text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|3 Apr 2001
|Filing date
|11 Mar 1999
|Priority date
|3 Mar 1998
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|Thomas Schedel-Niedrig, Axel Knop-Gericke, Michael Havecker
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|Patent Citations (1), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (7), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to an apparatus for investigating the reactants involved in a reaction between a gas and a solid by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The invention is also concerned with an XAS-method for investigating gas-solid reactions in situ using this apparatus.
For the investigation of gas-solid reactions and their reaction products it is frequently necessary to use spectroscopic techniques in which the intrusion of the probe and the disturbance of the reaction environment during the investigation is reduced to a minimum. This applies in particular to investigations in the field of heterogeneous catalysts. Here, in situ investigations are of particular significance. It has been established that ex situ or post mortem investigations which are not carried out under working conditions yield somewhat different results as compared with in situ investigations.
An apparatus and a method for the in situ investigation of catalytic agents by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy is known for example from "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research" B97 (1995) pages 28-32. The apparatus described there comprises a measuring cell with a sample holder for solid samples located in the cell and with a window for the entry of X-rays for the irradiation of the sample. The sample holder consists of a gold-coated plate of silica (silicon dioxide) which is arranged within a cylinder of the same material which is open at both ends. This cylinder, whose axis lies parallel to the direction of propagation of the X-rays, is biassed to a positive or negative potential with reference to the sample holder and serves as a collector arrangement for the collection of electrons which are emitted by the sample which is fixed to the sample holder as a result of the X-ray absorption. The electrical current which flows from the collector electrode to a ground connection is used as a measurement value for the plotting of the absorption spectrum. The principle belongs to the field of total electron yield detection (TEY detection), since only the total yield of electrons is determined, without analysis of their kinetic energy. Values >20V have been established as preferable for the potential difference between collector arrangement and sample holder. Investigations at pressures up to 1 atmosphere and at temperatures up to 500� C. in the range of middle and hard X-radiation (≧4.5 keV) have been carried out on samples such as methanol synthesis catalysts Cu/ZnO/Al2O3, a copper/nickel alloy as well as a nickel reforming catalyst.
Having regard to the aforementioned publication, further investigations are reported in "Faraday Discussions" 105 (1996) pages 317-336. There it is maintained that the TEY detection uses the proportionality between the absorption coefficient of the sample for X-ray radiation and the number of the Auger electrons emitted from the sample, with the TEY signal having a linear relationship to the absorption coefficient of the sample. In the book "Practical Surface Analysis" by D. Briggs and others (John Wiley, New York 1983) it had already been established that the average penetration depth of the most energetic Auger electrons from the sample determines the surface sensitivity, and that as a consequence the surface sensitivity of the TEY signal depends upon the energy of the absorption edge. It has been observed that the average penetration depth of a few nm for absorption edges with <1 keV changes to several hundred nm for X-ray energies >10 keV.
TEY X-ray absorption investigations under reaction conditions have until now been carried out only for elements with atomic numbers Z>15. It is the object of the invention to extend the apparatus for and a method of X-ray absorption spectroscopy with total electron yield detection (so-called TEY detection) so that, for in situ investigations of gas-solid reactions, evidential spectra can be obtained even for elements of lesser atomic numbers Z<15, and wherein, preferably, a high surface sensitivity at the solid sample should be achievable.
By the use in accordance with the invention of two sequentially arranged collector electrodes along the X-ray path in the gas atmosphere between the X-ray window and the solid sample, and by the possibility, created by means of suitable terminal devices, of separate current measurements at the two collector electrodes and at the sample holder, the respective total yields of the electrons originating from these three parts can be determined separately. By evaluation of the three measured currents, preferably in relation to the measured intensity of the X-rays directed at the window or passing through it, information about the X-ray absorption as well as at the surface of the solid and also in the gas atmosphere can be achieved.
This is advantageous in particular for the investigation of heterogenous catalyst processes. In such cases it is very desirable to monitor the catalytic activity of a sample simultaneously with the changes in the gas composition, since a close connection has been established between the spectra of gas and the chemical binding state at the surface of the catalyst. Consequently, the study of heterogenous catalyst processes is preferred, even if not exclusively the field of use of the invention.
In order specially to augment the strength of the evidence of the data detectable by means of the invention, in a preferred embodiment, the construction and position of the collector electrode which is closer to the sample holder is so chosen that it effectively screens in terms of measurement a solid sample held by the sample holder from electrons coming from the space between the two collector electrodes, while simultaneously the other collector electrode which is further from the sample is effectively screened in terms of measurement from electrons coming from the space next to the sample. By this means, a particularly clear differentiation is possible between the X-ray absorption in the gas phase and the X-ray absorption at the surface of the sample.
With embodiments of the present invention it is possible for the first time successfully to investigate gas-solid reactions in situ for atoms of low atomic number, such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, using soft X-rays in the energy range of 100 to 1000 eV under high gas pressures up to 25 mbar and sample temperatures up to 1000� K., and indeed with low expenditure in terms of apparatus. The achievable results can be optimised if, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, measures are adopted in order selectively to bias at least the collector electrode which is closer to the sample to a positive potential relative to the other collector electrode and to the sample holder, and/or to adjust the distance between the collector electrode which is closer to the sample and the sample holder.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to an embodiment which is given by way of example and with reference to drawings, in which the following representation serves only for the purposes of illustration and the features given by way of example, as well as the combinations of features in the subsidiary claims, are not to be considered as limiting the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a measuring chamber with essential parts of an apparatus according to the invention and a UHV-chamber connected in advance of it for connection to an X-ray source;
FIG. 2 schematically shows essential components of a measuring arrangement which includes the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 3 to FIG. 6 show different X-ray absorption spectra which are obtainable by means of an apparatus according to the invention.
The schematic illustration in FIG. 1 shows, in the right-hand half, as a cross-sectional view, a measuring chamber 2, and in the left-hand half an ultra high vacuum chamber (UHV chamber) 1 for the connection of the measuring chamber 2 to an X-ray source. In the view shown in FIG. 1 the X-rays travel from the left-hand input of the UHV chamber 1 in the plane of the drawing to the right, towards the measuring chamber 2. For both chambers 1, 2 the same basic structure can be used, for example each can be a stainless steel chamber designed for ultra high vacuum, with four connecting flanges 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, 1 d and 2 a, 2 b, 2 c, 2 d. The left-hand end of the UHV chamber is connected by means of a UHV flanging and by means of an X-ray monochromator 7 to an X-ray source, such as the beam output tube of the storage ring of a synchrotron 6, preferably by means of a 100 mm standard flange (Conflat flange CF 100). The UHV chamber 1 contains a conventional monitor 11 for the X-ray intensity I0 which enters into the chamber by way of the monochromator 7. The X-ray monitor 11 is preferably a copper grating with gold vapor-deposited thereon with a diameter of about 20 to 30 mm, with a fineness of about 40 lines per cm (100 lpi) and a permeability of about 95%. In the UHV chamber 1 there is also located a movable masking device 12 for the X-rays, in order to protect an ultra-thin X-ray window 20, through which the X-rays enter into the measuring chamber 2, from the "white light" (radiation of zeroth order) of the synchrotron 6 when the chamber is being set up.
The left-hand end of the measuring chamber 2 is connected to the right-hand end of the UHV chamber 1 by means of UHV standard flanges 1 b, 2 a (likewise CF 100). In the measuring chamber 2 are located four main elements which are arranged one after the other in the direction of the incoming X-rays. First, there is the window 20 for the incoming X-rays, then an oxidation-resistant first collector electrode 21, then an oxidation-resistant second collector electrode 22, and finally a holder 23 for a solid sample.
The window 20 is preferably an ultra-thin membrane consisting of a single-layer polyimide foil with a thickness of about 250 nm, which is provided on both sides with an aluminum-nitride layer of about 30 nm and additionally on one side with an aluminum layer of about 50 nm. Such a window is known per se and is commercially available (from the company Metorex International Oy, Finland) and has already been provided for use worldwide. For soft X-rays in the range of 100 eV to 1000 eV it has a permeability of approximately 2% to approximately 60% (i.e. approximately 2% at 100 eV and approximately 60% at 1000 eV). For the present invention the membrane is preferably supported by a polyimide grating and a tungsten grating. The window is vacuum tight, with the pressure-side surface arranged facing the atmosphere in the measuring chamber 2. The vacuum strength of such a window is high, for helium with a total gas pressure of 1100 mbar in the measuring chamber there results a leakage rate of less than 5*10−8 mbar*l/s in the UHV chamber. The window 20 is glued in front of the central opening of a 16 mm flange 3 b which is fixed to the base of a cylinder 3 in the middle of a stainless steel flange 3 a, said cylinder projecting into the measuring chamber 2 from the flange connection between the two chambers 1 and 2, as is shown in FIG. 1.
The oxidation-resistant first collector electrode 21 comprises a gold-coated copper grating which has a fineness of about 40 lines per cm (100 lpi), a diameter of 30 mm and a permeability of about 95% and which lies in the path of the X-rays coming through the window 20. The copper grating is upheld by a nickel plate which has a corresponding hole (diameter approximately 30 mm). Since the grating absorbs a small proportion of the X-rays, the current derivable from the first collector electrode contains a component which depends directly upon the intensity of the X-rays penetrating through the window 20. This can be utilised in a manner which will be described in more detail hereinafter.
The first collector electrode 21 is followed at a distance d2, which is preferably substantially smaller than the distance d1 between the window 20 and the first collector electrode 21, by a second collector electrode 22 which is provided with a central opening for the passage of the X-rays.
The second collector electrode 22 consists of a nickel foil having a thickness of 0.25 mm, which has an ultra-thin surface layer of natural oxide. Following the second collector electrode 22, seen in the direction of propagation of the X-rays, and at a certain distance d3 there is the sample holder. This distance d3 is preferably variable, for example within a range between one and four times the distance d2 between the two collector electrodes 21, 22. The distance d3 is preferably set so that X-rays still reach the sample and consequently an absorption signal can be measured which naturally depends upon the gas pressure in the measuring chamber and upon the intensity of the X-rays appearing in the chamber. If this intensity lies in the range of 1010 to 1011 photons per second and the overall distance from the window 20 to the sample lies for example in the range of 20 to 50 mm, then the total gas pressure should not amount to more than 25 mbar.
As is shown more clearly in FIG. 2, in which the boundaries of the two chambers 1, 2 are only shown in outline by broken lines, the sample holder 23 comprises an electrically insulating and preferably thermally conductive plate 23 a, for example of aluminum nitride with a thickness of about 1.5 mm and a surface dimension of 25�25 mm2. On the rear side of this plate 23 is fixed a further plate 23 b by means of four screws at the corners. This further plate 23 b is preferably of boron nitride having a thickness of about 4 mm and the same surface dimensions as the aluminum nitride plate 23 a. At least one metal clamp 25 is also provided, preferably of nickel or of the sample material, in order to hold the solid sample 24 firmly on the sample holder 23 and moreover to provide an electrical contact to the sample 24. Between the aluminum nitride plate 23 a and the boron nitride plate 23 b there is preferably provided a graphite plate 23 c coated with boron nitride, which can serve as a resistance heater for heating the sample 24 up to about 1000� K. It is alternatively possible to use the graphite plate 23 c alone as the sample holder, that is without the plates 23 a and 23 b. In order to measure the sample temperature, a temperature measuring instrument can also be provided, for example in the form of a thermal element 26 fixed directly to the rear side of the sample. The whole sample holder 23 preferably sits on a manipulator (not shown) by means of which both the distance d3 to the second collector electrode 22 and also the polar angle of inclination of the sample surface relative to the incoming X-rays can be adjusted.
Two of the remaining flanges of the measuring chamber 2, preferably the flanges 2 c and 2 d which are shown in FIG. 1 at the upper and at the lower ends, are provided with devices for the introduction and removal of gaseous reactants such as O2, He, Ar, CH3OH, together with a device for the measurement and control of the total gas pressure in the measuring chamber as well as a device for gas analysis. These devices can be of conventional type and are therefore not shown separately in FIG. 1. Preferably, a Bayard-Alpert ion measuring head and a cold cathode are used for the pressure measurement, while the gas analysis can be effected by means of a mass spectrometer.
The investigations can be carried out under static or dynamic gas conditions. Static experiments track the changes in a volume of gas introduced into the measuring chamber, while dynamic experiments take place with a flow of gas.
In one practical embodiment of the invention the measuring chamber 2 can be designed for a volume of about 4 liters. The chambers 1, 2 also contain vacuum-tight feedthroughs for the electrical connection of the X-ray monitor 11, the collector electrodes 21, 22, the sample 24, the heater 23 c and the temperature meter 26 to external electrical devices. These feedthroughs can be welded in vacuum-tight manner to free flanges of the chambers. In FIG. 2, these feedthroughs are shown purely symbolically as plug sockets 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35.
For the carrying out of a method of X-ray absorption spectroscopy in accordance with the invention, the chamber structure shown in FIG. 1 has the left-hand flange 1 a of the UHV chamber 1 connected to a source 6 of soft X-rays, such as the storage ring of a synchrotron, with the energy range of the X-radiation being variable by means of the monochromator 7 from about 100 up to about 1000 eV. The two chambers 1, 2 are evacuated, e.g. by a turbomolecular pump, independently of one another down to a basic pressure of 5*10−9 mbar, after they have been heated for eight hours at 400� K. A measuring instrument 50 is connected by means of the associated terminal 30 to the X-ray monitor 11 at the input of the UHV chamber 1. This measuring instrument 50 directs to ground a current flow I0 indicting the intensity of the X-radiation entering into the UHV chamber 1. The housings of the chambers 1 and 2 are maintained at ground potential.
The first collector electrode 21 is placed at a fixed potential U1 relative to ground, preferably in the range of 0 to −15 V, for example as shown in FIG. 2 by connection of the associated socket 31 to an appropriate terminal of a battery 41. The opposite positive terminal of the battery 41 is connected to an appropriate ammeter 51, for example an instrument with current amplification of the type Keithley 427, in order to measure currents of the order of 10−8 amps relative to ground. The second collector electrode 22 is held at a preferably positive potential U2 (<40V) relative to ground by means of the associated terminal 32 being connected to a similar arrangement of battery 42 and ammeter 52. Likewise, an ammeter 53, here again preferably of the Keithley 427 type, is connected to the nickel clamp 25 of the sample holder 23 by means of the associated terminal 33, with a potential U3 of preferably 0 volt being maintained at the nickel clamp 25. The heating device 23 c on the sample holder 23 is preferably connected by means of the associated terminals 34 to a suitable electrical supply circuit, with the thermal element 26 which monitors the temperature as a real value transducer being connected by way of the associated terminals 35 to a control circuit which controls the current supply to the heating device 23 c in a manner to control the sample temperature.
