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Personal testimonials effective; also: leases for Napa Riverfront
Those within the hospitality and tourism industry are uniquely positioned to both embrace and benefit from the ever-increasing reaches of social media tools as a means to boost occupancy rates.
That was the message from the Sonoma County Tourism Bureau's recent forum to address travel trends to local hoteliers at Santa Rosa's Flamingo hotel, during which speakers exhorted the virtues and seeming need for incorporating outfits such as Facebook, Twitter and other niche market social media.
Kerry Rego, who advises about 60 clients for her firm, Kerry Rego Consulting in Santa Rosa, told the industry professionals that where other industries might often rely on word of mouth or local referrals for promotion, the hotel and lodging industry needs to seek out and convince a much broader, global audience by aggressively advertising themselves.
"It seemed to be that tourism was much more ahead and accepting of social media than other industries," she said. "They're predisposed to want to reach out as much as possible to people around the globe."
Equally important is building a presence on the Web that consists of users who share peer reviews with one another and spread the word to others, Ms. Rego said.
"The odds of me listening to peers are much higher than listening to a marketer," she said.
"Social media allows companies to listen to not only their customers," Ms. Rego continued, "but it allows fans to sell you."
She told the crowd of assembled hoteliers and hospitality professionals that, based on her research, 78 percent of Web users believe peers on sites such as Yelp, Facebook, Twitter, foursquare and tripit, compared with third-party advertisers, of which only 14 percent believed more than peers.
Another key element of social media is the vast usage of mobile devices such as iPhones and other smart phones, from where an increasing amount of users obtain information as they travel.


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Warning Signs on the Ocean Floor: China and India Exploit Icy Energy Reserves
China and India have reported massive finds of frozen methane gas off their coasts, which they hope will satisfy their energy needs. But environmentalists fear that tapping these resources could have adverse effects on the world climate.
On the surface, it looked like any other drill core from the ocean floor. Its shimmering grayish-green surface was both slippery and grainy at the same time. But the sample only revealed its exciting secret when the geologists on board the "Bavenit," a drilling ship, lowered the pressure in the steel tube and held a lit match to the upper end. Suddenly a yellowish-red flame began licking from the slick material.
Shengxiong Yang and Nengyou Wu, the two expedition leaders, stand an excellent chance of going down in the history of their country as heroes. The material they pulled from the muddy ocean floor of the South China Sea has the potential to satisfy the energy needs of China and its fast-growing economy.
The flames in the drill core were coming from methane hydrate, a material first discovered in the 1970s. Its unique characteristic is that it is a seemingly frozen and yet flammable material.
In the West, this potential fuel from the ocean floor has for the most part been the stuff of fantasy. But it's a different story in Asia. The People's Republic of China is investing millions to study this massive source of energy. The same holds true for India, South Korea and Taiwan, all nations that are on a fast track to surpassing the West as economic powers.
The needs of these emerging economies continue to rise. Each year, China increases its power consumption by an amount equal to France's total annual power production. By the end of 2007, the country, with its population of 1.3 billion, will have surpassed the United States as the world's No. 1 producer of greenhouse gases.
It is one of the ironies of the Kyoto Protocol that China is still treated as a developing country, which means that, legally speaking at least, it is not obligated to pay any heed to climate protection issues. However, China and the world's other budding economic superpowers will no longer enjoy that status under a follow-up agreement to Kyoto, which the delegates in Bali plan to initiate.
The Chinese government is pursuing a double strategy. On the one hand, it expresses great concern over climate change. Observers were astonished to note that Prime Minister Wen Jiabao used the terms "environment," "pollution" and "environmental protection" 48 times in his address to the National Peoples Congress this year. China, he said, will not repeat the mistake of "polluting first and cleaning up later."
At the same time, however, China is energetically seeking new ways to satisfy its voracious demand for more energy. And Chinese officials are pinning their hopes on methane hydrate as one of these ways.
Graphic: Energy from Ice
World reserves of the frozen gas are enormous. Geologists estimate that significantly more hydrocarbons are bound in the form of methane hydrate than in all known reserves of coal, natural gas and oil combined. "There is simply so much of it that it cannot be ignored," says leading expert Gerhard Bohrman of the Research Center for Ocean Margins (RCOM) in the northern German city of Bremen.
A few months ago, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao held the material in his hand -- or rather, in a metal ice bucket with flames shooting from the top. He was visiting an Australian research center at the time, but now he can just as easily watch the same spectacle unfold in Chinese research laboratories.
The Chinese researchers found the methane hydrate, also known as crystal gas, because of its molecular structure, in a layer of sediment 15 to 20 meters (50 to 65 feet) thick off the Chinese coast. "It was embedded in clay and silt ," says John Roberts, whose firm Geotek provided the technical equipment for the drilling expedition.
One possible method would involve the use of drilling tubes that would conduct heated fluid into the cold reservoirs. This would dissolve the icy cage encasing the methane. The next step would be to capture the gas through a second opening.
These are the kinds of prospects that have inspired others to emulate the Chinese researchers' success. Japan has built the world's largest research drilling ship, the Chikyu, primarily to study methane hydrate. India has invested 200 million to launch a major national program -- and has already reported successes.
- Part 1: China and India Exploit Icy Energy Reserves
- Part 2: Can a Potential Curse Be Transformed into a Blessing?
All Rights Reserved
Reproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH

subset: commoncrawl


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Ambulatory Practice Variation in Maryland: Implications for Medicaid Cost Management
Mary, Queen of Scots, Steinwachs, Donald, Harlow, Jennifer, Fox, Michael, Health Care Financing Review
Ambulatory practice variation in Maryland: Implications for Medicaid cost management
Findings from analysis of Medicaid utilization and payments for the Maryland Medicaid Ait to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) population suggest that Medicaid could save money by reducing the use of hospital clinics as a usual care source and increasing the use of community-based providers. These findings raised the question, "What would be the financial impact if it were possible to accomplish such a change?" and led to a series of simulations designed to answer this question. Using simulation modeling, assumptions regarding fee increases as well as provider and recipient behavior were varied to see how alternative scenarios would affect the "bottom line," e.g., savings or loss to the Medicaid program. In this article, we review our initial research and present the results of simulation modeling. we also discuss issues for consideration and descrive policy decisions made by the Maryland Medicaid program, based in part on these analyses.
Small-area variation in hospitalization rates has been well documented (Wennberg, 1984, 1987) and there is evidence that neither variation in the appropriateness of care (Chassin et al., 1987) nor in illness rates (Wennberg, 1987) explains all of these differences. Other factors, including characteristics of the providers and population, will have to be evaluated as potential sources of variation.
Previous studies have suggested that outpatient departments can represent a costly source of care for the Medicaid program (Gold, 1979 Lion and Altman, 1982 McDevitt and Dutton, 1989). Our efforts to extend this work among Maryland Medicaid providers found major differences in utilization and payments associated with different provide settings. Our research focuses on characteristics of provider settings and their contribution to variations in Medicaid utilization and cost for the Maryland AFDC population.
In Table 1, differences in utilization and payments per user per year by usual source of care for Maryland Medicaid users in the AFDC eligibility category are shown. The raw means in this table for total average annual payments per user show that individuals using outpatient departments as a usual source of care and persons for whom a usual source of care could not be determined ("undetermined") have the highest average annual costs per person when compared with people using other provider types. The total average annual payment for outpatient department users ($1,583) is more than double that for individuals using office-based physicians ($654). This high cost for outpatient department users is consistent with the high raw means for the ambulatory and inpatient components. Outpatient department users have the highest average payment per ambulatory visit ($77). This is more that double the average payment per ambulatory visit for office-based physician users ($34). In addition, outpatient users have the highest probability of having a hospital admission (24.0 percent compared with 9.0 percent for office-based physician users).
Analysis of Baltimore City AFDC users found that differences in patient case mix could explain much of the difference in utilization and cost to Medicaid associated with provider type. Findings from Baltimore City users suggest that case-mix adjustments would reduce the differences in Table 1 in total annual payments per user between outpatient departments and office-based physicians or community health centers by 40 to 50 percent, but that differences would remain statistically significant (p .001). Differences in the probability of an inpatient admission between outpatient users and users of office-based physician or community health centers would be reduced by nearly 50 percent but would also remain statistically significant (p .001) (Stuart, 1988 Stuart and Steinwachs, 1990). …


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External Web sites
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Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- Jennifer Lawrence - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(born 1990). American actress Jennifer Lawrence was known for her versatility on-screen and for her accessible off-screen personality. By the age of 22, she had been nominated twice for the Academy Award for best actress. In 2013, on her second nomination, she won the award for her role in Silver Linings Playbook (2012).


