text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|15 May 2001
|Filing date
|11 Feb 2000
|Priority date
|11 Feb 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ronald John Krefta, James E. Walters
|Original Assignee
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (28), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to an apparatus for determining a position of a rotating member of an electric machine, and, more particularly, to an apparatus for accurately determining the position having a pulse switching strategy.
2. Disclosure of Related Art
For conventional variable frequency induction machines (i.e., electric induction motors), it is desirable to determine incremental angular position of the rotor. The incremental position is used to control the stator electrical excitation frequency so as to maintain a desired slip frequency (i.e., the difference between the rotor speed or frequency and the applied stator excitation frequency). As known, failure to maintain the proper slip frequency will result in a loss of torque production as well as a loss in efficiency.
A number of position determining approaches are known. For example, it is known to employ a rotating, ferromagnetic target wheel and a sensor to determine position. Exemplary of this approach is seen by reference to U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,042 entitled "MAGNETORESISTIVE ENCODER FOR TRACKING THE ANGULAR POSITION OF A ROTATING FERROMAGNETIC TARGET WHEEL" issued to Schroeder et al. Schroeder et al. disclose a target wheel having a plurality of teeth, separated by slots, angularly spaced around the periphery thereof. Schroeder et al. further disclose two magnetoresistive (MR) sensors positioned adjacent the target wheel, each generating a signal with transitions between two voltage levels at the passage of the leading and trailing edges of a tooth. As applied to induction machines, it is further known to use two sensors (fixed MR or Hall effect) in quadrature (i.e., the sensors are spaced apart a distance equal to one-half tooth). The state transitions or "edges" of the sensor output signal, which correspond to the leading and trailing edges of the tooth as it passes the sensor, are counted by a controller to calculate incremental position.
As further background, it is a characteristic of induction machines to require the highest incremental position resolution at relatively low speeds, when the time between successive pulses is longest, and the acceleration rate of the machine is typically the greatest. At high rotational speeds, the time between successive incremental position pulses is short, relative to the rotor acceleration rate, and thus the resultant speed error given acceleration over time is relatively low. Hence a lower resolution encoder is allowable. However, during startup or at low speeds, a resultant speed error given acceleration over time becomes unacceptably large, which limits the torque production of the induction machine and the response time of the system including the machine.
One approach therefore, taken in the art, is to simply provide a single, high resolution sensing system to accommodate the high-resolution requirements of relatively low speed operation. However, there are shortcomings to this approach. For example, optical encoders, if used, provide high resolution, but are costly. Alternatively, the target wheel in a sensor/target wheel approach can be made to have more teeth, thereby increasing resolution. There are, however, several factors limiting the number of teeth that can be produced on the target wheel (i.e., the greater number of teeth, the higher the resolution). First, as to manufacturing costs, tolerance requirements for a very high tooth-count target wheel and the increased time to form such a wheel add to the overall cost of the system. Second, magnetic design constraints limit the number of teeth that can be sensed on a target wheel of a given diameter. That is, proper operation of the sensors requires a minimum spacing between teeth. Finally, there are electrical concerns. The sensor devices conventionally used have predetermined rise and fall times (i.e., for the sensor output signal to transition between low and high states when passing leading and trailing edges of a tooth). At low speeds, such rise and fall times are generally inconsequential. However, at higher speeds, the rise and fall times interfere in applications where two sensors are used in quadrature. That is, at high speeds, the rise and fall times may causes the fall of the first sensor output signal to substantially coincide in time with the rise of a second, adjacent sensor output signal, rather than be spaced apart by one-half tooth (e.g., in quadrature). This can confuse edge detection circuitry into only recognizing one "edge" when two "edges" should be counted. This situation leads to errors in determining incremental position. Thus, rise and fall times, tolerances, and duty cycle also limit the number of teeth on the target wheel.
There is therefore a need to provide an apparatus for position determination that minimizes or eliminates one or more of the shortcomings as set forth above.
An apparatus for determining a position of a rotating member of an electric machine in accordance with the present invention is characterized by the features specified in claim 1.
An apparatus for determining incremental position of a rotating member according to the invention has as one advantage a reduced cost relative to comparable resolution conventional sensing systems. Another advantage of the present invention is that a higher resolution apparatus can be provided as compared to a conventional sensing system having a similar cost. The cost can be reduced and/or resolution can be increased, in accordance with the invention, by providing a plurality of sensors in a sensor assembly to be utilized with a target wheel having a reduced number of teeth. A lower tooth-count target wheel is less expensive to manufacture than a higher tooth-count target wheel, all other factors being the same.
These and other advantages are realized by an apparatus according to the invention for determining a position of a rotating member of an electric machine. The apparatus includes a target wheel, a sensor assembly and a processing circuit. The target wheel is configured to have a plurality of teeth, separated by slots, angularly spaced around the periphery thereof. The sensor assembly is located proximate the periphery and has a plurality of sensors each configured to generate a respective output signal that transitions between first and second states at the passage thereby of a respective leading and trailing edge of each tooth. The processing circuit is provided for generating a position signal in response to the sensor output signals, characterized in that: each sensor is spaced from an adjacent sensor by a predetermined distance; and, the processing circuit has (i) a first mode of operation wherein a first number of the plurality of sensor output signals are utilized to generate the position signal, and (ii) a second mode of operation wherein a second number of sensor output signals different from the first number are utilized to generate the position signal, the processing circuit being configured to switch from the first mode to the second mode when the rotating member reaches a first predetermined speed. Preferably, the second number is less than the first number. By increasing the number of sensors, more sensor output signal transitions or "edges" can be generated per tooth, providing increased resolution, particularly useful for low speed operation. Therefore, a lower tooth-count target wheel can be used to obtain comparable resolution as conventional systems. At higher speeds, where rise/fall times of the sensors may interfere, as described above, and where high resolution is not needed, the number of sensor output signals used is reduced (i.e., ignoring pulses from several sensors), thereby eliminating the electrical problem described above.
The present invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electric machine, with portions broken away, and, an apparatus for determining a position of a rotating member of the electric machine in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view, showing in greater detail, a target wheel and sensor assembly in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a simplified timing diagram showing signal transitions for respective sensor output signals from the sensor assembly of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic and block diagram view of a processing circuit for generating a position signal in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a diagram view depicting a plurality of modes of operation of the apparatus in accordance with the present invention; and,
FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram view of the position signal for each of the modes of operation shown in FIG. 5.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals are used to identify identical components in various views, FIG. 1 is perspective view showing an apparatus 10 for determining a signal indicative of an incremental position of a rotating member of an electric machine 12.
Electric machine 12, in a constructed embodiment, is a variable frequency induction machine having a conventional configuration. Machine 12 is of the type that may be driven or fed by a conventional inverter (not shown) that can vary the frequency and voltage applied to the stator windings of the machine. Electric machine 12 may be employed, for example, in a starter-alternator configuration, or in a hybrid and electric vehicle application. Electric machine 12 may include a rotating member, such as a shaft 14, a stator assembly 16 having a stator body wound with stator windings, and a rotor assembly 18 having shorted ends 19. Shaft 14 and rotor assembly 18 are configured to rotate together as a unit. In all other respects, electric machine 12 may comprise conventional apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
As used herein, "resolution" means the smallest angular distance that a target wheel or rotor has rotated, as can be positively detected by a sensor system. The apparatus described herein generates an "edge" or "pulse" every time the target wheel has further rotated such a predetermined angular distance. Thus, each "edge" or "pulse" is indicative of the fact that the target wheel's position has incrementally rotated that angular distance. Apparatus 10 achieves a desired resolution at a lower cost by increasing the number of sensors while reducing in a corresponding amount the number of teeth on the target wheel. Apparatus 10, according to the invention, includes a target wheel 20, a sensor assembly 22, and a processing circuit 24. As shown in FIG. 1, processing circuit 24 generates a position signal, more particularly, an incremental position indicative signal SPOS, sometimes referred to herein as the position signal SPOS. The SPOS signal is indicative of an incremental position change of the target wheel 20. This signal may thereafter be employed to control an excitation signal produced by an inverter (not shown) for energizing the stator windings of electric machine 12. While the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in connection with a variable frequency induction motor, it should be understood that the apparatus in accordance with the invention may be applied and/or used with other electric machines where position information is required or desirable. The target wheel in FIG. 1, as well as the sensor assembly 22, are arbitrarily illustrated and located. Any number of variations are possible.
Referring now to FIG. 2, target wheel 20 may be formed of magnetically permeable material, such as ferrous material, for example cold-rolled steel, or powdered iron material. Target wheel 20 has a plurality of teeth 26, separated by intervening slots 28, angularly spaced around the periphery 30 thereof. Each tooth 26 includes a respective leading edge 32, and trailing edge 34, with respect to the orientation of rotation, as shown by the line with an arrowhead in FIG. 2. Target wheel 20 may have a disc-like shape of a predetermined outside diameter. For example, in one embodiment, the diameter may be approximately 319.450 mm wherein the target wheel 20 includes 256 slots equally spaced about the periphery 30, each slot being approximately 2.0 mm wide at the tip. As illustrated, the respective widths of the teeth and the slots are approximately equal; however, variations may be made and remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Target wheel 20 is configured to be mounted to rotating member 14 of machine 12, for example, to shaft 14.
