retardant having an organic boron and oxygen compound base (boric acid) through the use of an aqueous-based composition. Aqueous-based composition suited for application to cellulose substrates are generally multi-component compositions comprising a surfactant, a moistening agent and combinations of various soluble salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfamate, borax, and of course, boric acid. One aqueous-based flame retardant containing boric acid and known to be effective is Kelsul-FR-502 available from Kelsul, Inc., 3205 Foxgrove Lane, Chesapeake, Va.
Table VI summarizes the results of carbon yields at two different ramp rates to eighteen hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit for untreated cotton fiber (experiment 1), cotton fiber treated with boric acid in powder form (about ten percent by weight of the cotton fibers), and cotton fiber treated with a flame retardant such as Kelsul-FR-502 which was also present in an amount of about ten percent by weight of the cellulose fibers.
TABLE VI______________________________________ Carbon Yield at Carbon Yield at 120° F./minute at 8° F./hr.Sample to 1850° F. to 1850° F.______________________________________Untreated 14% 21%-23%Cotton FiberBoric Acid 21% 23%TreatedCotton FiberBoric Acid, Base Flame 30% 32%Retardant TreatedCotton Fiber(Kelsul FR-502)______________________________________
As shown, the carbon yield for the boric acid treated fibers at the high ramp rate is nearly the same as or greater than the carbon yield at the low ramp rate. The carbon yield for the treated fibers is increased in comparison to the carbon yield for untreated cotton fibers in both cases at both ramp rates most importantly, the carbon yield at the high ramp rate is at least equal to the carbon yield at the low ramp rate for the untreated fiber. This allows rapid heating of the carbon fiber in the critical region between four hundred degrees Fahrenheit and one thousand degrees Fahrenheit when most of the volatiles are driven off from the cellulose fiber at average rates during this period which may range betwee one hundred degrees of Fahrenheit per minute and two hundred degrees Fahrenheit per minute (and even greater) with satisfactory carbon yields.
It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments shown and described herein, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this novel concept as defined by the following claims.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|17 Feb 1969
|26 Oct 1971
|Tatabanyai Aluminiumkoho
|Process for increasing the strength and electrical conductivity of graphite or carbon articles and/or for bonding such articles to each other to ceramic articles or to metals
|3 Oct 1969
|1 Feb 1972
|Nitto Boseki Co Ltd
|Process for carbonized cellulose fiber or the products thereof
|18 Dic 1968
|14 Mar 1972
|Allied Chem
|Preparation of carbon paper
|22 Oct 1970
|10 Abr 1973
|Nippon Oil Seal Ind Co Ltd
|Method of producing silicon carbide articles having thin layer construction
|15 Jul 1974
|9 Ago 1977
|Great Lakes Carbon Corporation
|Method for the manufacture of carbon-carbon composites
|2 Feb 1976
|20 Dic 1977
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fibrillar carbon fuel cell electrode substrates and method of manufacture
|1 Sep 1976
|20 Dic 1977
|United Technologies Corporation
|Electrolyte reservoir for a fuel cell
|3 Oct 1975
|10 Ene 1978
|Ford Motor Company
|Method of forming a silicon carbide article
|15 Dic 1975
|21 Mar 1978
|United Technologies Corporation
|Porous carbon fuel cell substrates and method of manufacture
|15 Ago 1977
|19 Sep 1978
|United Technologies Corporation
|Method for fabricating a carbon electrode substrate
|15 Ago 1977
|21 Ago 1979
|United Technologies Corporation
|Method for fabricating a ribbed electrode substrate
|23 Dic 1977
|6 Nov 1979
|United Technologies Corporation
|Process for forming a fuel cell matrix
|28 Jun 1978
|22 Ene 1980
|United Technologies Corporation
|Screen printing method for making an electrochemical cell electrode
|11 Sep 1978
|22 Ene 1980
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel cell electrolyte reservoir layer and method for making
|30 Jul 1979
|26 Ago 1980
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel cell electrolyte reservoir layer and method for making
|6 Jul 1978
|7 Oct 1980
|Aisin Chemical Company, Limited
|Method of manufacturing a clutch facing of the type used for automotive automatic transmissions
|29 Oct 1979
|11 Nov 1980
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel cell cooler assembly and edge seal means therefor
|29 Oct 1979
|13 Ene 1981
|United Technologies Corporation
|Porous coolant tube holder for fuel cell stack
|22 Dic 1978
|31 Mar 1981
|United Technologies Corporation
|High pressure-low porosity wet seal
|29 Oct 1979
|26 May 1981
|United Technologies Corporation
|Method of forming densified edge seals for fuel cell components
|20 Feb 1980
|21 Jul 1981
|Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
|Electrochemical cell including ribbed electrode substrates
|28 Jun 1978
|1 Sep 1981
|United Technologies Corporation
|Dry floc method for making an electrochemical cell electrode
|6 Nov 1980
|2 Feb 1982
|United Technologies Corporation
|Dry method for making an electrochemical cell electrode
|8 Jun 1981
|23 Nov 1982
|United Technologies Corporation
|Method for making improved separator plates for electrochemical cells
|27 Jul 1981
|21 Dic 1982
|United Technologies Corporation
|Densified edge seals for fuel cell components
|29 Sep 1981
|22 Feb 1983
|United Technologies Corporation
|Ribbed electrode substrates
|11 Sep 1980
|8 Mar 1983
|Great Lakes Carbon Corporation
|Titanium diboride-graphite composits
|2 Feb 1982
|2 Ago 1983
|W. R. Grace & Co.