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Vt man partly ejected, trapped in car overnightNovember 09,2013Vt. man trapped
in car overnight
The Associated Press
JAY A 75-year-old Vermont man who was trapped overnight after being thrown part way out of his car in a crash is reported to have suffered serious injuries.
Donald Privee, of Richford, had a cold, wet Wednesday night after he drove his Ford Focus off Vermont Route 105 in Jay and the car flipped over.
Police got a missing person report on Privee on Wednesday night. He was found Thursday morning by troopers from the Vermont State Police barracks in St. Albans.
Privee, who police say was not wearing a seat belt at the time of the accident, later was listed in serious condition at Fletcher Allen Health Care in Burlington.MORE IN This Just InBRATTLEBORO Lauren Kaija and Miranda Johnson had two goals each to help lift Woodstock the... Full StoryBRANDON Burr and Burton Academy rained on Otter Valleys Senior Day festivities. Full StoryMANCHESTER Burr and Burton Academy won to sweep the season series from Hartford and complete... Full Story
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I´m new to WordPress and new to WooCommerce. I setup a new Shop, which is de facto a "restaurant delivery service".
During Restaurant closing times I whish to display a message if someone tries to order. Ever better, during restaurant closing times the user can choose wether to preorder or not. If no preorder, then force to leave the shopping-page and skip to frontpage.
Does anybody have an idea of a possible hack?
I have a basic understanding of php from implementing hacks on other CMS- and Shop-systems)


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"Mount Shasta" Top 5 Page for this destination Mount Shasta by Tom_Fields
Mount Shasta Travel Guide: 46 reviews and 165 photos
At over 14,000 feet, Mount Shasta is among the tallest peaks in the lower 48 states. Unlike most others, it is nearly unobstructed by other mountains. Only a few small foothills stand in the way. That makes it all the more spectacular. It's plainly visible from many miles away. The surrounding wilderness has miles of hiking trails.
This town lies near the foot of the great mountain. It is the ideal base for exploring the area, with a number of good hotels and restaurants, most of them quite affordable.
To the west of Mt Shasta lies a vast, nearly untouched area known as the Shasta-Trinity Wilderness. I barely had time to catch a glimpse of this huge land of mountains, forests, lakes, and streams.
- Pros:Too beautiful to miss
- In a nutshell:One of California's unspoiled treasures
Reviews (13)
Dunsmuir has some beautiful parks. Starting with Dunsmuir City Park, one can hike along the Sacramento River all the way... more travel advice
No matter what angle you have on it, Mt Shasta is an impressive sight. Not only does it tower over 14,000 feet high, but... more travel advice
This is a rather quaint, out-of-the-way local history museum staffed by volunteers. They possess a wealth of knowledge... more travel advice
Not many rivers can match the breathtaking beauty of this one. Located off of Highway 89, just east of McCloud, this... more travel advice
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Mt. Shasta looks very beautiful! I like McArthur-Burney Falls and many of the lakes; you've got really beautiful photos!
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I have the Sistema Steamers and heard Chef Tony say the recipes were on QVC .com-
I looked quite a while, and finally found the recipes--Where the Sistema is advertised
scroll down and it says recipes--the only problem is the first recipe is printable, but when I click on any of the other recipes the page immediately goes away and says page not found.So if anyone can figure out how to read the recipes it would be greatly appreciated-
Looks like there are some really good recipes--Glad I found them-just would like to be able to use them. Thanks. Rosemary
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Puscifer Reveal 'Money Shot' Album Cover, Track Listing + Fall 2015 Tour Dates
Get more info on Puscifer's upcoming 'Money Shot' album and see where they're playing this fall.
Get more info on Puscifer's upcoming 'Money Shot' album and see where they're playing this fall.
Puscifer are on their way back with the 'Money Shot' album. Get additional details and see the 'Grand Canyon' video here.
Check out 12 Unforgettable Moments from the Tool, A Perfect Circle + Puscifer vocalist.
Tool guitarist Adam Jones teased a bit of new music over the weekend, while his bandmate Maynard James Keenan revealed a new Puscifer disc is in progress.
You may think Maynard would take on three separate personas for his respective projects, but he goes way further, taking on countless alter egos.
Congrats are in order for Tool / A Perfect Circle / Puscifer frontman Maynard James Keenan, who just became a father again.
Primus and Puscifer drummer Tim Alexander underwent successful open heart surgery Monday and is said to be recovering.
Veteran rock drummer Tim Alexander, a longtime member of Primus and key contributor to Maynard James Keenan's Puscifer project, has suffered a heart attack.
There are 50th birthday celebrations and then there's what Maynard James Keenan did this past weekend at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. The two-night residency at the famed outdoor theater will no doubt go down as a great tour de force of rock and metal music.
Tool / A Perfect Circle / Puscifer frontman Maynard James Keenan's birthday was back in April, but the prolific musician celebrated his 50th in grand fashion on May 10 and May 11. Maynard's 'Cinquanta' event was held at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles and the guest of honor performed with both A Perfect Circle and Puscifer during the occasion.


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On a warm, sunny Friday at the end of May, students in Einstein's Masters of Science in Bioethics (MBE), Masters of Science in Clinical Research Methods (known as the clinical research training program, or CRTP) and Masters of Public Health (MPH) programs gathered in Lubin Dining Hall with faculty mentors and lecturers, family members and friends for a commencement luncheon honoring the three programs' degree and certificate recipients. The range of the programs, which are co-sponsored by Montefiore Medical Center and/or Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, was matched by the diversity of the 20 graduating students, comprising an international collection of PhDs, MBAs, DDSs and MDs -- including two recent Einstein medical school graduates (Drs. Adam Ezra Goldman-Yassen and Marissa Kummerling).
Dr. Paul Marantz, director of the Center for Public Health Sciences, associate dean of clinical research education and associate director of the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, offered welcoming remarks before introducing keynote speaker Dr. Jo Ivey Boufford, president of The New York Academy of Medicine, as well as professor of public service, health policy and management at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service and clinical professor of pediatrics at New York University Medical School. Dr. Boufford noted the importance of programs like the MBE, CRTP and MPH in training graduates to become "change agents for health" during what she described as a "transformational time in health care." Explaining how the Affordable Care Act places emphasis on investing in community interventions, she also noted "It is the responsibility of researchers as 'truth seekers' to employ evidence-based research to inform policy that will improve the health care system."
During the conferment of diplomas, Dr. Tia Powell, director of the Montefiore Einstein Center for Bioethics and of the MBE program, presented three bioethics graduates with their degrees. (A fourth student graduated in absentia.) Next, Dr. Ellie Schoenbaum, director of the CRTP, introduced the 12 graduates of her program. In turn, these students presented awards to Drs. Shlomo Shinnar and Hillel Cohen recognizing their selection as Best Clinical Research Training Program Mentor and Teacher of the Year, respectively. Finally, Dr. Cheryl Merzel awarded the MPH diplomas to four while also acknowledging the hard work and dedication of the program's faculty and administrative staff, and emphasizing the critical role of community partnerships.
Annual Lecture Honors Dr. Nathenson's Lasting Legacy
Tuesday, November 10, 2015
Global Networking: An Event Connects Students with Professionals
Tuesday, October 27, 2015
Einstein and Montefiore Volunteers Conduct Free Eye Exams
Tuesday, October 27, 2015
What's in a Name? A Tale of Two Buildings
Friday, October 23, 2015
Dr. Allan Wolkoff Honored by the American Liver Foundation
Monday, October 19, 2015
Silbiger Lecture Promotes Ethnic Diversity in Science Fields
Thursday, October 15, 2015
Faculty Poster Session Offers Opportunity for Making Scientific Connections
Friday, September 25, 2015
Class of 2019 "Cloaked" at Annual "On Becoming a Physician" Ceremony
Wednesday, September 09, 2015
Human Resources Hosts Einstein Appreciation Day
Friday, September 04, 2015
Voter Registration Project Gives Bronx Residents a Voice
Monday, August 31, 2015