The solid sample 24 arranged on the sample holder 23 and which has already been set in place before the evacuation of the measuring chamber 2 is first of all moved out of the X-ray path by means of a manipulator (not shown) which acts on the sample holder 23. After setting up the incoming X-radiation, the screen 12 in the UHV chamber is moved out of the beam corridor of the monochromator, the reactant gas is introduced into the measuring chamber 2, the sample 24 is brought into the path of the X-rays, and after the desired total gas pressure has been achieved in the measuring chamber 2 and the desired sample temperature has been achieved then the actual investigation can begin.
During the investigation the photon energy of the incoming X-rays is varied in the usual way over the particular region of interest. The currents derivable at the different terminals 30, 31, 32, 33 can be measured individually and simultaneously and can be registered and evaluated for the plotting of spectra. Under the influence of the X-radiation penetrating into the measuring chamber 2, the following described effects result.
After penetrating the window 20 the X-rays in the gas atmosphere within the chamber region between the window and the second collector electrode 22 produce Auger electrons by X-ray absorption, these arising by the Auger decay of the excited molecular state in the gas phase. The emitted electrons are partially inelastically scattered and subsequently are captured by the first collector electrode 21 and by the second collector electrode 22. The respective total yields are measured individually as current I1 and current I2 by means of the associated ammeters 51 and 52. The current I1 contains in addition to this a component corresponding to the X-ray absorption at the grating of the first collector electrode 21.
In principle, in any gas, energy losses of the electrons occur through inelastic processes, even if a smaller X-ray absorption cross-section is observed for hydrogen and helium than for example for oxygen. As a data calculation by Peisert and Sauli, carried out many years ago, has shown (CERN 84-08, 1984), low-energy electrons can be collected over distances of approximately 10 mm at atmospheric pressures of about 100 mbar, by applying a bias potential of +45V to the collector electrode. This leads to the strong supposition that the signal I1 of the total electron yield at the first collector electrode 21 is composed mainly of Auger electrons and secondary electrons which have been produced in the molecules of the gas phase by the X-ray absorption process.
The X-radiation appears subsequently through the central opening of the second collector electrode 22 and strikes finally against the sample surface, after traversing the gas path d3 between the second collector electrode 22 and the sample 24. While the main portion of the electrons captured by the second collector electrode 22 are the aforementioned Auger and secondary electrons from the molecules of the gas phase, a smaller proportion are derived from the sample surface and the region close to the surface. The current I2 measured by means of the second collector electrode 22 is accordingly composed of these components. The current I3 derived from the sample 24 arises mainly from the X-ray absorption taking place in the sample. This current I3 is substantially independent of other operating characteristics of the apparatus, since it has its origin almost exclusively in the electron emission from the sample surface and the region close to the surface generated by X-ray absorption.
The total gas pressure in the measuring chamber for a successful in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy is limited by the X-ray absorption of the relevant gas phase in the overall path of the X-rays from the window 20 to the sample surface (range d1+d2+d3). Effective investigations can be carried out with gas pressures up to 20 mbar for X-ray intensities of about 1010 photons per second, where the distance d1 between the window 20 and the first collector electrode 21 is about 14 mm, the distance d2 between the two collector electrodes 21, 22 is about 6 mm and the distance d3 between the second collector electrode 22 and the sample surface is in the range of 5 to 23 millimetres. Typical values of the current I1 then lie in the order of 10−8 ampere and higher for X-ray energies above the absorption edge by up to about the factor 5. Typical values for the total electron current I2 lie in the order of 10−7 ampere and higher for X-ray energies above the absorption edge likewise by the factor 5. Typical values for the current I3 lie in the range of a few nanoamperes.
Information about the X-ray structure of the reactants at the solid surface and in the region close to the surface can, as stated, be derived from the current I3 from the sample 24 and from the current I2 from the collector electrode 22 which is closer to the sample.
Information about the X-ray absorption of the gas phase can be obtained from the current I1 of the collector electrode 21 which is further from the sample. This current I1 can also be used in order to eliminate certain spectral artefacts which are produced in the measurement values of the currents I2 and I3 by the presence of the X-ray window 20, especially due to the dependence of the intensity of the transmitted radiation on the photon energy (so-called transmission function of the window). As has already been mentioned above, the current I1 contains not only information about the gas phase, but also a component which, as a consequence of the X-ray absorption at the grating of the collector electrode 21, depends directly upon the X-ray intensity which passes through the window 20. Consequently, the aforesaid artefacts can be minimised by dividing the measurement value of I2 and desirably also of I3 by measurement values of I1 which have been determined previously, preferably in vacuum or alternatively under (inert) gas conditions.
In order to eliminate the previously mentioned artefacts also in the evaluation of the current I1 itself, the measurement values of I1 received in situ are likewise preferably divided by the aforementioned I1 values received under UHV conditions or inert gas conditions.
In the following, details and results of some experiments are described which have been carried out with the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
For the X-ray window 20, the two collector electrodes 21 and 22 and the sample holder 23, the structures, materials and dimensions described in more detail above were used. The distances d1 and d2 amounted to 16 mm and 6 mm. The distance d3 was set to 5 mm.
As the source of X-rays the Berlin synchrotron BESSY was used, with an electron beam energy of 0.8 GeV and a toroidal grating monochromator with two gratings (1100 l/mm and 1500 l/mm). The photon energy scale was calibrated with an accuracy of plus or minus 0.5 eV, with the Cu—L3 edge of a sample of pure polycrystalline copper serving as reference. The X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments were carried out using the larger grating (1100 l/mm) of the monochromator, in the photon energy range of 250 to 1000 eV.
In all the experiments described hereinafter, polycrystalline copper, Cu(poly), was used as the solid sample. Before the experiments, the surface to be irradiated in the measuring chamber 2 was purified by subjecting it to a gas mixture of 98% helium and 2% hydrogen under a pressure of 10 mbar at 600� K. This process was repeated until, on examination by XAS under vacuum conditions, no contaminating carbon and oxygen components could any longer be detected.
In order to pick up the XAS spectra at the Cu—L2,3 edge, the radiation of second order of the monochromator was used, in order to produce a better definition in the direction of the photon energy axis. The X-ray intensity at the output of the monochromator amounted to about 5*1010 photons per second. In the various experiments, the current I0 at the X-ray monitor 11, indicating the radiation intensity, was measured, as were also the currents I1 and I2 derived from the first and second collector electrodes 21 and 22 and the current I3 derived from the sample 24.
The sample was maintained at a temperature of 600� K. and was exposed to a methanol/oxygen gas mixture (mixture ratio 10:1) at a total pressure of 0.10 mbar. The bias potential amounted to 0V at the first collector electrode 21, +15V at the second collector electrode 22 and 0V at the sample.
The spectra shown in FIG. 3 show the X-ray structures close to the absorption edges at the L2 edge and at the L3 edge of the copper (Cu—L2,3 edges). The photon energy in eV for tuning of the monochromator is shown along the abscissa. The ordinate represents, in random measure, the particular measured current signals, normalised to the X-ray beam intensity I1.
The curve (a) in FIG. 3 shows the spectrum of the current I2 measured at the second collector electrode 22 (closer to the sample), while the curve (b) illustrates the spectrum of the current I3 derived at the solid sample 24.
The curve (c) in FIG. 3 shows, in comparison, the X-ray structure at the Cu—L2,3 edges of a Cu2O surface, as it was measured under UHV conditions, thus ex situ. This measurement was taken using a TEY detector working with two-stage electron multiplier, wherein indeed the radiation of first order from the monochromator was used, with a step resolution 3.0 eV for a photon energy of 930 eV. In order to be able to compare the spectrum thus obtained with the spectra (a) and (b) in FIG. 3 obtained by means of radiation of second order, the spectrum is indicated in this Figure with an abscissa displacement of −467 eV.
The most intensive structure in the spectra, occurring at the absorption edge, the "white line", can be used as an indicator for the copper(I) oxide Cu2O, see for example the publication by Grioni et al in Phys. Rev. B45 (1992) page 3309. This line lies at 933.7 eV for radiation of first order and consequently between 466 and 467 eV for radiation of second order. The spectra (a) and (b) of FIG. 3 obtained in situ with the apparatus of the present invention show in this respect, as well as with respect to the intensity and shape of the most intensive line, a good correlation with the aforementioned publication by Grioni et al, and is also in harmony with the ex situ spectrum (c) of FIG. 3. Moreover, all other features A and B visible in spectrum (c) are observed in the spectra (a) and (b) of the in situ experiment. This confirms that from the signals I2 and I3 which are derivable in the apparatus of the present invention from the collector electrode 22 which is closer to the sample and from the sample 24 itself, powerful evidential results can be achieved from the sample surface and from the sample region close to the surface under reaction conditions.
A Cu(poly) foil was used as a sample, which was maintained at a temperature of 600� K. The collector electrode 22 closer to the sample was biased to +15V, the other bias potentials were 0V at the collector electrode 21 further from the sample and 0V at the sample 24. Investigations were made of the changes with time of the X-ray absorption structure close to the Cu—L2,3 edges in an oxygen atmosphere by recording the current I2 at the collector electrode 22 closer to the sample at time intervals of every ten minutes.
The experiment was carried out twice, under different oxygen pressures P02 of 0.10 mbar and 0.05 mbar.
FIG. 4 shows the results under the oxygen pressure of P02=0.05 mbar. The upper curve represents the spectrum (0 min) detected at the outset, thus with a clean Cu(poly) sample. Under this are shown 3 spectra which were recorded after reaction intervals of 20 min, 70 min and 100 min respectively.
FIG. 5 shows the results under the oxygen pressure of P02=0.10 mbar. The upper curve represents the spectrum (0 min) recorded at the outset, thus with a clean Cu(poly) sample.
Below this are shown 3 spectra which were recorded after reaction times of 20 min, 40 min and 60 min respectively, where the ordinate values of these spectra are multiplied in relation to the top spectrum by the factor 0.666, in order to give greater clarity to the illustration.
As one can see in FIGS. 4 and 5, the overall shape of the spectrum changes even after a reaction time of a few minutes. In FIG. 4, there appears a significant intensive line at about 467 eV (Cu—L3 edge) and again at about 477 eV (Cu—L2 edge), by which the formation of copper(I) oxide Cu2O is indicated. After prolonged exposure to oxygen, in the case of FIG. 4 (P02=0.05 mbar) only a small intensification of the sharp lines is to be observed, while at the higher pressure according to FIG. 5 (P02=0.10 mbar) the intensity of the sharp lines increases rather more with increasing periods of exposure to the oxygen. Moreover, in the spectra according to FIG. 5, one can observe a displacement of the sharp lines in the direction of lower photon energy, to about 466 eV and about 476 eV. The oxidation process at the surface and in the region of the sample close to the surface is thus completely finished in the critical pressure range under investigation here after 60 min (FIG. 5) and after 100 min (FIG. 4), since after that no further changes to the spectra are to be observed, not even after 200 min.
The copper(II) oxide CuO and the copper(I) oxide Cu2O is characterised upon stimulation by radiation of first order by sharp lines at the positions approximately 931 eV and 934 eV respectively (for radiation of second order at positions approximately 466 eV and 467 eV respectively), and the intensity of these lines relative to the height of the absorption edges depends strongly upon the oxidation state of the copper (compare with the aforementioned publication by Grioni et al). Consequently, the copper oxide phases, as they are found after longer exposure to oxygen under the different pressures of 0.05 and 0.10 mbar, are reliably associated with the Cu2O and the CuO. This shows that measurements which are performed with an apparatus according to the invention by the recordal of the current I2 derivable at the collector electrode 22 closer to the sample at different oxygen pressures, are a highly sensitive tool for the investigation in situ of the formation of copper oxide at the surface and in the region close to the surface.
FIG. 6 shows by the upper curve (a) the spectrum of the current I1 at the collector electrode 21 further from the sample for the same investigation conditions as applied for FIG. 4 (P02=0.05 mbar). The curve (b) shown below this shows, for comparison, a spectrum (with the ordinate dimension factor of 0.333) which was recorded with a known technique which is described by Ma et al in Phys. Rev. A44 (1991) page 1848. The distinctive intensive line A at about 531 eV corresponds to the (1σu→1πg*)—transition, while the broad double structure B, C at about 540.5 eV shows a* resonance transitions, a spin-up transition and a spin-down transition (1σg→3σu*); the bipartition with the spacing approximately 2.5 eV is due to two different end state configurations of the spin.
In terms of shape and energy position of the observed lines, the spectrum (a) in FIG. 6 recorded with the apparatus of the present invention correlates well with the spectrum (b). This shows that the spectrum (a) is concerned with the same type of gas as the spectrum (c); the different line widths come about because of the different line widths of the monochrome X-ray radiation which is used. Saying this, it is demonstrated that the signal I1 which is derived at the collector electrode 21 more remote from the sample with an apparatus according to the invention supplies a useful statement about the type of gas in the gas phase.
From the above examples it will be seen overall that the currents I1, I2 and I3 can give information about X-ray absorption structures of the reactants of a gas-solid reaction both at and close to the surface of the solid as well as in the gas phase. Naturally, the invention is not limited to investigations of the particular materials used in the Examples given above, but can be utilized with success for the observation of any gas-solid reactions.
|Cited Patent
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|Citing Patent
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|U.S. Classification
|378/53, 378/57
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|1 Jun 1999
Owner name: MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SCHEDEL-NIEDRIG, THOMAS;KNOP-GERICKE, AXEL;HAVECKER, MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:009989/0556
Effective date: 19990420
|20 Nov 2001
|Certificate of correction
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I don't know if this was a catch, but it was definitely a "save from the dump".
Ideal rusty POS found on the side of the road along with a Panasonic and a Schwinn:
crapy pic but every components was rusted to hell and unusable, whoever the frame itself wasnt haf bad.
and now it looks like this and is on its way to its new home as a city commuter/beater:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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We took the standard keychain multi-tool and made it better. Compact and lightweight, the Dime is the most valuable change you'll find in your pocket. Features:Included tools: medium flathead driver, retail package opener, crosshead driver, fine edge blade, bottle opener, wire cutter, tweezers, scissors, pliers, file3Cr13 steel constructionOverall length: 2.75 inches (closed), 4.25 inches (open)Weight: 2.2 oz. What's In The Box:Gerber 31-001134 Dime Pocket Keychain Multi Tool - Black
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LONDON (Kyodo) New Zealand retained the position of the world's most peaceful nation in 2010, followed by Iceland, which ranked second, and Japan, which climbed four notches from a year earlier to third, according to an international report.
Iraq — for the fourth year in a row — was the worst among 149 countries in the annual Global Peace Index, a survey conducted by the British think tank Institute for Economics and Peace and the Economist Intelligence Unit, a research institute affiliated with the Economist magazine.
The index tries to measure the relative position of nations' peacefulness by converting into numbers 23 indicators, such as conflicts with foreign countries, numbers of murder cases, risks of terrorism, the level of respect for human rights and military expenditures.
For 2010, Austria came in fourth and Norway fifth. Eight out of the 10 most peaceful nations were in Europe, mainly Northern Europe.
Canada was the most peaceful state among other major developed countries at 14th, Germany was 16th and the United States 85th.


