text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|18 Oct 2011
|Fecha de presentación
|13 May 2008
|Fecha de prioridad
|30 Sep 2005
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Biranchinath Sahu, Douglas F. Pastorello, Golam R. Chowdhury
|Cesionario original
|Silicon Laboratories Inc.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (4), Clasificaciones (10), Eventos legales (2)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,373,533, issued May 13, 2008 and entitled PROGRAMMABLE I/O CELL CAPABLE OF HOLDING ITS STATE IN POWER-DOWN MODE, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to input/output cells of digital circuits, and more particularly, to a system and method for maintaining a state of a digital output during a power down mode.
MCU chips include both digital and analog circuitry thereon for performing the various processes and functionalities available from the chip. In order to save power on MCU chips it is often necessary to enable a standby mode of operation wherein certain functionalities of the MCU chip are powered down or inoperative in order to conserve battery power. This enables the prolonging of battery life in state of the art, battery-powered, portable applications. An MCU chip having an on-chip power supply for digital circuits needs to be able to operate with low static (quiescent) power consumption while enabling the use of widely variable external supply voltages such as a battery for the chip. In order to save power when the MCU chip is not in use, a standby low power mode may be used to minimize power losses of the digital circuit when clocked by the system clock and to eliminate the quiescent current of the regulator and bandgap reference circuits. In some situations, the clock circuitry is halted, thus reducing power due to switching of digital circuitry. In other power saving applications, the complete chip is powered down and configuration information saved in non-volatile RAM (NVRAM). However, in this latter situation the MCU chip may be interfacing with other outside chips in an application system wherein these interfaces enable and disable the outside chips via control signals from the I/O ports of the MCU chip. During a complete power-down mode, the control signals of the I/O port would float. There must be some manner for preserving the states of the input/output ports during a power-down condition of the MCU chip, such that there is no contention of states of the pins of the MCU and other peripheral devices connected to it.
The present invention disclosed and claimed herein, in one aspect thereof, comprises a microcontroller unit. The microcontroller unit includes a processor for generating a power down signal. Control logic generates a hold signal responsive to the power down signal. A voltage regulator provides a regulated voltage responsive to an input voltage and powers down responsive to the generated powered down signal. At least one digital device powered by the regulated voltage enters a powered down state responsive to the voltage regulator entering the powered down state. The at least one digital device additionally provides a digital input signal to an input/output cell. The input/output cell is connected to receive both the digital signal and the hold signal. The input/output cell maintains a last state of the digital output signal responsive to the hold signal when the at least one digital device is in the powered down state.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings in which:
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to
The digital inputs/outputs to/from the digital peripherals 124 are also interfaced to analog peripherals 140. The analog peripherals 140 include an analog comparator 142 for comparing two signals received on input lines 144. The analog-to-digital converter 146 receives analog input signals from an analog multiplexer 148 interfaced to a plurality of the input pins on the MCU 100. The analog multiplexer 148 allows the multiple outputs to be sensed through the pins 122 such that the ADC 146 can be interfaced to various sensors. System power VDD is applied through pad 150. Power may be applied to the pad 150 via, for example, a battery. The power net 152 applies power to both the analog peripherals 140 and the digital peripherals 124 to power the device, as will be more fully described below.
Referring now to
The voltage regulator 204 may be placed into a comatose mode responsive to the input received at input 214 from the processor 102. The comatose mode of the voltage regulator 204 is controlled by the comatose mode logic 222. The comatose mode logic 222 is responsive to inputs from processing core 102. When in the comatose mode, the voltage regulator 204 will output a regulated zero voltage no matter what voltage input is received from the VDD pad 150 on line 206. By providing a 0 V regulated voltage output from the voltage regulator 204, the processing core 102, all digital peripherals and devices 124 receiving the regulated 0 V signal will provide a corresponding 0 V output signal (digital "0") on their digital output lines and maintain this digital output signal at this level during the comatose mode state. By providing a 0 V regulated output voltage to the processing core 102 and digital peripherals 124, the digital outputs from the digital peripherals 124 remain in a steady 0 V state rather than having the output digital signals float to unknown states as would occur if the voltage regulator and digital peripherals where turned off.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
In operation of the circuit of
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
In general, the major processing components of MCU 100 will be the switching portions of the digital circuitry, these being clocked operations. To achieve the density of the circuitry, manufacturing processes are utilized which typically require lower operating voltage levels. At these lower operating voltages, a higher current is utilized. The regulator allows the lower voltage to be applied to the digital circuitry to maintain a digital circuitry within its proper operating voltage range, but a higher VDD on the input can result in excessive power being dissipated in the voltage regulator circuit. This is the reason that the comatose mode desires that the regulator be turned off. Merely terminating the clocking operation does not inhibit leakage current from continuing to be dissipated. Therefore, reducing the regulated voltage to 0 V reduces power loss due to leakage current. Of course, the external circuitry, the chips that interface with the MCU 100, may operate at a different voltage level, thus, the requirement for the left level shifted voltages is needed. In order to maintain the output states of the various pins at a predetermined level requires that configuration information be retained wherein a digital I/O pad has the capability of being configured as a digital output, a digital input or an analog input/output, must be maintained. This configuration information is determined by a digital control signal received from the processing core and it is desirable in accordance with the present disclosure to maintain this control signal to the I/O circuitry. Thus, the latch circuitry of the present disclosure allows any digitally controlled portion in the high powered unregulated power domain to be maintained in its last known state such that the digital circuitry can be completely powered down. Upon power up, the digital circuitry will return to a predetermined power up configuration and known states. For example, if an I/O pad on the chip were configured as a digital input, it would receive a digital control signal from the processing core 102 for such configuration. If this control signal were removed during the comatose mode, the input/output cell could possibly revert to an analog configuration which may present a little impedance to circuitry that expects a high impedance. This would be potentially dangerous to external circuitry. However, it may be that a digital output is latched as a digital "1" and, upon power up, the initial state in power up may be a logic "0" and the state would thus change. In that situation, the changing of the state would not be that disadvantageous.
Referring now to
Referring now to
A start filter 1014 is connected to the output of the operational amplifier 1008 of the level shifter 1006 at node 1010. The start filter 1014 is needed on the STARTCOMA signal to filter out noise from turning on/off the voltage regulator 204 and also provides a delay to enable the latching of digital outputs before the regulator 204 enters comatose mode. In particular, the filter 1014 prevents noise from the waking up of the voltage regulator 204 placing the voltage regulator back into comatose mode. The start filter 1014 consists of a first p-channel transistor 1016 having its source/drain path connected between system power VDD and node 1018. The gate of transistor 1016 is connected to node 1010. A capacitor 1020 is connected between the source and drain of transistor 1016. A resistor 1022 is connected between node 1018 and the source of transistor 1024. The transistor 1024 has its source/drain path connected between resistor 1022 and ground. The gate of transistor 1024 is connected to node 1010. The input of a Schmidt trigger inverter 1026 is connected to node 1018 and the output of the Schmidt trigger inverter 1026 is provided to a first input of a nor gate 1028, this providing a delay.
When the STARTCOMA signal applied to input 1004 is low, the level shifter 1006 and start filter 1014 do not affect the operation of the comatose logic circuit since the output of the Schmidt trigger inverter 1026 will be low, providing an off signal to the cross coupled latch 1030 consisting of NOR gate 1028 and NOR gate 1032. However, once the signal from the Schmidt trigger inverter 1026 goes high responsive to a high STARTCOMA signal applied to input 1004, the process to place the voltage regulator 204 in the comatose mode is initiated by the signal from the Schmidt trigger inverter 1026.
The second input of the NOR gate 1028 within the cross-coupled latch 1030 is connected to node 1034. The output of NOR gate 1028 is connected to a first input of the NOR gate 1032. The second input of nor gate 1032 receives a signal to activate the voltage regulator 204 when the regulator is in the comatose mode responsive to a wake-up signal applied to the pin reset B input 1036 from the processing core 102. The output of the NOR gate 1032 within the voltage regulator enable latch 1030 (cross-coupled latch) is applied to the input of inverter 1050. The output of inverter 1050 is provided to the enable input 214 of the voltage regulator 204. The pin reset B input 1036 is applied to a first input of NAND gate 1038. The second input of NAND gate 1038 is connected to an output of inverter 1040. The input of the inverter 1040 is connected to the output of a Schmidt trigger inverter 1042. The input of the Schmidt trigger inverter 1042 is connected to node 1044. A resistor 1046 is connected between VDD and node 1044. A capacitor 1048 is connected between node 1044 and ground. The reset B input 1036 is normally high. When the reset B pin 1036 is driven low by the processing core 102, the output of the NAND gate 1038 will cause the voltage regulator 204 to be turned on and drive the output of level shifter 1006 to zero. The power on reset 114 applied to the voltage regulator 204 is needed to reset the digital system when the regulator is turned on responsive to the reset input going high.
Generation of the hold signal to each of the hold logic circuits 404 within the input/output cells 210 is generated in the following manner. An OR gate 1052 has a first input connected to node 1010 at the output of the level shifter 1006. The second input of the OR gate 1052 is connected to node 1034 at the output of the NOR gate 1032 of the cross-coupled latch 1030. The output of the OR gate 1052 comprises the global hold signal used to latch the hold logic of the input/output cells 210 when the STARTCOMA signal goes high.
To summarize the operation of the comatose mode logic 1002, the STARTCOMA signal on input 1004 is pulled high, this will be level shifted to a higher level at node 1010, thus asserting the global hold signal on the output of the OR gate 1052. At the same time, it will turn on transistor 1024 and, after a delay associated with the Schmidt trigger 1026 and the resistor 1022, the input to NOR gate 1028 will be pulled high, thus forcing the output low. This will result in both inputs of the OR gate 1032 being low to force the output of OR gate 1032 high and latch a logic "1" on the output thereof to result in the enable input to a regulator 204 on input 214 going low and disabling the regulator and pulling the voltage to 0 V. This will be latched and the latch circuit comprised of the NOR gates 1032 and 1028. Once the output of NOR gate 1032 goes high, this will cause the output of the level shifter 1006 to be latched to a predetermined state, such that there will be no noise through the filter 1014. This will be described hereinbelow. Additionally, the state of the node 1010 is not important, since the latched output of NOR gate 1032 is comprised of the second input to the OR gate 1052, such that this controls the assertion of the global hold signal.
Referring now to
When the STARTCOMA signal is initially applied at input node 1102 the corresponding level shifted signal is output at node 1104. This signal passes through the start filter 7014 to create the digital high signal from the Schmidt trigger inverter 726 that causes the enable signal applied to the voltage regulator 204 to go low. This creates the output from the voltage regulator enable latch 1030 that is provided back to the level shifter 1006 via line 1007. This causes the output 1104 to be pulled to a solid low (digital "0") causing the output of the level shifter 1006 to remain in the steady low state throughout the comatose mode.
Referring now to
Transistor 1264 has its source/drain path connected between node 1266 and node 1256. The gate of transistor 1264 is connected to the reference voltage VREF at input 1268. Transistor 1270 has its source/drain path connected between nodes 1272 and nodes 1266. Transistor 1274 has its drain/source path connected between node 1276 and node 1272. The gate of transistor 1274 is connected to node 1246. Transistor 1278 has it source/drain path connected between VDD and node 1276. The gate of transistor 1278 is connected to node 1272. The gate of transistor 1280 is connected to node 1272. The source/drain path of transistor 1280 is connected between VDD and node 1281. Transistor 1282 has its gate connected to node 1246. The source/drain path of transistor 1282 is connected between node 1281 and node 1283. Transistor 1284 has its gate connected to node 1252. The drain/source path of transistor 1284 is connected between node 1283 and node 1285. The source/drain path of transistor 1286 is connected between node 1285 and node 1256. The gate of transistor 1286 is connected to receive signal v_fb at 1201. Transistor 1287 is connected to node 1288. Node 1288 is connected to receive the bypass enable signal. The source/drain path of transistor 1287 is connected between VDD and node 1283. A capacitor 1289 is connected between node 1283 and ground. Transistor 1290 has its source/drain path connected between VDD and node 1291. Transistor 1292 has its source/drain path connected between node 1291 and ground. The gates of transistors 1290 and 1292 are connected to each other. Transistor 1294 is connected between VDD and node 1295. The gate of transistor 1294 is connected to node 1291. Transistor 1296 has its source/drain path connected between node 1295 and 1297. Resistor 1298 is connected between node 1297 and node 1299. Node 1299 is also connected to the VSENSE output 1300. Resistor 1301 is connected between node 1299 and node 1303. Transistor 1305 is connected between node 1303 and ground.
When the enable signal is high, this will turn on transistor 1214 and pull the gate of transistor 1238 low, turning on transistor 1238. This will provide current flow to the bias transistor 1242. This is a diode-connected transistor which will have the current there through mirrored over to the transistors 1244 and 1248 and the current source at the common node 1256 comprised of the transistor 1258. This basically provides the bias circuitry to the regulator core. When bypass is low, this will result in the gate of transistor 1296 being controlled by the voltage on node 1283. This is due to the fact that the transistor 1287 is turned off. Thus, this will result in a regulated output voltage. When the bypass mode is selected, the bypass signal and enable signal are raised to digital "1." This results in transistor 1226 turning off and transistor 1230 turning off, thus pulling node 1222 low, this being the gbypass_enableb signal going low. This pulls the gate of transistor 1287 low, turning on transistor 1287 and pulling the gate of transistor 1296 high and overriding the regulated voltage on node 1283. This will therefore force the voltage on node 1202 to be impressed upon node 1208. Additionally, transistor 1305 is turned off such that current will not flow through the resistors 1297 and 1301.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
A latch and level shift circuit 1520 is provided for receiving the output of the transistors 1512 and 1514. An n-channel transistor 1522 is connected between a node 1524 and ground and an n-channel transistor 1526 is connected between a node 1528 and ground. The gate of transistor 1522 is connected to the node 1510, which drives the gates of transistors 1512 and 1514, and the node 1516 is connected to the gate of transistor 1526. Therefore, when a logic "0," for example, is disposed on node 1510, this will turn off transistor 1522 and node 1516 will be a logic "1" which will turn on transistor 1526 pulling node 1528 low. A p-channel latch is provided with a p-channel transistor 1530 connected between VDD external (unregulated VDD) and node 1524 and a p-channel transistor 1532 connected between VDDEXT and node 1528. The gates of transistors 1530 and 1532 are cross-coupled such that the gate of transistor 1530 is connected to node 1528 and the gate of transistor 1532 is connected to node 1524. Thus, for the logic state described hereinabove, on the node 1510, the transistor 1530 will have the gate thereof pulled low and will turn on the pulled node 1524 high, node 1524 comprising one output. Transistor 1532 will have a gate thereof pulled high, thus turning it off and allowing transistor 1526 to pull node 1528 low, node 1528 comprising the other output, either of the outputs 1524 and 1528 selectable as the output of the latch.
There is provided a secondary latch circuit for operating the power-down mode when VREG is pulled to 0 V. This is comprised of an n-channel transistor 1540 having the source/drain path thereof connected between node 1524 and ground and the gate thereof connected to node 1528. An n-channel transistor 1542 has the source/drain path thereof connected between node 1528 and ground and the gate thereof connected to node 1524. The transistors 1540 and 1542 relative to the transistors 1522 and 1526, respectively, are "weak" transistors. This means that they have a substantially higher transconductance associated therewith. This is facilitated by fabricating the transistors 1540 and 1542 to be approximately half the size of transistors 1522 and 1526 and by multiplying by combining the number of transistors 1522 and 1526 such that transistors 1522 and 1526 is comprised of approximately six transistors. Thus, each of the transistors in the parallel configuration for transistor 1522 and transistor 1526 comprise the six transistors that are twice the size, such that the size difference is 12.times.. Thus, if, for some reason, transistor 1522 were turned on when either of transistors 1540 or 1542 were turned on, they would overpower those transistors and the effect of transistors 1540 and 1542 would have little effect.
In operation, when the power down mode is asserted, VREG will be pulled low by disabling the regulator. When this occurs, VREG is pulled to ground. When this occurs, VREG associated with the digital side, both transistors 1504 and 1502, will pull node 1510 low and there will be a logic "0" disposed thereon. At the same time, VREG on the source/drain path of 1512 will result in node 1516 being pulled low. Thus, the gates of transistors 1522 and 1526 will be pulled low, thus turning those transistors off. However, if there was, for example, a logic "0" on node 1524 and a logic "1" on node 1528, the logic "0" on node 1524 would turn transistor 1542 off, thus allowing the logic "1" to remain on node 1528. The transistor 1540 would maintain node 1524 low. Similarly, when transistor 1526 turns off, the logic "1" will be maintained on node 1528, as transistor 1542 is already in an off condition. Thus, the two weak transistors forming the secondary latch will maintain the latch state as a result of these two transistors 1522 and 1526 being turned off. Thus, it can be seen that no hold signal is required; rather, all that is required is for the VREG to be pulled low to reduce full force the transistors 1522 and 1526 to be turned off and retain the state of the latches. When VREG is again pulled high, whatever data is on the input 1506 from the digital side, i.e., the side associated with the regulated voltage, will be asserted on nodes 1510 and 1516 and the latch will then have potentially new value. However, the important aspect is that, during the power-down mode, that the last known state of the latch is maintained.
Although the preferred embodiment has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|8 Ago 2002
|22 Jun 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Low power low voltage transistor—transistor logic I/O driver
|23 Jul 2001
|19 Abr 2005
|Intel Corporation
|Controlling signal states and leakage current during a sleep mode
|3 Jun 2005
|9 Ene 2007
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Signal-level converter
|23 Jun 2005
|28 Dic 2006
|Ati Technologies Inc.
|Apparatus and methods for voltage level conversion
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|713/324, 327/143, 713/320, 327/198
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|13 May 2008
Owner name: SILICON LABORATORIES INC., TEXAS
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Owner name: SILICON LABORATORIES INC., TEXAS
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In the city that has become the epicentre of sectarian bloodshed in Pakistan, Shiite Muslim candidates are braving death threats to make themselves heard in Saturday's election.
Shiites make up around a fifth of Pakistan's 180 million population but they are caught in a rising tide of sectarian hatred, targeted by extremist Sunni Muslim bombers and vilified on the campaign trail.
Quetta, capital of the southwestern province of Baluchistan, has been a focus for much of the violence and two devastating bombings earlier this year killed nearly 200 people from the city's ethnic Hazara Shiite population.
Banned Sunni extremist organisation Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ), which has links to Al-Qaeda, claimed the attacks and vowed to strike again.
The authorities stepped up security in some Hazara districts of Quetta but those running for office say the threats to their lives are so great that they are unable to move around freely to canvass for votes.
Ruquiya Hashmi, a doctor and a former soldier, faces a double challenge -- as well as being Hazara she is also the first woman to stand in Quetta for the national assembly.
For the past few days she has had threatening phone calls and letters sent to her offices. She is running for Pakistan Muslim League-Q, an ally of the outgoing government, but she is determined to stand up to the extremists.
"I'm lucky I'm a very brave woman. It's very challenging being a woman, being a Hazara, but God willing I will face the challenges and I will raise my voice," she said.
The threats mean Hashmi, an energetic 62-year-old whose husband is running for the provincial assembly, has had to abandon rallies and take her campaign door-to-door, pressing her leaflets onto voters with a bright, reassuring smile.
There is no doubt the dangers are real -- on April 23 a suicide bomber blew up his car at one of the checkpoints at the entrance to a Hazara district, killing six people.
Attacks targeting politicians and political parties have killed 87 people across the country since April 11, according to an AFP tally.
Abdul Khaliq Hazara, the chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party, who is running for both the national and provincial assemblies, believes he was the target -- he had opened a campaign office nearby shortly before the blast.
He said not enough is being done to protect the nine Hazara candidates running for office from Quetta.
"The government promised us, police promised us, they would provide us guards. It has been two months and till now I think I have been given only one guard," he said.
"How could I move with only one policeman to those areas where always there is the shadow of terror?"
Quetta city police chief Mir Zubair Mahmood said security had been provided to every candidate who had asked for it and that fears of attack were "to some extent" exaggerated.
Human Rights Watch says more than 400 Shiites were killed in Pakistan in 2012, the worst year on record, and while attacks have declined since the atrocities in Quetta in January and February, the rhetoric of sectarianism continues unabated.
In the Punjabi city of Jhang, birthplace of the LeJ, a cleric running for parliament for a party linked to the militant group told AFP he wanted to win so he could carry what he called his "anti-Shiite mission" to the world.
His Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat movement is fielding scores of candidates for national and provincial assembly seats, and while they have little chance of winning, their presence is a stark reminder of intolerance.
Among Quetta's Hazaras, though, there is a determination to brave the threats and make their voices heard through the ballot box.
Flags and posters of Hazara candidates dot the dusty, low-rise city and in Hazara Town, on the very spot outside a snooker hall where a car bomb in January killed 92 people, a witness to the attack said he owed it to the victims to vote.
"A lot of my relatives died here and I will cast my vote because we need change and it is my responsibility -- we are Pakistani and I will vote for Pakistan," he told AFP.
Provincial assembly candidate Haji Imran Ali of the religious Majlis Wahdat Muslimeen party said the protests Hazaras staged after the bombings, which brought down the provincial chief minister, had given them confidence.
"Of course tension is there, but the two long sit-ins of the Hazara community... brought confidence among the Hazara community that if they can bring down an incompetent government, they can change everything," he told AFP.

subset: commoncrawl


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STILLWATER, Okla. (AP) — A pair of injuries up front are testing the newfound depth on the offensive line for No. 6 Oklahoma State.
The Cowboys (5-0, 2-0 Big 12) have been able to absorb the loss of guard Jonathan Rush to a season-ending knee injury and center Grant Garner to a leg injury while still scoring at the highest rate in the country.
Coach Mike Gundy says he expects Garner, the starting center, to return for Saturday's game at No. 22 Texas. Gundy says he used to be concerned about losing even one lineman, but now Oklahoma State has been able to build up enough depth that losing a couple players hasn't been a big problem.


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Baldcypress Nature Center
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The land surrounding Trap Pond was once covered in freshwater wetlands, and the park retains much of that natural beauty and mystery today. The millpond was created in the late 1700s to power a sawmill used to process the large baldcypress trees harvested in the area. The Civilian Conservation Corps began clearing the area for recreation in the 1930s. Trap Pond became Delaware's first state park in 1951.


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the FDA is saying in regards to both OSIR and MDXG ....NON biased please .. Thank you from this uninformed newbie .....Been silently reading both boards and know some are on top of this ..THANKS
JMO but I would read the analysts' opinions who follow each before I'd come to either OSIR or MDXG message boards asking for unbiased opinions. Generally, if you contact the analysts, they'll send you their reports. Even the analysts give biased reports depending on the amount of banking their doing or want to do with the companies but at least if their currently doing business, it's disclosed.
I think MDXG has it all over OSIR in terms of products and almost as importantly, management. Google Pete Petit, MDXG's CEO and Chairman.
Is that before or after the class action law suites?
smelly- you say analysts will send you their reports if you're any Tom #$%$ or Harry with no relationship to the firm??? yeah right.....google Pete Petit?? you mean the part where he's being investigated for insider trading for tipping off a buddy at his prior firm???


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Don Pardo
Birth Name: Don Pardo
Born: 02/22/1918
Birth Place: Westfield, Massachusetts, USA
Death Place: United States
Died: 08/18/2014
Born: 02/22/1918
Birth Place: Westfield, Massachusetts, USA
Death Place: United States
Died: 08/18/2014
Dominick George Pardo was born in Westfield, MA on Feb. 22, 1918. The desire to perform hit Pardo around the time that he appeared in a high school staging of "A Christmas Carol" as Bob Cratchit. After winning a public speaking prize during his final year at Norwich Free Academy, Pardo had to make a choice. His father wanted him to take over the family baking business someday, but Pardo was eager to become either a dentist or a lawyer. However, his high school guidance counselor heartily recommended that Pardo take advantage of his great voice and enviable communication talent. Pardo took the advice to heart and further enhanced those gifts with speech classes. He had his first radio exposur... Continue Bio >>
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Nakamura Seisakusho Kabushikigaisha
|Nakamura Seisakusho Kabushikigaisha Patent applications
|Patent application number
|METAL-BASED PRINT BOARD FORMED WITH RADIATORS - In a metal-based print board formed with radiators, a metal foil is affixed to a front surface of a metal plate having good thermal conductivity, an insulating adhesive layer interposed therebetween. A radiator is integrally provided on a reverse surface of the metal plate, the radiator having a plurality of thin radiating fins formed upright in a tabular shape due to having been dug out by an excavating tool. The radiating fins give the radiator a large area over which heat can be released. The thickness of a first metal plate portion formed between adjacent radiating fins is less than the original thickness of the metal plate. Heat generated by an electronic component or another component provided on a side of the front surface of the metal plate is rapidly transmitted from the reduced-thickness first metal plate portion of the metal plate to each of the radiating fins of the radiator on the reverse surface side, and efficiently released from each of the radiating fins, which have a large area over which heat is radiated.


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This is the second volume of North Atlantic Books hard cover edition of Dale Pendell's "Pharmako "trilogy, an encyclopedic study of the history and uses of psychoactive plants and related synthetics first published between 1995 and 2005. The books form an interrelated suite of works that provide the reader with a unique, reliable, and often personal immersion in this medically, culturally, and spiritually fascinating subject. All three books are beautifully designed and illustrated, and are written with unparalleled authority, erudition, playfulness, and range.
"Pharmako/Dynamis: Stimulating Plants, Potions, and Herbcraft "focuses on stimulants (including coffee, tea, chocolate, and coca and its derivatives) and empathogens (notably Ecstasy). Each substance is explored in detail, not only with information on its history, pharmacology, preparation, and cultural and esoteric correspondences, but also the subtleties of each plant's effect on consciousness in a way that only poets can do. The whole concoction is sprinkled with abundant quotations from famous writers, creating a literary brew as intoxicating as its subject.
The "Pharmako" series also includes "Pharmako/Poeia "(which covers tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, opiates, salvia divinorum, and other substances) and "Pharmako/Gnosis "(which addresses psychedelics and shamanic plants).
About the Author
Dale Pendell lives in the Sierra foothills of Northern California. He is founder and editor of Kuksu: A Journal of Backcountry Writing. His books include Pharmako/ Gnosis: Plant Teachers and the Poison Path, The Great Bay: Chronicles of the Collapse, WALKING WITH NOBBY: CONVERSATIONS WITH NORMAN O. BROWN (Mercury HousE, 2007), and SALTING THE BOUNDARIES (New Native Press, 2014). His poems have appeared in Rattling Wall, the West Marin Review, House Organ, Northwind Poets Anthology, the Journal of Interdimensional Poetry, Erowid Extracts, Open to All (What the Library Means to Me), Der Sanitater, and It Calls from the Creek, an Art-OnSite installation.
Praise For…
"A poet, ethnobotanist, and amateur chemist, he's the best writer on drugs to come along since the late Terence McKenna."
—The Village Voice
"Dale Pendell, most elegant eloquent writer on drugs because both scientist and poet, has exuded a book as charming as The Compleat Angler or Brillat-Savarin's Physiology of Taste. It will be preserved amongst the scriptures of an entheogenic revival that will recognize the scribe Pendell as an inspired prophet and forerunner."
—Hakim Bey
"Dale Pendell's books are elegant tapestries of accurate chemistry, pharmacology, and botany, interwoven with rich poetical imagery. I use them as textbooks in a large annual undergraduate class which I teach at the University of California in Berkeley. The students love them?"
—David E. Presti, PhD, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley


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I've seen a few versions of this question on here, but none of them seem to be the same as my issue, so figured I'd create a new question. I must be doing something very silly here, but for the life of me I cannot spot it.
I'll start with the context, although it is not particularly relevant: I am deferring loading of jQuery with js code, which means none of my code files can contain a
$(document).ready(...) call, because "$" will be undefined at first pass. Instead I am adding my ready functions to a "global" array, and after jQuery loads asynchronously, I call all these functions with the following:
function FireLoadEvents() {
while ( OnLoadEvents.length > 0 ) {
var item = OnLoadEvents.splice(0,1);
Now in any of my page components I can use the following to add an event I wish to fire when jQuery is loaded and the document is actually ready:
OnLoadEvents.push( { ready: function() { ... } } );
I've defined the
OnLoadEvents variable at the very top of my template in the head:
<script language="text/javascript">
var OnLoadEvents = new Array();
As you can see it is outside of any function scope, and it is also declared before it is referenced. When tested on its own, this setup is working great, but for some reason when it is added to my actual page heads, script tags later in the page are not able to add items to the
OnLoadEvents variable. For instance the following is pulled into my template by a php-include server side, and adds these lines to the body of my page:
<script type='text/javascript'>
OnLoadEvents.push( { ready: function() {
if ( $('.sponsor-link').length != 0 ) {
} } );
When I hit this page in Chrome, it reports the following exception on the "push" line above:
Uncaught ReferenceError: OnLoadEvents is not defined
Any idea what is going on? Why would OnLoadEvents be undefined just a few lines down from where I initialize it? I'll note that I've also tried defining and referencing
OnLoadEvents as
Thanks in advance!


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Two children were found dead in Elkin this morning and their mother is being treated at Duke Medical Center as a result of carbon monoxide gas poisoning from a portable generator.
The victims, a 7-year-old boy and an 8-year-old girl, were found dead in a bedroom of a home at 211 Elk Spur Street. Their mother, Kathryn Gilliam, was found in a hallway, where she had collapsed.
The names of the children were not released by EMS officials.
John Shelton, the director of Surry County EMS, said the call came in to the EMS at 5:14 this morning from two friends who had arrived at the house early to help the family move. The friends took Ms. Gilliam outside, where they were able to resuscitate her. She was first sent to Hugh Chatham Memorial Hospital in Elkin before being taken by ambulance to Duke Medical Center for further treatment. She is listed in critical but stable condition. Shelton said that inclement weather prevented the use of a medical evacuation helicopter.
The two friends then found the two children, and two dead animals, in a bedroom.
"If the friends had not arrived when they did, Ms. Gilliam absolutely would not have survived," said Shelton. "The level of the carbon monoxide gas in the house was extremely high, even after the house was ventilated."
Shelton estimated the time of death for the children at 3 a.m.
Since the family had not yet completed the move into the house, they did not have normal power service. They were using a portable generator in the kitchen to power the refrigerator. Shelton said it was the fumes from the generator that caused the carbon monoxide poisoning.
Shelton said that the generator was turned on at approximately 11 p.m. Tuesday. At some time during the night, the mother got up and turned the generator off but then collapsed from the fumes.
Shelton said he was told that the family was moving to the house from a home on Spring Street in Elkin.


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These cats are unusually loving and affectionate, making them highly sought after family pets. They are loyal and sensitive animals who can often been seen following their owners from room to room.They are generally good natured animals who will do well in a wide variety of homes, including those with children and other animals.they have great personalities very affectionate and playful. Love ...
May 23 -
Sarasota :
Bradenton - Cats & kittens
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


text:
Home > News > Regional
Saturday, 5 April 2014
Official opening of the Changi Naval Base by PM Goh. [There was a sail past, as 12 warships, a submarine and scores of small fast craft glided in a straight-line formation before guests gathered at South Breakwater Pier, where large warships dock. - Filepic
HONOLULU: Singapore has proposed hosting a regional crisis command centre that would help co-ordinate governments' efforts after major natural disasters, the city-state's defence minister said.
"We were obviously struck over the last decade by how many disasters there were" in the region, said Ng Eng Hen.
He cited the earthquakes, tsunamis and typhoons that have cut a swathe of destruction from the Philippines to Japan.
"We recognised in the first critical 24/48 hours, it is actually very difficult for the affected country to be able to set up a C2 (command and control) centre, for the very reason they're the ones hit," said the minister, in Hawaii for an Asean meeting on Thursday.
With communications knocked out, governments at the centre of a natural disaster often are "overwhelmed" and don't have the ability to manage international offers of help, he said.
"In the discussion we realised what was really needed was a crisis centre that was already set up and operational.
"It could also be scaled up (as needed)," he said.
At the Asean gathering in Honolulu, defence ministers welcomed Singapore's proposal to host the crisis centre at Changi naval base, Ng said.
The agenda for this week's Asean meeting – focused on improving co-operation for humanitarian assistance – has taken on new importance in the wake of missing Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370.
Pentagon chief Chuck Hagel praised Singapore's proposal for the crisis centre to handle future natural disasters, which are expected to increase in frequency and scale due to climate change.
"This could be an important venue for nations in the region to co-ordinate military responses to disasters and it's an idea that we're going to pursue," Hagel said.
The idea is to "make a coherent picture for everyone to see", said Ng.
"We evolved a concept, we call it 'plug and play'," he added.
"We set up terminals, you bring in your systems, you give the information you feel comfortable with.
"We take all that information, fuse it and then pump it out. It's worked quite well." — AFP
Tags / Keywords:
Singapore AGC accuses Kho Jabing's lawyers of abusing court process
Singapore pixman earns lightning praise
Boy's sex act with sister 'learnt from dad's friend, stepbrother'
Foreign worker who published book started by scribbling poetry on bags of cement
Lower ERP rates at 23 gantries, shorter VEP hours during June school holidays
Beijing fetish restaurant teases with lobster and sex
Indonesia introduces tough new punishments for paedophiles
Obama honours victims of A-bomb
No takers for free HK spa
Three tourists killed, one missing in Thai speed boat accident
For a hopping great time where else but Kangaroo Island!
M'sian Embassy holds charity do
'1.5mil business tourists to visit M'sia'
Spieth two behind leader Molder at weather-hit Colonial
Copyright © 1995- Star Media Group Berhad (ROC 10894D)


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IT was the industrial revolution of the last part of the eighteenth century that changed the "Merrie England" of the Georges to the factory land of Victoria. The tools of the handicraftsman, long the evidence of individual production, were displaced by the machine system of the capitalist during this period of change. The England of hand-production was to become the land of machines; from isolated and loose industrial organization she was to pass to a highly organized, compact industrial nation.
The contrast between the old and the new England is so great that a brief statement of the conditions existing before the revolution will bring the transition more clearly to view. In the England of the eighteenth century industry presented the same general features as in the Middle Ages. Primitive and unsystematic methods of agriculture prevailed, men complained that one-half the land was waste and quarrels arose continually over the rights of the people on the common land. There was no rotation of crops, the agriculture was exceedingly unscientific and unproductive for the amount of work put upon it. Arthur Young, in commenting upon the agriculture of the time, says, "the spring crops are beneath contempt. Much time is lost in travel to the different strips and there are perpetual quarrels over the rights to pasture." But in 1770, the same writer says, "in the


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Welcome to Facilities Friday!
Karl Helbig 270001N2U6 email@example.com | | Tags:  energy-efficiency facilities-management smarter-buildings space-planning green-infrastructure ibm-energy-management maximo-asset-management energy energy-monitoring space-management meo green tivoli energy-optimization sustainability energy-management
0 Comments | 2,845 Visits
Welcome to the new Facilities Friday blog! Facilities Friday will be a monthly blog that highlights what we are doing specifically around facilities management. Our focus will be smarter buildings and how smarter asset management can help you create a more energy, operationally and space efficient building or facility.
For today, I'd like to start out by introducing you to smarter buildings, provide some background on the issues at hand, and the potential benefits that can be achieved. Smarter buildings integrate and optimize the physical and digital infrastructures in individual buildings and groups of buildings to create facilities that are more cost effective for their owners and operators. This is achieved by taking steps to reduce energy, optimize space use, and leverage asset and facilities management principles to help you become more operationally efficient - ultimately reducing overall costs - all in a sustainable manner.
The drivers are strong, and the benefits are real. But there is a strong need for progress in this area:
Potential benefits:
How does Maximo help? I think the above bullets say it all. Maximo helps organizations effectively monitor, maintain and manage the full range of assets – traditional assets, IT assets, facilities assets and emerging smart assets – across the complete asset lifecycle. This helps lower operating costs and maximize the ROI those assets generate.
Let's leave it at that for now; it's a lot to digest and we have much more to say, but I think you get the picture. Let me leave you today with this video that may help bring it all together:
Stay tuned for our next blog that will focus on, among other things, Pulse 2011, The Premier Service Management Event, where Maximo has played a key role for several years. This year is no different, and we've added a new sub-track under our enterprise assetmanagement track for smarter buildings and we're currently preparing a compelling agenda with breakout sessions from our customers, partners and IBMers that we are eager to share with you. Registration is open, and I urge you to register today!
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We now have two additional pages dedicated to publications. We have a 'New' publications page to help you find the latest books we have for sale, and a page devoted to titles from the History Press as well as a growing list of independent publications. You will still be able to pay using Paypal or by cheque and you can switch back and forth between the pages.
Here is the link to the second page: Additional Publications
Here is the link to the new publications page: New Publications
For payment via Paypal you can now order here. You will notice that postage is included for each book you order, if your order contains a number of our titles any excess postage added to your order will be refunded via Paypal when your items are despatched.
Overseas customers MUST contact us for postage and packing details before ordering. Let us know what you want to order and we will send you a request for funds via Paypal.
If you have any queries please email us for clarification.
To order any of the publications and pay by cheque, please contact:
54 Fairmile Road
West Midlands
If you wish to order books and pay by cheque then please make it payable to 'The Black Country Society'. Please add 1/3 of the publication price for postage and packing, up to a maximum charge of £2.60 per order. This applies to orders to be delivered to UK addresses only. Larger orders may also qualify for a discount. Please contact via email for further details. Trade customers please get in touch before ordering online.
Confessions of a Newsagent's Son by
£9.95Postage & packaging: £2.00
James Morgan was born in Lye and grew up in Amblecote, an urban village in the south corner of the Black Country. He was educated at local schools and the University of Leicester where he graduated with a degree in Economics and Local History. In 2010 James became Chairman of the Black Country Society and is a regular contributor to the Society magazine The Blackcountryman. This is the story of his childhood in Amblecote in the 1950s; told irreverently and in hilarious detail. Amongst the pages are vivid descriptions of endearing yet sometimes irascible characters, schoolboy scrapes and a little local history. If 'Carter's Little Liver Pills', 'Brothel Creepers' and the 'Lone Ranger' evoke distant yet pleasurable memories then "This 'ens for yow ar kid'
In Cramped and Sooty Caverns by
£12.95Postage & packaging: £2.20
This book is not a traditional study of industrial history. Instead Michael, President of the Black Country Society for 2013-14, uses the portrait of nail-makers and nail-making created by Halesowen author Francis Brett Young, across nine novels set between 1800 and 1930. This account allows the real people, real places and real lives to tell the story. The book is well laid out and contains many images within its pages; in parts it reads as an anthology of all things nails and Michael has a very readable style of writing. Of course, the novel nature of the book is the thread of the writings of Francis Brett Young, which enhances and complements the rest of Michael's research. There are plenty of notes and references should you wish to dig deeper into the subject, and the book is very well researched.
The Tipton Slasher, His Life and Times by
£4.50Postage & packaging: £1.40
William Perry is one of those Black Country legends who crosses the boundaries of both sport and Black Country history. His early life mirrors the life of so many people in the early 19th century; harsh living conditions, hard and physical labour, low life expectancy and the grime and dust of the emerging Black Country. His transformation into the Tipton Slasher and bare knuckle boxing's Champion of England is a remarkable tale. His demise, at the razor sharp hands of Tom Sayers gives a poignancy to the story that fiction could not hope to re-create. This book is a refreshed and amended re-print of one of our earliest publications by Tom Langley. Extra material has been added and a lot of effort has been put in to ensure this is a book that is relevant to the 21st century. The original format has been changed, so that accounts of the fights between Perry and his opponents run alongside the account of his life. Then there is poetry, further comment on his life, a glossary and a number of images of fighters of his day. Extra images have also been found, together with an additional account of Perry's clash with Charles Freeman (The American Giant). The cover has also been totally re-designed and all in all this is a most attractive publication at a very reasonable price.
Bilston, Bradley and Ladymoor Eighth Selection by
£12.95Postage & packaging: £1.50
This is Ron's eighth and possibly last book of photographs from this most Black Country of Black Country areas. It has been a very popular seller so far and for a good reason. The images portray the rich industrial heritage of the area, but as important, focuses on many of the characters living in the area through their own photographs. There are images showing industrial decline, the loss of old buildings as well as the creation of new developments. Pictures tell the story of the communities, with events including the Queen's Golden Jubilee as well as school and sport teams.
The Seventeenth Century Foleys: Iron, Wealth and Vision 1580 - 1716 (revised) by
£12.95Postage & packaging: £2.75
This book is about the Foley dynasty and the fortune that originated with its patriarch Richard Foley, born in Dudley in 1580. Richard followed in his father's footsteps and entered the iron trade as a nailer, but over the years made the transition to ironmaster and acquired a number of forges and furnaces in and around Dudley and Stourbridge. He was a respected member of the community in Dudley being elected Mayor at the age of 36 and building an almshouse for the poor. He married twice, fathered 13 children over 27 years and moved from Dudley to Stourbridge in 1630. By the time of his death in 1657 the family ironworks accounted for more than half the West Midlands production and around a third of the total for England and Wales. The need for a re-print prompted the author to add a few extras that came to light after the first edition was published
The Seventeenth Century Foleys: Iron, Wealth and Vision 1580 - 1716 (First Edition) by
£9.95Postage & packaging: £2.75
This book is about the Foley dynasty and the fortune that originated with its patriarch Richard Foley, born in Dudley in 1580. Richard followed in his father's footsteps and entered the iron trade as a nailer, but over the years made the transition to ironmaster and acquired a number of forges and furnaces in and around Dudley and Stourbridge. He was a respected member of the community in Dudley being elected Mayor at the age of 36 and building an almshouse for the poor. He married twice, fathered 13 children over 27 years and moved from Dudley to Stourbridge in 1630. By the time of his death in 1657 the family ironworks accounted for more than half the West Midlands production and around a third of the total for England and Wales.
Blackcountryman Volume 11-20 DVD-ROM by
£6.00Postage & packaging: £1.50
This DVD has been a long-time coming, but it is now available. It contains 40 digitised issues of The Blackcountryman magazine from 1978 to 1987 and it includes free pdf reader software. If you haven't got room for 40 magazines on your shelf, but still want to be able to read the older issues of the Black Country's premier magazine then this DVD is for you. Compared to volume 1-10 the scan quality is much higher and over time the magazine has grown in size and stature during its 2nd 10-year history and this shows in this re-creation.
Streetnames of Stourbridge and its vicinity (Vol 1) CD-ROM by
£4.00Postage & packaging: £1.65
The printed edition is long out of print, but is the most requested book in Stourbridge library. Comes with viewing software (Adobe Acrobat). All 390 pages are included on one CD. Streets are indexed for easy searching.
Blackcountryman CD-Rom (volumes 1-10) by
£5.00Postage & packaging: £1.65
Now available, covering the first 40 issues from 1968 to 1977. These magazines are long out of print and very hard to find. Over 2600 pages of information in pdf (Adobe Acrobat) format. The Acrobat reader is also included on the CD, as is a full index of the contents (including names of those mentioned - essential for those researching family history.
Black Country Power by
£5.00Postage & packaging: £1.50
This book tells the story of Ocker Hill Power Station, its machinery and men from 1897 to 1977. It was first published in 2001 by the Black Country Society in paper form. This is the digital reprint, also by the Society. The book is illustrated throughout and is a thorough examination of this Black Country power station. For the first 25 years or so of its existence, the history of Ocker Hill Power station was inextricably linked with that of its then owner, the MEC. The story of the power station itself has ever been told before, except briefly in Malcolm's two-part article in The Blackcountryman in 1996, the content of which is incorporated in this, more complete, history. The power station as a landmark was familiar to everyone who lived in the area, surprisingly few had any idea what 'made it tick', and even fewer, even among those who worked there, had any idea of its origins, or its importance to the industrial history of the area. I hope that this book will, in its small way, help to correct that situation.
Artists in Cameo Glass by
£1.50Postage & packaging: £1.40
Last few at special price. This book incorporates Thomas Woodall's Memoirs, read about the Portland Vase and the men who re-created this great Roman piece of cameo glass, including John Northwood, Philip Pargeter and Joseph Locke.
Bostin' Fittle (recipes and hints) by
£1.95Postage & packaging: £1.10
First published in 1978, this book has been re-printed many times. Learn how to freeze pigs, make grorty pudding and homemade wines Black Country style.
B. C. Humour compiled by
£2.50Postage & packaging: £1.40
A collection of jokes, sayings, cartoons, verse and a section from a 1930s volume by John Freeman. Now in its 9th re-print since first published in 1980. This is a new edition, with a re-designed cover, but the contents are as previous versions. Still THE best-selling book on Black Country Humour
More Black Country Humour, Tales & Verse compiled by
£2.70Postage & packaging: £1.40
A second and larger collection than the original Black Country Humour, first published in 1994, now in its 4th impression.
B. C. Stories edited by the late
£2.95Postage & packaging: £1.40
This book is worth purchasing for the Shirley Bonas cartoon on the cover. Over 49000 copies of this collection have been sold, and it is now in its 10 re-print.
Mushroom Green by
£1.00Postage & packaging: £0.90
A glossy re-printed in 2001 concerns the restoration and history of the Mushroom Green chainshop. Possibly dating back to the late 18th century the chainshop was on land once owned by the Earl of Dudley.
Old Testament in Dialect - Part One by
£2.99Postage & packaging: £1.40
This volume covers the books of Genesis through to Deuteronomy. Recently re-printed with a new cover. This book is one of the Society's best sellers.
Old Testament in Dialect - Part Two by
£2.99Postage & packaging: £1.40
This second volume comprises the books of Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Job, Jonah, the first and second books of Samuel. It complements perfectly the Old testament Part 1.
The Gospels in Black Country Dialect by
£2.70Postage & packaging: £1.40
Covers all 4 Gospels - Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. This book has also been revised in December 2012 with a new cover and new size to complement other society publications.
"Aspects of Life" - An Illustrated Anthology by , compiled by Dr David J Cox
£3.50 Postage & packaging: £1.40
This short collection of verse contains 16 poems, with themes ranging from humorous observations on aspects of everyday life to serious and thought-provoking writing on suffering and the human condition. May Cox (1929-2009) was a Black Country-born writer, and a contributor to numerous publications including 'The Blackcountryman, the quarterly magazine of the Black Country Society. Her son, Dr David J. Cox (former Editor of The Blackcountryman) edited and produced the anthology as a lasting tribute to his late mother. The anthology was originally designed to be handed out to friends and family at her funeral service, but as so many people who read the anthology commented on how much they enjoyed it, he decided to have it professionally printed and published under the auspices of the Black Country Society, and to donate all profits to the National Association for Colitis & Crohn's Disease (www.nacc.org.uk).
Tea Towels in Dialect - Man Tay
£3.99Postage & packaging: £1.40
At last we have this popular line back in stock. Very reasonably priced. This one would be an ideal 'tongue in cheek' present for the man in your life..
Tea Towels in Dialect - Woman Tay
£3.99Postage & packaging: £1.40
The woman tea towel complements the 'man' version.
Tea Towel - alphabet
£3.99Postage & packaging: £1.40
The alphabet tea towel finishes the trio of tea towels, this one will teach you some aspects of the Black Country dialect.
The Lost Canals of The Black Country by
£2.50Postage & packaging: £1.40
This book records the loss of the canal system in the light of excursions made by the author during the 1980s and early 1990s. This had been a period of significant change and there were irrevocable alterations within the Black Country landscape due to the acceleration of the demise of canal cross links and branches. This is a new impression with a re-designed cover for the 21st century
Streetnames of Stourbridge & Its Vicinity Vol 2 by
£2.00Postage & packaging: £2.40
Now reduced in price, this books title "Volume 2" belies its usefullness. Volume 1 is not needed to make use of this volume. This volume widens the area covered by volume 1 to include many Halesowen streets.
William Fowler's Kingswinford, The Man, The Map & The People & Places of Kingswinford by
£2.70Postage & packaging: £1.40
Apologies, this book is temporarily out of stock. Once re-printed it will again be available to purchase here.
The Black Country as seen through Antique Maps by
£6.00Postage & packaging: £2.00
Reprinted 2012.
Miles and Milestones by
£2.00Postage & packaging: £1.40
Another book in short supply by Arthur Truby. This ones gives his recollections of 40 years of youth hostelling. Arthur joined the YHA in 1938 and reckoned to have spent 2100 nights in 376 different hostels by 1979. This book is in new condition, but the staples have begun to rust, as often happens with books in storage for a long time. On request these staples can be removed and replaced.
57 Black Country People by
£5.99Postage & packaging: £2.00
A collection of profiles of Black Country People, which appeared in The Blackcountryman magazine between 1988 and 2002. Subjects have included Bert Bissell MBE, Julie Walters, Sue Lawley, Ken Downing and Baronness Heyhoe Flint. The book shows that the Black Country continues to make a great contribution to the life of our nation. Also, see the companion volume "57 More Black Country People" also available on this website
Index to The Blackcountryman compiled by
£1.00Postage & packaging: £1.40
Another long-standing item from the Society collection. This covers the first 25 years of articles in the magazine. It is alphabetical and is also subject-related, so there is some cross-referencing. Like many older publications this one has some staples that have rusted, though the books are new. The staples can be removed on request and replaced.
White Shirt, Black Country by
£5.99Postage & packaging: £2.00
This book provides readers with a history of Black Country-born footballers who have played for England. It provides details of players from 1881 through to publication in 2004. Notable names include Steve Bloomer, Jesse Pennington, Bert Williams, Don Howe and Steve Bull.
The Dunsley Murder of 1812 by
£3.99Postage & packaging: £2.00
The murder of Benjamin Robins of Dunsley Hall by William Howe, an itinerant carpenter, became something of a cause celebre at the time, due to the brutal nature of the attack and the subsequent gibbetting of Howe's body at the site of the murder. David concentrates on the 3 aspects of the incident: detection, justice and punishment. The book also explores the role the Bow Street Runners had to play in the investigation of this heinous crime.
James Foster of Stourbridge (1786-1853) by
£9.99Postage & packaging: £2.00
Now re-printed and back in stock. This project grew from a celebration of the life James Foster on 150th anniversary his death. It was a cooperative effort on behalf of Stourbridge Historical Society, the Black Country Society and St. Mary's Church, Old Swinford. The Foster family was one of several Black Country families whose efforts produced fortunes in the iron industry. Foster was responsible for building railway engines, some of them are iconic engines and synonymous in the Black Country. The 'Agenoria' will be well-known to readers, as will the Stourbridge Lion, the first locomotive to run on tracks in America. The Agenoria is preserved in York Museum and the Stourbridge Lion is owned by the Smithsonian in Washington, though the remaining parts are on display at a museum in Ohio.
A Lady of Wednesbury Forge
£5.99Postage & packaging: £1.40
The Diary of Georgina Elwell 1868-1869 was an early Black Country Society publication. First published in 1976 it has been long out of print. This edition is a reproduction of a later edition edited by Charles Elwell. The diary provides a vivid and often humorous glimpse into a Black Country manufacturer's family life as seen through the eyes of a young woman member who began it when she was 20. The book also contains a number of contemporaneous letters from other family members of the family.
Smethwick Gas Works (a brief history, 1875-1949)
£0.80Postage & packaging: £0.80
This was one of a series of Industrial Archaeology studies conducted by the Society. It was thought to have sold out, until a box was found in the Society book store. The books are in good condition, but the staples have began to rust, a common problem with books that are 'stitched'. These can be replaced before the book is despatched.
Black Country Vicar and Great Aunt Polly Stories by
£3.00Postage & packaging: £1.40
Carol is a prolific writer and should be well-known to Black Country Society members. Her Black Country Vicar tales have featured in the pages of The Blackcountryman and Great Aunt Polly has been a regular feature in the Black Country Bugle. In May 1994 Carol was ordained as a priest, she has served in a number of Black Country parishes. The incidents described in Black Country Vicar stories all happened, Carol has changed the names to protect the innocent. Great Aunt Polly is a fictional amalgam of moms, grans and aunties we have all known and loved.
Cricket Lyrics by
£6.99 Includes Postage & packaging
This book contains a series of poems by Thomas Disney. Disney was headmaster of Halesowen Grammar School before the First World War. The poems had formed part of a huge archive of material collected by the late H Jack Haden. Much of the collection had been bought by Black Country Society Chair - James Morgan. In the 35th box James examined he found Disney's poems in printed form. It was decided that these delightful poems should be published and a number of authorities also agreed to contribute to the poems. Angus Dunphy, former Acting and Deputy Head of Earl's (formerly Halesowen Grammar) contributed an evaluation of Disney's teaching career at Halesowen; Doctor Michael Hall examined the connection between Disney and Halesowen's most famous writer, Francis Brett Young; and finally Ron Simpson carried out a critical appraisal of the poems. The result is a book that will appeal to a much wider audience than many other Black Country publications, the poems are not necessarily related to the region. Stan Hill also researched the cricketting prowess of two former pupils from Disney's school: Eric Hollies and Charles Henry Palmer CBE, as well as providing some of the images for the book.
Towpath Tale: The BCN Remembered by
£3.50Postage & packaging: £1.40
This book is a re-print from a 1978 Black Country Society publication. The re-print is from 1999. It is not a history of Black Country canals, but intended to be a ragbag of memories of incidents concerned throughout the life of the author and the Black Country canal network. It contains pictures, drawings and a map of the canal network.


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Located within the luxurious 10 Hotel in Glasgow's south side is a stylish, contemporary bar and restaurant offering European cuisine. The elegant Victorian gem is beside the leafy Queen's Park area and can cater to any occasion, whether a casual dining experience in the bar or an intimate meal in the restaurant.
Originally a Victorian railway station, 1051 GWR is a cosmopolitan bar and kitchen on Great Western Road in Glasgow's Kelvinside.
11 Brasserie @ No 11 is a stylish, Scottish restaurant in the classical setting of a Grade "A" listed Georgian townhouse, on Brunswick Street in the heart of Edinburgh. Ideally located for the Edinburgh Playhouse, the relaxed, welcoming ambience of the restaurant make it the perfect venue for friends to catch up over a light lunch or fine dining evening meal.
A smartly turned out restaurant on Cleveden Road, 111 by Nico is headed up by chef patron Nico Simeone. With large windows to the street and an open plan kitchen, the dining room is a pleasant, airy space for a leisurely lunch or dinner. As well as aiming to provide guests with a unique dining experience, 111 by Nico also gives young people from disadvantaged backgrounds a helping hand into the catering trade.
Elements is a stylish & contemporary restaurant which is a unique dining concept offered by Novotel Hotels.
Part of the 200 SVS conference and events centre, The Restaurant on 6th is as sophisticated as the Grade A-listed building which houses it. Decked out with marble and dark wood, designer lighting and stylish, minimalist seats, this rooftop restaurant is a chic spot for a business lunch; romantic dinner or sumptuous afternoon tea.
210 Bistro is a unique venue set on South Market Street in Aberdeen City Centre, which has been designed to meet both the exacting standards of the business community and the casual diner.
279 Cafe Bistro is a cosy, family-owned restaurant situated on Glasgow's Dumbarton Road, close to Partick Cross. The bistro opened in 2008 with the admirable aim of providing freshly cooked, simple and tasty food. 279 Cafe Bistro offers a pre-theatre and regularly changing dinner menus.
29 – the Grill at the Square prides itself on providing specially selected Scottish steaks, traditional cuisine and outstanding hospitality. Located on Glasgow city centre's Royal Exchange Square, the steak house offers dishes made with local produce in stylish surroundings.
Part of The Centre in Livingstone, the Five-O-Six Kitchen and Bar is a lively, colourful take on an American burger and hot dog joint.
56 North is a Modern and airy restaurant in the southside of Edinburgh which creates a relaxed atmosphere. Modern twists on classic dishes are the order of the day and we are renowned locally for our selection of cocktails.
The Parklands Hotel provides Perth with an unbeatable combination of quality accommodation and two highly regarded restaurants. The emphasis is on comfort and relaxation, fabulous food and friendly service providing an excellent guest experience.
A Little Taste of Italy – Ristorante Teatro is a cosy and lively restaurant in Glasgow city centre, near the Kings Theatre and offering authentic Italian cuisine made with fresh and locally sourced ingredients.
Along with its sister restaurant in the West End, A Room in Leith offers Scottish bistro dishes at affordable prices. Informal and friendly, the Leith restaurant sits by the waterside on Dock Place.
Along with its sister restaurant in Leith, A Room in the West End offers Scottish bistro dishes at affordable prices. Informal and friendly, the West End restaurant is underneath the vibrant Teuchters' Bar.
A compact and friendly café bar, Abarcromby & Food is on Dumbarton Road, close to Kelvinhall subway station. Stripped brick walls and smart banquette seating give it a contemporary feel. Good food, good drinks and good company is what Abarcromby & Food sets out to offer. Open from 11am until late evening, seven days a week, Abarcromby & Food is perfect for a lunchtime sandwich and drink or an evening meal with friends.
The Abbey Bistro is part of the Dryburgh Abbey Hotel which sits in a private estate, adjacent to the ruins of the eponymous abbey, by the Borders village of St Boswells. A ground floor space, it has lovely views of the River Tweed, the Abbey and the hotel gardens. When the weather is fine, diners can enjoy eating al fresco.
Opened in the summer of 2015, Acanthus at Macdonald Holyrood Hotel is a smart, contemporary brasserie-style restaurant which sits in the lee of Arthur's Seat. Proud holders of an AA Rosette, the restaurant specialises in classic Scottish dishes. The friendly, professional staff have a glowing reputation for looking after their guests. There is a mix of booth and stand alone seating.
Ad Lib City Centre is a stylish American-style diner set on Hope Street in the heart of Glasgow's City Centre. With a distinct American theme and a focus on gourmet burgers and steaks, there are also a selection of seafood dishes, pastas and daily specials which provide variety to Ad Lib's menu.
Our customer care team are available to help 7 days a week.
You may find we have answered your query in our frequently asked questions
Contact our team via our Contact Us page or email us on firstname.lastname@example.com
©2016 5pm Ltd, 38 Queen Street, Glasgow, G1 3DX, U.K.
5pm is a living wage employer.


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about us
Great service and great food
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Picnic (formerly known as the baguette shop) which is situated in the heart of Chepstow in St Mary's Street has been successfully meeting the needs of its customers for many years.
They are renowned for the quality of the food they produce as well as their very friendly and flexible service which is best summed up by this quote from the owner, Hannah Rickards "We always strive to produce quality food and provide a good and flexible service to our customers"
From their well equipped Retail Outlet Picnic offer a vast range of products all of which are freshly prepared with a high level of care, these include a wide selection of fillings for Baguettes, Sandwiches, Croissants and Jacket Potatoes.
In addition they offer hot pasta dishes, fruit salads as well as gluten free sandwiches and other healthy options.
For those who wish there is also a good selection of cakes, croissants and patisserie items available as well as Organic Ice Cream and Drinks.
Picnic also provides a Delivery Service to businesses and other locations throughout the Chepstow and Forest of Dean area.
The business is also becoming increasingly known for its outside Catering Service for both businesses and private events which includes tailor made platters and buffets for almost any number.
They also operate and deliver the same service from a second outlet known as the Baguette Shop which is located in The Cross, Caldicot.
So whatever your needs, be it a single baguette or sandwich for your lunch or catering for a large and important business or private event Picnic has quite simply got to be your first port of call, you will not be disappointed.
Would you please be kind enough to mention the Best of Chepstow when making contact - Thank You.


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97 dB (decible) Back Up Alarm. Directs warning to rear of vehicle. Epoxy sealed against dust, moisture and vibration. Temperature Range: -40F to + 185F . 2-Year Warranty. Specs: 97 dB, 12-36VDC.
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A New London jury awarded more than $3.8 million Wednesday in a wrongful death lawsuit brought against an Oakdale truck driver and United Parcel Service stemming from a Nov. 23, 2010, crash that resulted in the death of George Upton.
The jury found that UPS driver Joseph Socha had acted recklessly and negligently, awarding Upton's estate $508,132 in economic damages, which included future lost wages, $1.5 million in non-economic damages, and $1.875 million to Upton's widow, Julie, for loss of consortium.
The trial started Jan. 24 before Judge Susan A. Peck in New London Superior Court. The six-member jury's deliberations had started last week but were interrupted by the blizzard.
According to testimony, Upton, 54, of Jewett City was driving to work on Interstate 395 South when his pickup truck was rear-ended by a UPS van driven by Socha.
New Britain attorney Kevin C. Ferry, with assistance from attorney Stephen M. Reck of North Stonington, represented Upton's survivors. Ferry said that Upton, also a truck driver, was on his way to work at Trimac Transportation in Bozrah about 3 a.m. and was driving between 47 and 52 mph on the straight downhill stretch of roadway prior to Exit 82 when he was killed.
Socha, who had picked up a load of packages in Chelmsford, Mass., was driving 66 or 67 mph in the right-hand lane when his van struck Upton's truck from behind, sending it over the right-hand guardrail and into the woods, according to testimony. Upton was ejected from the truck, which landed 25 feet down an embankment. He suffered blunt traumatic injuries and was declared dead at the scene.
According to Ferry, Upton was a safe driver who often "preached" to his family to give trucks plenty of room on the road because it takes them a long time to stop. Socha failed to keep a lookout and was driving too fast to stop in time to avoid the collision, he said.
"UPS never accepted responsibility here, that's the key, and spent $80,000 on an expert to say George Upton was at fault," Ferry said over the phone Thursday.
He said Upton was a "great family man who provided for his family," and that after his death his wife lost their home and had to move into an apartment.
Representing UPS and Socha, attorney James Gordon of Columbus, Ohio, had told the jury the accident "would not have happened except for the fact that Joe Socha was cut off." He said Socha, a 30-year employee of UPS, had done nothing to cause the accident and that he wasn't able to stop the truck after Upton suddenly drove into the lane
Aldridge, Woods deliver Fitch to ECC tournament softball title in the seventh
UPDATED: Rapper arrested in T.I. concert shooting that killed 1
New London man charged with negligent homicide after fatal accident in Bozrah
Williams School senior plans to make career out of serving others
Waterford nursing home honors vets with photo wall, ceremony
Old Lyme's White wins third straight Shoreline singles title
The countess of Monte Cristo: Sally Pavetti leaves a vital O'Neill-based legacy
Fentanyl-related overdose deaths projected to increase significantly
DOT Commissioner: I-95 widening, improvements should be on 'front burner'


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Pigtronix Echolution 2 Deluxe$399.00The updated Pigtronix Echolution 2 Deluxe represents a unique marriage of analog tone shaping and DSP processing designed to deliver the ultimate delay pedal experience. Learn More
Pigtronix Echolution 2 Filter Pro$329.00The Filter Pro borrows features from the E2D platform and simplifies it for players that just want to play. Learn More
Pigtronix Philosopher King$325.00The Pigtronix Philosopher King Compressor combines the Philosopher's Tone and the ADSR for massive sounding sustained volume swells and fades. The Pigtronix Philosopher King Compressor gives your incredible control over these extraordinary effects. Learn More
Pigtronix Rototron Rotary Sim$319.00The Pigtronix Rototron makes no bones about what it does: it's a Leslie simulator through and through. However, it offers a great deal of fluid control very much akin to ratcheting the levers of an actual Leslie unit. Learn More


text: I bought a used mattress and box spring with bed frame, got a great deal, was overly optimistic (it was a steal - I know) and a "good" quality mattress. Now that I have it at home (propped against the wall as I'm not ready to set it up yet), I can really smell how old it is. It doesn't look old or dirty, but it has that old musty, mildewy, been-in-grandma's vacation cabin smell and every I get a whiff now I almost gag! I've looked online for cleaning ideas about baking soda, vinegar and several people swear by using these both, leaving them in while airing mattress and box spring outside, etc. I just want to ask the pros: Do you think any of this will work to make it smell okay enough to use or do you think I should just forget about it and take it to the dump? Any different cleaning ideas that won't be a HUGE hassle? I also found some vinyl, zippered mattress covers I can buy and but on the mattresses once I clean them. Any input would be SOOOO gratefully received!!!!


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Wall Panel System in Swanstone for 33.5 x 60 TubWant to make a lustrous, lasting impression in your bath? Make it with Swanstone tub walls. Perfect for both remodeling projects and new construction,...More
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text: Vocalists are required to take 91 credits of the following Core Music Courses: 28 credits of stylistically varying performance ensembles over eight semesters including: Vocal Performance (24 credits); and Vocal Jazz Ensemble (4 credits). 4 additional performance credits may be taken as Elective courses. Additional required courses include: ear training and sight-singing (12 credits); keyboard proficiency (2 credits); jazz theory and improvisation (12 credits); jazz composition (3 credits); jazz arranging (3 credits); Western European harmonic practice (6 credits); Western European music history (6 credits); music technology (5 credits); business of music (4 credits); private instruction (8 credits); and a senior project (2 credits).


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Van Halen announce massive U.S. tour, hitting Xcel in St. Paul on May 19th
Classic rock fans of the Twin Cities, are you ready to dance the night away with Van Halen once again? The legendary arena rock band has reunited with original frontman David Lee Roth, and are set to reconnect with their fans in a big way on a massive U.S. tour that finds the combustible band hitting the Xcel Energy Center in St. Paul on May 19th. That date comes a couple of months into Van Halen's sprawling American tour, so we'll have to wait and see if Eddie and Alex Van Halen are able to put up with Roth's outsized personality for that long. But here's to hoping that the band doesn't self-destruct once again before they even reach Minnesota.
Original bassist Michael Anthony was replaced by Eddie's son Wolfgang in 2006, and the 20-year-old is going to get his chance to see what life is really like on the road with Roth and company. While I'm sure the band has dialed down on the craziness that followed them everywhere they went during their heyday, if last night's surprise set at Cafe Wha? is any indication, their set list will focus on the big radio hits that fill their back catalog (while obviously steering clear of any of the "Van Hagar" material).
Rather surprisingly, Kool & the Gang are rumored to be the opening acts on select dates of the tour, but it is not confirmed whether or not they will be opening for all of the U.S. dates. Tickets for all dates up to April 1st will go on-sale on January 14th, but there has been no word yet as to when the St. Paul tickets go on-sale.
There is a forthcoming new record from the group in the works, currently titled A Different Kind Of Truth, with a tentative street date of February 7th planned for the release. But other than an old demo which the band has dusted off for the new record, their set last night was devoid of any new material and just concentrated on the arena anthems that made them one of the biggest bands of the '70s and early '80s.
Whether or not that same formula will attract fans nowadays is anyone's guess, but I'm sure the X is going to be jam-packed in May with rabid Van Halen fans who can't wait to hear the band tear it up once again. Let's just hope they don't implode before then.
Van Halen 2012 U.S. Tour Dates
02/18 - Louisville, KY @ KFC Yum! Center
02/20 - Auburn Hills, MI @ The Palace of Auburn Hills
02/22 - Indianapolis, IN @ Bankers Life Fieldhouse
02/24 - Chicago, IL @ United Center
02/28 - New York, NY @ Madison Square Garden
03/01 - New York, NY @ Madison Square Garden
03/03 - Uncasville, CT @ Mohegan Sun Arena
03/05 - Philadelphia, PA @ Wells Fargo Center
03/09 - Buffalo, NY @ First Niagara Center
03/11 - Boston, MA @ TD Garden
03/15 - Montreal, QC @ Bell Centre
03/17 - Toronto, ON @ Air Canada Centre
03/21 - Ottawa, ON @ Scotiabank Place
03/24 - Atlantic City, NJ @ Atlantic City Boardwalk Hall
03/28 - Washington, DC @ Verizon Center
03/30 - Pittsburgh, PA @ Consol Energy Center
04/01 - Rosemont, IL @ Allstate Arena
04/10 - Sunrise, FL @ BankAtlantic Center
04/12 - Tampa, FL @ Tampa Bay Times Forum
04/14 - Orlando, FL @ Amway Center
04/16 - Jacksonville, FL @ Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena
04/19 - Atlanta, GA @ Philips Arena
04/21 - Greensboro, NC @ Greensboro Coliseum
04/25 - Charlotte, NC @ Time Warner Cable Arena
04/27 - Nashville, TN @ Bridgestone Arena
05/01 - Tulsa, OK @ BOK Center
05/05 - Tacoma, WA @ Tacoma Dome
05/07 - Vancouver, BC @ Rogers Arena
05/09 - Calgary, AB @ Scotiabank Saddledome
05/11 - Edmonton, AB @ Rexall Place
05/17 - Winnipeg, MB @ MTS Centre
05/19 - St. Paul, MN @ Xcel Energy Center
05/22 - Kansas City, MO @ Sprint Center
05/24 - Denver, CO @ Pepsi Center
05/27 - Las Vegas, NV @ MGM Grand Garden Arena
06/01 - Los Angeles, CA @ Staples Center
06/03 - Oakland, CA @ Oracle Arena
06/05 - San Jose, CA @ HP Pavilion
06/12 - Anaheim, CA @ Honda Center
06/14 - San Diego, CA @ Viejas Arena
06/16 - Phoenix, AZ @ US Airways Center
06/20 - Dallas, TX @ American Airways Center
06/22 - San Antonio, TX @ AT&T Center
06/24 - Houston, TX @ Toyota Center
06/26 - New Orleans, LA @ New Orleans Arena
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HUDSON, Fla. (AP) _ Authorities say a gunshot penetrated a Hudson mobile home and wounded an 11-year-old girl.
Pasco County Sheriff's Office spokesman Doug Tobin says the girl was taken to Bayonet Point Hospital by her father. She was treated and released.
Authorities say that on Saturday afternoon, a group of adults was shooting at chickens about 40 yards away from the girl's mobile home. A shot entered the mobile home and hit her.
Authorities also say they plan to refer the case to the state attorney's office for possible culpable negligence charges.


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Veritask Energy Systems, Inc.
|Veritask Energy Systems, Inc. Patent applications
|Patent application number
|Method of Efficiency and Emissions Performance Improvement for the Simple Steam Cycle - A method for improvement of a fossil fuel energy conversion into electrical energy for the simple sub- and supercritical steam cycle is proposed through introduction of additional regenerative cycle duties to improve the evaporation rate per unit of fuel burned, thus minimizing condenser heat loss of the working media. The additional duties provide a supplemental energy credit in the form of heat input to a steam generator where a modified combustion process is realized to convert fossil fuel into carbon monoxide and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and thus achieving an essential reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) formation. The additional duties also involve a direct contact heat transfer to recover latent and thermal energy, contained in the discharged combustion products to provide yet another energy credit that satisfies both conventional and/or added regenerative cycle duties. A water surplus is also achieved in the said process of heat recovery from the combustion products to significantly improve water usage of the simple steam plant. The proposed heat recovery process also minimizes coolant usage while achieving a complete water recovery from combustion products and maintaining draft capabilities in the stack.


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Online bathroom retail company reaches over 85 stone sink styles
While ModernDanish.com offers all sorts of products for almost any home project, one of their most popular items, the stone bathroom sink, is now available in more styles than ever. Offering over 85 different stone bathroom sinks, ModernDanish.com offers a large selection of stone types such as travertine, marble, granite, onyx, and many many others in all sorts of styles, shapes and sizes. Each of their stone sinks are hand crafted from solid natural stone ensuring each piece its vary own personality and individuality.
Welcome visit Our WebSite:http://www.moderndanish.com
The wonderful thing about using a natural stone sink is the everlasting lifespan, these stone sinks are sure to last a lifetime and be a beautiful addition to any home for decades to come. Maintaining a stone sink is a lot simpler than most people may think, as long as the correct sealer is places on the stone sink then cleaning is a breeze.
ModernDanish.com has always offered the best quality at a budget friendly price for their customers, and their huge line of beautiful stone bathroom sinks are no exception.
More information can be found online at http://www.moderndanish.com


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Editors' Note: The "Download Now" link directs you to the Android Market where you must continue the download process. This download may not be available in some countries.
Publisher's Description+
What's new in this version:
- Fixed issue of not able to change counter name.- Fixed issue of back button not closing the app.


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i got this on ebay and i am very impressed with the quality construction of the Aluminum body, also, seems quite bright and easy to operate. You just push the red lens and it turns on, push it one more time and is fast flash, another push and is a slower flash, you push it once more and it turns off. It mounts very well on my seat post.
I wonder if anyone one else has tried this light before, i also wonder what kind of LED is inside? 1/2 watt led?


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'Condescending' Buchanan calls Obama a 'kid' and 'a natural athlete.'
On MSNBC's Morning Joe this morning, Pat Buchanan argued that Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL) will not be able to aggressively attack the policy proposals of his opponent Sen. John McCain (R-AZ). "I don't deny this kid is tough. … But he's not a fighter," Buchanan said. Newsweek's Jon Meacham pushed back, calling Buchanan's comments "condescending." "This 'kid' is the Democratic nominee for President," Meacham reminded Buchanan. Buchanan defended himself, saying that Obama is "an outstanding politician, a great natural athlete." Watch it:
Buchanan has a history of "condescending" and racially insensitive remarks. In March, he suggested that Obama was winning the black vote in the primaries simply because he is black and — specifically noting the role slavery played in U.S. history — argued that "America has been the best country on earth for black folks."