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PubMed Submission Abstract PDF Cover Contents Editorial Board Count: 2234 Download Count: 403
Yun Zeng, Gang Liu, Li-Ming Zhou, Department of Pharmacology, West China Medical Center of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
Yun Zeng, Gang Liu, Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
Author contributions: Zeng Y and Liu G contributed equally to this work; Zeng Y, Liu G and Zhou LM designed the research; Zeng Y, Liu G and Zhou LM performed the research; Zeng Y, Liu G and Zhou LM analyzed the data; Zeng Y, Liu G and Zhou LM wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Li-Ming Zhou, Professor, Department of Pharmacology, West China Medical Center of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China. firstname.lastname@example.com
Telephone: +86-28-85503767 Fax: +86-28-85503767
Received: February 7, 2009 Revised: March 12, 2009
Accepted: March 17, 2009
Published online: April 21, 2009
AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 and its mechanism.
METHODS: MTT assay was used to assess the inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on proliferation of SGC-7901 cells. Apoptosis-inducing effect was determined by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling with Hoechst staining. Expression of mRNA and protein in Bcl-2 and Bax was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Antitumor effect of acetylshikonin on a mouse SGC-7901 model was also determined.
RESULTS: Forty-eight hours after treatment with acetylshikonin, MTT assay showed that acetylshikonin inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of acetylshikonin to SGC-7901 cells was 0.428 ± 0.07 mg/L. Cell shrinkage, nuclear pyknosis and chromatin condensation, which are the characteristics of cell apoptosis, were observed in treated SGC-7901 cells and the percentage of apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylshikonin down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated the expression of Bax in the treated SGC-7901 cells compared with the controls. The experiment in vivo showed that 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg of acetylshikonin significantly inhibited the growth of tumor in the mouse SGC-7901 model, with an inhibitory rate of 25.00%-55.76%.
CONCLUSION: Acetylshikonin inhibits the growth of SGC-7901 cells in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis.
© 2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng. All rights reserved.
Key words: Acetylshikonin; Antitumor effect; SGC-7901 cells; Apoptosis
Peer reviewer: Meenakshisundaram Ananthanarayanan, Associated Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Annenberg Bldg, Rm.14-24A, Box 1664, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, United States
Zeng Y, Liu G, Zhou LM. Inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 in vitro and in vivo. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(15): 1816-1820 Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/15/1816.asp DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.1816
Although advances have been made in clinical medicine, no effective treatment modalities are available for patients with advanced or metastatic tumors[1]. Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and its incidence and mortality rank first in China[2,3]. At present, gastric cancer patients have certain clinical responses to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, but they cannot tolerate it well[4,5]. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to explore drugs capable of preventing and treating gastric cancer and other malignancies.
Chemotherapy is one of the main treatment modalities for advanced cancer[6]. It has been shown that acetylshikonin, one of the shikonin derivatives, is effective against sterilized and infected wounds[7,8]. It has been demonstrated that acetylshikonin can inhibit tumor-induced cutaneous angiogenesis[9] and has obvious antitumor effects on S180 sarcoma model[10]. However, little is known about the effect of acetylshikonin on gastric cancer in vitro, especially in vivo. This study was to evaluate the ability of acetylshikonin to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Our results demonstrate that acetylshikonin could induce apoptosis by down-regulating Bcl-2 and up-regulating Bax in SGC-7901 cells. Significant antitumor effects of acetylshikonin could also be observed in a SGC-7901 tumor xenograft model of nude mice.
Cell line and reagents
Human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 was obtained from the Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong, China). The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Minhai Bioengineering Co., Lanzhou, China), and maintained at 37℃ in a humidified atmosphere containing 50 mL/L CO2. Acetylshikonin was obtained from Huakang Pharmaceutical Company (Deyang, China). Cyclophosphamide was provided by Hengrui Pharmaceutical Company (Jiangsu, China). MTT was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St.louis, MO, USA).
Cell viability assay
Effect of acetylshikonin on the viability of SGC-7901 cells was detected by MTT assay[11]. Cells were plated in a 96-well plate (5 × 103 cells/well) for 24 h, and then treated with different concentrations of acetylshikonin (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 mg/L). Tetrazolium dye, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma; 5 mg/mL in PBS) was added to the medium for 4 h, and measured by spectrophotometry after 15 min at room temperature. Optical density (OD) which reflects the viable cell population in each well was determined.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and cell morphology assessment
For apoptosis studies, cells were plated on glass cover slips. Samples were assessed 24 h after plated for the detection of TUNEL-positivity (brown cellular nuclei appeared) using an in situ cell death detection kit (Roche Diagnostic Corp., USA). Apoptotic rates of cells were also determined with Hoechst staining and cells showing condensed chromatin were defined as apoptotic[12]. Percentage of apoptotic cells in each sample was counted under microscope and averaged over 10 fields (80-100 cells each).
Flow cytometry
Cells were harvested and pelleted at 1000 × g for 5 min, then fixed in 70% ethanol and washed with cold PBS. After suspended in 1 mL propidium, iodide solution (50 mg/mL), 0.1% (w/v) sodium citrate, and 0.1% Triton X-100. Cells were incubated at 4℃ in the dark for at least 15 min and analyzed with a flow cytometer (FACS, Beckman Coulter, USA) to determine the number of cells at each cell cycle and cell apoptosis rate as previously described[11].
Western blot analysis
Expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax) was analyzed by Western blotting as previously described[11]. In brief, the cells were lysed in a lysis buffer at 4℃ by sonication. Lysates were centrifuged at 15 000 r/min for 15 min at 4℃. Proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose filters and incubated with antibodies against Bcl-2, Bax and actin, respectively. The membrane, were incubated with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies, and detected with an enhanced chemiluminescence reagent.
Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA
Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was semi-quantitatively detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA was isolated from the cells using the TRIzol reagent (Gibco) and reverse transcribed with the SuperScript first-strand synthesis system (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sequences of the primers used for RT-PCR are listed in Table 1. PCR for Bcl-2 was performed at 94℃ for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles at 94℃ for 30 s, at 70℃ for 30 s, at 72℃ for 45 s and a final extension at 72℃ for 7 min. PCR for Bax was performed at 95℃ for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles at 95℃ for 30 s, at 57℃ for 30 s, at 72℃ for 1 min, and a final extension at 72℃ for 7 min. PCR products were separated on 10 g/L agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and observed under ultraviolet light.
In vivo anti-tumor activity
Seven-week old male nude mice (supplied by Experimental Animal Center, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, China) were inoculated subcutaneously with transplanted human SGC-7901 gastric carcinoma cell line (5 × 106 cells per mouse). Tumors were allowed to develop to about 75 mm × 75 mm × 75 mm. Thirty mice were randomized into 6 groups (n = 5). Mice in 3 acetylshikonin treatment groups received 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg acetylshikonin suspended in castor oil; mice in the castor oil group received an equal volume of castor oil; mice in control group received an equal volume of normal saline (NS), once a day for 15 consecutive days. Mice in the positive control group received cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg) only on the first day. The animals were sacrificed and their tumors removed and weighed immediately. Tumor inhibitory rate was calculated according to the following formula: tumor inhibitory rate (%) = 1-(Wtreated/Wcontrol) × 100%[11].
Immunohistochemical staining
Thirty tumor tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Tumor tissue was cut into 4-mm thick sections. The sections were stained as previously described[13]. Expressions of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase 3 were observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope. Photos were taken and analyzed by Image pro plus, and the integrated optical density (IOD) was calculated.
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Effect of acetylshikonin on the growth of SGC-7901 cells in vitro
The SGC-7901 cells were treated with various concentrations of acetylshikonin for 48 h and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Acetylshikonin inhibited the growth of gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1). Cell growth was suppressed by 33.7%, 39.3% and 45.5% 48 h after treatment with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/L acetylshikonin, respectively. The inhibitory rate of 3.2 mg/L acetylshikonin for tumor cell growth was over 90%. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of acetylshikonin for SGC-7901 cells was 0.428 mg/L.
Acetylshikonin induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells
Twenty-four hours after exposure to acetylshikonin, SGC-7901 cells began to show morphologic features of apoptosis and some cells rounded up off the plate, exhibiting a smaller and circular shape. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the number of cells was different at the G2/M phase after exposure to 0.2 and 0.4 mg/L acetylshikonin, but significantly decreased at the G2/M phase after exposure to 0.8 mg/L acetylshikonin. Hoechst assay showed nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation and perinuclear apoptotic bodies after treatment with 0.2 mg/L acetylshikonin, indicating that acetylshikonin induces apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner (Table 2).
Acetylshikonin regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins
Western blot assay showed that acetylshikonin could induce or inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. Twenty-four hours after treatment with indicated concentrations of acetylshikonin, the expression of Bax was markedly increased, while that of Bcl-2 had a trend to decrease. The Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio was also elevated remarkably. The expression of actin remained unchanged (Figure 2).
Acetylshikonin regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA
The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was semi-quantitatively detected with b-actin as an internal standard. Acetylshikonin inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 in SGC-7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the expression of Bax mRNA increased with the concentration of acetylshikonin used (Figure 3).
Effect of acetylshikonin on inoculated tumors in mice
To determine whether acetylshikonin inhibits tumor growth in vivo, an equal number of SGC-7901 cells were injected into the right flanks of nude mice. Tumor growth was notably inhibited in mice after treatment with acetylshikonin (Figure 4). The inhibitory rate of tumor growth in 3 acetylshikonin groups and cyclophosphamide group was 55.76%, 39.42%, 25.00% and 58.65%, respectively. In addition, no toxicity judged by parallel monitoring of body weight was observed in acetylshikonin-treated mice. Immunohistochemistry data showed that the IOD value for Bcl-2 was 19.26 ± 2.15 in the negative control group and 11.59 ± 1.04 in the 2 mg/kg acetylshikonin group (Figure 5). However, the expression of Bax and Caspase 3 was markedly higher in 3 acetylshikonin groups than in negative control group.
Shikonin, isolated from roots of the medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold Zucc[14], is a Chinese herbal medicine with various biological activities, including anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and wound-healing activities[15-17]. However, its toxicity has limited it as a therapeutic agent[14,17]. Acetylshikonin, one of the shikonin derivatives, has been shown to possess anti-cancer activity[9,10] with less toxicity[18], which has made acetylshikonin a promising anti-tumor agent. However, its effects on gastric cancer cells have not been reported.
In the present study, acetylshikonin suppressed the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in a SGC-7901 tumor xenograft model of nude mice. Generally, tumorigenesis and tumor progression are strongly associated with abnormal apoptosis. It has been shown that shikonin and its derivatives induce apoptosis of tumor cells[16,19,20]. Our data demonstrate that acetylshikonin could also induce apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells with typical apoptotic alterations, including morphological changes and positive TUNEL assay, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic sub-G1 peak.
Apoptosis is a complex process regulated by a variety of factors[21,22]. Members of the Bcl-2 family are the important regulators in the apoptotic pathway with individual members that promote or suppress apoptosis. As an anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 confers a negative control in the pathway of cellular suicide machinery, whereas Bax, a Bcl-2-homologous protein, promotes cell death by competing with Bcl-2[23,24]. To explore whether apoptosis-related genes contribute to the inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on SGC-7901 cells, the relative Bcl-2 and Bax expression levels induced by acetylshikonin were determined in this study. We found that acetylshikonin decreased the Bcl-2 expression while increased the Bax expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, acetylshikonin up-regulated the expression level of Caspase 3 in vivo. Taken together, the reduced Bcl-2/Bax ratio, activating Caspases and cell apoptosis ultimately[24], might serve as a mechanism of acetylshikonin underlying apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells.
In conclusion, acetylshikonin has significant antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells involved in down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and up-regulation of Bax expression. Acetylshikonin can be used as a potent and selective agent in the treatment of human gastric adenocarcinoma.
Patients with gastric cancer have certain clinical responses to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, but they cannot tolerate it. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to explore drugs capable of preventing and treating gastric cancer and other malignancies.
Research frontiers
Previous studies on shikonin, a chemical derived from a Chinese medicinal herb, have shown that shikonin has anti-tumor effects although it is toxic. Acetylshikonin, an acetyl derivative, has less toxicity and suppresses the growth of sarcomas. However, little is known about its effect on gastric cancer in vitro, especially in vivo.
Innovations and breakthroughs
The study demonstrated that acetylshikonin could exert significant effects on SGC-7901 cells both in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis.
Acetylshikonin can be used as a potent and selective agent in treatment of human gastric adenocarcinoma.
Apoptosis: A type of cell death, in which cells use a specialized cellular machinery to kill themselves, as well as a cell suicide mechanism enabling metazoans to control the cell number and eliminate them.
Peer review
The study analyzed the effect of acetylshikonin, derived from a Chinese medicinal herb, on gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 in vivo, which is an interesting finding.
1 Scripture CD, Figg WD. Drug interactions in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6: 546-558 PubMed DOI
2 Sun X, Mu R, Zhou Y, Dai X, Qiao Y, Zhang S, Huang X, Sun J, Li L, Lu F. 1990-1992 mortality of stomach cancer in
China. Zhonghua Zhongliu Zazhi 2002; 24: 4-8
3 Lu JB, Sun XB, Dai DX, Zhu SK, Chang QL, Liu SZ, Duan WJ. Epidemiology of gastroenterologic cancer in Henan
Province, China. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 2400-2403 PubMed
4 Macdonald JS. Clinical overview: adjuvant therapy of gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 54
Suppl 1: S4-11 PubMed
5 Yu W, Kim HS, Choi GS, Suh IS. Perigastric lymph nodes with metastasis in gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology
1999; 46: 2658-2661 PubMed
6 Morse MA, Stoner GD. Cancer chemoprevention: principles and prospects. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 1737-1746
7 Lu PJ, Yang C, Lin CN, Li CF, Chu CC, Wang JJ, Chen JY. Shiunko and acetylshikonin promote reepithelialization,
angiogenesis, and granulation tissue formation in wounded skin. Am J Chin Med 2008; 36: 115-123 PubMed DOI
8 Wang JP, Tsao LT, Raung SL, Hsu MF, Kuo SC. Investigation of the inhibition by acetylshikonin of the respiratory burst in
rat neutrophils. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 121: 409-416 PubMed DOI
9 Pietrosiuk A, Furmanowa M, Skopińiska-Rózewska E, Sommer E, Skurzak H, Bany J. The effect of acetylshikonin
isolated from Lithospermum canescens roots on tumor-induced cutaneous angiogenesis. Acta Pol Pharm 2004; 61: 379-
382 PubMed
10 Zeng Y, Luo G, Yang W, Zhou L. Inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin injection on mouse S180 sarcoma. Zhongyao Yaoli Yu
Linchuang 2008; 24: 22-23
11 Luo G, Guan X, Zhou L. Apoptotic effect of citrus fruit extract nobiletin on lung cancer cell line A549 in vitro and in vivo.
Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7: 966-973 PubMed
12 Qu ZH, Zhang XL, Tang TT, Dai KR. Promotion of osteogenesis through beta-catenin signaling by desferrioxamine.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370: 332-337 PubMed DOI
13 Zeng Y, Luo G, Yang W, Zhou L, Xie H. Antitumor effect and mechanism of AKT injection. Sichuan Daxue Xuebao
(Medical Science Edition) 2008; 39: 500-502
14 Chen X, Yang L, Oppenheim JJ, Howard MZ. Cellular pharmacology studies of shikonin derivatives. Phytother Res 2002;
15 Chen X, Yang L, Zhang N, Turpin JA, Buckheit RW, Osterling C, Oppenheim JJ, Howard OM. Shikonin, a component of
chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2810-2816 PubMed DOI
16 Wu Z, Wu L, Li L, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T. p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by shikonin via
a caspase-9-dependent mechanism in human malignant melanoma A375-S2 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 94: 166-176
17 Yang F, Chen Y, Duan W, Zhang C, Zhu H, Ding J. SH-7, a new synthesized shikonin derivative, exerting its potent
antitumor activities as a topoisomerase inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1184-1193 PubMed DOI
18 Papageorgiou VP, Assimopoulou AN, Couladouros EA, Hepworth D, Nicolaou KC. The chemistry and biology of alkannin,
shikonin, and related naphtazarin natural products. Angew Chem Int Edit 1999; 38: 270-300 DOI
19 Liu J, Zhou W, Li SS, Sun Z, Lin B, Lang YY, He JY, Cao X, Yan T, Wang L, Lu J, Han YH, Cao Y, Zhang XK, Zeng JZ.
Modulation of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77-mediated apoptotic pathway by acetylshikonin and analogues. Cancer Res
2008; 68: 8871-8880 PubMed DOI
20 Mao X, Yu CR, Li WH, Li WX. Induction of apoptosis by shikonin through a ROS/JNK-mediated process in Bcr/Abl-positive
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. Cell Res 2008; 18: 879-888 PubMed DOI
21 Adams JM, Cory S. The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival. Science 1998; 281: 1322-1326 PubMed DOI
22 Fan XQ, Guo YJ. Apoptosis in oncology. Cell Res 2001; 11: 1-7 PubMed DOI
23 Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates
programmed cell death. Cell 1993; 74: 609-619 PubMed DOI
24 Williams GT, Smith CA. Molecular regulation of apoptosis: genetic controls on cell death. Cell 1993; 74: 777-779
S- Editor Tian L L- Editor Wang XL E- Editor Lin YP


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What Cuddling Says About You
Should You Spring for Pet Insurance?
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Dating After Divorce: Know Who You Are First
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Look Good and Pay Rent: 8 Trendy Fashion Sites for Girls on a Budget
10 Careers For People Who Love To Travel
7 Things Women Should NEVER Do After A Divorce


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|Home > Cooking > Countertop Cooking Appliances > Electric Griddles & Skillets > Swissmar Rectangular Raclette for 8 > Swissmar Raclette Recipes
Swissmar Raclette Recipes
Cooking at the table - a convivial dining experience.
Even if modern raclette has little in common with the Swiss original, the most important aspect survives: the coziness and leisure of sitting around the table together while grilling and cooking your food.
Raclette recipes consist of melted cheese and a combination of fruits, vegetables, meats, and/or seafood. Here are some great recipes that will help your Raclette party get sarted:
As in any cooking, use the best and freshest ingredients available.
Traditional Swiss Raclette
Serves 8
Classic or traditional raclette is a simple meal that can be enjoyed by all. Invite family and friends to discover the unique taste of Switzerland.
- 2 lbs (1 kg) small new potatoes
- 1 1/2 lbs (800 g) Swiss raclette cheese, cut into slices
- Side dishes:
- A selection of dried meats, proscuitto, parma ham, etc.
- Baguettees, Gherkins, pickled onions, fresh pepper
- Wash the potatoes and boil them in their skin until cooked.
- Place the potatoes, cheese and all the side dishes on the table.
- Place a slice of cheese into raclette dish and place under the grill to melt.
- When the cheese has melted scrape onto potatoes, gherkins and pickled onions.
- Grind fresh pepper on top and enjoy with dried meats and baguette.
Back to top
Olive-Tomato Polenta
Serves 4; prep time: 25 min.; cooking time: 10 min.
- 2 lbs. green asparagus
- 3/4 cup dried tomatoes in oil (4 1/2 oz.)
- 3 tbs. bread crumbs
- 3 1/2 oz. freshly grated Parmesan cheese
- 1 lb. boiled potatoes
- Salt & pepper
- Bring salted water to a boil. Rinse asparagus, peel bottom third, and cut off woody ends. Boil in salted water for 3 minutes, rinse under cold water and drain well.
- Drain tomatoes, setting aside the oil. Cut asparagus on an angle into pieces 1 inch long and mix carefully with tomatoes and oil.
- Combine bread crumbs and Parmesan. Slice potatoes, distribute in cooking trays, and season with salt and pepper. Top with asparagus, tomatoes, and cheese-bread crumb mixture. Cook under the heating element for 8-10 minutes.
Zucchini Blossom Rounds
Serves 4; prep time: 30 min.; cooking time: 7min.
- 4 zucchini blossoms attached to zucchini
- 3 1/2 oz. shiitake mushrooms (may substitute white mushrooms)
- 1 shallot
- 1 clove garlic
- 2 tsps fresh thyme leaves (may substitute 1/2 tsp. dried thyme)
- 1 1/2 tbs. butter
- 7 oz. Feta cheese
- Salt & pepper
- Remove blossoms from zucchini and rinse zucchini. Clean mushrooms, wipe with a damp cloth, and dice zucchini and mushrooms very finely.
- Peel shallot and garlic, mince, and braise in butter for several minutes along with zucchini, mushrooms, and thyme.
- Crumble cheese finely and stir into vegetables. Season to taste with salt and pepper.
- Carefully open zucchini blossoms and remove stamens. Fill blossoms with vegetable-cheese mixture, but don't fill them too much because the blossoms must have a slender shape. Gently press petals onto the filling on all sides. Place blossoms on a work surface and, using a sharp knife, cut crosswise into 1/3" thick slices.
- Place zucchini blossom rounds in the cooking trays and cook under the heating element for 5-7 minutes until golden brown.
Mortadella Melt
Serves 4; prep time: 45 min; cooking time: 10 min.
- 1 lb. small, firm potatoes
- 1lb mortadella sliced 1/3" thick
- 1/3 cup packaged fried onions
- 2 1/2 tbs. butter
- Freshly grated nutmeg
- Salt & pepper
- 10 oz sliced Emmenthaler cheese
- Rinse potatoes and boil with the peels on in salted water for 20 minutes. In the meantime, cut mortadella into 1/3" cubes and mix with fried onions.
- Drain potatoes, rinse under cool water, and let cool slightly. Then peel and cut in half lengthwise and crosswise. Melt butter, season with nutmeg, and mix with potatoes. Season with salt and pepper.
- Distribute potatoes and mortadella in raclette dishes and cover with Emmenthaler. Cook under heating element for 8-10 minutes.
Chinese Cabbage and Ham
Serves 4; prep time: 20 min.; cooking time: 10 min.
- 1 cup frozen peas
- 10 oz. Chinese cabbage
- 9 oz. cooked ham in 1/4" thick slices
- 1 medium tomato, peeled, quartered, and seeded
- Salt & pepper
- 10 oz. Monterey pepper jack cheese
- Cook peas in boiling water for 1 minutes, pour into a colander, rinse under cold water and drain well. Remove outer leaves from Chinese cabbage. Cut head in half lengthwise and then into strips the width of a finger.
- Dice ham and tomatoes, mix with Chinese cabbage and peas, and season generously with salt and pepper. Cut cheese to fit cooking trays.
- Distribute Chinese cabbage mixture in raclette dishes and top with cheese. Cook under the heating element for 8-10 minutes.
Back to top
Mango Shrimp
Serves 4
- 2 tsps green peppercorns
- 10 oz. frozen shrimp, thawed and drained
- 3 tbs. Oil
- 2 tbs. Lemon juice
- 1 small mango
- Salt
- Sugar
- 1/4 cup sliced almonds
- Crush peppercorns. Combine shrimp, peppercorns, oil, and lemon juice. Peel mango, cut fruit from pit, and dice finely. Add diced mango to shrimp and season mixture to taste with salt and sugar.
- Place a little shrimp-mango mixture in the raclette dishes and cook for about 8 minutes, adding sliced almonds toward the end.
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- PakistanFoodFunding via BRAC Pakistan
Shama KanwalPakistanFoodFunding via BRAC Pakistan
NaheedPakistanFoodFunding via BRAC Pakistan
Elahi Hussain's Group
Her remaining children are involved in different works. Her elder son operates a sweetmeat shop while her other three sons works in a motor workshop as mechanic. Her elder daughter helps Elahi in completing the embroider orders and generating the income for the family.
Elahi's husband is also a mechanic and runs a motor workshop where his sons help him in repairing the vehicles of customers.
Elahi has requested for a loan from Kiva partner Asasah for her son's sweetmeat business. He will invest the loan in buying of material like sugar, cooking oil, milk and dry fruits in larger quantity for making sweetmeats in better quality for selling to his customers and increasing his sales.
She is very confident that her son will make the positive use of money and expand his business further.
Additional Information
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Pakistan
295View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 13 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Apr 11, 2012
- Listed
- May 1, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Apr 17, 2013


text:
23 News mortgage expert Terry Bloom says if you're shopping for a mortgage expect to bring more cash to the table. Most lenders require you to put down at least 5% of the value of your loan. Your credit score also plays a big role. Lenders evaluate good debt like a school loan, versus bad debt like auto loans and maxed out credit cards, when making their decision. Bloom says there are a variety of ways the boost your credit score and increase your chances of getting approved.
One of the worst things borrowers can do is close credit cards once the balance is paid off, this can affect your credit score negatively.


text:
U.S. rights to Jake Rademacher's doc "Brothers at War" have been picked up by Samuel Goldwyn Films, the company announced Thursday morning. Peter Goldwyn negotiated the deal on behalf of the company with Endeavor Independent head Graham Taylor and attorney Craig Emanuel of Loeb & Loeb LLP on behalf of the producers. Goldwyn plans a March 2009 release of the film/
The film is described as an intimate portrait of an American family. "Rademacher sets out to understand the experience, sacrifice, and motivation of his two brothers serving in Iraq. The film follows Jake's exploits as he risks everything--including his life--to tell his brothers' story...Unprecedented access to U.S. and Iraqi combat units take him behind the camouflage curtain with secret reconnaissance troops on the Syrian border, into sniper "Hide Sites" in the Sunni Triangle, through raging machine gun battles with the Iraqi Army..."
"'Brothers at War' offers an up-close view of a family dynamic intimately tied to the war," commented Meyer Gottlieb, president of Samuel Goldwyn Films in a statement. "The deeply personal insights of Jake's film add even more profundity and raw honesty to an already relevant topic."


text:
Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels broke ground on a new portion of the Burke-Gilman Trail this morning, bringing the 15-mile bicycle trail...
Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels broke ground on a new portion of the Burke-Gilman Trail this morning — bringing the 15-mile bicycle trail one step closer to connecting Ballard with the University of Washington.
Construction will now begin on a one-mile section from Northwest 60th Street near Ray's Boathouse to Golden Gardens Park on Shilshole Bay that will cost $4.6 million. The project is being funded with city money, the Bridging the Gap property levy approved last year, the parks property levy and some federal money. The city expects to finish construction by the end of this year.
"Our goal is to become the No. 1 bicycling community in the country," Nickels said.
To represent the carbon emissions that would be saved if 100 people biked 10 miles instead of driving, the mayor showed off a fake 1,000-pound pile of coal at the groundbreaking at Golden Gardens.
- Seattle fifth-graders will get their camp trip, but teachers refuse to go
- Five things to watch as Seahawks begin OTAs Monday
- What the national media are saying about Robinson Cano and the Mariners' hot start to the season
- Man arrested in attack on Metro bus driver
- Chicken recipes: some new, some old, all delicious
Most Read Stories
"Each 10-mile trip saves 11 pounds of carbon dioxide," Nickels said.
The prop came from Seattle Opera, which is using it on a Wagner opera set.
The city still needs to connect the trail, which is being designed, between 11th Avenue Northwest to the Ballard Locks. The city's Department of Transportation expects to finish that $2 million design next year.
The Burke-Gilman Trail now runs from Kenmore to Eighth Avenue Northwest.
Sharon Pian Chan: 206-464-2958 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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Royalty Free Music Unique To Your Project - Every Time
Royalty Free Music — Science & Travel
Browse Keywords:
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Royalty Free Science & Travel MusicScience Sub-Production Types: Background Corporate Corporate Communications Indie Film Documentary Training Product Videos Short Film Action-Drama Spoken Word/Narration MORE »
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The following tracks match: Travel, Science
Travel Through SpaceStrings soar over this epic orchestral piece, destined for scenes of discovery and wonderment.Single?$ ?7100035-EX$ 59.957100035-W$ 149.95Production Types: Cinematic, Documentary, Nature, Film Trailer, Travel, Epic, Action-Drama, Science Genre: Orchestral Emotions: Exciting, Inspirational, Confident, Dignified, Dramatic, Fierce, Heartwarming, Heroic, Inspiring, Majestic, Panoramic, Passionate, Solemn, Touching, Triumphant, Drama, Hopeful, Emotional, Poignant Instrument: Orchestra, Brass, Harp, Piano, Strings, Instrumental
Travel Through Space from the album Musical Menagerie
Circles-JTDreamy Piano and ethereal pads and pulsating bass makes this track very relaxing and connected to nature. It will bring a good dose of sunshine and marvel to any scene featuring the majesty of nature.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATCOE_200.jpgSingle69202-ST$ 39.9569202-EX$ 59.9569202-W$ 149.95Production Types: Commercials, Corporate, Documentary, Nature, Travel, Science, Background Genre: Corporate/Technology, New Age, Electronica, Easy-Listening/New Age Emotions: Uplifting, Atmospheric, Calm, Ethereal, Light, Motivating, Refreshing, Serene, Soothing, Ambient, Hopeful Instrument: Piano, Synthesizer, New Age Ensemble, Instrumental
Circles-JT from the album Core Evolution
Terra FirmaPercussive drums and an array of instruments make this raw, foreign track ideal for any romantic scene or inventive, gearing up montage.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATIFF_200.jpgSingle68410-ST$ 39.9568410-EX$ 59.9568410-W$ 149.95Production Types: Commercials, Indie Film, Travel, Science Genre: Traditional, World Emotions: Driving, Energetic, Hypnotic, Investigative Instrument: Oud, Piano, Strings, Violin, Instrumental
Terra Firma from the album Indie Film Fest
Dance ExpanseUpbeat and groovy, this track will surely get the corporate meeting motivated. Features acoustic guitar and keys.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATPGR_200.jpgSingle68303-ST$ 39.9568303-EX$ 59.9568303-W$ 149.95Production Types: Corporate, Travel, Corporate Communications, Product Videos, Science Genre: Corporate/Technology Emotions: Positive, Uplifting, Cheerful, Motivating, Hopeful Instrument: Guitar (Acoustic), Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar
Dance Expanse from the album Progress
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- Differential Diagnosis
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Differential Diagnosis For Patient/Rheumatic valvular heart disease
Available only to registered users.
- Suggest
- 9 possible diagnoses found
- Infectious Disorders (Specific Agent)
- Bacterial endocarditis, subacute
- Bacterial endocarditis/acute
- Infected organ, Abscesses
- Endocarditis, right heart
- Allergic, Collagen, Auto-Immune Disorders
- Rheumatic carditis, active
- Rheumatic fever
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Rheumatic valvulitis
- Congenital, Developmental Disorders
- Tricuspid valve, stenosis
- Vegetative, Autonomic, Endocrine Disorders
- Atrial fibrillation
- Synonyms
- Cardiac valve disease, cardiac valve disorder, Cardiac valve disorders, CARDIAC VALVULAR DISEASE, Cardiac valvulopathy, disease (or disorder) valve, Disease Heart Valve, Disease Valvular Heart, Diseases Heart Valve, Diseases Valvular Heart, Disorder of heart valve, Heart Disease Valvular, Heart Diseases Valvular, HEART VALVE DIS, Heart Valve Disease, Heart Valve Diseases, heart valve disorder, Heart valve disorder (disorder), Heart valve disorders, Patient, Valve Disease Heart, Valve Diseases Heart, Valvular Heart Disease, Valvular heart disease (disorder), Valvular heart disease or syndrome, Valvular Heart Diseases, Valvular Heart Diseases and Syndromes
- External Links Related to Patient/Rheumatic valvular heart disease
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- NEJM (The New England Journal of Medicine)


text:
Autobiography and Biography
On Tuesday, January 26, 2010, the University of Mary Washington invites the public to a free lecture on Thomas Jefferson.
Nine months before Rosa Parks made history, a fifteen-year-old girl was arrested for refusing to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Claudette Colvin was well aware of the convoluted rules about where blacks could sit on the city buses, but on this day she decided not to obey the bus driver's command to give up her seat. She was arrested and eventually convicted of assault and violating the segregation law.
Deemed too emotional to become the public face of the civil rights cause, Colvin has been a footnote to history for the last fifty years. But that has changed with the publication of Philip Hoose's "Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice," winner of this year's National Book Award for Young People's Literature.
Seems as though every time there is an incident like the recent tragedy at Fort Hood, Clint Van Zandt turns up on TV, offering insight into what has happened and how to understand it. Van Zandt is well known for having been, for many years an FBI major crimes analyst, "profiler" and hostage negotiator. You may not know that he is today the president of a local business, Van Zandt Associates – an international risk and threat management consulting firm.
Mr. Safire had no college degree, yet he went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1978 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2006. Already in his forties when he joined the NYT staff, Safire had previously worked as a U.S. Army correspondant, as a publicist, and as a radio & television producer. He also wrote speeches for Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew and was outraged to discover that Nixon's administration had been secretly taping his phone conversations.
October 2009 marks the 150th anniversary of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.
By Sarah Amick, CRRL Intern
Shel Silverstein was a unique writer with many artistic talents. While generally best known for his poetry and literature for children, he was also a cartoonist, composer, lyricist, and folksinger. He was born Sheldon Allan Silverstein on September 25, 1930, in Chicago, Illinois. In the preface to her book entitled Shel Silverstein, Ruth K. MacDonald writes, "Shel Silverstein is admittedly not a great technical poet; he will not be remembered for the advances he has made in the rhyme, meter, diction, or form of his poetry, which children have come to love so much. What he has accomplished is bringing poetry-- perhaps more accurately described as light verse-- to children who would otherwise avoid it." I believe that Silverstein had made a huge impact on children's literature, and his poetry has undoubtedly influenced children of all ages.
When Frank McCourt passed last month, he left behind memoirs filled with anguish, love, and dark merriment. Personal experiences are what this Irish-American author took and shaped into works of sorrowful beauty.
"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."
Born August 5, 1930, Neil Armstrong has been an aviator, test pilot, and university professor. And, on July 21, 1969, he became the first man to walk on the moon. In the days before the Internet or cable television, people around the world gathered around their sets to watch history being made.
Mildred Taylor writes from the experiences of her own life and the tales told by her loving relatives. Her stories have won many awards including the Newbery Medal and the Coretta Scott King Award. Mildred was born in Mississippi on September 14, 1943. The hatred and prejudice all around made her family decide to move north when she was just a few weeks old. In the North, there was less prejudice and better opportunities for the Taylor family.
Peter Sis grew up in Czechoslovakia when the country was still a satellite of the Soviet Union. He remembers not having enough paper for drawing and only one kind of ink. Once a teacher caught him sketching in his notebook at school. She made him write over every page. In Czechoslovakia, there was not enough of anything, and drawing in a notebook was considered to be very wasteful. There were other sad things about living behind the Iron Curtain. The government controlled what could be said in public and written in books, especially if what was written criticized the people in charge.


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Ask Eddie Goitia, co-owner of Monti's La Casa Vieja restaurant in Tempe, what he finds most rewarding about his 12-year membership in the Tempe Diablos and he'll say, hands down, it's his involvement with the organization's scholarship endowment program at Arizona State University.
The Tempe Diablos established the endowment about 20 years ago. Today, it helps 30 new students from Tempe area high schools each year achieve their dreams of higher education at ASU. Each student is awarded $8,000 over four years. For many, it is the only reason they are able to attend college.
"With the cost of education increasing, these scholarship dollars are more important than ever," says Goitia. "There are so many amazing young people in our scholarship program, and it's such an honor to watch them grow up in their four years at ASU. By the time they graduate, they are prepared to make their own positive change right here in the Tempe community. Knowing that we had a small part in that is truly rewarding."
In addition to his connection with the scholarship endowment program, Goitia's own relationship with ASU is a personal one that started generations ago. Both his parents are ASU alumni. He and his three siblings grew up in Tempe and all graduated from ASU — Goitia earned a business degree in 1985.
"I have two children, and although they're not college-age yet, we're really hoping they choose ASU," says Goitia. "We've raised them around maroon and gold, and the university has touched many aspects of their lives…just like it has mine."
For Goitia, being involved with the Tempe Diablos Scholarship Endowment is a perfect fit that unites his passion for Tempe with his passion for ASU. And it pays big dividends for the young people it serves, as well as the community as a whole.
"One of the greatest things we can invest in is our future," Goitia says. "Societies will be judged by how well they educate their young people, and the returns on investing in education are phenomenal. The single biggest portion of the Tempe Diablos budget is dedicated to our scholarship endowment, and I hope to see it continue for generations to come."
The ASU Foundation for A New American University is a private, nonprofit organization that raises and invests private contributions to Arizona State
University, while advocating
for and advancing this transformative university's mission
and brand. Learn more about the ASU Foundation's role in advancing ASU as a New American University.
300 E. University Drive
Tempe, AZ 85281-2033
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 2260
Tempe, AZ 85280-2260


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University Catalog
Winter/Spring/Summer 2015-2016Catalog update: October 16, 2015
Access archived catalogs in the Catalog Archive section.
Students are required to follow the Academic Handbook and Code of Student Responsibility
Both complainants and referred students have the right to request an appeal on specified grounds. The reason for an appeal is to guarantee that the situation has been resolved through a fundamentally fair hearing in accordance with established policies and procedures.A complainant and referred student may only request to appeal the determination or sanction on the following three grounds:
In order to request an appeal, the complainant and/or referred student must submit a written request for appeal to the designated office within five business days of being notified of the initial decision. Complainants and referred students will be notified at the conclusion of a hearing who is the designated University representative to submit their request for an appeal. Typically, requests for appeals from University Board Hearings will be submitted to the Dean of Students, while requests for appeals from Administrative Hearings will be submitted to the supervisor of the Administrative Hearing Officer. The individual designated to review the appeal request may decide that the sanctions imposed should be suspended pending the outcome of the appeal. Complainant and Referred students should understand, however, that, unless otherwise stipulated, sanctions are considered in effect once a hearing is completed, regardless of whether an appeal is requested.The individual designated to review the request for an appeal will make a determination that:
The designated reviewer will take reasonable measures to notify the complainant and/or referred students of the appeal determination within five business days of when the University receives the request for an appeal. However, the University reserves the right to extend this time limit, in its sole discretion, in order to ensure a proper review of all relevant material.If a request for an appeal is granted, then the individual designated to review the request for an appeal will determine whether the matter can be resolved without a new hearing (for example, modification of sanctions so that they are not fundamentally unfair or inappropriate) or whether new hearing is necessary. If a new hearing is necessary, the University will determine whether this hearing will be an Administrative Hearing or a University Board Hearing. All hearings that take place after an appeal has been granted will proceed in accordance with established procedures for Administrative Hearings and University Board Hearings.All decisions regarding whether an appeal request will be granted are final. If the request for an appeal is denied, then all sanctions imposed will remain in effect.
© 2001-2014 DePaul University | Disclaimer | Contact Us | Emergency Plan Editor Login


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PORTLAND, Maine (AP) -- A gun collector who introduced several weapons into sexual play with two other men contended the weapons were intended to fulfill a sexual fantasy. Instead, a lethal combination of drugs, extreme sex and Russian roulette put him on trial for manslaughter.
Both the defense and prosecutors said there was no intention to kill. But prosecutors said defendant Bruce Lavallee-Davidson, a farmer from Skowhegan, was responsible for ensuring his gun wasn't loaded when it was being handled. He was convicted Wednesday and faces at least four years in prison.
The trial shed light on a dungeon in Wilson's South Portland home that was filled with sexual toys that three men used as a drug-fueled escape from reality.
Assistant Attorney General Lisa Marchese said the focus should be on the handling of the gun - not the sexual acts that were going on in the victim's basement. The victim, Fred Wilson, 50, of South Portland, died of a single gunshot wound to the head on April 18, 2009.
"You just don't hold a gun to someone's head and pull the trigger without making sure it's not loaded. And at the moment he pulled the trigger, he didn't know," she said.
Defense lawyer Tom Hallett told jurors the men had been using guns as part of their sexual play and that the victim was a thrill seeker who may have slipped a bullet into the .44-caliber Rossi revolver unbeknownst to Lavallee-Davidson, who'd previously checked to make sure the gun was unloaded.
Jurors deliberated less than an hour before returning their guilty verdict in Cumberland County Superior Court. Manslaughter carries a maximum sentence of 30 years in state prison in Maine. Because a gun was involved, the minimum sentence is four years, Marchese said.
The bespectacled Lavallee-Davidson, with short gray hair and a goatee and dressed in a sport coat, gave the appearance of a college professor in the courtroom. He showed no visible reaction to the verdict, and left without speaking to reporters. Hallett said the outcome was "devastating" for him.
The fatal shooting happened after Wilson, Lavallee-Davidson and a third man had been smoking pot, consuming the party drug GBL, huffing aerosol inhalants and having sex over a 12-hour period in the basement of Wilson's Colonial home in a middle-class neighborhood two blocks from the ocean.


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- MexicoHousingFunding via Kubo.financiero
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Translated from Spanish by a Kiva volunteer.
"Me preocupa mucho la seguridad de mi familia ya que en la colonia en donde vivimos habitan también muchos pandilleros y hay muchos robos, me gustaría poner rejas alrededor de mi casa antes de que se puedan meter o suceda algo lamentable". Solicito 1,000.00 dlls para la instalación de rejas en mi casa.
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AUGUSTA, Ga. - Entered into rest Tuesday, November 12, 2002, at the Medical College of Georgia, Mr. Jimmy Roger Bradley of Alabama Road. Funeral service will be held Tuesday, November 19, 2002, at 1 p.m., at Bibleway Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ with Bishop Sylvester Norwood officiating. Burial will be in Givens Grove Baptist Church Cemetery, Girard. Williams Funeral Home, 1765 Martin Luther King Jr., Blvd.
The Augusta Chronicle November 18, 2002
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INDIANAPOLIS -- Minnesota is playing defense with the purpose of a team that needs a good week here to make the field of 65. Penn State came out looking ready for the offseason, though the Nittany Lions picked things up toward the end of the half.
Quick halftime thoughts:
Penn State arguably came in as the hotter team, but Minnesota was the aggressor from the start, jumping out to a 7-0 lead. Penn State's greatest strength -- aside from star guard Talor Battle -- is its length, but Minnesota is even longer and has shown it so far. Gophers senior forward Damian Johnson, who was snubbed from the All-Big Ten Defensive team earlier in the week, has been tremendous with nine points and two rebounds in the first half.
Battle has been relatively quiet for Penn State (4 points, 2 assists), but sophomore guard Chris Babb is providing a big lift. Babb engineered a 5-0 run to end the half all by himself and has eight points. Penn State is at its best when Battle gets help from his supporting cast. Babb has provided some so far, but other players like David Jackson and Jeff Brooks need to become more involved.
Speaking of involved, Minnesota's starting guards Lawrence Westbrook and Blake Hoffarber were virtually invisible in the first half. They were a combined 0-for-4 from the field for no points. Westbrook and Hoffarber combine to average 23.6 points a game, so they really need to pick things up after the half. Fortunately for them, point guard Devoe Joseph stepped up with 10 first-half points on 4 of 7 shooting.


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Home > Lifestyle > Features
Saturday, 26 April 2014 | MYT 1:50 PM
by will dunham
Four unique insects have been found deep inside Brazil's caves where the female has a 'penis' that she inserts into the male's 'vagina' during their 40 to 70-hour mating session.
Scientists have discovered four insect species in Brazil that dwell in extremely dry caves, feed on bat guano, and possess what researchers call an 'evolutionary novelty'. The female has an elaborate, penis-like organ while the male has a vagina-like opening into which a female inserts her 'penis' during mating, which can last 40 to 70 hours, the scientists reported in the journal Current Biology.
Researchers say these attributes make the four species of the insect genus Neotrogla unique in the world. "Evolution of novelties like a female penis is exceptionally rare. That's why I was really surprised to see the structure," says entomologist Kazunori Yoshizawa of Japan's Hokkaido University. Yoshizawa says that although sex-role reversal has been documented in different types of animals, these insects are the sole example in which the "intromittent organ" – the penis – is reversed.
Neotrogla insects are small, betwen 2.7mm and 3.7mm in length. Superficially, they look like flies, with nothing particularly unusual about their appearance aside from their genital structures. Scientists are calling the female penis structure a gynosome. During mating, she inserts it into a male and receives sperm. Once inserted, part of the gynosome inflates and spines internally anchor the insects together.
Yoshizawa says Neotrogla females can hold their mates coercively using gynosome. "Because the female anchoring force is very strong, a male's strong resistance may cause damage to his genitalia. Therefore, it is very likely that entire mating processes are controlled actively by females, whereas males are rather passive," he says.
One of the reasons for this evolutionary quirk is attributed to the lack of food in the caves. Scientists have observed the Neotrogla female consume the seminal fluids produced by a male, which are highly nutritious – this also explains for the length of the copulation. Subsequently, the female preference for this trait in males led to the evolution of Neotrogla males without penises.
A Brazilian researcher studying cave ecosystems initially came across the insects, first described in a 2010 paper. He then enlisted an insect expert to examine the previously unknown bugs. It was then that the unique attribute of the female Neotrogla was discovered, leading to the current study.
Yoshizawa cites other unusual examples of sex organs among animals, including female seahorses that use an organ to deposit eggs within a male's brood pouch, and a kind of mite whose females have a long genital tube. There's also the female spotted hyena that has an extended clitoris shaped like a penis and can achieve a bigger erection than her mates.
By the definition of female – an organism that produces egg cells that are larger than the sperm cells produced by males – "even with the penis-like intromittent organ, females of Neotrogla are still female," Yoshizawa says. "Females of Neotrogla likely represent the most 'macho' females among animals discovered to date." – Reuters
Tags / Keywords:
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Kazunori Yoshizawa
Humans are losing healthy bacteria to modern lifestyles: study
What really happens when you crack your knuckles?
Two scientists make their case for sustainable oil palm expansion
This R2-D2 plane is a fine motivator
Shape-shifting metal alloy may one day become a robot
For a hopping great time where else but Kangaroo Island!
China's Lenovo swings to full-year loss on M&A costs
New affordable homes for S'gor
Sarawak Laksa draws a lot of attention from Singaporeans
Copyright © 1995- Star Media Group Berhad (ROC 10894D)


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Hello my name is Whitney :3
View Single Post
December 3rd, 2012 (1:39 PM).
Gym Leader Whitney
Normal Type Gym Leader
Join Date: Nov 2009
Location: Goldenrod City, Johto.
Age: 21
Gender: Female
Nature: Jolly
Posts: 20
Originally Posted by
WElcome Whitney...
Both you and your ANNOYINGLY overpowered miltank are most welcome :-)
Joking...welcome back!!...hope you have just as much fun this time around...
Finally a nice thing to say about Milky, I agree that my Miltank is a tad overpowered, but they don't call me the hardest gym leader in johto for nothing (for more info check the thread "Who Is The Hardest gym Leader In HG/SS?")
Originally Posted by
Welcome, Whitney! For a "that one boss," you're really cute. I'm also in interest of Miltank's power. Watch out for Fighting types, you're gonna need a Normal type that knows a strong Flying or Psychic move to utilize with.
Awwww, Im toched you're cute too Pinkie-Dawn :3
Also in my PO team I use a Meloetta and a Staraptor.
Thank you all for your warm welcoming, Im sure Im going to have a splendid time here :3
Gym Leader Whitney~
Hi! I'm Whitney! You can challenge me on PO, but I'm warning you--I'm good!
Gym Leader Whitney
Also Known As:
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text: Back to School < Prior Page Page 3 of 4 Next Page > No safe havens By Jerry BowyerPosted Aug. 15, 2011Back to School | Economics and finance have not escaped the onslaught of anti-Christian thought [http://worldmag.com/2011/08/no_safe_havens] Higher idols By Les SillarsPosted Aug. 15, 2011Back to School | Crazy U shows how we value college far too much and far too little [http://worldmag.com/2011/08/higher_idols] Money for nothing By Dan ReedPosted Aug. 15, 2011Back to School | Big increases in educational spending by the government have not yielded a better educational product [http://worldmag.com/2011/08/money_for_nothing] Career crisis By Dan ReedPosted Aug. 15, 2011Back to School | The job market has not been friendly to the college graduates of 2009, 2010, and 2011 [http://worldmag.com/2011/08/career_crisis] Math - tears = Khan Academy By Angela LuPosted Aug. 15, 2011Back to School | An increasingly popular online program is teaching children across the country to love a subject they once dreaded [http://worldmag.com/2011/08/math_tears_khan_academy] The Cartel By Alisa HarrisPosted Sept. 21, 2010Back to School | The state of New Jersey spends the most money per pupil and has dismal test scores to show for it. The Cartel , an education documentary by journalist Bob… [http://worldmag.com/2010/09/the_cartel] Life together By Alisa HarrisPosted Aug. 27, 2010Back to School | College-level integrated learning for the disabled helps everyone [http://worldmag.com/2010/08/life_together] Failing grade By Alisa HarrisPosted Aug. 27, 2010Back to School | When schools don't succeed, sometimes shuttering them is the only solution [http://worldmag.com/2010/08/failing_grade] Charlotte Mason's web By Alisa HarrisPosted Aug. 27, 2010Back to School | With an emphasis on big ideas, an educational philosopher from the 19th century is becoming popularized in 21st-century America [http://worldmag.com/2010/08/charlotte_mason_s_web] What money can't buy By Alisa HarrisPosted Aug. 27, 2010Back to School | Shocking facts underscoring the need for school reform are on display in two education documentaries [http://worldmag.com/2010/08/what_money_can_t_buy] How then shall we educate? By Amy HenryPosted Aug. 28, 2009Back to School | If they had not already made their choices, last month was decision time for parents throughout the United States: Public, private, or Christian schools? [http://worldmag.com/2009/08/how_then_shall_we_educate] Mysticism for kids By Lynn VincentPosted Aug. 28, 2009Back to School | Religion is making its way into the public schools-in the form of Transcendental Meditation and Kabbalah [http://worldmag.com/2009/08/mysticism_for_kids] < Prior Page Page 3 of 4 Next Page >


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How Much Does it Cost to Enclose a Porch?
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Enclosing a porch can be an exciting project for someone who wishes to add rooms and more indoor space into their home. Kitchen extensions, family rooms, and home offices are just a few of the things that can be made by enclosing a porch, whether in the back, front or side of the home. If you plan to enclose your porch, you must take into consideration many things. This can be a big project, so many people are afraid to actually go through with it. There are many factors that need to be considered before beginning the project, so make sure you do ample research and get a plan in place.
How much does it cost?
- The cost to enclose a porch depends on things such as the size, the materials used, the design, and the company you hire to complete the job. However, PreviewConstruction.com estimates that the job will cost anywhere from $5,500 to 15,000.
- If you want to enclose your porch as a sun room, you may need to prepare the site for excavation. According to ReliableRemodeler.com, you will likely spend $1,500 and $3,500 for excavating the site and pouring a new cement slab. The exact cost will depend on the complexity of the job. In addition, the windows will add to the overall cost. Vinyl framed windows (4X6 ft), in particular, might cost you anywhere from $350 and $650 per piece.
- The cost for the insulation also varies with how much is required and the insulation method you choose. However, it usually runs between $750 and $2,000.
- In the end, plan on budgeting at least $5,000 to $20,000 for a sturdy enclosed porch that extends from the back or side of the home.
What is going to be included?
- Enclosing a porch can be a stressful project if you are not familiar of the things you need to do. The process includes getting quotes from different companies that specialize in construction. Before you do so, you must have a clear picture of what your porch is going to be like. To hire the perfect contractors, it is highly recommended you use services such as HomeAdvisor.com to find quotes in your area.
- You also need to insulate the walls and ceilings depending on the structure of the room. Regardless of the design, the windows to be placed must be energy efficient. Also, these windows must complement the existing designs of windows at home.
- Once everything is constructed properly, the installation of plumbing system will follow. This is a crucial part of the process, most especially if the location of the porch is complex enough for the connection of the plumbing system at home. While optional, if you do plan on hooking up a faucet or something that requires a plumbing hookup, do not forget to factor this cost in.
- The installation of electrical wiring and fixtures will be the next thing to be taken into consideration. In order to avoid costly revisions in the future, you need to install electric lines in the necessary places in the porch.
- Interior finishing of the enclosed porch will then conclude the project. You can do this by using drywall construction, millwork, and your choice of floor patterns. Basically, all these depend on what your vision of the completed project.
What are the extra costs?
- Labor. If you opt for professional contractors to do the construction, expect to pay extra thousands of dollars. According to a forum thread on the website StarQuestClub.com, many users agreed that the labor costs can amount to almost $2,000.
- Carpentry work. Carpentry work will usually average around $40 to $70 per hour.
- Electrician work. Regardless of the type of room you are adding, you will most likely need to have functional electricity in it. Expect to pay $65 to $85 an hour for electrician work.
- Painting jobs. If you wish to paint the walls and roof of your newly constructed porch (which is recommended), hiring a painter would cost you money as well. Most of the painters' hourly rate can be around $25 to $35.
Factors that influence the price:
- The size of the porch
- Kinds of materials to be used
- Type of roofing
- Type of siding
- Number of doors, windows and substantial coverings to be included.
Tips to know:
- When enclosing a porch, it may be hard to match it to the rest of the house perfectly. However, if you carefully take design into consideration you will surely enhance the beauty of your house rather than take away from it.
- Always research and analyze the costs of the materials, labors and other essential inclusions before you sign up for any contractor. Like a home, an enclosed porch can vary in design, sizes and styles.
- If you work with a contractor, it will be very helpful if he has some material costs available so that you can select products needed for the project.
- Do not compromise your family's needs just for designs. After all, the porch enclosing is done for more important reasons and not just to add beauty to your house.
How can I save money?
- Always compare quotes and estimates from different companies. By comparing, you will know the average costs for enclosing a porch.
- If you can do the labor jobs on your own (or with the help of your family members), you would really save some cash. If you are adept at carpentry, painting and some electrical jobs, you can surely save a great deal of money.
- Consider going with a bare bones porch. Try to avoid hooking up outlets, adding plumbing or light fixtures. By doing the most basic job necessary, the costs can be kept relatively low.