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Better than the vanilla version
Posted by Reviewer2781280 on Feb 18, 2012
I bought this along with the vanilla version. While the vanilla version tasted slightly oily and left an artificial aftertaste in my mouth, this was quite good. I do however prefer the bars more than the shakes and will not be reordering.
Posted by 5072047221310507283 on Nov 20, 2013
Not the nicest I have tasted. A little bit powdery feeling in the mouth.
so so
Posted by Reviewer3077754 on Mar 05, 2014
too much milk, taste is so so
Items 1-3 of 3 total


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Home > News > University offers series on engineering for girls
October 6th, 2004
University offers series on engineering for girls
A series of six engineering workshops for girls and young women ages 12 to 17 will begin at 9:30 a.m. Saturday at Washington State University Vancouver.
The Oregonian
|Related Links
Washington State University Vancouver
WSU Vancouver Engineering and Science Institute
Girl Scouts-Columbia River Council
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Nanometrics Announces Upcoming Investor Events May 10th, 2016
ORIG3N Added to Companies Presenting at Harris & Harris Group's Annual Meeting, Tuesday June 7, 2016, the New York Genome Center April 27th, 2016
Aspen Aerogels to Present at the 28th Annual ROTH Conference March 14th, 2016
Harris & Harris Group Announces Formation of Co-Investment Fund for Accredited Investors March 9th, 2016
Simple attraction: Researchers control protein release from nanoparticles without encapsulation: U of T Engineering discovery stands to improve reliability and fabrication process for treatments to conditions such as spinal cord damage and stroke May 28th, 2016
Scientists illuminate a hidden regulator in gene transcription: New super-resolution technique visualizes important role of short-lived enzyme clusters May 27th, 2016
Doubling down on Schr�dinger's cat May 27th, 2016
Deep Space Industries and SFL selected to provide satellites for HawkEye 360�s Pathfinder mission: The privately-funded space-based global wireless signal monitoring system will be developed by Deep Space Industries and UTIAS Space Flight Laboratory May 26th, 2016
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Content tagged 'public service'
Sort by:
Functional Meets Fashionable at MIT's Open Style Lab
Continuum, August 6th, 2015
Purses and Pancakes for the Greater Good
Continuum, December 5th, 2014
Fall 2011
Elisha Goodman is enabling people to grow their own food, allowing them to become more self-reliant, healthy, and whole.
Rebuilding Communities After Crisis
Spring 2011
Spring 2011
Spring 2010
Public service at MIT
Changing the World Through Service
Spring 2010
Thousands of MIT students are participating in public service projects across the globe to gain leadership skills and to better serve the world.
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Spring 2010
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Spring 2010
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text:
Charleston International Airport officials have set their price for land that Boeing Co. wants to buy, but that number is different from the aerospace giant's own calculation.
A Charleston County Aviation Authority committee voted unanimously Tuesday to recommend the airport's appraised price for the 320 acres.
Boeing conducted its own appraisal for the site.
Neither figure was disclosed, but Airports Director Sue Stevens said the two appraisals were not an "apples-to-apples comparison."
She declined to say how far apart the two sides are. The price will be disclosed once the deal is finalized for the public property.
The airport's three-member land sale committee considered Boeing's valuation of the property, but the panel, which is chaired by former Congressman Tommy Hartnett, recommended the airport's assessment instead.
That came after a nearly two-hour, closed-door meeting where the panel tried to balance a host of public interests, said former state lawmaker Ben Hagood, an attorney who's on the Aviation Authority.
Those interests include Boeing's economic impact in the region, the committee's responsibility to oversee the airport's assets, and the consideration that the Federal Aviation Administration must sign off on the purchase price.
The recommendation will go to the full authority board in February.
Boeing South Carolina spokeswoman Candy Eslinger said Tuesday that the company had not been notified of the decision, but it will continue discussions.
Boeing, which built its 787 assembly plant on land it leases from the airport, wants to buy 320 acres along International Boulevard for future development across the street from its campus.
Boeing also wants the right of first refusal on 488 acres straddling Michaux Parkway and bordered by Dorchester Road and Charleston Air Force Base. Additionally, the company wants an option to buy 265 acres under its existing airplane-making site. Those properties were not part of the appraisals discussed Tuesday, Stevens said.
Boeing has not said what it intends to do with the property, but the company's top lawyer in South Carolina said in December the land is for anticipated future growth.
CBRE of Atlanta conducted the appraisal for Boeing.
Sass, Herrin & Associates prepared the Aviation Authority's appraisal. One of the co-owners in that firm is Charleston County Councilman Herb Sass.
Reach Warren L. Wise at 937-5524 or twitter.com/warrenlancewise.


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Seunghak Yu
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- [j2]Seunghak Yu, Sungroh Yoon, Eui-Young Chung, Hyuk-Jun Lee:
Design of a bitmap-based QoS-aware memory controller for a packet memory. IEICE Electronic Express 11(5): 20130983 (2014)
- [c1]Seunghak Yu, Juho Kim, Hyeyoung Min, Sungroh Yoon:
Ensemble learning for robust prediction of microRNA-mRNA interactions. BigComp 2014: 45-46
2000 – 2009
- 2009
- [j1]Jinkyu Kim, Seunghak Yu, Byonghyo Shim, Hanjoo Kim, Hyeyoung Min, Eui-Young Chung, Rhiju Das, Sungroh Yoon:
A robust peak detection method for RNA structure inference by high-throughput contact mapping. Bioinformatics 25(9): 1137-1144 (2009)
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This wholesome, easy-to-make Slow Cooker Chicken Noodle Soup is extra flavorful thanks to a few secret ingredients…and it's the perfect get-well-soon recipe for making it through cold and flu season!
The Best Slow Cooker Chicken Noodle Soup
Chicken à la King
Chicken à la King is a classic, healthy dinner recipe featuring tender chicken breasts, garlicky mushrooms, sweet peas, zesty pimentos, and fresh parsley in a flavorful sauce served over warm, fluffy biscuits.
Skillet Shepherd's Pie
Skillet Shepherd's Pie is a one-pot dinner loaded with savory beef and colorful veggies…and it's the perfect recipe for using up those leftover mashed potatoes!
Cheesy Chicken Spaghetti
Cheesy Chicken Spaghetti is a comfort food classic made with chunks of chicken, your favorite veggies, and a simple homemade cheese sauce (instead of Velveeta and 'Cream of X' soup).
Springtime Asparagus Tart with Ham & Mushrooms
This lovely tart will be the star of your springtime brunch between its garlic-laced asparagus and mushrooms, savory ham and Swiss, and flaky, buttery crust.
Spinach & Mushroom Quesadillas with Avocado & Pepper Jack {Meatless Dinner Idea for Lent}
These hearty, flavorful quesadillas feature garlic-sauteed mushrooms, baby spinach, creamy avocado, and zippy pepper jack cheese for a meatless — yet filling and satisfying — meal.
Slow Cooker Beef Stroganoff ~ No 'Cream of X' Soup!
Tender chunks of beef and hearty mushrooms are complemented by a parsley-flecked sour cream sauce in this easy, comforting slow cooker meal.


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Dear all,
sorry, that I didn´t answer on nice message.
I have much work, wife and three daughters :).
I do kickbox and MMA.
Maybe, I will start to run with iPhone - Runtastic...
You have nice days !
José :)
Movescount.com - sports community where every Move counts.
Running 1:34'37 Average heart rate 165 bpm, 21.58 km
Hard and faster run, I must train always in my heat rate, hi Jose :-)
23700 pohybů, paráda :-P
Všem do roku 2015 to nejlepší a ať vám to šlape!
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No leader messages.
Welcome to the Suunto Canada group, where you can share and comment on anything relevant to the brand! If you haven't done so, visit the Suunto.com site for lots of 'HOW TO' videos to help you maximize your watches features! Facebook - Suunto: https://www.facebook.com/SuuntoMovescount Facebook - Movescount: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Movescount-Powered-by-Suunto/350435838432 Twitter feed: @SuuntoCanada --PhilV