Sensor assembly 22 is located proximate periphery 30 of target wheel 20 by any conventional means, as shown diagrammatically as a block connection in FIG. 1. Sensor assembly 22 includes a plurality of sensors 36, n in number, where n equals any number greater than or equal to 2. In the illustrated embodiment, there are four sensors 36, designated 36 A, 36 B, 36 C, and 36 D, in FIG. 2. Each of the sensors 36 i, where i=A-D, is configured to generate a respective output signal SA, SB, SC, and SD, that transitions between first and second states at the passage thereby of leading edge 32, and trailing edge 34 of each tooth 26. Sensors 36 i may comprise conventional apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, fixed magnetoresistive (MR) or Hall effect sensors. Each sensor is spaced from an adjacent sensor by a predetermined distance, designated "D" in FIG. 2. The predetermined distance D comprises an angular displacement defined by an angle of 180/n degrees, where 360 degrees corresponds to the distance between corresponding points on two successive, adjacent teeth 26, and where n equals the number of sensors 36 I, n being greater than or equal to two. In the illustrated embodiment, there are four sensors so that the predetermined distance D is approximately equal to 45 degrees (180/4=45�). In an alternate embodiment, "D" may be approximately equal to 45�+n*360�, where each sensor output is out of phase by a whole tooth. The plurality of sensors 36 i may be mounted, in one configuration, at the die level, having the required tolerances for "D", in a single molded case 40.
FIG. 3 is a simplified timing diagram view of the respective output signals of sensors 36 i. In the illustrated embodiment, each sensor output signal transitions from a first, low state 42 to a second, high state 44 when passing a respective leading edge 32 (i.e., slot-to-tooth), and likewise transitions from a high state 44 to a low state 42 when passing a respective trailing edge 34 (i.e., tooth-to-slot). In the illustrated embodiment, each "edge" of the sensor output signals, when viewed collectively as in FIG. 3, is separated by a pulse angle of 45 degrees. In addition, note that since the tooth-to-slot width ratio is approximately 1:1, each of the sensor output signals has a duty cycle of approximately 50%.
FIG. 4 shows processing circuit 24 in greater detail. Processing circuit 24 is configured generally to generate the incremental position indicative signal SPOS in response to sensor output signals SA, SB, SC, and SD.
Processing circuit 24 includes a selector circuit 46, a logic circuit 48, an optional counter 50, and a controller 52.
Selector circuit 46 is configured to generate signals S′A, S′B, S′C, and S′D in response to the plurality of sensor output signals SA, SB, SC, and SD. More particularly, selector circuit 46 selects one or more of the signals appearing on its input (i.e., the sensor output signals SA, SB, SC, and SD) based on a control signal 54 generated by controller 52. In the illustrated embodiment, selector circuit 46 comprises a plurality of AND gates 56 A, 56 B, 56 D. As illustrated, there are (n−1) separate control signals 54, one for each of the AND gates. Based on the configuration illustrated in FIG. 4, controller 52 can selectively mask or inhibit one or more of the signals SA, SB, and SD from flowing to the output lines of selector circuit 46 depending on what mode of operation it is in. As described in greater detail hereinafter, controller 52 switches between multiple modes of operation based on a speed of rotating member 14. It should be understood that there are a plurality of alternative configurations known to those of ordinary skill in the art to accomplish the function of selector circuit 46.
Logic circuit 48 is configured to generate the incremental position indicative signal SPOS using the outputs from selector circuit 46. Logic circuit 48 is operative to pass all of the signal state transitions or "edges" appearing on its input to an output line 58 thereof on which the incremental position indicative signal SPOS is generated. Logic circuit 48 may further be configured to provide a direction signal on output lines 60, and 62 indicative of which direction (i.e., clockwise, or counter-clockwise) rotating member 14 is moving. Direction may be determined by identifying which of any two sensor output signals occur first. Logic circuit 48 may comprise a logical OR circuit. It should be understood that there are alternative configurations adapted to accomplish the function of logic circuit 48.
Counter 50 is responsive to signal SPOS, as well as the state of the direction signal on lines 60, 62 to either increment or decrement an m-bit digital output thereof. Counter 50, may comprise an "edge" or pulse actuated counter known in the art. Depending on the nature of logic circuit 48, which may assume a variety of configurations having a corresponding variety of outputs (e.g., a pulse output for each "edge" received on its inputs, a state transition for each "edge" received on its inputs, etc.), a corresponding counter 50 may be selected. It should be understood that counter 50 is optional according to the invention, to be used in a cost effective implementation that also includes an indexed data table (details below). The incremental position signal SPOS may be processed directly by controller 52 for use in controlling energization of motor 12.
Controller 52 may comprise conventional components known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, controller 52 may comprise discrete components configured to accomplish the functions described herein (e.g., select a mode based on the speed of rotating member 14 and generate control signals 54 accordingly). Alternatively, controller 52 may be a microcontroller programmed to accomplish the functions as described herein as well as functions known to those of ordinary skill as being required or desired to control a motor.
Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, apparatus 10, in accordance with the present invention, operates in different modes of operation depending on the speed of rotating member 14. In particular, processing circuit 24 has a first mode of operation 66 wherein a first number of sensor output signals, namely signals SA, SB, SC, and SD in the illustrated embodiment, are utilized in generating signal SPOS. Processing circuit 24 further includes a second mode of operation 68 wherein a second number of sensor output signals different from the first number of sensor output signals are used to generate the position signal SPOS. In the second mode 68, signals SA, and SC may be used to generate signal SPOS. Significantly, processing circuit 24 is configured to switch from first mode 66 to second mode 68 when the rotating member 14 reaches a first predetermined speed 70, which in the illustrated embodiment is an exemplary 3000 rpm. Processing circuit 24 may also include a third mode of operation 72, wherein a third number different from the second number of sensor output signals are utilized to generate signal SPOS when rotating member 14 reaches a second predetermined speed 74, which is greater than the first predetermined speed 70. In the illustrated embodiment, the third number of sensor output signals comprise solely one signal, namely, signal SC. The second predetermined speed may be an exemplary 6000 rpm.
Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, on start up, all four sensors SA, SB, SC, and SD can be used to achieve an increased, desired incremental angular position resolution. For each tooth 26 of target wheel 20 that completely passes sensor assembly 22, there will be eight signal transitions or "edges", collectively, among the four output signals SA, SB, SC, and SD. In the first mode of operation 66, controller 52 asserts all of the control signals 54 provided to selector circuit 46. The asserted control signals 54 condition respective AND gates 56 A, 56 B, and 56 D such that inputs thereto simply pass to the output lines thereof. These are signals S′A, S′B, S′C and S′D. Logic circuit 48 combines the "edges" appearing in all the signals S′A, S′B, S′C and S′D to generate the SPOS signal. The resulting signal SPOS is shown in the top trace of FIG. 6 as an exemplary waveform having eight "edges". It bears emphasizing that the top trace occurs in the first mode of operation (e.g., at startup and below the first predetermined speed).
As the speed of rotating member 14 increases to reach first predetermined speed 70, the number of "edges" or pulses can be reduced by a factor of two so that there will only be four edges per tooth 26. This is done by masking outputs SB and SD. This reduction will prevent two sensor output signals from changing states too closely together, and the resultant loss of information related thereto as described in the Background. In the second mode of operation 68, controller 52 asserts only the control line 54 provided to AND gate 56 A. This conditions AND gate 56 A to pass sensor output signal SA through as signal S′A. AND gates 56 B and 56 D are not enabled, so they operate to mask signals SB and SD. Again, logic circuit 48 combines the "edges" of signals S′A, and S′C to generate the SPOS signal. This is shown in the middle trace of FIG. 6 as an exemplary waveform having four "edges".
As the speed of rotating member 14 increases to reach second predetermined speed 74, processing circuit 24 transitions from the second mode 68 to the third mode of operation 72, wherein only the output of sensor 36 C, namely signal SC, is used to generate the position indicative signal SPOS . In the third mode of operation 72, controller 52 does not assert any of the control signals 54; accordingly, only signal SC (which is not gated) is passed through. This is shown in the bottom trace of FIG. 6.
Referring again to FIG. 4, controller 52 can be programmed to determine the speed of rotating member 14 by analyzing (i) the incremental position indicative signal SPOS, (ii) timing data, and, (iii) information as to what mode of operation it is in (this affects the "distance" traveled by rotating member 14 between successive "edges" as appearing in the SPOS signal). Controller 52, based on this determination, can switch between first, second, and third modes 66, 68, and 72. Once the mode of operation is determined, controller 52 can assert, or de-assert, one or more of the control signals 54 to circuit 46 so as to achieve the selection, as described hereinbefore.
Counter 58 is optionally included to provide a low cost implementation for motor control. As an exemplary use, the m-bit word 64 generated by counter 50 may be provided or used as an index into a memory to retrieve a data word corresponding to an excitation signal for energizing electric machine 12. For example, assuming a 72-entry data table in the memory of controller 52, counter 50 can be configured as a 72-count up/down counter. Thus, upon each edge or pulse received, counter 50 will increment or decrement its output, thereby providing a means to step through the table stored in the memory. The foregoing principle applies to the other modes of operation (e.g., the third mode of operation 72 wherein only � of the pulses of the first mode of operation are received by counter 50, requiring a corresponding adjustment in the data entries in the data table, and the configuration of the counter).
When transitioning from one mode of operation to the next higher mode of operation, the following relationships apply: if the number of sensors is even, then the number utilized in accordance with the present invention can be reduced by a factor of 2. If the number of sensors is odd, then the number of sensors in accordance with the invention can be reduced by at least ((n−1)/2)+1.
An apparatus in accordance with the invention has one advantage of providing increased incremental position resolution of a rotating member using a lower cost, lower tooth-count target wheel. Correspondingly, the invention, on a dollar-per-dollar basis, provides increased resolution compared to conventional configurations.
It is to be understood that the above description is merely exemplary rather than limiting in nature, the invention being limited only by the appended claims. Various modifications and changes may be made thereto by one of ordinary skill in the art which embodies the principles of the invention and fall within the spirit and scope thereof.
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|Electricfil Automotive
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|U.S. Classification
|318/652, 318/603, 318/715, 324/207.25
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|11 Feb 2000
Owner name: DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KREFTA, RONALD JOHN;WALTERS, JAMES E.;REEL/FRAME:010608/0776
Effective date: 20000204
|29 Oct 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|24 Nov 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|15 May 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|7 Jul 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20090515