|Solid electrolyte sheet
|22 Jun 1979
|11 Oct 1983
|Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.
|Process for producing activated fibrous carbon
|29 Sep 1981
|17 Ene 1984
|United Technologies Corporation
|Process for fabricating ribbed electrode substrates and other articles
|5 Abr 1984
|26 Mar 1985
|General Electric Company
|Bubble pressure barrier and electrode composite
|6 Dic 1982
|31 Ago 1983
|Electric Power Research Institute, Inc
|Low temperature preparation of graphitized carbons using boron and silicon
|30 May 1984
|12 Dic 1984
|Great Lakes Carbon Corporation
|Method of manufacturing thin carbon products
|1 Jun 1984
|4 Dic 1985
|Oji Paper Company Limited
|Process for preparation of porous carbon plates
|Título no disponible
|Título no disponible
|Título no disponible
|Título no disponible
|Modern Pulp and Paper Making, by John B. Calkin, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1957, pp. 312 and 313.
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|16 Jun 1998
|6 Mar 2001
|International Fuel Cells Corporation
|Method of using a water transport plate
|23 Jul 1999
|19 Jun 2001
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Composite bipolar plate for electrochemical cells
|21 Ene 2002
|2 Jun 2009
|Atraverda Limited
|Pore free electrode formed of conductive titanium suboxide particles and hardened thermoset resin
|17 Ago 2010
|Korea Institute Of Energy Research
|Catalyst support using cellulose fibers, preparation method thereof, supported catalyst comprising nano-metal catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes directly grown on surface of the catalyst support, and method of preparing the supported catalyst
|31 May 2006
|25 Oct 2011
|Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd.
|Mesoporous carbon including heteroatom, manufacturing method thereof, and fuel cell using the mesoporous carbon
|17 Jul 2012
|Korea Institue of Energy Research
|Method of manufacturing cellulose electrode for fuel cells, cellulose electrode manufactured thereby, and use of cellulose fibers as fuel cell electrodes
|16 Jul 2003
|29 Ene 2004
|Kelley Ronald J.
|Means for measuring the liquid level in a reservoir for a fuel cell
|21 Ene 2002
|15 Abr 2004
|Partington Thomas John
|Electrode for a battery
|31 May 2006
|31 May 2007
|Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd
|Mesoporous carbon including heteroatom, manufacturing method thereof, and fuel cell using the mesoporous carbon
|9 Sep 2008
|12 Mar 2009
|Korea Institute Of Energy Research
|Method of manufacturing cellulose electrode for fuel cells, cellulose electrode manufactured thereby, and use of cellulose fibers as fuel cell electrodes
|2 Jul 2008
|9 Jul 2009
|Korea Institute Of Energy Research
|Catalyst support using cellulose fibers, preparation method thereof, supported catalyst comprising nano-metal catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes directly grown on surface of the catalyst support, and method of preparing the supported catalyst
|28 Abr 2009
|20 Ago 2009
|Atraverda Limited
|Electrode for a battery
|27 Mar 2009
|10 Sep 2009
|Bennett Steven L
|Low-Swelling Biocompatible Hydrogels
|6 Mar 2003
|17 Oct 2006
|Utc Fuel Cells, Llc
|Method of using a water transport plate
|12 Oct 2004
|20 Abr 2005
|Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.
|Carbon-based shaped part, its process of manufacture and its use
|10 Sep 2008
|18 Mar 2009
|Korea Institute of Energy Research
|Method of manufacturing cellulose electrode for fuel cells using direct growth of carbon nanotubes and chemical vapor deposition for supporting of platinum nano-catalyst, cellulose electrode manufactured thereby, and use of cellulose fibers as fuel cell electrodes
|4 Jul 2008
|8 Jul 2009
|Korea Institute of Energy Research
|Catalyst support using cellulose fibers, preparation method thereof, supported catalyst comprising nano-metal catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes directly grown on surface of the catalyst support and method of preparing the supported catalyst
|16 Jun 1999
|23 Dic 1999
|International Fuel Cells Corporation
|Water transport plate and method of using same
|22 Oct 1999
|4 May 2000
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Composite bipolar plate for electrochemical cells
|14 Oct 2004
|28 Abr 2005
|Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.
|Carbon-based moulded part, method for the production and use thereof
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|423/448, 423/447.9, 264/29.7, 264/29.5, 264/29.6, 429/530, 429/532
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|17 Jul 1985
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL FUEL CELLS CORPORATION, SOUTH WINDSO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GORMAN, MICHAEL E.;BREAULT, RICHARD D.;DONAHUE, JOHN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004433/0513
Effective date: 19850715
|9 Dic 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|14 Feb 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|17 Abr 1998
|Surcharge for late payment
|17 Abr 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|22 Ene 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|3 Jul 2002
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|27 Ago 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20020703


text:
Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
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Below are current clinical trials.
Filter this list of studies by location, status and more.
Rochester, Minn.
Describes the nature of a clinical study. Types include:
During the early phases (phases 1 and 2), researchers assess safety, side effects, optimal dosages and risks/benefits. In the later phase (phase 3), researchers study whether the treatment works better than the current standard therapy. They also compare the safety of the new treatment with that of current treatments. Phase 3 trials include large numbers of people to make sure that the result is valid. There are also less common very early (phase 0) and later (phase 4) phases. Phase 0 trials are small trials that help researchers decide if a new agent should be tested in a phase 1 trial. Phase 4 trials look at long-term safety and effectiveness, after a new treatment has been approved and is on the market.
This randomized phase III trial studies caspofungin acetate to see how it works compared to fluconazole in preventing invasive fungal infections in patients with acute myeloid leukemia who are undergoing chemotherapy. Caspofungin acetate or fluconazole may help prevent fungal infections caused by chemotherapy. It is not yet known whether fluconazole is more effective than caspofungin acetate in preventing fungal infections in patients with acute myeloid leukemia who are undergoing chemotherapy.
Study statuses change often. Please contact us for help.
Open for enrollment
The purpose of the Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry is to gather and maintain data on all patients with the disease so that current and accurate data can be provided to researchers and clinicians regarding practice patterns, age and gender distributions, clinical outcomes, mortality and morbidity rates, and so that epidemiologic research can be performed.
Contact us for the latest status
This phase III trial studies the side effects and how well risk-based therapy works in treating younger patients with newly diagnosed liver cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy drugs (cancer fighting medicines), and when necessary liver transplant are the main current treatments for hepatoblastoma. The stage of the cancer is one factor used to decide the best treatment. Treating patients according to the risk group they are in may help get rid of the cancer, keep it from coming back, and decrease the side effects of chemotherapy.
To compare the effect of prophylactic oral or enteric apixaban versus no administration of systemic prophylactic anticoagulant during induction chemotherapy, on the composite endpoint of adjudicated non-fatal deep vein thrombosis (DVT, including asymptomatic and symptomatic), pulmonary embolism (PE), and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CSVT); and venous thrombosis (VTE) -related-death during 25-28 days of open-label treatment in pediatric subjects (1 to < 18 years) with newly diagnosed ALL or lymphoma (T or B cell), a functioning Central Venous Access Device (CVAD) and receiving pegylated L-asparaginase during chemotherapy induction. Also to assess the effect of prophylactic oral or enteric apixaban versus no administration of systemic prophylactic anticoagulant during induction chemotherapy, on adjudicated major bleeding events during 25-28 days of open-label treatment.
In childhood nephrotic syndrome, the kidneys leak protein, causing body swelling and a variety of possible complications such as infection, blood clots, and kidney failure. The first-line treatment for nephrotic syndrome is corticosteroids. Many children respond to prednisone treatment, but the disease comes back (relapses) when the prednisone is stopped or the dose is reduced. Children with frequently relapsing or steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome are at risk for toxicity from frequent exposure to corticosteroids. Currently, the standard treatment for frequently relapsing and steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome involves a variety of medications that suppress the immune system, which can produce serious side effects. We propose a study to examine the effects of a different medication, ACTH, on nephrotic syndrome. ACTH is a hormone naturally found in the body. Recently, in adult studies, ACTH has been shown to be effective for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. It has also been shown to have mild and reversible side effects. ACTH is potentially an attractive therapeutic alternative for the treatment of frequently relapsing and steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome in children. Our study will randomly assign patients with frequently relapsing or steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome to either ACTH treatment or no treatment. This will allow us to study the effects of ACTH on this disease and its side effects, by comparing how patients do on ACTH treatment versus no treatment. We hypothesize that ACTH gel is superior to no treatment in maintaining remission in children with frequently relapsing or steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome.
The purpose of this study is to learn if children with social anxiety disorder find a therapeutic video game fun and helpful.
This is a Phase I study to determine the safety and feasibility of injections of autologous umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells into the right ventricle of HLHS children undergoing a scheduled Glenn surgical procedure.
The investigators are doing this research study to find out if autologous stem cells from the individual's own umbilical cord blood can be used to strengthen the muscle of the right side of their heart. This will help determine the safety and feasibility of using cell-based regenerative therapy as an additional treatment for the management of HLHS.
This randomized phase III trial compares how well combination chemotherapy works when given with or without bortezomib in treating patients with newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or stage II-IV T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Bortezomib may help reduce the number of leukemia or lymphoma cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. It may also help chemotherapy work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to the drugs. It is not yet known if giving standard chemotherapy with or without bortezomib is more effective in treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma.
This randomized phase III trial studies how well caspofungin acetate works compared to fluconazole or voriconazole in preventing fungal infections in patients following donor stem cell transplant. Caspofungin acetate, fluconazole, and voriconazole may be effective in preventing fungal infections in patients following donor stem cell transplant. It is not yet known whether caspofungin acetate is more effective than fluconazole or voriconazole in preventing fungal infections in patients following donor stem cell transplant.
Austin, Minn., Rochester, Minn.
The overall goal of this investigator-initiated trial is to evaluate the impact of platform algorithm products designed to rapidly identify pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) genomic variation on treatment outcome of depression in adolescents. This new technology may have the potential to optimize treatment selection by improving response, minimizing unfavorable adverse events / side effects and increasing treatment adherence
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hire Stilt Walkers in Columbus, GA
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You can crochet by winding loops of yarn around a crochet hook, creating little knots that form patterns and — eventually — blankets, pillow covers, doilies, or hot pads.
If your brother wants to make an afghan out of rainbow-colored yarn, he should learn how to crochet, or to make textiles by looping yarn with a special hook. Crocheting is similar to knitting, but people who crochet use a different tool. The word crochet comes from French and is therefore pronounced "crow shay." The root word is croc, or "hook."
Definitions of crochet
n needlework done by interlocking looped stitches with a hooked needle
- Synonyms:
- crocheting
- Type of:
needlecraft, needlework
a creation created or assembled by needle and thread
v make a piece of needlework by interlocking and looping thread with a hooked needle
"She sat there crocheting all day"
- Synonyms:
- hook
- Type of:
intertwine, loop
make a loop in
v create by looping or crocheting
"crochet a bedspread"
- Synonyms:
make a piece of needlework by interlocking and looping thread with a hooked needle
- Types:
shell stitch
make by shell stitching
double crochet, double stitch
make by double stitching
single crochet, single stitch
make by single stitching
- Type of:
create from raw material, create from raw stuff
make from scratch


text:
Career Management Center (CMC)
Featured Event
Federal Government & Non-Profit Organization Career Fair
The Federal Government & Non-Profit Career Fair - November 12, 2015, 10:00am - 2:00pm
Explore career opportunities in government and in non-profit agencies by attending the Federal Government & Non-Profit Job Fair.
Career Fairs sponsored by Rowan University require that you dress as if you're going to an interview. Job candidates who are not dressed professionally will not be admitted to the career fair.
Participating Employers (as of October 30, 2015)Bancroft
Center For Family Services
Cherry Hill Police Department
City Year
Cooper's Ferry Partnership
Cumberland Cape Atlantic YMCA
Federal Aviation Administration
New Jersey Courts Judiciary Administrative Office of the Courts
Office of Equal Employment Opportunity and Diversity DLA Troop
Peace Corps
Pennsylvania State Police
Philadelphia Police
Third Legislative District of New Jersey
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. General Services Administration
Office of U.S. Senator Cory A. Booker
Office of U.S. Senator Robert Menendez
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
United States Secret Service
Vicinage XV Judiciary
For more information, please contact the Career Management Center at (856) 256.4456.


text:
Manchester United Message Board
A Yahoo! User Sep 3, 2007 00:58 Flag
VILLA skinned Chavski....
....and about time too as they weak team cannot continue to rode their luck and be stealing 3 points from other hardworking team in the EPL.
Next on the line is United.....Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
A Yahoo! User Sep 3, 2007 02:50 Flag
and frankly
2-1 against fulham home
1-1 vs blackburn away
1-0 vs man city home
3-1 vs portsmouth home
i don't call that amazing football..
- 1 Reply to A Yahoo! User
A Yahoo! User Sep 3, 2007 03:43 Flag
and frankly
man utd 0 reading 0
portsmouth 1 man utd 1
man city 1 man utd 0
man utd 1 spurs 0
man utd1 sunderland 0
i don't call that amazing football as well.
A Yahoo! User Sep 3, 2007 02:41 Flag
that's exactly my point, we didn't say they were crap nor lucky, yes they played well but average..definitly not champions material,you're comparing teams after 5 matches..if you want stats wait till the end of the season to see that the table doesnt lie..it's not because united or chelsea are bad for one month that they're necessarily out of it or worse than arsenal this year..every bloody weekend its the same thing, if one team does well, oh they're out of the race, if another does great oh they're far superior..it just doesnt make sense..so get wet and excited all you want muppets at the end of the day with the high quality in teams such a mutd,cfc,lfc things will fall back in to place..and anyways we'll just have to wait until arsenal plays one of the big three to see the results ..
Yes, congratulations to the villans... However with United losing also and Francenel being lucky with their first few games.
It comes down to the conclusion that Liverpool are the front runners at the bookies.
Can Liverpools new signings and the rest of their team come to terms with the HARD labour and EXPERIENCE of winning the title?
Although It's been an outstanding start to the pools season and their fans are obviously saying the title is theirs, "cough".
I think that this is going to be one of the, if not the best title run in's ever in the history of our great league.
BUT, I also think that the cream will finally rise to the top and UNITED's cat will be licking his lips at the end of it!
Good luck to everyone, and can't wait for the United vs Pool game at OT!
IT looks like It's going down to the top four's games with eachother. Bring it on!
- 1 Reply to Jesper
A Yahoo! User Sep 3, 2007 01:21 Flag
"Francenel being lucky with their first few games." WHAT planet are you from ? I believe you're from PLANET COO-CUCKO!!!!
Arsenal are the best team in the country right now creativity-wise and not even Liverpool come close and that's a FACT, check the current opta statistics, the stats are there for you to read deeemacer.....a creative team have numerous chances to score and thanks AFC are doing that this season.......go and check the stats and stop deceiving yourself with the above comments
A Yahoo! User Sep 3, 2007 01:03 Flag
error above, should read; this weak team
- 1 Reply to A Yahoo! User
Yeah, thank God the luck is not on Chelsea this time.They had run away so much time with lucky goal and lucky decision from referee.
Sometimes you just need the points belong to the work hard team,then you can say JUSTICE !!!


text:
10 Steps to Pick the Right Doctor
Whether you need a primary care doctor or a specialist, these 10 steps will ensure you find the right doctor for you. View Slideshow
Dr. Bellow's Experience
- Pediatrics
Board Certifications
- Pediatrics
Procedures Dr. Bellow Performs
Dr. Bellow does not have any procedures listed. If you are Dr. Bellow and would like to add procedures you perform, please update your free profile.
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Background Check for Dr. Bellow
Malpractice Claims not available
- Healthgrades does not collect malpractice information for Michigan.
- No sanctions history found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
0 Board Actions
- No board actions found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
Awards & Recognitions
Education & Training
Medical School
- Mi State Univ Coll Human Med
- Graduated in 2000
Residency Hospital
- Mi State University College Human Med
Languages Spoken by Dr. Bellow & Staff
- English


text:
quote: The point all of you seemed to miss is the above calculation itself is incorrect. This BD writer doesn't have a 25GB capacity. It has 25GB per disk.
quote: by kattanna on July 26, 2006 at 1:56 PM
so i walk into best buy the other day and they have an HD-DVD player playing on a HD sony tv...the irony was obviously lost on the people putting it together..
but a war?
lets see..the display area had a HD-DVD player, $499, actually running with a selection of about 20? movies. next to it was the BR-DVD which was listed at $999 and was a card board sign saying coming soon with no movies present.
hardly a "war" LOL
quote: hardly a "war" LOL


text:
Start a Fundraiser
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Help Olivia Battle Chronic Lyme
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Olivia Evans
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Hi! It's been a while since we have given an update on Olivia. She is doing pretty good right now. As long as she doesn't stay up too late and gets plenty of rest, she can pretty much hold things together. She has pain still, but not as intense all of the time. Her biggest problem is her skin and her headaches. We are trying to get those both under control, but haven't had the best of luck.
As far as medical expenses, she still has bills we hope to someday get caught up. Her main thing we are trying to get taken care of are her braces. She needed a little more work than we had planned for so we still owe around $1000 more. We were really wishing her father would step up to the plate and pay that portion, but we can't count on that. The work is close to being done now, with only a few more months, but they won't schedule the removal of the braces until they are paid off. I am really hoping we can try to get this paid for soon. If you would like to donate towards the removal of her braces, we would be so grateful! It has been such a hard 2 years with all of the expenses of her treatment. I am trying so hard and want to get this accomplished for her.
Thank you so much! We appreciate all of the prayers, help, encouragement, and love you all have given!
Olivia getting love from Meika!
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Things have been sort of at a stand still. Olivia's insurance refuses to pay on any Lyme treatment and the cost of the IV antibiotics are too much for us. She is only on a few oral meds that are not helping at all. We are frustrated beyond belief. Watching her, as her mother, is heartbreaking. Not knowing what is in store for her health in the future is so difficult. In the mean time I am taking steps to make our home a more healthy environment. We had removed almost our entire kitchen in July do to a major mold problem. We have been slowly buying a few things at a time to work on it....we have had no kitchen sink since July, ugh! We recently tore out our extremely old and disgustingly dirty carpet from our living room. It was affecting her breathing emmensely. We need to completely strip the bathroom down to studs as the bathroom has major mold in it from the leaky roof that we had fixed in July. I feel if I can make environmental changes that should help her health somewhat.
All in all, she has good days and bad days. We take them all one step at a time. She recently did a modeling thing for a prom dress store in Des Moines. She looked beautiful! She won't be wearing these dresses to prom, but she loved wearing them for a day. Please continue to pray and if you wish to donate for her next doctor visit, we would appreciate it. Between the gas and the visit it costs about $500 and we had to miss her last visit due to lack of funds :(
Thank you all so much!
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Sick is the norm. Olivia gets through the day in pain, but with a smile on her face!
Unfortunately Olivia has to stop a medication that was very helpful because we simply cannot afford it. Between the medication and her braces we had to make a choice. She needs her braces finished and we are praying through fundraising we can end up being able to get her back on all the medication she needs. If you can help Olivia, that would be wonderful. Please share this page!
Thank you all!
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Olivia is on a whole new treatment protocol now. She is on 3 hours a day of IV infusions and oral meds as well. This new treatment is causing a bit of a relapse as it is targeting a different co-infection. It is a tough thing to be 15, try to live a "normal" teenage life all while being very sick. She puts on a good face during the day, but crashes at home. She is in a lot of pain, has severe headaches, has a fever frequently, her hair is brittle and thin, her nails peel, and she is drawn and quite frail. She will not give into this illness willingly though! She has plans, dreams, and aspirations! She sets her sights high and gives it all she has and much much more. She truly is an inspiration!
Olivia has had to have her Picc Line replaced twice this past few months, and has had other troubles with it that have required another hospital visit. We still have weekly visits from her nurse. She still has her braces and there is no projected date anytime soon for getting a them off. We have some things that are covered and some things that are not and we fall quite short because of it. If you are able to help offset any of her expenses, we would be extremely grateful. We try as hard as we can to make it through, but this illness is very difficult to make it through on our own. Thank you all for your prayers and kind thoughts!
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Olivia has been doing increasingly better every day! We are so thankful! She is still on her daily IV medications and several strong antibiotics that are very hard on her system. We go up to St. Paul MN to see her specialist at the end if October. They are long days as we leave early, spend a few hours at the doctor, and then turn around and come home in time to be back for her brother Darin when he gets out of school.
We are anxious to see if she is able to go off of a few of the meds. They will most likely give her different strong antibiotics that will focus on a different co-infection. She will continue to have the in home nurse for her Picc Line care for quite a while. She is a strong girl!!! We are thankful for the progress and pray it continues. She knows she will regress with the start of new medications, but she is seeing light at the end of the tunnel and she now has hope! Continue to pray for her and if you are able to contribute any amount for her continued treatment and care, we would greatly appreciate it. Thank you all!
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We are thankful that Olivia is doing a lot better than she was just a few months ago. She is able to work a few days a week for about 3 hours, she isn't nearly as fatigued as she previously was, she is able to do a bit more now. She has really been enjoying being at work again. She will be doing online school this year as she is not recovered enough to be in school all day, 5 days a week. She also will be getting a med change within the next month or two so that is going to make a relapse. While the new med kills off a co-infection she will have major affects from that just as she did with the start of the medication protocol that she is currently on. We are so happy to see the improvement.
We have been experiencing some issues with the insurance refusal to pay for certain things recently. Right now we are in a battle to get the home health nurse paid for. We also will have a visit to her doctor in the future again. The trips require aproximately $350.oo. I recently had to sell my car because we found mold in our kitchen and bathroom. We have completely gutted the kitchen and had the mold taken care of. Now we are working on getting everything to replace what we had to rip down. Selling my car has provided some cash to buy some of the things we need. It certainly has happened at a bad time! I am not hiring things done as that is much too expensive. I have been doing this project with my sister and my mom! My younger brother put together a sub floor and I have learned how to use some tools I never thought I would!
Life can certainly be an adventure, some period are very difficult and some can be wonderful. I just have to find joy in even the difficult times! We may not have much, but together as a family, we have have everything!
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Olivia has been having some very difficult times lately. She has had a lot of pain and discomfort. She does her best to stay hydrated and tries to eat what she can. She doesn't have much of an appetite at all, so she has become very thin and weak. We need to make another trip to her doctor in St. Paul. The trip will be costly and we need to pay the doctor up front, plus traveling expenses. Any donation is much appreciated, every little bit helps tremendously. We appreciate everyone's love and support.
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Olivia had a busy week! She went to the doctor on Tuesday and things are looking good so far! She had some slight improvements that we are very happy to see. The doctor said it is still a long road a head, but we know the medications are working! Thank you God!!!!
She had Grand this weekend, which is a for her service organization that she is a part of. She is a grand officer again this year. She has held up as best as possible. She is enjoying being with friends and doing something she would normally do so that is good, however, she has had a lot of pain that she works hard at masking when she is around people. I am sure she will be exhausted when she gets home, but she went and that is huge! This is the first thing she has been able to do in months.
She is going to be taking drivers ed soon so she will be able to get her license in April. We don't have a suitable car for her to practice driving as I had to sell my decent car a year and a half ago to get her braces, so her best friends dad said he could take her out driving to get some practice. She is so excited about driving:) I love seeing her excited about something, she has had to dealt with so much pain at such a young age and having something to look forward to is what keeps her going.
We appreciate all of your love and continued support! If you have not checked out her website yet please do:
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Summer is here! Olivia is doing her best to stay positive about the activities she is missing out on like shopping with her girls, movie nights, sleep overs, bon fires, days at the pool, and all of the typical teen life business. It makes her sad, but she is too sick to be able to attend and she understands that. Her boyfriend visits her a lot as do some of her little cousins so that usually keeps her entertained. She has had a really rough week which even included a trip to the Emergency Room in the middle of the night this week. It has been an exhausting week for her. The other issue she has is her liver enzymes have been elevated and her white count is off as well. Her doctor is monitoring that all closely. She is on so much medication it can get so scary. We know we are in for a long summer and are just trying to get through it the best we can.
She just went and had her eye exam on Friday and her new glasses should be done this afternoon hopefully. Her other ones completely broke a few weeks ago and trying to get along without any has been difficult. Her vision has become slightly worse since she has become so sick, but that is common. Please continue to pray for her. This is a very long and difficult road for such a young girl. Thank you all for your support and love!
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Olivia has had some good days that she has been able to do a few things that she really enjoyed. I took Olivia, her best friend and Darin her brother to get pedicures. That was the first major outing she has had in a while. She loved getting a little pampering with her best friend. Olivia has been having some difficulties on her medications. Her liver enzymes have been slightly elevated so her doctor is keeping a close eye on that and a few other labs. She has been having a lot of chest pain and breathing difficulties which seen to hit her at night the most. The newest problem is how dizzy she is. She is extremely dizzy all of the time. I still don't leave her home alone for her own safety once she falls. This is a lot for such a young teen to go through, but she handles it well. One day at a time :)
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To all parents: How far would you go for your child if you had to watch them beg you in tears not to give you their treatment because they were already so sick from the others (keep in mind they are like chemo?) How far would you go for your child if you watched them become pale and utterly exhausted from an outing that consisted of getting a heart monitor hooked up to her? How far would you go for your child if you had to carry her to the bathroom and to bed at age 14 and then undress and redress them? How far would you go for your child if you held her in your arms looked in her eyes listened to her tell you in slurred speech that she was in so much pain that she couldn't handle it? How far would you go for your child if you held her head in your lap, stroking her hair as she had convulsions? I would go to the ends of the earth. If you would be willing to help me in that process I would be so grateful to you. Please help my daughter
Hi, my name is Olivia Evans-Whiteside and I have late stage Chronic Lyme Disease. I am only 15 and my bills are adding up very fast. I have to see my doctor very frequently, I have several prescriptions that have been costing a lot. Many of the medications don't agree with me and it is just money down the drain. I also have to take several vitamins, supplements and some special food that I can get down. I have a Picc Line (a catheter that goes up my arm and to my heart to deliver medication straight into my heart) and I get daily IV treatments. I have an in-home nurse that visits weekly to change the dressings on my arm, check on the Picc Line, sticks my other arm to draw my blood, and monitors my health. We also have my braces that cost a lot every month as well and my insurance isn't very good so we have high co-pays. Because my dad refuses to help pay his 75% of my braces, my mom got rid of her Jeep Liberty and bought a really old junky car that doesn't run well (no wipers, bad brakes, makes noises like a dying cat) so she could put a down payment on my braces and make the payments.
I have several health problems directly related to the Chronic Lyme. I get hives almost everyday and Benedryl does nothing, I get covered in other rashes that itch so bad, I have terrible insomnia but sleep aids make me hallucinate, I am in constant pain everyday all day, some days I cannot walk, I have collapsed and my mother and brother had to carry me to my room, I get migraines almost daily, I have blurred vision, I have heart palpitations and am just starting a med for that, my chest always hurts as if bricks were dumped on my chest, I am starved for air and nothing helps it, I get confused, spaced out, I can't always get the words I need from my brain to my mouth, sometimes I don't understand simple things, my mood is up and down and I am sad a lot, I don't want to miss out on the normal things of being a teen so I push myself pretty hard and that also pays a toll on me. I haven't been able to be in school since February, I had to take a leave of absence at my job that I love so much, Dairy Queen, I can't take a simple walk for more than a block because I become too tired and my joints hurt too bad to go any further. I watch people walk by my house and it makes me so sad that I can't do any of that. Even a trip to the movie theater is difficult. I volunteer time for a service organization I am in and hold a Grand Officer position , I have played the violin for 5 years and I have been active in Speech at school.
I realize my mom is very dedicated to me and my health as well as my brothers and she is trying to finish her education so she doesn't have a lot of money for all of the things it takes to try and kill all these nasty little bacteria buggers. She has had to stay home with me because I am so sick. Since I have neurological problems she can't leave me home alone. She does everything possible for us, but since she is unable to work because of my illness it makes it very difficult on our family.
I am thankful my mom is so dedicated to me and has fought to get me all of the medical care I need. She searched high and low for the great doctor we are currently seeing. We have to travel up to St. Paul Mn to see her. We always have to borrow my grandmas car or my cousins because our car isn't road worthy to go that far.
This illness has been very emotionally, physically and mentally trying and I am doing everything I can to keep it together. Thank you so much for reading and considering. I appreciate it! XOXOXOX
4/7/2014- Well, things have really changed since I first wrote that :( I am no longer able to go to full time shcool, now I do a 12 hour a week program to keep my core classes so I don't lose those credits. I haven't been able to work at DQ in quite a while, I had to take a leave of absense which makes me really sad because I love it, I haven't been able to work at the dome, go to a Rainbow event, or pretty much even go on a walk. I am lucky if I can even walk! I started having nuerological problems. That means the Lyme is affecting my brain. I have been occassionally falling, having blurred vision, slurred speech, I sometimes have convulsions, I have days I can't walk at all and have to use a wheelchair at home. I have been having really bad brain fog too and I can feel it, I don't like that at all. I don't like feeling trapped in my house with my mom all the time.
4/13/2014- I went to prom with my sweet boyfriend Isaia and it was fantastic! We had so much fun. We had a fabulous dinner at the Water Street Grill in Waverly! My moms friend Christine at Photography by Christine did a whole fun photo shoot of us the the day before!!! We stayed out only until 11:30 because I couldn't handle any longer. I did end up in severe pain by 2:00am and my mom stayed up with me all night long, took care of me, and rubbed my back. I am still glad I went even though I had all the pain.
We have found a great Lyme Specialist who we are very happy with! The office visit is $300 for the first visit (because of a sliding scale) and $100 for follow ups. We will need $780 very soon to send off necessary lab work that insurance does not cover. Luckily my grandma drives us up because my moms car is not reliable for a trip like that at all. We also need to make some changes to our house to make it a little safer for me since I have been falling down the stairs or just unable to walk at all . My moms friends husband is going to do all of the construction work for us, but we just need to get the supplies. Currently we are trying to raise donations to support my lab work, some medications, and the construction supplies. Its not a lot of contruction supplies luckily:)
And.....TOMORROW IS MY 15th BIRTHDAY!!!!!! Going to the cardiologist for my 15th birthday,wonder if he will get me a cake. hmmmm....
Hey...check out my website! I am working on it a little more!!!
*I have it linked to my mom's facebook page since she can answer questions better, plus she knows way more people than I do.
*Please "like" our family facebook page:
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Alyssa Powers
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25 months ago
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Hi, my mom recently showed me your story. It's unfortunately way to similar to mine (even down to the picc medication tearing up your stomach and the rash you got from the bandage/dressing). I got sick when I was 12 and it took them 2ish years to finally diagnose me with Lyme. For 10 years I always had symptoms but they were tolerable. Now I am 23 and Recently my disease decided to do its own thing. Now I am back with my picc line in and all. I just recently opened up about my story as well, I know it's a pretty hard thing to do. Congrats on being strong through it all! Feel free to message me if you ever want to talk or have any questions.
Alesha Mitchell
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25 months ago
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I believe I can help you; unfortunately not financially, but I can promise you that this Doctor can give you your life back! I was told I only had two days to live, and prepared for the worst. My friend who was cured of Lupus by this Doctor called me, and I boarded the plane the next day. I was seizureing until unconciousness and I would scream from wracking pain and tearing muscles. I passed out over and over, several times daily. I could not walk by myself, my husband pushed me on my walker. My neurological symptoms caused it to be very difficult to speak. I got there on Monday, by Tuesday I was able to carry on conversations with ease. I on Wednesday, no longer needed assistance with my walker, on Thursday I was able to use the cane that my twin sister gave to me in her will when she passed away from Lyme disease. She was 30 and left a little boy w/o a mommy. :( By Friday I no longer needed a walker, or a cane, my children thought that there was a possibility I would not return home at all, and I was able to come home and on the sixth day ride bicycles with my children for the first time in their lives! (They are 12 and 10) So many times my husband has been told that my case was hopeless, he did not believe in homeopathic's at all! But now, he told me that he would rather live in a cardboard box then have lack of funds get in the way of me returning to Dr. Calzada! My phone number is 801-669-3801, I love to make new friends! It brings me so much joy to know that my story and the death of my sister could touch others! Please.... If you would like a friend to listen who understands I would LOVE to be there! I CAN ASSURE YOU THAT THERE IS HOPE, THIS MAN IS MIRACULOUS, BRILLIANT, AND humble.... I am here for you, if you need "anything". I have had late stage Lyme for 16 years.
Susan Evans
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27 months ago
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I went with today and came home exhausted. All I did was sit in the waiting room, Olivia had the tough part. We arrived at the hospital at 12:oo, a half hour early due to a storm. The drive it self was tiring, terrible driving conditions! We got back home about 4:30, so yeah, long day. Olivia, you will probably be extremely tired today and maybe tomorrow, rest as much as you can. I love and am praying for your recovery!
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Margie Wass
15 months ago
Keep fighting. You can beat it.
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Marilyn & Margie aunts
17 months ago
Please Livi, don't give up hope. It may take a very long time but if you stick with it the treatment will likely work and you will feel better than you could imagine today. Don't give up on yourself ever. Never. We love you, we always will.
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Marilyn Lehman
20 months ago (Monthly Donation)
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Marilyn Lehman
21 months ago (Monthly Donation)
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Marilyn Lehman
22 months ago (Monthly Donation)
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Marilyn Lehman
23 months ago (Monthly Donation)
Praying for you Livi.. Auntie M
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Margie Wass
23 months ago
You're doing great Olivia. Keep your spirits high and laugh and have fun whenever possible. They do say Laughter is the best medicine you know. Your Aunt Margie
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marilyn lampe
24 months ago
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24 months ago
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Nichole Ashlock
25 months ago
Thanks for those who purchased washcloth bunnies to raise this money! Special thanks to Renewed Purpose who displayed these for me!
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text:
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Mark A. Bishop, 49, died Tuesday, July 22, 2014 in Indianapolis. He was a resident of Indianapolis.
Survivors include his parents, Richard A. and Dorothy A. (Ford) Bishop of Indianapolis; wife, Kellie (Burton) Bishop of Cloverdale; two sisters, Robyn (Rusty) Platt and Lori (William) Mathews, both of Greenwood; four children; and two grandchildren.
A funeral service will be conducted at 11 a.m. Friday at Jessen Funeral Home, Whiteland Chapel, 729 N. U.S. 31. Visitation will be 4 to 8 p.m. Thursday at the funeral home. Burial will be at Forest Lawn Memory Gardens in Greenwood.
Memorial contributions may be made to Mark A. Bishop Scholarship Fund, Progress House, 201 Shelby St., Indianapolis, IN 46203.
All content copyright ©2016 Daily Journal, a publication of AIM Media Indiana unless otherwise noted.
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John & Jen [1]
Spanning the years 1950-1990, John & Jen follows the lives of a brother and sister who develop a strong relationship after enduring life with their abusive father. After Jen (played by Megan Van De Hay) goes to college and John (Casey Andree) joins the Navy, distance and contrasting interests cause the siblings' friendship to fade. The dramatic musical explores the complexities of life, family, and friendship. Fri-Sat 7:30 p.m.; Sun 6:30 p.m.
Event Category:
- Performing Arts [5]