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1 Input Device - 2 Output Device - 246 ft Range - 2 x Network (RJ-45) - 1 x HDMI In
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Waste of money
This review is from: SIIG HDMI Extender Over Single Cat6 with HDMI Loop-Out
Pros: I can see what is trying to be accomplished with the technology. Thats about it
Cons: I used a 100ft Cat6 cable which is well under the recommended length for this device but it would still not work or it would work, then disconnect. Very unreliable. Reliability is a huge issue
Other Thoughts: Go with fiber optic HDMI if you want premium quality and zero interference
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Which Bollywood Star YOU THINK Is Best Suited To Play Steve Jobs On Screen?
The official first look of Academy Award winning director Danny Boyle's biopic on Steve Jobs is out and it is quite...Photo SeriesMay 19, 2015
From An Unsung Side-Hero With Average Looks To Being Mr Dandy, 5 Stylish Looks Of Birthday Boy Nawazuddin Siddiqui
If you haven't heard this name being touted as the next big thing in Bollywood then you've being living under a...Bollywood FashionMay 19, 2015
Sanjay Gupta Reveals First Look Of Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Starrer Jazbaa
The first motion poster of Sanjay Gupta's Jazbaa is out and it is just as intriguing as we had expected it...Bollywood NewsMay 19, 2015
Sonam Kapoor at Cannes Film Festival
Sonam Kapoor at Cannes Film Festival on 19th May 2015. L'Oréal Paris celebrated 30 Years of the iconic Color...Events PhotosMay 19, 2015
Varun Dhawan and Shraddha Kapoor on the sets of Radio Mirchi
Varun Dhawan and Shraddha Kapoor on the sets of Radio Mirchi on 19th May, 2015.Events PhotosMay 19, 2015
Cannes Red Carpet Stunner Alert: Did Sonam Kapoor Do A Rihanna At Cannes? Looks Like It!
Sonam Kapoor is a risk-taker when it comes to style. Her looks are masterfully created, her design choices are always a...Bollywood FashionMay 19, 2015


text: You will be able to change a pick anytime on Monday 5th March (UK Time). All you will have to do is login as normal (on the 28th), and you'll notice it will let you change a pick - as long as you don't go over your budget! But remember ONLY 1 PICK can be changed. HOW DO I CHANGE A PICK? Once you've logged in, click the 'make my picks' link and de-select the superstar you do not want anymore and select a new one to take their place. Remember it will not save your picks if you go over budget. If for whatever reason you wont be able to change a pick during that day, reply below giving the name of the superstar you would like to change along with their replacement by midnight 4th March, and I'll change them for you on Monday 5th March $1000 Chris Jericho CM Punk Daniel Bryan John Cena Randy Orton The Rock $800 Alberto Del Rio Big Show Christian Cody Rhodes Dolf Ziggler Kane Mark Henry Sheamus The Miz The Undertaker Triple H Wade Barrett $600 Booker T Brodus Clay Epico Hunico Jack Swagger Jinder Mahal John Laurinaitis Kofi Kingston Mick Foley Primo Colon Rey Mysterio R-Truth Sin Cara Zack Ryder $400 Alecia Fox Beth Phoenix Brie Bella David Otunga Drew McIntyre Evan Bourne Eve Ezekiel Jackson Goldust Heath Slater Justin Gabriel Kelly Kelly Kevin Nash Layla Mason Ryan Natalya Nikki Bella Santino Marella Ted DiBiase Jr $200 A.J Aksana Alex Riley Andy Leavine Camacho Curt Hawkins Darren Young Hornswoggle Husky Harris Jey Uso Jimmy Uso Joey Mercury Johnny Curtis JTG Kaitlyn Kharma Michael McGillicutty Ricardo Rodriguez Rosa Mendes Skip Sheffield Tamina Theodore Long Trent Barreta Tyler Reks Tyson Kidd Vickie Guerrero Vince McMahon William Regal Yoshi Tatsu


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Great Britain Wales Beach Near Newborough Stock PhotoBeach,Cloud - Sky,Coastline,Color Image,Copy Space,Day,Distant,Horizontal,Incidental People,Landscape,Mountain,Nature,Outdoors,People,Photography,Sand,Sand Dune,Scenics,Sky,Tourism,Travel,Travel Destinations,UK,Vacations,WalesPhotographer Westend61Collection: Brand X Pictures


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Well met on Audiko.net! Here you can download a free Eddie Palmieri ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Suit yourself your favorite passage from your favorite ballad - Yo no soy guapo, La Llave ringtone, Vamonos Pal Monte, or any other track. Then download the prepared Eddie Palmieri ringtones to your device, and enjoy Salsa music by Eddie Palmieri every time your phone rings. If you love Salsa or maybe Jazz and Mambo music, then you will probably like clasico movil, Charlie Palmieri, or VALENTIN as well. For all who want a free Eddie Palmieri ringtone, we also recommend listening to Funk, PIANO, and Latin. You are free to download your ringer both in the MP3 and m4a formats, supported by both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Eddie Palmieri ringtones download option.
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Putumayo Presents: Puerto Rico
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text:
Sweet Potato And Carrot Soup A La Crockpot
Serving Size
Prep Time
Total Time
The crock-pot is great in the cold weather because you can prep everything in the AM and then come home to a hot dish!
- 2 medium large sweet potatoes (peeled and cut into quarters)
- 2 cup baby carrots
- 1 onions, chopped
- 0.75 tsp curry powder
- 0.5 tsp salt
- 0.5 tsp black pepper
- 0.375 tsp ground cinnamon
- 0.25 tsp ground ginger
- 4 cup chicken broth (low-sodium if available)
- 1 Tbsp maple syrup
- 0.5 cup half-and-half
- Place sweet potatoes, carrots, onion, curry powder, salt, pepper, cinnamon, and ginger in a 5 quart crock-pot. Add chicken broth. Stir well. Cook on low for 7-8 hours.
- Puree soup, 1 cup at a time in a blender. Return to the crock-pot. Add maple syrup, half-and-half, and pepper. Cover and cook on high for 15 minutes to reheat. Serve.
Read more from Fashionable Hostess.


text:
Little Dorrit & Co. is mother-and-daugher design and embroidery team Chris (mother) and Julie (daughter). Having studied art and literature between us, we decided to apply both to our love of embroidery, using stitches to illustrate the world?s favorite characters and stories. We sure hope you like them!
Take Craftsy with you!
Craftsy Apps for iOS and Android. Read more »


text:
2 thoughts on "May 26, execution in Iran"
Iran's national sports !
I'm extremely impressed along with your writing abilities and also with the structure to your weblog. Is this a paid subject or did you customize it your self? Anyway stay up the excellent quality writing, it?s uncommon to peer a great weblog like this one these days..


text:
Restaurants, Plant City, FL
Camellia Rose Tea Room & Gifts
120 N Collins St, Plant City, FL 33563
.6 Miles
"It was a "take me away" luncheon: we were assisted by lace-and-apron-wearing softl...">
Grandpa Johnson's Barbecue
1305 Dr Mlk Blvd W, Plant City, FL 33565
5.3 Miles
"their food is so good but their waittresses are slow getting to wait on people">
Romeo's Pizza & Pasta
2346 Griffin Rd, Lakeland, FL 33810
9.4 Miles
"delicious thin pizza. good pasta too, but great pizza.">
Fat Maggie's
1037 Dixieland Mall Ln, Lakeland, FL 33803
10.4 Miles
"Awesome experience. Been there a couple of times now. The food is out of this world and I lo...">
Subway Sandwiches
2278 Griffin Rd, Lakeland, FL 33810
9.4 Miles
"friendly sandwich artists. Makes a perfect sub the way you like it">
Rocky's Philly Cheese Steak
7286 State Rd 54, New Port Richey, FL 34653
14.3 Miles
"Fresh, Quality ingredients - everything made to order. Great food from the philly cheese ste...">
Carter's Barbeque
709 E Canal St, Mulberry, FL 33860
13.2 Miles
"Carter's has the best food in the county .. from ribs to oxtails thet does it all soul food...">
O'Briens Irish Pub
701 W Lumsden Rd, Brandon, FL 33511
12.4 Miles
"I love every thing thing about the place the people are great there they have good service t...">
Tokyo Japanese Steak House & Sushi Bar
13420 Boyette Rd, Riverview, FL 33569
14.8 Miles
"I went on Mother's Day excellent service , variety of sushi. california Roll was soooo good ...">
Acropolis Greek Taverna
6108 Winthrop Town Centre Ave, Riverview, FL 33578
14.6 Miles
"Last night was our first time in Acropolis. The food was very good. The atmosphere was nic...">
Plant City Home Town Buffet
1914 James L Redman Pkwy, Plant City, FL 33563
2.1 Miles
"Overpriced @ $10.00. The staff don't wear rubber gloves and often handle the food with their...">
Hungry Howie's Pizza & Subs
1101 S Florida Ave, Lakeland, FL 33803
10.4 Miles
"Nice Restaurant. Good service and tasty food. I would go back and eat there again.">
Saffron Indian Cuisine
10044 Cross Creek Blvd, Tampa, FL 33647
14.9 Miles
"Called to make a reservation for 2/12/09 @ 6:30pm as a friend already told he went once and ...">
Waffle House
1201 Townsgate Ct, Plant City, FL 33563
1.3 Miles
"i had a the best server ever she was so nice always refiled my drink and gave great service ...">
Cowboys Steakhouse & Saloon
106 State 60 Rd E, Plant City, FL 33567
5.9 Miles
"went there once to hang out with some of my girlfriends and ill never do tht again. the crow...">


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Farcry 3 Vaas Gif by FloordanWatch
©2012-2016 Floordan
Michael Mando being excellent.
Hahaha very nice ^^
I just love this.
Vaas is sexay!!!
This is awesome!!
Hahahaha, perfection!
He is so beautiful, oh my lord.
Hes my favorite psycho!!!
That person looks so much like Vaas! Where did you find him?
That's Michael Mando, the voice actor, motion capture and face model of Vaas.
It is Vaas. That guy played Vaas in the game and he also filmed a few of these clips irl.
EPIC! God, I love this!!
HAHA!!! Awesome!
Web Cam Acquired..
I don't know if i should be scared or be fangirling
Omg I love that part, makes me smile so much<33 Michael Mando is so awesome!
HAHA .. He's such a troll man DDD
This cracked me up
May i used it has my webcam ?
Of course!
i love vaas and i love michael mondo
oh i love him so much
"Prepare your anus "
dat face xD
This made me smile.
Oh dude he is so awesome
Oh dude he is so awesome
very nice
so fucking awesome
Gotta love that " Hello :3 "!
I wish they did more, I fan-girled so much... o.o"
woah O:
NICEEE GIFF!! Loving it!!<33
Well the look is good, character not.
I love Michael Mando!(Vaas)


text:
Evgenii Landis Interview September 2, 1990
Landis, Evgenii
Interview conducted by Eugene Dynkin with Evgenii Mikhailovich Landis on September 2, 1990 at the Hotel of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia. The interview is in two parts. An English translation transcript of this interview is provided.
NOTE: to view these items please visit http://dynkincollection.library.cornell.edu