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Which new release will you catch this weekend?
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Tag Archives Magnavox Odyssey. default Games February 29, 2012 John Lucas
· The Next Revolution: Diversity in Videogame Development ...
Nov 27, 2010 ... ... is often called "The Father of Videogames" for his pioneering work in helping
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Feb 29, 2012 ... ... Bushnell created Atari and the coin-operated video arcades and Ralph Baer
created the first videogame console with the Magnavox Odyssey ...
www.popzara.com/.../the-next-revolution-diversity-in-videogame- development/
Mar 29, 2011 ... Generation 1: Magnavox Odyssey and the PONG clones. Generation 2: Atari
2600 vs. Mattel Intellivision and the other Johnny-come-latelies.
www.popzara.com/.../generation-75-from-wii-to-kinect-and-the-end-of- videogame-consoles/
Apr 4, 2011 ... Nolan Bushnell (Atari) along with Ralph Baer (Magnavox Odyssey) transformed
this imaginative pastime into a business in the 1970s yet that ...
www.popzara.com/.../pingpong-indie-developers-and-nintendos-garage- barrage/
Feb 11, 2009 ... From the very beginning since the Magnavox Odyssey and the early Atari
consoles, competitors custom-built their machines internally and ...


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Samsung 840 Pro SSD review -
Specifications and Features
Samsung SSD 840 Pro Specifications and Features
Samsung is now offering four versions of the 840 Pro which includes a 64GB, 128GB, 256GB and 512GB model. The 256GB and 512GB modules perform might impressive at 540MB/s read and 450MB/s write performance, which is faster than the previous-generation 830 Series' rates of 520MB/s and 400MB/s.
So the sample that has arrived in our secret test facility is the 256GB version of the drive. The 840 Pro series will come with MLC NAND, flash memory from Samsungs new 20nm node.
- Type Solid State Drive
- Type 2.5" 7mm (Ultraslim) Form Factor
- Type 840 PRO Series
- Storage Capacity: 256GB
- Features Sequential Read Speed: Up to 540MB/s
- Features Sequential Write Speed: Up to 520MB/s
- Random Read Speed Up to 100K IOPS
- Random Write Speed Up to 90K IOPS
- 2.5" 7mm (Ultraslim) Form Factor
- Warranty 5 Years
Controller Architecture
The 840 Pro has been equipped with Samsung's newest MDX controller (S4LN021X01-8030), this is a triple-core ARM-based controller that of course is SATA 6Gb/s compatible and can be paired with the latest 20nm NAND flash memory. Samsung mentioned in some tech white-papers that the 840 Pro's MDX controller is able to get you superior multi-tasking results under heavy I/O loads and provide steadier performance on more tasks.
The MDX controller (S4LN021X01-8030) itself is based upon an ARM Cortex R4 (300MHz) processor. It has three cores that can execute multiple instructions at once, allowing, for example, one to be used for reading data, one for writing data and another for optimization. And that fact all by itself makes Samsungs claim on superior multi-tasking a very likely one.
I just pulled some numbers from some online etailers. Making your own SSD with your own controller, own PCB, own cache chips and own NAND flash memory does have advantages as Samsung is able to keep the prices very competitive as this product is made 99% in-house.
- 128GB costs 130 EUR
- 256GB costs 230 EUR
- 512GB costs 485 EUR
The Samsung 840 Pro SSD
In this review we test the new M.2 super fast Samsung 950 PRO Series M.2 SSDs. These new M.2 units use the nvm express (NVME) protocol and that means storage technology at hyper fast speeds while rema...
Samsung 850 EVO 2TB SSD review
Samsung is upping the ante, releasing the Samsung 850 EVO SSD in large capacity sizes. We review the 2TB version of this stunning series that offers enthusiast class speed but is competitive in pricing...
Samsung 850 EVO M.2 and mSATA SSD review
In this review we test the new M.2. and mSATA models of the Samsung 850 EVO Series SSDs. Seriously nice storage technology as it is has hyper fast, yet is made to be very competitive in pricing. Arm...
Samsung T1 Portable SSD review
We review the Samsung T1 Portable SSD, the new portable storage unit allows you to connect it towards USB 3.0, combined with the DNA of an SSD it makes that a VERY fast storage unit. In fact this pr...


text:
In the top navigation bar I would like Home, Contact Us, Warranty etc.
In the side navigation bar I would like only my product Categories and sub-categories.
Magento has a default set up of whatever I put into CMS static blocks or Admin->Product Categories automatically goes in both the side and top navigation.
My question is How do I get the top navigation to only read my CMS Static Blocks and my side navigation to only contain my product and product categories (aka. what I put into Admin->Product Categories)


