text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 9, 1999
|Filing date
|Sep 29, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 29, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Debasis Majumdar, Sharon M. Melpolder, Charles C. Anderson, Paul A. Christian, Thomas N. Blanton
|Original Assignee
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (19), Classifications (17), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application relates to commonly assigned copending application Ser. No. 08/937,685, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,611 Express Mail No. EM031050112US, filed simultaneously herewith and hereby incorporated by reference for all that it discloses. This application relates to commonly assigned copending application Ser. No. 08/939,515, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,190 Express Mail No. EM031050090US, filed simultaneously herewith and hereby incorporated by reference for all that it discloses.
This invention relates in general to imaging elements, such as photographic, electrostatographic and thermal imaging elements, and in particular to imaging elements comprising a support, an image-forming layer and an electrically-conductive layer. More specifically, this invention relates to electrically-conductive layers containing conductive clay and to the use of such electrically-conductive layers in imaging elements for such purposes as providing protection against the generation of static electrical charges or serving as an electrode which takes part in an image-forming process.
Problems associated with the formation and discharge of electrostatic charge during the manufacture and utilization of photographic film and paper have been recognized for many years by the photographic industry. The accumulation of charge on film or paper surfaces leads to the attraction of dust, which can produce physical defects. The discharge of accumulated charge during or after the application of the sensitized emulsion layer(s) can produce irregular fog patterns or "static marks" in the emulsion. The severity of static problems has been exacerbated greatly by increases in the sensitivity of new emulsions, increases in coating machine speeds, and increases in post-coating drying efficiency. The charge generated during the coating process results primarily from the tendency of webs of high dielectric polymeric film base to charge during winding and unwinding operations (unwinding static), during transport through the coating machines (transport static), and during post-coating operations such as slitting and spooling. Static charge can also be generated during the use of the finished photographic film product. In an automatic camera, the winding of roll film out of and back into the film cassette, especially in a low relative humidity environment, can result in static charging. Similarly, high-speed automated film processing can result in static charge generation. Sheet films are especially subject to static charging during removal irom light-tight packaging (e.g., x-ray films).
It is generally known that electrostatic charge can be dissipated effectively by incorporating one or more electrically-conductive "antistatic" layers into the film structure. Antistatic layers can be applied to one or to both sides of the film base as subbing layers either beneath or on the side opposite to the light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers. An antistatic layer can alternatively be applied as an outer coated layer either over the emulsion layers or on the side of the film base opposite to the emulsion layers or both. For some applications, the antistatic agent can be incorporated into the emulsion layers. Alternatively, the antistatic agent can be directly incorporated into the film base itself. The requirements for antistatic layers in silver halide photographic films are especially demanding because of the stringent optical requirements, the layers must be both highly transparent and essentially colorless.
Other types of imaging elements such as photographic papers and thermal imaging elements also frequently require the use of an antistatic layer. For these types of imaging elements, the antistatic layer is typically employed as a backing layer. For photographic paper, an additional critical criterion is the ability of the antistatic backing layer to receive printing (e.g., bar codes or other indicia containing useful information) typically administered by dot matrix or inkjet printers and to retain these prints or markings as the paper undergoes processing (viz, backmark retention).
Electrically-conductive layers are also commonly used in imaging elements for purposes other than providing static protection. Thus, for example, in electrostatographic imaging it is well known to utilize imaging elements comprising a support, an electrically-conductive layer that serves as an electrode, and a photoconductive layer that serves as the image-forming layer. Electrically-conductive agents utilized as antistatic agents in photographic silver halide imaging elements are often also useful in the electrode layer of electrostatographic imaging elements.
Colloidal metal oxide sols which exhibit ionic conductivity when included in antistatic layers are often used in imaging elements. Typically, alkali metal salts or anionic surfactants are used to stabilize these sols. A thin antistatic layer consisting of a gelled network of colloidal metal oxide particles (e.g., silica, antimony pentoxide, alumina, titania, stannic oxide, zirconia) with an optional polymeric binder to improve adhesion to both the support and overlying emulsion layers has been disclosed in EP 250,154. An optional ambifunctional silane or titanate coupling agent can be added to the gelled network to improve adhesion to overlying emulsion layers (e.g., EP 301,827; U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,219) along with an optional alkali metal orthosilicate to minimize loss of conductivity by the gelled network when it is overcoated with gelatin-containing layers (U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,818). Also, it has been pointed out that coatings containing colloidal metal oxides (e.g., antimony pentoxide, alumina, tin oxide, indium oxide) and colloidal silica with an organopolysiloxane binder afford enhanced abrasion resistance as well as provide antistatic function (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,442,168 and 4,571,365).
Conductive layers employing electronic conductors such as conjugated polymers, conductive carbon fibers, or semiconductive inorganic particles have also been described. Trevoy (U.S. Pat. No. 3,245,833) has taught the preparation of conductive coatings containing semiconductive silver or copper iodide dispersed as particles in an insulating film-forming binder. Such coatings, although they provide excellent conductivities, impart some color to the imaging element and are, therefore, undesirable in many photographic applications.
Conductive fine particles of crystalline metal oxides dispersed with a polymeric binder have been used to form substantially transparent conductive layers for various imaging applications. Many different metal oxides, such as ZnO, TiO2, ZrO2, SnO2, ZnSb2 O6, Al2 O3, BaO, etc, have been described for use in electrically conductive layers as mentioned in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,275,103, 4,393,441, 4,416,963, 4,418,141, 4,431,764, 4,495,276, 4,571,361, 4,999,276, 5,122,445, and 5,368,995, for example. In order to obtain high electrical conductivity, a relatively large amount of metal oxide must be included in the conductive layer. This results in decreased optical transparency for thick conductive coatings. The high refractive index (>2.0) of the preferred metal oxides necessitates that the metal oxide be dispersed in the form of ultrafine (<0.1 μm) particles, prepared by various mechanical milling processes, in order to minimize light scattering (haze) by the antistatic layer. The cost for these metal oxide materials and the cost involved in the milling process required to obtain ultrafine particle size make the preparation of such conductive layers rather expensive.
As indicated above, the prior art on electrically-conductive layers in imaging elements is extensive and a very wide variety of different materials have been proposed for use as the electrically-conductive agent. There is still, however, a critical need in the art for improved electrically-conductive layers which are useful in a wide variety of imaging elements, which can be manufactured at reasonable cost, which are durable and abrasion-resistant, which are effective at low coverage, which are adaptable to use with transparent imaging elements, which are colorless, and which do not exhibit adverse sensitometric or photographic effects.
In accordance with this invention, an imaging element for use in an image-forming process comprises a support, an image-forming layer, and an electrically-conductive layer; the electrically-conductive layer comprising an electrically-conductive, smectite clay, a first polymeric binder wherein the polymeric binder can sufficiently intercalate inside or exfoliate the smectite clay, and a second polymeric binder which does not sufficiently intercalate inside or exfoliate the smectite clay.
The imaging elements of this invention can contain one or more image-forming layers and one or more electrically-conductive layers and such layers can be coated on any of a very wide variety of supports. The electrically-conductive layers of this invention are adherent, highly transparent and colorless, are manufacturable at reasonable cost, and provide excellent electrical conductivity.
FIG. 1 shows the x-ray diffraction pattern of clay and polymer in different clay to polymer weight ratios.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following description and claims in connection with the above-described drawing.
The imaging elements of this invention can be of many different types depending on the particular use for which they are intended. Such elements include, for example, photographic, electrostatographic, photothermographic, migration, electrothermographic, dielectric recording and thermal-dye-transfer imaging elements. Imaging elements can comprise any of a wide variety of supports. Typical supports include cellulose nitrate film, cellulose acetate film, poly(vinyl acetal) film, polystyrene film, poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, poly(ethylene naphthalate) film, polycarbonate film, glass, metal, paper, polymer-coated paper, and the like.
Details with respect to the composition and function of a wide variety of different imaging elements are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,676, incorporated herein by reference, and references described therein. The present invention can be effectively employed in conjunction with any of the imaging elements described in the '676 patent.
The present invention encompasses a three component conductive layer which includes component A which is a conducting smectite clay, component B which is one or more polymeric materials capable of sufficiently intercalating inside or exfoliating the conducting smectite clay, and component C which can be one or more film forming polymeric binders which do not intercalate inside or exfoliate the conducting smectite clay. The conductive layer can include a crosslinking agent to further improve the properties of the conductive layer as well as other optional additives.
The clay material (component A) used in this invention is an electrically conducting smectite clay , preferably one closely resembling the natural clay mineral hectorite in both structure and composition. Hectorite is a natural swelling clay which is relatively rare and occurs contaminated with other minerals such as quartz which are difficult and expensive to remove. Synthetic smectite clay is free from natural impurities, prepared under controlled conditions. One such synthetic smectite clay is commercially marketed under the tradename Laponite by Laporte Industries, Ltd of UK through its US subsidiary, Southern Clay Products, Inc. It is a layered hydrous magnesium silicate, in which magnesium ions, partially replaced by suitable monovalent ions such as lithium, sodium, potassium and/or vacancies, are octahedrally coordinated to oxygen and/or hydroxyl ions, some of which may be replaced by fluorine ions, forming the central octahedral sheet; such an octahedral sheet is sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets of silicon ions, tetrahedrally coordinated to oxygen.
There are many grades of Laponite such as RD, RDS, J, S, etc. each with unique characteristics and can be used for the present invention, as long as they maintain their electrical conductivity. Some of these products contain a polyphosphate peptising agent such as tetrasodium pyrophosphate for rapid dispersion capability; alternatively, a suitable peptiser can be incorporated into Laponite later on for the same purpose. A typical chemical analysis of Laponite RDS and its physical properties, as per Laponite Product Bulletin, are provided below.
TABLE 1______________________________________Typical Chemical AnalysisComponent Weight %______________________________________SiO2 54.5MgO 26.0Li2 O 0.8Na2 O 5.6P2 O5 4.1Loss on ignition 8.0______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Typical Physical Properties______________________________________Appearance White PowderBulk density 1000 kg/m3Surface Area 330 m2 /gpH (2% suspension) 9.7Sieve analysis, 98% < 250 mMoisture content 10%______________________________________
Laponite separates into tiny platelets of lateral dimension of 25-50 nm and a thickness of 1-5 nm in deionized aqueous dispersions, commonly referred to as "sols. " Typical concentration of Laponite in a sol can be 0.1% through 10%. During dispersion in deionized water an electrical double layer forms around the clay platelets resulting in repulsion between them and no structure build up. However, in a formula containing electrolytes introduced from tap water or other ingredients, the double layer can be reduced resulting in attraction between the platelets forming a "House of Cards" structure.
Dispersion of smectite clay (component A) in the polymeric binder (component B) plays a critical role in the performance of the conductive layer. Like any other pigment, the flocculation of the clay phase in the polymeric phase can degrade the mechanical properties of the film. Flocculation of clay can lead to severe dusting and/or post-process reddish discoloration.
The dispersion of clay particles in a polymer matrix can result in the formation of three general types of composite materials as discussed by Lan et al (T. Lan, P. D. Kaviratna and T. J. Pinnavia, Chem. Mater.7, 2144(1995)). (1) Conventional composites may contain clay with the layers unintercalated in a face-to-face aggregation. Here the clay platelet aggregates are simply dispersed with macroscopic segregation. (2) Intercalated clay composites are intercalation compounds of definite structure formed by the insertion of one or more molecular layers of polymer into the clay host galleries. (3) Finally, exfoliated clay-polymer composites where singular clay platelets are dispersed in a continuous polymer matrix. We discovered that the latter two arrangements of the clay in the polymer matrix provides the desired properties of the conductive layers.
Intercalation and exfoliation of clay can be conveniently monitored by measuring the basal (001) spacing of the clay platelets using x-ray diffraction technique, as illustrated by Gianellis et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,670, incorporated herein by reference. With intercalation of a polymer in the clay gallery, an increase in the basal spacing of the clay is observed. When completely exfoliated, the diffraction peaks disappear since the crystallographic order is lost.
For the current invention the polymeric binder (B) which is capable of sufficiently intercalating inside or exfoliating the clay can be a water soluble polymer (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polystyrene sulfonate, polyacrylamide), a hydrophilic colloid (e.g., gelatin) or a water insoluble latex or dispersion (e.g., polymers and interpolymers of styrene, styrene derivatives, alkyl acrylates or alkyl methacrylates and their derivatives, olefins, acrylonitrile, polyurethane and polyester ionomers). The latex polymers are of particular importance because of their widespread use in imaging elements.
The following are examples of intercalation or exfoliation of clay (component A) by various polymeric binders.
The term polyesterionomer refers to polyesters that contain at least one ionic moiety. Such ionic moieties function to make the polymer water dispersible. Examples of this class of polymers include Eastman AQ polyesterionomers manufactured by Eastman Chemical Co. The AQ polymers are well suited for a variety of applications, such as dispersion, adhesion, bonding, coating, priming, etc. These polymers are relatively high molecular weight amorphous polyesters. Upon drying, they form hard clear films adherent to a variety of substrates and resistant to water, blocking and rubbing.
A particular polymer used in this work is Eastman AQ55D with a glass transition temperature of 55� C. The following Table lists the (001) spacing of Laponite RDS clay when mixed with varying amounts of AQ55D. It is clear that the incorporation of increasing amount of AQ55D in the mixture increases the (001) spacing of clay indicating intercalation of the polymer in the clay gallery, leading to eventual exfoliation of clay for a 30/70 clay/binder ratio. The x-ray diffraction patterns are shown in FIG. 1. The shift in the main (001) peak towards lower 2-theta diffraction angles with increasing amount of AQ 55D illustrates the increase in basal plane spacing. This increase in basal plane spacing together with increased peak width, broader and less defined higher order peaks represent intercalation of AQ55D in the clay structure (Curves B through F). Finally, complete loss of intensity of the (001) peaks particularly the higher order peaks for a 30/70 clay/binder ratio indicates exfoliation of the clay in the polymer matrix (Curve A).
______________________________________ weight % of weight % of Basal planeLatex Laponite RDS latex (001) spacing, Angstroms______________________________________ 100 0 13.4AQ55D 90 10 14.2AQ55D 80 20 15.5AQ55D 70 30 16.9AQ55D 60 40 18.5AQ55D 30 70 exfoliation______________________________________
Two commercially available acrylonitrile-containing latex polymers were chosen, for this purpose. These are supplied by BF Goodrich as Hycar 1570X75 and Hycar 1572X64. As indicated in the following Table for a 30/70 clay/latex mixture, both the aforementioned latex materials caused exfoliation of the clay.
______________________________________ weight % of weight % of Basal planeLatex Laponite RDS latex (001) spacing, Angstroms______________________________________Hycar 30 70 exfoliation1570X75Hycar 30 70 exfoliation1572X64______________________________________
Two commercially available aqueous dispersions of anionic aliphatic polyurethanes were chosen for this purpose. One was Witcobond 232 supplied by Witco Corporation. The other was Bayhydrol PR 240 supplied by Bayer. As shown in the following Table, the basal plane spacing of Laponite RDS increased by 6.8 Angstroms or 51 percent when the clay/latex ratio is changed from 100/0 to 30/70 with Bayhydrol PR 240 as the binder. In comparison, the same basal plane spacing of Laponite RDS increased by 3.1 Angstroms or 23 percent when the clay/latex ratio is changed from 100/0 to 30/70 with Witco 232 as the binder. It is obvious that for a 30/70 clay/binder ratio, Bayhydrol PR 240 had more intercalation inside the clay lattice than Witco 232.
______________________________________ weight % of weight % of Basal planePolyurethane Laponite RDS latex (001) spacing, Angstroms______________________________________Bayhydrol 30 70 20.2PR240Witco 232 30 70 16.5 100 0 13.4______________________________________
Water Soluble Polymers
Gelatin as a hydrophilic colloid was used as a binder for clay. As shown in the following Table, for a 30/70 clay/binder ratio, gelatin caused exfoliation of the clay.
______________________________________ weight % of weight % of Basal planePolymer Laponite RDS colloid (001) spacing, Angstroms______________________________________gelatin 30 70 exfoliation______________________________________
A sulfonated polystyrene and a sulfonated styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer, commercially supplied as Versa TL130 and Versa TL3, respectively, by National Starch and Chemical Company were used as binders. As shown in the following Table, for a 30/70 clay/binder ratio, both Versa TL130 and Versa TL3 caused exfoliation of the clay.
______________________________________ weight % of weight % of Basal planePolymer Laponite RDS polymer (001) spacing, Angstroms______________________________________Versa TL130 30 70 exfoliationVersa TL3 30 70 exfoliation______________________________________
Polymeric binders capable of "sufficiently" intercalating inside the clay are defined to be those which can increase the basal plane spacing of the clay by 50 percent or more, when the clay/binder weight ratio is changed from 100/0 to 30/70.
Polymeric binders (Component C) which do not sufficiently intercalate inside or exfoliate the clay can still be incorporated in a functional conductive layer, through the use of polymeric binder (Component B) which is capable of sufficiently intercalating inside or exfoliating the conducting smectite clay in combination with polymeric binder (Component C). This will allow a formulator to choose from a wider selection of polymeric binders, which although not intercalating inside or exfoliating the conducting smectite clay, provide other attractive properties such as adhesion to various substrates, abrasion and scratch resistance, cost, film-forming properties, thermal properties, and the like. Polymeric binders (Component C) which do not sufficiently intercalate inside or exfoliate the clay are defined to be those which do not increase the basal plane spacing of the clay by 50 percent or more, when the clay/binder weight ratio is changed from 100/0 to 30/70. The polymeric binders chosen as component C may include water soluble polymers, synthetic latex polymers such as acrylics, styrenes, acrylonitriles, vinyl halides, butadienes, and others, or water dispersible condensation polymers such as polyurethanes, polyesters, polyamides, epoxides, and the like.
In the practice of the present invention, the dried conductive layer contains 20 to 80 weight % of component A, 2 to 20 weight % of component B, and 20 to 80 weight % of component C, the total weight % of components A, B, and C being equal to 100%. The relative amounts of components A, B, and C within the above ranges are chosen to meet the specific requirements for the type of imaging element employing the conductive layer or the location of the conductive layer in the imaging element.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,676 describes an imaging element comprising an electrically-conductive layer containing a film-forming hydrophilic colloid, water insoluble polymer particles, and electrically-conductive metal-containing particles. Although the '676 patent describes an electrically-conductive layer containing three components, this patent did not describe or suggest the use of conductive smectite clays or the improvements obtained by utilizing a polymeric binder that intercalates inside or exfoliates such clays. The conductive metal-containing particles taught in the '676 patent are incapable of being intercalated or exfoliated by additives such as polymeric binders.
The coating compositions of the present invention are coated at a dried coverage of between 10 mg/m2 and 10000 mg/m2, preferably between 300 and 1000 mg/m2. The layers prepared in accordance with this invention exhibit resistivities less than 12 log ohms/square at 50% relative humidity and preferably from about 9 to 11 log ohms/square.
In addition to components A, B, and C described above, other components that are well known in the photographic art may also be present in the electrically-conductive layer. These additional components include: surfactants and coating aids, thickeners, crosslinking agents or hardeners, soluble and/or solid particle dyes, antifoggants, magnetic particles, matte beads, lubricants, and others.
The coating formulations can be applied to the aforementioned film or paper supports by any of a variety of well-known coating methods. Handcoating techniques include using a coating rod or knife or a doctor blade. Machine coating methods include skim pan/air knife coating, roller coating, gravure coating, spin coating, curtain coating, bead coating or slide coating.
The electrically-conductive layer or layers containing the conductive smectite clay can be applied to the support in various configurations depending upon the requirements of the specific application. In the case of photographic elements for graphics arts application, a conductive layer can be applied to a polyester film base during the support manufacturing process after orientation of the cast resin on top of a polymeric undercoat layer. The conductive layer can be applied as a subbing layer under the sensitized emulsion, can the side of the support opposite the emulsion or on both sides of the support. Alternatively, the conductive layer can be applied as part of a multi-component curl control layer on the side of the support opposite to the sensitized emulsion. The conductive layer would typically be located closest to the support. An intermediate layer, containing primarily binder and antihalation dyes functions as an antihalation layer. The outermost layer containing binder, matte, and surfactants functions as a protective overcoat.
In the case of photographic elements for direct or indirect x-ray applications, the conductive layer can be applied as a subbing layer on either side or both sides of the film support. In one type of photographic element, the conductive subbing layer is applied to only one side of the film support and the sensitized emulsion coated on both sides of the film support. Another type of photographic element contains a sensitized emulsion on only one side of the support and a pelloid containing gelatin on the opposite side of the support. A conductive layer can be applied under the sensitized emulsion or, preferably, the pelloid. Additional optional layers can be present. In another photographic element for x-ray applications, a conductive subbing layer can be applied either under or over a gelatin subbing layer containing an antihalation dye or pigment. Alternatively, both antihalation and electrically conductive functions can be combined in a single layer containing conductive particles, antihalation dye, and a binder. This hybrid layer can be coated on one side of a film support under the sensitized emulsion.
The conductive layer of this invention may also be used as the outermost layer of an imaging element, for example, as the protective overcoat that overlies a photographic emulsion layer. Alternatively, the conductive layer can function as an abrasion-resistant backing layer applied on the side of the film support opposite to the imaging layer.
It is also contemplated that the electrically-conductive layer described herein can be used in imaging elements in which a relatively transparent layer containing magnetic particles dispersed in a binder is included. The electrically-conductive layer of this invention functions well in such a combination and gives excellent photographic results. Transparent magnetic layers are well known and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,276, European Pat. 459,349, and Research Disclosure, Item 34390, November, 1992, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. As disclosed in these publications, the magnetic particles can be of any type available such as ferro- and ferri-magnetic oxides, complex oxides with other metals, ferrites, etc. and can assume known particulate shapes and sizes, may contain dopants, and may exhibit the pH values known in the art. The particles may be shell coated and may be applied over the range typical of dried coating coverages.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the imaging element of this invention is a photographic element that includes an image-forming layer which is a radiation-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer. Such emulsion layers typically comprise a film-forming hydrophilic colloid. The most commonly used of these is gelatin and gelatin is a particularly preferred material for use in this invention. Useful gelatins include alkali-treated gelatin (cattle bone or hide gelatin), acid-treated gelatin (pigskin gelatin) and gelatin derivatives such as acetylated gelatin, phthalated gelatin and the like. Other hydrophilic colloids that can be utilized alone or in combination with gelatin include dextrain, gum arabic, zein, casein, pectin, collagen derivatives, collodion, agar-agar, arrowroot, albumin, and the like. Still other useful hydrophilic colloids are water-soluble polyvinyl compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and the like.
The photographic elements of the present invention can be simple black-and-white or monochrome elements comprising a support bearing a layer of light-sensitive silver halide emulsion or they can be multilayer and/or multicolor elements.
Color photographic elements of this invention typically contain dye image-forming units sensitive to each of the three primary regions of the spectrum. Each unit can be comprised of a single silver halide emulsion layer or of multiple emulsion layers sensitive to a given region of the spectrum. The layers of the element, including the layers of the image-forming units, can be arranged in various orders as is well known in the art.
A preferred photographic element according to this invention comprises a photographic paper bearing at least one blue-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith a yellow image dye-providing material, at least one green-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith a magenta image dye-providing material and at least one red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith a cyan image dye-providing material.
In addition to emulsion layers, the photographic elements of the present invention can contain one or more auxiliary layers conventional in photographic elements, such as overcoat layers, spacer layers, filter layers, interlayers, antihalation layers, pH lowering layers (sometimes referred to as acid layers and neutralizing layers), timing layers, opaque reflecting layers, opaque light-absorbing layers and the like. Details regarding supports and other layers of the photographic elements of this invention are contained in Research Disclosure, Item 38957, September 1996, Research Disclosure, Item 36544, September, 1994 and Research Disclosure, Item 37038, February 1995 incorporated herein by reference.
The light-sensitive silver halide emulsions employed in the photographic elements of this invention can include coarse, regular or fine grain silver halide crystals or mixtures thereof and can be comprised of such silver halides as silver chloride, silver bromide, silver bromoiodide, silver chlorobromide, silver chloroiodide, silver chlorobromoiodide, and mixtures thereof. The emulsions can be, for example, tabular grain light-sensitive silver halide emulsions. The emulsions can be negative-working or direct positive emulsions. They can form latent images predominantly on the surface of the silver halide grains or in the interior of the silver halide grains. They can be chemically and spectrally sensitized in accordance with usual practices. The emulsions typically will be gelatin emulsions although other hydrophilic colloids can be used in accordance with usual practice. Details regarding the silver halide emulsions are contained in Research Disclosure, Item 36544, September, 1994, and the references listed therein.
The photographic silver halide emulsions utilized in this invention can contain other addenda conventional in the photographic art. Useful addenda are described, for example, in Research Disclosure, Item 38957, September 1996 and Research Disclosure, Item 36544, September, 1994. Useful addenda include spectral sensitizing dyes, desensitizers, antifoggants, masking couplers, DIR couplers, DIR compounds, antistain agents, image dye stabilizers, absorbing materials such as filter dyes and UV absorbers, light-scattering materials, coating aids, plasticizers and lubricants, and the like.
Depending upon the dye-image-providing material employed in the photographic element, it can be incorporated in the silver halide emulsion layer or in a separate layer associated with the emulsion layer. The dye-image-providing material can be any of a number known in the art, such as dye-forming couplers, bleachable dyes, dye developers and redox dye-releasers, and the particular one employed will depend on the nature of the element, and the type of image desired.
Dye-image-providing materials employed with conventional color materials designed for processing with separate solutions are preferably dye-forming couplers; i.e., compounds which couple with oxidized developing agent to form a dye. Preferred couplers which form cyan dye images are phenols and naphthols. Preferred couplers which form magenta dye images are pyrazolones and pyrazolotriazoles. Preferred couplers which form yellow dye images are benzoylacetanilides and pivalylacetanilides.
The current invention is further illustrated through the following examples.
Either corona-discharge treated polyolefin coated photographic paper or polyester film base that had been previously coated with a subbing layer of vinylidene chloride-methacrylonitrile-acrylic acid terpolymer latex was used as the web on which aqueous coatings were applied through hopper coating. The coatings were dried at 180 to 230� F. The coating coverage was 300 mg/m2 or 600 mg/m2 when dried. The coatings on the photographic paper were evaluated for surface resistivity, backmark retention, splice strength and track off. The coatings on the polyester film base were evaluated for dry adhesion and surface resistivity. In addition, the coatings on the polyester film base were overcoated with a solvent coated layer of polymethylmethacrylate, supplied as Elvacite 2041 by ICI Acrylics. These overcoated samples were evaluated for internal resistivity.
Samples are preconditioned at 50% RH 72� F. for at least 24 hours prior to testing. Surface electrical resistivity (SER) is measured with a Keithly Model 616 digital electrometer using a two point DC probe by a method similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,801,191. Internal resistivity or "water electrode resistivity" (WER) was measured by the procedures described in R. A. Elder, Resistivity Measurements on Buried Conductive Layers", EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, September 1990, pages 251-254.
A printed image was applied onto the coated papers prepared as above using a pre-process ribbon print. The paper was then subjected to a conventional developer for 30 seconds, washed with warm water for 5 seconds and rubbed for print retention evaluation. The following ratings are assigned, with numbers 1-3 indicating acceptable performance.
1=Outstanding, very little difference between processed and unprocessed appearance.
2=Excellent, slight degradation of appearance
3=Acceptable, medium degradation of appearance
4=Unacceptable, serious degradation of appearance
5=Unacceptable, total degradation.
The backside of a strip of photographic paper containing the coating of interest is placed with 6-8 mm of overlap on the photographic element containing side of a similar strip of photographic paper and heated in a custom made set up for 4 seconds under 40 psi of pressure, replicating the conditions used by commercially available equipment used for heat splicing of photographic paper. The strength of the resultant splice is determined in an Instron machine as the force (measured in grams) necessary to peel the two strips apart, using a crosshead speed of 50 mm/min. Higher splice strength values represent better performance in this test.
A loop is formed of a strip of photographic paper containing the coating of interest on its backside and is run for 15 minutes in a custom made set up over a number of rollers, including one with a soft, tacky surface and a stationary shoe, also with a soft, tacky surface. The set up is designed to simulate the conveyance of photographic web in a commercial printer. The surface of the tacky roller and the shoe in contact with the test coating is visually inspected for debris after the run and the number of specs accumulated at the shoe are counted as a measure of track off. The tests are done at 80% RH and 72� F., after preconditioning the sample at the same conditions for 12 hours, in order to maximize the generation of track off debris.
Dry adhesion of the coatings to the film base was determined by scribing small hatch marks in the coating with a razor blade, placing a piece of high tack tape over the scribed area and then quickly pulling the tape from the surface. The amount of the scribed area removed is a measure of the dry adhesion.
Examples 1 to 3 are prepared with a conductive layer containing Laponite RDS (component A), AQ55 D or Versa TL 3 (component B), and Witcobond 232 (component C). A small amount (15 weight % of component C) of cross linking agent was also added to each sample to further improve the mechanical properties. As described earlier, AQ55D and Versa TL 3 (component B) are compounds capable of sufficiently intercalating inside and/or exfoliating the Laponite RDS(component A). On the other hand Witcobond 232 (Component C) cannot sufficiently intercalate inside and/or exfoliate Laponite RDS. Comparative sample A was prepared with a conductive layer containing Laponite RDS (component A) and AQ55D (component B), no component C was used in the coating. Comparative samples B and C were prepared with a conductive layer containing Laponite RDS (component A) and Witcobond 232 (component C), no component B was used in the coating. The conductive coatings were applied as backing layers on photographic paper and evaluated for SER, backmark retention, splice strength, and trackoff. The details of the coatings and the test results are listed in the following Table.
Clearly, the example conductive coatings satisfy the various criteria desired of photographic paper. The overall results regarding, resistivity, backmark retention, splice strength and track off tests obtained from examples 1 to 3 prepared as per the current invention are better than those obtained from the comparative samples. For example, comparison of sample A, which did not contain component C, with example 2, which had similar coverage and concentration of Laponite clay, shows that the coating of the invention had comparable SER and backmark retention results and superior splice strength and track off results. Samples B and C which did not contain component B had either poor SER values (sample B) or gave an unacceptable reddish coloration upon photographic processing (sample C). This illustrates a key teaching of the present invention, that a three component system which includes two polymeric binders, one which sufficiently intercalates inside and/or exfoliates the smectite clay and one which does not, provides superior overall performance to a two component coating.
__________________________________________________________________________Comp. A Comp. C SER splice strengthLaponite Comp. B Witco 232 coverage log Backmark peel force,Coatingwt. % wt. % wt. % mg/m2 Ω/□ retention g Track off__________________________________________________________________________Sample A60 40 (AQ55D) 0 600 10.3 1 130.3 slight pickoffSample B60 0 40 600 11.2 not tested not tested not testedSample C70 0 30 600 10.1 reddish 207 not tested colorationExample 171.4 10.7 (AQ55D) 17.9 600 9.6 2 182 cleanExample 263.3 9.5 (AQ55D) 27.2 600 10.4 1 273 cleanExample 363.3 9.5 (Versa TL3) 27.2 300 9.4 3 395 slight pickoff__________________________________________________________________________
The following examples were coated as per the teachings of the present invention onto a polyester support. In all these samples, Laponite RDS is chosen as component A and Versa TL 130 as component B. Component C is chosen to be a polyurethane, Witcobond 232 for examples 4 to 7 and Witcobond 236 for examples 8 to 12. All of the example coatings gave excellent dry adhesion results. As indicated in the following tables, all these coatings provided adequate SER values to be used as effective antistatic layers.
__________________________________________________________________________ Component A Component B Component C Coverage SERCoating Laponite RDS Versa TL 130 Witcobond 232 mg/m2 log ohm/square__________________________________________________________________________ wt % wt % wt %Example 4 37.7 5.7 56.6 600 11Example 5 46.5 7 46.5 600 10.1Example 6 55.0 8.3 36.7 600 9.1Example 7 71.4 10.7 17.9 600 8.2 dry wt % dry wt % dry wt %Example 8 37.7 5.7 56.6 600 11.3Example 9 46.5 7 46.5 600 10.6Example 10 55.0 8.3 36.7 600 10Example 11 63.3 9.5 27.2 600 9.2Example 12 71.4 10.7 17.9 600 8.7__________________________________________________________________________
In the following examples, coatings were applied as per the teachings of the present invention as antistatic layers onto a polyester support and these were subsequently overcoated with a layer of polymethylmethacrylate, supplied as Elvacite 2041 by ICI Acrylates, which is well known in the imaging and photographic art as an abrasion resistant overcoat. As indicated in the following Table all these samples provided adequate resistivity values (WER) to be used as buried antistatic layers.
__________________________________________________________________________ SER, WER, Coverage of before Coverage afterComposition of buried layer overcoating of overcoat overcoatingSampleburied layer mg/m2 log ohm/square Overcoat mg/m2 log ohm/square__________________________________________________________________________ExampleSame as 600 9.1 Elvacite 2041 900 9.313 example 6ExampleSame as 600 8.2 Elvacite 2041 900 8.714 example 7ExampleSame as 600 10 Elvacite 2041 900 9.915 example 10ExampleSame as 600 9.2 Elvacite 2041 900 9.416 example 11ExampleSame as 600 8.7 Elvacite 2041 900 8.917 example 12__________________________________________________________________________
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 20, 1964
|Apr 12, 1966
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Electrically conductive coatings
|Apr 11, 1978
|Nov 6, 1979
|Wiggins Teape Limited
|Photographic sheet with synthetic hectorite antistatic additive as sizing or backcoat
|Jul 5, 1979
|Jun 23, 1981
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Electrographic recording medium with conductive layer containing metal oxide semiconductor
|Jul 17, 1981
|Jul 12, 1983
|Enge Harald A
|High voltage power supply
|Apr 13, 1981
|Nov 22, 1983
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Electrically-conductive support for electrophotographic light-sensitive medium
|Dec 22, 1981
|Nov 29, 1983
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Photographic light-sensitive materials
|Jun 28, 1982
|Feb 14, 1984
|Mitsubishi Kinzoku Kabushiki Kaisha
|Antistatic transparent coating composition
|Apr 28, 1983
|Apr 10, 1984
|Swedlow, Inc.
|Coated substrate comprising a cured transparent abrasion resistant filled organo-polysiloxane coatings containing colloidal antimony oxide and colloidal silica
|Apr 13, 1981
|Jan 22, 1985
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Photosensitive materials having improved antistatic property
|Apr 6, 1982
|Feb 18, 1986
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Antistatic plastic films
|Apr 1, 1982
|Feb 18, 1986
|Swedlow, Inc.
|Transparent, abrasion resistant coating compositions
|Feb 1, 1990
|Feb 5, 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Magnetic dispersion
|Jun 28, 1989
|Mar 12, 1991
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Silver halide photographic materials
|Jun 19, 1990
|Jun 16, 1992
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Silver halide photographic materials
|Jan 21, 1992
|Apr 20, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Photographic element with novel subbing layer
|Nov 2, 1992
|Aug 17, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Antistatic coatings
|Mar 18, 1993
|Aug 23, 1994
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Imaging element comprising an electrically-conductive layer containing water-insoluble polymer particles
|Apr 22, 1994
|Nov 29, 1994
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Imaging element comprising an electrically-conductive layer containing particles of a metal antimonate
|Sep 12, 1994
|Sep 10, 1996
|Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
|Method of preparing layered silicate-epoxy nanocomposites
|Jun 10, 1987
|Dec 23, 1987
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Photographic element on a polymeric substrate with novel subbing layer
|Jul 27, 1988
|Jul 7, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Photographic element with novel subbing layer
|Research Disclosure 36544, Sep. 1994, pp. 501 541.
|Research Disclosure 36544, Sep. 1994, pp. 501-541.
|Research Disclosure 37038, Feb. 1995, pp. 79 116.
|Research Disclosure 37038, Feb. 1995, pp. 79-116.
|Research Disclosure 38957, Sep. 1996, pp. 591 639.
|Research Disclosure 38957, Sep. 1996, pp. 591-639.
|T. Lan, "Mechanism of Clay Tactoid Exfoliation in Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites", Chem. Mater, 1995, 7, 2144-2150.
|T. Lan, Mechanism of Clay Tactoid Exfoliation in Epoxy Clay Nanocomposites , Chem. Mater, 1995, 7, 2144 2150.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 18, 1998
|May 9, 2000
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Imaging element comprising an electrically-conductive layer containing metal-containing particles and clay particles and a transparent magnetic recording layer
|Feb 22, 2000
|Nov 13, 2001
|Light-sensitive silver halide radiographic film material having satisfactory antistatic properties during handling
|Jul 17, 2000
|Apr 29, 2003
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Reduced crystallinity polyethylene oxide with intercalated clay
|Jul 17, 2000
|Jan 20, 2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Image layer comprising intercalated clay particles
|Aug 9, 2002
|Dec 14, 2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Waveguide and method of making same
|Oct 7, 2002
|Jan 18, 2005
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Optical element containing nanocomposite materials
|Oct 7, 2002
|May 3, 2005
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Optical element containing nano-composite particles
|Dec 21, 2001
|Dec 13, 2005
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Silver halide imaging element containing intercalated photographically useful compounds
|Aug 28, 2007
|Dec 28, 2010
|Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc.
|Synthesis and application of procainamide analogs for use in an immunoassay
|Apr 3, 2007
|May 15, 2012
|Mitsubishi Engineering-Plastics Corporation
|Thermoplastic resin composition and resin molded article
|May 19, 2005
|Oct 23, 2012
|The University of Queensland St. Lucia
|Polymer composite
|Aug 9, 2002
|Feb 12, 2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Waveguide and method of making same
|Oct 7, 2002
|Feb 12, 2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Optical element containing nano-composite particles
|Aug 28, 2007
|Feb 14, 2008
|Dade Behring Inc.
|Synthesis and Application of Procainamide Analogs for Use in an Immunoassay
|May 19, 2005
|Nov 13, 2008
|Darren James Martin
|Polymer Composite
|Apr 3, 2007
|Jan 14, 2010
|Makoto Nakamura
|Thermoplastic resin composition and resin molded article
|Aug 8, 2003
|Mar 18, 2004
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Absorbent product moisturizing and lubricating composition
|May 19, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|The University Of Queensland
|Polymer composite
|Aug 12, 2010
|Mar 10, 2011
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Image receiver elements
|U.S. Classification
|430/63, 430/531, 430/527, 430/62, 977/887
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 29, 1997
Owner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, NEW YORK
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text:
Taking a Listen to Sondheim Demos
Classical music critic Lloyd Schwartz reviews a new CD of Stephen Sondheim's private demo recordings. Proceeds from the album go to raise money for a fund to help young playwrights.
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"Canyonlands, Island in the Sky District" Top 5 Page for this destination Canyonlands National Park by windsorgirl
Canyonlands National Park Travel Guide: 212 reviews and 517 photos
Canyonlands National Park is divided by the Green and Colorado Rivers into three districts. They are called The Maze, The Needles and Island in the Sky. We visited Island in the Sky as it is located very close to Moab.
Island in the Sky is the northernmost district and is a huge level mesa towering 1000 feet above the sculpted canyons and twisting rivers below. It really does feel as if you are on an island, except that you are not surrounded by water, but by the beautiful landscapes instead.
The Island in the Sky district is located in southeastern Utah, 36 miles west of Moab. Take hwy 191 north to hwy 313 west. En route you will pass Dead Horse Point State Park. It is easy to combine a visit to both these parks in the same day.
Canyonlands NP is open year round and admission is $10 per vehicle for one week or you can use your National Parks Pass which is good at all National Parks, costs $50 and is good for a year.
There is a Visitors Center, campground and hiking trails here. There are also many miles of road to be explored if you have a 4 wheel drive vehicle or join a tour that you can arrange in Moab.
This National Park was stop number eight on our 16 day driving tour through southwestern USA. We began our trip in Las Vegas where we picked up a rental and headed southeast through Arizona then headed north up to Moab. We spent 3 days in Moab, including a half day here at Canyonlands enjoying some easy hikes and splendid views.
After Moab, we headed southwest to Bryce and Zion Canyons before returning to Vegas for our flight home.
Reviews (10)
There are over 100 miles of back country roads in the Island of the Sky district of Canyonlands National Park, however... more travel advice
This viewpoint is worth a look. Not only do you have great views looking east toward Dead Horse Point, but you also have... more travel advice
There is no hiking necessary to enjoy this viewpoint. It is located on the west side of the mesa, opposite to the White... more travel advice
I enjoyed this 1.8 mile return hike out to the White Rim Overlook. As you can see in the photo, the canyon below is... more travel advice
Comments (4)
Beautiful photos! Canyonlands looks really great!
Wow, you really saw a lot of great sights on your trip through the Southwest! Grand View Point really does look like an impressive spot. It must have been fantastic to stand on the edge of the 1000-foot drop!!
You didn't get up on Mesa Arch? YIKES! My friend did......it was very windy that day, too! Great page on this overlooked National Park!
Sunrise at Mesa Arch looks awesome, and we would certainly enjoy some of those rim hikes. Impressive pages.
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- "Canyonlands - Remote, Tough, and Beautiful"
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text:
Teen Director Eyes Film Club
Stephen French (right), 15, of Edinburg, reads lines with actors for his latest short film "Expired." The teen director began filming at Russell's home this month. (Photos by Amelia Brust / DN-R)
Stephen French rehearses with actors Jeanne Russell (left) of Edinburg and Dave Jeffers of Woodstock.
WOODSTOCK — As summer winds down, Stephen French Jr. is gearing up for the upcoming school year. The budding Edinburg filmmaker began production on his latest short film this week, a black comedy…
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regulator for luxaire high effiencent propane furnace
Have a luxiare propane furnace and would like to put a regulator on that automaticly changes from one tank to the other tank when one tank emptys
Hi stainless bay
Check with your LP provider and see if they have a solenoid valve kit available. Would be an easy hook up, always check with your provider and area codes to make sure you can modify it in this way.
Why not just tee both tanks together.
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text:
The Alpena Municipal Council approved a contract amendment that will allow for an additional leaf and grass pickup in the fall. Last fall people were still removing leaves from their yards after the final pickup during the first week of November. The amendment to the contract will provide homeowners an extra chances to get rid of the debris during November.
The vote passed, but Mayor Carol Shafto and Councilman Sean Sexton voted against the schedule because of the gap between collection days in the summer months.
"I am willing to vote for the amendment if we change the date and move the second November date," Shafto said. "There are going to be a lot of bags of grass people will be having to hold onto for a long time in the summer. If the date isn't changed, I am inclined to vote no."
City Engineer Rich Sullenger said there are five dates in 2010 when people can take their grass, leaves and brush to the public works site on Long Lake. There is one day scheduled for dropoff in each of the months from April to September.
"The drop off days are really popular and being used," Sullenger said. "Perhaps if we anticipate some mild weather of something else we can communicate with the contractor to see if a change can be made."
Besides the two November dates, pickup will be in May and October.
In other business:
Steve Schulwitz can be reached via e-mail at email@example.com or by phone at 358-5689.


text:
Pulse 2013 is coming. Time to talk supply chain…work management…linear…
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  tivoli eam assetmgmt ibmpulse ibmeam software maximo ibmontwitter supply-chain-management service-management asset-management ibmsoftware work-management
4 Comments | 20,568 Visits
EAM Tech Sales Interview: India Series – Day 1
Alok Chander 2700038VGR email@example.com | | Tags:  seller sales asset enterprise ibm management maximo eam infrastructure smarter india
3 Comments | 18,156 Visits
I recently had a chance to interview Pradeep Lamba, who is part of the Software Group Tech Sales team, specialized in Maximo and TRIRIGA in India. Pradeep has over 19 years of strong experience in Asset Life Cycle Management using various technologies like GPS\GPRS, RFID, Barcode, Maximo etc. He has experience in working on ... [ + Read more ]
Working with Maximo Asset Management in a Validated and Compliant State
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  with validated maximo working state management a and compliant in asset
3 Comments | 16,533 Visits
Today's blog comes from Eric Luyer. Managing a critical information system like Maximo in typical regulated industry,such as life sciences/pharma and food & beverage, is not an easy task. Every change – major and minor – must be evaluated for product risk and validated to comply with stringent regulations from governmental ... [ + Read more ]
Smarter Infrastructure: IBM Pulse Call for Speakers
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  maximo smarter-infrastructure tririga smarter-cities smarter-buildings ibmpulse eam
59 Comments | 15,628 Visits
Maximo Mary's Microphone has a special video invitation for you........check it out here. ... [ + Read more ]
IBM releases its newest Maximo add-on solution – Health, Safety and Environment Manager
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  ibmsoftware service-management asset-management tivoli software eam ibmeam maximo ibmontwitter health-and-safety assetmgmt
3 Comments | 14,756 Visits
Today's blog comes from Terry Ray. In July's blog, I noted that health, safety and environmental (HSE) needs are one of the most important objectives of asset intensive businesses. In order to help these companies exceed their objectives, IBM Maximo released its newest solution – Maximo Health, Safety and Environment Manager ... [ + Read more ]
Asset Life Cycle with Maximo for Transportation
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  royal-boskalis-westminste... transportation maximo ibmeam asset-management ibmontwitter asset-life-cycle service-management ibmsoftware software assetmgmt eam tivoli
1 Comments | 14,312 Visits
Today's blog comes from Vito DeMalteris. The Asset Life Cycle is an important process to monitor for any industry. All asset owners make some attempt at monitoring this cycle in order to develop enlightened, informed decisions regarding maintenance strategies, spare parts requirements, operational procedures and repair/replace options. The key requirement in ... [ + Read more ]
EAM vs PLM: the important difference
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  government plm ibmsoftware ibmontwitter software asset-management eam maximo coast-guard tivoli service-management
3 Comments | 14,204 Visits
Today's blog entry comes from David Turner, the IBM Expert for Asset Management in the Government industry. There seems to be widespread misunderstanding about overlaps and differences between Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) software and asset management software. PLM software is a powerful tool for design and production support and can facilitate ... [ + Read more ]
Maximo Everyplace is Now Available - check out trial code offer!
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  maximo eam asset-management android software ipad tivoli ibmontwitter service-management ibmsoftware
5 Comments | 13,574 Visits
Today's entry comes from Lori Landesman, Product Designer/Architect for IBM Maximo Everyplace. Maximo Everyplace is finally available to the public! The product had its general release (a product bar mitzvah, if you will), on August 27. As a reminder, Maximo Everyplace provides access to Maximo via certain mobile browsers. When you buy the product, you ... [ + Read more ]
Reliability Centered Maintenance Strategies used in Manufacturing
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  assetmgmt maximo tivoli service-management software ibmeam asset-management eam manufacturing ibmontwitter ibmsoftware
4 Comments | 13,338 Visits
Today's blog posting is from Eric Luyer, Marketing Manager, Corporate Asset & Facilities Management, IBM Software Group, Tivoli, Industrial Manufacturing, including Life Sciences-Healthcare. This blog is about the importance of working with reliable and safe physical assets and how a concept as RCM (reliability centered maintenance) can be leveraged working ... [ + Read more ]
"eBEAMS" drives successful Go-Live for Kuwait Oil Company
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  kuwait-oil asset-management maximo software ibmontwitter tivoli koc ebeams service-management ibmsoftware eam
5 Comments | 13,212 Visits
Today's blog comes from Toni Hodge, IBM Maximo Asset Management Sales Enablement Manager. As with any project implementation, a kick-off meeting with the key stakeholders from the various departments who will be directly impacted by the project is critical. It usually includes architectural and technical reviews, whereby activities are bound to ... [ + Read more ]
PLM vs EAM for MRO
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  government eam plm mro maximo arc-advisory-group
1 Comments | 12,297 Visits
Today's blog comes from David Turner. First let's start with the definitions:Definitions:1. PLM - Product Lifecycle Management is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.2. EAM - Enterprise Asset Management means the whole life optimal management of ... [ + Read more ]
What does Maximo have in common with the Stanley Cup?
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  software ibmsoftware asset-management service-management tivoli ibmpulse2011 ibmontwitter eam ibmpulse maximo
1 Comments | 12,219 Visits
Hockey is heating up here in America......and rightly so as snow blankets the country! So who will win the highly coveted Stanley Cup? I'm sure everyone has an opinion. Something that is perhaps more highly coveted in the enterprise asset management world is the Maximo Asset Management Best Practices award. These ... [ + Read more ]
What does the TRIRIGA acquisition mean to Maximo clients?
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  ibmsmarterbuildings real-estate tivoli facilities ibmontwitter maximo facilities-management service-management software tririga ibmsoftware eam asset-management
0 Comments | 11,343 Visits
Today's blog entry comes from Ron Lanzo. IBM recently announced the closure of the acquisition of TRIRIGA, and I am ecstatic! I think this has tremendous value for IBM Maximo Asset Management clients, even those not focused on Facilities Management. The April 14th press release highlighted three areas where TRIRIGA solutions ... [ + Read more ]
Maximo Mary takes on air handlers
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  tivoli facilities-management ibmsoftware maximomarymicrophone eam reso service-management assetmgmt ibmontwitter maximo asset-management ibmeam real-estate software
2 Comments | 11,319 Visits
Have you been experiencing warmer than normal weather where you are? Felt like you were melting? Whether it's global warming or just luck, this summer has broken a lot of records! Which got me thinking............how reliant we are on air conditioning! What a perfect topic for this edition of Maximo ... [ + Read more ]
Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) integrated functionality of Maximo Asset Management
Mary Gorczynski 1100006B54 email@example.com | | Tags:  asset-management ibmsoftware assetmgmt software tivoli ibmeam ibmontwitter maximo eam environment health safety service-management
3 Comments | 11,298 Visits
This is a blog posting from Eric Luyer, Market Manager for IBM Asset Management, Industrial Manufacturing. Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) activities are a global challenge for every company,, regardless of your location - USA, Europe or Asia/Pacific. In all locations, there is a growing focus to safeguard the well-being ... [ + Read more ]


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Five Nine H2O
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59H2O's original compositions are songs you can sing along to that still hit an emotional chord. The strong female vocal lines showcase the insightful lyrics, while the locked-down rhythm section carries each song. The band's layered songwriting technique allows both guitars and keyboards to create a strong presence - what results is music with depth, power and emotion.
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Susie @ Fold in the Flour
On Blogger since December 2011
Profile views - 2936
My blogs
Blogs I follow
- jj bolton {handmade cards}
- Living a slow and simple life
- -The KitchenMaid-
- 365 Days - £365
- A Cake or Bake for Every County
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- A Creative Operation
- A Frugal Wife
- A Kick At The Pantry Door
- A little bit of heaven on a plate...
- A New Life in Wales
- A Penchant for Paper
- A Pretty Obsession
- A Thrifty Mum
- A Trifle Rushed
- A want not a need - trying to be frugal
- A Way with the Fairy Cakes
- A Working Pantry
- Alice's {Little} Wonderland
- An American Cupcake in London
- Anncoo Journal - Come for Quick and Easy Recipes
- Art du Jour by Martha Lever
- Bake at 350
- Bake for Happy Kids
- Baked with kindness...
- Baked: cake with a cause
- Bakergirl
- Beki Cook's Cake Blog
- Belleau Kitchen
- Blog This!
- Blue Kitchen Bakes
- Bonjour Cupcake
- Bubble and Sweet
- Bunny Mummy
- butter hearts sugar
- Cake, Crumbs and Cooking
- Cakes from Kim
- Cakeyboi
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- Caroline Makes....
- cats cupcakes
- Chocolate Log Blog
- Chocolate Teapot
- Cloudberry Musings
- Coastal Charm
- Crafting with Class
- Crumbs and Cookies
- Crunchy Creamy Sweet
- Culinaria Libris
- Cupcake Crazy Gem!
- Dandie Crafts
- Danielle Daws
- Dans le Lakehouse
- DeAnn Singh Calligraphy
- djkardkreations
- Does This Pen Make Me Look Fat?
- Dollybakes
- Down to Earth
- Elizabeth's Kitchen Diary
- Farmersgirl Kitchen
- five sixteenths blog
- Fold in the Flour
- Food Glorious Food
- From Beyond My Kitchen Window
- Frugal Queen
- Garden, Tea, Cakes and Me
- Glorious Treats
- GreatBritishBakingClub
- I Love It All
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- IHeart Organizing
- Indigo Blue
- Inkdependence!
- Inky Fingers
- Ipsy Bipsy Bake Shop
- Jane's Sweets & Baking Journal
- Jennibellie Studio
- Jenny's Sketchbook
- Jo's Blue AGA
- Joyful Creations with Kim
- Just a Girl and her KitchenAid
- Just a little less
- Just a Normal Mummy...
- just made from paper
- Just ME
- K and R Designs
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- lauralovescakes...
- LaurieAnna's Vintage Home
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- little red moose
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- Paper Lovestory { a lifestyle blog from a university student about stationery and organisation }
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- Sew Many Ways...
- SFT'S LIFE AFTER MORTGAGE-frugal fun, travel & retirement
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- SiliconeMoulds.com Blog
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- The best things in life are Pink.
- The Cake Hunter
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- What Kate Baked...and baby!
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- Yasmin Limbert
|Cardiff, United Kingdom
|I'm Susie, a mum of three, whose mid life crisis is being made a bit more enjoyable by discovering the joys of home baked cake. And cookies. Brownies too. Um, basically, maybe, anything. These are my exploits in search of those 'Mmmm' moments.
|Cookery, baking, cookware, cookbooks, photography, Cardiff City FC, books, films.
|Favorite Movies
|Notting Hill, Shawshank Redemption, Gone with the Wind, Iron Man, Jungle Book, Witness
|Favorite Music
|Springsteen, Stereophonics, Razorlight, Jack Johnson, Norah Jones and others too many to mention.
|Favorite Books
|To Kill a Mockingbird, The World According to Garp, (anything by John Irving), Michael Connelly's Harry Bosch books
Your people want to make a statue in your honor. What will it be made out of and what victory will it commemorate?
Hmm, I think I'd have to say chocolate and it would commemorate the one - and only -time I've ever beaten Mike at chess. Not that he let me win, of course ...


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Cortez Kennedy was the most memorable player in what was otherwise a largely forgettable decade in Seahawks history.
The worst season in Seahawks history was a showcase for one of the best players.
Not just for the franchise, but for the NFL. That's why Cortez Kennedy is about to be busted in the birthplace of professional football. Kennedy will be inducted Saturday into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, his shaved head crafted as a bronze testament to what was more accurately a 24-carat career.
And he was ours here in Seattle, enduring 11 different starting quarterbacks. He was on the team that went 2-14 in 1992, a year in which the team went more than two games without scoring. He never won a playoff game and yet he never wanted to be anywhere else.
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"I loved playing for the Seahawks, you know," he said. "I didn't want to go anywhere else."
And he didn't. He stayed here through Dan McGwire, Kelly Stouffer and Rick Mirer. He endured the four-year terms of coaches Tom Flores and Dennis Erickson, which didn't produce a playoff berth.
Wait. Endured is not quite right.
He thrived.
He was the most memorable player in what was otherwise a largely forgettable decade in the team's history. Kennedy stood out — such a singular force of nature that he could be identified by only half his first name. He was 'Tez.
"There is no one more deserving of this than Cortez," said Mike Holmgren, who coached Kennedy his final two seasons. "I got him near the end of his career. He's such a good man, such a pleasure. We maintained a friendship. He's one of the good guys."
Kennedy retired a Seahawk, a significant fact in today's world of vagabond superstars. Ken Griffey Jr., Randy Johnson, Alex Rodriguez, Gary Payton. All future Hall of Famers and each left Seattle for one reason or another.
But Kennedy remained a Seahawk, named to the Pro Bowl in eight of the 11 seasons he played. Even when the team decided to cut him after the 2000 season, and other teams like the Dallas Cowboys came calling, he never played for another team.
"One thing I can say," Kennedy said, "is that the Seahawks wanted me there, so that worked out well, too. They wanted me to stay with the Seahawks for my whole career."
He grew up in Arkansas, and has a street named after him in Wilson. He played two seasons at a Mississippi junior college, transferred to Miami and was chosen No. 3 overall by the Seahawks in the 1990 draft.
He was the best thing about the Seahawks during the period between the end of Chuck Knox's time in Seattle and the start of Holmgren's decadelong run. A bright spot in the Dark Ages of Seahawks football. It's an era that will be remembered for moving vans, four different head coaches in a decade and exactly one playoff appearance.
Kennedy was named NFL defensive player of the year in 1992, one of five times in 40 years that the award went to a player from a losing team. And it is the only time it went to a player whose team finished last in its division.
Of all Kennedy's achievements as a player, one of the most remarkable is that he was never defined by his surroundings. He transcended them.
In Kennedy's 11 seasons, the Seahawks had seven years in which they won seven to nine games.
Football has been called the ultimate team game, and that's true. But it's a good thing the team isn't the only way to measure a player — otherwise Kennedy would have been doomed to being overlooked.
Danny O'Neil: 206-464-2364 or email@example.com.
On Twitter @dannyoneil


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'The Savages' -- a story about a messed-up family -- is anything but
I can't begin to count the ways in which "The Savages" pleased me, but the very best of them is the way Tamara Jenkins's comedy stays tough while sneakily turning tender.
The Savages, sans quotes, are a family to which the term dysfunctional does insufficient injustice. They function, but very sadly, and in the father's flagrant case, very badly. Lenny Savage, a nasty old reprobate played with pitiless brio by Philip Bosco,...


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GY6 Scooter Parts, Yamaha Zuma Scooter Parts, Linhai Scooter Parts, TGB, Stage6, Malossi, Polini googlecaeecb79610585ee.html
Home > Parts > Scooter Shocks > Kymco Shocks
Kymco People 250 YSS Performance Rear Shocks
KYM/PEOPLE 250 YSS is one of the most prestigious motorcycle suspension manufacturers in the world.
We are proud to carry their scooter line at a stock replacement and a performance level. Pair of performance rear shocks for People 250. Built of precision machined alloys.
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Generac acquires Ottomotores
Company to pay $46 million cash for firm
Generac Holdings Inc. announced Nov. 20 that one of its subsidiaries has signed a definitive share purchase agreement to acquire from a subsidiary of TT electronics plc all of the shares of Ottomotores UK Limited and its affiliates. This includes the operations of Ottomotores Mexico and Ottomotores Brazil, (collectively "Ottomotores") for $46.5 million in cash, subject to certain closing net asset adjustments.
Founded in 1950 and headquartered in Mexico City, Ottomotores Mexico is a leading manufacturer of power generation equipment in Mexico and other parts of Latin America. Ottomotores Brazil, located in Curitiba, recently entered the Brazilian market and has been steadily gaining traction in one of Latin America's fastest-growing markets. The combined Ottomotores businesses have more than 500 employees and generated revenues of $81.6 million in fiscal 2011.
"Ottomotores is a terrific strategic fit for Generac's business, providing immediate scale for our international expansion efforts," said Aaron Jagdfeld, president and CEO of Generac. "This acquisition is directly in line with our Powering Ahead strategic plan and positions Generac to participate in the significant global market that exists for commercial and industrial backup power generation by offering products tailored to the needs of customers in individual international markets."
The acquisition provides a platform for future growth in additional markets outside North America through Ottomotores' broad product offering of higher output power products and strong, established distribution network.
"With both companies having a long history in their own markets and deep expertise in the backup power generation business, we believe that there are many synergies and opportunities to grow with the combination of these companies," said Francisco Haro, managing director of Ottomotores Mexico.
"We are looking forward to working closely together with such an experienced management team to create a formidable backup power generation company serving global markets," said Jagdfeld.
After the close of the transaction, Ottomotores' management team will continue to lead the company and Generac will maintain the Ottomotores brand name in the market place. It is expected that the transaction will close before the end of January 2013 pending receipt of all customary and required regulatory approvals. The combined companies will employ more than 2,800 people globally.
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More from Kettle Moraine Index
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Learning Objectives of this Article:
Both average costing and FIFO costing have
certain advantages. It would be arbitrary to state that one method is either
simpler or more accurate than the other. The selection of either method depends
entirely upon management's opinion regarding the most appropriate and practical
cost determination procedures.
The basic difference between the average
costing and FIFO costing method concerns the treatment of beginning work in
process inventory. The averaging method adds beginning work in process inventory
costs to the preceding department's materials, labor and factory overhead costs
incurred during a period. Unit costs are determined by dividing these costs by
equivalent production figures. Units and costs are transferred to the next
department as one cumulative figure.
The FIFO method retains the beginning work in
process inventory cost as a separate figure. Costs necessary to complete the
beginning work in process units are added to this total cost. The sum of these
two costs totals is transferred to the next department. Units started and
finished during the period have their own unit cost which is usually different
from the completed unit cost of the units in process at the beginning of the
period. The FIFO method thus separately identifies for management the current
period unit cost originating in a department. Unfortunately, the costs are
averaged out in the next department, resulting in a loss of much of the value
associated with the use of the FIFO method.
If the FIFO method is used, units lost during a
period must be identified as to whether they came from in process at the
beginning or from units received during the period. Also, in computing
equivalent production figures in FIFO costing., the degree of completion of both
the beginning and ending work in process inventories must be considered.
The principle disadvantage of FIFO costing
is that if several unit cost figures are used at the same time, extensive detail
is required within the cost of production report. which can lead to complex
procedures and even inaccuracy. Whether the extra detail yields more
representative unit costs than the average costing method is debatable,
especially in a firm using process costing where production is continuous and
more or less uniform and appreciable fluctuations in unit costs are not expected
to develop. Under such conditions, the average costing method leads to more
satisfactory cost computations.
Similarities and Differences between Job Order and Process Costing System
Costing /Hybrid Costing System
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- CDL A DRIVER - PT Driver wanted Hours vary -local and long distance throughout the Midwest. May be gone 2-5 days at a time. Must have CDL A license with medical card and pass drug test. Ford 550 with trailer and semi. Must speak fluent English. Email resume to firstname.lastname@example.com Interested -need only apply. (id:4439012) QUALITY TECHNICIAN - Quality Technician 3rd Shift Elgin precision plastic injection Molding, Ins.+401k firstname.lastname@example.com (id:4440408) WAREHOUSE - WAREHOUSE 1st, 2nd & 3rd Shifts All Positions! General Warehouse, Fork Lift Picker & Reach Truck Drivers Salary matched to experience Great benefits. Apply in person or e-mail: B O X Partners 2650 Galvin Drive, Elgin email@example.com (id:4440943)
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In a decision that underscores the highly investor-protective nature of the Massachusetts Uniform Securities Act, the Appeals Court has found that a hedge fund that prevailed in a misrepresentation case initiated by an investor could not recover its counsel fees ...Read More »
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Supreme Court looks for limits in cellphone-search cases
Applying centuries-old constitutional principles to situations not contemplated by the Founding Fathers is nothing new for the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. But that does not make it easy, as was clear during two hours of oral argument on ...Read More »
Docs prepared by plaintiff's firm for prior clients protected
Financial institutions defending misrepresentation claims that stemmed from their sale of mortgage-backed securities could not obtain documents prepared by the plaintiff's law firm for prior cases involving different plaintiffs, a Superior Court judge has ruled in a case of first ...Read More »
Law firm not liable for failing to control client
Lawyers from Holland & Knight who properly advised a company accused of carrying out a Ponzi scheme could not be sued by third-party investors for failing to ensure that their legal advice was followed by the client, a Superior Court ...Read More »
M&A suits prevalent, controversial
Volatility in the world of shareholder class actions has stoked a debate over whether the lawyers who bring such cases are laudable public watchdogs or stick-up artists. The number of federal securities class actions rose by 14 to 166 in ...Read More »
Lateral transfer of employee deemed 'retaliation'
The lateral transfer of a public employee could be considered an "adverse employment action" for the purposes of a Ch. 151B retaliation claim, a Superior Court judge has ruled. The plaintiff worked as a sign shop clerk for the Department ...Read More »
Gants tapped for SJC's top job
Gov. Deval L. Patrick has nominated Ralph D. Gants to serve as the next chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court. The official announcement was made at a press conference yesterday. If confirmed by the Governor's Council, Gants will succeed ...
Tagged with: SJCRead More »
Privilege not waived in deposition
A Superior Court judge's decision in a slip and fall case sheds new light on what a deposing lawyer can do when a witness changes key portions of his testimony after conferring with counsel midway through a deposition. The plaintiffs ...
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Time limit isn't tolled by second EEOC filing
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Preemption ruling could lead to increased litigation
A recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling that a common law claim was preempted by federal airline law was bad news for a disgruntled frequent flier who tried to sue Northwest Airlines for revoking his reward program privileges. But the ruling ...Read More »


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THE OKLAHOMAN You're viewing an article from The Oklahoman's newsroom. Print subscribers have Full Access to a premium experience at Oklahoman.com.
Problems with school tests hardly impact performance
An independent review of this spring's standardized testing disruptions at Oklahoma schools has concluded. Its findings are not shocking. Interruptions may be exasperating, but they don't induce amnesia in test-takers. Children who knew the answers before a disruption still know the correct responses when they restart a test.
HumRRO, or Human Resources Research Organization, compared the scores of interrupted students with non-interrupted students, and noted the past performance of student groups to determine how those kids would reasonably be expected to perform this year.
"The evidence shows that the effect of disruption on students' scores was neither widespread nor large and the conclusions were not consistent across methods," a HumRRO document noted.
HumRRO even found testing interruptions "did not always disadvantage the disrupted students, but at times the disrupted students did better than expected."
A comparable review in Indiana reached similar conclusions. Disruptions did not impact most students, and some interrupted students "had somewhat larger gains across years than those who were not interrupted." A separate HumRRO review of Minnesota testing disruptions also found no discernable effect.
In Oklahoma, HumRRO found potential impact only among one sliver of test-takers: seventh- and eighth-graders taking the Algebra I test. The State Board of Education responded by voting not to count the scores of any student who took a state core curriculum test during the disruptions and scored "unsatisfactory" or "limited knowledge." That may have been overkill, but it ensured no students, teachers or schools will be penalized for a lower score possibly tied to testing disruption.
We don't discount the aggravation factor created by testing disruptions. We hope this problem won't be repeated. But Oklahoma teenagers face far greater hassles when seeking a driver's license test. If kids can survive that ordeal, there was never much reason to think they couldn't adapt when facing short-term computer crashes at school.


text: A client's current site is at, for example, mysite.com. I've installed wordpress, and his current site site still shows at mysite.com, as it should until the WordPress site is done. However, when I go to the WordPress version at mysite.com/index.php, it doesnt show the WordPress version their, it jumps straight to http://www.mysite.com. So, I can't see the WordPress version to tweak it until its ready. Does anyone have any suggestions on this?


text:
I just googled cycling forums looking for advice and low and behold here's one dedicated to people my size. WHOO HOO!
I'm 6'4" and roughly 275 lbs. I've been told by a few people that I'm going to have to invest a bit more money into a bike that can handle me. Unfortunately, I don't have a very big budget. We're talking around $500 tops.
I keep waffling on whether to get a road or a mountain bike. We've got some amazing trails in my area but I don't think I could afford a bike that could handle my weight and I'm a little nervous about crashing out in the woods by myself.
I'm pretty sure most of my riding would take place on pavement and I'd love to get a trailer or a seat for my 13 month old so perhaps a road bike would be the better investment?
So, with all that vaguery, any advice?


text:
Posts by geektrader
|Previous 1 2 3 4 5 .. 15 Next
Golden Boy- TQForex In Trading Systems Jan 13 2015 at 19:44
Sorry, but a vendor not showing a backtest has to hide something. I see your live performance is good, but it might just be a lucky run for the last half year and might fail tomorrow. Why not show some backtests if the system is that good? It won´t hurt you at all. And since the SL / Profit Targets are high, the backtests, while surely not 100% accurate, that´s clear, will at least give a guideline to how the system performed in the past in all kind of market conditions on all the different pairs.
Golden Boy- TQForex In Trading Systems Jan 12 2015 at 15:56
Golden Boy- TQForex In Trading Systems Jan 12 2015 at 08:03
Golden Boy- TQForex In Trading Systems Jan 12 2015 at 07:01
Hippotrade In Brokers Jun 11 2014 at 15:16
Hippotrade In Brokers Jun 10 2014 at 20:36
Beware, in case you can manage to even withdraw to a international account, they tell you that when you withdraw they take 30% "tax fees" on top. This must be a big joke as the receiver is responsible to pay the tax in his country, it´s not the broker who has to do this. I have several other Russian broker accounts, NONE of them charge ANY tax on your withdrawals. Hippo-trade is a complete bucket shop broker trying to trick you by every cent you´ve deposited with them. I have yet to receive my money at all, all they said is that if I withdraw they charge the 30% tax (and...
Hippotrade In Brokers Jun 05 2014 at 04:30
They don´t allow international bank transfer withdrawals (tried to withdraw to a German bank account) and they don´t tell you so beforehand. I´ve funded with Mastercard, but now there is no way to get my money out again as all their withdrawal methods are only for Russia. Customer support is slow and sub-par and barely speaks any English. This broker should restrict the sign up of clients other then Russia which would have saved me a lot of money that is now stuck with them and they are not willing to return.
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