text:
This is unexpected news. Warner Bros.' Comic-Con panel isn't until later today, but apparently some major news is about to be announced. The L.A. Times' Hero Complex blog is reporting that the studio has decided what their follow-up film to "Man Of Steel" is going to be, and not it's not a Superman ...Read More »
If you had said a few years ago that one of the biggest ratings behemoths on cable would be a series about zombies based on a comic book, people would have said you were crazy. But defying the odds, creative shakeups and some dips in quality, "The Walking Dead" has lurched into being one of the bigg...Read More »
Is there a more loaded and fractious divide on a tentpole this year than Warner Bros. "Man Of Steel"? Yes, it made a ton at the box-office (though it was only the 15th biggest opening of all time, well below "Iron Man 3"), but audiences and critics have been heavily divided. One could argue that the...Read More »
Well, a week hasn't even passed from "Man Of Steel" hitting theaters, and the movie continues to be broken down and studied over. We've already gone into our Best & Worst Of 'Man of Steel', and lots more information has arrived about the approach to the movie from Christopher Nolan's initial resista...Read More »
With its record-breaking haul over the weekend, we're not likely going to stop hearing about the "Man Of Steel" sequel or Warner Bros' plans for the DC cinematic universe. As part of the reboot's victory lap, writer David S. Goyer stopped by for a chat with Empire to clarify where things stand with ...Read More »
If you listen to the internet -- and that's always a precarious thing to do -- Warner Bros. "Man Of Steel" is either the worst movie of all time or the best movie of all time and of course, nothing in between (and lord there's been some kicking and screaming by people who disagree with one another)....Read More »
With "Man Of Steel" now in theaters, the weekend will find everyone discussing Zack Snyder's job on the Superman reboot, which even on amongst the Playlist stuff has caused a wide range of reactions. But the one thing we can mostly all agree on is that while the execution may rankle some, the ideas ...Read More »
If casting were all it took to make a successful movie, "Man of Steel" would be a slam-dunk.Read More »
If casting really were everything, Man of Steel would be phenomenal: Henry Cavill soars away with the title Best Looking Superman Ever; Russell Crowe brings emotional depth to the role of his father, Jor-El; Michael Shannon glowers as Jor-El's power-hungry nemesis, General Zod, yet makes us see t...Read More »


text:
Sharing my fish valentine printable today! I bought Swedish Fish and these plastic capsules from Bake it Pretty! (I LOVE Bake it Pretty-cutest online party/baking supply shop!)
The capsules resemble little fish bowls for the red fish! So cute!
LOVE how it turned out. Link for my printable download below:)
Valentine Fish Printable
{All printables and downloads designed by The Crafting Chicks are for PERSONAL USE ONLY. Please do not alter or claim as your own. This file is not intended for resale, nor are the printed versions of this file. Feel free to link back to www.thecraftingchicks.com if you like our printables, and we'd appreciate a comment if you download.}
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Nikki Says: February 12, 2013 at 11:08 am
Adorable! Thank you.
Emily Says: February 12, 2013 at 2:41 pm
Love this! Thank you!
CraftCrave | Blog | Freebies for Printable Scrapbooking or Cardmaking (large): Wednesday, 13 Feb 2013 Says: February 12, 2013 at 5:13 pm
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[…] Valentine / Fish Valentine / Maze […]
[…] Valentine…You're my favorite fish in the sea […]
[…] fish valentine […]
[…] Valentine…You're my favorite fish in the sea! – TheCraftingChicks.com […]
[…] Favorite Fish in the Sea by The Crafting Chicks […]
Meg Says: January 24, 2014 at 4:35 pm
These are so cute! I think i've found our valentines for the year:) Thanks!
carla Says: February 5, 2014 at 10:32 am
thanks so much… needed a last minute solution to kids valentines day. these are adorable
Thank you for the printable! So excited to use for my daughters daycare friends!
Carrie Says: February 8, 2014 at 2:28 pm
Thanks, my daughter loves Swedish Fish and I wanted to do something with them for Valentine's…this is great!
Wendy Says: February 10, 2014 at 10:42 am
I love this printable, but am having hard time getting it to print…I can pull it up, but print is not an option on my computer. 🙁 Can you help me?
Had a snow day Friday and had time to make something more special than store-bought. Perfect-we love them! Thanks for sharing :).
[…] Favorite Fish in the Sea Valentine 11…and one extra on for fun…add some google eyes to your child's […]
Thanks for these! So cute!
40 DIY Valentine's Day Card Ideas (for kids!) | Make It and Love It Says: January 30, 2015 at 10:31 am
[…] Favorite Fish in the Sea by The Crafting Chicks […]
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful printable. My son loves it and so do I.
21 Free Printable Valentines on The Crafting Chicks - The Crafting Chicks Says: January 31, 2015 at 7:58 pm
[…] Valentine… you're my favorite fish in the sea! […]
[…] Valentine Leaping LIZARDS! Valentine "You're My Favorite Fish in the Sea" Valentine You Make My Heart Bounce Valentine Puzzle […]


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Submissions for the 2015 edition of Imagine are now open! The theme is 'local stories', and if you are a Geelong secondary school student, or studying at Deakin University, we want your words and images!
The Imagine Journal accepts poetry, short stories, and images based around the theme of 'local stories'. For more information, check out our flyer: Imagine 2015


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Talents View in Talent Calculator
- Desperate Prayer
- Angelic Feather
- Surge of Light
- Psychic Scream
- Power Infusion
- Cascade
- Words of Mending
Desperate Prayer
2 min cooldown Instant
Heals the caster for 34,808.
Angelic Feather
40 yd range
Place a feather at the target location, granting the first ally to walk through it 60% increased movement speed for 6 sec. Max 3 charges. Only 3 feathers can be placed at one time.
Surge of Light
Your healing spells and Smite have a 8% chance to make your next Flash Heal instant and cost no mana. Can accumulate up to 2 charges.
Psychic Scream
3% of base mana
30 sec cooldown Instant
The caster lets out a psychic scream, causing 5 enemies within 8 yards to flee, disorienting them for 8 sec. Damage caused may interrupt the effect.
Power Infusion
2 min cooldown Instant
Infuses the Priest with power for 20 sec, increasing haste by 25% and reducing the mana cost of all spells by 20%.
40 yd range 2.4% of base mana
25 sec cooldown 1.5 sec cast
Launch a Holy bolt that grows in power with distance, healing an ally for up to 1,488, and then bouncing to additional allies 4 times. Each time it bounces, it splits into 2 bolts.
Words of Mending
Your healing and shielding spell casts grant you a stack of Word of Mending. When you gain 10 stacks of Word of Mending, your next targeted healing or shielding spell also casts a Prayer of Mending at them.
Major Glyphs
Glyph of Prayer of MendingPassiveThe first charge of your Prayer of Mending heals for an additional 60% but your Prayer of Mending has 1 fewer charge.
Glyph of Penance
DisciplinePassiveIncreases the mana cost of Penance by 20% but allows Penance to be cast while moving.
Glyph of Purify
Discipline, HolyPassiveYour Purify spell also heals your target for 5% of maximum health when you successfully dispel a magical effect or disease.
Minor Glyphs
Glyph of ConfessionPassiveTeaches you the ability Confession.
Compels a friendly target to confess a secret.
Glyph of Shackle UndeadPassiveChanges the appearance of your Shackle Undead.
Glyph of the HeavensPassiveYour Levitate targets will appear to be riding on a cloud for the duration of the spell.
- Angelic Bulwark
- Angelic Feather
- Mindbender
- Psychic Scream
- Shadowy Insight
- Halo
- Auspicious Spirits
Angelic Bulwark
When an attack brings you below 30% health, you gain an absorption shield equal to 15% of your maximum health for 20 sec. Cannot occur more than once every 90 sec.
Angelic Feather
40 yd range
Place a feather at the target location, granting the first ally to walk through it 60% increased movement speed for 6 sec. Max 3 charges. Only 3 feathers can be placed at one time.
40 yd range
1 min cooldown Instant
Creates a Mindbender to attack the target. Caster receives 0.75% mana when the Mindbender attacks. Lasts 20 sec.
Replaces Shadowfiend.
Replaces Shadowfiend.
Psychic Scream
3% of base mana
30 sec cooldown Instant
The caster lets out a psychic scream, causing 5 enemies within 8 yards to flee, disorienting them for 8 sec. Damage caused may interrupt the effect.
Shadowy Insight
Your Shadow Word: Pain damage over time and Mind Spike damage has a 5% chance to reset the cooldown on Mind Blast and make your next Mind Blast instant.
30 yd range 1% of base mana
40 sec cooldown Instant
Creates a ring of Shadow energy around you that quickly expands and grows in power, up to 30 yds away. Deals up to 11,245 Shadow damage to enemies, with the greatest effect at 25 yds.
Auspicious Spirits
Your Shadowy Apparitions now deal 100% increased damage and grant you 1 Shadow Orb.
Major Glyphs
Glyph of Mind Blast
ShadowPassiveWhen you critically hit with your Mind Blast, you cause the target to be unable to move for 4 sec.
Glyph of Reflective ShieldPassiveCauses 70% of the damage you absorb with your own Power Word: Shield to reflect back at the attacker. This damage causes no threat.
Glyph of Mind Flay
ShadowPassiveYour Mind Flay spell no longer slows your victim's movement speed. Instead, each time Mind Flay deals damage you will be granted 15% increased movement speed for 5 sec, stacking up to 3 times.
Minor Glyphs
Glyph of the ShaPassiveTransforms your Shadowfiend and Mindbender into a Sha Beast.
Glyph of Shadowy Friends
ShadowPassiveYour Shadowform extends to your mount and non-combat pets.
Glyph of Dark Archangel
ShadowPassiveWhen you apply Devouring Plague to a target, you take on the form of a Dark Archangel for 8 sec.
- Health218160
- Mana160000
- Intellect 3143
- Spell Power 4197
- Crit 14.61%
- Spirit 1053
- Haste 13.22%
- Mastery 35.14%
- Multistrike 6.86%
- Versatility 2.21%
- Intellect 3143
- Spell Power 4197
- Haste 13.22%
- Crit 14.61%
- Mastery 35.14%
- Multistrike 6.86%
- Versatility 2.21%
- Strength 840
- Agility 1069
- Intellect 3143
- Stamina 3636
- Damage 210–392
- Attack Power 0
- Speed 2.03
- Spell Power 4197
- Mana Regen 7540
- Armour 590
- Dodge 3.00%
- Parry 0.00%
- Block 0.00%
- Crit 14.61%
- Haste 13.22%
- Mastery 35.14%
- Spirit 1053
- Bonus Armor 0
- Multistrike 6.86%
- Leech 0.00%
- Versatility 2.21%
- Avoidance 0.41%
Recent Activity
- Earned the achievement Ready for Powerleveling for 10 points.
- 05/09/2015
- Earned the achievement Learn Two Primary Professions for 0 points.
- 05/09/2015
- Earned the feat of strength Crashin' Thrashin' Shredder.
- 05/09/2015
- Earned the achievement Learn A Primary Profession for 0 points.
- 05/09/2015
Player vs. Player
- 3995 Honourable kills
Challenge Mode
Raid Progression
Last updated on 10/02/2015


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Coffee Drinking Survey Released ffee Association, based here, has released its 1995 Coffee Drinking Survey, which covers more segments of the industry than last year's edition. The 61-page report presents national demographic data and statistics on coffee drinking. This year, the scope of the study was broadened to account for new industry trends and types of coffee, including specialty coffee beverages, whole-bean coffee, flavored coffee, partially decaffeinated coffee and cold coffee ...
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text: what is the correct way to implement html into a photo description so that the link opens a new tab to an external website? right now when I try and add a link using the "a href" tags I get a link that looks like this domainname.com/wordpress/"external site" Obviously this does not work. How do I get the link to go to the "external site" and why is it adding domainname.com/wordpress to the link and then adding quotation marks around the desired link address? Sorry if this sounds a bit elementary but I am a bit miffed? any help would be greatly appreciated


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NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 7,899 terms related to cancer and medicine.
Browse the dictionary by selecting a letter of the alphabet or by entering a cancer-related word or phrase in the search box.
- patient-controlled analgesia
- listen (PAY-shunt-kun-TROLD AN-ul-JEE-zee-uh)
- A method of pain relief in which the patient controls the amount of pain medicine that is used. When pain relief is needed, the person can receive a preset dose of pain medicine by pressing a button on a computerized pump that is connected to a small tube in the body. Also called PCA.


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'Pretty Woman' star Julia Roberts has revealed she loved every pound she gained due to the 'eat' portion of her latest movie 'Eat Pray Love.' Directed by Glee's Ryan Murphy, the movie is based on the best-selling memoir by Elizabeth Gilbert. At a press conference for the film in Bardessono hotel in California's Napa Valley, […] Continue reading Julia Roberts 'loved every pound' she gained for 'Eat Pray Love'
Tag Archive: pound
A couple of Cliff Richards fans have seen him perform more than 8,000 times and spent more than 1million pounds on following him.
Brenda Kirby and Carol Barton have kept track of Richards' world tours for over 50 years, making five world trips themselves in the process.
They have spent 560,000 pounds on tickets, 208,000 pounds on […] Continue reading Meet Cliff Richards' 'Million Pound Shadows'!


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HourlyHours to be determined
Expert LevelI am willing to pay higher rates for the most experienced freelancers
I have a dataset which consists of a timestamp and two pairs of coordinates per row. I would like to hire someone to create a series of geographic visualizations of the connections between these pairs of coordinates. I want to try and create a timeseries so maybe creating a different map for each one minute interval, maybe fading out connections created in past minutes so that I can stitch all of the maps together into an animated gif or video.
Here is an example of what I'm trying to do. This map shows one set of coordinates in red and the other in green and connections between them in blue. I would like a script which, fed a csv in a specific format, can generate a sequence of images sort of like this: http://cl.ly/image/2p0Y3C3a0G38
Client Activity on this Job
Last Viewed: 1 year ago
Hired: 1
About the Client
United States
Menlo Park 04:43 AM
Jobs Posted
67% Hire Rate, 65 Open Jobs
Over $50,000
Total Spent
6,780 Hires, 409 Active
Avg Hourly Rate Paid
2,332,148 Hours


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Photos: 'The Heat' Press Conference
Finally I have added pictures from 'The Heat' press conference (including some HQ's donated by lovely Marica) held in New York back in June 23. Check it:
'The Heat' Hits Australia!
The first batch of pictures from 'The Heat' Australian premiere, held today in Sydney, has been added to our gallery:
Public Appearances > Appearances in 2013 > "The Heat" Australia Premiere – July 2nd
Sandra Bullock Talks Getting Naked on Grahan Norton Show
We doubt that Ryan Reynolds was actually frightened by the sight of a naked Sandra Bullock charging at him in The Proposal, but the actress insists that she would never attempt to strip in a film for the sake of sexiness.
"There's nothing funnier than two naked bodies slapping together," Bullock observed on the latest episode of The Graham Norton Show, airing July 11 on BBC America (or tonight, if you get BBC One).
"There's nothing sexy about it at all—it's funny. It's not like your hug," the ever-candid actress added, turning to fellow guest Nick Frost (who is rather cuddly). "It's not intimate."
But Bullock looked so great in The Proposal, Norton said—though he did admit that he was paying more attention to her costar's naked body at the time.
"No, I don't do naked for sexy," the actress insisted. "Naked only works for me in the funny."
Sandra Bullock on 'Live With Kelly And Michael' Screencaptures
Earlier today Sandy stopped by 'Live with Kelly and Michael' for another interview on her promoting round up and was amazing to see how excited Kelly was to receive her. Check screen captures in the gallery:
Video will be up later. Thanks Haylie for recording it, once again!
Sandra Bullock on Craig Ferguson (Video)
Sandy is really busy this week and last night she was guest on Craig Ferguson show in a funny but odd interview. Check the video below and screen captures in our gallery, thanks once again to Haylie for recording it to us.
Sandra Bullock Will Not Be On "Annie' Remake
We reported earlier that Sandy was in talks to be on Annie remake. But Deadline reported today that Cameron Diaz will be on the movie instead. No reason has been given.
Sony's Columbia Pictures just concluded the negotiations with Cameron Diaz today for the updated moppet movie musical starting production in the fall for a Christmas 2014 release. Sandra Bullock had been in talks for the role in Annie but pulled out recently.


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Order Online
At Dynasty it is not only the food that brings back our customers, but the wonderful service. Service is a top priority here, and one of the many things Dynasty prides itself on is our quality service. Our delicious meals are available dine-in or take-out. Have a takeaway tonight, delivered by our friendly staff straight to your door.


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- PakistanServicesFunding via Jinnah Welfare Society (JWS)
Rehana KuserPakistanServicesFunding via Jinnah Welfare Society (JWS)
ZahidaPakistanServicesFunding via Jinnah Welfare Society (JWS)
Naghma Sarayan Qalacha Group
She is thankful to Kiva lenders becasue they support people thought their effecitv process.
Additional Information
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Afghanistan
0View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 12 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Feb 21, 2010
- Listed
- Mar 12, 2010
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Jan 15, 2011


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text: The Art of the String Quartet, a Sarah Lawrence College music course will be open to the public to audit, free of charge. Beginning September 15 and continuing throughout the year when school is in session, the course takes place on Wednesdays from 12:30 - 1:30 in Reisinger Hall. Teaching the course, which will explore the complete string quartet works of Ludwig van Beethoven in a historical context, are the members of The Laurentian String Quartet, in residence at the college. Registration is not required. Brown bag lunches are welcome. For more information, please contact (914) 395-2412.


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The Nazareth College Hillel encourages Jewish students, faculty, and staff to gain a greater awareness of their Judaism and associated traditions through innovative and exciting programming. Hillel's mission is to enrich the lives of Jewish undergraduate and graduate students, create a safe space for discussing relevant topics, and work as an outreach to other faith and cultural groups on campus, thus enriching the lives of Jews and people throughout our community.
Hillel members are dedicated to creating a pluralistic, welcoming, and inclusive environment for Jewish students, where they are encouraged to grow intellectually, spiritually, and socially. Hillel helps students find a balance in being distinctively Jewish and universally human by encouraging them to pursue tzedek (social justice), tikkun olam (repairing the world) and Jewish learning, and to support Israel and global Jewish peoplehood.
As part of the Center for Spirituality, the Nazareth College Hillel's mission is accomplished through dedicated staff and collaboration with faculty advisors, students, and other Hillel organizations at surrounding college campuses. Hillel-sponsored activities and services include:
• Monthly Lunch & Learn with free meals and hevruta-style discussion
• High holiday services and weekly Shabbat services
• Annual festival Sukkah raising and Pesah Seder
• Shabbat meals offered a couple times each semester
• Social outings
• Visits by guest musicians, dancers, and speakers
• Interfaith and cross-cultural programs with other groups on campus
All services held in Medaille Formal Lounge unless otherwise posted
Rosh Hashanah Day 1: Monday, September 14, 9am-1pm, followed by potluck dairy lunch
Tashlich: 5pm, Erie Canal Lock 32 off Clover Street
Rosh Hashanah Day 2: Tuesday, September 15, 9am-1pm
Kol Nidre: Tuesday, September 22, 6:30pm-8:30pm
Yom Kippur: Wednesday, September 23, 9am-1pm and 5pm-8pm, shofar blowing at 8pm
Sukkah building: Sunday, September 27, noon, behind GAC, snacks and crafts provided
Program Leaders:


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Register now to search thousands of members and post your FREE profile!
See who's on JDate:
A nice, creative lady who is entering a new stage of life. Looking for a good man, ideally to join me in Vacationland.
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Marines turn the tide in the 'Fallujah of Afghanistan'
3rd Battalion, 5th Marines battle for Sangin
SANGIN, Afghanistan It would be hard to forget that face, even if they hadn't seen it just the day before.
A young Afghan man stood on the side of a narrow dirt lane, watching an open-top truckload of Marines head into a volatile neighborhood in this river valley town coveted by Taliban insurgents and drug lords.
The man smiled at the Marines and waved. Then he yanked a kite string detonation cord attached to a bomb buried in the road.
A platoon from Camp Pendleton's 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment would have been decimated in the attack. The battalion already had suffered more casualties than any other in the 10-year war in Afghanistan, long before its seven-month tour ended this month. But the homemade device was a dud. It smoked but failed to explode until the Marines drove safely out of the way.
The next day, the Marines shot their way back into the ravine, wounding an armed fighter who was dragged into a mosque. When they reached the alley where they had been attacked, Cpl. Jason Gaal and Staff Sgt. Nathan Stocking couldn't believe their eyes. Both recognized a guy riding by on a motorcycle.
"Lo' and behold, there's our trigger man," Gaal said.
Stocking walked the trembling flex-cuffed detainee back to base, overcompensating for his fury with exaggerated gentleness. "My buddy … my buddy," he sang, guiding his prisoner lightly by the arm.
The arrest in March of the suspected insurgent was one of many hard-fought victories the 3/5 Marines were savoring during their last weeks in Sangin. Even by Marine Corps standards and the long history of one of its most decorated battalions, their tour that ended this month was brutal.
In October, the Camp Pendleton unit was dropped into the deadliest area of the country for international troops. Their ensuing battle for Sangin extracted a grim toll from their ranks — nearly one in four wounded or killed, most in the first three months. At least 29 Marines and sailors from the battalion and its attachments died and a couple hundred more were wounded.
When Defense Secretary Robert Gates flew to Sangin last month, he said he had been praying for the 3/5 Marines daily, because they had paid an extraordinary price in sweat and blood to add their names to the Marine Corps roll of honor. But the result had been a "dramatic turnaround," in his view, for an area of the country that had bedeviled and bloodied British troops and the Afghan government for years.
"You've killed, captured or driven away most of the Taliban that called this place home. And in doing so, you've linked northern Helmand, Uruzgan and Kandahar provinces, a major strategic breakthrough," Gates told the Marines.
Going in
They had prepared for a tough fight. Anyone who Googled "Sangin," as many of the Marines heading there did, knew that subduing the "Fallujah of Afghanistan" would be a challenge. Before the British pulled out in September, they lost more than 100 troops in Sangin, nearly a third of their war dead.
The town of mud-walled homes and concrete block bazaar stalls in the far northeast of Helmand province is flanked by jagged peaks and a patchwork of poppy fields. Its stunning beauty, remoteness and access to a strategic crossroads made it a nexus for Taliban militants.
The British had shouldered much of the security burden in Helmand province since 2006. Troop levels forced them to focus on more populated areas while they struggled in Sangin to secure the main road, the district government offices and their military bases.
With British troops penned in under constant attack, the insurgents had free rein to run weapons, fighters and drugs. The Kabul administration seemed to write off Sangin as a lost cause. Helmand governor Gulab Mangal raged at the British, "stop calling it the Sangin District and start calling it the Sangin Base. All you have done here is built a military camp next to the city," according to U.S. diplomatic cables first publicized by the WikiLeaks website.


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Buying Tickets Online?
I am looking to get tickets for my family for the Browns game on December 27. I have looked on NFL Ticket Exchange, ebay, and StubHub and I have found a few options. I've used StubHub in the past and really liked it. I've also used ebay and, while I know that it's dependent on the seller, I've always had good experiences with that, as well. I've never used NFL Ticket Exchange, but I feel confident that it I do use it, it will be fine. Anyway, I was just wondering if anyone has any other suggestions of places to look. Like I said, I have found a few things that will work, but I just want to make sure I look everywhere before I buy. (I am being non-commital today!)
Saved to


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Afamia Elnakat, Ph.D., R.E.M.
Occupation: Environmental Sustainability Outreach and Associate Professor of Research
Afamia is an associate professor of research at the UTSA Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute. She is also teaching faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering at UTSA.
Afamia's research is dedicated to emphasizing living sustainably while alleviating environmental impacts. Utilizing her multidisciplinary knowledge and background in engineering, biology, geology, chemical fate and transport, and water resources, Afamia specializes in multidisciplinary approaches in assessing environmental policies and institutional barriers to facilitate cooperation between different entities.
With her private industry background in engineering consulting firms, and commitment to community initiatives, Afamia has gained experience in technical, political and socioeconomical aspects of resource management.
Educational Background:
Ph.D., Environmental Science & Engineering - 2002
University of Texas at El Paso
"The Use of Symmetric Triangular Linear Fuzzy Regression in Investigating
Transectoral and Transboundary Water Allocation"
-NSF Scholarship in Math and Engineering
Related Projects:
Dwain Rogers, J.D.
Occupation: Transportation and Policy Research Director
Dwain Rogers attended the University of Texas at Austin, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1990, and went on to receive his J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law in 1993. He practiced law at the firms of Thompson & Knight and Munsch Hardt Kopf & Harr and worked as in-house counsel for Solectron Corporation in Austin. Dwain's law practice focused on intellectual property, funding early stage tech companies, litigation and commercial real estate. Beginning in 2003, Dwain worked for the Texas General Land Office as a litigation and real estate attorney and as Special Counsel. In early 2008, Dwain was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the GLO's Renewable Energy Division, working to locate renewable energy projects on state-owned lands and to encourage the development of the renewable energy industry cluster in Texas. The Renewable Energy Division was created by Commissioner Jerry Patterson to develop a new revenue stream for the Permanent School Fund, an endowment fund which benefits K-12 public education. The division has overseen the execution of the first offshore wind leases in U.S. history and the first utility scale solar lease in Texas history. Since the spring of 2012, Dwain has worked as Transportation Research Director for the Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute at the University of Texas at San Antonio. As part of the CPS – UTSA Energy Research Alliance, the Institute performs cutting edge research on a wide variety of energy issues, challenges and opportunities facing the San Antonio community.
Related Projects:
Juan Gomez, Ph.D., P.E.
Occupation: Interim Institute Director and Associate Professor of Research
Juan Gomez is the Interim Institute Director and an Associate Professor of Research at the UTSA Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute.
Juan's areas of expertise include water treatment (conventional and membrane processes), water resources planning, public infrastructure planning and design, cost estimating, hydraulic modeling and dynamic simulation, water supply economics, and project and construction management. Juan utilizes a system's based approach for proposing solutions to some of the most critical challenges we face today including water, energy, transportation, housing and food supply. While technology will continue to play a key role in solving these challenges, Juan is a big believer in needing to look more closely at how socioeconomic and demographic factors, policy and regulations, economics and human behaviors affect and influence the way people use and value technology.
Prior to joining the Institute, Dr. Gomez was part of the Global Technology Group for a large global engineering and consulting firm for over 9 years. He worked in projects throughout the U.S., Puerto Rico, Mexico, Singapore, the Middle East, and other geographies.
Professional Affiliations:
• Registered Professional Engineer in the state of Texas (No. 95679)
• American Water Works Association - member
• WateReuse Association - member
• Water Environment Federation - member
Educational Background:
Ph.D., Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso 2003
M.S. Environmental Systems, Humboldt State University 2000
B.S. Chemical Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander 1997
Related Projects: Carbon Capture, Storage, Sequestration and ReutilizationUTSA SmartLiving Campus
Linda M. Day
Occupation: Associate Director of Operations
Linda joined the Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute in January 2012. She brings eight years of experience in higher education administrative management in both academic and research-focused environments.
Linda holds a BBA in Management from Texas State University. Her background in financial operations ranges from small business accounting to integrated corporate financial management systems. In addition, she has managed multiple research grants funded by such agencies as the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Her goal is to advance the mission of the Institute as well as that of UTSA through the establishment of standards and processes that serve the unique needs of the organization and inspire innovative solutions at the university level.
Related Projects:
Rolando E. Vega, Ph.D., P.E.
Occupation: Renewable Technologies Research Director
Dr. Vega has been a renewable energy consultant and researcher for the last 6-years. He started and was responsible for the Renewable Energy consulting business in US, Mexico, Brazil and China for a global 1700+ employee company. Dr. Vega helped develop the company's consulting revenues from non-existent to about $6M in 3-years. He drives teamwork, effectively draws from the strengths of his team and focuses in innovative ideas and great communication to provide solutions. Dr. Vega's former clients include top tier global owners, utilities and manufacturers of renewable energy assets and operations.
Nominated in 2009 for the American Association for Wind Engineering Award for his Ph.D. dissertation, Dr. Vega currently works with The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) as the Director of Renewable Energy Research. Before this position, Dr. Vega worked with ABS Consulting leading the technical and business development efforts of a global team to assess, predict and mitigate wind and solar power on renewable energy assets. He developed a technical team of experts to support project demands to:
• Evaluate and approve acceptability of design basis (including hurricane risk) for U.S. and Europe offshore wind power project certifications
• Inspect wind turbine blades, towers and foundations,
• Assess fatigue and fracture cracks in several wind turbine towers and blades,
• Perform loading calculations using the NREL-FAST code,
• Perform wind and solar energy resource assessments and measurement certifications,
• Assess wind power resources in the State of Texas in over 40 sites,
• Render Monte Carlo simulations and reliability analysis of wind loads on structures,
• Define climatology and site aerodynamics using short-term meteorological records,
• Act as principal designer of StickNet, an instrumentation platform to measure the meteorological conditions in (convective) thunderstorm, hurricane and tornado weather.
• Provide management, professional and technical services in the construction and energy industry.
He currently chairs the joint industry consensus-based committee of the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Recommended Practices for Compliance of Large Wind Turbine Structures. Dr. Vega is a registered Professional Engineer and holds an active NCEES record for licensure in any U.S. state.
Related Projects: