text:
Because Drs. Katz and Yelin are Editors of Arthritis Care & Research, review of this article was handled by the Editor of Arthritis & Rheumatism.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Obesity and its measurement in a community-based sample of women with systemic lupus erythematosus
Version of Record online: 28 JAN 2011
DOI: 10.1002/acr.20343
Copyright © 2011 by the American College of Rheumatology
Arthritis Care & Research
Volume 63, Issue 2, pages 261–268, February 2011
Additional Information
How to Cite
Katz, P., Gregorich, S., Yazdany, J., Trupin, L., Julian, L., Yelin, E. and Criswell, L. A. (2011), Obesity and its measurement in a community-based sample of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res, 63: 261–268. doi: 10.1002/acr.20343
Publication History
- Issue online: 28 JAN 2011
- Version of Record online: 28 JAN 2011
- Accepted manuscript online: 7 SEP 2010 01:06PM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 25 AUG 2010
- Manuscript Received: 2 JUN 2010
Funded by
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Grant Number: P60-AR-053308
- National Center for Research Resources
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute
- University of California, San Francisco. Grant Number: UL-1-RR024131
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
To determine the prevalence of obesity and evaluate how accurately standard anthropometric measures identify obesity among women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), height, weight, and waist and hip circumference measurements were collected from 145 women with SLE. Three anthropometric proxies of obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2, waist circumference [WC] ≥88 cm, and waist:hip ratio [WHR] ≥0.85) were compared with a DXA-based obesity criterion. Correspondence between measures was assessed with Cohen's kappa. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined optimal cut points for each anthropometric measure relative to DXA. Framingham cardiovascular risk scores were compared among women who were classified as not obese by both traditional and revised anthropometric definitions, obese by both definitions, and obese only by the revised definition.
Of the 145 women, 28%, 29%, 41%, and 50% were classified as obese by WC, BMI, WHR, and DXA, respectively. Correspondence between anthropometric and DXA-based measures was moderate. Women misclassified by anthropometric measures had less truncal fat and more appendicular lean and fat mass. Cut points were identified for anthropometric measures to better approximate DXA estimates of percent body fat: BMI ≥26.8 kg/m2, WC ≥84.75 cm, and WHR ≥0.80. Framingham risk scores were significantly higher in women classified as obese by either traditional or revised criteria.
A large percentage of this group of women with SLE was obese. Substantial portions of women were misclassified by anthropometric measures. Utility of revised cut points compared with traditional cut points in identifying risk of cardiovascular disease or disability remains to be examined in prospective studies, but results from the Framingham risk score analysis suggest that traditional cut points exclude a significant number of at-risk women with SLE.
Obesity is a growing public health concern and is associated with a variety of health problems such as increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and disability. Among the few studies that have examined obesity or body composition in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rates of obesity appear to be higher than in the general population (1–4). Individuals with SLE have an elevated risk of both cardiovascular disease and disability, but the increase in risk for these conditions that may be conferred by obesity is not known.
In most large-scale studies, obesity has been estimated from body mass index (BMI), which is calculated as body weight adjusted for height (kg/m2). For the general population, BMI is assumed to be an adequate proxy measure for body fatness, but for some groups its inaccuracy has been demonstrated. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is evidence that body weight or BMI may not accurately reflect the amount of body fat (5). The chronic inflammation seen in RA can affect body composition and metabolism, resulting in rheumatoid cachexia, or the loss of lean body mass, particularly in skeletal muscle (6, 7). Rheumatoid cachexia may occur with little or no weight loss, indicating that muscle mass is lost in conjunction with increased fat mass (7). In other words, an individual may have a BMI within a normal range, but have greater fat mass than suggested by the BMI. This is important because an overabundance of fat tissue may create unhealthy levels of hormones, proteins, and cytokines, producing inflammation that may elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease or other disease processes (8). Additionally, relatively low muscle mass may cause muscle weakness, leading to disability.
An additional limitation of BMI is that it does not provide an indication of fat distribution. Abdominal fat appears to be particularly relevant for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Other anthropometric proxy measures of body composition or obesity, such as waist circumference (WC) and the ratio of WC to hip circumference, may provide better estimates of fat distribution and the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, although limitations also exist with these measures (9).
Studies seeking a more accurate view of body composition often use whole dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (1, 10–19), which provides good estimates of body fat and muscle. DXA is not feasible to use on a wide-scale basis, primarily because of the cost and lack of access to equipment (9), but results from a DXA study can provide an indication of the accuracy of proxy measures, such as BMI. Studies examining the accuracy of BMI, or other proxy measures of obesity, have not been conducted in SLE.
The goals of these analyses were: 1) to determine the proportion of a cohort of women with SLE who are obese using DXA and 3 commonly used anthropometric proxy measures (BMI, WC, and waist:hip ratio [WHR]), 2) to assess the correspondence of obesity determinations among the 4 methods, 3) to evaluate the accuracy of the standard obesity cut points of the anthropometric measures for women with SLE compared with a DXA determination of obesity, and 4) to examine cardiovascular risk relative to obesity classifications.
The sample for the present study was drawn from participants in the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Lupus Outcomes Study (LOS). Participants in the LOS had formerly participated in a study of genetic risk factors for SLE outcomes (20, 21) and were recruited from both clinical- and community-based sources, including UCSF-affiliated clinics (22%), non-UCSF rheumatology offices (11%), lupus support groups and conferences (26%), and newsletters, web sites, and other forms of publicity (41%). SLE diagnoses have been verified by medical record review. Additional details regarding the LOS were reported by Yelin et al (22). LOS participants who lived in the greater San Francisco Bay area were recruited for an in-person assessment in the UCSF Clinical and Translational Science Institute's Clinical Research Center (CRC) that included measurement of body composition. Exclusion criteria were non–English-speaking, age <18 years, current oral prednisone dose of ≥50 mg, current pregnancy, uncorrected vision problems that would interfere with reading ability, and joint replacement within 1 year.
A total of 325 individuals were asked to participate: 74 (22.8%) were ineligible (35 lived too far away, 25 were too ill, 9 had had recent surgery, 2 were pregnant, 2 had poor English skills, and 1 had cognitive problems). Of the 251 eligible individuals, 84 (33.5%) declined participation. Reasons for declining were primarily related to transportation (n = 12) and scheduling difficulties (n = 39). A total of 163 individuals completed study visits; DXAs were completed for 157 participants (145 women and 12 men). Only the 145 women are included in these analyses. Sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of the study sample are shown in Table 1. The study was approved by the UCSF Committee on Human Research.
|Mean ± SD
|% (no.)
|Age, years
|47.9 ± 12.2
|White, non-Hispanic
|54.5 (79)
|10.3 (15)
|African American
|14.5 (21)
|12.4 (18)
|Other, unknown
|8.3 (12)
|High school education or less
|13.1 (19)
|Less than poverty-level income
|13.0 (18)
|Smoking status
|4.2 (6)
|33.3 (48)
|62.5 (90)
|Disease duration, years
|15.8 ± 9.2
|Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire score
|12.4 ± 7.0
|Glucocorticoid dosage, mg/day
|51.7 (75)
|7.6 (11)
|20.7 (30)
|13.8 (20)
|3.4 (5)
|2.1 (3)
|0.7 (1)
Anthropometric measures.
Height was measured with a wall-mounted stadiometer (Perspective). Weight was measured with subjects wearing light indoor clothing and no shoes. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m2). Obesity by BMI was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (23). Waist and hip circumferences were measured with a nonstretch measuring tape that applies a consistent amount of tension to the tape (Gullick II Tape Measure, Country Technology). WC was measured at the midpoint between the lower border of the ribs and the iliac crest. Hip circumference was measured at the widest point over the buttocks. Two measurements were taken at each point, and the average measure was used. Women with a WC ≥88 cm were classified as obese (23). WHR was calculated by dividing the average WC by the average hip circumference. Women with a WHR ≥0.85 were classified as obese (23).
Body composition and regional body fat distribution were assessed in the CRC using a Lunar Prodigy DXA system (GE Healthcare). The DXA technique is able to differentiate bone, muscle, and fat and calculates total body mass (kg), fat mass (gm), percent fat, and lean body mass (gm), as well as the regional distribution of these components (left arm, leg, and trunk; right arm, leg, and trunk; and total arm, leg, and trunk). DXA has been used extensively in determination of bone density, expanded for use in determination of soft tissue mass (24–26), and validated as a method of assessing body composition in both younger and older persons. It has good reported reproducibility and is sensitive to small changes in body composition (10). The precision errors ±1 SD for percent fat are 1.4% in soft tissue, 1.0 kg for fat mass, and 0.8 kg for lean tissue mass (25). DXA has previously been used to successfully assess body composition among individuals with RA (11, 16–18) and SLE (1, 19) and in studies of aging (10–12, 14).
There is no agreed-upon standard definition of obesity based on percent body fat (27). Although other definitions of obesity based on percent body fat have been suggested (28), we used the definitions suggested by Gallagher et al, which linked percent fat to the National Institutes of Health BMI guidelines (defining obesity as BMI ≥30 kg/m2) (29). In that study, the average percent body fat for individuals with BMI between 30 and 35 kg/m2 (obese but not morbidly obese) from 3 samples from the US, UK, and Japan was ascertained by DXA. Average body fat percentages for these obese individuals were calculated separately for sex, age, and race groups. We used those percentages as the criteria for defining obesity, based on the individual's age and race. Body fat percentage criteria ranged from 38% for African American women ages 20–39 years to 43% for white women ages 60–79 years.
Other variables.
Sociodemographic (e.g., age, race/ethnicity, education, income, and smoking status) characteristics were obtained from the baseline LOS telephone interview. Disease activity was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) a validated, self-report measure of disease activity in SLE (30, 31). The SLAQ was taken from the LOS interview that most closely preceded the CRC visit. Glucocorticoid use was assessed at the time of the visit.
Additional data were collected at the clinic visit that permitted calculation of the Framingham cardiovascular risk score (32), including total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels, blood pressure, treatment of hypertension, and presence of diabetes mellitus. Serum lipids were obtained through nonfasting blood draws. Although fasting measurements may be ideal, nonfasting measures of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol have been found to very closely approximate fasting levels (33). Blood pressure was measured by registered nurses while subjects were in a seated position. Treatment of hypertension and presence of diabetes mellitus were ascertained by subject self-report.
Statistical analysis.
Correspondence among obesity classifications was assessed using Cohen's kappa. Among women who were classified as obese by the DXA criteria, we compared regional body composition characteristics of those who were and were not correctly classified by anthropometric methods, including the relative distribution of fat tissue (trunk versus appendicular [arms and legs combined]).
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the optimal cut points for each anthropometric measure, relative to the DXA-based classification. Two threshold selection methods were used: the Youden Index and a second technique that determines the proximity to perfect correspondence (referred to in this study as the Distance to Perfect Index) (34). Briefly, the Youden Index determines the maximum vertical distance from the ROC curve to the diagonal reference, or chance line, i.e., the "optimal" cut point corresponds to the point on the ROC curve farthest from the reference line, which has also been used as a measure of the accuracy of a diagnostic test in clinical epidemiology (35). Similarly, the Distance to Perfect Index selects the point on the ROC curve that is closest to the upper left-hand corner of the graph (0,1), which represents perfect classification (36) and thereby minimizes misclassification. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of each anthropometric measure using both the established and new cut points as compared with the DXA-based obesity classification.
To examine the potential usefulness of the revised cut points, we calculated Framingham cardiovascular disease risk scores (based on age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes mellitus [32]) for 3 groups: women who would not be considered obese by traditional or revised definitions (BMI ≤26.7 kg/m2), women who would be considered obese by the revised definition but not the traditional definition (BMI 26.8–29.9 kg/m2), and women who would be considered obese by both definitions (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Differences in the risk score among the 3 groups were tested with analysis of variance followed by post hoc means comparisons with Tukey's method. This analysis was performed for each of the 3 anthropometric measures.
Subject characteristics.
The mean ± SD age of the 145 women in the analysis was 48 ± 12.2 years (Table 1). Approximately half (54.3%) were white non-Hispanic, 13.6% were African American, 12.9% were Asian, 10.7% were Hispanic, and 8.6% fell into another category. Thirteen percent had incomes below the poverty level. Four percent were current smokers, and one-third were former smokers. The mean ± SD duration of SLE was 15.8 ± 9.2 years, and the average SLAQ score was 12.4. Approximately half of the sample (48.2%) was taking oral corticosteroids at the time of assessment, with half of those taking less than 10 mg per day.
Prevalence of obesity.
There were substantial variations in the estimates of obesity prevalence (Table 2). Anthropometric measures yielded estimates of 28.3% for WHR, 29.2% for BMI, and 41.4% for WC. By contrast, the DXA estimate was higher, estimating that 49.7% were obese.
|Mean ± SD
|% (no.)
|BMI, kg/m2
|27.2 ± 6.8
|Underweight (<18.5)
|2.1 (3)
|Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI <25)
|45.8 (66)
|Overweight (25 ≤ BMI <30)
|22.9 (33)
|Obese (≥30)
|29.2 (42)
|Waist circumference, cm
|86.8 ± 17.1
|Normal (<80)
|44.8 (65)
|Overweight (80–87)
|13.8 (20)
|Obese (≥88)
|41.4 (60)
|Waist:hip ratio
|0.81 ± 0.08
|Not obese (<0.85)
|71.7 (104)
|Obese (≥0.85)
|28.3 (41)
|Percent fat from dual x-ray absorptiometry
|40.8 ± 9.3
|Not obese
|50.3 (73)
|Obese (29)
|49.7 (72)
Correspondence among classifications.
The DXA classification corresponded fairly well with BMI and WC classifications (κ = 0.59 and 0.64, respectively). In contrast, the WHR estimate of obesity did not correspond well with the DXA-based measure (κ = 0.27) (Table 3).
|Body mass index, kg/m2
|Waist circumference, cm
|Waist:hip ratio
|Not obese
|Not obese
|Not obese
|Not obese
Among women who were classified as obese by DXA, examination of more detailed results from DXA revealed total and regional differences in body composition between those classified as obese versus not obese by an anthropometric method (Table 4). Women who were obese by DXA and not obese by BMI had significantly lower overall body fat, their trunk fat comprised a significantly lower proportion of their total body mass, and their appendicular lean mass comprised a significantly greater proportion of their total body mass. For example, women who were obese by DXA but not obese by BMI had a lower total percent body fat (45.7% versus 50.8%; P = < 0.0001), a lower proportion of total body mass as trunk fat (23.5% versus 27.2%; P < 0.0001), and a higher proportion of total body mass as appendicular lean mass (23.4% versus 21.2; P = 0.0002). A similar pattern was noted for women who were misclassified by WC. In addition, however, both appendicular lean and fat mass were greater than among the women correctly classified as obese. For women who were misclassified by WHR, trunk fat composed a significantly lower proportion of total mass, and appendicular fat a significantly higher proportion, but appendicular lean mass was not significantly different than for the women correctly classified as obese.
|DXA body composition characteristic
|Classification by anthropometric measure
|Anthropometric measure
|Body mass index, kg/m2
|Waist circumference, cm
|Waist:hip ratio
|Total body fat, %
|Not obese
|< 0.0001
|< 0.0001
|Trunk fat/total fat, %
|Not obese
|Trunk fat/total mass, %
|Not obese
|< 0.0001
|< 0.0001
|Appendicular fat/total fat, %
|Not obese
|Appendicular lean/total mass, %
|Not obese
|< 0.0001
Cut point analysis.
Using the DXA-defined obesity classification as the criterion, ROC analyses identified new cut points for each of the anthropometric measures. In each case, the cut point was lower than that commonly used, a higher proportion of the sample was classified as obese, and the correspondence between DXA-defined obesity and the anthropometric measure improved.
The revised BMI definitions of obesity were ≥26.4 kg/m2 and ≥26.8 kg/m2, derived from the Distance to Perfect and Youden methods, respectively (Table 5). For further consideration, we chose to use the higher of these 2 cut points, 26.8 kg/m2, since it was the more conservative (i.e., closer to the traditional cut point of 30 kg/m2). The revised BMI cut point produced a sensitivity of 0.80, a specificity of 0.95, and a correct classification of 87.5% of the sample. For WC, the revised obesity cut point was ≥84.75 cm, with a sensitivity of 0.85, specificity of 0.89, and correct classification of 86.8%. The revised criterion for WHR was ≥0.80, which provided a sensitivity of 0.69, specificity of 0.67, and correct classification of 68.1%.
|Body mass index, kg/m2
|Waist, cm
|Waist:hip ratio
|Cut point
|Classified obese, %
|Positive predictive value
|Negative predictive value
|Kappa coefficient
|Correctly classified, %
Association with Framingham cardiovascular disease risk scores.
For each anthropometric measure, women were categorized as not obese by either the traditional or the revised criterion, obese by both criteria, or obese by only the revised criterion. In each case, the risk scores of the 2 obese groups were not significantly different from each other, and the risk score of the nonobese group was significantly lower than the scores of either obese group. For example, 56.7% (80 women) were classified as not obese by either criterion (BMI <26.8 kg/m2), and their mean ± SD risk score was 5.7 ± 6.6 (Figure 1). Forty-two women (29.8%) were classified as obese by both criteria (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), and their mean ± SD risk score was 9.1 ± 5.6. The remaining 19 women (13.5%) were classified as obese only by the revised criterion (BMI 26.8–29.9 kg/m2), and their mean ± SD risk score was 9.4 ± 8.1. The analysis of variance revealed a significant overall difference among the mean risk scores (P = 0.007). Post hoc means comparisons found a significant difference between the nonobese group and both of the obese groups.
A large proportion of this group of women with SLE was obese. Using the most common body composition measure (BMI), almost 30% were obese; using a more sensitive measure (DXA), one-half met the criterion for obesity. Substantial numbers of women were misclassified by the anthropometric measures. The majority of misclassifications were due to women who were obese by the DXA standard but did not meet the anthropometric criterion for obesity. Relatively few women were found to be obese by anthropometric methods and not obese by DXA. Women who were misclassified as not obese by anthropometric measures exhibited different patterns of fat distribution than those who were correctly classified, and they tended to have a lower proportion of their fat accumulation in the trunk and a greater proportion in their arms and/or legs.
Our analyses suggest new cut points for defining obesity among women with SLE: BMI ≥26.8 kg/m2, WC ≥84.75 cm, and a WHR ≥0.80. In each case, the revised cut points are substantially lower than those traditionally used. For example, the traditional BMI cut point for obesity is ≥30 kg/m2; the revised cut point is closer to the traditional cut point used to define overweight (25.0 kg/m2). The inaccuracy of BMI in identifying high adiposity in midrange BMI values has been noted previously. For example, a meta-analysis yielded a pooled sensitivity of BMI to identify excess body fat of 0.50, and a pooled specificity of 0.90, with considerable heterogeneity among studies (37). The BMI cut point we identified is similar to cut points derived in other studies (38, 39). For example, in a study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, a BMI of 25.5 kg/m2 was identified as the best cut point to identify high body fat (>35% for women). In our study and those cited above, results suggest that lean mass was relatively lower, and fat mass relatively higher than might be expected by BMI. Whether this is a general population trend or relevant specifically to SLE is not known. Likewise, whether disease factors (e.g., inflammation), treatment (e.g., glucocorticoid use), or behavior (e.g., low physical activity), or the combination of these, have a differential impact on the body composition, including infiltration of muscle with fat, of women with SLE is not known.
Sensitivity and specificity of BMI and WC to detect obesity using the revised cut points were high. The WHR, however, did not perform well, even when using an adjusted cut point, so this measure should be used with caution as a proxy for estimating obesity in women with SLE. Others have also found that WHR did not correspond with body fatness as well as BMI and WC (40).
There is a strong relationship between obesity, defined by BMI and WC, and cardiovascular morbidity (9, 23). However, the actual risk conferred by high BMI or WC is that of high adiposity. An examination of NHANES data found that among more than 6,000 women who had "normal" BMI scores, almost one-third had body fat >35% (41). Among this group of "normal weight obese" women, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease were each elevated. Because of the elevated rate of cardiovascular disease in SLE (42), this phenomenon might be expected to be even more prevalent. We found elevated cardiovascular risk scores among women meeting both the traditional and revised anthropometric criteria of obesity. Although the absolute 10-year risk of a cardiovascular event was relatively low for all groups, the risk of both obese groups (∼5.5% for the 2 BMI obese groups) was about 80% higher than that of the nonobese group (∼3%). Annual monitoring of BMI is recommended as a quality indicator to screen for cardiovascular risk (43), but a lower BMI cut point to define risk conferred by high adiposity may be appropriate for women with SLE to permit earlier and/or better identification of individuals at risk. In addition, based on findings from RA, in which women who had higher levels of appendicular fat had greater risk of disability, these new cut points may also be more useful in predicting development or progression of disability than the traditional ones.
This study included a relatively small number of women with SLE (n = 145), so larger studies may yield different results, as may studies that include subjects who are different from this cohort in racial/ethnic composition or disease severity. In addition, prospective studies are clearly needed to identify the value of the suggested revised cut points in terms of identifying both cardiovascular or disability risk. It is also possible that other analyses of body composition, such as studies of fat infiltration into muscle, may yield information regarding alterations of body composition among women with SLE that confer additional risk for poor health or functional outcomes (12, 44).
In conclusion, we suggest consideration of revised criteria to define obesity in women with SLE when using anthropometric methods. These revised criteria provide greater sensitivity to body fat and greater correspondence with DXA-defined obesity. Using these cut points, both BMI and WC provided robust proxies of DXA-defined obesity. WHR was less useful and, based on these data, would not be recommended as a proxy measure for obesity in women with SLE. Our results suggest that cardiovascular risk of women who meet the revised obesity criterion is equivalent to that of women who meet traditional anthropometric obesity criteria, and that the traditional criteria may underestimate obesity-related cardiovascular risk. The utility of the revised cut points compared with the traditional cut points in identifying risk of cardiovascular disease or disability remains to be examined in prospective studies.
All authors were involved in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, and all authors approved the final version to be submitted for publication. Dr. Katz had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study conception and design. Katz, Yazdany, Julian.
Acquisition of data. Katz, Yelin, Criswell.
Analysis and interpretation of data. Katz, Gregorich, Yazdany, Trupin, Julian, Yelin, Criswell.
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- 44Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 1579–985., , , , , , et al, for the


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Skip to comments.Belgrano was heading to the Falklands, secret papers reveal
Posted on 12/26/2011 11:42:12 AM PST by sukhoi-30mkiEdited on 12/26/2011 2:44:41 PM PST by Admin Moderator. [history]
Top secret papers are set to prove that the warship Belgrano was heading into the Falkland's exclusion zone when it was sunk, and not heading back to port as the Argentinians claimed.
For decades debate and recrimination has raged over where the ship was heading when it was torpedoed by a Royal Navy submarine.
(Excerpt) Read more at telegraph.co.uk ...
Sad fate for the last surviving warship of the Dec 7, 1941 attack.
Yeah it was.
I may be wrong, but wasn't this the USS St. Paul? I think it was of a class nicknamed the "TREATY CRUISERS", designed and constructed according to the limitations of the 5-5-3 Naval Treaty. Didn't work out too good for the USA.
Thank you for the ping AAC, and Merry Christmas!
The Belgrano was formerly known as the USS Phoenix (CL-46).
USS Pheonix. One of the first major ships out of the harbor that morning.
I always heard loss of the Belgrano was due to malfunctioning vents causing high concentrations of bean vapor to build up below decks which a spark subsequently detonated.
You're right about the treaty cruisers though, their kind was pretty much wiped out during the war.
In the battle of Leyte Gulf, Phoenix was a unit of Rear Admiral Jesse Oldendorf's group which annihilated the Japanese Southern Force in the battle of Surigao Strait. Phoenix fired four spotting salvoes, and when the fourth hit, opened up with all of her 6" (152mm) batteries. The target later proved to be Yamashiro, which sank after 27 minutes of concentrated fire from the American fleet. The Japanese also lost Fusō and three destroyers in the battle, and American planes sank Mogami the next day.
MI Ping
Being the "phoenix", shouldn't we expect it to rise up and float again?
Those 15 automatic 6" were supposedly pretty awesome once they found the range.
thank you. and the connection to the attack on pearl harbor also makes this interesting to me.
Some good photos here.
Petty tyrants and dictators often forget that war is hell.
thank you
Bean vapor???Not the Argies!!! They live and die by steak 3 times a day.
In "War and Remembrance" Pug was in command of the USS Northampton, which was design constrained by the treaty. Herman Wok went into some detail as to how the design was compromised by the artificial constraint. It's been decades since I read it, so the details are foggy in my mind, but IIRC he covered the subject rather well, considering that it was a work of fiction. He's written some damn fine works, "The Caine Mutiny" first and foremost to me.
Considering that air superiority was contested and there were nuclear attack boats in the area, sending this ship out of port was not a real good idea.
The other problem was these cruisers is they were often attempting to occupy the same space as the superb Japanese Type 93 torpedo.
Seven of the 18 treaty cruisers were sunk. The first being Houston after the Java Sea. The last being Indianapolis. Three were sunk at Savo and the Northampton and Chicago in separate Solomons actions. 11 survived the war.
Its a tribute to the men who served on them that we didn't lose more.
The Brooklyns where beautiful ships.
"Sad fate for the last surviving warship of the Dec 7, 1941 attack."
coast guard cutter TANEY (1 of 6 treasury cutters) is still afloat in baltimore.
I got to Buenos Aires in 1986 and was working with the Defense Attache, who himself had recently arrived. He told me that the Argentine officers who had trained in the US, lined up in front of our embassy and tossed their US decorations, diplomas and certificates over the fence. Unlike John Kerry, theirs were their own. They were very displeased with US for "tilting" toward the UK in this conflict.
The night before I PCSd out of there in Jun 1989, I was in the hotel bar with some young Argentines. When they figured out by my atricious accent that I was a Yanqui, they wanted to now why we didn't support our hemispheric ally, I asked them how many Argentine regiments went ashore with us at Normandy or how many Argie regiments were alongside the Brits and us in Korea. It shut them up.
And how many Nazi war criminals did the Argies harbor?
When you are fighting a war at sea your naval vessels are fair game.
Nice looking ship. It was a warship belonging to one of the combatants. Who cares where it was when it got sunk?
Not only that, but the Argentinians were very sympathetic to the nazi cause. Screw 'em.
> Those 15 automatic 6 were supposedly pretty awesome once they found the range.
Automatic meaning the guns fired as soon as the shell were seated and not dependent on someone pressing the firing button.
In 1951 Navy boot camp we watch a destroyer gun crew go through a firing drill on a mock up of a 5" gun. It was a marvel to watch those guys work. The whole operation looked like a human machine - each guy moving exactly as he did before as they simulated firing about every ten seconds (manual loading - a projectile and then a brass case).
Later on we were taken to the room below and had to load 54 lb projectiles into the hoist. Some when up as fast as they were dropped in, others hesitated a few seconds and then shot up. We had to grip the shell by the nose and then grip the base but NEVER place our fingers over the base as they might be sheared off as the shell was sent up.
What really impressed me as to how neat some of our WWII stuff was that as the shell was delivered, the fuse in the nose was turned and set to whatever range the range finder hread at the time. Tres Cool.
When I read of some Pacific bombardments lasting hours, all I could thing of was those poor ammo handlers heaving 54 lb projectiles every 15 seconds or so. One guy wrote that after a heavy action on a light cruiser (6" guns and 100 + lb projectiles) sweat was dripping from the turrets as if they had broken a water line.
Oh yeah. If there was a misfire, the crews were supposed to wait 1/2 hour. During combat it was Tough Noogies and they had to take a chance by opening the breech and tossing the case out. Most of the times it work, but when it didn't, the flare up fried the whole crew.
Thanx for posting that pic.
Wasn't it, +/- 29 years ago?..... the Falkland War?
The timing of the revelation seems to coincide with the rise in Argentine bellicosity towards the Falkland Is. Kirchner has made some rather aggressive statements of late. England may be trying to head her off with this not so subtle "reminder..."
Technically, she wasn't, and was.
"Treaty cruiser" is a term given to those ships designed to the limits of the 1922 Washington treaty: 10,000 tons and 8" guns. Total numbers and tonnage were not limited
But those ships were limited by the 1930 London treaty. Limits of 8" cruisers were actually 6:5:4. At this stage the US had only built 8, so there were no real restrictions to the building program (the last of the next 10, Wichita, in 1937, as actually a modified Brooklyn class, built to fill out the allocation).
The UK was right on the limit and had to cancel 8 ships authourised in 1927, 1928, and 1929.
Japan was already building the twelvth, but could complete all authorised ships, swiching to to nominal "10,000 tonners" with 15 6.1" guns in the 1931 allocation. This was not what the round-eyed parties expected (The US had less than half her allocation built but really didn't want to spend money building more cruisers during the Depression, and the UK really wanted smaller 6" cruisers built in larger numbers for her strategic needs)
The London treaty also imposed tonnage limits for 6" cruisers - 143,000 tons total for the US - but as at the time the US only had 10 small preWashington Omaha class, techically the first 8 Brooklyns fell within the London treaty limits.
London Naval Treaty limits of 8" cruisers were 18 US, 15 UK, 12 Japan.
They are harboring them even today, those that are still breathing and waiting for their appointment at The Pearly Gates. The family that lived across the street from us were unreconstructed Nazis. Mom and Pop were born in Argentina to German parents, who sent them back to Germany to be educated by the Reich. The returned to Argentina after the war and were reintegrated into the German society there. They had very little to do with the Argies and spent most of their time at one of the many German social clubs there. Daughter Ingrid was SMOKIN' HOT. Son Axel would've been right at home at a NSDAP meeting. They hated the Jews.
Concur. The Argies supplied the Nazis with a lot or beef.
Exactly. The Argentinians themselves later acknowledged that the sinking was a legitimate act of war and that being outside of the proclaimed Exclusion Zone did not mean their forces were not subject to attack. The "controversy" about the sinking was mostly a fabrication of anti-Thatcher forces in the UK.
Thanks for the correction, I'll have to pass it on to my British friends.
Yes, a couple of years before Argentina eliminated England on their way to a second World Cup.
: )
To borrow from W.T. Sherman "War is Hell" and knows no bounds. Those who think that they can civilize war are fools because the winners call the shots afterwards and write the history too.
True. She was in Honolulu Harbor at the time, wasn't she?
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Evan Osnos June 18, 2009 A Bright Spot By Evan Osnos Share Tweet For a small break from week's abundant bleakness, check out this modestly encouraging news: Two nuclear-armed neighbors, China and India, are taking the currently unfashionable step of tilting away from Armageddon. Share Tweet Evan Osnos joined The New Yorker as a staff writer in 2008, and covers politics and foreign affairs. MORE » & Sign up for the daily newsletter.Sign up for the daily newsletter: the best of The New Yorker every day. E-mail address GO SIGN UP The Daily


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PHILADELPHIA (AP) — Federal immigration officials in Philadelphia say a Ukrainian hockey coach has been accused of committing sexual acts with a teenage boy.
Special agents with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement said Thursday that 48-year-old Ivan Pravilov was arrested on charges of traveling in interstate commerce for the purpose of engaging in sexual acts with a minor.
A criminal complaint alleges Pravilov committed sexual acts with a 14-year-old boy visiting in the United States and attending hockey clinics. Pravilov is in federal custody pending a detention hearing and can't be reached for comment.
An email left with his hockey school hasn't been returned. The website for Ivan Pravilov's Unique Hockey School lists former Philadelphia Flyers player Dainius Zubrus as among his former students.
It's unclear if Pravilov has an attorney.


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Technote (troubleshooting)
The 'backup vm' command works fine with VMVSTORTRANSPORT NBD but fails with VMVSTORTANSPORT SAN with API return code 13.
ANS9365E VMware vStorage API error.
TSM function name : VixDiskLib_Open
TSM file : vmvddksdk.cpp (1428)
API return code : 13
API error message : You do not have access rights to this file
ANS4151E Failure mounting Virtual Machine 'abcdef'. RC=-1
ANS4150E Incremental backup of Virtual Machine 'abcdef' failed with RC -1
Unable to access the SAN disk.
Resolving the problem
This problem can happen for multiple reasons. The following steps should be followed.
- Make sure that proper userid is used for backups.
- Make sure that the SAN disk is available and with read-write access.
- Make sure that the SAN Policy is properly configured via the following commands:
automount disable
automount scrub
san policy OnlineAll
- Make sure that the SAN disks are properly zoned.


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Browse Research by Faculty Name
Filtered by Country: Brazil
Click on a faculty member's name to view the full profile, including any posted projects.
Displaying 11 - 20 of 31 records.
Research Interests
|Hansen, Patricia
|Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies; School of Law
|Dr. Hansen's research interests include international trade and investment, regional economic integration, environmental protection, consumer protection, international economic law, judicial …
|Hopkins, Kristine
|Reproductive health issues in Latin America and the U.S.-Mexico border, particularly the overuse of cesarean section in Brazil and Mexico, the childbirth and contraceptive experiences of HIV+ women in …
|Jorge De Paula Paixao, Marcelo
|African and African Diaspora Studies
|Development and Underdevelopment in Brazil, Latin America, and Developing Countries; Racial Inequality; Affirmative Action; Quantitative Methods Applied to Race and Ethnic Injustice; Labor Market; …
|Keitt, Timothy
|School of Biological Sciences; Section of Integrative Biology; Statistics and Scientific Computation
|We work in computational and quantitative ecology with a special emphasis on ecological self-organization, macroecology/biogeography and habitat connectivity. Our work ranges from pure theoretical …
|Kelm, Orlando
|Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies; Marketing; Spanish and Portuguese
|Hispanic linguistics, phonetics, phonology, language and culture for professional purposes, such as Business Spanish and Portuguese. Professor Kelm's current research focuses on the creation of …
|Kinney, Kerry
|Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering
|Biofuel Production from Algae, Biological Treatment of Contaminated Air and Water, Microbial Contamination of Indoor Environments and Green Building Materials, Development and Application of Molecular …
|Koike, Dale
|Spanish and Portuguese
|Spanish and Portuguese linguistics, applied linguistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis, second language acquisition. Professor Koike's research centers on pragmatics as co-constructed in …
|Latrubesse, Edgardo
|Geography / Environment
|Edgardo Latrubesse's main research interests include the Neogene paleogeography, paleohydrology and paleoecology of Tropical South America, geomorphology, hydrology of large rivers and the …
|Manuel, Lance
|Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering
|structural dynamics; structural reliability; wind energy; wave energy; offshore structures; applied probability; climate change; uncertainty quantification
|Potter, Joseph
|Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies; Sociology
|Joseph Potter's interests lie in the areas of reproductive health, population and development, and demographic estimation. Together with Carl Schmertmann, Renato Assunção, and …


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May 23, 2013 | 337 views
Easing the fear, raising their confidence
Elementary students get acquainted with the middle school
1 2 Next page >
Gara Rosenberg empathizes with what her fourth grade Number Five School students are now going through. Rosenberg also went from a Lawrence district elementary school to the middle school.
A 1990 graduate of Lawrence High School, Rosenberg has taught in the district for 16 years. "They have many questions," she said, as a group of Number Five students were taking part in the third of four middle school orientation sessions.
Approximately 180 fourth-graders from both the Number Five and Two schools took a tour of the middle school, asked questions and saw the play "The Music Man" on May 17 as part of their continuing introduction to their new school.
During the school year there is also in-classroom preparation for the students' leap to the next level. "We read different short stories about what to expect to alleviate anxieties," Rosenberg added, saying that it helps for them to visual where they will be next school year.
Diminishing student trepidation and providing a sense of security are the primary goals of the orientations, said middle school guidance counselor Stephanie Henderson. "It is to take the fear of the unknown away and give them confidence," she said.
This is the fifth incoming class of fourth-graders since the middle school included fifth-graders. The school's first fifth grade class is graduating this year and moving on to the high school, said middle school Assistant Principal Rina Beach.
After the Number Five School students watched the play they sat in the middle school auditorium and asked questions of Beach. The inquiries ranged from clubs, sports and lockers to a more serious subject: bullying. "The fifth grade teachers make sure you get what you need," Beach said. "Bullying is not an acceptable behavior and if something happens what do you do? You tell someone."
Following the question and answer session, the students set out on their tour of the middle school. Led by middle school guidance counselor Michael Divino, the students were shown the main office area, the hallways, classrooms and main stairwell in the fifth-grade portion of the school. Their eyes widened and jaws dropped to the floor when they saw the size of both the old and new gymnasiums.
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Solid, Dark Bay, APHA filly. Will be 2 yrs old in May. Halter broke, lunges both directions, stands tied and stands for farrier. Pick up all 4 feet. Has…$2,500
Black, four white stockings, blaze. 5 years old, barrel prospect, lots of energy, smooth trot. Experienced rider .$1,500
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This girl is the last of this exceptional cross, and we were blessed with another very rare chestnut filly. She is already 16 hands as a 2 year old, so…$30,000
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This pretty girl is 16.1hh, has no vices, can go barefoot and live outside. She'd be a fabulous english pleasure horse, but also goes Western. Smart…$1,800
Cross Junction, VA


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check engine light is on. no increased heat per temp gauge. slight burning smell from the heater vents but no smoke. car is progressively getting worse about needing gas peddle applied until engine is warm or it will die when idle. I just had transmission flushed, oil changed and applied fuel inj cleaner to gas tank multiple times to try to correct this. what am I missing?
by azerkle in Des Moines, IA on January 09, 2013


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Tag Archives: Tokyo Electric Power Company
3 Years After Fukushima: Behind The Skewed Data And Vested Interests
Wake Up World April 25 2014
Only about 5% of the directly discharged radiation was deposited within a radius of 80 kms (50 miles) from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power station. The rest was distributed in the Pacific Ocean. 3-D simulations have been carried out for the Pacific basin, showing that within 5–6 years, the emissions would reach the North American coastline, with uncertain consequences for food safety and health of the local population.[1][2]
Fukushima: Skewed Data and Vested Interests
After the Fukushima nuclear meltdowns in March of 2011, the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), a global federation of doctors from over 60 countries that was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985, reviewed the conflicting literature and scientific data on Fukushima. They found that skewed data sources and vested interests made the information publicly available extremely distorted. Let's have a look at data sources and governmental policies following the disaster:
Fukushima scientific radiation data is sourced from
– The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), who owns the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
– The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), who has vested interest in nuclear energy.
Governmental policies following the disaster:
Ralph Nader ~ The Fukushima Secrecy Syndrome – From Japan To America
CommonDreams January 24 2014
Last month, the ruling Japanese coalition parties quickly rammed through Parliament a state secrets law. We Americans better take notice.
Under its provisions the government alone decides what are state secrets and any civil servants who divulge any "secrets" can be jailed for up to 10 years. Journalists caught in the web of this vaguely defined law can be jailed for up to 5 years.
Government officials have been upset at the constant disclosures of their laxity by regulatory officials before and after the Fukushima nuclear power disaster in 2011, operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).
"The Obama administration must become more alert to authoritarian trends in Japan that its policies have been either encouraging or knowingly ignoring – often behind the curtains of our own chronic secrecy."
Week after week, reports appear in the press revealing the seriousness of the contaminated water flow, the inaccessible radioactive material deep inside these reactors and the need to stop these leaking sites from further poisoning the land, food and ocean. Officials now estimate that it could take up to 40 years to clean up and decommission the reactors.
Archons In The News
Zen Gardner – Meet Lady Barbara Judge. Archon guardian and executor. One spookily hooked up entity who would probably scare you spitless in a dark alley. Matrix credentials out the wazoo of course, and aside from her financial web-stringing duties she's naturally leading the nuclear energy revival in Japan. And this is her "official" portrait. Wow.
This is the nasty breed that farms our planet for power and energy. They can transform into many shapes and sizes, control and influence almost at will, and toy with us like cats in a box of mice.
They're known by many names and disguises; devils, archangels, powerful spirits, reptilians, greys, djinn, mythical gods and goddesses, anunnaki, you name it. It can be almost anything. These are those that maintain the matrix and pounce upon humanity with wicked alacrity. They know no remorse, compunction, empathy or love.
They are parasitic by their very nature and a cancerous phenomenon in the Universe. And we happen to be on a planet they are farming.
The Ice Queen Executor – A Perfect Example
You'll know them by their cold, detached allegiance to the Agenda. Our domination by any means possible. Here's the scoop on the ice queen pictured above from a CNN article. This starter gives it away, "Few people would use the word "fantastic" to describe a visit to Fukushima, the site of Japan's 2011 nuclear disaster. But Lady Barbara Judge is not just anybody".
You're not kidding.
Few people would use the word "fantastic" to describe a visit to Fukushima, the site of Japan's 2011 nuclear disaster. But Lady Barbara Judge is not just anybody.
Judge, a 66-year-old lawyer and businesswoman with dual British and American citizenship, has been called in by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the company behind the Fukushima, to help relaunch Japan's nuclear power program, which was suspended completely in March 2011. Source
How about a little more on this archonic ball bearing that makes their world go 'round…


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HCN, it's no shock that this stock is down again
some people think that the REIT crash that is about to happen won't affect HCN, and that HCN in immune to the crash -- i never heard such a disparate statement like that, as if that is going to be able to prop up this company
this stock is one of the top stocks that is on the pathetic list that FunnieBuckets is SHORTing on his Best of All Time Short List -- this stock could possible yield me my greatest gainer trade ever from shorting because i have so much riding on this one -- there are so many bad companies out there, but this one takes the cake -- this stock easily made it into my TOP 5 SHORT LIST -- 3 of the TOP 5 are REITs -- congrats to the longs for finding this one and hanging onto it -- you truly are going to be labeled the suckers of the century
have i ruffled a few feathers on this message board? -- maybe there is a reason they are ruffled, cuz you all know this stock is going to tank -- this company has painted themselves into a corner
just remember who took your money -- the name's FunnieBucket, and i am the new sheriff in town -- ya'll come back now ya'hear
we'll see who's laughing when the stock starts to fall and the shorts start piling in faster than you have ever seen before -- you investing days end are going to end on this crash and will scare you so severely that you'll crumble like the market's breathe -- fear and panic will consume this market and everyone is going to be pushing the sell button -- and all those 401K Plans won't be keeping that auto-account builder option on for another 5 years+ -- this ain't no joking time, this is real serious stuff waiting to rob you blind
Funnie said.....
"my predictions are so spot on you're oozing jealousy"
my predictions are so spot on you're oozing jealousy
Check out Funny on the BBT message board-- He takes so many positions and changes them when the market is against him-- what is really funny is that he has stated that he does not own any of BBT (long or short)but yet he is on that board every day telling the world how great he has become.At first some of the newbies would actually ask him questions but now they realize that he is a joke--a guy trying to get his 15 minutes of fame even if he must lie. so sad!
On September 3 Funnie said.....
"i am up big on my short on HCN due to scale in entries"
You are not only a piss poor trader....you are a horrendous liar. Based upon nothing more than the price history of HCN and your posts, it is completely clear to anyone paying attention that you are down on your short positions in HCN (if you really have any short positions). Your magical method of "scaling your position" like you frequently like to state as your stategy has not worked with HCN. Admit it, the market has moved against you.
Dude! Give up the lies and you MIGHT salvage some respect. Is it that important that you need to try to impress us with your lies?
By the way, I'm sure you will also claim that you are up on your scaled short positions in ARE (Alexandria Real Estate) but that would obviously be another lie.
When the market eventually does move in your favor, I'm sure we'll hear you crowing but that has not happened yet. Remember...even a broken clock is right twice a day.
when does your high school start?
i am up big on my short on HCN due to scale in entries
and i hope this crap stock goes up to 50+ so i can short some more
if a person only needs a high school education to trade HCN short and make a profit, then it doesn't say much about your favorite company
Funny--I guess your high school doesn't start till after Labor Day. The one good thing for you is that after your recent market picks you now qualify for the free lunch program.
when a plan comes together this nicely, you know the guy as the pattern nailed perfectly
Bucket: What are your charts telling you now about HCN. Any ideas about the time frame of the collapse. Are we talking about tomorrow or a year from now?
very good point, but i have to stick with what research i did and see if it pans out -- if you scale your positions into the short and not go heavy short at the low price entries, you will be able to carry/manage the trade -- make the larger entries short at really high prices so you make the big money
stay well and always of good cheer


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axle dislocated due to broken/worn engine mounts. I then found the leak was coming from my mt transmission housing select lever dust seal. (number 15) http://www.hondapartssales.com/lisle/jsp/prddisplay.jsp?inputstate=5&catcgry1=ACCORD&catcgry2=1997&catcgry3=2DR+EX&catcgry4=KA5MT&catcgry5=MT+SHIFT+ARM+-+SHIFT+LEVER&ListAll=All&vinsrch=no&systemcomp=List All&vinnoT=&trim=&trans=&view=normal I'v heard good things about white shephard transmission sealer but i'm weary of the horro stories.. my trany is practical mint. any one have any suggestion's? I've tried t find the honda liquid gasket pn 0Y740-99986 but can only find honda high temp liquid gasket and the honda regular. none of the honda high temp has a pn on it.. so i don';t know if it the stuff or not.. im gogin to do it myself at a friend shop or in my drive way as usual.. but id like the insight please mike
I recently had my engine mounts replaced thinking my axle had been dislocated.. on 1997 Honda Accord
by gizmo85 in Methuen, MA on June 23, 2012
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1 answer
ANSWER by ziptie12 , June 29, 2012
never mind......if you know which seal is leaking why don't you fix it with the right parts from your dealer instead of online (cheaper?) parts ?you're already saving money by doing the labor yourself. Save the aggravation & treat yourself good and the parts guys can (and probably would be happy to) print you out an exploded view of the parts if you need , for some extra guidance on the procedure, if needed.good luck gizmo!


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I have been a fan of Ron Rash ever since I read his poem "The Exchange" a few years back…I have a few of his books and read everything of his I come across. So far I haven't been disappointed. So I was oleased to see this in my email notices…
Ron Rash, the Parris Distinguished Professor of Appalachian Culture at Western Carolina University, has won the Southern Independent Booksellers Alliance book award in the category of fiction for his novel, "Serena."
Rash's "Serena" has been a critical success since its 2008 release and has catapulted the South Carolina-born author to the forefront of the literary world.(1)
It looks as if I need to add another of Mr. Rash's works to my library.
Wikipedia has this to say about Ron Rash…
Ron Rash (born 1953), an American poet, short story writer and novelist, is the Parris Distinguished Professor in Appalachian Cultural Studies at Western Carolina University. Rash was born in Chester Springs, South Carolina, in 1953, grew up in Boiling Springs, North Carolina, and is a graduate of Gardner-Webb University. In 1994 he published his first book, a collection of short stories titled The Night the New Jesus Fell to Earth. Since then, Rash has published three collections of poetry, three short story collections, and four novels, all to wide critical acclaim and several awards and honors. Rash's poems and stories have appeared in more than 100 magazines and journals over the years. With each new book, Rash has confirmed his position as a central and significant Appalachian writer alongside well-established names like Fred Chappell, Lee Smith, and Robert Morgan.[2]
(1) via SalisburyPost.com – Opinion – Authors Ron Rash, Lee Smith receive writing honors.
(2) via Ron Rash – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
See Also


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(Recipe from Pinterest)


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The Global Engineering Consultancy Market
Gross, Andrew C., Business Economics
The purpose of this paper is to assess and analyze the size and characteristics of the engineering consultancy market in select Western nations and worldwide. A secondary goal is two-fold: to look briefly at the training required for careers in this field and to evaluate the strategies of the participating firms. This sector has grown in the past half-century to about U.S.$550 billion revenue globally, with nearly 3 million establishments and about 500,000 employees. There are giant, multinational 'firms that span across regions; but the sector is still highly fragmented, and the top 10 firms have less than 15 percent of the global market share. The typical firm in the industry in most major countries consists of around five or six professional associates. The data problems in analyzing this sector are formidable. The paper offers guidelines to using these statistics. It also describes steps necessary for effective marketing.
Business Economics (2012) 47, 285-296.
Keywords: engineering consulting, services, global markets, civil engineering
The industry described and analyzed here is defined by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code #541330: Engineering Services (1) This industry comprises, "... establishments primarily engaged in applying physical laws and principles of engineering in the design, development, and utilization of machines, materials, instruments, structures, processes, and systems. The assignments undertaken by these establishments may involve any of the following activities: provision of advice, preparation of feasibility studies, preparation of preliminary and final plans and designs, provision of technical services during the construction or installation phase, inspection and evaluation of engineering projects, and related services." These services are offered on a consultancy basis, rather than being provided by in-house engineering staffs. Every attempt has been made to find the equivalent code and scope for the sector in the other nations covered in this paper.
As the definition suggests, there are engineering fields that encompass virtually the entire range of man's interaction with nature. These include civil engineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering (including electronics), mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, automotive engineering, marine engineering, aeronautical engineering, software engineering, bioengineering, and other engineering fields.
This paper assesses the size and characteristics of the engineering consultancy industry in select Western nations and worldwide. The size of each national market is difficult to determine, and so is the precise nature of service offerings, the regional markets served, and end-use patterns. One of our goals here is to show how the statistics differ owing to diversity in terminology, data collection, and subsequent interpretation. Although both national statistical bureaus and many private publishers are dedicated to offering reliable data, their surveys are often ad hoc and/or lack sufficient details for analysis. We offer guidelines on how to steer around such problems. In concluding, we suggest strategic steps and specific advice on promotion schemes for large and small enterprises. The keys to success are sharing knowledge within the firm, enhancing reputation, smart bidding, and forging strong relationships with clients.
Section 1 of the paper describes the sector's history and scope. Section 2 describes current issues in the engineering consultancy industry and how they are being resolved. Section 3 describes the industry in each of the world's major regions. Section 4 describes business strategy and marketing. Section 5 offers some concluding remarks. Appendix I describes the methods use in the data assembly and analysis. Appendix II is an annotated bibliography for those who wish to conduct their own investigations into this sector.
1. …


text:
You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.comments2016-04-09T06:36:17.065-07:00Midnight MaizeThe Shredderhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-24798355658027501982016-04-09T06:36:17.065-07:002016-04-09T06:36:17.065-07:00dear, website author Some men are not comfortable ...dear,
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Angelina Jukićhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-12338116679488549072016-04-03T12:51:27.557-07:002016-04-03T12:51:27.557-07:00One of the most obvious things you need to do befo...One of the most obvious things you need to do before you can get hired in construction agencies is to have the right type of certification or qualification needed to
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Eva Jacksonhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-3577271327067131072016-03-27T12:17:20.365-07:002016-03-27T12:17:20.365-07:00One of the most obvious things you need to do befo...One of the most obvious things you need to do before you can get hired in construction agencies is to have the right type of certification or qualification needed to
work in that particular construction role.See more at-construction massachusettsJenifer Lopezhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-28089248097117588552016-03-17T17:36:25.391-07:002016-03-17T17:36:25.391-07:00I accidentally viewed your blog and I was so amaze...I accidentally viewed your blog and I was so amazed with your work that it touched the deepness of my heart and it made me sentimental. Thanks for posting. Visit my site too.

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Corlin Divablahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-3701061973716984842016-03-02T10:22:16.773-08:002016-03-02T10:22:16.773-08:00There are certain things that are best left to pro...There are certain things that are best left to professionals. You would not fly in a plane that is flown by an amateur, would you? You would not consult a person
without a medical degree if you fell severely ill, would you? Well, then you should also leave roof construction to experts.
See more details-construction massachusettsJamie Coffeyhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-26623764036068426122016-02-10T10:00:28.154-08:002016-02-10T10:00:28.154-08:00If you work in the construction industry, you know...If you work in the construction industry, you know that construction sites can be dangerous. However, you probably don't spend your free time
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Rumon Mridhahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-81858497937160179202015-12-06T21:35:01.578-08:002015-12-06T21:35:01.578-08:00I will say this...I have met a lot of great fans f...I will say this...I have met a lot of great fans from many different universities (Nebraska, Ohio State, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, etc.), but I have yet to meet a respectable MSU fan. Why are they all such assholes? I can't wrap my brain around it. Ignorant, immature, and disrespectful. I am not a Michigan fan, but I will cheer for Michigan if they are playing someone out of conference. I will never cheer for MSU though due to the juvenile delinquents that seem to crawl out of the woodwork for any MSU game. The one thing I have always wondered is if they try to be such assholes or if they just are giant assholes without trying? Either way I guess it's irrelevant. Congratulations big green, you win the worst fan award for all college teams, and I'm sure you will wear that proudly...Why?http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-73760552612714175622015-12-05T22:07:59.691-08:002015-12-05T22:07:59.691-08:00How many heismans does state have thoeHow many heismans does state have thoeUnknownhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-63807315772200715232015-05-23T06:31:05.911-07:002015-05-23T06:31:05.911-07:00well another nice and best place to Watch Soccer ...well another nice and best place to  Watch Soccer Live Online  live on PC or any device in the world without ads and popups is http://www.onlinesoccerlive.com/
Syed Awais Alihttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-53228130638074527212015-05-14T23:33:00.556-07:002015-05-14T23:33:00.556-07:00I just wanna say thank you for sharing the content...I just wanna say thank you for sharing the content and wish you all the best for your website and your whole team.

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Leslie Limhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-16819971763002162792015-02-21T16:43:18.554-08:002015-02-21T16:43:18.554-08:00Loved reading it! Loved reading it! firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-16046284894723652172015-01-14T03:06:43.766-08:002015-01-14T03:06:43.766-08:00thanks for the ideas , I'd love to stick to yo...thanks for the ideas , I'd love to stick to your weblog as generally as i can.have a great day
livecontractorlocator.comLivecontractor Locatorhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-80930434914352809822014-06-03T18:14:57.136-07:002014-06-03T18:14:57.136-07:00Gotta love Bushong's letter, where all the fem...Gotta love Bushong's letter, where all the female players are girls and all the male players are players.BobRhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-34922705406254787832014-06-03T17:57:06.037-07:002014-06-03T17:57:06.037-07:00By the way, there's a bug on the page here. W...By the way, there's a bug on the page here. When I got hit with a captcha, the iframe height was too small to show the numbers and the box you have to type in. I went in and changed the height so I could see it, but not everybody knows CSS well enough to be able to do this. Maybe someone would like to have a look at it. If so, the offending line of code is this:

<[iframe tag goes here (not allowed to put one in)] allowtransparency="true" class="blogger-iframe-colorize" frameborder="0" height="275" id="comment-editor" scrolling="no" src="blahblahblah" width="100%"
">

and the offending value is height="275". It needs to be somewhere in the 400's.BobRhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-1506523969203036432014-06-03T17:29:38.356-07:002014-06-03T17:29:38.356-07:00Well now, there are two sides to that coin. So, j...Well now, there are two sides to that coin. So, just for fun, here are the 9 things (Notre Dame fans can count to 9) I hate about Michigan (disclaimer: I don't really hate Michigan; I think they're a great team and hope we see them in the playoffs): 9 Michigan stadium (sunk into ground so fans will feel more at home) Michigan weather (Indiana weather? Seriously?) 8 Michigan fans (use I seen, districk, nucular, julery and similar marginally intelligible words) 7 Michigan fans (think wolverines are beautiful because they are prettier than badgers) 6 Michigan fans (we break up with you, and your response is to flap your arms and cluck like chickens, bringing possible genetic predispositions to mind) 5 Michigan fight song (simplification of Notre Dame fight song, so as to be easier to play) 4 Denard Robinson plays RB in the pros 3 That HELMET (biggest fashion meltdown in the NCAA) 2 Bo Schembechler (to paraphrase: "To hell with Michigan. We don't need Michigan. They need us more than we need them.") 1 Fielding Yost (once we finally beat Michigan back in 1909, Yost's response was basically "You cheated. I'm taking my ball and I'm going home. And I'm not playing with you any more. And I'm not letting my friends play with you any more either." Thus began the family feud...)

Ok, all kidding aside, I really hope that ND and Michigan will be able to play again soon. This is one of the great rivalries in all of college sports, but whether we play again any time soon is up to the guys in charge. Maybe when Brandon gets done sulking and Hoke realizes that his behavior defines what is and isn't acceptable fan behavior, we can get something done. But more probably it will have to wait until Brandon's ego runs your program far enough into the ground that he gets sacked, and Hoke along with him. Meanwhile, we're having some great conversations with MSU...BobRhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-79280155357179635542014-04-13T05:48:24.050-07:002014-04-13T05:48:24.050-07:00WHAT IS YOUR PROFESSION!!!!!WHAT IS YOUR firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-57775606252552286452013-11-03T14:28:28.344-08:002013-11-03T14:28:28.344-08:00This is the biggest list of butthurt I have ever r...This is the biggest list of butthurt I have ever read in my life. I'm a Gators fan and even this reeks of stupidity and whining. firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-7068046922273236472013-10-28T08:27:10.730-07:002013-10-28T08:27:10.730-07:00Outstanding spelling and grammar from this Michiga...Outstanding spelling and grammar from this Michigan Man. firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-65333768554423025102013-07-06T10:52:46.795-07:002013-07-06T10:52:46.795-07:00I think you took it this a little to serious... Ca...I think you took it this a little to serious... Can't fault you for the school pride that you show.The Shredderhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-47745915081238509452013-06-29T16:20:35.861-07:002013-06-29T16:20:35.861-07:00Wow... this is probably the stupidest list with th...Wow... this is probably the stupidest list with the stupidest reasons. You hate WMU because Tim Allen went there? I'm sure REAL U of M Alums hate you because you want to be like them.

It's your own fault you had your car broken into. Of course if you park in a shady neighborhood there is a higher chance someone will break into your shitty car. If you would have just paid for a parking pass that wouldn't of happened...or at least the chances would decrease significantly.

 I thought the football team reason would be a good one, but it was stupid. Of course they don't have a great chance at beating Michigan: THEY ARE A BIG TEN TEAM. Maybe if you would have talked about their lack of defense that would have made sense because they definitely need some help there.

 All of the other reasons are illegitimate reasons as well. Who cares if there are girls from a sorority that don't like you. There are going to be girls from every college that don't like you. Whether you are at WMU of U of M there are going to be snobby girls.

 This list should be called why I am a Poser u of M fan who couldn't get accepted into to U of M. Maybe if you tried to make your school better instead of complaining about it it would be nicer. That's why WMU doesn't have as good of a name as U of M: there are guys like you who don't take pride in their school.

GO firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-71634079877068524262013-06-18T21:46:53.664-07:002013-06-18T21:46:53.664-07:00Western is balls. This whole place sucks. Whoeve...Western is balls. This whole place sucks. Whoever designed the parking is a full fledged retard. Roundabouts up the ass. Parking Services think that they're some kind of actual real cops. And then there's the "WMU cops" who think they're real cops, too. Got my car impounded for having an overdue license plate... alright I didn't have a license but still, bunch of douches.

The place is filled with frat boyz who all look like they could be Fred Durst's brother, and the dumb bimbos who live only to show off their body to impress said frat boyz. Avoid this shithole at all costs on St. Patty's unless you want to see what it would be like if a bunch of 4 year degreers went full on community college.

The only thing that's good about this place is Westnedge Ave, because they have a Guitar Center and a Barnes & Noble, but I'm from Jackson and I'm used to feeling lucky if there's a local McDonalds nearby. There's nothing to do here but eat. Probably why I'm so fat.

Eh, at least there's the batting cages, when it's not overrun by high school kids or moms and their toddlers playing putt putt.

Zak Dwyerhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3089422185245398538.post-61524268143343308472013-04-23T22:58:31.996-07:002013-04-23T22:58:31.996-07:00hmm I do not really understand why you wrote this ...hmm I do not really understand why you wrote this "Cue 90s gif" or it was some kind of mistake like you forgot to erase??Host PPHhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com


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Are there any 'good' resources for porting a VB.NET winforms application to C#? I'm sure there are is software that just translates the code, but I'm looking to refactor the code at the same time. Keeping it in its current form is problematic, since it uses some of the 'bad design' practices that VB.NET allows, and would further complicate future maintanence. Has anyone here gone through that process, and how did you go about doing it? Did you use a translate/refactor approach? Did you just use the end product to recreate functionality without looking at the current codebase for most of it? What would you (collectively) recommend?
As I was telling Grauenwolf, keeping it in its current language presents the following issues:
- Not being able to readily add features. VB.NET isn't a language I'm rock solid in. I do appreciate the irony of learning the language to port it over -- but future maintenance will need to account for someone who doesn't know VB.NET.
- The rest of the application has been ported to C# (a long time ago, in fact); all features that we'd like to add depend on de-coupling the app (right now it's very tightly coupled). My choices are to either refactor it in a language I'm not too familiar with, or to refactor it in a language I understand.
To anyone who voted the question down, I'm not really sure why you did; the concern isn't whether I should leave it in VB.NET; the concern is what is the future cost of not porting it over now. If I'm going to spare great expense in fixing it, why not go the extra step and make it maintainable for a future programmer?
Author's Note: I hadn't looked at this question in ages, there was a recent response, so I moved my 'answer' into the question and deleted the 'answer' (since it wasn't really an answer).


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The Wanted will officially drop their U.S. debut album next month. They've been busy in the studio working on tracks to follow up their smash single, "Glad You Came." And with so much enthusiasm coursing through America for boy bands , the guys are looking forward to launching this next phase in their careers.
"You know, I think from the start when we were in the U.K. we got our first single, which was 'All Time Low,' and it set itself up," Tom Parker told MTV News about the band's control over their music. "And we all agree on a certain sound and 'Glad You Came' was probably as [far as] we went in terms of difference in sound, but we all kind of come to an agreement to keep it upbeat, usually."
Parker adds that when they do stray from that sound it doesn't always work out. "We did a ballad and it wasn't that great, if I'm honest with you," he said. "We've got a new one called 'Chasing the Sun,' which is gonna go out to radio soon, so look out for it. It's in the same vein as 'Glad You Came'; it's upbeat."
Now that they are knee-deep in getting their U.S. debut together, Jay McGuiness explains that despite the size of the group, the guys make decisions pretty easily. "We're all pretty laid-back in coming to a decision that we all agree with," he said. "We're not gonna lie: Two years ago we were bitches to the record label, but now we've grown enough. We know what we're doing now. We're enjoying ourselves."
And that means that they are aiming to make something that will get American audiences pumped. Siva Kaneswaran added, "To be in the U.S. is amazing, but just as long as we go out there and be ourselves and the U.S. takes us as we are, we're just coming over here to have a laugh."