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The old becomes the newBy Lisa Fox | Oct 25, 11 09:41 AM
Sharing, swapping, renting and bartering are cool again! Technology is enabling these old behaviours and we are experiencing a Collaborative Consumption revolution!
Time Magazine has called it one of the ten ideas that will change the world.
Social Innovator, Rachel Botsman says it will define the 21st century.
But what exactly is "Collaborative Consumption"?
The term Collaborative Consumption refers to the age old behaviours of sharing, swapping, renting, bartering, which technology is now enabling in new ways.
We are on the brink of a flourishing Collaborative Consumption revolution. Technology is providing the tools and there is a growing desire to disrupt outdated modes of doing business. From a consumer perspective, Collaborative Consumption is desirable because of the global economic situation, the renewed belief in the importance of community, and an increased awareness of the environmental pressures our planet is facing.
The Collaborative Consumption revolution is a worldwide movement. It may have been slow to gain traction in Australia but it is now taking hold as more and more businesses and initiatives align with Collaborative Consumption principles.
One of the first types of Collaborative Consumption businesses to gain popularity in Australia were the car sharing schemes, such as GoGet (http://www.goget.com.au/), which enable consumers gain the benefit of a car, by renting it for as little as an hour, without actually having to own it outright. Another spin on this model is Drive My Car Rentals (http://www.drivemycarrentals.com.au/ ), which facilitates the peer-to-peer rental of cars. So now you can rent out your car to someone in your community when you don't need it.
eBay is the grandfather of online redistribution marketplaces. For over 15 years now eBay has been helping consumers to sell their stuff to each other. Other Australian sites that assist you to redistribute your used or unwanted stuff include Freecycle (http://www.freecycle.org/group/AU/), Ziilch (http://au.ziilch.com/), SwapitBaby (http://www.swapitbaby.com.au/) and The Clothing Exchange (http://www.clothingexchange.com.au/).
We are also seeing a move towards collaborative lifestyles, where people are coming together to share and exchange time, space, skills, and money. One of my favourite Australian examples is Mamabake (http://mamabake.com/), a big batch cookery group, where local mums get together once a week and cook one big batch recipe each. The batches are then divvied up amongst all the Mums at the end of the session. Landshare (http://www.landshareaustralia.com.au), which has been hugely successful in the UK, is also now in Australia and is helping to connect people who want to grow their own food, but don't have the space, with people that are happy to share their land.
I am in total agreement with Time Magazine and Rachel Botsman that Collaborative Consumption will change and define our future world. It is a potent movement that empowers the individual and taps into our growing desires to be mindful and thrifty consumers; reduce our environmental footprint; and reconnect with the people around us. Let the era of collaborative consumption begin!
Lisa Fox is passionate about collaborative consumption. She is the co founder of a new Australian peer-to-peer rental site, Open Shed (www.openshed.com.au) the place for Australians to rent each other's stuff with confidence.
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text:
Synopsis: Three best friends find themselves where we've all been - at that confusing moment in every dating relationship when you have to decide "So...where is this going?"
In light of the passing of Philip Seymour Hoffman, talk of box office seems a bit superficial at this point, so we'll keep things a bit brief.Read More »
It was inevitable that at some point, another group of dudes would try and replicate the easy, raunchy camaraderie of the Apatow gang (i.e. everyone who was in "The Is the End"). And while we really like the dudes in "That Awkward Moment," this attempt at being just like that relatable bunch of bros...Read More »
We know, looking ahead to 2014 when there is still so much to come in 2013 is a bit silly, but a handful of new images are here and we figured we might as well show 'em off all in one place. So without further delay ...Read More »
Three actresses we dig a lot have all come on board a small handful of projects, so let's just dive right in...Read More »
It's only a matter of time before the talented and (very) lovely "True Blood" star Deborah Ann Woll begins to break out beyond the now silly HBO show (not that it was Shakespeare to begin with -- but how many more subplots can it add?). This summer she had a very nice minor, but i...Read More »
Later this year, Zac Efron will co-star with Seth Rogen in "Neighbors," an outrageous bro comedy about the war that develops between a young father and the college kid who moves in next door. The R-rated laffer will give Efron plenty of space to riff opposite his more seasoned comedy co-star, adding...Read More »


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Athletes with No State Cash 'Crowd-Fund' Online to Stay in the Game; Eamonn Coghlan's Son among Those Using New Websites to Keep Competitive Dreams Alive
Byline: Warren Swords
IRISH internationals and Olympians from the world of athletics, swimming, tennis and golf, who receive little or no State support, have signed up to new websites aimed at sourcing funding directly from members of the public and corporations.
Some top athletes have complained about the shortage of State funding.
The companies behind the new 'crowdfunding' initiatives - which take a cut of the public donations - say that without the money raised, many top athletes could no longer train full time.
One of the athletes benefiting from crowd-funding is middle-distance runner John Coghlan, son of running legend and Fine Gael senator Eamonn Coghlan.
But while the senator backs his son's efforts to succeed, he also defends the Government's funding of athletes.
He said that some of those who failed to secure State funding simply weren't good enough to get it and in some cases would be 'better off going on and getting a job'.
Two companies - Pledge Sports and NTRAI - have a roster of athletes looking for corporate sponsorship or donations from members of the public to allow them to train full time. Crowd-funding - an online phenomenon used mainly to fund creative projects such as independent movies and music - is an increasingly popular means for athletes to fund their way to competition.
Last month, the Jamaican bobsleigh team raised $115,000 to cover their costs for the Winter Olympics in Sochi.
Members of the public can sponsor an athlete for as little as [euro]10 in return for a thank you on Twitter or [euro]100 for a training session with the athlete.
Pledge Sports athletes include John Coghlan, swimmer Barry Murphy, Olympic eventer Camilla Speirs, golfer Cian Curley and tennis player James Cluskey. On NTRAI, athletes include brother and sister hurdlers Thomas and Jessie Barr, European junior silver medal hurdler Sarah Lavin and tennis player Daniel Glancy.
Both companies have contracts with the athletes, and take a percentage of money raised, up to 8%, which is used to run the websites as well as promoting the athletes and managing sponsors.
Founder of NTRAI, David O'Shea, himself a former Irish 60 and 100 metre sprinter said: 'With NTRAI, we want to help athletes and sports that are less funded.
'We don't want funding to be an issue as a reason for people dropping out of the sport or not achieving their goals. We want to create more Conor Nilands going to Wimbledon or Derval O'Rourkes at World Championships.'
But former world champion Eamonn Coghlan is sceptical about the chances of some of those struggling to find funding. 'I just think modern day athletes look for too much before they've achieved greatness if you like,' he said.
The 1983 gold medallist said the current sporting grants were adequate and that the crowd-funding initiatives did not expose inadequate State funding.
'I think the mindset of modern-day athletes is they feel they are entitled to it,' he said.
'They put the cart before the horse. You've got to be able to perform and let your running do the talking or let your swimming do the talking. But don't do the talking before you have achieved success.' 'I just think modern day athletes look for too much before they've achieved greatness.
'Nowadays, if you have achieved success at 19, 20, 21, you are in the fold, you will get financial support from the sport council and it does allow you to pursue it. If you're not getting the funding, you are in a dilemma because the dilemma is - "Am I good enough to succeed at International level?" 'If you are, you're in line for funding. …


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"No place like Banbury" Top 5 Page for this destination Banbury by evaanna
Banbury Travel Guide: 88 reviews and 245 photos
Banbury is a charming old market town situated in the eastern part of the beautiful Cotswolds. The town probably takes its name from 'Banna', a Saxon man who is believed to have built a stockade near the town in the fifth century, which by the time of William the Conqueror was mentioned in the Domesday Book. Once Banbury even had its own Castle built in 1135 by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln. Besieged a few times during the English Civil War, it was later pulled down and the stone used to repair war damage to the other buildings in the town.
In the 13th century Banbury was already a thriving wool trading centre, which greatly contributed to the wealth of its citizens. A fire ravaged the town in 1628, destroying many buildings, yet some have survived to this day.
The town's development was enhanced by the construction of James Brindley's Oxford Canal in 1790, connecting it with the Midlands and, later, of the railway line. Nowadays, Banbury has a direct connection with London and Birmingham by the M40 motorway, which makes transport and travel in the area much easier.
Banbury is also an industrial town, with Alcoa (aluminium products) and Kraft Jacobs Suchard having their factories here. The pleasant smell of coffee in my bedroom at night came from the latter. And to think that they make my favourite custard there as well!
Banbury is the perfect starting point for trips to the picturesque Cotswold villages, with their wonderful thatched honey-coloured stone cottages. Very close to it stands Broughton Castle, the home of the Fiennes family, which deserves a separate page. The famous Neolithic stone circle, The Rollright Stones, is only a short drive away. Banbury's famous neighbours include Warwick with its magnificent Castle, Shakespeare's Stratford-upon-Avon and, just a 20-minute train journey away, Oxford. Visit the charming Cotswold pubs, with their local cuisine and beautiful country decor or go to a local fete, with Morris dancing and falconry shows. In fact, there are so many opportunities for entertainment in or near the town that I can't list them all. You will never get bored in Banbury.
Reviews (15)
Car boot sales abound around Banbury. The idea of such a sale is simple: if your house gets cramped with all the things... more travel advice
Not far from Banbury, in the village of Edgehill is the site of the first major battle of the English Civil War. It... more travel advice
Banbury, with its many pubs to choose from, is an ideal place for a pub crawl, if you like that sort of thing. But, as... more travel advice
This over 300-year-old wisteria has been pointed out to me by my wonderful host and guide, Alan. I would probably never... more travel advice
Travelogues (1)
- 1
Comments (20)
Excellent picture of the Timber-framed house in the Market Place
It reads like you really enjoyed the history and greenery in this town in the middle of England. Wonderful job of preparing the comments and the cross information was fantastic
Car Boot Sales, Half-timbered English houses, narrow canal boats, English Pubs - I would certainly enjoy myself here in Banbury.
I love your intro photo! The Historic Boatyard must be very interesting! I had never seen a 300years old Wisteria! "If your children have outgrown you...", I thought you were going to write that you can have them on sale at the car boot sale, haha!
What a picturesque little village! I don't recall that we drove through during my Cotswolds day, but next time maybe. Sitting at the canal sounds perfect and admiring these houses as well. And ghosts... :-)
really interesting page..lovely photos. Well done!!
Of course the nursery rhyme was the first thing I thought of as I clicked on your Banbury tips. This was enlightening!
I had never heard of a "car Boot Sale" before. Wonderful tips with historic significance and I love the information about the nursery rhyme. Thanks ever so much.
Very igood information and beautiful pictures. Interesting tips and photoes of Morris dancers, Edgehill and wisteria in White Lion's Walk.
Nice page with tons of info!
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(sorry for the following hard langage but he only inspires that to me) ... an a$$hole !
On his show he reviews questionable calls by the officials and he always find a way to say the refs were right. Even when it's quite clear they made a mistake.
Of course the last one involved a niner: he said spencer was taunting the WR cos he was looking at him while talking and one camera angle shows clearly that he's looking in front of him not the player !
And the other one during that show : they couldn't have a clear angle on the texans RB fumble on the goalline cos they don't have camera's at the right spot and it's the network which decides ... LOL ! ... tell me that the NFL cannot ask the networks to put two small GL camera's for each game (maybe it's too much of a budget you know, like $1K in a $1M budget).
Sorry but you won't convince me this guy is no a$$hole
There's no freedom of speech when you're part of big bisuness.


text:
The digital home of Channel Nine featuring the full Nine TV guide, mini-sites for all programs, sneak peeks of upcoming shows and full episode catch-up.
News, Sport and Finance
Nine News
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Nine News Finance
Contact Us
How to contact Channel Nine
For general inquiries about television shows or broadcasting you can contact Channel Nine directly:
By phone:
Channel Nine Sydney (02) 9906-9999
Channel Nine Melbourne (03) 9420-3111
Channel Nine Brisbane (07) 3214-9999
Channel Nine Adelaide (08) 8267 0111
Channel Nine Perth (08) 9449 9999
or by writing to:
NSW Viewers: PO Box 27 Willoughby, NSW 2068
Vic Viewers: PO Box 100 Richmond, Vic 3121
QLD Viewers: PO Box 72 Brisbane, QLD 4001
As dictated by The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) all complaints regarding a network must be made in writing.
The two options available for Channel Nine viewers are:
1. Channel Nine PO Box
PO Box 27
Att: Compliance Manager
Complaint must be made within 30 days of the offending material going to air.
2. Free TV website


text:
Religion, Mythology, and Intertextuality
NEARLY TWENTY YEARS AGO, IN WHAT REMAINS THE BEST EXTENDED TREATment of the subject to date, Lawrence Hussman called Dreiser's The Bulwark (1946) his most undervalued book.1 The ensuing years have seen little from Dreiserians to controvert that claim. Hussman is correct: an author's final, complete major work, one composed and revised over a thirty-year period and thus bound to provide unique insights into his canon, deserves more attention. In addition, The Bulwarkcontains Dreiser's maturest and most measured treatment of religion, a subject that had cost him a lifetime of intellectual struggle. Finally, many a critic has noted in passing the extraordinary intertextuality of the novel; in fact, it augments its own tale of the Quaker Barnes family with substantive references to all of Dreiser's previous novels, forming a sort of coda to the author's oeuvre.
Any discussion of Dreiser and mythology/mythos would be deficient without a close examination of this latter feature. James Joyce, for some the quintessential modernist, is well-known to have woven a thick fabric of intertextual cross-reference into his works, repeating usage of characters, themes, settings, etc., for purposes to which extensive critical argument continues to attach. No one, I believe, reading The Bulwarkwith even a fair knowledge of Dreiser's other novels could doubt that Dreiser carefully operated in a manner that echoes Joyce. The two authors, both educated in and persistent exploiters of mythological systems of others (the younger man somewhat more remarkably in the eyes of posterity), thus created personal myth systems: sets of beliefs and concerns about human existence that, while grounded with reference to a specific milieu, treat issues common to all people in all times. Many of us acknowledge a historical personage (s), whom we agree to call Homer, who collected the stories of his forbears and a foreign war


text:
The skin is the largest organ of the body. It covers the body, protecting it from injury, regulating its temperature and controlling fluid loss. Skin, like all other body tissues, is made up of cells. Its two main layers are the epidermis and dermis.
This is the outer layer of the skin. It contains three types of cells:
- squamous cells – flat cells that are packed tightly to make up the top layer
- basal cells – tall cells that make up the lower layer
- melanocytes – cells that produce a dark pigment called melanin, the substance that gives skin its colour.
Basal cells multiply constantly and the older cells move upwards in the epidermis. When they flatten out and form a layer they become squamous cells. The top layer of your skin is made up of dead skin cells which eventually fall off. The three main types of skin cancer begin in the cells of the epidermis.
When skin is exposed to the sun, melanocytes make extra melanin to protect the skin from getting burnt. This is what causes skin to tan. Melanocytes are also in non-cancerous (benign) spots on the skin called moles or naevi. Most moles are brown, tan or pink in colour and round in shape.
This is the layer underneath the epidermis. It contains the roots of hairs, sweat glands, blood and lymph vessels, and nerves. Before a skin cancer can spread, it must first move into the dermis.


text: People living in Chicago and its nearby suburbs face some of the highest health risks in the nation stemming from toxic chemicals that come from industrial smokestacks, that's according to the Chicago Tribune. Apparently Cook county was ranked worst in the nation for dangerous air pollution and Chicago was among the ten worst cities in the US. The Tribune reports that the US environmental protection agency hasn't made its air pollution research more accessible to the public so the newspaper is posting the info on its own website.


text:
Dr Lorna Porcellato
Reader in Public Health and Health Promotion
areas of expertise
Lorna Porcellato is Reader in Public Health and Health Promotion at the Centre for Public Health. She teaches on both undergraduate and post graduate programmes. Specialist teaching areas include: qualitative research methods, health promotion and community engagement. Lorna also leads the faculty-based dissertation module for the MSc Public Health programme.
Lorna has successfully supervised a number of PhD students and currently supervises students conducting qualitative and/or mixed methods research on a range of topics including: alcohol and pregnancy, factors affecting physically disabled children and young people participating in mainstream out-of-school activities, the challenges of developing Malaysian nursing leaders and decision-making within undergraduate healthcare students' fitness to practise panels.
Lorna has been involved in a range of health related research studies over the years, bringing qualitative expertise to projects around tobacco control, health and physical activity and discrimination and older workers. Latterly she has been involved in health services research in collaboration with Staffordshire, Shropshire & Black Country maternity network and Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust to inform policy development and service provision.
Current research interests include: understanding health risk behaviours (smoking, obesity, alcohol); developing effective health interventions, developing innovative qualitative research methods, community based participatory research and the patient experience of health services.
In addition to the papers and publications in the relevant sections below, Lorna has also contributed to the following:
Woolfall K, Porcellato L, Stredder K, Wareing M, Atkinson A, Lushey C, McVeigh J, Sumnall H (2008). The prevention of uptake of smoking by children and young people, with reference to areas of mass media and the sale of tobacco products: findings from a multi-method primary research study. Liverpool, UK. National Collaborating Centre for Drug Prevention. Available from www.nice.org.uk
Porcellato, L., Dugdill, L. and Springett, J. (2005) A Longitudinal Study Exploring Primary Schoolchildren's Perspectives on Smoking: Results from the Early Years Phase. Childhood A Global Journal of Child Research 12(4),425-443.
Porcellato, L., Dugdill, L. Springett, J. and Sanderson, F. (2000) Exploring children's perceptions of smoking with the 'draw and write' investigative technique in Lu, R., Mackay, J., Niu, S., and Peto, R. (eds) Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic – Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Tobacco or Health, Beijing, China, 24-28 August 1997. London: Springer-Verlag
Book Chapters
Porcellato L., and Zoe Knowles (2013) Reflecting forward: Exploring reflective methodologies with and for children in Knowles, Z., Gilbourne, D., Cropley, B and Dugdill, L. (eds) Reflective Practice in the Sport and Exercise Sciences: Contemporary Issues. Routledge: London ISBN: 978-0415814935
Carmichael F., Hulme. C., Porcellato, L., Ingham. B., Prashar, A., (2010) Ageism and age discrimination: the experiences and perceptions of older employees, in Parry, E. and Tyson, S. (eds.) Managing age diversity. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, UK, 115-128, ISBN: 9780230240933
Non Peer Reviewed Outputs
Carmichael F, Hulme C, Porcellato L. 2013 Work histories of older people: evidence from mixed method occupational history calendars. Working Paper WP13-05, Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds.
Porcellato, L. (2008) Exploring Young Adults Perceptions of Smoking Prevention and Cessation. University of Salford and Salford NDC.
Anderson, G; Brennan, C; Carmichael, F; Dobson, J; Hulme, C; Ingham, B; Porcellato, L; Prashar, A; Sharif, S; Syme, T; Tanner, A and Ward R (2007) Older Men in the North West Labour Market: A Report for the European Social Fund. Salford Business School / European Social Fund.
Brennan, C; Carmichael, F; Ingham, B; Prashar, A; Dobson, J; Sharif, S; and Porcellato, L. (2007) Ageism and Employment: A Survey of the Literature in the Context of the Current Research Agenda. Salford Business School and European Social Fund
Carmichael, F; Ingham, B; Porcellato, L; Prashar, A and Sharifi, S. and Dobson, J. (2007) 'Anyone can get old but…' Ageism and older male participation in the labour market. Salford Business School/ European Social Fund
Carmichael, F; Dobson, J; Hulme, C; Ingham, B; Marshall, K; Porcellato, L; Prashar, A and Sharifi, S. (2006) Older Male and Female Participation in the North West Labour Market: Exploring the Role of Age Discrimination. Salford Business School/ European Social Fund
Anderson, G; Brennan, C; Carmichael, F; Connell, G; Hulme, C; Porcellato, L; Prashar, A; Syme, T; Tanner, A and Ward R. (2006) Older Workers in the North West – A Report for the European Social Fund Vol 1 and Vol 11. Salford Business School / European Social Fund.
Cavill, N., Dugdill, L., Almond, L and Porcellato L. (2006) An Evaluation of the NW Region Physical Activity Coordinator's Post – Final Report. Big Lottery Fund.
Dugdill,L., Cavill, N and Porcellato, L. (2005) Regional Health and Physical Activity Coordinator Evaluation: interim report. Government Office North West/Dept of Health
Cavill, N., ,Dugdill, L and Porcellato, L. (2005) Physical Activity in the North West of England: a Policy Audit. Government Office North West
Woods, S., Dugdill, L., Milton, B., Porcellato, L. and Springett, J. (2005) The Liverpool Longitudinal Study on Smoking: the primary school phase. Liverpool: John Moores University, Centre for Public Health and Roy Castle Foundation
Springett, J., Wainright, A., Porcellato, L., Chendo-Thomas, M. and Tobert, N. (2003) Unfinished Business: An Evaluation Synthesis for Merseyside Health Action Zone – Pan Regional Element. Liverpool: John Moores University, Institute For Health.
Wainwright, A., Porcellato, L. and Lake, J. (2002) Smoking in Public Places: A Survey of Public Houses, Bars, Restaurants and Cafes in Merseyside and Barriers to Uptake of Smoking Policies. Liverpool: John Moores University, Institute For Health.
Springett, J., Young, A. and Porcellato, L. ( 2002) Manchester, Salford and Trafford Health Action Zone: Learning For the Future. Salford: University of Salford- IPHRP.
Springett, J., Young, A. and Porcellato, L. (2001) Working Outside the Box: A Preliminary Report for the Manchester, Salford and Trafford Health Action Zone. Salford: University of Salford- IPHRP.
Porcellato, L. (1998) Perspectives on Smoking of Liverpool Primary Schoolchildren in their Early Years. (Unpublished PhD Thesis) Liverpool: John Moores University.
Porcellato, L., Dugdill, L. Springett, J. and Sanderson, F. (1996) Attitudes, Beliefs and Smoking Behaviour in Primary Schoolchildren: An Interim Research Report. Occasional Paper Series, The Institute for Health: Liverpool John Moores University
Dr Lorna Porcellato's Publications
Evaluation of Rapid Access to Alcohol Detoxification Acute Referral (RADAR)
Alcohol-related presentations to hospital have been increasing in the United Kingdom, with one of the major causes of such admissions being the occurrence of acute withdrawal symptoms. In response to this, the RADAR (Rapid Access to Alcohol Detox Acute Referral) service was established in Greater Manchester as an innovative pathway from A&E departments into specialist detox facilities. The RADAR service has four main aims: reducing the burden on acute trusts, improving clinical outcomes for service users, providing improved experience for service users in a therapeutic setting and demonstrating cost-effectiveness. The Centre for Public Health conducted an evaluation of RADAR to explore experiences and cost-effectiveness. Service users and stakeholders described positive experiences and felt that RADAR provides specialist support which makes a difference to people's lives. Six months after discharge, just over half of those who could be contacted reported either being abstinent or being controlled drinkers. This reduction in the levels of alcohol consumption resulted in fewer contacts with Acute Hospitals, with reductions in both the number of A&E attendances and nights in hospital being reported. The cost-effectiveness analysis of RADAR suggests that the service is cost-effective, with a projected saving of £ 1,320,921 over a 12 month period.
- Published 13 April 2015
- Tagged Alcohol
- AuthorsDr Gordon Hay, Jane Oyston, Dr Lorna Porcellato, Hannah Madden, Kim Ross-Houle, Dr Hannah Timpson
A systematic review of qualitative research on the views, perspectives and experiences of hepatitis B and C testing among practitioners and people at greatest risk of infection
- Published 27 December 2011
- Tagged Drugs
- AuthorsLisa Jones, Amanda Atkinson, Dr Lorna Porcellato, Geoff Bates, Ellie McCoy, Dr Caryl Beynon, Jim McVeigh, Professor Mark Bellis
The impact of advocacy initiatives led by, or on behalf of, young people: A systematic map and summary of evidence
- Published 31 January 2009
- Tagged
- AuthorsLisa Jones, Kerry Woolfall, Dr Lorna Porcellato, Jim McVeigh
Dr Lorna Porcellato's Papers
Influence of family and friend smoking on intentions to smoke and smoking-related attitudes and refusal self-efficacy among 9–10 year old children from deprived neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional study
Dr Ciara McGee, Joanne Trigwell, Rebecca Murphy, Dr Lorna Porcellato, Michael Ussher, Lawrence Foweather
BMC Public Health 15:225, 2015.
Abstract: Background: Smoking often starts in early adolescence and addiction can occur rapidly. For effective smoking prevention there is a need to identify at risk groups of preadolescent children and whether gender-specific intervention components are necessary. This study aimed to examine associations between mother, father, sibling and friend smoking and cognitive vulnerability to smoking among preadolescent children living in deprived neighbourhoods. Methods: Cross-sectional data was collected from 9–10 year old children (n =1143; 50.7% girls; 85.6% White British) from 43 primary schools in Merseyside, England. Children completed a questionnaire that assessed their smoking-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, and refusal self-efficacy, as well as parent, sibling and friend smoking. Data for boys and girls were analysed separately using multilevel linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for individual cognitions and school and deprivation level. Results: Compared to girls, boys had lower non-smoking intentions (P = 0.02), refusal self-efficacy (P = 0.04) and were less likely to agree that smoking is 'definitely' bad for health (P < 0.01). Friend smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) and boys (P < 0.01), and with refusal self-efficacy in girls (P < 0.01). Sibling smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) but a positive association was found in boys (P = 0.02). Boys who had a smoking friend were less likely to 'definitely' believe that the smoke from other people's cigarettes is harmful (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.91, P = 0.02). Further, boys with a smoking friend (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.69, P < 0.01) or a smoking sibling (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.98) were less likely to 'definitely' believe that smoking is bad for health. Conclusion: This study indicates that sibling and friend smoking may represent important influences on 9–10 year old children's cognitive vulnerability toward smoking. Whilst some differential findings by gender were observed, these may not be sufficient to warrant separate prevention interventions. However, further research is needed.
Preventing smoking among nine to ten-year-old children using a novel school-based physical activity intervention: Overview of SmokeFree Sports
Joanne Trigwell, Dr Ciara McGee, Helen Casstles, Rebecca Murphy, Dr Lorna Porcellato, Michael Ussher, Lawrence Foweather
Education and Health, 2014.
P hysical activity (PA) is associated with many health benefits, including reduced risk of of hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke and heart disease (Chief Medical Officers, 2011). From an educational perspective, PA has been found to improve cognitive functioning, aiding children's learning through improved concentration (Norlander et al., 2005), attention (Maher, 2011) and memory (Kamijo et al., 2011). Children participate in PA in multiple ways; for example, active play, physical education (PE), and extra-curricular and community sport programmes. Moreover, children enjoy participating in PA and often want to increase their participation (Ridgers et al., 2006). Given that there is evidence that taking part in PA may be protective against smoking uptake (Audrain-McGovern et al., 2003; Rodriguez and Audrain-McGovern, 2005; Kaczynski et al., 2008), it is suggested that PA contexts such as PE and sport could be utilised as a vehicle for smoking prevention. The use of sport to deliver smoking education has previously been trialled in the US and Canada with initiatives such as Tobacco Free Sports (The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007), Tobacco Free Athletes (www.tobaccofreemaine.org) and Play, Live, Be Tobacco Free.
Views and experiences of hepatitis C testing and diagnosis among people who inject drugs: Systematic review of qualitative research
Lisa Jones, Amanda Atkinson, Geoff Bates, Ellie McCoy, Dr Lorna Porcellato, Dr Caryl Beynon, Jim McVeigh, Professor Mark Bellis
Int J Drug Policy., 21st November, 2013.
Abstract: Background: Many developed countries are facing a major challenge to improve identification of individuals acutely and chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We explored the views and experiences of people who inject drugs (PWID) in relation to HCV testing, and diagnosis through a review and synthesis of qualitative research. Methods: Based on the thematic synthesis of qualitative research. Searches were conducted in 14 databases and supplemented by reference checking, hand searching of selected journals, and searches of relevant websites. Studies of any qualitative design that examined the views and experiences of, and attitudes towards, HCV testing and diagnosis among PWID or practitioners involved in their care were included. Key themes and sub-themes were systematically coded according to the meaning and content of the findings of each study which proceeded to the preparation of a narrative account of the synthesis. Results: 28 qualitative studies were identified. We identified a number of overarching descriptive themes in the literature, finding overall that PWID hold complex and differing views and experiences of testing and diagnosis. Three major themes emerged: missed opportunities for the provision of information and knowledge; shifting priorities between HCV testing and other needs; and testing as unexpected and routine. Evidence of missed opportunities for the provision of knowledge and information about HCV were clear, contributing to delays in seeking testing and providing a context to poor experiences of diagnosis. Influenced by the nature of their personal circumstances, perceptions of the risk associated with HCV and the prioritisation of other needs acted both to encourage and discourage the uptake of HCV testing. Undergoing HCV testing as part of routine health assessment, and an unawareness of being testing was common. An unexpected positive diagnosis exacerbated anxiety and confusion. Conclusion: This review has identified that there are modifiable factors that affect the uptake of HCV testing and experiences of HCV diagnosis among PWID. Intervention development should focus on addressing these factors. There is a need for further research that engages PWID from a diverse range of populations to identify interventions, strategies and approaches that they consider valuable.
Featured Presentations
- Published 26 March 2014
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Today was such a lazy day here. I didn't get out of my jammies until about 7:00 p.m. and I only did it then because I wanted to run outside and get a photo of this quilt ( and my neighbors just didn't need to see me dressed that way). 234 more words
Tags » Camp Loopy
State of the Fabric Stash report - 8/2/15
Yesterday was extremely productive. My own little sewing marathon all day and evening long. So my fabric use numbers stand as follows:
Purchased fabric year to date – 44.5 yards… 194 more words
Camp Loopy Safari - Fabric project 3
As those who read the blog on a regular basis probably know – sleeping is overrated in my world. I'm definitely a night owl and an extremely late night owl on Friday and Saturday nights. 371 more words
The plan
I was going to get so much stuff done today since I took the day off and while I did get a load or two of laundry done, and picked up a few things around the apartment (very few), I spent the majority of the day playing in EQ. 386 more words
Off the Design Wall
There is a project on the design wall but it will be there for a while so I'll show you the most recent finish instead. 191 more words
Camp Loopy Project 2
I made great progress last night on my July CL Safari project! I did nix my idea for the applique item I needed to add to the project and changed it to something else. 158 more words
First Trek of the Safari is Finished
My Project for Camp Loopy Fabric Safari for June is done and I actually just finished hanging it on the bedroom wall! No more trekking through the bush for me; I can sit back at "camp" around the fire and sip cocktails or eat s'mores or both for the next week and a half. 37 more words


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Steelers not married to 3-4 defense
The Steelers and the 3-4 defense form as indelible a partnership as there is in the NFL, a marriage of scheme and structure that's lasted through three head coaches and every trend NFL offenses could throw at it for 32 years.
The run and shoot? The read option? The spread? The wildcat? Never mattered to the Steelers — they stayed loyal to the 3-4 regardless of the NFL flavor of the day, even as offenses sped up and their own personnel slowed down.
But as the Steelers replenish a defense that was one of the NFL's best for a decade but, recently, isn't generating sacks or takeaways, might they be ready for a defensive cultural change?
"Mike (Tomlin), his strength is a 4-3 team," NFL Network analyst Jamie Dukes said. "They haven't been able to find the personnel that fit the style of defense that Dick (LeBeau) likes to play."
Some recent Steelers personnel acquisitions — mobile linebacker Ryan Shazier, 330 pounds-plus linemen Cam Thomas and Daniel McCullers, playmaking defensive end Stephon Tuitt, safety Mike Mitchell — all seem just as suited for a 4-3 as they are a 3-4.
Defensive end Cam Heyward said the Steelers already incorporate some 4-3 looks.
"I think our nickel package is more of a four-man line," Heyward said. "If we have to beef it up, we have some different fronts where we can add another defensive lineman, take a corner or a linebacker out. It all depends on the situation."
Such a change likely wouldn't occur until LeBeau retires as defensive coordinator, but it would be a natural fit for Tomlin — who worked with 4-3 defenses in Minnesota and Tampa Bay — and linebackers coach Keith Butler, who also has a 4-3 background.
Playing a 4-3 would allow the Steelers to drop their linebackers, including the very fast Shazier, into coverage more often to counter fast-tempo spread offenses. The primary pass-rush responsibilities would shift away from their outside linebackers, whose production has dropped off, and to their interior linemen.
Another argument for the change: Over the past two seasons, the Steelers are only 22nd in sacks and 28th in takeaways.
So are the Steelers silently gearing up to shift away from the 3-4 — the defense that is so intrinsically linked to them that, in 2001, they were the only NFL team playing it?
"The NFL is a right-now league. I don't know that you draft today, running one system, then to draft for tomorrow and project that," said NFL Network analyst Solomon Wilcots, who once played defensive back in LeBeau's defense. "When you're going grocery shopping in the draft, you don't look for groceries in July to cook for Thanksgiving dinner."
Despite Tomlin's strong background in the 4-3, Wilcots wonders if he would go back to it given how hyperactive offenses are becoming.
"He believes the college game gives you players that are better suited for a 3-4 defense — like he said, it's hard to find a (Hall of Fame defensive lineman) Warren Sapp," Wilcots said. "You do find a lot of outside linebackers who can put pressure on the quarterback. The way offenses play with the spread, the defensive guys come in ready to plug and play into a 3-4."
Statistically, there's not much difference; the NFL's 15 3-4 defenses allowed an average of 345.9 yards per game in 2013, and the 17 4-3 teams allowed 350.7. And while the top three defenses all played the 4-3, so did the bottom three.
But here's the surprise: Analytics show that neither the 3-4 nor the 4-3 is the Steelers' base defense. And neither is the base defense for any of the other 31 NFL franchises.
Welcome to the era of sub-package football, which the Steelers played more than 60 percent of the time last season — and that was lower than many teams.
"About 70 percent of the games are played in nickel and dime defense because of the way the league is," Texans coach Bill O'Brien said.
It's also becoming the Steelers' way.
A dominating nose tackle who can control the run and occupy interior linemen to create rush lanes for the linebackers is considered a key element of the 3-4, as five-time Pro Bowl lineman Casey Hampton was for a dozen Steelers seasons. Yet his replacement, Steve McLendon, played only one-third of the Steelers' 1,093 defensive snaps last season.
"I think in today's NFL, it's about situational football and what offenses do, and how many receivers they have on the field," Tomlin said. "Oftentimes we spend a lot of time in sub-package football, whether you are in a 3-4 or a 4-3."
Alan Robinson is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. Reach him at firstname.lastname@example.com or via Twitter @arobinson_Trib.


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When Intel announced its stop-shipment, the implication was that the company had just concluded its investigation. Everyone assumed that Intel was pre-emptively pulling chipsets back from the channel before a real problem occurred. However, according to our friends in the motherboard business, this turned out to be only one part of the story.
Out of seven vendors surveyed, we learned that there was at least one company outside of Intel that knew about the SATA 3Gb/s PLL clocking tree error prior to January 31. Intel acknowledged that one of its OEM partners discovered the problem in November when reference designs were being built. Much of this is sensitive information, and it is possible that other companies were part of the discovery process. However, we are going to follow the story of how the problem was discovered at one specific company.
In early November, a team of engineers exposed some odd behaviour as they were making the reference design for the B1 version of the H67/P67 chipsets. At that stage, there was an internal debate within the company before it approached Intel with the problem, because it was unsure if the fault was with its motherboard design. After the Pentium FDIV bug and Rambus bug, the company thought it was unlikely that Intel could have let this issue through. Eventually, the manufacturer brushed aside the strange behaviour as an idiopathic aberration of early designs. However, Intel was notified.
Sometime in late November or early December, motherboard manufacturers started receiving the B2 version of the chipset. This is when the company's R&D engineers discovered that the strange leakage behaviour persisted through validation. As a result, the discussion within that company became direr. According to our source, this is the point at which Intel began to take the problem more seriously.
We don't have an exact date as to when Intel produced a solution (the B3 revision) to the problem, but we do know that the bug was identified in late December or early January. It takes weeks to redo the R&D, retest it, send the design to the fab, produce the chipset, package it, and test it before it can go into final production. This type of process requires a two- to three-month lead-time, which resulted in the product being shipped during the third week of February.
Intel was able to reduce the lead-time for one reason: the problem was resolved at the final metal layer. Therefore, there was no need to completely retool the chipset fab process. In addition, this was how the company avoided a complete halt of chipset production. The only thing we don't know is if Intel knew about the solution prior to the Sandy Bridge launch on Jan. 3. From what we have been told, it seems unlikely. If it did, a three-month launch delay wouldn't have been a terrible price to pay. On the other hand, some of our sources believe Intel was attempting to capitalize on the hype during CES and issue a long-term warranty process. This part of the timetable is a bit unclear, but spending a billion dollars on hype is certainly unlikely.
Intel made a deliberate decision to announce its stop-shipment when it did. For those unaware, the notification went out the day before many companies in Taiwan and China started celebrating the Chinese Lunar New Year. As a result, most companies were caught completely off guard. The majority of our motherboard contacts believe this was a strategic move on Intel's part to reduce the amount of "organized outrage from Taiwan," as one person said. For many people, this is the only time during the year when they get a vacation, so there was a high level of frustration.
For example, one top marketing official who was on vacation outside of Taiwan received a personal holiday email greeting from the VP. Three hours later, he received another email from the same VP apologizing and asking him to come back to the Taiwan office. Some companies recalled large parts of their marketing as well as their engineering staff to begin working on tools that would assist customers to identify what ports their drives were connected. Gigabyte was the first to release its 6-Series SATA check utility, and MSI followed with its SATA Scan.
For many manufacturers, the stop-shipment was a nightmare because management had to recall vacationing (and consequently unavailable) staff members. Some vendors were better off than others. A few small motherboard companies had just started to ship H67/P67 motherboards. The first batch of motherboards was literally sitting on a boat waiting to sail. In that specific example, there was no need to issue a customer-wide recall notice.
-1david__t , 6 April 2011 18:34I think it slightly childish of AMD to rib Intel about a bug when they themselves have had some pretty amazing defects in the past. I mean a chipset bug is one thing, but at one stage, AMD had to disable a whole core in one of its CPUs! Carry on lagging behind, AMD, and be thankful that you have the amazing ATi products to fall back on.
0damian86 , 7 April 2011 04:19Interesting,
According to customer protection laws, any motherboard that a customer returns to have its chipset replaced must be sold as "recertified" or "refurbished." Customer protection laws? lol, I agree,then you see them on ebay.
wever, if a B2 motherboard was in the factory waiting to be shipped prior to the stop-shipment, replacing a chipset and labelling the motherboard as "new" is still perfectly legal.- As long as they're tested,ok. Wait a few months, you will hear- 'I bought a Rev B3 motherboard and it has the same problem' -This would be a funny situation, I hope they don't do it...if you know what I mean.. there are many brands out there selling their products for a big price with faulty parts on,easy way of making money and mean. B3 should have total brand new components.I hope they respect this.
0may1 , 7 April 2011 16:39Is t just me? I don't think this article needs figures to be described in GBP, since we are talking about an american firm and currency rates ca be volatile.
0Anonymous , 7 April 2011 20:59What is the annoying jerky text with Tom's lately? The whole page moves aup and downa few mil every few seconds. ARG!
1JMcEntegart , 8 April 2011 11:06may1Is t just me? I don't think this article needs figures to be described in GBP, since we are talking about an american firm and currency rates ca be volatile.
I just though it might be nice to provide some perspective for those not used to thinking in dollars. However, since yes, these are American firms, I left the U.S. figures in and simply added GBP in brackets.


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I'll admit that global warming wasn't my major reason in taking up the bicycle over the automobile. (Actually, the fun factor was on the top of my list...) However, lately I've become very concerned about what I read in mainstream newspapers.
This from a New York Times article called "The Warming of Greenland". The story is about a US explorer/scientist who recently discovered a new island that emerged out of a melting glacier. Surprising all the weird stories from the Artic recently.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/16/sc...ewanted=1&_r=2There is no consensus on how much Greenlands ice will melt in the near future, Dr. Alley said, and no computer model that can accurately predict the future of the ice sheet. Yet given the acceleration of tidewater-glacier melting, a sea-level rise of a foot or two in the coming decades is entirely possible, he said. That bodes ill for island nations and those who live near the coast.
A foot of water? This means that our children may abandon cars in favor of boats, not bicycles.


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NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 7,894 terms related to cancer and medicine.
Browse the dictionary by selecting a letter of the alphabet or by entering a cancer-related word or phrase in the search box.
- growth and development milestones
- listen (grothe … dee-VEH-lup-MENT MILE-stones)
- Goals for the expected sizes of infants and children and activities they should be able to do at specific ages, such as sit, stand, play, speak, think, and interact with others.


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You must be available from April 5 through April 12.
Applicants are applying for NAB only! Applicants must submit (1)resume ,(2) head shot and (3)unofficial transcript to room 150 Castellaw and (4)complete the on-line application no later than Friday,March 22th, 4:00pm.
Before you begin you need to have the following things handy: